cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ___ nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ma-ng-tanem, ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father ___ only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed A.HAP.IR-PL-plant A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-bali	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-break
B: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
C: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
D: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ma-ng-tampara nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ___ ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed ___ A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
B: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
C: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
D: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tapos duma an ___ ta guso tak uļa iskwila.
Gloss (with missing item): then other DEF.M ___ NABS seaweed because NEG.R school
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then the other (students) were planting agar-agar seaweed because there is no school (in session).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
B: word: ga-tanem	 gloss: T.R-plant
C: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
D: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ___ nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ma-ng-tanem, ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father ___ only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed A.HAP.IR-PL-plant A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
B: word: ka-darwa	 gloss: ORD-two
C: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
D: word: ga-palangga-ay	 gloss: I.R-love-REC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ma-ng-tampara nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ___ ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed ___ A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
B: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
C: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
D: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tapos duma an ___ ta guso tak uļa iskwila.
Gloss (with missing item): then other DEF.M ___ NABS seaweed because NEG.R school
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then the other (students) were planting agar-agar seaweed because there is no school (in session).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tanem ‘to plant’, as in examples \REF{bkm:Ref447198515} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336178}, often takes the pluraction prefix. This is because planting necessarily involves multiple, repetitive actions. Thus, even if one person is planting, the pluraction prefix may be used (example \ref{bkm:Ref447198515}). A verb may optionally take the pluraction prefix when several actors perform the same intransitive action individually (examples \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} and \ref{bkm:Ref394988295}):
A: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
B: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
C: word: ga-tanem	 gloss: T.R-plant
D: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ___ nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ma-ng-tanem, ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father ___ only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed A.HAP.IR-PL-plant A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since pluractionality is only expressed in grammatically intransitive constructions, it does not occur with the transitive, realis pa{}-. When it occurs with the ambitransitive happenstantial prefixes, na{}- and ma{}-, the construction must be understood as grammatically intransitive (see examples \ref{bkm:Ref447198515} and \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} above).
A: word: pag-pa-dayon	 gloss: NR.ACT-CAUS-continue
B: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
C: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
D: word: ga-palangga-ay	 gloss: I.R-love-REC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ubra ta ake na amay ma-ng-tampara nang daw ma-kwa ta guso ___ ma-ng-uma.
Gloss (with missing item): work NABS 1S.GEN LK father A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles only/just and A.HAP.IR-whachamacallit NABS seaweed ___ A.HAP.IR-PL-field
The English translation of this sentence is:`The work of my father is to spear fish, to whatchamacallit, to plant agar-agar seaweed, to farm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since pluractionality is only expressed in grammatically intransitive constructions, it does not occur with the transitive, realis pa{}-. When it occurs with the ambitransitive happenstantial prefixes, na{}- and ma{}-, the construction must be understood as grammatically intransitive (see examples \ref{bkm:Ref447198515} and \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} above).
A: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
B: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
C: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
D: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tapos duma an ___ ta guso tak uļa iskwila.
Gloss (with missing item): then other DEF.M ___ NABS seaweed because NEG.R school
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then the other (students) were planting agar-agar seaweed because there is no school (in session).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since pluractionality is only expressed in grammatically intransitive constructions, it does not occur with the transitive, realis pa{}-. When it occurs with the ambitransitive happenstantial prefixes, na{}- and ma{}-, the construction must be understood as grammatically intransitive (see examples \ref{bkm:Ref447198515} and \ref{bkm:Ref444336178} above).
A: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
B: word: pa-lebbeng	 gloss: T.R-bury
C: word: ga-tanem	 gloss: T.R-plant
D: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sunod i eman na mga adlaw sidda na utang\sim{}utang ___ isab.
Gloss (with missing item): next DEF.N again.as.before LK PL day/sun fish LK RED\simborrow.money ___ again
The English translation of this sentence is:`The next days again, as before, the fish (called) always-debting was able again to make debts.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref394988618} the pluraction prefix is used on the verb utang ‘to borrow money’ because this fish was in the habit of making debts, and in the discourse context he enabled himself to make many debts again by changing his appearance:
A: word: na-ŋ-pasyar	 gloss: A.HAP.R-PL-visit
B: word: na-ng-utang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-PL-borrow.money
C: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
D: word: pa-lebbeng-an	 gloss: T.R-bury-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta nanay din suman an kani.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NABS mother 3SGEN sticky.rice.cake DEF.M later
The English translation of this sentence is:‘His/her mother will cook the sticky rice cake later.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The stem-forming prefix pa{}- adds a causative sense to any verb root. The result is an inherently transitive stem that can then be inflected with any of the inflectional affixes discussed in \chapref{chap:verbstructure}. Such morphological causatives are discussed from a function-first perspective, along with other types of causatives, in \chapref{chap:voice}, \sectref{sec:causatives}. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref397062399} and \REF{bkm:Ref444336543} illustrate dynamic non-causative and corresponding causative constructions:
A: word: luto-en	 gloss: cook-T.IR
B: word: ∅-luto-an	 gloss: T.IR-cook-APL
C: word: pa-luto-en	 gloss: CAUS-cook-T.IR
D: word: na-ng-utang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-PL-borrow.money
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kanen ta nanay din ta suman kani.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ABS NABS mother 3S.GEN NABS sticky.rice.cake later
The English translation of this sentence is:‘His/her mother will have him/her cook the sticky rice cake later.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \footnotetext{The detransitive (actor voice) construction is often used when an ergative element needs to occur in the absolutive form for purposes of relativization, or, as in this elicited example based on example \REF{bkm:Ref395074775}, when the causer is fronted for contrastive/focal prominence (see \chapref{chap:voice}, \sectref{sec:causatives}).}
A: word: pa-luto-en	 gloss: CAUS-cook-T.IR
B: word: pa-leddang-en	 gloss: CAUS-sink-T.IR
C: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
D: word: pa-luto	 gloss: T.R-cook
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko antibiotic ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ERG antibiotics DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I took the antibiotics.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although the verb forms are identical in examples \REF{bkm:Ref362342951} and \REF{bkm:Ref122954287}, \REF{bkm:Ref122954287} is clearly the causative because of the construction in which it appears. The midwife is the ergative case agent of cause, and the speaker is the absolutive case causee. As a non-causative this would have to mean ‘The midwife took me (as medicine)’, which is pragmatically nonsensical. Furthermore, the verb form papatumar, with both pa{}- prefixes present, may replace the verb in \REF{bkm:Ref122954287} but not in \REF{bkm:Ref362342951}. When both prefixes occur, the effect is to make the causative notion more forceful or more direct. The causer is the one initiating and forcing the causee to perform the action either with words, threats of punishment or physical force. The causee does not have a choice to perform the action or not.
A: word: pa-tumar	 gloss: T.R-take.meds
B: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
C: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
D: word: pa-tumba	 gloss: T.R-fall.over
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko antibiotic ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ERG antibiotics DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I took the antibiotics.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although the verb forms are identical in examples \REF{bkm:Ref362342951} and \REF{bkm:Ref122954287}, \REF{bkm:Ref122954287} is clearly the causative because of the construction in which it appears. The midwife is the ergative case agent of cause, and the speaker is the absolutive case causee. As a non-causative this would have to mean ‘The midwife took me (as medicine)’, which is pragmatically nonsensical. Furthermore, the verb form papatumar, with both pa{}- prefixes present, may replace the verb in \REF{bkm:Ref122954287} but not in \REF{bkm:Ref362342951}. When both prefixes occur, the effect is to make the causative notion more forceful or more direct. The causer is the one initiating and forcing the causee to perform the action either with words, threats of punishment or physical force. The causee does not have a choice to perform the action or not.
A: word: pa-tumba	 gloss: T.R-fall.over
B: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
C: word: pa-tumar	 gloss: T.R-take.meds
D: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Bag-o ko ___ ake na suļat, liag ko anay …-pa-abot ko a miad na adlaw ki kaon.
Gloss (with missing item): before 1S.ERG ___ 1S.GEN LK letter want 1S.ERG first/for.awhile T.IR-CAUS-arrive 1S.ERG INJ good LK day/sun OBL.P 2s
The English translation of this sentence is:`Before I make my letter long, I want to first wish you a good day.’ (This is a common way to begin a letter in Kagayanen, literally: ... I cause a good day to reach you.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These roots can also occur with the overt causative prefix. Example \REF{bkm:Ref395081078} illustrates the root mļangkaw/ļangkaw with the causative prefix and transitive irrealis suffix:
A: word: ļangkaw	 gloss: long
B: word: pa-leddang-en	 gloss: CAUS-sink-T.IR
C: word: pa-ļangkaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-long-T.IR
D: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tubuyong an.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ manioc.flour DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘This manioc flour has dissolved.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395110780} illustrates the non-volitional intransitive verb tunaw ‘melt/dissolve’ in its basic usage.
A: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
B: word: ga-larga	 gloss: I.R-depart
C: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
D: word: na-tunaw	 gloss: A.HAP.R-dissolve
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D