Project: Flink (App Definition and Development / Streaming & Messaging)
File: task_lifecycle.md

title: Task Lifecycle weight: 6 type: docs aliases: /internals/task_lifecycle.html <!-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> A task in Flink is the basic unit of execution. It is the place where each parallel instance of an operator is executed. As an example, an operator with a parallelism of 5 will have each of its instances executed by a separate task. The `StreamTask` is the base for all different task sub-types in Flink's streaming engine. This document goes through the different phases in the lifecycle of the `StreamTask` and describes the main methods representing each of these phases. Because the task is the entity that executes a parallel instance of an operator, its lifecycle is tightly integrated with that of an operator. So, we will briefly mention the basic methods representing the lifecycle of an operator before diving into those of the `StreamTask` itself. The list is presented below in the order that each of the methods is called. Given that an operator can have a user-defined function (UDF), below each of the operator methods we also present (indented) the methods in the lifecycle of the UDF that it calls. These methods are available if your operator extends the `AbstractUdfStreamOperator`, which is the basic class for all operators that execute UDFs. // initialization phase OPERATOR::setup UDF::setRuntimeContext OPERATOR::initializeState OPERATOR::open UDF::open // processing phase (called on every element/watermark) OPERATOR::processElement UDF::run OPERATOR::processWatermark // checkpointing phase (called asynchronously on every checkpoint) OPERATOR::snapshotState // notify the operator about the end of processing records OPERATOR::finish // termination phase OPERATOR::close UDF::close In a nutshell, the `setup()` is called to initialize some operator-specific machinery, such as its `RuntimeContext` and its metric collection data-structures. After this, the `initializeState()` gives an operator its initial state, and the `open()` method executes any operator-specific initialization, such as opening the user-defined function in the case of the `AbstractUdfStreamOperator`. {{< hint info >}} The `initializeState()` contains both the logic for initializing the state of the operator during its initial execution (e.g. register any keyed state), and also the logic to retrieve its state from a checkpoint after a failure. More about this on the rest of this

{{< /hint >}} Now that everything is set, the operator is ready to process incoming data. Incoming elements can be one of the following: input elements, watermark, and checkpoint barriers. Each one of them has a special element for handling it. Elements are processed by the `processElement()` method, watermarks by the `processWatermark()`, and checkpoint barriers trigger a checkpoint which invokes (asynchronously) the `snapshotState()` method, which we describe below. For each incoming element, depending on its type one of the aforementioned methods is called. Note that the `processElement()` is also the place where the UDF's logic is invoked, e.g. the `map()` method of your `MapFunction`. Finally, in the case of a normal, fault-free termination of the operator (e.g. if the stream is finite and its end is reached), the `finish()` method is called to perform any final bookkeeping action required by the operator's logic (e.g. flush any buffered data, or emit data to mark end of processing), and the `close()` is called after that to free any resources held by the operator (e.g. open network connections, io streams, or native memory held by the operator's data). In the case of a termination due to a failure or due to manual cancellation, the execution jumps directly to the `close()` and skips any intermediate phases between the phase the operator was in when the failure happened and the `close()`. Checkpoints: The `snapshotState()` method of the operator is called asynchronously to the rest of the methods described above whenever a checkpoint barrier is received. Checkpoints are performed during the processing phase, i.e. after the operator is opened and before it is closed. The responsibility of this method is to store the current state of the operator to the specified from where it will be retrieved when the job resumes execution after a failure. Below we include a brief description of Flink's checkpointing mechanism, and for a more detailed discussion on the principles around checkpointing in Flink please read the corresponding documentation: . Following that brief introduction on the operator's main phases, this section describes in more detail how a task calls the respective methods during its execution on a cluster. The sequence of the phases described here is mainly included in the `invoke()` method of the `StreamTask` class. The remainder of this document is split into two subsections, one describing the phases during a regular, fault-free execution of a task (see ), and (a shorter) one describing the different sequence followed in case the task is cancelled (see ), either manually, or due some other reason, e.g. an exception thrown during

The steps a task goes through when executed until completion without being interrupted are illustrated below: TASK::setInitialState TASK::invoke create basic utils (config, etc) and load the chain of operators setup-operators task-specific-init initialize-operator-states open-operators run finish-operators wait for the final checkpoint completed (if enabled) close-operators task-specific-cleanup common-cleanup As shown above, after recovering the task configuration and initializing some important runtime parameters, the very first step for the task is to retrieve its initial, task-wide state. This is done in the `setInitialState()`, and it is particularly important in two cases: when the task is recovering from a failure and restarts from the last successful checkpoint when resuming from a . If it is the first time the task is executed, the initial task state is empty. After recovering any initial state, the task goes into its `invoke()` method. There, it first initializes the operators involved in the local computation by calling the `setup()` method of each one of them and then performs its task-specific initialization by calling the local `init()` method. By task-specific, we mean that depending on the type of the task (`SourceTask`, `OneInputStreamTask` or `TwoInputStreamTask`, etc), this step may differ, but in any case, here is where the necessary task-wide resources are acquired. As an example, the `OneInputStreamTask`, which represents a task that expects to have a single input stream, initializes the connection(s) to the location(s) of the different partitions of the input stream that are relevant to the local task. Having acquired the necessary resources, it is time for the different operators and user-defined functions to acquire their individual state from the task-wide state retrieved above. This is done in the `initializeState()` method, which calls the `initializeState()` of each individual operator. This method should be overridden by every stateful operator and should contain the state initialization logic, both for the first time a job is executed, and also for the case when the task recovers from a failure or when using a savepoint. Now that all operators in the task have been initialized, the `open()` method of each individual operator is called by the `openAllOperators()` method of the `StreamTask`. This method performs all the operational initialization, such as registering any retrieved timers with the timer service. A single task may be executing multiple operators with one consuming the output of its predecessor. In this case, the `open()` method is called from the last operator, i.e. the one whose output is also the output of the task itself, to the first. This is done so that when the first operator starts processing the task's input, all downstream operators are ready to receive its output. {{< hint info >}} Consecutive operators in a task are opened from the last to the first. {{< /hint >}} Now the task can resume execution and operators can start processing fresh input data. This is the place where the task-specific `run()` method is called. This method will run until either there is no more input data (finite stream), or the task is cancelled (manually or not). Here is where the operator specific `processElement()` and `processWatermark()` methods are called. In the case of running till completion,

there is no more input data to process, after exiting from the `run()` method, the task enters its shutdown process. Initially, the timer service stops registering any new timers (e.g. from fired timers that are being executed), clears all not-yet-started timers, and awaits the completion of currently executing timers. Then the `finishAllOperators()` notifies the operators involved in the computation by calling the `finish()` method of each operator. Then, any buffered output data is flushed so that they can be processed by the downstream tasks. Then if final checkpoint is enabled, the task would to ensure operators using two-phase committing have committed all the records. Finally the task tries to clear all the resources held by the operators by calling the `close()` method of each one. When opening the different operators, we mentioned that the order is from the last to the first. Closing happens in the opposite manner, from first to last. {{< hint info >}} Consecutive operators in a task are closed from the first to the last. {{< /hint >}} Finally, when all operators have been closed and all their resources freed, the task shuts down its timer service, performs its task-specific cleanup, e.g. cleans all its internal buffers, and then performs its generic task clean up which consists of closing all its output channels and cleaning any output buffers. Checkpoints: Previously we saw that during `initializeState()`, and in case of recovering from a failure, the task and all its operators and functions retrieve the state that was persisted to stable storage during the last successful checkpoint before the failure. Checkpoints in Flink are performed periodically based on a user-specified interval, and are performed by a different thread than that of the main task thread. That's why they are not included in the main phases of the task lifecycle. In a nutshell, special elements called `CheckpointBarriers` are injected periodically by the source tasks of a job in the stream of input data, and travel with the actual data from source to sink. A source task injects these barriers after it is in running mode, and assuming that the `CheckpointCoordinator` is also running. Whenever a task receives such a barrier, it schedules a task to be performed by the checkpoint thread, which calls the `snapshotState()` of the operators in the task. Input data can still be received by the task while the checkpoint is being performed, but the data is buffered and only processed and emitted downstream after the checkpoint is successfully completed. In the previous sections we described the lifecycle of a task that runs till completion. In case the task is cancelled at any point, then the normal execution is interrupted and the only operations performed from that point on are the timer service shutdown, the task-specific cleanup, the closing of the operators, and the general task cleanup, as described above. {{< top >}}