cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ a ta kabaw tak ga-dļagan tudo kabaw an.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ABS NABS carabao because I.R-run intense carabao DEF.M.
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I fell off the carabao because the carabao was running hard.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref392922279} illustrates the happenstantial realis prefix na- in its basic usage on a non-volitional intransitive verb describing an event on the story line of a narrative:
A: word: na-tumba	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall.over
B: word: naka-intindi	 gloss: I.HAP.R-understand
C: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
D: word: na-uļog	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ake na mangngod na na-lemmes.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG 1S.GEN LK younger.sibling LK A.HAP.R-drown
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He saw my younger sibling who drowned.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref448318853} and \REF{bkm:Ref120012965} illustrate na{}- in its usage on transitive experiential verbs of perception and cognition on the story line of a narrative:
A: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
B: word: na-tan-aw	 gloss: A.HAP.R-look.at
C: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
D: word: mag-kaan	 gloss: I.IR-eat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din arey din Lisga.\footnotemark{}
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG friend 3S.GEN fire.ant
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he remembered his friend Fire Ant.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref448318853} and \REF{bkm:Ref120012965} illustrate na{}- in its usage on transitive experiential verbs of perception and cognition on the story line of a narrative:
A: word: abi	 gloss: for.instance
B: word: ma-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-remember-APL
C: word: kay	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.ABS
D: word: na-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-remember-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kanen i ___ gid tak uļa gid duma.
Gloss (with missing item): 3S.ABS DEF.N ___ INT because NEG.R INT companion
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He was really afraid because there was no companion.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref508296047} illustrates an emotion verb in its default usage:
A: word: ga-tambek	 gloss: I.R-fat/healthy
B: word: na-adlek	 gloss: A.HAP.R-aftaid
C: word: maka-adlek	 gloss: ADJ-afraid
D: word: m-kanta	 gloss: I.V.IR-sing
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ danen bata i ta iran na maistro na ngaran din Pedro na ga-alin Puerto…
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3P.ERG child DEF.N NABS 3P.GEN LK teacher LK name 3S.GEN Pedro LK I.R-from Puerto
The English translation of this sentence is:`They happened to meet the son of their teacher whose name is Pedro who came from Puerto.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref396387524} the happenstantial na{}- expresses a realized dynamic event that just happened without anyone intentionally trying to make it happen. This sentence could also express a realized capability, ‘they were able to (intentionally) meet’, but the discourse context makes it clear that the intended meaning is happenstance. It is also not perfect aspect because it asserts the event rather than a state resulting from an earlier event:
A: word: ga-sugat-ay	 gloss: I.R-meet-REC
B: word: ga-ng-tanem	 gloss: I.R-PL-plant
C: word: na-sugat	 gloss: A.HAP.R-meet
D: word: i-akid	 gloss: T.DEON.APL-serve.food
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag-labyog ta pangka ta bula ya, ___ dayon ta princesa.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-throw NABS frog NABS ball DEF.F ___ immediately NABS princess
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the frog threw the ball (lit. the frog’s throwing of the ball), the princess immediately was able to catch it.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In examples \REF{bkm:Ref396387548} and \REF{bkm:Ref119941722} na{}- expresses a realized capability: ‘was able to.’ In this case, happenstance is not likely since “catching the ball” and “carrying the child” are not situations that occur without intention. And again, they are not perfect in aspect since they assert events rather than resultant states:
A: word: mag-saļep	 gloss: I.IR-sunset
B: word: ma-dakep	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-catch
C: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
D: word: na-saļap	 gloss: A.HAP.R-catch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tapos bata ya ___ gid ta tallo ya na ayam…
Gloss (with missing item): then child DEF.F ___ INT NABS three DEF.F LK dog
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then as for the child the three dogs were able to carry (him) away.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In examples \REF{bkm:Ref396387548} and \REF{bkm:Ref119941722} na{}- expresses a realized capability: ‘was able to.’ In this case, happenstance is not likely since “catching the ball” and “carrying the child” are not situations that occur without intention. And again, they are not perfect in aspect since they assert events rather than resultant states:
A: word: ga-daļa	 gloss: I.R-take/carry
B: word: pa-daļa	 gloss: T.R-carry
C: word: ma-duwad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-lose
D: word: na-daļa	 gloss: A.HAP.R-take/carry
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 36:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kalibangbang an a daw ma-kita ta man en anduni ļangkaw en baba din an tak ___ ta tuļ{}-ungan.
Gloss (with missing item): butterfly DEF.M CTR if/when A.HAP.IR-see 1P.INCL.ERG too CM now/today long CM mouth 3S.GEN DEF.M because ___ NABS parrot.fish
The English translation of this sentence is:`The butterfly fish if we could see (it/them) indeed now/today, its mouth is long because the parrot fish has squeezed (it).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref392922782} illustrates na- in a dynamic transitive construction expressing perfect aspect. Note that the Actor, the parrot fish, is marked as non-absolutive. This indicates that the absolutive argument is the Patient, the butterfly fish’s mouth. Happenstantial is used in this case to indicate a state that resulted from an event that happened earlier in the order of events on the storyline, and therefore may be understood as perfect in aspect:
A: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
B: word: i-akid	 gloss: T.DEON.APL-serve.food
C: word: na-kamang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-get
D: word: na-kemes	 gloss: A.HAP.R-squeeze
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 37:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ate na ambaļ na Kagayanen ta pila na adlaw.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1P.INCL.GEN LK say LK Kagayanen NABS few LK sun/day
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Our Kagayanen language will be lost in a short time (lit. in a few days).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref440036963} and \REF{bkm:Ref119941820} illustrate intransitive clauses with ma{}- in its primary usage from the corpus:
A: word: maka-tegbeng	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-go.down
B: word: ma-duwad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-lose
C: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
D: word: ma-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-remember-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 38:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Daw sikad man an inog nangka i, lugay ___ iya an na bao.
Gloss (with missing item): if/when very EMPH ATT ripe jackfruit DEF.N long.time ___ 3S.GEN DEF.M LK odor
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the jackfruit is really ripe, (it takes) a long time for its odor to dissipate.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref440036963} and \REF{bkm:Ref119941820} illustrate intransitive clauses with ma{}- in its primary usage from the corpus:
A: word: ga-kamang	 gloss: I.R-get
B: word: ma-lipat	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-forget
C: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
D: word: ma-kamang	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-remove
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 39:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tama man ___ no na mga klasi mga ayep naan ta patag. Ma-kita no baka, kabayo daw kanding.
Gloss (with missing item): many too ___ 2S.ERG LK PL kinds PL animal SPAT.DEF NABS plain A.HAP.IR-see 2S.ERG cow horse and goat
The English translation of this sentence is:`The kinds of animals that you will/might/can also see on the plain are many. You will/might/can see cows, horses and goats.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \hspace*{-.7pt}Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119353744} and \REF{bkm:Ref119353747} illustrate semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} experiential verbs with ma{}- in its primary usage:
A: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
B: word: pa-akid-an	 gloss: T.R-serve-APL
C: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
D: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tama man ma-kita no na mga klasi mga ayep naan ta patag. ___ no baka, kabayo daw kanding.
Gloss (with missing item): many too A.HAP.IR-see 2S.ERG LK PL kinds PL animal SPAT.DEF NABS plain ___ 2S.ERG cow horse and goat
The English translation of this sentence is:`The kinds of animals that you will/might/can also see on the plain are many. You will/might/can see cows, horses and goats.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \hspace*{-.7pt}Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119353744} and \REF{bkm:Ref119353747} illustrate semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} experiential verbs with ma{}- in its primary usage:
A: word: naka-intindi	 gloss: I.HAP.R-understand
B: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
C: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
D: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yi na suļat para nang kaon agod ___ no man yaken i.
Gloss (with missing item): D1ABS LK letter for only/just 2S.ABS so.that ___ 2S.ERG too 1S.ABS DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:`This letter is just for you so that you will remember me too.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \hspace*{-.7pt}Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119353744} and \REF{bkm:Ref119353747} illustrate semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} experiential verbs with ma{}- in its primary usage:
A: word: na-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-remember-APL
B: word: …-kamang-a	 gloss: T.R-get-XC
C: word: ma-aļam-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-know-APL
D: word: ma-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-remember-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Daw ___ ta kaw, tektek-en ta kaw.
Gloss (with missing item): if/when ___ 1S.ERG 2S.ABS chop.fine-T.IR 1S.ERG 2S.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘If I am able to catch you, I will chop you up fine.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref448320715} and \REF{bkm:Ref123671980} illustrate the happenstantial irrealis prefix ma- expressing a potential capability: `will be able to' or `can':
A: word: ma-bali	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-break
B: word: na-saļap	 gloss: A.HAP.R-catch
C: word: ga-dakep	 gloss: I.R-catch
D: word: ma-dakep	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-catch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Manang, daw pwidi nang, inta ∅-atag-an a no ta address Maria para ___ ko kanen ya.
Gloss (with missing item): older.sister if/when can only OPT T.IR-give-APL 1S.ABS 2S.ERG NABS address Maria for ___ 1S.ERG 3S.ABS DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:`Older sister, if/when just possible, give me the address of Maria so that I can write to her.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref448320715} and \REF{bkm:Ref123671980} illustrate the happenstantial irrealis prefix ma- expressing a potential capability: `will be able to' or `can':
A: word: ma-suļat-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-write-APL
B: word: …-kamang-a	 gloss: T.R-get-XC
C: word: pag-suļat	 gloss: NR.ACT-write
D: word: ma-aļam-an	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-know-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anay danen an daw mag-prusisyon na daļa a santos na Santo Ninyo pa-libot ta banwa…
Gloss (with missing item): ___ first/for-a-while 3P.ABS DEF.M and I.IR-procession LK take/carry INJ statue LK Holy Child T.R-around NABS town/country
The English translation of this sentence is:`They go to church and go in a procession carrying the Santo Ninyo statue taking it around the town…’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119942002} through \REF{bkm:Ref89078422} illustrate what we are calling the hypothetical usage of the prefix ma-. In this usage, predicates inflected with ma{}- describe situations that may occur from time to time, but no specific actual event. This usage occurs frequently in expository texts.
A: word: ma-simba	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-church
B: word: mag-simba	 gloss: I.IR-worship
C: word: bitamina	 gloss: vitamins
D: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kan-o na timpo daw ___ mga bļangay o lansa man ga-liid gid ti na puļo…
Gloss (with missing item): previous LK time/season if/when ___ PL 2.masted.boat or launch also T.R-pass.close.by INT D1NABS LK island
The English translation of this sentence is:`In previous times, if/when two-masted boats or launches would depart, (they) passed close by this island…’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref119942002} through \REF{bkm:Ref89078422} illustrate what we are calling the hypothetical usage of the prefix ma-. In this usage, predicates inflected with ma{}- describe situations that may occur from time to time, but no specific actual event. This usage occurs frequently in expository texts.
A: word: gapanaw	 gloss: I.R-go/walk
B: word: ma-larga	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-depart
C: word: ga-larga	 gloss: I.R-depart
D: word: ma-dayon	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-continue
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 46:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kan-o na timpo daw ___ mga bļangay o lansa man ga-liid gid ti na puļo…
Gloss (with missing item): previous LK time/season if/when ___ PL 2.masted.boat or launch also T.R-pass.close.by INT D1NABS LK island
The English translation of this sentence is:`In previous times, if/when two-masted boats or launches would depart, (they) passed close by this island…’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: If the first verb in the construct illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref89078422} were marga, which consists of m{}- ‘dynamic, intransitive, irrealis’ plus the root larga, then the sentence would imply a more immediate event ‘(the launch) will purposely depart’. The verb form maglarga is the general irrealis form, open to multiple interpretations, or some more distant future event. The form malarga describes events that happened many times in the past. Irrealis modality is appropriate because no particular event is asserted.
A: word: ka-subbad	 gloss: I.HAP-catch.fish
B: word: ma-larga	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-depart
C: word: ga-larga	 gloss: I.R-depart
D: word: ma-dayon	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-continue
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B