Project: Grafana Mimir (Observability and Analysis / Observability)
File: user_guide.md

While you are welcome to provide your own organization, typically a Cobra-based application will follow the following organizational structure: ``` appName/ cmd/ add.go your.go commands.go here.go main.go ``` In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves one purpose: initializing Cobra. ```go package main import ( "{pathToYourApp}/cmd" ) func main() { cmd.Execute() } ``` Cobra-CLI is its own program that will create your application and add any commands you want. It's the easiest way to incorporate Cobra into your application. For complete details on using the Cobra generator, please refer to To manually implement Cobra you need to create a bare main.go file and a rootCmd file. You will optionally provide additional commands as you see fit. Cobra doesn't require any special constructors. Simply create your commands. Ideally you place this in app/cmd/root.go: ```go var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "hugo", Short: "Hugo is a very fast static site generator", Long: `A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by spf13 and friends in Go. Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/documentation/`, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { // Do Stuff Here }, } func Execute() { if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err) os.Exit(1) } } ``` You will additionally define flags and handle configuration in your init() function. For example cmd/root.go: ```go package cmd import ( "fmt" "os" "github.com/spf13/cobra" "github.com/spf13/viper" ) var ( // Used for flags. cfgFile string userLicense string rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "cobra-cli", Short: "A generator for Cobra based Applications", Long: `Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications. This application is a tool to generate the needed files to quickly create a Cobra application.`, } ) // Execute executes the root command. func Execute() error { return rootCmd.Execute() } func init() { cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig) rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml)") rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("author", "a", "YOUR NAME", "author name for copyright attribution") rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&userLicense, "license", "l", "", "name of license for the project") rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Bool("viper", true, "use Viper for configuration") viper.BindPFlag("author", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("author")) viper.BindPFlag("useViper", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("viper")) viper.SetDefault("author", "NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>") viper.SetDefault("license", "apache") rootCmd.AddCommand(addCmd) rootCmd.AddCommand(initCmd) } func initConfig() { if cfgFile != "" { // Use config file from the flag. viper.SetConfigFile(cfgFile) } else { // Find home directory. home, err := os.UserHomeDir() cobra.CheckErr(err) // Search config in home directory with name ".cobra" (without extension). viper.AddConfigPath(home) viper.SetConfigType("yaml") viper.SetConfigName(".cobra") } viper.AutomaticEnv() if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil { fmt.Println("Using config file:", viper.ConfigFileUsed()) } } ``` With the root command you need to have your main function execute it. Execute should be run on the root for clarity, though it can be called on any command. In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves one purpose: to initialize Cobra. ```go package main import ( "{pathToYourApp}/cmd" ) func main() { cmd.Execute() } ``` Additional commands can be defined and typically are each given their own file inside of the cmd/ directory. If you wanted to create a version command you would create cmd/version.go and populate it with the following: ```go package cmd import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) func init() { rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd) } var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "version", Short: "Print the version number of Hugo", Long: `All software has versions. This is Hugo's`, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("Hugo Static Site Generator v0.9 -- HEAD") }, } ``` A command may have subcommands which in turn may have other subcommands. This is achieved by using

In some cases, especially in larger applications, each subcommand may be defined in its own go package. The suggested approach is for the parent command to use `AddCommand` to add its most immediate subcommands. For example, consider the following directory structure: ```text cmd root.go sub1 sub1.go sub2 leafA.go leafB.go sub2.go main.go ``` In this case: The `init` function of `root.go` adds the command defined in `sub1.go` to the root command. The `init` function of `sub1.go` adds the command defined in `sub2.go` to the sub1 command. The `init` function of `sub2.go` adds the commands defined in `leafA.go` and `leafB.go` to the sub2 command. This approach ensures the subcommands are always included at compile time while avoiding cyclic references. If you wish to return an error to the caller of a command, `RunE` can be used. ```go package cmd import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) func init() { rootCmd.AddCommand(tryCmd) } var tryCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "try", Short: "Try and possibly fail at something", RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error { if err := someFunc(); err != nil { return err } return nil }, } ``` The error can then be caught at the execute function call. Flags provide modifiers to control how the action command operates. Since the flags are defined and used in different locations, we need to define a variable outside with the correct scope to assign the flag to work with. ```go var Verbose bool var Source string ``` There are two different approaches to assign a flag. A flag can be 'persistent', meaning that this flag will be available to the command it's assigned to as well as every command under that command. For global flags, assign a flag as a persistent flag on the root. ```go rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&Verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output") ``` A flag can also be assigned locally, which will only apply to that specific command. ```go localCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Source, "source", "s", "", "Source directory to read from") ``` By default, Cobra only parses local flags on the target command, and any local flags on parent commands are ignored. By enabling `Command.TraverseChildren`, Cobra will parse local flags on each command before executing the target command. ```go command := cobra.Command{ Use: "print [OPTIONS] [COMMANDS]", TraverseChildren: true, } ``` You can also bind your flags with : ```go var author string func init() { rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&author, "author", "YOUR NAME", "Author name for copyright attribution") viper.BindPFlag("author", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("author")) } ``` In this example, the persistent flag `author` is bound with `viper`. Note: the variable `author` will not be set to the value from config, when the `--author` flag is provided by user. More in . Flags are optional by default. If instead you wish your command to report an error when a flag has not been set, mark it as required: ```go rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Region, "region", "r", "", "AWS region (required)") rootCmd.MarkFlagRequired("region") ``` Or, for persistent flags: ```go rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&Region, "region", "r", "", "AWS region (required)") rootCmd.MarkPersistentFlagRequired("region") ``` If you have different flags that must be provided together (e.g. if they provide the `--username` flag they MUST provide the `--password` flag as well) then Cobra can enforce that requirement: ```go rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&u, "username", "u", "", "Username (required if password is set)") rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&pw, "password", "p", "", "Password (required if username is set)") rootCmd.MarkFlagsRequiredTogether("username", "password") ``` You can also prevent different flags from being provided together if they represent mutually exclusive options such as specifying an output format as either `--json` or `--yaml` but never both: ```go rootCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&ofJson, "json", false, "Output in JSON") rootCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&ofYaml, "yaml", false, "Output in YAML")

"yaml") ``` In both of these cases: both local and persistent flags can be used NOTE: the group is only enforced on commands where every flag is defined a flag may appear in multiple groups a group may contain any number of flags Validation of positional arguments can be specified using the `Args` field of `Command`. The following validators are built in: Number of arguments: `NoArgs` - report an error if there are any positional args. `ArbitraryArgs` - accept any number of args. `MinimumNArgs(int)` - report an error if less than N positional args are provided. `MaximumNArgs(int)` - report an error if more than N positional args are provided. `ExactArgs(int)` - report an error if there are not exactly N positional args. `RangeArgs(min, max)` - report an error if the number of args is not between `min` and `max`. Content of the arguments: `OnlyValidArgs` - report an error if there are any positional args not specified in the `ValidArgs` field of `Command`, which can optionally be set to a list of valid values for positional args. If `Args` is undefined or `nil`, it defaults to `ArbitraryArgs`. Moreover, `MatchAll(pargs ...PositionalArgs)` enables combining existing checks with arbitrary other checks. For instance, if you want to report an error if there are not exactly N positional args OR if there are any positional args that are not in the `ValidArgs` field of `Command`, you can call `MatchAll` on `ExactArgs` and `OnlyValidArgs`, as shown below: ```go var cmd = &cobra.Command{ Short: "hello", Args: cobra.MatchAll(cobra.ExactArgs(2), cobra.OnlyValidArgs), Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("Hello, World!") }, } ``` It is possible to set any custom validator that satisfies `func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error`. For example: ```go var cmd = &cobra.Command{ Short: "hello", Args: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error { // Optionally run one of the validators provided by cobra if err := cobra.MinimumNArgs(1)(cmd, args); err != nil { return err } // Run the custom validation logic if myapp.IsValidColor(args[0]) { return nil } return fmt.Errorf("invalid color specified: %s", args[0]) }, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("Hello, World!") }, } ``` In the example below, we have defined three commands. Two are at the top level and one (cmdTimes) is a child of one of the top commands. In this case the root is not executable, meaning that a subcommand is required. This is accomplished by not providing a 'Run' for the 'rootCmd'. We have only defined one flag for a single command. More documentation about flags is available at https://github.com/spf13/pflag ```go package main import ( "fmt" "strings" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) func main() { var echoTimes int var cmdPrint = &cobra.Command{ Use: "print [string to print]", Short: "Print anything to the screen", Long: `print is for printing anything back to the screen. For many years people have printed back to the screen.`, Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1), Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " ")) }, } var cmdEcho = &cobra.Command{ Use: "echo [string to echo]", Short: "Echo anything to the screen", Long: `echo is for echoing anything back. Echo works a lot like print, except it has a child command.`, Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1), Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " ")) }, } var cmdTimes = &cobra.Command{ Use: "times [string to echo]", Short: "Echo anything to the screen more times", Long: `echo things multiple times back to the user by providing a count and a string.`, Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1), Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { for i := 0; i < echoTimes; i++ { fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " ")) } }, }

"times", "t", 1, "times to echo the input") var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "app"} rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho) cmdEcho.AddCommand(cmdTimes) rootCmd.Execute() } ``` For a more complete example of a larger application, please checkout . Cobra automatically adds a help command to your application when you have subcommands. This will be called when a user runs 'app help'. Additionally, help will also support all other commands as input. Say, for instance, you have a command called 'create' without any additional configuration; Cobra will work when 'app help create' is called. Every command will automatically have the '--help' flag added. The following output is automatically generated by Cobra. Nothing beyond the command and flag definitions are needed. $ cobra-cli help Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications. This application is a tool to generate the needed files to quickly create a Cobra application. Usage: cobra-cli [command] Available Commands: add Add a command to a Cobra Application completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command init Initialize a Cobra Application Flags: -a, --author string author name for copyright attribution (default "YOUR NAME") --config string config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml) -h, --help help for cobra-cli -l, --license string name of license for the project --viper use Viper for configuration Use "cobra-cli [command] --help" for more information about a command. Help is just a command like any other. There is no special logic or behavior around it. In fact, you can provide your own if you want. Cobra supports grouping of available commands in the help output. To group commands, each group must be explicitly defined using `AddGroup()` on the parent command. Then a subcommand can be added to a group using the `GroupID` element of that subcommand. The groups will appear in the help output in the same order as they are defined using different calls to `AddGroup()`. If you use the generated `help` or `completion` commands, you can set their group ids using `SetHelpCommandGroupId()` and `SetCompletionCommandGroupId()` on the root command, respectively. You can provide your own Help command or your own template for the default command to use with the following functions: ```go cmd.SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command) cmd.SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string)) cmd.SetHelpTemplate(s string) ``` The latter two will also apply to any children commands. When the user provides an invalid flag or invalid command, Cobra responds by showing the user the 'usage'. You may recognize this from the help above. That's because the default help embeds the usage as part of its output. $ cobra-cli --invalid Error: unknown flag: --invalid Usage: cobra-cli [command] Available Commands: add Add a command to a Cobra Application completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command init Initialize a Cobra Application Flags: -a, --author string author name for copyright attribution (default "YOUR NAME") --config string config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml) -h, --help help for cobra-cli -l, --license string name of license for the project --viper use Viper for configuration Use "cobra [command] --help" for more information about a command. You can provide your own usage function or template for Cobra to use. Like help, the function and template are overridable through public methods: ```go cmd.SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error) cmd.SetUsageTemplate(s string) ``` Cobra adds a top-level '--version' flag if the Version field is set on the root command. Running an application with the '--version' flag will print the version to stdout using the version template. The template can be customized using the `cmd.SetVersionTemplate(s string)`

It is possible to run functions before or after the main `Run` function of your command. The `PersistentPreRun` and `PreRun` functions will be executed before `Run`. `PersistentPostRun` and `PostRun` will be executed after `Run`. The `Persistent*Run` functions will be inherited by children if they do not declare their own. These functions are run in the following order: `PersistentPreRun` `PreRun` `Run` `PostRun` `PersistentPostRun` An example of two commands which use all of these features is below. When the subcommand is executed, it will run the root command's `PersistentPreRun` but not the root command's `PersistentPostRun`: ```go package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) func main() { var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "root [sub]", Short: "My root command", PersistentPreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: %v\n", args) }, PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args) }, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd Run with args: %v\n", args) }, PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args) }, PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args) }, } var subCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "sub [no options!]", Short: "My subcommand", PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args) }, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd Run with args: %v\n", args) }, PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args) }, PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args) }, } rootCmd.AddCommand(subCmd) rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{""}) rootCmd.Execute() fmt.Println() rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{"sub", "arg1", "arg2"}) rootCmd.Execute() } ``` Output: ``` Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: [] Inside rootCmd PreRun with args: [] Inside rootCmd Run with args: [] Inside rootCmd PostRun with args: [] Inside rootCmd PersistentPostRun with args: [] Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: [arg1 arg2] Inside subCmd PreRun with args: [arg1 arg2] Inside subCmd Run with args: [arg1 arg2] Inside subCmd PostRun with args: [arg1 arg2] Inside subCmd PersistentPostRun with args: [arg1 arg2] ``` Cobra will print automatic suggestions when "unknown command" errors happen. This allows Cobra to behave similarly to the `git` command when a typo happens. For example: ``` $ hugo srever Error: unknown command "srever" for "hugo" Did you mean this? server Run 'hugo --help' for usage. ``` Suggestions are automatically generated based on existing subcommands and use an implementation of . Every registered command that matches a minimum distance of 2 (ignoring case) will be displayed as a suggestion. If you need to disable suggestions or tweak the string distance in your command, use: ```go command.DisableSuggestions = true ``` or ```go command.SuggestionsMinimumDistance = 1 ``` You can also explicitly set names for which a given command will be suggested using the `SuggestFor` attribute. This allows suggestions for strings that are not close in terms of string distance, but make sense in your set of commands but for which you don't want aliases. Example: ``` $ kubectl remove Error: unknown command "remove" for "kubectl" Did you mean this? delete Run 'kubectl help' for usage. ``` Cobra can generate documentation based on subcommands, flags, etc. Read more about it in the . Cobra can generate a shell-completion file for the following shells: bash, zsh, fish, PowerShell. If you add more information to your commands, these completions can be amazingly powerful and flexible. Read more about it in . Cobra makes use of the shell-completion system to define a framework allowing you to provide Active Help to your users. Active Help are messages (hints, warnings, etc) printed as the program is being used. Read more about it in .