cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ake na mangngod na na-lemmes.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG 1S.GEN LK younger.sibling LK A.HAP.R-drown
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He saw my younger sibling who drowned.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} contrasts with the usage of na- in, for example, \REF{bkm:Ref447862443} above in that the events of passing through and staying in \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} are volitional---they are something the absolutive participant does, rather than something that “happens to” the absolutive. For this reason, we say that naka{}- (and maka{}-) are “Actor-oriented”. Falling off the carabao in \REF{bkm:Ref447862443}, on the other hand, is “Undergoer-orien\-ted”---it is something that “happens to” the absolutive marked participant. However, in \REF{bkm:Ref447862310}, neither situation is on the storyline of the narrative. They are both “flashbacks” to earlier events that have relevance to the current narrative, but which do not themselves advance the storyline. For this reason a perfect aspect interpretation is appropriate. Furthermore, \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} contrasts with \REF{bkm:Ref448318853} through \REF{bkm:Ref392922782} in that these earlier examples are in transitive frames, whereas naka- always appears in an intransitive or detransitive frame in which the absolutive refers to the Controller.
A: word: na-tan-aw	 gloss: A.HAP.R-look.at
B: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
C: word: “∅-akid-an	 gloss: T.IR-serve.food-APL
D: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kalibangbang an a daw ma-kita ta man en anduni ļangkaw en baba din an tak ___ ta tuļ{}-ungan.
Gloss (with missing item): butterfly DEF.M CTR if/when A.HAP.IR-see 1P.INCL.ERG too CM now/today long CM mouth 3S.GEN DEF.M because ___ NABS parrot.fish
The English translation of this sentence is:`The butterfly fish if we could see (it/them) indeed now/today, its mouth is long because the parrot fish has squeezed (it).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} contrasts with the usage of na- in, for example, \REF{bkm:Ref447862443} above in that the events of passing through and staying in \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} are volitional---they are something the absolutive participant does, rather than something that “happens to” the absolutive. For this reason, we say that naka{}- (and maka{}-) are “Actor-oriented”. Falling off the carabao in \REF{bkm:Ref447862443}, on the other hand, is “Undergoer-orien\-ted”---it is something that “happens to” the absolutive marked participant. However, in \REF{bkm:Ref447862310}, neither situation is on the storyline of the narrative. They are both “flashbacks” to earlier events that have relevance to the current narrative, but which do not themselves advance the storyline. For this reason a perfect aspect interpretation is appropriate. Furthermore, \REF{bkm:Ref447862310} contrasts with \REF{bkm:Ref448318853} through \REF{bkm:Ref392922782} in that these earlier examples are in transitive frames, whereas naka- always appears in an intransitive or detransitive frame in which the absolutive refers to the Controller.
A: word: na-saļap	 gloss: A.HAP.R-catch
B: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
C: word: na-kemes	 gloss: A.HAP.R-squeeze
D: word: na-kamang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-get
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A, yon en na anduni tuļ{}-ungan i daw ma-kita ta naan dagat, takong din an buksoļ, unti, tenged na ___ kanen ta manunggoļ.
Gloss (with missing item): INJ D3ABS CM LK now/today parrot.fish DEF.N if/when A.HAP.IR-see 1P.INCL.ERG SPAT.DEF sea forehead 3S.GEN DEF.M lump DlLOC.PR because LK ___ 3S.ABS NABS limestone
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, that (is the reason) now/today that the parrot fish when we see (it/them) in the sea, his forehead is lumped, here, because he (has gone and) banged into a limestone formation.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Concerning example \REF{bkm:Ref448309255}, the event expressed by sangga, ‘bump into’, occurred previously in the story expressed with the form nasanggaan ‘happened to bump into’. In that case, the implication is that the fish accidentally bumped into a limestone formation after having swum off quickly without regard to the direction he was going. Then example \REF{bkm:Ref448309255} occurs at the end of the story with naka- indicating that the parrot fish had some responsibility for running into the rock because he had so mindlessly swum off. The moral of the story is overtly stated as “think before reacting”. We have attempted to capture this assertion of impulsiveness on the part of the parrot fish in the free translation with the English expression “had gone and banged . . .”:
A: word: naka-sangga	 gloss: I.HAP.R-bump.into
B: word: na-kemes	 gloss: A.HAP.R-squeeze
C: word: naka-sat-em	 gloss: I.HAP.R-comprehend
D: word: na-saļap	 gloss: A.HAP.R-catch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A, yon en na anduni tuļ{}-ungan i daw ma-kita ta naan dagat, takong din an buksoļ, unti, tenged na ___ kanen ta manunggoļ.
Gloss (with missing item): INJ D3ABS CM LK now/today parrot.fish DEF.N if/when A.HAP.IR-see 1P.INCL.ERG SPAT.DEF sea forehead 3S.GEN DEF.M lump DlLOC.PR because LK ___ 3S.ABS NABS limestone
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, that (is the reason) now/today that the parrot fish when we see (it/them) in the sea, his forehead is lumped, here, because he (has gone and) banged into a limestone formation.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Concerning example \REF{bkm:Ref448309255}, the event expressed by sangga, ‘bump into’, occurred previously in the story expressed with the form nasanggaan ‘happened to bump into’. In that case, the implication is that the fish accidentally bumped into a limestone formation after having swum off quickly without regard to the direction he was going. Then example \REF{bkm:Ref448309255} occurs at the end of the story with naka- indicating that the parrot fish had some responsibility for running into the rock because he had so mindlessly swum off. The moral of the story is overtly stated as “think before reacting”. We have attempted to capture this assertion of impulsiveness on the part of the parrot fish in the free translation with the English expression “had gone and banged . . .”:
A: word: na-saļap	 gloss: A.HAP.R-catch
B: word: naka-sat-em	 gloss: I.HAP.R-comprehend
C: word: maka-kita	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-see
D: word: naka-sangga	 gloss: I.HAP.R-bump.into
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta seled ta limma na adlaw ___ kay ta isya na bukid ta Panay.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS within NABS five LK day/sun ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS NABS one LK mountain NABS Panay
The English translation of this sentence is:`Within five days we were able/managed to spot far away one mountain on Panay.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref392929987} nakabantaw expresses a realized ability: ‘we were able to see’:
A: word: ma-kamang	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-remove
B: word: ma-bantaw	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-look.far.off
C: word: naka-bantaw	 gloss: I.HAP.R-look.far.away
D: word: u-yi	 gloss: EMPH-D1ADJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta seled ta limma na adlaw naka-bantaw ___ ta isya na bukid ta Panay.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS within NABS five LK day/sun I.HAP.R-look.far.away ___ NABS one LK mountain NABS Panay
The English translation of this sentence is:`Within five days we were able/managed to spot far away one mountain on Panay.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref392929987} nakabantaw expresses a realized ability: ‘we were able to see’:
A: word: sakay-an	 gloss: ride-NR
B: word: kay	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.ABS
C: word: mag-inem	 gloss: I.IR-drink
D: word: kiten	 gloss: 1P.INCL.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A ginikanan an a na uļa ___ uļa naka-sat-em, m-ambaļ en dayon, “Indya kwarta no ya?"
Gloss (with missing item): INJ parent DEF.M CTR LK NEG.R ___ NEG.R I.HAP.R-comprehend I.V.IR-say CM immediately where money 2S.GEN DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, parents who do not understand, do not comprehend will say immediately, “Where is your money?”' (In the context of this sentence high school graduates tell their parents that they want to go to college, and this is the parents’ response.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref448405038} illustrates the cognition verbs intindi ‘understand’, and sat-em ‘comprehend’ in their normal usages with naka. Other cognition verbs in this group include isip ‘think’, demdem ‘remember’, and lipat ‘forget’:
A: word: ga-intindi	 gloss: I.R-understand
B: word: naka-intindi	 gloss: I.HAP.R-understand
C: word: na-demdem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-remember-APL
D: word: naka-sat-em	 gloss: I.HAP.R-comprehend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 54:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A ginikanan an a na uļa naka-intindi, uļa ___ m-ambaļ en dayon, “Indya kwarta no ya?"
Gloss (with missing item): INJ parent DEF.M CTR LK NEG.R I.HAP.R-understand NEG.R ___ I.V.IR-say CM immediately where money 2S.GEN DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, parents who do not understand, do not comprehend will say immediately, “Where is your money?”' (In the context of this sentence high school graduates tell their parents that they want to go to college, and this is the parents’ response.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref448405038} illustrates the cognition verbs intindi ‘understand’, and sat-em ‘comprehend’ in their normal usages with naka. Other cognition verbs in this group include isip ‘think’, demdem ‘remember’, and lipat ‘forget’:
A: word: naka-intindi	 gloss: I.HAP.R-understand
B: word: ma-larga	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-depart
C: word: naka-sangga	 gloss: I.HAP.R-bump.into
D: word: naka-sat-em	 gloss: I.HAP.R-comprehend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 55:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din sundang an.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG machete DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he can break the machete.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: If the prefix ma{}- were used here, it would be extremely awkward, and could only mean “\textsc{him} the machete broke,” since with ma{}- the absolutive has to be the Undergoer. To preserve the basic semantics using ma{}- the argument structure would need to change in order to make it clear that the machete is the Patient. Thus, the first part of \REF{bkm:Ref447962976} can be considered a detransitive counterpart of \REF{bkm:Ref447963964} (see \chapref{chap:voice} for a discussion of detransitive constructions):
A: word: ma-bali	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-break
B: word: maka-balik	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-return
C: word: “∅-akid-an	 gloss: T.IR-serve.food-APL
D: word: ma-dayon	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-continue
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 56:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no imo na mga ginikanan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG 2S.GEN LK PL parent
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You can help your parents.”
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb tabang, ‘to help’, is one that requires the applicative suffix in its basic transitive usage (see \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots}). Since there is no applicative on tabang in \REF{bkm:Ref447963006}, it must be detransitive, and therefore is the counterpart of the transitive construction illustrated in \REF{bkm:Ref448035920}. Example \REF{bkm:Ref120014772} illustrates the same verb form in the text corpus:
A: word: na-daļa	 gloss: A.HAP.R-take/carry
B: word: ∅-pangamuyo-an	 gloss: T.IR-pray-APL
C: word: ∅-tabang-an	 gloss: T.IR-help-APL
D: word: ma-tabang-an	 gloss: HAP.IR-help-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 57:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Pangamuyo-an ta kaw nang na kabay ___ ka man ta ubra na dayad.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-pray-APL 1S.ERG 2S.ABS ony/just LK may.it.be ___ 2S.ABS TOO NABS work LK good
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will just pray for you that you may be able to find work that is good.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref392930212} and \REF{bkm:Ref120014811} illustrate maka{}- with the experiential verbs kita ‘to see/find’ and singngot ‘to smell s.t.’ With perception and cognition verbs, naka{}- and maka{}- are the normal detransitive (or “Actor voice”) forms that correspond to na{}-/ma{}- in a transitive frame:\footnote{For this reason, the ka component of naka{}- and maka{}- may be considered an explicit marker of an antipassive construction. However, we find scant independent evidence that this ka is a separate morpheme, for example, it is not used in any other modalities to express an antipassive (our detransitive) construction.}.
A: word: naka-sangga	 gloss: I.HAP.R-bump.into
B: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
C: word: maka-kita	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-see
D: word: na-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.R-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 58:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tak, daw naan a agi ta dapit abagat i, ___ kanen ta bao ko.
Gloss (with missing item): because if/when SPAT.DEF 1S.ABS pass NABS direction south(west) DEF.N ___ 3S.ABS NABS odor 1S.GEN
The English translation of this sentence is:`For, if I pass in the direction of south(west), he (a wild pig) will be able to smell my odor.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref392930212} and \REF{bkm:Ref120014811} illustrate maka{}- with the experiential verbs kita ‘to see/find’ and singngot ‘to smell s.t.’ With perception and cognition verbs, naka{}- and maka{}- are the normal detransitive (or “Actor voice”) forms that correspond to na{}-/ma{}- in a transitive frame:\footnote{For this reason, the ka component of naka{}- and maka{}- may be considered an explicit marker of an antipassive construction. However, we find scant independent evidence that this ka is a separate morpheme, for example, it is not used in any other modalities to express an antipassive (our detransitive) construction.}.
A: word: bao	 gloss: odor
B: word: naka-sat-em	 gloss: I.HAP.R-comprehend
C: word: maka-singngaw	 gloss: I.CAUS.HAP.IR-evaporate
D: word: maka-singngot	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-smell
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 59:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Uļa aren timpo na ___ naan ki kaon.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG.R 1S.ABS time LK ___ SPAT.DEF {obl.p} 2s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I have no time that I can go down to you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref447964968} through \REF{bkm:Ref120014968} illustrate maka{}- with semantically intransitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} volitional verb stems. These cannot be considered detransitives, because there is no Undergoer, and no transitive counterpart in which the Actor is ergative. They are semantically intransitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} concepts in which the only participant is an Actor, rather than an Undergoer. The dynamic irrealis affixes for these verbs are m{}- or mag{}- as in megbeng/magtegeng, miling/mag-iling, and magbakasyon. In these examples the happenstantial maka{}- expresses potential ability:
A: word: ka-subbad	 gloss: I.HAP-catch.fish
B: word: maka-tegbeng	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-go.down
C: word: maka-balik	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-return
D: word: m-panaog	 gloss: I.V.IR-go.down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 60:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta dayad na pang-swirti-én asta a mag-pa-ilis ta Barangay Nusa, ___ pa ta darwa buok...
Gloss (with missing item): NABS good LK NR-luck-NR until 1S.ABS I.IR-CAUS-shallow.sea NABS community Nusa ___ INC NABS two piece
The English translation of this sentence is:`With much good luck, even when I was beginning to go to the shallow sea (along the shore) of the community of Nusa, I was able to catch two more pieces (fish)...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref396747208}, catching fish is enabled by good luck:
A: word: sidda	 gloss: fish
B: word: …-kamang-a	 gloss: T.R-get-XC
C: word: ka-subbad	 gloss: I.HAP-catch.fish
D: word: subbad	 gloss: catch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 61:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Anduni ___ en bļangay ya en.
Gloss (with missing item): now/today ___ CM 2.masted.boat DEF.F CM
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Now the boat (must have) passed by.’ (Or ‘Now the boat most-likely/feasibly/predictably has passed by.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The prefix ka- also has an inferential\is{inferential} usage. In the context of example \REF{bkm:Ref447986985}, a fish sees a ship coming and tells all the other fish to hide. After the fish have hidden, example \REF{bkm:Ref447986985} occurs, expressing the inference that the boat most likely has passed by. In the sentence after that, the fish all look up and see that the boat in fact is moving away fast. An enablement interpretation of \REF{bkm:Ref447986985} is excluded by native speakers. In this context, the speaker (the fish) infers that the situation expressed by the root is true because of the external fact that much time has passed.
A: word: ka-lambay	 gloss: I.HAP-pass.by
B: word: ga-ligad	 gloss: I.R-pass.by
C: word: mag-inem	 gloss: I.IR-drink
D: word: ga-lambay	 gloss: I.R-pass.by
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A