cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.awhile manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Dissolve please the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811}, this same root is used transitively with transitive irrealis and transitive realis affixation respectively. The effect is a causative interpretation (`cause to dissolve'), even though the causative prefix does not appear.
A: word: ga-tingaļa	 gloss: I.R-wonder
B: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
C: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
D: word: pa-atag	 gloss: T.R-give
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he dissolved the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811}, this same root is used transitively with transitive irrealis and transitive realis affixation respectively. The effect is a causative interpretation (`cause to dissolve'), even though the causative prefix does not appear.
A: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
B: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
C: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
D: word: pa-dawat-a	 gloss: T.R-hand.to-XC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he dissolved the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are at least two pieces of evidence that show that the pa{}- prefix in example \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} is the transitive, realis pa{}- and not the causative. First, the transitive irrealis form is used in example \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} with the same set of argument roles (Causer-ergative, patient-absolutive). Second, this verb may also take the causative prefix, in which case the effect is an indirect causative of a causative:
A: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
B: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
C: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
D: word: pa-ļangkaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-long-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.awhile manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Dissolve please the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are at least two pieces of evidence that show that the pa{}- prefix in example \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} is the transitive, realis pa{}- and not the causative. First, the transitive irrealis form is used in example \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} with the same set of argument roles (Causer-ergative, patient-absolutive). Second, this verb may also take the causative prefix, in which case the effect is an indirect causative of a causative:
A: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
B: word: “m-larga	 gloss: I.V.IR-depart
C: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
D: word: ga-kaan	 gloss: I.R-eat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay ki kanen tubuyong an.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.awhile OBL.P 3s manioc.flour DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Please have him/her dissolve the manioc flour.’ (e.g., ‘Cause him/her to cause the manioc flour to dissolve.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In these examples the roles are Causer=ergative, patient=absolutive, causee=ob\-lique. In other words, examples \REF{bkm:Ref395126311} and \REF{bkm:Ref122957467} are morphological causatives of the lexical (patient-preserving) causative roots illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} respectively.
A: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
B: word: ga-kaan	 gloss: I.R-eat
C: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
D: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ki yaken tubuyong an.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s manioc.flour DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he had me dissolve the manioc flour.’ (e.g. ‘S/he caused me to cause the manioc flour to dissolve.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In these examples the roles are Causer=ergative, patient=absolutive, causee=ob\-lique. In other words, examples \REF{bkm:Ref395126311} and \REF{bkm:Ref122957467} are morphological causatives of the lexical (patient-preserving) causative roots illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} respectively.
A: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
B: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
C: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
D: word: pa-dawat-a	 gloss: T.R-hand.to-XC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.awhile manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Dissolve please the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In these examples the roles are Causer=ergative, patient=absolutive, causee=ob\-lique. In other words, examples \REF{bkm:Ref395126311} and \REF{bkm:Ref122957467} are morphological causatives of the lexical (patient-preserving) causative roots illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} respectively.
A: word: kinangļan	 gloss: need
B: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
C: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
D: word: luto-en	 gloss: cook-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he dissolved the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In these examples the roles are Causer=ergative, patient=absolutive, causee=ob\-lique. In other words, examples \REF{bkm:Ref395126311} and \REF{bkm:Ref122957467} are morphological causatives of the lexical (patient-preserving) causative roots illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref395110927} and \REF{bkm:Ref122956811} respectively.
A: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
B: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
C: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
D: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sakon ya ___ naan ta Pasig River.
Gloss (with missing item): whale DEF.F ___ SPAT.DEF NABS Pasig River
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The whale happened to wash ashore in the Pasig River.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395170605} is a non-volitional intransitive construction, while \REF{bkm:Ref395170609} is the applicative equivalent:
A: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
B: word: na-dagsa-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore-APL
C: word: bļatong	 gloss: string.bean
D: word: na-dagsa	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta sakon Pasig River ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NABS whale Pasig River DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The whale happened to wash ashore in the Pasig River.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395170605} is a non-volitional intransitive construction, while \REF{bkm:Ref395170609} is the applicative equivalent:
A: word: ∅-pa-dagsa-an	 gloss: T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL
B: word: na-dagsa-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore-APL
C: word: na-dagsa	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore
D: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta sakon Pasig River ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NABS whale Pasig River DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The whale happened to wash ashore in the Pasig River.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref395170609}, the Pasig River lacks the non-absolutive prenominal case marker ta. This indicates that it is in the absolutive case. Meanwhile the whale is no longer absolutive, but is now marked with ta. We may say that in this case, the non-absolutive role is ergative. Unfortunately, there is no natural way to reflect the difference in meaning expressed by this “advancement” to absolutive status of a locative participant in the English free translation, literally: `The whale washed-ashore-on the Pasig river,' or `the whale affected the Pasig river by washing ashore,' or `The Pasig river was washed upon by the whale.'
A: word: ∅-pa-dagsa-an	 gloss: T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL
B: word: na-dagsa-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore-APL
C: word: ga-kaan	 gloss: I.R-eat
D: word: na-dagsa	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta dason na adlaw ake na lola ___ nay ta patyo.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS next LK day/sun 1S.GEN LK grandmother ___ 1P.EXCL.ERG NABS cemetery
The English translation of this sentence is:`The next day we buried my grandmother in the cemetery.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref395171864}, the inherently transitive verb lebbeng ‘bury’ is used in a grammatically transitive, non-applicative clause with an Actor in the ergative role, Undergoer (patient) in the absolutive role and a location, ta patyo, ‘in the cemetery’, in an oblique role:
A: word: bugnaw	 gloss: cold
B: word: mag--ambaļ-anay	 gloss: I.IR-say-REC
C: word: pa-lebbeng-an	 gloss: T.R-bury-APL
D: word: pa-lebbeng	 gloss: T.R-bury
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nay patyo an ta mga patay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1P.EXCL.ERG cemetery DEF.M NABS PL dead
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We buried the dead in the cemetery.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref395171866}, the same verb is used with the applicative suffix. In this case the cemetery is the absolutive, while the patient argument, ta mga patay ‘the dead ones’ is in a non-absolutive role. The actor is ergative in both examples:
A: word: pa-lebbeng-an	 gloss: T.R-bury-APL
B: word: pa-lebbeng	 gloss: T.R-bury
C: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
D: word: pa-ibit-an	 gloss: T.R-hold-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Bisan ino na mga ampang-an an ___ danen ta iran na bata.
Gloss (with missing item): any what LK PL play-NR DEF.M ___ 3P.ERG NABS 3P.GEN LK child
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Whatever playthings, they gave (them) to their child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ditransitive verbs can also appear in applicative constructions. The effect is to express a recipient or location (depending on the verb) in the absolutive role (see \chapref{chap:voice} on voice). Example \REF{bkm:Ref396506191} illustrates the verb atag ‘give’ in a non-applicative construction, with the recipient, iran na bata ‘their child’, in an oblique role, marked by the prenominal case marker ta:
A: word: pa-atag-an	 gloss: T.R-give-APL
B: word: pa-atag	 gloss: T.R-give
C: word: ga-atag	 gloss: I.R-give
D: word: pa-tumar	 gloss: T.R-take.meds
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He partially filled his shirt with gold.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395171874} illustrates the same verb in an applicative construction. Note, however, that the argument structure is the same. The shirt is still absolutive, and the agent is still ergative:
A: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
B: word: mag--ambaļ-anay	 gloss: I.IR-say-REC
C: word: ga-lambay	 gloss: I.R-pass.by
D: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He was able to partially fill his shirt with gold.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395206755} illustrates the same construction in the happenstantial mode:
A: word: pa-luto-en	 gloss: CAUS-cook-T.IR
B: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
C: word: lana	 gloss: coconut.oil
D: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He partially filled his shirt with gold.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref395171874} and \REF{bkm:Ref395206755} illustrate the partitive sense of the applicative with the verb panno ‘fill’, which arguably takes a location (the shirt in this case) as its absolutive argument in the unmarked form. However, the applicative has this effect for many other verbs that are inherently transitive. Consider the following:
A: word: pa-lebbeng-an	 gloss: T.R-bury-APL
B: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
C: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
D: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He was able to partially fill his shirt with gold.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref395171874} and \REF{bkm:Ref395206755} illustrate the partitive sense of the applicative with the verb panno ‘fill’, which arguably takes a location (the shirt in this case) as its absolutive argument in the unmarked form. However, the applicative has this effect for many other verbs that are inherently transitive. Consider the following:
A: word: pa-ļangkaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-long-T.IR
B: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
C: word: ga-us-os	 gloss: I.R-slide.down
D: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D