cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Daw ino na ___ mga dikurasyon an na mga paniin.
Gloss (with missing item): if/when what LK ___ PL decoration DEF.M LK PL shells
The English translation of this sentence is:‘What beauty of the shell decorations!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref447113409} and \REF{bkm:Ref441302833} illustrate ka{}- nominalizations used as nouns in context:
A: word: ka-dayad	 gloss: NR-good
B: word: ka-baskeg	 gloss: NR-strong
C: word: dayad	 gloss: good
D: word: man	 gloss: EMPH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-atag-an kay ta ___ ta ame na mga lawa para mag--ubra kay...
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-give-APL 1P.EXCL.ABS NABS ___ NABS 1P.EXCL.GEN LK PL body for I.IR-work 1P.EXCL.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Give us strength for our bodies in order for us to work ...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref447113409} and \REF{bkm:Ref441302833} illustrate ka{}- nominalizations used as nouns in context:
A: word: b<in>egkes	 gloss: <NR.RES>bundle
B: word: ka-dayad	 gloss: NR-good
C: word: maka-balik	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-return
D: word: ka-baskeg	 gloss: NR-strong
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro ta ___ ta iran na ubra uļa danen na-masmas--i na iran na bata may ka-lain ta beet ki danen.
Gloss (with missing item): but NABS ___ NABS 3P.GEN LK work NEG.R 3P.ERG A.HAP.R-notice-XC.APL LK 3P.GEN LK child EXT.IN NR-bad NABS inner.being OBL.P 3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`But in the business of their work they did not notice that their child had bad feelings towards them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref116398555}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref116398718} illustrate some ka{}-...-én nominalizations in context:
A: word: naka-sangga	 gloss: I.HAP.R-bump.into
B: word: ka-laban-an	 gloss: NR-most-NR
C: word: ka-sàke-én	 gloss: NR-busy-NR
D: word: karsada	 gloss: road
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din paryo ta iya na amay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.GEN same NABS 3S.GEN LK father
The English translation of this sentence is:‘His/her laziness is like his/her father.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref116398555}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref116398718} illustrate some ka{}-...-én nominalizations in context:
A: word: ka-tamad-én	 gloss: NR-lazy-NR
B: word: mga	 gloss: PL
C: word: ga-tambek	 gloss: I.R-fat/healthy
D: word: ka-sàke-én	 gloss: NR-busy-NR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-kamang a ta kaļaw daw ___ ta ummay na ega.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-get 1S.ABS NABS winnowing.basket and ___ NABS unmilled.rice LK dry
The English translation of this sentence is:`I got a winnowing basket and a container of unmilled rice that was dry.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref106949527} illustrates the verbal root ugsak ‘put inside’ nominalized with -an, to refer to a location.
A: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
B: word: na-pattik-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-sting-APL
C: word: ugsak-an	 gloss: put.inside-NR
D: word: ka-matuod-an	 gloss: NR-true-NR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): May bata daen appat buok, darwa bai, darwa man mama. Ta, tak ubos en may sawa ___ daen, darwa nang en bilin an baļay en.
Gloss (with missing item): EXT.IN child 3P.ABS four piece two female two too male so because all CM EXT.IN spouse ___ 3P.GEN two only CM left SPAT.DEF house CM
The English translation of this sentence is:`They have four children, two female, two male too. So, because all their children have spouses, just (they) two only are left at the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, example \REF{bkm:Ref106950024} illustrates the noun bata ‘child’ with -an meaning ‘group of children usually having the same parents’, while \REF{bkm:Ref106950027} illustrates the same root with ka-…-an meaning ‘group of many children’, or ‘youth’, usually having different parents:
A: word: bata-an	 gloss: child-NR
B: word: lieg	 gloss: neck
C: word: ka-bata-an	 gloss: NR-child-NR
D: word: mag--arey	 gloss: REL-friend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Anduni mga bag-o tubo na mga ___ uļa ga-taod ta iran na isigka-ittaw.\footnotemark{}
Gloss (with missing item): now/today PL new grow LK PL ___ NEG.R I.R-respect NABS 3P.GEN LK fellow-people
The English translation of this sentence is:`Now/today, the new generation of children do not respect their fellow people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, example \REF{bkm:Ref106950024} illustrates the noun bata ‘child’ with -an meaning ‘group of children usually having the same parents’, while \REF{bkm:Ref106950027} illustrates the same root with ka-…-an meaning ‘group of many children’, or ‘youth’, usually having different parents:
A: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
B: word: ka-bata-an	 gloss: NR-child-NR
C: word: bata-an	 gloss: child-NR
D: word: prugrama	 gloss: program
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta Cagayancillo klasi--klasi na mga prutas tampayas puso ta saging, sitaw, bļatong, taļong, kļubay, klabasa\footnotemark{}, nangka daw duma pa na gulay-én.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NABS Cagayancillo RED-kind LK PL fruit papaya heart NABS banana yardlong.bean string.bean eggplant bottle.gourd summer.squash jackfruit and other INC LK vegetable-NR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Cooking vegetables on Cagayancillo, (are) kinds of fruits, papaya, flower (lit. heart) of banana, yardlong beans, string beans, eggplant, bottle gourd, summer squash, jackfruit, and other cooking vegetables.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The suffix -én/-ón can also derive adjectives as described in \chapref{chap:modification}, \sectref{bkm:Ref117512242}. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref116398789} and \REF{bkm:Ref116398793} illustrate some future patient nominalizations from the corpus:
A: word: gulay	 gloss: vegetables
B: word: gulay-én	 gloss: vegetables-NR
C: word: na-abot-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-arrive-APL
D: word: nai	 gloss: D1ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Daw luto en iran na ___ mag-tumpok danen daw mag-kaan.
Gloss (with missing item): if/when cook CM 3P.GEN LK ___ I.IR-gather 3S.ABS and I.IR-eat
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When what was cooked is already cooked (completely) they gather together and eat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The nominalizing infix <in> occurs after the first consonant of the root.\footnote{As discussed in Chapter 2, in Kagayanen all words begin with consonants. Words that begin with vowel letters in the orthography actually start with an unwritten glottal stop, which is a full consonant in Kagayanen. So, for example, the verb ambaļ has an initial unwritten glottal stop. The infix <in> occurs after the initial glottal stop to form the word spelled inambaļ.} The resulting noun usually refers to something that is affected by the action or process described by the root (examples \ref{bkm:Ref419299508} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299510}). In this sense, <in> is analogous to a past-participle marker. Unlike \isi{Tagalog} and many other Philippine languages, <in> alone has no function as a Transitivity/Modality marker on inflected verbs. Rather, in Kagayanen the corresponding \isi{inflectional} form is the transitive realis pa{}- (see \chapref{chap:verbstructure}, \sectref{sec:transitiverealis}):
A: word: sin-ad	 gloss: cook.grain
B: word: s<in>in-ad	 gloss: <NR.RES>cook.grain
C: word: s<in>inugba	 gloss: <NR.RES>roast
D: word: pag-ka-sellem	 gloss: NR.ACT-NR-morning
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pag--abot nay dya, listo kay eman kaan tak may mga ___ na sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): NR.ACT-arrive 1P.EXCL.GEN D4LOC quickly 1P.EXCL.ABS again.as.before eat because EXT.IN PL ___ LK fish
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we arrived there, quickly we ate again because there were some roasted fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Like all Kagayanen nouns, nominalizations formed with the infix <in> can function as modifiers (as in \ref{bkm:Ref419299508}). For example, baļad ‘to sun dry’ with <in> becomes binaļad ‘sun dried thing’. This form may occur in the position of a modifier in Referring Phrases, e.g., binaļad na mais ‘sun dried corn’. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref419378020} and \REF{bkm:Ref51233639} are corpus examples illustrating this usage with the roots sugba ‘to roast’ and begkes ‘to bundle’ respectively:
A: word: tan	 gloss: D3NABS
B: word: s<in>in-ad	 gloss: <NR.RES>cook.grain
C: word: s<in>inugba	 gloss: <NR.RES>roast
D: word: s<in>ugba	 gloss: <NR.RES>-roast
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ma-simba anay danen an daw mag-prusisyon na daļa a santos na Santo Ninyo pa-libot ta banwa na ga-daļa ta ___ na tanitang.
Gloss (with missing item): A.HAP.IR-worship first 3P.ABS DEF.M and I.IR-procession LK carry INJ statue LK Holy Child T.R-around NABS town/country LK I.R-carry NABS ___ LK dried.coconut.frond
The English translation of this sentence is:`They will first go to church and go in a procession carrying the statue, the Holy Child, taking (it) around the town carrying bundled dried coconut fronds.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Like all Kagayanen nouns, nominalizations formed with the infix <in> can function as modifiers (as in \ref{bkm:Ref419299508}). For example, baļad ‘to sun dry’ with <in> becomes binaļad ‘sun dried thing’. This form may occur in the position of a modifier in Referring Phrases, e.g., binaļad na mais ‘sun dried corn’. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref419378020} and \REF{bkm:Ref51233639} are corpus examples illustrating this usage with the roots sugba ‘to roast’ and begkes ‘to bundle’ respectively:
A: word: t<in>anem	 gloss: <NR.RES>plant
B: word: t<in>anur-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>care.for-APL
C: word: b<in>egkes	 gloss: <NR.RES>bundle
D: word: b<in>uļan	 gloss: <NR.RES>month
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta ___ b<in>uļan na ga-ubra mga mama ta simba-an daw iskwila-an ma-lised na uļa angay pangabui ta mga ittaw.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS ___ <NR.RES>month LK I.R-work PL man NABS worship-NR and go.to.school-NR ADJ-distress LK NEG.R fitting living NABS PL person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘During the months when the men were working on the church and school (it was) distressing (and) not fitting for the lives of people.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When <in> occurs on nominal roots referring to units of time, the meaning is plural, with (\ref{bkm:Ref419299808} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299809}) or without (\ref{bkm:Ref441664725}) the \isi{plural} marker the morpheme ___:
A: word: t<in>udlu-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>teach-APL
B: word: mga	 gloss: PL
C: word: derse	 gloss: small.PL
D: word: ga-layag	 gloss: I.R-sail
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta mga ___ na ga-ubra mga mama ta simba-an daw iskwila-an ma-lised na uļa angay pangabui ta mga ittaw.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS PL ___ LK I.R-work PL man NABS worship-NR and go.to.school-NR ADJ-distress LK NEG.R fitting living NABS PL person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘During the months when the men were working on the church and school (it was) distressing (and) not fitting for the lives of people.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When <in> occurs on nominal roots referring to units of time, the meaning is plural, with (\ref{bkm:Ref419299808} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299809}) or without (\ref{bkm:Ref441664725}) the \isi{plural} marker mga:
A: word: b<in>uļan	 gloss: <NR.RES>month
B: word: b<in>egkes	 gloss: <NR.RES>bundle
C: word: t<in>aon	 gloss: <NR.RES>year
D: word: ga-ubra	 gloss: I.R-work
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta una sa na ___ <in>adlaw panliton i pa-sunod ta maid-id ta mga ittaw ta banwa ta i.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS first D4NABS LK ___ <NR.RES>day baby.ritual DEF.N T.R-follow NABS well NABS PL person NABS town/country 1P.INCL.GEN DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:`In the first (i.e. early) days the ritual of presenting babies to ancestor spirits the people in our town followed (it) well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When <in> occurs on nominal roots referring to units of time, the meaning is plural, with (\ref{bkm:Ref419299808} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299809}) or without (\ref{bkm:Ref441664725}) the \isi{plural} marker the morpheme ___:
A: word: ga-layag	 gloss: I.R-sail
B: word: derse	 gloss: small.PL
C: word: u-yi	 gloss: EMPH-D1ADJ
D: word: mga	 gloss: PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta una sa na mga ___ panliton i pa-sunod ta maid-id ta mga ittaw ta banwa ta i.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS first D4NABS LK PL ___ baby.ritual DEF.N T.R-follow NABS well NABS PL person NABS town/country 1P.INCL.GEN DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:`In the first (i.e. early) days the ritual of presenting babies to ancestor spirits the people in our town followed (it) well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When <in> occurs on nominal roots referring to units of time, the meaning is plural, with (\ref{bkm:Ref419299808} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299809}) or without (\ref{bkm:Ref441664725}) the \isi{plural} marker mga:
A: word: <in>adlaw	 gloss: <NR.RES>day
B: word: adlaw	 gloss: day/sun
C: word: b<in>uļan	 gloss: <NR.RES>month
D: word: ubra-én	 gloss: work-NR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro duma ya na ga-lambay ya na ___ dili pa gid segeng na pag--ataki ta apo.
Gloss (with missing item): but some DEF.F LK I.R-pass.by DEF.F LK ___ NEG.IR INC INT extreme LK NR.ACT-attack NABS asthma
The English translation of this sentence is:`But other past years it was not yet really an extreme attack of asthma.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When <in> occurs on nominal roots referring to units of time, the meaning is plural, with (\ref{bkm:Ref419299808} and \ref{bkm:Ref419299809}) or without (\ref{bkm:Ref441664725}) the \isi{plural} marker mga:
A: word: t<in>anem	 gloss: <NR.RES>plant
B: word: b<in>uļan	 gloss: <NR.RES>month
C: word: t<in>aon	 gloss: <NR.RES>year
D: word: pag-ka-sellem	 gloss: NR.ACT-NR-morning
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko ya na bata na-uļog ta geddan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.GEN DEF.F LK child A.HAP.R-fall NABS stairs
The English translation of this sentence is:`The child I cared for fell down the stairs.’ (lit. `my cared for child')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The infix <in> may combine with the applicative \textit{{}-an}. Only verb roots which require or allow the applicative \nobreakdash-an may be nominalized in this way (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an}). The interpretation of the resulting nominalization depends largely on the nature of the verb root, and is generally consistent with the use of the applicative suffix on Inflected Verbs. For example, as discussed in \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an}, some transitive verbs require \textit{{}-an} in their normal active-transitive use as main verbs. For this same set of roots, <in>...-an forms a nominalization that refers to the Patient of the verb (\ref{bkm:Ref419300230}-\ref{bkm:Ref419300233}). The stress on such nominalizations is regular---the main stress falls on the penultimate syllable and the secondary stress two syllables to the left.
A: word: tan	 gloss: D3NABS
B: word: t<in>anur-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>care.for-APL
C: word: t<in>anem	 gloss: <NR.RES>plant
D: word: s<in>akep-an	 gloss: <NR.RES>subjects-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B