cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din na kaoy kamang ta duma na ittaw.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.GEN LK tree/wood get NABS other LK person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘His/her chopped wood another person took (it).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some roots can take either <in> alone or <in>...-an to form a Patient nominalization (\ref{bkm:Ref419300396} and \ref{bkm:Ref447637695}). With <in> alone the patient is presented as more precise and individuated and in some situations is more directly acted upon than the corresponding form with <in>...-an. This meaning difference is comparable to the difference between pa- and pa-…-an for this same class of roots used as inflected verbs (see \chapref{chap:verbstructure}, \sectref{bkm:Ref448124627}).
A: word: p<in>etpetan	 gloss: <NR.RES>chop-APL
B: word: p<in>etpet	 gloss: <NR.RES>chop
C: word: i-pa-kilala	 gloss: T.DEON-CAUS-know
D: word: manakem	 gloss: older
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din na kaoy nabilin din naan\footnotemark{} uma nay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.GEN LK tree/wood A.HAP.R-left 3S.ERG SPAT.DEF field 1P.EXCL.GEN
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Some of his/her chopped wood s/he happened to leave behind in our field.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some roots can take either <in> alone or <in>...-an to form a Patient nominalization (\ref{bkm:Ref419300396} and \ref{bkm:Ref447637695}). With <in> alone the patient is presented as more precise and individuated and in some situations is more directly acted upon than the corresponding form with <in>...-an. This meaning difference is comparable to the difference between pa- and pa-…-an for this same class of roots used as inflected verbs (see \chapref{chap:verbstructure}, \sectref{bkm:Ref448124627}).
A: word: p<in>etpetan	 gloss: <NR.RES>chop-APL
B: word: p<in>etpet	 gloss: <NR.RES>chop
C: word: derset	 gloss: small.PL
D: word: s<in>aksak	 gloss: <NR.RES>chop
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din an na sayaw dili\footnotemark{} dayad.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.GEN DEF.M LK dance NEG.IR good
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The dance he taught was not good.’ (lit. ‘His/her taught dance ...)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref419380070}, <in> with the verb tudlo ‘teach’ becomes tinudlo referring to what is being taught, which in this example is a dance. In example \REF{bkm:Ref419444251}, <in>...-an with tudlo ‘teach’ becomes tinudluan referring to the recipient of the action, that is, the one taught, which in this example are children.
A: word: man-o	 gloss: why
B: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
C: word: t<in>udlo	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach
D: word: ubra-én	 gloss: work-NR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yi na ___ ko na mga bata kan-o, ga-tudlo man anduni.
Gloss (with missing item): D1ABS LK ___ 1S.GEN LK PL child previously I.R-teach also now/today
The English translation of this sentence is:`These children I taught previously, are teaching also now.’ (lit. ‘My taught children ...”)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref419380070}, <in> with the verb tudlo ‘teach’ becomes tinudlo referring to what is being taught, which in this example is a dance. In example \REF{bkm:Ref419444251}, <in>...-an with tudlo ‘teach’ becomes tinudluan referring to the recipient of the action, that is, the one taught, which in this example are children.
A: word: s<in>akep-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>subjects-APL
B: word: t<in>udlo	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach
C: word: karsada	 gloss: road
D: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ eman, ga-panaw kay isab\footnotemark{} na m-iling ta isya na ristaurant.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ again.as.before I.R-walk/leave 1P.INCL.ABS again LK I.V.IR-go NABS one LK restaurant
The English translation of this sentence is:`After it became morning again as before, we left again going to a restaurant.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \footnotetext{There are two words glossed as ‘again’ in this example. Eman is the marked member of the pair, and refers to the continuation of an action that was interrupted. Isab expresses no particular sense of continuation. In the context of example \REF{bkm:Ref447656201}, eman would have been semantically appropriate in both positions, however we speculate that having two emans in a row would have sounded odd, so the speaker chose to use isab in the second instance, which is also semantically appropriate.}
A: word: ka-selled	 gloss: I.EXM-go.inside
B: word: ame	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.GEN
C: word: pag-ka-sellem	 gloss: NR.ACT-NR-morning
D: word: pag-kita	 gloss: NR.ACT-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Isya na adlaw, darwa i na ___ Umang i daw Pwikan, na-ŋ-pasyar naan ta baybay.
Gloss (with missing item): one LK day two DEF.N LK ___ hermit.crab DEF.N and sea.turtle A.HAP.R-PL-visit SPAT.DEF NABS beach
The English translation of this sentence is:`One day, the two friends, Hermit Crab and Sea Turtle, went strolling on the beach.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The affix mag{}- with nouns that indicate a human relationship, such as kinship terms and words such as arey ‘friend’, result in a noun that refers to particular persons who are in that relationship. Some of these nouns express reciprocal and others non-reciprocal relationships. For example, mag{}- with utod ‘sibling’ becomes mag-utod ‘siblings (to each other)’ (\ref{bkm:Ref420509881}); mag- with arey ‘friend’ becomes mag-arey meaning ‘friends (to each other)’, (\ref{bkm:Ref420509947}). These are reciprocal relationships, since each member of the relationship is equal---sibling-to-sibling, or friend-to-friend. An example of a non-reciprocal relationship is mag{}- + inay ‘mother’ yielding mag-inay ‘mother and child(ren)’:
A: word: mag--arey	 gloss: REL-friend
B: word: arey	 gloss: friend
C: word: papa	 gloss: Papa
D: word: mag--ambaļ-anay	 gloss: I.IR-say-REC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-tugtug an ta banda mga tukar an ___ en pugya a.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-play.music DEF.M NABS band PL music DEF.M ___ CM long.ago INJ
The English translation of this sentence is:`The music the band played was the older people’s style of music of long ago.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The prefix king- is added to a nominal root to form a new noun that refers to the ‘style’ or ‘manner’ of the root noun. This is not a common prefix. Example \REF{bkm:Ref116461310} below is the only instance of this prefix in the corpus. The others are all from conversation, or are elicited. Words formed with king- are not adjectives by the definition given in \chapref{chap:modification}, \sectref{sec:adjectives}, because they do not occur with degree adverbs such as sikad ‘very’:
A: word: ame	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.GEN
B: word: manakem	 gloss: older
C: word: king-manakem	 gloss: style/way-older
D: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yaken i.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ABS DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am originally from Cagayancillo.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The prefix taga{}- forms a noun or modifier that refers to a person who is originally from a location specified in the root. Example \REF{bkm:Ref447688060} is a predicate nominal consisting of a predicate meaning “someone originally from Cagayancillo”, followed by the single Argument:
A: word: taga-cagayancillo	 gloss: ORIG-Cagayancillo
B: word: m-kanta	 gloss: I.V.IR-sing
C: word: karsada	 gloss: road
D: word: cagayancillo	 gloss: Cagayancillo
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yaken i.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ABS DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am originally from Cagayancillo.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some writers use a hyphen following taga-, especially when it occurs before a capitalized place name, such as Cagayancillo (\ref{bkm:Ref447688060}) or Negros \REF{ex:negros}. However, this is not consistent \REF{ex:philippines}.
A: word: man	 gloss: EMPH
B: word: alas	 gloss: o’clock
C: word: cagayancillo	 gloss: Cagayancillo
D: word: taga-cagayancillo	 gloss: ORIG-Cagayancillo
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-atag din sid-anan din an ___ yaken.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-give 3S.ERG viand 3S.GEN DEF.M ___ 1s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he gave his/her viand to me.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \footnotetext{The root for this verb is atag. In conversation, the initial vowel normally drops out when a suffix occurs, though this is optional. In example \REF{bkm:Ref420429206}, below, the initial vowel may not drop out because the verb carries no suffix.}
A: word: kis-a	 gloss: than
B: word: ki	 gloss: OBL.P
C: word: imes	 gloss: prepare
D: word: b<in>uļan	 gloss: <NR.RES>month
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-atag-an din ___ i ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-give-APL 3S.ERG ___ DEF.N NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he will give ME some viand.’ (Emphasis on ME.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref419465634} and \REF{bkm:Ref419465636} are identical except that the absolutive case Recipient is expressed with the emphatic pronoun plus demonstrative determiner in \REF{bkm:Ref419465636}. Emphatic pronouns have the same distributional possibilities as full Referring Phrases, while enclitics follow the first major constituent of the immediate phrase. The demonstrative determiner i may be “optional” in this and the following examples, especially in relaxed speech. However, speakers agree that it “sounds better” with the demonstrative determiner:
A: word: yaken	 gloss: 1S.ABS
B: word: …-pa-abot	 gloss: T.IR-CAUS-arrive
C: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
D: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-atag-an din ___ i ta sid-anan.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-give-APL 3S.ERG ___ DEF.N NABS viand
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he will give ME some viand.’ (Emphasis on ME.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref419465634} and \REF{bkm:Ref419465636} are identical except that the absolutive case Recipient is expressed with the emphatic pronoun plus demonstrative determiner in \REF{bkm:Ref419465636}. Emphatic pronouns have the same distributional possibilities as full Referring Phrases, while enclitics follow the first major constituent of the immediate phrase. The demonstrative determiner i may be “optional” in this and the following examples, especially in relaxed speech. However, speakers agree that it “sounds better” with the demonstrative determiner:
A: word: danen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
B: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
C: word: yaken	 gloss: 1S.ABS
D: word: pang-swirti-én	 gloss: NR-luck-NR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-atag kay ___ ta sid-anan ki kanen.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-give 1P.EXCL.ABS ___ NABS viand OBL.P 3s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We ourselves (rather than someone else) gave some viand to him’.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref419117602}, the verb appears in the intransitive form, so the actor kay is the absolutive argument. Therefore the morpheme ___ is not ergative; rather it occurs after the absolutive pronoun of the sthe morpheme ___ person and number to express strong contrast. Example \REF{bkm:Ref419174393} is similar, but with a first person singular actor. In relaxed speech, the a 1\textsc{s.abs} pronoun may elide before ake.
A: word: ame	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.GEN
B: word: ate	 gloss: 1P.INCL.GEN
C: word: pag-tamed	 gloss: NR.ACT-focus.attention
D: word: t<in>aon	 gloss: <NR.RES>year
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-atag a ___ ta sid-anan ki kanen.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-give 1S.ABS ___ NABS viand OBL.P 3s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I myself (rather than someone else) gave some viand to him/her.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example \REF{bkm:Ref419117602}, the verb appears in the intransitive form, so the actor kay is the absolutive argument. Therefore ame is not ergative; rather it occurs after the absolutive pronoun of the same person and number to express strong contrast. Example \REF{bkm:Ref419174393} is similar, but with a first person singular actor. In relaxed speech, the a 1\textsc{s.abs} pronoun may elide before the morpheme ___.
A: word: yaken	 gloss: 1s
B: word: iya	 gloss: 3S.GEN
C: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
D: word: derset	 gloss: small.PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-atag kay ___ ta sid-anan ki kanen.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-give 1P.EXCL.ABS ___ NABS viand OBL.P 3s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We ourselves (rather than someone else) gave some viand to him’.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Free pronoun in Oblique role (see also examples \ref{bkm:Ref419117602} and \ref{bkm:Ref419174393} above) \\
A: word: ame	 gloss: 1P.EXCL.GEN
B: word: ate	 gloss: 1P.INCL.GEN
C: word: pag-tamed	 gloss: NR.ACT-focus.attention
D: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-atag a ___ ta sid-anan ki kanen.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-give 1S.ABS ___ NABS viand OBL.P 3s
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I myself (rather than someone else) gave some viand to him/her.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Free pronoun in Oblique role (see also examples \ref{bkm:Ref419117602} and \ref{bkm:Ref419174393} above) \\
A: word: yaken	 gloss: 1s
B: word: iya	 gloss: 3S.GEN
C: word: s<in>inugba	 gloss: <NR.RES>roast
D: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ambaļ ___ “M-larga kon en.”
Gloss (with missing item): say ___ I.V.IR-depart HSY CM
The English translation of this sentence is:‘This one said, “(The boat) will depart now".’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The non-absoluthe morpheme ___ve demonstrathe morpheme ___ve pronouns functhe morpheme ___on in ergathe morpheme ___ve (\ref{bkm:Ref419468709} and \ref{bkm:Ref419525739}), or oblique (\ref{bkm:Ref420432602} and \ref{bkm:Ref420432613}) roles. Similarly, they functhe morpheme ___on within Referring Phrases (RPs) in the genithe morpheme ___ve role (\ref{bkm:Ref116482624} and \ref{bkm:Ref420432688}):
A: word: kulor	 gloss: color
B: word: gulay-én	 gloss: vegetables-NR
C: word: ti	 gloss: D1NABS
D: word: tiset	 gloss: small
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Lasa ___ sikad na tam-is…
Gloss (with missing item): taste ___ very LK sweet
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The taste of that is very sweet…’ (This text is describing a pineapple.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The non-absolutive demonstrative pronouns function in ergative (\ref{bkm:Ref419468709} and \ref{bkm:Ref419525739}), or oblique (\ref{bkm:Ref420432602} and \ref{bkm:Ref420432613}) roles. Similarly, they function within Referring Phrases (RPs) in the genitive role (\ref{bkm:Ref116482624} and \ref{bkm:Ref420432688}):
A: word: t<in>anur-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>care.for-APL
B: word: tan	 gloss: D3NABS
C: word: san	 gloss: D2NABS
D: word: ga-tan-aw	 gloss: I.R-look
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B