cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): shunu ___
Gloss (with missing item): today ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Today, I am working. / Today, I will work.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That the present construction only specifies that the event nucleus extends beyond UT, and does not specify if it overlaps with UT, may suggest that the label “present” is incorrect, and that an analysis of this construction as future is more suitable. There are, however, a number of reasons why a present analysis is preferred. Fwe has two future constructions (see \sectref{bkm:Ref463007186}), whose basic criteria are that the nucleus is situated in its entirety after UT: their only possible interpretation is future. This contrasts with the present construction, where overlap with UT is optional, and both future and present interpretations are possible. This difference is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}--\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}): the present construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}) can either be interpreted as indicating that the speaker already started working, or that he will start working. The near future construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}), however, can only indicate that the speaker has not yet started working, but will start working later the same day.
A: word: a-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1-work-FV
B: word: mú̲-kahnan-á̲	 gloss: SM2PL.REL-argue-FV
C: word: ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-work-FV
D: word: ka-ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1SG-work-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): shunu ___
Gloss (with missing item): today ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Today, I will work.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That the present construction only specifies that the event nucleus extends beyond UT, and does not specify if it overlaps with UT, may suggest that the label “present” is incorrect, and that an analysis of this construction as future is more suitable. There are, however, a number of reasons why a present analysis is preferred. Fwe has two future constructions (see \sectref{bkm:Ref463007186}), whose basic criteria are that the nucleus is situated in its entirety after UT: their only possible interpretation is future. This contrasts with the present construction, where overlap with UT is optional, and both future and present interpretations are possible. This difference is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}--\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}): the present construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}) can either be interpreted as indicating that the speaker already started working, or that he will start working. The near future construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}), however, can only indicate that the speaker has not yet started working, but will start working later the same day.
A: word: mbo-ndí̲-sebez-é̲	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-work-PFV.SBJV
B: word: mbo-ndi-áku-berek-ang-a	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-SBJV.IPFV-work-HAB-FV
C: word: ka-ndi-shwen-é̲te	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1SG-become_tired-STAT
D: word: ndí̲-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG.REL-work-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): shunu ___
Gloss (with missing item): today ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Today, I am working. / Today, I will work.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That the present construction only specifies that the event nucleus extends beyond UT, and does not specify if it overlaps with UT, may suggest that the label “present” is incorrect, and that an analysis of this construction as future is more suitable. There are, however, a number of reasons why a present analysis is preferred. Fwe has two future constructions (see \sectref{bkm:Ref463007186}), whose basic criteria are that the nucleus is situated in its entirety after UT: their only possible interpretation is future. This contrasts with the present construction, where overlap with UT is optional, and both future and present interpretations are possible. This difference is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}--\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}): the present construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}) can either be interpreted as indicating that the speaker already started working, or that he will start working. The near future construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}), however, can only indicate that the speaker has not yet started working, but will start working later the same day.
A: word: ka-á̲-shih-ké̲ːzy-a	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1-PER-come-FV
B: word: ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-work-FV
C: word: ka-ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1SG-work-FV
D: word: a-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1-work-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): shunu ___
Gloss (with missing item): today ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Today, I will work.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That the present construction only specifies that the event nucleus extends beyond UT, and does not specify if it overlaps with UT, may suggest that the label “present” is incorrect, and that an analysis of this construction as future is more suitable. There are, however, a number of reasons why a present analysis is preferred. Fwe has two future constructions (see \sectref{bkm:Ref463007186}), whose basic criteria are that the nucleus is situated in its entirety after UT: their only possible interpretation is future. This contrasts with the present construction, where overlap with UT is optional, and both future and present interpretations are possible. This difference is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}--\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}): the present construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref468114262}) can either be interpreted as indicating that the speaker already started working, or that he will start working. The near future construction in (\ref{bkm:Ref74908034}), however, can only indicate that the speaker has not yet started working, but will start working later the same day.
A: word: ndí̲-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG.REL-work-FV
B: word: ndi-mun-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-own-FV
C: word: mbo-ndi-áku-berek-ang-a	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-SBJV.IPFV-work-HAB-FV
D: word: mbo-ndí̲-sebez-é̲	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-work-PFV.SBJV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ o-∅-nkúku o-zyo ndí̲-a-ya-í̲
Gloss (with missing item): ___ AUG-NP1a-chicken AUG-DEM.III1 SM1SG-PST-kill-NPST.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We are eating the chicken that I killed.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I will now discuss and illustrate the different interpretations of the present construction in more detail. The present progressive interpretation, where the event nucleus overlaps with an extends beyond utterance time, is illustrated with the dynamic verbs rí ‘eat’ in (\ref{bkm:Ref98834031}), and kánan ‘argue’ in (\ref{bkm:Ref98834032}).
A: word: ndi-uh-tw-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-OM3-pound-FV
B: word: tu-ri-á̲	 gloss: SM1PL-eat-FV
C: word: o-shih-ri-á̲	 gloss: SM2SG-COND-eat-FV
D: word: a-ryh-á̲	 gloss: SM1-eat-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ∅-zì-njí ___
Gloss (with missing item): COP-NP8-what ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘What are you arguing about?’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I will now discuss and illustrate the different interpretations of the present construction in more detail. The present progressive interpretation, where the event nucleus overlaps with an extends beyond utterance time, is illustrated with the dynamic verbs rí ‘eat’ in (\ref{bkm:Ref98834031}), and kánan ‘argue’ in (\ref{bkm:Ref98834032}).
A: word: mú̲-kahn-an-á̲	 gloss: SM2PL.REL-argue-REC-FV
B: word: no=ku-káris-a	 gloss: COM=INF-start-FV
C: word: mú̲-kahnan-á̲	 gloss: SM2PL.REL-argue-FV
D: word: ri-ó=∅-ndavú	 gloss: PP5-CON=NP1a-lion
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ shunu
Gloss (with missing item): ___ today
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I’ll pound it today.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The futurate interpretation of dynamic verbs in the present is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref477186128}--\ref{bkm:Ref477186129}).
A: word: ka-á̲-shih-ké̲ːzy-a	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1-PER-come-FV
B: word: ndi-uh-tw-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-OM3-pound-FV
C: word: ndi-tw-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-pound-FV
D: word: ndi-shih-tw-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-PER-pound-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e-N-mwikí í̲-ké̲ːzy-a ___
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP9-week SM9.REL-come-FV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Next week, I’ll work.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The futurate interpretation of dynamic verbs in the present is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref477186128}--\ref{bkm:Ref477186129}).
A: word: ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-work-FV
B: word: a-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1-work-FV
C: word: ka-ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1SG-work-FV
D: word: mbo-ndí̲-buːhk-á̲ng-e	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-wake-HAB-PFV.SBJV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ e-N-ŋombe zí-ngíː
Gloss (with missing item): ___ AUG-NP10-cow PP10-many
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I want to own many cattle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similar to their future interpretation, dynamic verbs in the present construction may also receive a modal interpretation, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref75249269}--\ref{bkm:Ref75249272}).
A: word: ndi-buhtuk-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-run-FV
B: word: a-kwesi	 gloss: SM1-PROG
C: word: ka-ndi-mu-zyih-í̲	 gloss: NEG-SM1SG-OM1-know.STAT-NEG
D: word: ndi-mun-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-own-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e-N-potó ___
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP9-pot ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘A pot can/might break.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I now turn to the interpretation of change-of-state verbs in the present construction. As shown in (\ref{bkm:Ref75248605}), the only possible interpretation of change-of-state verbs in the present is one that situates the nucleus after the time of speaking, i.e. a futurate or modal interpretation. More examples of this use of the present are given in (\ref{bkm:Ref441844899}--\ref{bkm:Ref75248624}).
A: word: a-bah-zihmbauka-zimb-a-uk-á̲	 gloss: SM1-OM2-PL2-go_around-PL1-SEP.INTR-FV
B: word: ndi-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-work-FV
C: word: a-sebez-á̲	 gloss: SM1-work-FV
D: word: i-bbam-uk-á̲	 gloss: SM9-break-SEP.INTR-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o-shiH-ri-á̲ cáha ___
Gloss (with missing item): SM2SG-COND-eat-FV very ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When you eat too much, you become fat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Linked to their modal interpretation in main clauses, change-of-state verbs in the present construction are also often used in the apodosis of a factual conditional, expressing an event that will come to pass if certain conditions are met, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref99094967}--\ref{bkm:Ref99094968}).
A: word: bá̲-nun-í̲te	 gloss: SM2.REL-become_fat-STAT
B: word: ndi-mun-á̲	 gloss: SM1SG-own-FV
C: word: o-shak-á̲	 gloss: SM2SG-like-FV
D: word: o-nun-á̲	 gloss: SM2SG-become_fat-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu-N-júo a-iná ___ a-sanz-á̲ o-tu-súba
Gloss (with missing item): NP18-NP9-house SM1-be_at ___ SM1-wash-FV AUG-NP13-dish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is in the house, s/he is washing dishes.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference between the present progressive and aspectually unmarked present also relates to modality. With the present progressive, the speaker expresses certainty that the event is taking place at UT, but the aspectually unmarked present may leave more doubt about whether the action fully overlaps with UT. This contrast is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}--\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), which both answer the question: ‘Where is that person?’. In (\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), the aspectually unmarked present is used to imply that the person is supposed to wash dishes, but may at this very moment be busy with something else. In (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}), the use of a present progressive implies that the person referred to is currently, without a doubt, busy washing dishes.
A: word: a-kwesi	 gloss: SM1-PROG
B: word: ba-kwesi	 gloss: SM2-PROG
C: word: mú̲-kahnan-á̲	 gloss: SM2PL.REL-argue-FV
D: word: ndi-kwesi	 gloss: SM1SG-PROG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu-N-júo a-iná a-kwesi ___ o-tu-súba
Gloss (with missing item): NP18-NP9-house SM1-be_at SM1-PROG ___ AUG-NP13-dish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is in the house, s/he is washing dishes.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference between the present progressive and aspectually unmarked present also relates to modality. With the present progressive, the speaker expresses certainty that the event is taking place at UT, but the aspectually unmarked present may leave more doubt about whether the action fully overlaps with UT. This contrast is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}--\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), which both answer the question: ‘Where is that person?’. In (\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), the aspectually unmarked present is used to imply that the person is supposed to wash dishes, but may at this very moment be busy with something else. In (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}), the use of a present progressive implies that the person referred to is currently, without a doubt, busy washing dishes.
A: word: a-sanz-á̲	 gloss: SM1-wash-FV
B: word: ndi-ka-zih-sá̲nz-a	 gloss: SM1SG-DIST-OM10-wash-FV
C: word: mú̲-kahnan-á̲	 gloss: SM2PL.REL-argue-FV
D: word: a-tuh-ba-sanz-ir-á̲	 gloss: SM1-OM13-OM2-wash-APPL-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu-N-júo a-in-á ___ o-tu-súba
Gloss (with missing item): NP18-NP9-house SM1-be_at-FV ___ AUG-NP13-dish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is in the house, s/he is washing dishes.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference between the present progressive and aspectually unmarked present also relates to modality. With the present progressive, the speaker expresses certainty that the event is taking place at UT, but the aspectually unmarked present may leave more doubt about whether the action fully overlaps with UT. This contrast is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}--\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), which both answer the question: ‘Where is that person?’. In (\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), the aspectually unmarked present is used to imply that the person is supposed to wash dishes, but may at this very moment be busy with something else. In (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}), the use of a present progressive implies that the person referred to is currently, without a doubt, busy washing dishes.
A: word: a-sanz-á̲	 gloss: SM1-wash-FV
B: word: ka-ndi-shwen-é̲te	 gloss: PST.IPFV-SM1SG-become_tired-STAT
C: word: a-tuh-ba-sanz-ir-á̲	 gloss: SM1-OM13-OM2-wash-APPL-FV
D: word: ndi-ka-zih-sá̲nz-a	 gloss: SM1SG-DIST-OM10-wash-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu-N-júo a-in-á ___ o-tu-súba
Gloss (with missing item): NP18-NP9-house SM1-be_at-FV ___ AUG-NP13-dish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he is in the house, s/he is washing dishes.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference between the present progressive and aspectually unmarked present also relates to modality. With the present progressive, the speaker expresses certainty that the event is taking place at UT, but the aspectually unmarked present may leave more doubt about whether the action fully overlaps with UT. This contrast is illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}--\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), which both answer the question: ‘Where is that person?’. In (\ref{bkm:Ref72239269}), the aspectually unmarked present is used to imply that the person is supposed to wash dishes, but may at this very moment be busy with something else. In (\ref{bkm:Ref467676720}), the use of a present progressive implies that the person referred to is currently, without a doubt, busy washing dishes.
A: word: a-sanz-á̲	 gloss: SM1-wash-FV
B: word: i-bbam-uk-á̲	 gloss: SM\-9-break-SEP.INTR-FV
C: word: a-tuh-ba-sanz-ir-á̲	 gloss: SM1-OM13-OM2-wash-APPL-FV
D: word: ndi-ka-zih-sá̲nz-a	 gloss: SM1SG-DIST-OM10-wash-FV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A