cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din bayo din ya ta bļawan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG shirt 3S.GEN DEF.F NABS gold
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He filled part way his shirt with gold.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref395171874v} illustrates the same verb in an applicative construction. Note, however, that the argument structure is the same. The shirt is still absolutive, and the Actor is still ergative:
A: word: sise	 gloss: little
B: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
C: word: ga-pa-lunot	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-decay
D: word: na-panno-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fill-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kanen ta tampayas.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ABS NABS papaya
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he let/caused the papaya to decay.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As with all semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} verbs, causative verb stems can appear in a Detransitive (Actor voice) construction. In this case, the pa{}- causative does appear with some verbs (such as lunot `decay' in example \ref{bkm:Ref501112712}) but not with others (such as pudpod, ‘crumble into powder’ in example \ref{bkm:Ref329259219}):
A: word: baybay	 gloss: beach
B: word: ga-pa-lunot	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-decay
C: word: ga-pa-luko	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-trick
D: word: pa-pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-dissolve
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kanen an ta buļong.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ABS DEF.M NABS medicine
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is/was crumbling medicine into powder.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As with all semantically transitive\is{semantic transitivity}\is{transitivity!semantic} verbs, causative verb stems can appear in a Detransitive (Actor voice) construction. In this case, the pa{}- causative does appear with some verbs (such as lunot `decay' in example \ref{bkm:Ref501112712}) but not with others (such as pudpod, ‘crumble into powder’ in example \ref{bkm:Ref329259219}):
A: word: ga-pursigir	 gloss: I.R-persevere
B: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
C: word: ga-pudpod	 gloss: I.R-crumble.into.powder
D: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kanen an ta buļong.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ABS DEF.M NABS medicine
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is/was crumbling medicine into powder.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that \REF{bkm:Ref329259219} is a detransitive of a causative construction and not a simple intransitive construction because a) the absolutive pronoun refers to a person, and persons don’t (normally) crumble into powder, and b) the understanding is that the medicine is what crumbles, with the absolutive argument referring to a causal agent.
A: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
B: word: ga-pudpod	 gloss: I.R-crumble.into.powder
C: word: pa-tunaw	 gloss: T.R-dissolve
D: word: ga-pursigir	 gloss: I.R-persevere
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ki yaken baybay an ta mga batang.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s beach DEF.M NABS PL driftwood
The English translation of this sentence is:`S/he will make me let some driftwood wash ashore on the beach.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the pa{}- prefix is a causative, and the modality is irrealis in \REF{bkm:Ref501176811} because of the argument structure. The presence of an oblique argument, ki yaken, makes it clear that this is a double causative. The absence of an overt transitivity marker on the verb indicates that this must be irrealis modality (recall that the presence of the applicative -an precludes the use of the transitive irrealis suffix -en, thus leaving “zero” as the only indicator of transitivity). If the pa{}- in this example were the transitive realis pa{}-, the only possible reading would be “You brought the driftwood to the beach at me,” and such a meaning is impossible.
A: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
B: word: na-dagsa-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-wash.ashore-APL
C: word: manang	 gloss: older.sister
D: word: ∅-pa-dagsa-an	 gloss: T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Pa-dagsa-an din ki yaken ___ an ta mga batang.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s ___ DEF.M NABS PL driftwood
The English translation of this sentence is:`S/he will make me let some driftwood wash ashore on the beach.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the pa{}- prefix is a causative, and the modality is irrealis in \REF{bkm:Ref501176811} because of the argument structure. The presence of an oblique argument, ki yaken, makes it clear that this is a double causative. The absence of an overt transitivity marker on the verb indicates that this must be irrealis modality (recall that the presence of the applicative -an precludes the use of the transitive irrealis suffix -en, thus leaving “zero” as the only indicator of transitivity). If the pa{}- in this example were the transitive realis pa{}-, the only possible reading would be “You brought the driftwood to the its gloss ___ at me,” and such a meaning is impossible.
A: word: kabay	 gloss: may.it.be
B: word: na-tanem-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-plant-APL
C: word: baybay	 gloss: beach
D: word: pantad	 gloss: sand
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-Pa-dagsa-an din ki yaken baybay ___ ta mga batang.
Gloss (with missing item): T.IR-CAUS-wash.ashore-APL 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s beach ___ NABS PL driftwood
The English translation of this sentence is:`S/he will make me let some driftwood wash ashore on the beach.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the pa{}- prefix is a causative, the morpheme ___d the modality is irrealis in \REF{bkm:Ref501176811} because of the argument structure. The presence of the morpheme ___ oblique argument, ki yaken, makes it clear that this is a double causative. The absence of the morpheme ___ overt trthe morpheme ___sitivity marker on the verb indicates that this must be irrealis modality (recall that the presence of the applicative -the morpheme ___ precludes the use of the trthe morpheme ___sitive irrealis suffix -en, thus leaving “zero” as the only indicator of trthe morpheme ___sitivity). If the pa{}- in this example were the trthe morpheme ___sitive realis pa{}-, the only possible reading would be “You brought the driftwood to the beach at me,” the morpheme ___d such a methe morpheme ___ing is impossible.
A: word: ya"	 gloss: DEF.F
B: word: an	 gloss: DEF.M
C: word: nang	 gloss: only/just
D: word: ga-kita-ay	 gloss: I.R-see-REC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ka nang en daw manakem ka.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ABS just CM if/when older 2S.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Just have yourself taken care of when you are elderly.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The detransitive causative of some verbs has a reflexive sense, since the causer and the patient may be coreferential (\ref{bkm:Ref329267348}). The meaning is ‘to let oneself have something done to oneself.’ A distinct causee can occur optionally in an oblique phrase, as in \REF{bkm:Ref329267373} and \REF{bkm:Ref329267376}.
A: word: mag-pa-aļam	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-know
B: word: mag-pa-ilis	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-shallow.sea
C: word: mag-pa-sagod	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-take.care
D: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ a naan ta duktor.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ABS SPAT.DEF NABS doctor
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am/was having myself medicated by the doctor.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The detransitive causative of some verbs has a reflexive sense, since the causer and the patient may be coreferential (\ref{bkm:Ref329267348}). The meaning is ‘to let oneself have something done to oneself.’ A distinct causee can occur optionally in an oblique phrase, as in \REF{bkm:Ref329267373} and \REF{bkm:Ref329267376}.
A: word: baybay	 gloss: beach
B: word: mag-pa-sagod	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-take.care
C: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
D: word: ga-buļong	 gloss: I.R-crash.together
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ka nang imo ta yo na ittaw.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ABS just EMPH NABS D4ADJ LK person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘You just let yourself be tricked by that person.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The detransitive causative of some verbs has a reflexive sense, since the causer and the patient may be coreferential (\ref{bkm:Ref329267348}). The meaning is ‘to let oneself have something done to oneself.’ A distinct causee can occur optionally in an oblique phrase, as in \REF{bkm:Ref329267373} and \REF{bkm:Ref329267376}.
A: word: ga-pa-lunot	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-decay
B: word: ga-dakep	 gloss: I.R-catch
C: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
D: word: ga-pa-luko	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-trick
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sabat ta pangka ya, ___ a ta imo na mga ginikanan daw ambaļ-en ko danen na mag-pa-kasaļ ki."
Gloss (with missing item): answer NASB frog DEF.F ___ 1S.ABS NABS 2S.GEN LK PL parent and say-T.IR 1S.ERG 3P.ABS LK I.IR-CAUS-wedding 1P.INCL.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:`The frog answered, “I will show myself to your parents and I will tell them that we are going to get (ourselves) wedded/married.”'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref108689939} illustrates two instances of this “reflexive/causative” usage for two other verbs, kita ‘to see’ and kasaļ ‘to marry’:
A: word: “mag-pa-kita	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-see
B: word: mag-pa-kasaļ	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-wedding
C: word: mag-pa-aļam	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-know
D: word: ake	 gloss: 1S.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sabat ta pangka ya, “Mag-pa-kita a ta imo na mga ginikanan daw ambaļ-en ko danen na ___ ki."
Gloss (with missing item): answer NASB frog DEF.F I.IR-CAUS-see 1S.ABS NABS 2S.GEN LK PL parent and say-T.IR 1S.ERG 3P.ABS LK ___ 1P.INCL.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:`The frog answered, “I will show myself to your parents and I will tell them that we are going to get (ourselves) wedded/married.”'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref108689939} illustrates two instances of this “reflexive/causative” usage for two other verbs, kita ‘to see’ and kasaļ ‘to marry’:
A: word: nang	 gloss: only/just
B: word: “mag-pa-kita	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-see
C: word: mag-prusisyon	 gloss: I.IR-procession
D: word: mag-pa-kasaļ	 gloss: I.IR-CAUS-wedding
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-nina din ___ din an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-wound 3S.ERG ___ 3S.GEN DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he wounded him/herself.’ (lit. ’S/he wounded her/his own body.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Except for these lexical reflexives, and the extended use of causative morphology to express a kind of reflexive described in the previous section, most reflexive constructions in Kagayanen are syntactic. They consist of a transitive or detransitive construction with a possessed Referring Phrase headed either by kaugalingen ‘self’ or the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ occurring in the Undergoer role. These may either be transitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617763}), or detransitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617766}):
A: word: pa-panno-an	 gloss: T.R-fill-APL
B: word: gettek	 gloss: stomach
C: word: kalilawan	 gloss: Philippine.oriole
D: word: lawa	 gloss: body
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-nina din lawa ___ an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-wound 3S.ERG body ___ DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he wounded him/herself.’ (lit. ’S/he wounded her/his own body.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Except for these lexical reflexives, and the extended use of causative morphology to express a kind of reflexive described in the previous section, most reflexive constructions in Kagayanen are syntactic. They consist of a transitive or detransitive construction with a possessed Referring Phrase headed either by kaugalingen ‘self’ or lawa ‘body’ occurring in the Undergoer role. These may either be transitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617763}), or detransitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617766}):
A: word: iran	 gloss: 3P.GEN
B: word: din	 gloss: 3S.GEN
C: word: ga-tubang-ay	 gloss: I.R-facing-REC
D: word: din…	 gloss: 3S.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-ugas kanen ta ___ din.
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-wash 3S.ABS NABS ___ 3S.GEN
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he washed her/himself.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Except for these lexical reflexives, and the extended use of causative morphology to express a kind of reflexive described in the previous section, most reflexive constructions in Kagayanen are syntactic. They consist of a transitive or detransitive construction with a possessed Referring Phrase headed either by the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ or lawa ‘body’ occurring in the Undergoer role. These may either be transitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617763}), or detransitive (\ref{bkm:Ref118617766}):
A: word: kaugalingen	 gloss: self
B: word: ittaw	 gloss: person
C: word: iran	 gloss: 3P.GEN
D: word: ugaling	 gloss: however
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-nina din ___ din an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-wound 3S.ERG ___ 3S.GEN DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he wounded him/herself.’ (lit. ’S/he wounded her/his own body.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples must be understood as reflexive; the possessor of the Undergoer may not refer to a distinct person. In other words, \REF{bkm:Ref118617763} cannot mean `S/he wounded someone else's its gloss ___’. Kaugalingen is the dedicated reflexive nominal. Lawa ’physical its gloss ___’ is sometimes used in place of kaugalingen, possibly because it is shorter.
A: word: kalilawan	 gloss: Philippine.oriole
B: word: lawa	 gloss: body
C: word: gettek	 gloss: stomach
D: word: kaugalingen	 gloss: self
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-nina din lawa ___ an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-wound 3S.ERG body ___ DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he wounded him/herself.’ (lit. ’S/he wounded her/his own body.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples must be understood as reflexive; the possessor of the Undergoer may not refer to a distinct person. In other words, \REF{bkm:Ref118617763} cannot mean `S/he wounded someone else's body’. Kaugalingen is the dedicated reflexive nominal. Lawa ’physical body’ is sometimes used in place of kaugalingen, possibly because it is shorter.
A: word: din…	 gloss: 3S.GEN
B: word: ga-kita-ay	 gloss: I.R-see-REC
C: word: iran	 gloss: 3P.GEN
D: word: din	 gloss: 3S.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-nina din ___ din an.
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-wound 3S.ERG ___ 3S.GEN DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he wounded him/herself.’ (lit. ’S/he wounded her/his own body.’)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref118617763} and \REF{bkm:Ref118618251}-\REF{bkm:Ref118618196} show that ergative case Actors may antecede absolutive case reflexive RPs. Examples \REF{bkm:Ref118617766} and \REF{bkm:Ref501865097} illustrate that an absolutive Actor (ka ‘you’) may be the antecedent for a reflexive Referring Phrase in a detransitive construction:
A: word: ga-pa-buļong	 gloss: I.R-CAUS-medicine
B: word: kalilawan	 gloss: Philippine.oriole
C: word: lawa	 gloss: body
D: word: gettek	 gloss: stomach
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C