cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le-njù ___ nábèbè
Gloss (with missing item): le5-banana ___ red
The English translation of this sentence is:`The banana is red.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Based on the argument that the clauses in \REF{John1} and \REF{John} are structurally the same, while the parts of speech status and morphosyntactic behavior of their copula elements differ, I treat both non-verbal and verbal copulas in Gyeli within the same chapter, although in different sections. Another argument for organizing non-verbal and verbal copulas within the same clause type is that the choice of either one in Gyeli often depends on the tense, aspect, mood, and polarity category of the clause. In \REF{banana1}, a non-verbal copula is used in the present, whereas a verbal copula, an inflected form of {\itshape bɛ̀} `be', has to be used in \REF{banana2} for its negated version and in \REF{banana3} for the past.
A: word: mɛ̀-gà	 gloss: 1.SBJ-CONTR
B: word: béè	 gloss: 8.FUT
C: word: àà	 gloss: 1.COP
D: word: léè	 gloss: 5.COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le-njù ___ bɛ̀-lɛ nábèbè
Gloss (with missing item): le5-banana ___ be-NEG red
The English translation of this sentence is:`The banana is not red.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Based on the argument that the clauses in \REF{John1} and \REF{John} are structurally the same, while the parts of speech status and morphosyntactic behavior of their copula elements differ, I treat both non-verbal and verbal copulas in Gyeli within the same chapter, although in different sections. Another argument for organizing non-verbal and verbal copulas within the same clause type is that the choice of either one in Gyeli often depends on the tense, aspect, mood, and polarity category of the clause. In \REF{banana1}, a non-verbal copula is used in the present, whereas a verbal copula, an inflected form of {\itshape bɛ̀} `be', has to be used in \REF{banana2} for its negated version and in \REF{banana3} for the past.
A: word: ma-h	 gloss: 6-PRS
B: word: nzíí	 gloss: PROG.PRS
C: word: le-h	 gloss: 5-PRS
D: word: le-kà	 gloss: le5-kind
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le-njù le-H ___ nábèbè
Gloss (with missing item): le5-banana 5-PRS ___ red
The English translation of this sentence is:`The banana is not red.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Based on the argument that the clauses in \REF{John1} and \REF{John} are structurally the same, while the parts of speech status and morphosyntactic behavior of their copula elements differ, I treat both non-verbal and verbal copulas in Gyeli within the same chapter, although in different sections. Another argument for organizing non-verbal and verbal copulas within the same clause type is that the choice of either one in Gyeli often depends on the tense, aspect, mood, and polarity category of the clause. In \REF{banana1}, a non-verbal copula is used in the present, whereas a verbal copula, an inflected form of {\itshape bɛ̀} `be', has to be used in \REF{banana2} for its negated version and in \REF{banana3} for the past.
A: word: sâ-lɛ́	 gloss: do-NEG
B: word: nyɛ̂	 gloss: 1
C: word: bɛ̀-lɛ	 gloss: be-NEG
D: word: bɛ̀-h	 gloss: be-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le-njù ___ bɛ̀-H nábèbè
Gloss (with missing item): le5-banana ___ be-R red
The English translation of this sentence is:`The banana was red.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Based on the argument that the clauses in \REF{John1} and \REF{John} are structurally the same, whithe morpheme ___ the parts of speech status and morphosyntactic behavior of their copula ethe morpheme ___ments differ, I treat both non-verbal and verbal copulas in Gyeli within the same chapter, although in different sections. Another argument for organizing non-verbal and verbal copulas within the same clause type is that the choice of either one in Gyeli often depends on the tense, aspect, mood, and polarity category of the clause. In \REF{banana1}, a non-verbal copula is used in the present, whereas a verbal copula, an infthe morpheme ___cted form of {\itshape bɛ̀} `be', has to be used in \REF{banana2} for its negated version and in \REF{banana3} for the past.
A: word: nànâ	 gloss: Q
B: word: m-páà	 gloss: N1-president
C: word: le	 gloss: 5.PST1
D: word: lé	 gloss: 5:ATT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le-njù le ___ nábèbè
Gloss (with missing item): le5-banana 5.PST1 ___ red
The English translation of this sentence is:`The banana was red.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Based on the argument that the clauses in \REF{John1} and \REF{John} are structurally the same, while the parts of speech status and morphosyntactic behavior of their copula elements differ, I treat both non-verbal and verbal copulas in Gyeli within the same chapter, although in different sections. Another argument for organizing non-verbal and verbal copulas within the same clause type is that the choice of either one in Gyeli often depends on the tense, aspect, mood, and polarity category of the clause. In \REF{banana1}, a non-verbal copula is used in the present, whereas a verbal copula, an inflected form of {\itshape bɛ̀} `be', has to be used in \REF{banana2} for its negated version and in \REF{banana3} for the past.
A: word: bɛ̀-lɛ	 gloss: be-NEG
B: word: bɛ̀-h	 gloss: be-R
C: word: zì	 gloss: emptyset7.tin[Bulu]
D: word: kì-h	 gloss: say-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bon mpɔ̀ngɔ̀ sílɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ nà ___ ba-náyɛ̂yɛ̂
Gloss (with missing item): good[French] emptyset7.generation finish.COMPL CONJ ___ 2-bleached.out
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good, the generation has been wiped out, and you are bleached out [white].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent \REF{ID1b} and \REF{IDcol} provide examples where the predicate is an adjective (\sectref{sec:QUAL}).
A: word: nákúndɛ̀kúndɛ̀	 gloss: ∅1.bean
B: word: léè	 gloss: 5.COP
C: word: béè	 gloss: 2PL.COP
D: word: máà	 gloss: 6.DEM.PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be-sá bí-ndɛ̀ by-ɛ́sɛ̀ ___ ndáà
Gloss (with missing item): be8-thing 8-ANA 8-all ___ also
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are also all these things. [way of introducing a problem]'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \subsubsection*{\textsc{stamp} copula as the predicate} In the vast majority of cases, the \textsc{stamp} copula functions as element linking the subject to the predicate. In a few special cases, however, there is no copula complement and the \textsc{stamp} marker serves as predicate, as in \REF{ID4} and \REF{ID5}, which represent existential clauses. According to \citet[241]{dryer2007a}:
A: word: béè	 gloss: 8.COP
B: word: b-yɔ̀	 gloss: 8-OBJ
C: word: nzíyɛ̀	 gloss: come.SBJV
D: word: léè	 gloss: 5.COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): lé yá wɛ-H nyɛ̂ ba-H gyíbɔ-H ngàlɛ́ ___
Gloss (with missing item): emptyset7.tree db7:ATT 2SG-PRS see db2-PRS call-R emptyset7.tree.species ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is the tree that you see that they call {\itshape ngàlɛ́}.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \subsubsection*{\textsc{stamp} copula as the predicate} In the vast majority of cases, the \textsc{stamp} copula functions as element linking the subject to the predicate. In a few special cases, however, there is no copula complement and the \textsc{stamp} marker serves as predicate, as in \REF{ID4} and \REF{ID5}, which represent existential clauses. According to \citet[241]{dryer2007a}:
A: word: h-ŋga	 gloss: OBJ.LINK-PL
B: word: yíì	 gloss: 7.COP
C: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9:COP
D: word: bálɛ-lɛ	 gloss: surpass-NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): lé yá wɛ-H nyɛ̂ ba-H gyíbɔ-H ngàlɛ́ ___
Gloss (with missing item): emptyset7.tree db7:ATT 2SG-PRS see db2-PRS call-R emptyset7.tree.species ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is the tree that you see that they call {\itshape ngàlɛ́}.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \subsubsection*{Expression of the subject} As mentioned above, a copula links a subject to a predicate. In the previous examples, the shape of the subject was some sort of noun phrase. In \REF{ID2} and \REF{ID5}, the subject is expressed nominally, whereas the subject noun phrase in \REF{ID4} is more complex, including two modifiers. The \textsc{stamp} copula can also encode subject and copula at the same time and thus can occur on its own, without a nominal noun phrase, as in \REF{ID6}.
A: word: h-be-bã́ã̀	 gloss: dbOBJ.LINK-be8-word
B: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9:COP
C: word: zì	 gloss: emptyset7.tin[Bulu]
D: word: yíì	 gloss: 7.COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be-sá bí-ndɛ̀ by-ɛ́sɛ̀ ___ ndáà
Gloss (with missing item): be8-thing 8-ANA 8-all ___ also
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are also all these things. [way of introducing a problem]'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \subsubsection*{Expression of the subject} As mentioned above, a copula links a subject to a predicate. In the previous examples, the shape of the subject was some sort of noun phrase. In \REF{ID2} and \REF{ID5}, the subject is expressed nominally, whereas the subject noun phrase in \REF{ID4} is more complex, including two modifiers. The \textsc{stamp} copula can also encode subject and copula at the same time and thus can occur on its own, without a nominal noun phrase, as in \REF{ID6}.
A: word: béè	 gloss: 8.COP
B: word: àà	 gloss: 1.COP
C: word: léè	 gloss: 5.COP
D: word: yá	 gloss: 7:ATT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mɛ̀ɛ́ lémbo-lɛ̀ ɛ́ mpù ___ ndáwɔ̀ dé tù dénè
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.PRS.NEG know-NEG LOC like.this ___ emptyset9.house LOC inside today[Bulu]
The English translation of this sentence is:`I don't know how they are in the house today.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \subsubsection*{Expression of the subject} As mentioned above, a copula links a subject to a predicate. In the previous examples, the shape of the subject was some sort of noun phrase. In \REF{ID2} and \REF{ID5}, the subject is expressed nominally, whereas the subject noun phrase in \REF{ID4} is more complex, including two modifiers. The \textsc{stamp} copula can also encode subject and copula at the same time and thus can occur on its own, without a nominal noun phrase, as in \REF{ID6}.
A: word: àà	 gloss: 1.COP
B: word: bɔ́-gà	 gloss: 2-other
C: word: báà	 gloss: 2.COP
D: word: mí-mbáà	 gloss: 4-two
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mpà yɔ̃́ɔ̃̀ wɛ-H kã̂-H y-ɔ̂ dúmbɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): ___ good emptyset7.time 2SG-PRS wrap-R 7-OBJ emptyset7.package
The English translation of this sentence is:`It is good when you wrap it in a (leaf) package.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent This construction type is also used in generic `it is' clauses where the subject is inanimate, but underspecified, as for instance in \REF{ID7}.
A: word: yíì	 gloss: 7.COP
B: word: h-be-kálàdè	 gloss: OBJ.LINk-be8-book
C: word: wɛ́	 gloss: ID
D: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9:COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be-sá bí-ndɛ̀ by-ɛ́sɛ̀ ___ ndáà
Gloss (with missing item): be8-thing 8-ANA 8-all ___ also
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are also all these things. [way of introducing a problem]'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Having described the structural properties of subjects and predicates involved in copula constructions with the \textsc{stamp} copula, I now turn to presenting examples of the \textsc{stamp} copula's uses from a semantic perspective. As pointed out above in \REF{ID4} and \REF{ID5}, the \textsc{stamp} copula is used in existential clauses. This is also the case, when the predicate is a deictic element as in \REF{ID8} and \REF{ID9}. Both examples can be interpreted as existential or locative, depending on the context.
A: word: béè	 gloss: 8.COP
B: word: tɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: now
C: word: léè	 gloss: 5.COP
D: word: h-ba-bwálɛ̀	 gloss: dbOBJ.LINK-ba2-parent
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): lé yá wɛ-H nyɛ̂ ba-H gyíbɔ-H ngàlɛ́ ___
Gloss (with missing item): emptyset7.tree db7:ATT 2SG-PRS see db2-PRS call-R emptyset7.tree.species ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is the tree that you see that they call {\itshape ngàlɛ́}.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Having described the structural properties of subjects and predicates involved in copula constructions with the \textsc{stamp} copula, I now turn to presenting examples of the \textsc{stamp} copula's uses from a semantic perspective. As pointed out above in \REF{ID4} and \REF{ID5}, the \textsc{stamp} copula is used in existential clauses. This is also the case, when the predicate is a deictic element as in \REF{ID8} and \REF{ID9}. Both examples can be interpreted as existential or locative, depending on the context.
A: word: bí	 gloss: 1PL.SBJ
B: word: lwɔ̃̂	 gloss: build
C: word: yíì	 gloss: 7.COP
D: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9:COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mɛ-H bvû-H nâ bàmó tè y-ɔ́ɔ̀ ___ yî
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-PRS think-R COMP emptyset7.scar there 7-OBJ ___ 7.DEM.PROX
The English translation of this sentence is:`I think, the scar there is this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As \citet[1812]{mikkelsen2011} states for English, ``[i]dentificational clauses are characterized by having a demonstrative pronoun or demonstrative phrase in the subject position''. In Gyeli, the demonstrative does not occur in the subject, but in the predicate position. Nevertheless, I label {\itshape the morpheme ___} as an identificational marker, since it takes over the same function, namely identifying people, places, and the location of things. In \REF{we1}, the speaker identifies his younger brother by using a deictic demonstrative, at the same time pointing to the person in question. In \REF{we2}, the chief of Ngolo talks about a scar on his forehead, identifying its location and again pointing to it.
A: word: wɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 2.PST2
B: word: wɛ́	 gloss: ID
C: word: bɔ́-gà	 gloss: 2-other
D: word: máà	 gloss: 6.ID
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kàndá ___ ndɛ̀
Gloss (with missing item): ∅7.proverb ___ ANA
The English translation of this sentence is:`The story is this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Apart from demonstratives, anaphoric elements may also occur with the identificational marker {\itshape the morpheme ___}. This can be the bare anaphoric marker {\itshape ndɛ́} without agreement prefix (\sectref{sec:ANAfree}), as in \REF{we3}.
A: word: báà	 gloss: 2.COP
B: word: wɛ́	 gloss: ID
C: word: wɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 2.PST2
D: word: máà	 gloss: 6.ID
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bã̂ y-ã̂ ma-fwálá ___ yí-ndɛ̀
Gloss (with missing item): emptyset7.word 7-POSS.1SG ma6-end ___ 7-ANA
The English translation of this sentence is:`This is my last word.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent Also, the anaphoric marker with an agreement prefix occurs in identificational constructions, as shown in \REF{we4}.
A: word: wɛ́	 gloss: ID
B: word: máà	 gloss: 6.ID
C: word: wɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 2.PST2
D: word: bùdɛ́	 gloss: have.R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A