cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kɛ̀-H jì ɛ́ Ngòló sɔ́ndɔ̀ n-ɔ́nɛ́gá
Gloss (with missing item): ___ go-R stay LOC emptyset7.PN emptyset1.week 1-other
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will stay in Ngolo next week.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent Within a specific context requiring common ground for the speech act participants, however, the sentence in \REF{PRES1} can alternatively relate to a time that follows speech time. The \textsc{present} can thus be used to refer to future events as well as present ones. It is hard to delimit how far into the future the \textsc{present} may refer, and does not seem to be categorically bounded by, for instance, time of day or even periods of multiple days. Especially when temporal adverbs or other means of time reference are used, as in \REF{presfut},\footnote{The speaker was not in Ngolo when he uttered this sentence. The verb {\itshape kɛ̀} `go' has an altrilocal meaning, as described in \sectref{sec:ComplSemi}, and is not a grammatical means of marking future tense.} the grammatical \textsc{present} form can extend into at least several days in the future.
A: word: wɛ-h	 gloss: 2SG-PRS
B: word: mɛ́	 gloss: 1SG.PRS
C: word: nu-h	 gloss: 1-PRS
D: word: mɛ-h	 gloss: 1SG-PRS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tfúga-H nà ngùndyá mpángì
Gloss (with missing item): ___ suffer-R COM emptyset9.raffia emptyset7.bamboo
The English translation of this sentence is:`We suffer from the straw, the bamboo [that is used for thatched roofs].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{present} is further used in generic contexts or for states that persist, as in \REF{presgen}. Here, the speaker talks about a general problem that applies to the time of utterance but also extends to an unbounded time both before and after.
A: word: bwáa-h	 gloss: 2PL-PRS
B: word: nu-h	 gloss: 1-PRS
C: word: bèya-h	 gloss: 2PL[Kwasio]-PRS
D: word: ya-h	 gloss: 1PL-PRS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ya-H ___ nà ngùndyá mpángì
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL-PRS ___ COM emptyset9.raffia emptyset7.bamboo
The English translation of this sentence is:`We suffer from the straw, the bamboo [that is used for thatched roofs].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{present} is further used in generic contexts or for states that persist, as in \REF{presgen}. Here, the speaker talks about a general problem that applies to the time of utterance but also extends to an unbounded time both before and after.
A: word: gyàga-h	 gloss: buy-R
B: word: tfúga-h	 gloss: suffer-R
C: word: tfúga	 gloss: suffer
D: word: bwàà-h	 gloss: have-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndɛ̀náà pámo H-le-bũ̂ ___ gyì
Gloss (with missing item): like.this arrive OBJ.LINK-le5-river.bank ___ cry
The English translation of this sentence is:`Having arrived like this [without the child] at the river bank, she starts to cry.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The example in \REF{INCH1} is taken from natural text and can be similarly interpreted. It is at the moment when the woman arrives at the river bank that she breaks out in tears, and the activity of crying is (theoretically) unbounded.
A: word: ntɛ̀	 gloss: ∅3.size
B: word: n-ɔ́nɛ́gá	 gloss: 1-other
C: word: gyámbɔ̃́ɔ̃̀	 gloss: cook:R:PRF
D: word: àá	 gloss: 1.INCH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ bámala-H tɔ́bá mpfùmɔ̀ nà pámo mɛ́nɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): ___ scold-R since ∅3.midnight CONJ arrive ∅7.morning
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is starting to scold [now] at midnight and [it] will continue until the morning.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Activities{\textemdash}in terms of \posscitet{vendler67} classification of Aktionsarten{\textemdash}can also be accompanied by temporal adjuncts specifying the duration of the event, as shown in \REF{inchbound}.
A: word: sílɛ	 gloss: finish
B: word: àá	 gloss: 1.INCH
C: word: n-ɔ́nɛ́gá	 gloss: 1-other
D: word: ntɛ̀	 gloss: ∅3.size
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): àá ___ tɔ́bá mpfùmɔ̀ nà pámo mɛ́nɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): 1.INCH ___ since ∅3.midnight CONJ arrive ∅7.morning
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is starting to scold [now] at midnight and [it] will continue until the morning.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Activities{\textemdash}in terms of \posscitet{vendler67} classification of Aktionsarten{\textemdash}can also be accompanied by temporal adjuncts specifying the duration of the event, as shown in \REF{inchbound}.
A: word: ntɛ́gɛlɛ-h	 gloss: bother-R
B: word: bámala-h	 gloss: scold-R
C: word: pã̂	 gloss: do.first.IMP
D: word: bámala-h	 gloss: scold-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pílɔ̀ ___ pándɛ àà kfùmala bédéwɔ̀ be sílɛ̃́ɛ̃̀
Gloss (with missing item): when ___ arrive 1.FUT find OBJ.LINK-be8-food 8 finish.COMPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`When he has arrived, he will find that the food is finished.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The inchoative is also compatible with a perfective reading and can be used with punctual events, as shown in \REF{inchfut}.
A: word: gyàga-lɛ	 gloss: buy-NEG
B: word: ntɛ̀	 gloss: ∅3.size
C: word: àá	 gloss: 1.INCH
D: word: n-ɔ́nɛ́gá	 gloss: 1-other
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): àà nàmɛ́nɔ́ ___ dè nàmɛ́nɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): EXCL tomorrow ___ eat tomorrow
The English translation of this sentence is:`Ah, tomorrow you will eat, tomorrow.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{future} category primarily relates to a time some point after speech time. Often, it is accompanied by temporal adverbials, as in \REF{FUT1}, where Nzambi tells the mice that they will eat the bones of the burned bodies the next day.
A: word: bwáà	 gloss: 2PL.FUT
B: word: bwáa-h	 gloss: 2PL-PRS
C: word: sílɛ-h	 gloss: finish-R
D: word: yáà	 gloss: 1PL.FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pílɔ̀ ___ bɛ̀ nyá m-ùdì mɛ̀ɛ̀ tɛ̀lɛ mùdà ndáwɔ̀
Gloss (with missing item): when ___ be big N1-person 1SG.FUT place great emptyset9.house
The English translation of this sentence is:`When I grow up, I will build a great house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} category can also relate to intended acts, as in \REF{futintention}.
A: word: mɛ̀ɛ̀	 gloss: 1SG.FUT
B: word: gyámbô	 gloss: cook.IMP
C: word: yáà	 gloss: 1PL.FUT
D: word: mɛ̀ɛ́	 gloss: 1SG.PRS.NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pílɔ̀ mɛ̀ɛ̀ ___ nyá m-ùdì mɛ̀ɛ̀ tɛ̀lɛ mùdà ndáwɔ̀
Gloss (with missing item): when 1SG.FUT ___ big N1-person 1SG.FUT place great emptyset9.house
The English translation of this sentence is:`When I grow up, I will build a great house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} category can also relate to intended acts, as in \REF{futintention}.
A: word: yànɛ-h	 gloss: must-R
B: word: bɛ̀	 gloss: be
C: word: ba-kɔ́bɛ̀	 gloss: ba2-cup
D: word: múà	 gloss: be.almost
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pílɔ̀ mɛ̀ɛ̀ bɛ̀ nyá m-ùdì ___ tɛ̀lɛ mùdà ndáwɔ̀
Gloss (with missing item): when 1SG.FUT be big N1-person ___ place great emptyset9.house
The English translation of this sentence is:`When I grow up, I will build a great house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} category can also relate to intended acts, as in \REF{futintention}.
A: word: yáà	 gloss: 1PL.FUT
B: word: mɛ̀ɛ́	 gloss: 1SG.PRS.NEG
C: word: ba-h	 gloss: 2-PRS
D: word: mɛ̀ɛ̀	 gloss: 1SG.FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pílɔ̀ mɛ̀ɛ̀ bɛ̀ nyá m-ùdì mɛ̀ɛ̀ ___ mùdà ndáwɔ̀
Gloss (with missing item): when 1SG.FUT be big N1-person 1SG.FUT ___ great emptyset9.house
The English translation of this sentence is:`When I grow up, I will build a great house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} category can also relate to intended acts, as in \REF{futintention}.
A: word: jìlɛ-h	 gloss: place-R
B: word: ba-ngyɛ́'ɛ̀lɛ̀	 gloss: ba2-teacher
C: word: tɛ̀lɛ	 gloss: place
D: word: kílɛ̀	 gloss: NEG[Kwasio]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mɛ-H kàgɛ-H wɛ̂ nâ ___ njì nàmɛ́nɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-PRS promise-R 2SG.OBJ COMP ___ come tomorrow
The English translation of this sentence is:`I promise you that I will come tomorrow.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} may also be used for promises, as in \REF{futpromise}.
A: word: bámala-h	 gloss: scold-R
B: word: yáà	 gloss: 1PL.FUT
C: word: mɛ̀ɛ́	 gloss: 1SG.PRS.NEG
D: word: mɛ̀ɛ̀	 gloss: 1SG.FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mɛ-H kàgɛ-H wɛ̂ nâ mɛ̀ɛ̀ ___ nàmɛ́nɔ́
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-PRS promise-R 2SG.OBJ COMP 1SG.FUT ___ tomorrow
The English translation of this sentence is:`I promise you that I will come tomorrow.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent The \textsc{future} may also be used for promises, as in \REF{futpromise}.
A: word: njì	 gloss: come
B: word: njì-h	 gloss: come-R
C: word: mɔ̀	 gloss: COMPL
D: word: njì-h	 gloss: come-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ká wɛ-H kíya-H H-le-kɔ́'ɔ̀ kwámɔ́ dè kwámɔ́ ___ búlɛ
Gloss (with missing item): if 2SG-PRS put-R OBJ.LINK-le5-stone emptyset9.bag LOC emptyset9.bag ___ break
The English translation of this sentence is:`If you put the stone into the bag, the bag will/might break.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Apart from temporal reference, the \textsc{future} also expresses modal possibility, as in \REF{futposs}. The sentence in this example has two readings. In the first, the speaker is convinced that the bag will break; thus, a more temporal reading is implied. In the alternative reading, the speaker is understood to be expressing uncertainty, merely presenting the possibility that the bag might break.
A: word: yíì	 gloss: db7.FUT
B: word: kɛ̃́ɛ̃̀	 gloss: go.COMPL
C: word: yɛ́ɛ́	 gloss: then
D: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9.FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndí wɛ-H lèmbo-H nâ mbvúndá ___ bvúda nà mbvúndá
Gloss (with missing item): but 2SG-PRS know-R COMP emptyset9.trouble ___ fight COM emptyset9.trouble
The English translation of this sentence is:`But you know that violence will create more violence.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent Another example is given in \REF{Possibility}, in which a possibility reading (with a universal time reference) is intended.
A: word: nyíì	 gloss: 9.FUT
B: word: nyùlɛ-nyulɛ	 gloss: drink-drink
C: word: be-sâ	 gloss: be8-thing
D: word: yíì	 gloss: db7.FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mɛ-H bvû-H nâ nkwálá ___ tfùndɛ-H mɛ̂ vâ
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-PRS think-R COMP emptyset3.machete ___ miss-R 1SG.OBJ here
The English translation of this sentence is:`I think that the machete had missed [injured] me here [and, since then, the wound has completely healed and only left a scar].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The sentence in \REF{PST2a} illustrates both the subjective time distance to the event and the pluperfect interpretation. In this example, the chief of Ngolo talks about the dangers of the Bagyeli's lifestyle and points to a scar on his face that he got from a machete. By using the \textsc{remote past}, he expresses his attitude towards the injuring event as being temporally far away, but also implies that, in the meantime, things have changed again.
A: word: wɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 2.PST2
B: word: gyámbô	 gloss: cook.IMP
C: word: wúmbɛ-h	 gloss: want-R
D: word: wúù	 gloss: 3.PST2
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ɛ́ pɛ̀ ___ tɛ̂-H
Gloss (with missing item): LOC over.there ___ found-PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`I had originally settled over there [and since then I moved to the new place].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The same is true for his statement in \REF{PST2b}. Here, he talks about the former settlement before the current village of Ngolo was built. Again, it is not objectively inferrable whether the speaker had settled in the former village when he was a child or a young man or even only two years ago. Using the \textsc{remote past}, however, shows that in terms of relevance to the present situation, settling in the old village is rather remote.
A: word: mɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 1SG.PST2
B: word: njì-h	 gloss: come-R
C: word: gyɛ́sɔ	 gloss: look.for
D: word: vɛ́ɛ̀lá	 gloss: ∅7.decoration
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dè-H m-wánɔ̀ nɔ́ɔ̀
Gloss (with missing item): ___ eat-R N1-child no
The English translation of this sentence is:`You have eaten the child, haven't you?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Presumably, the \textsc{remote past} is used in \REF{PST2125} rather than the \textsc{recent past} in order to stress the fact that the speaker in this folktale is too late to save his child, since it has already been devoured.
A: word: wɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: 2.PST2
B: word: nkwɛ́ɛ̀	 gloss: ∅3.basket
C: word: núù	 gloss: 1.PST2
D: word: bwàà-h	 gloss: have-R
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bímbú lɛ́ ma-mbòngò mâ wɛ mɛ́dɛ́ ___ mɛ́dɛ́
Gloss (with missing item): emptyset5.amount 5:ATT ma6-plant 6.DEM.PROX 2SG self ___ self
The English translation of this sentence is:`The number of these plants, take a look yourself.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the corpus, \textsc{imperative} occurrences are rare, as they are pragmatically restricted to direct communicative interactions between speech act participants, as in \REF{impconv}.
A: word: dígɛ	 gloss: see
B: word: dígɛ̂	 gloss: look.IMP
C: word: bwáà	 gloss: 2PL.FUT
D: word: pã̂	 gloss: do.first.IMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Gyeli. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bàmbɛ́ ___ jíì mbúmbù m-wánɔ̀ sá yí dè
Gloss (with missing item): sorry ___ ask emptyset1.namesake N1-child emptyset7.thing 7:ATT eat
The English translation of this sentence is:`Excuse me, go and ask [my] namesake [the other Nzambi] for a little to eat.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \noindent In narratives, they occur in the form of reported direct speech, as in \REF{impdrd}, where the \textsc{imperative} form is, in fact, the indicator of reported discourse through a switch of the deictic perspective.
A: word: brìkɛ̂	 gloss: ∅1.lighter[French]
B: word: dígɛ̂	 gloss: look.IMP
C: word: tã́ã̀-ta	 gloss: tell.SBJV-tell
D: word: kɛ̂	 gloss: go.IMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D