cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yaken ga-pursigir gid ___ pag-suļat ki kyo aged ma-aļam-an ko man inyo na kaimtangan dyan.
Gloss (with missing item): 1S.ABS I.R-persevere INT ___ NR.ACT-write OBL.P 2p so.that A.HAP.IR-know-APL 1S.ERG also 2P.GEN LK situation/condition D2LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for me (I) really persevered in writing to you so that I also will know your situation there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-the morpheme ___king verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: tak	 gloss: because
B: word: nusa	 gloss: Nusa
C: word: ta	 gloss: NABS
D: word: pag-balik	 gloss: NR.ACT-return
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kinangļan ∅-bantay-an ta ___ na pag-uli.
Gloss (with missing item): need T.IRwatch/guard-APL 1P.INCL.ERG ___ LK NR.ACT-go.home
The English translation of this sentence is:‘It is necessary we watch for their coming home.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-taking verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: granada	 gloss: grenade
B: word: iran	 gloss: 3P.GEN
C: word: pag-balik	 gloss: NR.ACT-return
D: word: iya	 gloss: 3S.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kinangļan ∅-bantay-an ta iran ___ pag-uli.
Gloss (with missing item): need T.IRwatch/guard-APL 1P.INCL.ERG 3P.GEN ___ NR.ACT-go.home
The English translation of this sentence is:‘It is necessary we watch for their coming home.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitiothe morpheme ___ltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-taking verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: pa-bunaļ	 gloss: T.R-spank
B: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
C: word: pag-balik	 gloss: NR.ACT-return
D: word: na	 gloss: LK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Manang, mag-tagad kay ___ imo na pag-balik.
Gloss (with missing item): older.sister I.IR-wait 1P.EXCL.ABS ___ 2S.GEN LK NR.ACT-return
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Older sister, we will wait for your return.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-the morpheme ___king verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: mag-luoy	 gloss: I.IR-swim
B: word: tak	 gloss: because
C: word: ta	 gloss: NABS
D: word: nusa	 gloss: Nusa
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Manang, mag-tagad kay ta ___ na pag-balik.
Gloss (with missing item): older.sister I.IR-wait 1P.EXCL.ABS NABS ___ LK NR.ACT-return
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Older sister, we will wait for your return.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-taking verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
B: word: ma-imo	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-make
C: word: imo	 gloss: 2S.GEN
D: word: pag-kita	 gloss: NR.ACT-see
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Manang, mag-tagad kay ta imo ___ pag-balik.
Gloss (with missing item): older.sister I.IR-wait 1P.EXCL.ABS NABS 2S.GEN ___ NR.ACT-return
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Older sister, we will wait for your return.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:persevere} illustrates the Class VIII verb pursigir ‘persevere’. Class VIII is the class of verbs that requires the applicative suffix -an when it appears in a grammatically transitive form (see \chapref{chap:stemformingprocesses}, \sectref{sec:applicative-an} and \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitiothe morpheme ___ltransitiveroots}). This verb may occur with an oblique complement when grammatically intransitive \REF{bkm:Ref114840584}. Several complement-taking verbs fall into this grammatical class, as exemplified in \REF{bkm:Ref114842025} and \REF{bkm:Ref114842515}:
A: word: imo	 gloss: EMPH
B: word: na	 gloss: LK
C: word: pa-bunaļ	 gloss: T.R-spank
D: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ta sunod na adlaw ga-kuyog kay man ___ tak ga-linaw pa.
Gloss (with missing item): NABS follow LK sun/day I.R-go.with 1P.EXCL.ABS too ___ because I.R-calm INC
The English translation of this sentence is:`The next day we went with (them) when returning because (the weather was) becoming calm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \hspace*{-.4pt}Sometimes the ta marker cannot easily occur with nominalized adjunct clauses, depending on the context of the conversation. In example, in \REF{bkm:Ref474577631a} the adverbial pag{}- clause expresses a simultaneous event. In this context the ta preposition sounds very awkward \REF{bkm:Ref474577631b}:
A: word: pag-balik	 gloss: NR.ACT-return
B: word: maka-balik	 gloss: I.HAP.IR-return
C: word: pag-kita-ay	 gloss: NR.ACT-see-REC
D: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a ___ mag-luoy ta dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS ___ I.IR-swim NABS sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid whenever swimming in the sea.’ (Any time.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker the morpheme ___ functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenomithe morpheme ___l case marker ta. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the stative root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitiothe morpheme ___l form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Fithe morpheme ___lly, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following the morpheme ___ may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: pa-bunaļ	 gloss: T.R-spank
B: word: tenged	 gloss: because
C: word: na	 gloss: LK
D: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a na ___ ta dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS LK ___ NABS sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid whenever swimming in the sea.’ (Any time.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker na functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenominal case marker ta. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the stative root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitional form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Finally, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following na may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: m-luoy	 gloss: I.V.IR-swim
B: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
C: word: mag-luoy	 gloss: I.IR-swim
D: word: mag-lumba-ay	 gloss: I.IR-race-REC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a na mag-luoy ___ dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS LK I.IR-swim ___ sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid whenever swimming in the sea.’ (Any time.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker na functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenominal case marker the morpheme ___. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the sthe morpheme ___tive root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitional form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Finally, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following na may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: tak	 gloss: because
B: word: ta	 gloss: NABS
C: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
D: word: nusa	 gloss: Nusa
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a ___ m-luoy ta dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS ___ I.V.IR-swim NABS sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid to swim in the sea.’ (Right now.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker the morpheme ___ functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenomithe morpheme ___l case marker ta. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the stative root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitiothe morpheme ___l form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Fithe morpheme ___lly, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following the morpheme ___ may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: na	 gloss: LK
B: word: pa-bunaļ	 gloss: T.R-spank
C: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
D: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a na ___ ta dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS LK ___ NABS sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid to swim in the sea.’ (Right now.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker na functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenominal case marker ta. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the stative root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitional form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Finally, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following na may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: mag-luoy	 gloss: I.IR-swim
B: word: tumbuan	 gloss: window
C: word: m-luoy	 gloss: I.V.IR-swim
D: word: tenged	 gloss: because
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Adlek a na m-luoy ___ dagat.
Gloss (with missing item): fear 1S.ABS LK I.V.IR-swim ___ sea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am afraid to swim in the sea.’ (Right now.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subjunctive complement clauses normally follow the linker na functioning as a complementizer (see examples and discussion below). However, they absolutely may not be preceded by the non-absolutive prenominal case marker the morpheme ___. In other words, they are not ergative or oblique complements. In the examples in \REF{bkm:Ref474418733}, a subjunctive clause follows the sthe morpheme ___tive root adlek ‘be afraid’, and describes the source of the speaker’s fear. Example \REF{bkm:Ref474418733a} is in the basic intransitive, irrealis form, while \REF{bkm:Ref474418733b} is in the marked necessarily volitional form. The difference in meaning expressed by these two prefixes is reflected in the free translations. Finally, \REF{bkm:Ref474418733c} illustrates that the verb following na may not occur in the realis form, and thus is not fully finite:
A: word: pag-tanem	 gloss: NR.ACT-plant
B: word: ta	 gloss: NABS
C: word: tak	 gloss: because
D: word: nusa	 gloss: Nusa
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): May sise man en na improvar ame na lugar ___ ta pag-tanem ta guso.
Gloss (with missing item): EXT.IN small too CM LK improve 1P.EXCL.GEN LK place ___ NABS NR.ACT-plant NABS seaweed.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Our place has a little improvement because of planting agar seaweed.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the three reason clause introducers, tak, kumo, and the morpheme ___, only the morpheme ___ ‘can introduce a non-finite, nominalized, clause (\ref{bkm:Ref116287582}; see \sectref{bkm:Ref115861741}) or a RE \REF{bkm:Ref116287610}:
A: word: tenged	 gloss: because
B: word: man-o	 gloss: why
C: word: mag-luoy	 gloss: I.IR-swim
D: word: te-tenga	 gloss: RED-middle
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): May sise man en na improvar ame na lugar tenged ___ pag-tanem ta guso.
Gloss (with missing item): EXT.IN small too CM LK improve 1P.EXCL.GEN LK place because ___ NR.ACT-plant NABS seaweed.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Our place has a little improvement because of planting agar seaweed.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the three reason clause introducers, the morpheme ___k, kumo, and tenged, only tenged ‘can introduce a non-finite, nominalized, clause (\ref{bkm:Ref116287582}; see \sectref{bkm:Ref115861741}) or a RE \REF{bkm:Ref116287610}:
A: word: tak	 gloss: because
B: word: nusa	 gloss: Nusa
C: word: pag-balik	 gloss: NR.ACT-return
D: word: ta	 gloss: NABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D