cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-tapos nay igma, ___ kay ta sini.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-finish 1p{excl.gen} lunch ___ 1p{excl.abs} NABS movie
The English translation of this sentence is:‘After finishing our lunch, we watched a movie.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is a difference between \isi{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} and grammatical transitivity. Semantic transitivity has to do with situations being communicated, whereas grammatical transitivity has to do with grammatical structures used to depict those situations. The two types of transitivity do not necessarily coincide. For example, English constructions such as she already ate, or he drank of the water of bitterness present semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} situations (someone eating or drinking something) in grammatically intransitive constructions (there is no direct object). Something similar occurs in Kagayanen. Situations that seem to require an Undergoer and a distinct Controller may be expressed in an intransitive construction, with the Undergoer simply omitted or presented in the non-absolutive case, preceded by ta or ki. We describe such constructions as detransitive\is{detransitive constructions}. Such constructions are used when there is an Undergoer, but it is less salient in the communicative situation than the Actor in some way. The Actor is presented as the most affected participant, and the Undergoer, if present at all, is presented as less central in some way, either by being indefinite, non-specific, incompletely affected, and so on. Of course, the big difference between English and Kagayanen is that English does not mark grammatical transitivity on the verb, whereas Kagayanen does. The verb eat is the same whether it occurs in a transitive (SUBJ eats OBJ) or intransitive (SUBJ eats) frame. In Kagayanen, however, the verb in a detransitive construction is explicitly marked as intransitive. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref118364790} and \REF{bkm:Ref125017724} illustrate detransitive constructions from the corpus. Additional examples are found throughout this grammar.
A: word: na-tan-aw	 gloss: A.HAP.R-look.at
B: word: ga-tan-aw	 gloss: T.R-look
C: word: ma-simba	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-worship
D: word: madyo	 gloss: far
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro tama man na ___ inay na ga-luag man ta kaanlao...
Gloss (with missing item): but many also LK ___ mother LK I.R-watch EMPH NABS lunar.eclipse
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But there were many mothers who watched a lunar eclipse ...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is a difference between \isi{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} and grammatical transitivity. Semantic transitivity has to do with situations being communicated, whereas grammatical transitivity has to do with grammatical structures used to depict those situations. The two types of transitivity do not necessarily coincide. For example, English constructions such as she already ate, or he drank of the water of bitterness present semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} situations (someone eating or drinking something) in grammatically intransitive constructions (there is no direct object). Something similar occurs in Kagayanen. Situations that seem to require an Undergoer and a distinct Controller may be expressed in an intransitive construction, with the Undergoer simply omitted or presented in the non-absolutive case, preceded by ta or ki. We describe such constructions as detransitive\is{detransitive constructions}. Such constructions are used when there is an Undergoer, but it is less salient in the communicative situation than the Actor in some way. The Actor is presented as the most affected participant, and the Undergoer, if present at all, is presented as less central in some way, either by being indefinite, non-specific, incompletely affected, and so on. Of course, the big difference between English and Kagayanen is that English does not mark grammatical transitivity on the verb, whereas Kagayanen does. The verb eat is the same whether it occurs in a transitive (SUBJ eats OBJ) or intransitive (SUBJ eats) frame. In Kagayanen, however, the verb in a detransitive construction is explicitly marked as intransitive. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref118364790} and \REF{bkm:Ref125017724} illustrate detransitive constructions from the corpus. Additional examples are found throughout this grammar.
A: word: mga	 gloss: PL
B: word: derse	 gloss: small.PL
C: word: ga-layag	 gloss: I.R-sail
D: word: na-sugat	 gloss: A.HAP.R-meet
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-tapos nay igma, ___ kay ta sini.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-finish 1p{excl.gen} lunch ___ 1p{excl.abs} NABS movie
The English translation of this sentence is:‘After finishing our lunch, we watched a movie.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118364790} is part of a story about what the Actors did. It is not about any particular movie. In terms of \citealt{halliday2004}, sini, `movie', simply describes the ``range" over which the watching took place; the Actors engaged in ``movie watching". Therefore the Actor is presented as absolutive (kay `absolutive, first person plural exclusive'), and the verb is inflected as intransitive (ga- `intransitive, realis'). Similarly, example \REF{bkm:Ref125017724} is about the mothers, and not any particular lunar eclipse. In this case, the mothers are the Head of a modifying (relative) clause. As will be discussed in \chapref{chap:clausecombining}, the Head of a relative clause must be the absolutive of that clause. Therefore, the verb inside the relative clause must be in an intransitive form with the Actor understood as the absolutive.
A: word: ga-tan-aw	 gloss: T.R-look
B: word: na-tan-aw	 gloss: A.HAP.R-look.at
C: word: inyo	 gloss: 2P.GEN
D: word: ma-dakep	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-catch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro tama man na ___ inay na ga-luag man ta kaanlao...
Gloss (with missing item): but many also LK ___ mother LK I.R-watch EMPH NABS lunar.eclipse
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But there were many mothers who watched a lunar eclipse ...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118364790} is part of a story about what the Actors did. It is not about any particular movie. In terms of \citealt{halliday2004}, sini, `movie', simply describes the ``range" over which the watching took place; the Actors engaged in ``movie watching". Therefore the Actor is presented as absolutive (kay `absolutive, first person plural exclusive'), and the verb is inflected as intransitive (ga- `intransitive, realis'). Similarly, example \REF{bkm:Ref125017724} is about the mothers, and not any particular lunar eclipse. In this case, the mothers are the Head of a modifying (relative) clause. As will be discussed in \chapref{chap:clausecombining}, the Head of a relative clause must be the absolutive of that clause. Therefore, the verb inside the relative clause must be in an intransitive form with the Actor understood as the absolutive.
A: word: mga	 gloss: PL
B: word: derse	 gloss: small.PL
C: word: ga-layag	 gloss: I.R-sail
D: word: “∅-akid-an	 gloss: T.IR-serve.food-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kay anay ta dawis-an tak ga-ng-tampara pa mga gurmiti ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS first/for.a.while NABS point-NR because I.R-PL-goggles INC PL crew NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:`We stopped off first at the point (of the island) because the crew were still spear fishing for viand.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The inflectional prefix ga{}- is the most common form for \isi{dynamic intransitive events} on the storyline in narratives. In this usage, the aspectual interpretation is perfective\is{perfective aspect}, as in the first clause of example \REF{bkm:Ref396718263}:
A: word: apit-en	 gloss: stop.off-T.IR
B: word: ga-alin	 gloss: I.R-from
C: word: maka-singngot	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-smell
D: word: ga-apit	 gloss: I.R-stop.off
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-apit kay anay ta dawis-an tak ___ pa mga gurmiti ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-stop.off 1P.EXCL.ABS first/for.a.while NABS point-NR because ___ INC PL crew NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:`We stopped off first at the point (of the island) because the crew were still spear fishing for viand.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The inflectional prefix ga{}- is the most common form for \isi{dynamic intransitive events} on the storyline in narratives. In this usage, the aspectual interpretation is perfective\is{perfective aspect}, as in the first clause of example \REF{bkm:Ref396718263}:
A: word: matuod	 gloss: true
B: word: ka-subbad	 gloss: I.HAP-catch.fish
C: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
D: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kay anay ta dawis-an tak ga-ng-tampara pa mga gurmiti ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS first/for.a.while NABS point-NR because I.R-PL-goggles INC PL crew NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:`We stopped off first at the point (of the island) because the crew were still spear fishing for viand.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, predicates inflected with ga{}- may be understood as imperfective\is{imperfective aspect}. For example, the second occurrence of ga- (ganampara) in \REF{bkm:Ref396718263} is within an adverbial clause expressing a backgrounded, non-storyline event. The imperfective aspect interpretation is reenforced by the use of the incompletive adverbial pa.
A: word: mag-kaan	 gloss: I.IR-eat
B: word: ga-apit	 gloss: I.R-stop.off
C: word: ga-alin	 gloss: I.R-from
D: word: apit-en	 gloss: stop.off-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-apit kay anay ta dawis-an tak ___ pa mga gurmiti ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-stop.off 1P.EXCL.ABS first/for.a.while NABS point-NR because ___ INC PL crew NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:`We stopped off first at the point (of the island) because the crew were still spear fishing for viand.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, predicates inflected with ga{}- may be understood as imperfective\is{imperfective aspect}. For example, the second occurrence of ga- (ganampara) in \REF{bkm:Ref396718263} is within an adverbial clause expressing a backgrounded, non-storyline event. The imperfective aspect interpretation is reenforced by the use of the incompletive adverbial pa.
A: word: tampek	 gloss: pack.on
B: word: ma-duwad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-lose
C: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
D: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-abot nay ta liyo, ___ kay eman m-punta ta Teresa.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-arrive 1P.EXCL.GEN NABS other.side ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS as.before I.V.IR-go NABS Teresa
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we arrived on the other side (of a river), we were/began walking again as before going to Teresa.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} illustrates one use of ga- in which the interpretation may be either \isi{inceptive} or imperfective. The event of walking is ongoing in the story. After the sentence illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref396718461}, the story describes crossing a river on stepping stones and other events that happened on the way to the community of Teresa. Therefore, example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} may be understood as a (perfective) inceptive “we began to walk again” or it could mean “we were walking again.” In either case it does not describe the entire event of walking to Teresa, and therefore is not perfective:
A: word: gettek	 gloss: stomach
B: word: gapanaw	 gloss: I.R-go/walk
C: word: mag-inem	 gloss: I.IR-drink
D: word: mag-panaw	 gloss: I.IR-go/walk
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-abot nay ta liyo, ___ kay eman m-punta ta Teresa.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-arrive 1P.EXCL.GEN NABS other.side ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS as.before I.V.IR-go NABS Teresa
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we arrived on the other side (of a river), we were/began walking again as before going to Teresa.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} illustrates one use of ga- in which the interpretation may be either \isi{inceptive} or imperfective. The event of walking is ongoing in the story. After the sentence illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref396718461}, the story describes crossing a river on stepping stones and other events that happened on the way to the community of Teresa. Therefore, example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} may be understood as a (perfective) inceptive “we began to walk again” or it could mean “we were walking again.” In either case it does not describe the entire event of walking to Teresa, and therefore is not perfective:
A: word: mag-panaw	 gloss: I.IR-go/walk
B: word: gapanaw	 gloss: I.R-go/walk
C: word: ga-tambek	 gloss: I.R-fat/healthy
D: word: bugnaw	 gloss: cold
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-abot nay ta liyo, ___ kay eman m-punta ta Teresa.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-arrive 1P.EXCL.GEN NABS other.side ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS as.before I.V.IR-go NABS Teresa
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we arrived on the other side (of a river), we were/began walking again as before going to Teresa.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} illustrates one use of ga- in which the interpretation may be either \isi{inceptive} or imperfective. The event of walking is ongoing in the story. After the sentence illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref396718461}, the story describes crossing a river on stepping stones and other events that happened on the way to the community of Teresa. Therefore, example \REF{bkm:Ref396718461} may be understood as a (perfective) inceptive “we began to walk again” or it could mean “we were walking again.” In either case it does not describe the entire event of walking to Teresa, and therefore is not perfective:
A: word: banwa…	 gloss: town/country
B: word: maka-singngot	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-smell
C: word: mag-panaw	 gloss: I.IR-go/walk
D: word: gapanaw	 gloss: I.R-go/walk
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ka.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You are becoming/became fat/healthy.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: With roots that describe properties or states, ga{}- expresses the process of entering the state (inchoative)\is{inchoative}. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119937645} and \REF{bkm:Ref416513591} are common greetings, both of which may be considered compliments, or fixed expressions of greeting after long separation:
A: word: ga-tambek	 gloss: I.R-fat/healthy
B: word: ibatang	 gloss: T.DEON-put
C: word: ga-tago	 gloss: I.R-hide
D: word: ga-kaan	 gloss: I.R-eat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ka.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You are becoming/became skinny.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: With roots that describe properties or states, ga{}- expresses the process of entering the state (inchoative)\is{inchoative}. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119937645} and \REF{bkm:Ref416513591} are common greetings, both of which may be considered compliments, or fixed expressions of greeting after long separation:
A: word: ka-lambay	 gloss: I.HAP-pass.by
B: word: ga-niwang	 gloss: I.R-skinny
C: word: ga-ng-tampara	 gloss: I.R-PL-goggles
D: word: ga-tambek	 gloss: I.R-fat/healthy
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-ambaļ-an ko ake na mga duma na ___ tak basi ma-tellek danen an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-say-APL 1S.ERG 1S.GEN LK PL companion LK ___ because perhaps A.HAP.IR-stick 3P.ABS DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:`I warned my companions to be careful because maybe they might (happen to) get stuck (by a nail in a piece of wood on the ground).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref392932747} illustrates a majority class root, ayad ‘be careful’, in the irrealis form in a construction with a verb in happenstantial modality (matellek ‘might get stuck’):
A: word: mag-tagad	 gloss: I.IR-wait
B: word: maka-kita	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-see
C: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
D: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ danen mag-simba ta Leganes.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3P.ABS I.IR-worship NABS Leganes
The English translation of this sentence is:‘They will go to worship in Leganes.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, magpanaw expresses a more distant future \REF{bkm:Ref63688177}, or more hypothetical irrealis action \REF{bkm:Ref63688194}:
A: word: …-kamang-a	 gloss: T.R-get-XC
B: word: mag-pa-ilis	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-shallow.sea
C: word: mag-panaw	 gloss: I.IR-go/walk
D: word: m-panaw	 gloss: I.V.IR-walk/go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C