cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): na-shúm-iw-a ___
Gloss (with missing item): SM1.PST-bite-PASS-FV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He was bitten by a dog.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The class 17 locative ku- can be used to mark an agent in a construction where an agent cannot be marked as a core argument. This is the case, for instance, for verbs with the passive derivation, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665409}), or nouns, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665567}). The class 17 prefix ku- may also be used to express less canonical agents, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450666359}), or even peripheral arguments functioning as a reason or circumstance, rather than an agent, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref498346503}). The agentive use of the class 17 prefix is also seen in various other Bantu languages \citep{Fleisch2005}.
A: word: hanú	 gloss: DEM.II16
B: word: o-∅-mbwá	 gloss: AUG-NP1a-dog
C: word: kú-∅-mbwá	 gloss: NP17-NP1a-dog
D: word: ndu-∅-mbwá	 gloss: COP1a-NP1a-dog
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndó-ru-fú ru-ba-nyá-muzambarara ___
Gloss (with missing item): COP.DEF11-NP11-death PP11-NP2-mother-Muzambarara ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That is the death of Mrs. Muzambarara by the elephant.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The class 17 locative ku- can be used to mark an agent in a construction where an agent cannot be marked as a core argument. This is the case, for instance, for verbs with the passive derivation, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665409}), or nouns, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665567}). The class 17 prefix ku- may also be used to express less canonical agents, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450666359}), or even peripheral arguments functioning as a reason or circumstance, rather than an agent, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref498346503}). The agentive use of the class 17 prefix is also seen in various other Bantu languages \citep{Fleisch2005}.
A: word: o-∅-njovú	 gloss: AUG-NP1a-elephant
B: word: o-∅-njovu	 gloss: AUG-NP1a-elephant
C: word: kú-∅-njovu	 gloss: NP17-NP1a-elephant
D: word: o-zyó	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III1
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e-ci-zyabaró ci-angú ci-a-bur-ú̲k-i ___
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP7-shirt PP7-POSS1SG SM7-PST-blow-SEP.INTR-NPST.PFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘My shirt was blown away by the wind.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The class 17 locative ku- can be used to mark an agent in a construction where an agent cannot be marked as a core argument. This is the case, for instance, for verbs with the passive derivation, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665409}), or nouns, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665567}). The class 17 prefix ku- may also be used to express less canonical agents, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450666359}), or even peripheral arguments functioning as a reason or circumstance, rather than an agent, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref498346503}). The agentive use of the class 17 prefix is also seen in various other Bantu languages \citep{Fleisch2005}.
A: word: kú-ru-wa	 gloss: NP17-NP11-field
B: word: kú-rúː-ho	 gloss: NP17-NP11-wind
C: word: mu-oya	 gloss: NP3-wind
D: word: zí-ngiː	 gloss: PP10-many
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e-zi-zwáto zi-na-bó̲mb-i ___
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP8-cloth SM8-PST-become_wet-NPST.PFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The clothes have become wet because of the rain.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The class 17 locative ku- can be used to mark an agent in a construction where an agent cannot be marked as a core argument. This is the case, for instance, for verbs with the passive derivation, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665409}), or nouns, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450665567}). The class 17 prefix ku- may also be used to express less canonical agents, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref450666359}), or even peripheral arguments functioning as a reason or circumstance, rather than an agent, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref498346503}). The agentive use of the class 17 prefix is also seen in various other Bantu languages \citep{Fleisch2005}.
A: word: há-munya	 gloss: PP16-other
B: word: o-∅-mvúra	 gloss: AUG-NP1a-rain
C: word: o-∅-rain	 gloss: AUG-NP1a-rain
D: word: kú-∅-mvúra	 gloss: NP17-NP1a-rain
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ hanja
Gloss (with missing item): ___ hand
The English translation of this sentence is:‘this hand’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The tonal realization of demonstratives depends on their syntactic position. Adnominal demonstratives have a high tone on the last mora of the stem, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890604}). Adverbial demonstratives have a high tone on the first stem mora, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890605}). Demonstratives used as relativizers are realized without any high tones, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890607}) (see also \sectref{bkm:Ref491095705} on relative clauses). The tonal behavior of pronominal demonstratives requires further study: various patterns are attested, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref75346009}--\ref{bkm:Ref75250854}), and it is unclear what, if anything, conditions their use.
A: word: kú-ba-ntu	 gloss: NP17-NP2-person
B: word: e-rí	 gloss: AUG-DEM.I5
C: word: ndi-ó=ku-rí-dam-a	 gloss: PP1SG-CON=INF-OM5-beat-FV
D: word: e-cí	 gloss: AUG-DEM.I7
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndi-kar-á̲ng-a ___
Gloss (with missing item): SM1SG-sit-HAB-FV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I normally stay here.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The tonal realization of demonstratives depends on their syntactic position. Adnominal demonstratives have a high tone on the last mora of the stem, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890604}). Adverbial demonstratives have a high tone on the first stem mora, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890605}). Demonstratives used as relativizers are realized without any high tones, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890607}) (see also \sectref{bkm:Ref491095705} on relative clauses). The tonal behavior of pronominal demonstratives requires further study: various patterns are attested, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref75346009}--\ref{bkm:Ref75250854}), and it is unclear what, if anything, conditions their use.
A: word: kúnu	 gloss: DEM.II17
B: word: ba-onshéː	 gloss: PP2-all
C: word: hanú	 gloss: DEM.II16
D: word: ∅-rukúngwe	 gloss: NP1a-snake
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): a-ma-sheréŋi ___ ni-tú̲-a-shaHngaur-á̲
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP6-money ___ REM-SM1PL-PST-contribute-FV<REL>
The English translation of this sentence is:‘the money that we contributed’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The tonal realization of demonstratives depends on their syntactic position. Adnominal demonstratives have a high tone on the last mora of the stem, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890604}). Adverbial demonstratives have a high tone on the first stem mora, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890605}). Demonstratives used as relativizers are realized without any high tones, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref494890607}) (see also \sectref{bkm:Ref491095705} on relative clauses). The tonal behavior of pronominal demonstratives requires further study: various patterns are attested, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref75346009}--\ref{bkm:Ref75250854}), and it is unclear what, if anything, conditions their use.
A: word: ka-o-ku-óngoz-a	 gloss: ADV-AUG-INF-shout-FV
B: word: a-o	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III6
C: word: e-co	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III7
D: word: zyú-mwi	 gloss: PP1-other
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ∅-shene ó̲-bweHne ndi-wé
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NP5-worm SM2SG.REL-see.STAT COP-PERS2SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘This very worm that you see, it’s you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In addition to the demonstrative forms listed in \tabref{tab:4:19}, an emphatic demonstrative can be created by prefixing the basic demonstrative stem of series I to the demonstrative, e.g. zyo ‘that one’, zyu-zyo ‘that very one’. This can be applied to demonstratives of all four series, as illustrated for series III in (\ref{bkm:Ref99547938}) and series I in (\ref{bkm:Ref99547939}); in each case, it is the basic demonstrative stem of series I that is prefixed to the demonstrative stem. The derived demonstrative indicates extra emphasis, translated as ‘this/that very (same)’.
A: word: ci-ciná	 gloss: EMPH7-DEM.IV7
B: word: bu-ryo	 gloss: NP14-only
C: word: rí-ryo	 gloss: EMPH-DEM.III5
D: word: bu-a=có	 gloss: PP14-CON=DEM.III7
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ N-shángu zi-cen-á̲
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NP10-shoe SM10-be_clean-FV
The English translation of this sentence is:‘These shoes are clean.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The situational use of the series 1 demonstratives is to indicate that a referent is generally close to both the hearer and the speaker, as illustrated in (\ref{bkm:Ref450568975}), referring to shoes that are in the immediate vicinity of both the speaker and the hearer.
A: word: bú-munya	 gloss: PP14-other
B: word: ku-kóːr-a	 gloss: INF-cough-FV
C: word: ndi-a-zí-sá̲nz-i	 gloss: SM1SG-PST-OM8-wash-NPST.PFV
D: word: e-zí	 gloss: AUG-DEM.I10
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): emé ndi-hí̲nd-e ___ ma-inó
Gloss (with missing item): PERS1SG SM1SG-take-PFV.SBJV ___ NP6-tooth
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I will take those teeth.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Series IV demonstratives are used to indicate a referent far from both the speaker and the hearer. In (\ref{bkm:Ref450569612}), taken from a narrative, the speaker uses a series IV demontrative énà to refer to teeth that are hidden at a place far away from the speaker and the hearer.
A: word: zi-a=shúnu	 gloss: PP8-CON=today
B: word: a-bená	 gloss: AUG-DEM.IV2
C: word: ená	 gloss: DEM.IV6
D: word: iná	 gloss: DEM.IV9
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kónakuri ___ ∅-kande ri-á=ba-njovu
Gloss (with missing item): because ___ NP5-story PP5\--CON=NP2-elephant
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Because of this story of the elephants…’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Demonstratives also have various non-situational uses. One of these is the use of a demonstrative for discourse deixis, i.e. to refer to the general information referent of a larger, broader chunk of discourse. In (\ref{bkm:Ref437947332}), the series III demonstrative èryó ‘that’ refers back to the topic of the preceding discourse in its entirety, which has described the attack on an old lady by elephants.
A: word: bu-ryó	 gloss: NP14-only
B: word: e-ryó	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III5
C: word: rí-ryo	 gloss: EMPH-DEM.III5
D: word: e-co	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III7
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mú-kwamé á-ku-hind-á ka-tému
Gloss (with missing item): ___ NP1-man PP1-INF-take-FV NP12-axe
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man took an axe…’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Salience, or accessibility \citep{Ariel2001}, describes how easy it is for the listener to retrieve the intended referent from the discourse. Accessibility is influenced by various factors, such as the number of times the referent was mentioned, the time elapsed since the last mention and the number of potentially competing referents that were introduced since then. In (\ref{bkm:Ref437948356}), the recent use of the word mùnzì ‘village’ has caused its referent to be highly salient, and therefore referred to with the series III demonstrative. An example where the frequent earlier mention of the referent has contributed to its salience is given in (\ref{bkm:Ref437948827}), taken from the middle section of a longer narrative in which a man, his wife and the wife’s younger sister are the main participants. All three main characters have been mentioned frequently in the previous discourse, hence allowing one of them, the man, to be referred to with the series III demonstrative.
A: word: o-zyó	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III1
B: word: o-zyú	 gloss: AUG-DEM.I1
C: word: e-ryó	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III5
D: word: ba-o=kú-mu-nzi	 gloss: PP2-CON=NP17-NP3-village
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): a-ba-ntu ___ si-ba-end-ang-a=kó̲ ne=N-motá
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP2-person ___ INC-SM2-go-HAB-FV=LOC17 COM=NP9-car
The English translation of this sentence is:‘People, now, they go there with cars.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This temporal function of the series II demonstrative is also reflected in the use of the locative demonstrative of class 16, which can be used adverbially meaning ‘(right) now’, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref491101554}--\ref{bkm:Ref491101556}).
A: word: mba-ndí̲-bah-nanú̲n-e	 gloss: NEAR.FUT-SM1SG-OM2-lift-PFV.SBJV
B: word: e-ryó	 gloss: AUG-DEM.III5
C: word: kunu	 gloss: DEM.II17
D: word: hanú	 gloss: DEM.II16
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o-mu-ánce ka-rí ka-á̲-kiH-shuHw-í̲re nénja konó ___ sha-a-kiH-shuHw-í̲re nénja
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP1-child NEG-be PST.IPFV-SM1-REFL-feel-STAT well but ___ INC-SM1-REFL-feel-STAT well
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The child was not feeling well (earlier), but now she is feeling well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This temporal function of the series II demonstrative is also reflected in the use of the locative demonstrative of class 16, which can be used adverbially meaning ‘(right) now’, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref491101554}--\ref{bkm:Ref491101556}).
A: word: hanó	 gloss: DEM.II16
B: word: kunu	 gloss: DEM.II17
C: word: bú-munya	 gloss: PP14-other
D: word: hanú	 gloss: DEM.II16
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): hanja ___
Gloss (with missing item): hand ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Rebecca’s hand’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form of the connective also changes depending on the nature of the dependent noun. When the dependent is a noun that cannot take an augment, the vowel of the connective stem is always /a/, in both Namibian and Zambian Fwe. This is the case with proper names, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref492119044}), and adverbs, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref491175346}). The vowel of the connective is also realized as a when used with a demonstrative pronoun, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref71190780}--\ref{bkm:Ref71190782}), as opposed to when the connective is used with an adnominal demonstrative, in which case the vowel of the connective is determined by the augment of the demonstrative; see (\ref{bkm:Ref491276208}--\ref{bkm:Ref491276210}).
A: word: ri-angú	 gloss: PP5-POSS1SG
B: word: ri-a=rebecca	 gloss: PP5-CON=Rebecca
C: word: i-o=zyú-mwi	 gloss: PP9-CON=PP1-other
D: word: kúnu	 gloss: DEM.II17
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Fwe. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e-zi-ambo ___ N-zí-ci-koró ci-á=mayuni
Gloss (with missing item): AUG-NP8-topic ___ COP-PP8-NP7-school PP7-CON=Mayuni
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Today’s topic is Mayuni school.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form of the connective also changes depending on the nature of the dependent noun. When the dependent is a noun that cannot take an augment, the vowel of the connective stem is always /a/, in both Namibian and Zambian Fwe. This is the case with proper names, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref492119044}), and adverbs, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref491175346}). The vowel of the connective is also realized as a when used with a demonstrative pronoun, as in (\ref{bkm:Ref71190780}--\ref{bkm:Ref71190782}), as opposed to when the connective is used with an adnominal demonstrative, in which case the vowel of the connective is determined by the augment of the demonstrative; see (\ref{bkm:Ref491276208}--\ref{bkm:Ref491276210}).
A: word: ne=shúnu	 gloss: COM=today
B: word: i-o=zyú-mwi	 gloss: PP9-CON=PP1-other
C: word: zi-a=shúnu	 gloss: PP8-CON=today
D: word: e-mi-ísi	 gloss: AUG-NP4-root
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C