cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-akid-an ko ∅ ___ an ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-serve-APL 1S.ERG ABS ___ DEF.M NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I served her/him some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Benefactive voice often functions to express situations in which something is transferred to a beneficiary, with the beneficiary presented in the absolutive case (examples \ref{bkm:Ref500489993} and \ref{bkm:Ref500489123}). However, transfer is not a necessary component of the meaning of this construction (examples \ref{ex:thecabinet} through \ref{ex:thetikling}).
A: word: kanen	 gloss: 3S.ABS
B: word: daen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
C: word: kaugalingen	 gloss: self
D: word: danen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-akid-an ko ∅ kanen ___ ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-serve-APL 1S.ERG ABS 3S.ABS ___ NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I served her/him some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Benefactive voice often functions to express situations in which something is trthe morpheme ___sferred to a beneficiary, with the beneficiary presented in the absolutive case (examples \ref{bkm:Ref500489993} the morpheme ___d \ref{bkm:Ref500489123}). However, trthe morpheme ___sfer is not a necessary component of the methe morpheme ___ing of this construction (examples \ref{ex:thecabinet} through \ref{ex:thetikling}).
A: word: mag-lumba-ay	 gloss: I.IR-race-REC
B: word: ya"	 gloss: DEF.F
C: word: nang	 gloss: only/just
D: word: an	 gloss: DEF.M
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Luto-an ko ∅ ___ an ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-cook-APL 1S.ERG ABS ___ DEF.M NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I will cook him/her some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Benefactive voice often functions to express situations in which something is transferred to a beneficiary, with the beneficiary presented in the absolutive case (examples \ref{bkm:Ref500489993} and \ref{bkm:Ref500489123}). However, transfer is not a necessary component of the meaning of this construction (examples \ref{ex:thecabinet} through \ref{ex:thetikling}).
A: word: ga-kita-ay	 gloss: I.R-see-REC
B: word: kanen	 gloss: 3S.ABS
C: word: danen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
D: word: daen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Luto-an ko ∅ kanen ___ ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-cook-APL 1S.ERG ABS 3S.ABS ___ NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I will cook him/her some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Benefactive voice often functions to express situations in which something is trthe morpheme ___sferred to a beneficiary, with the beneficiary presented in the absolutive case (examples \ref{bkm:Ref500489993} the morpheme ___d \ref{bkm:Ref500489123}). However, trthe morpheme ___sfer is not a necessary component of the methe morpheme ___ing of this construction (examples \ref{ex:thecabinet} through \ref{ex:thetikling}).
A: word: ga-pa-lunot	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-decay
B: word: an	 gloss: DEF.M
C: word: ya"	 gloss: DEF.F
D: word: nang	 gloss: only/just
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Luto-an ko ∅ ___ an ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-cook-APL 1S.ERG ABS ___ DEF.M NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I will cook him/her some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Without the applicative marker on the verb, example \REF{bkm:Ref500489123} could only be understood as patient voice, which would be anomalous with these arguments: “I will cook him/her (with/on/by) fish.”
A: word: danen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
B: word: daen	 gloss: 3P.ABS
C: word: ∅-pa-dagsa-an	 gloss: T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL
D: word: kanen	 gloss: 3S.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Luto-an ko ∅ kanen ___ ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-cook-APL 1S.ERG ABS 3S.ABS ___ NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I will cook him/her some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Without the applicative marker on the verb, example \REF{bkm:Ref500489123} could only be understood as patient voice, which would be the morpheme ___omalous with these arguments: “I will cook him/her (with/on/by) fish.”
A: word: pa-garay-an	 gloss: T.R-chant-APL
B: word: an	 gloss: DEF.M
C: word: ya"	 gloss: DEF.F
D: word: nang	 gloss: only/just
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I-luto ___ no ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.DEON-cook ___ 2S.ERG NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You must cook me some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As discussed in \chthe morpheme ___pref{chthe morpheme ___p:verbstructure}, \sectref{sec:modthe morpheme ___lity} the Deontic prefix i- mthe morpheme ___y function the morpheme ___s the morpheme ___n the morpheme ___pplicthe morpheme ___tive mthe morpheme ___rker, the morpheme ___s in \REF{bkm:Ref500489008}. As such, i- mthe morpheme ___y function the morpheme ___s the morpheme ___ deontic Benefthe morpheme ___ctive mthe morpheme ___rker:
A: word: baso	 gloss: glass
B: word: (pag)-dļagan	 gloss: NR.ACT-run
C: word: ga-tubang-ay	 gloss: I.R-facing-REC
D: word: a	 gloss: 1S.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I-luto ___ no ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.DEON-cook ___ 2S.ERG NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You must cook me some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Technicthe morpheme ___lly, \ref{bkm:Ref500489008} is the morpheme ___mbiguous between Benefthe morpheme ___ctive the morpheme ___nd Pthe morpheme ___tient voice. However, prthe morpheme ___gmthe morpheme ___ticthe morpheme ___lly it cthe morpheme ___n only be understood the morpheme ___s Benefthe morpheme ___ctive voice, since people don’t cook other people. We the morpheme ___re reminded of English sentences like “I will mthe morpheme ___ke you the morpheme ___ sthe morpheme ___ndwich” which the morpheme ___re similthe morpheme ___rly “the morpheme ___mbiguous”. The usthe morpheme ___ge illustrthe morpheme ___ted in \REF{bkm:Ref500489008} hthe morpheme ___s the morpheme ___lso been described the morpheme ___s “conveythe morpheme ___nce voice” in \isi{Cebuthe morpheme ___no} bthe morpheme ___sed on the fthe morpheme ___ct ththe morpheme ___t it presents the Undergoer (siddthe morpheme ___ ‘fish’) the morpheme ___s moving the morpheme ___wthe morpheme ___y from the Actor \citep[69]{wolff1973}.
A: word: kaugalingen	 gloss: self
B: word: barangay	 gloss: community
C: word: a	 gloss: 1S.ABS
D: word: baso	 gloss: glass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I-luto ___ no ta sidda.
Gloss (with missing item): T.DEON-cook ___ 2S.ERG NABS fish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You must cook me some fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Technicthe morpheme ___lly, \ref{bkm:Ref500489008} is the morpheme ___mbiguous between Benefthe morpheme ___ctive the morpheme ___nd Pthe morpheme ___tient voice. However, prthe morpheme ___gmthe morpheme ___ticthe morpheme ___lly it cthe morpheme ___n only be understood the morpheme ___s Benefthe morpheme ___ctive voice, since people don’t cook other people. We the morpheme ___re reminded of English sentences like “I will mthe morpheme ___ke you the morpheme ___ sthe morpheme ___ndwich” which the morpheme ___re similthe morpheme ___rly “the morpheme ___mbiguous”. The usthe morpheme ___ge illustrthe morpheme ___ted in \REF{bkm:Ref500489008} hthe morpheme ___s the morpheme ___lso been described the morpheme ___s “conveythe morpheme ___nce voice” in \isi{Cebuthe morpheme ___no} bthe morpheme ___sed on the fthe morpheme ___ct ththe morpheme ___t it presents the Undergoer (siddthe morpheme ___ ‘fish’) the morpheme ___s moving the morpheme ___wthe morpheme ___y from the Actor \citep[69]{wolff1973}.
A: word: a	 gloss: 1S.ABS
B: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
C: word: “anen	 gloss: EXT.G
D: word: baso	 gloss: glass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kami may basak ___ nay ta niog.
Gloss (with missing item): 1P.EXCL.ABS EXT.IN land ___ 1P.EXCL.ERG NABS coconut
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for us (we) have land on which we have planted coconut trees.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118204268} illustrates an applicative construction inside a relative clause. The head is basak ‘land’, which is the location of planting.
A: word: basa-ay	 gloss: read-REC
B: word: ga-tanem	 gloss: T.R-plant
C: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
D: word: ma-ng-tanem	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-plant
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nanligan i ___ din bata daw ...-batang-an ta waig a ulo ta bata. Tapos pa-garay-an din.\\
Gloss (with missing item): midwife DEF.N ___ 3S.ERG child and T.R-put-APL NABS water INJ head NABS child then T.R-chant-APL 3S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for the midwife, she holds the child and puts some water on the head of the child. Then she chants (for the child).’ (This is a naming ceremony for newborn babies similar to baptism.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118204569} illustrates three applicative constructions. The first applicative involves the root ibit ‘hold’, which is a member of the class of roots that always appear in an applicative form when transitive (Class VIII). All such roots involve a patient that does not undergo a change in state, but is only slightly, superficially or invisibly affected by the action of the verb. In this case, the act of holding a child does not change or affect the child in any substantive way, and thus the child shares the semantic feature of “superficial affectedness” with locations. \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots} contains a long list of such roots. In the second applicative in \REF{bkm:Ref118204569}, the location of the placing of water is the head of the child, which appears in the absolutive. Finally, in the third applicative, the absolutive argument of the stem garayan ‘to chant for’ is ellipted because the child is the main topic in this stretch of text, and in the context it is clear that the midwife chants for the child.
A: word: mag-pa-kasaļ	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-wedding
B: word: ∅-ibit-an	 gloss: T.IR-hold-APL
C: word: pa-duma-an	 gloss: T.R-other-APL
D: word: pa-ibit-an	 gloss: T.R-hold-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nanligan i pa-ibit-an din bata daw ...-batang-an ta waig a ulo ta bata. Tapos ___ din.\\
Gloss (with missing item): midwife DEF.N T.R-hold-APL 3S.ERG child and T.R-put-APL NABS water INJ head NABS child then ___ 3S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for the midwife, she holds the child and puts some water on the head of the child. Then she chants (for the child).’ (This is a naming ceremony for newborn babies similar to baptism.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118204569} illustrates three applicative constructions. The first applicative involves the root ibit ‘hold’, which is a member of the class of roots that always appear in an applicative form when transitive (Class VIII). All such roots involve a patient that does not undergo a change in state, but is only slightly, superficially or invisibly affected by the action of the verb. In this case, the act of holding a child does not change or affect the child in any substantive way, and thus the child shares the semantic feature of “superficial affectedness” with locations. \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots} contains a long list of such roots. In the second applicative in \REF{bkm:Ref118204569}, the location of the placing of water is the head of the child, which appears in the absolutive. Finally, in the third applicative, the absolutive argument of the stem garayan ‘to chant for’ is ellipted because the child is the main topic in this stretch of text, and in the context it is clear that the midwife chants for the child.
A: word: pa-mati-an	 gloss: T.R-hear-APL
B: word: mag-pa-kasaļ	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-wedding
C: word: sakay-an	 gloss: ride-NR
D: word: pa-garay-an	 gloss: T.R-chant-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nanligan i ___ din bata daw ...-batang-an ta waig a ulo ta bata. Tapos pa-garay-an din.\\
Gloss (with missing item): midwife DEF.N ___ 3S.ERG child and T.R-put-APL NABS water INJ head NABS child then T.R-chant-APL 3S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for the midwife, she holds the child and puts some water on the head of the child. Then she chants (for the child).’ (This is a naming ceremony for newborn babies similar to baptism.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118204569} illustrates three applicative constructions. The first applicative involves the root ibit ‘hold’, which is a member of the class of roots that always appear in an applicative form when transitive (Class VIII). All such roots involve a patient that does not undergo a change in state, but is only slightly, superficially or invisibly affected by the action of the verb. In this case, the act of holding a child does not change or affect the child in any substantive way, and thus the child shares the semantic feature of “superficial affectedness” with locations. \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots} contains a long list of such roots. In the second applicative in \REF{bkm:Ref118204569}, the location of the placing of water is the head of the child, which appears in the absolutive. Finally, in the third applicative, the absolutive argument of the stem garayan ‘to chant for’ is ellipted because the child is the main topic in this stretch of text, and in the context it is clear that the midwife chants for the child.
A: word: iran	 gloss: 3P.GEN
B: word: pa-ibit-an	 gloss: T.R-hold-APL
C: word: ∅-ibit-an	 gloss: T.IR-hold-APL
D: word: pa-duma-an	 gloss: T.R-other-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nanligan i pa-ibit-an din bata daw ...-batang-an ta waig a ulo ta bata. Tapos ___ din.\\
Gloss (with missing item): midwife DEF.N T.R-hold-APL 3S.ERG child and T.R-put-APL NABS water INJ head NABS child then ___ 3S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for the midwife, she holds the child and puts some water on the head of the child. Then she chants (for the child).’ (This is a naming ceremony for newborn babies similar to baptism.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref118204569} illustrates three applicative constructions. The first applicative involves the root ibit ‘hold’, which is a member of the class of roots that always appear in an applicative form when transitive (Class VIII). All such roots involve a patient that does not undergo a change in state, but is only slightly, superficially or invisibly affected by the action of the verb. In this case, the act of holding a child does not change or affect the child in any substantive way, and thus the child shares the semantic feature of “superficial affectedness” with locations. \chapref{chap:verbclasses-1}, \sectref{sec:volitionaltransitiveroots} contains a long list of such roots. In the second applicative in \REF{bkm:Ref118204569}, the location of the placing of water is the head of the child, which appears in the absolutive. Finally, in the third applicative, the absolutive argument of the stem garayan ‘to chant for’ is ellipted because the child is the main topic in this stretch of text, and in the context it is clear that the midwife chants for the child.
A: word: pa-mati-an	 gloss: T.R-hear-APL
B: word: sakay-an	 gloss: ride-NR
C: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
D: word: pa-garay-an	 gloss: T.R-chant-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan…
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He filled up his shirt with gold...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref500573274} and \REF{bkm:Ref500573276} have the same argument structure--an Actor in the ergative case and a patient in the absolutive, therefore they are both patient voice. The difference is that \REF{bkm:Ref500573274} is a simple transitive construction, while \REF{bkm:Ref500573276} is an applicative. The meaning of \REF{bkm:Ref500573276} is that the Actor did not cut the wood completely in two parts, but only cut off a small portion. The following examples, repeated here from \chapref{chap:verbstructure}, also illustrate the partitive use of the applicative. Example \REF{bkm:Ref395171869} illustrates the verb panno ‘fill’ in a non-applicative construction. In this example, the shirt is the absolutive, while the Actor, ‘he’ is ergative:
A: word: kanen	 gloss: 3S.ABS
B: word: pag--abot	 gloss: NR.ACT-arrive
C: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
D: word: pa-panno	 gloss: T.R-fill
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D