Project: VoltDB (App Definition and Development / Database)
File: advanced.md

Now that you have read the and learned how to write tests using googletest, it's time to learn some new tricks. This document will show you more assertions as well as how to construct complex failure messages, propagate fatal failures, reuse and speed up your test fixtures, and use various flags with your tests. This section covers some less frequently used, but still significant, assertions. These three assertions do not actually test a value or expression. Instead, they generate a success or failure directly. Like the macros that actually perform a test, you may stream a custom failure message into them. ```c++ SUCCEED(); ``` Generates a success. This does NOT make the overall test succeed. A test is considered successful only if none of its assertions fail during its execution. NOTE: `SUCCEED()` is purely documentary and currently doesn't generate any user-visible output. However, we may add `SUCCEED()` messages to googletest's output in the future. ```c++ FAIL(); ADD_FAILURE(); ADDFAILUREAT("filepath", linenumber); ``` `FAIL()` generates a fatal failure, while `ADDFAILURE()` and `ADDFAILURE_AT()` generate a nonfatal failure. These are useful when control flow, rather than a Boolean expression, determines the test's success or failure. For example, you might want to write something like: ```c++ switch(expression) { case 1: ... some checks ... case 2: ... some other checks ... default: FAIL() << "We shouldn't get here."; } ``` NOTE: you can only use `FAIL()` in functions that return `void`. See the for more information. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. These are for verifying that a piece of code throws (or does not throw) an exception of the given type: Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | -- `ASSERTTHROW(statement, exceptiontype);` | `EXPECTTHROW(statement, exceptiontype);` | `statement` throws an exception of the given type `ASSERTANYTHROW(statement);` | `EXPECTANYTHROW(statement);` | `statement` throws an exception of any type `ASSERTNOTHROW(statement);` | `EXPECTNOTHROW(statement);` | `statement` doesn't throw any exception Examples: ```c++ ASSERTTHROW(Foo(5), barexception); EXPECTNOTHROW({ int n = 5; Bar(&n); }); ``` Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac; requires exceptions to be enabled in the build environment (note that `google3` disables exceptions). Even though googletest has a rich set of assertions, they can never be complete, as it's impossible (nor a good idea) to anticipate all scenarios a user might run into. Therefore, sometimes a user has to use `EXPECT_TRUE()` to check a complex expression, for lack of a better macro. This has the problem of not showing you the values of the parts of the expression, making it hard to understand what went wrong. As a workaround, some users choose to construct the failure message by themselves, streaming it into `EXPECT_TRUE()`. However, this is awkward especially when the expression has side-effects or is expensive to evaluate. googletest gives you three different options to solve this problem: If you already have a function or functor that returns `bool` (or a type that can be implicitly converted to `bool`), you can use it in a *predicate assertion* to get the function arguments printed for free: | Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | - | - | | | `ASSERTPRED1(pred1, val1);` | `EXPECTPRED1(pred1, val1);` | `pred1(val1)` is true | | `ASSERTPRED2(pred2, val1, val2);` | `EXPECTPRED2(pred2, val1, val2);` | `pred2(val1, val2)` is true | | `...` | `...` | ... | In the above, `predn` is an `n`-ary predicate function or functor, where `val1`, `val2`, ..., and `valn` are its arguments. The assertion succeeds if the predicate returns `true` when applied to the given arguments, and fails otherwise. When the assertion fails, it prints the value of each argument. In either case, the arguments are evaluated exactly

Here's an example. Given ```c++ // Returns true if m and n have no common divisors except 1. bool MutuallyPrime(int m, int n) { ... } const int a = 3; const int b = 4; const int c = 10; ``` the assertion ```c++ EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, a, b); ``` will succeed, while the assertion ```c++ EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, b, c); ``` will fail with the message ```none MutuallyPrime(b, c) is false, where b is 4 c is 10 ``` NOTE: If you see a compiler error "no matching function to call" when using `ASSERTPRED*` or `EXPECTPRED*`, please see for how to resolve it. Currently we only provide predicate assertions of arity <= 5. If you need a higher-arity assertion, let know. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. While `EXPECT_PRED*()` and friends are handy for a quick job, the syntax is not satisfactory: you have to use different macros for different arities, and it feels more like Lisp than C++. The `::testing::AssertionResult` class solves this problem. An `AssertionResult` object represents the result of an assertion (whether it's a success or a failure, and an associated message). You can create an `AssertionResult` using one of these factory functions: ```c++ namespace testing { // Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has // succeeded. AssertionResult AssertionSuccess(); // Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has // failed. AssertionResult AssertionFailure(); } ``` You can then use the `<<` operator to stream messages to the `AssertionResult` object. To provide more readable messages in Boolean assertions (e.g. `EXPECT_TRUE()`), write a predicate function that returns `AssertionResult` instead of `bool`. For example, if you define `IsEven()` as: ```c++ ::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) { if ((n % 2) == 0) return ::testing::AssertionSuccess(); else return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd"; } ``` instead of: ```c++ bool IsEven(int n) { return (n % 2) == 0; } ``` the failed assertion `EXPECT_TRUE(IsEven(Fib(4)))` will print: ```none Value of: IsEven(Fib(4)) Actual: false (3 is odd) Expected: true ``` instead of a more opaque ```none Value of: IsEven(Fib(4)) Actual: false Expected: true ``` If you want informative messages in `EXPECTFALSE` and `ASSERTFALSE` as well (one third of Boolean assertions in the Google code base are negative ones), and are fine with making the predicate slower in the success case, you can supply a success message: ```c++ ::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) { if ((n % 2) == 0) return ::testing::AssertionSuccess() << n << " is even"; else return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd"; } ``` Then the statement `EXPECT_FALSE(IsEven(Fib(6)))` will print ```none Value of: IsEven(Fib(6)) Actual: true (8 is even) Expected: false ``` Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. If you find the default message generated by `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED*` and `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_(TRUE|FALSE)` unsatisfactory, or some arguments to your predicate do not support streaming to `ostream`, you can instead use the following predicate-formatter assertions to fully customize how the message is formatted: Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | -- `ASSERTPREDFORMAT1(predformat1, val1);` | `EXPECTPREDFORMAT1(predformat1, val1);` | `pred_format1(val1)` is successful `ASSERTPREDFORMAT2(predformat2, val1, val2);` | `EXPECTPREDFORMAT2(predformat2, val1, val2);` | `pred_format2(val1, val2)` is successful `...` | `...` | ... The difference between this and the previous group of macros is that instead of a predicate, `(ASSERT|EXPECT)PREDFORMAT` take a predicate-formatter* (`pred_formatn`), which is a function or functor with the signature: ```c++ ::testing::AssertionResult PredicateFormattern(const char* expr1, const char* expr2, ... const char* exprn, T1 val1, T2 val2, ... Tn valn); ``` where `val1`, `val2`, ..., and `valn` are the values of the predicate arguments, and `expr1`, `expr2`, ..., and `exprn` are the corresponding expressions as they appear in the source

The types `T1`, `T2`, ..., and `Tn` can be either value types or reference types. For example, if an argument has type `Foo`, you can declare it as either `Foo` or `const Foo&`, whichever is appropriate. As an example, let's improve the failure message in `MutuallyPrime()`, which was used with `EXPECT_PRED2()`: ```c++ // Returns the smallest prime common divisor of m and n, // or 1 when m and n are mutually prime. int SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(int m, int n) { ... } // A predicate-formatter for asserting that two integers are mutually prime. ::testing::AssertionResult AssertMutuallyPrime(const char* m_expr, const char* n_expr, int m, int n) { if (MutuallyPrime(m, n)) return ::testing::AssertionSuccess(); return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << mexpr << " and " << nexpr << " (" << m << " and " << n << ") are not mutually prime, " << "as they have a common divisor " << SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(m, n); } ``` With this predicate-formatter, we can use ```c++ EXPECTPREDFORMAT2(AssertMutuallyPrime, b, c); ``` to generate the message ```none b and c (4 and 10) are not mutually prime, as they have a common divisor 2. ``` As you may have realized, many of the built-in assertions we introduced earlier are special cases of `(EXPECT|ASSERT)PREDFORMAT*`. In fact, most of them are indeed defined using `(EXPECT|ASSERT)PREDFORMAT*`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Comparing floating-point numbers is tricky. Due to round-off errors, it is very unlikely that two floating-points will match exactly. Therefore, `ASSERT_EQ` 's naive comparison usually doesn't work. And since floating-points can have a wide value range, no single fixed error bound works. It's better to compare by a fixed relative error bound, except for values close to 0 due to the loss of precision there. In general, for floating-point comparison to make sense, the user needs to carefully choose the error bound. If they don't want or care to, comparing in terms of Units in the Last Place (ULPs) is a good default, and googletest provides assertions to do this. Full details about ULPs are quite long; if you want to learn more, see . | Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | - | | - | | `ASSERTFLOATEQ(val1, val2);` | `EXPECTFLOATEQ(val1,val2);` | the two `float` values are almost equal | | `ASSERTDOUBLEEQ(val1, val2);` | `EXPECTDOUBLEEQ(val1, val2);`| the two `double` values are almost equal | By "almost equal" we mean the values are within 4 ULP's from each other. NOTE: `CHECKDOUBLEEQ()` in `base/logging.h` uses a fixed absolute error bound, so its result may differ from that of the googletest macros. That macro is unsafe and has been deprecated. Please don't use it any more. The following assertions allow you to choose the acceptable error bound: | Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | - | - | - | | `ASSERTNEAR(val1, val2, abserror);` | `EXPECTNEAR(val1, val2, abserror);` | the difference between `val1` and `val2` doesn't exceed the given absolute error | Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Some floating-point operations are useful, but not that often used. In order to avoid an explosion of new macros, we provide them as predicate-format functions that can be used in predicate assertion macros (e.g. `EXPECTPREDFORMAT2`, etc). ```c++ EXPECTPREDFORMAT2(::testing::FloatLE, val1, val2); EXPECTPREDFORMAT2(::testing::DoubleLE, val1, val2); ``` Verifies that `val1` is less than, or almost equal to, `val2`. You can replace `EXPECTPREDFORMAT2` in the above table with `ASSERTPREDFORMAT2`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Google-developed C++ mocking framework comes with a library of matchers for validating arguments passed to mock objects. A gMock matcher is basically a predicate that knows how to describe

It can be used in these assertion macros: | Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | | | | | | `ASSERTTHAT(value, matcher);` | `EXPECTTHAT(value, matcher);` | value matches matcher | For example, `StartsWith(prefix)` is a matcher that matches a string starting with `prefix`, and you can write: ```c++ using ::testing::StartsWith; ... // Verifies that Foo() returns a string starting with "Hello". EXPECT_THAT(Foo(), StartsWith("Hello")); ``` Read this in the gMock Cookbook for more details. gMock has a rich set of matchers. You can do many things googletest cannot do alone with them. For a list of matchers gMock provides, read . Especially useful among them are some . It's easy to write your too. For example, you can use gMock's to compare protos in your tests: ```c++ using ::testing::EqualsProto; ... EXPECTTHAT(actualproto, EqualsProto("foo: 123 bar: 'xyz'")); EXPECTTHAT(*actualprotoptr, EqualsProto(expectedproto)); ``` gMock is bundled with googletest, so you don't need to add any build dependency in order to take advantage of this. Just include `"testing/base/public/gmock.h"` and you're ready to go. Availability: Linux, Windows, and Mac. (Please read the section first if you haven't.) You can use the gMock with `EXPECTTHAT()` or `ASSERTTHAT()` to do more string comparison tricks (sub-string, prefix, suffix, regular expression, and etc). For example, ```c++ using ::testing::HasSubstr; using ::testing::MatchesRegex; ... ASSERTTHAT(foostring, HasSubstr("needle")); EXPECTTHAT(barstring, MatchesRegex("\\w*\\d+")); ``` Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. If the string contains a well-formed HTML or XML document, you can check whether its DOM tree matches an [XPath expression](http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#contents): ```c++ // Currently still in //template/prototemplate/testing:xpath_matcher using prototemplate::testing::MatchesXPath; EXPECTTHAT(htmlstring, MatchesXPath("//a[text()='click here']")); ``` Availability: Linux. These assertions test for `HRESULT` success or failure. Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies -- | -- | -- `ASSERTHRESULTSUCCEEDED(expression)` | `EXPECTHRESULTSUCCEEDED(expression)` | `expression` is a success `HRESULT` `ASSERTHRESULTFAILED(expression)` | `EXPECTHRESULTFAILED(expression)` | `expression` is a failure `HRESULT` The generated output contains the human-readable error message associated with the `HRESULT` code returned by `expression`. You might use them like this: ```c++ CComPtr<IShellDispatch2> shell; ASSERTHRESULTSUCCEEDED(shell.CoCreateInstance(L"Shell.Application")); CComVariant empty; ASSERTHRESULTSUCCEEDED(shell->ShellExecute(CComBSTR(url), empty, empty, empty, empty)); ``` Availability: Windows. You can call the function ```c++ ::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>(); ``` to assert that types `T1` and `T2` are the same. The function does nothing if the assertion is satisfied. If the types are different, the function call will fail to compile, and the compiler error message will likely (depending on the compiler) show you the actual values of `T1` and `T2`. This is mainly useful inside template code. Caveat: When used inside a member function of a class template or a function template, `StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>()` is effective only if the function is instantiated. For example, given: ```c++ template <typename T> class Foo { public: void Bar() { ::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<int, T>(); } }; ``` the code: ```c++ void Test1() { Foo<bool> foo; } ``` will not generate a compiler error, as `Foo<bool>::Bar()` is never actually instantiated. Instead, you need: ```c++ void Test2() { Foo<bool> foo; foo.Bar(); } ``` to cause a compiler error. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. You can use assertions in any C++ function. In particular, it doesn't have to be a method of the test fixture class. The one constraint is that assertions that generate a fatal failure (`FAIL` and `ASSERT_`) can only be used in void-returning functions. This is a consequence of Google's not using exceptions. By placing it in a non-void function you'll get a confusing compile error like `"error: void value not ignored as it ought to be"` or `"cannot initialize return object of type 'bool' with an rvalue of type 'void'"` or `"error: no viable conversion from 'void' to

If you need to use fatal assertions in a function that returns non-void, one option is to make the function return the value in an out parameter instead. For example, you can rewrite `T2 Foo(T1 x)` to `void Foo(T1 x, T2* result)`. You need to make sure that `*result` contains some sensible value even when the function returns prematurely. As the function now returns `void`, you can use any assertion inside of it. If changing the function's type is not an option, you should just use assertions that generate non-fatal failures, such as `ADDFAILURE*` and `EXPECT*`. NOTE: Constructors and destructors are not considered void-returning functions, according to the C++ language specification, and so you may not use fatal assertions in them. You'll get a compilation error if you try. A simple workaround is to transfer the entire body of the constructor or destructor to a private void-returning method. However, you should be aware that a fatal assertion failure in a constructor does not terminate the current test, as your intuition might suggest; it merely returns from the constructor early, possibly leaving your object in a partially-constructed state. Likewise, a fatal assertion failure in a destructor may leave your object in a partially-destructed state. Use assertions carefully in these situations! When a test assertion such as `EXPECT_EQ` fails, googletest prints the argument values to help you debug. It does this using a user-extensible value printer. This printer knows how to print built-in C++ types, native arrays, STL containers, and any type that supports the `<<` operator. For other types, it prints the raw bytes in the value and hopes that you the user can figure it out. As mentioned earlier, the printer is extensible. That means you can teach it to do a better job at printing your particular type than to dump the bytes. To do that, define `<<` for your type: ```c++ // Streams are allowed only for logging. Don't include this for // any other purpose. namespace foo { class Bar { // We want googletest to be able to print instances of this. ... // Create a free inline friend function. friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) { return os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os } }; // If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that the // << operator is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up // rules rely on that. std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) { return os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os } } // namespace foo ``` Sometimes, this might not be an option: your team may consider it bad style to have a `<<` operator for `Bar`, or `Bar` may already have a `<<` operator that doesn't do what you want (and you cannot change it). If so, you can instead define a `PrintTo()` function like this: ```c++ // Streams are allowed only for logging. Don't include this for // any other purpose. namespace foo { class Bar { ... friend void PrintTo(const Bar& bar, std::ostream* os) { *os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os } }; // If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that PrintTo() // is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up rules rely // on that. void PrintTo(const Bar& bar, std::ostream* os) { *os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os } } // namespace foo ``` If you have defined both `<<` and `PrintTo()`, the latter will be used when googletest is

This allows you to customize how the value appears in googletest's output without affecting code that relies on the behavior of its `<<` operator. If you want to print a value `x` using googletest's value printer yourself, just call `::testing::PrintToString(x)`, which returns an `std::string`: ```c++ vector<pair<Bar, int> > bar_ints = GetBarIntVector(); EXPECTTRUE(IsCorrectBarIntVector(barints)) << "barints = " << ::testing::PrintToString(barints); ``` In many applications, there are assertions that can cause application failure if a condition is not met. These sanity checks, which ensure that the program is in a known good state, are there to fail at the earliest possible time after some program state is corrupted. If the assertion checks the wrong condition, then the program may proceed in an erroneous state, which could lead to memory corruption, security holes, or worse. Hence it is vitally important to test that such assertion statements work as expected. Since these precondition checks cause the processes to die, we call such tests death tests. More generally, any test that checks that a program terminates (except by throwing an exception) in an expected fashion is also a death test. Note that if a piece of code throws an exception, we don't consider it "death" for the purpose of death tests, as the caller of the code could catch the exception and avoid the crash. If you want to verify exceptions thrown by your code, see . If you want to test `EXPECT*()/ASSERT*()` failures in your test code, see Catching Failures googletest has the following macros to support death tests: Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | - | -- `ASSERTDEATH(statement, regex);` | `EXPECTDEATH(statement, regex);` | `statement` crashes with the given error `ASSERTDEATHIFSUPPORTED(statement, regex);` | `EXPECTDEATHIFSUPPORTED(statement, regex);` | if death tests are supported, verifies that `statement` crashes with the given error; otherwise verifies nothing `ASSERTEXIT(statement, predicate, regex);` | `EXPECTEXIT(statement, predicate, regex);` | `statement` exits with the given error, and its exit code matches `predicate` where `statement` is a statement that is expected to cause the process to die, `predicate` is a function or function object that evaluates an integer exit status, and `regex` is a (Perl) regular expression that the stderr output of `statement` is expected to match. Note that `statement` can be *any valid statement (including compound statement*) and doesn't have to be an expression. As usual, the `ASSERT` variants abort the current test function, while the `EXPECT` variants do not. NOTE: We use the word "crash" here to mean that the process terminates with a non-zero exit status code. There are two possibilities: either the process has called `exit()` or `_exit()` with a non-zero value, or it may be killed by a signal. This means that if `statement` terminates the process with a 0 exit code, it is not considered a crash by `EXPECTDEATH`. Use `EXPECTEXIT` instead if this is the case, or if you want to restrict the exit code more precisely. A predicate here must accept an `int` and return a `bool`. The death test succeeds only if the predicate returns `true`. googletest defines a few predicates that handle the most common cases: ```c++ ::testing::ExitedWithCode(exit_code) ``` This expression is `true` if the program exited normally with the given exit code. ```c++ ::testing::KilledBySignal(signal_number) // Not available on Windows. ``` This expression is `true` if the program was killed by the given signal. The `_DEATH` macros are convenient wrappers for `_EXIT` that use a predicate that verifies the process' exit code is

Note that a death test only cares about three things: does `statement` abort or exit the process? (in the case of `ASSERTEXIT` and `EXPECTEXIT`) does the exit status satisfy `predicate`? Or (in the case of `ASSERTDEATH` and `EXPECTDEATH`) is the exit status non-zero? And does the stderr output match `regex`? In particular, if `statement` generates an `ASSERT*` or `EXPECT*` failure, it will not cause the death test to fail, as googletest assertions don't abort the process. To write a death test, simply use one of the above macros inside your test function. For example, ```c++ TEST(MyDeathTest, Foo) { // This death test uses a compound statement. ASSERT_DEATH({ int n = 5; Foo(&n); }, "Error on line .* of Foo()"); } TEST(MyDeathTest, NormalExit) { EXPECT_EXIT(NormalExit(), ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "Success"); } TEST(MyDeathTest, KillMyself) { EXPECT_EXIT(KillMyself(), ::testing::KilledBySignal(SIGKILL), "Sending myself unblockable signal"); } ``` verifies that: calling `Foo(5)` causes the process to die with the given error message, calling `NormalExit()` causes the process to print `"Success"` to stderr and exit with exit code 0, and calling `KillMyself()` kills the process with signal `SIGKILL`. The test function body may contain other assertions and statements as well, if necessary. IMPORTANT: We strongly recommend you to follow the convention of naming your test suite (not test) `*DeathTest` when it contains a death test, as demonstrated in the above example. The [Death Tests And Threads](#death-tests-and-threads) section below explains why. If a test fixture class is shared by normal tests and death tests, you can use `using` or `typedef` to introduce an alias for the fixture class and avoid duplicating its code: ```c++ class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { ... }; using FooDeathTest = FooTest; TEST_F(FooTest, DoesThis) { // normal test } TEST_F(FooDeathTest, DoesThat) { // death test } ``` Availability: Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Cygwin, and Mac On POSIX systems (e.g. Linux, Cygwin, and Mac), googletest uses the syntax. To learn about this syntax, you may want to read this . On Windows, googletest uses its own simple regular expression implementation. It lacks many features. For example, we don't support union (`"x|y"`), grouping (`"(xy)"`), brackets (`"[xy]"`), and repetition count (`"x{5,7}"`), among others. Below is what we do support (`A` denotes a literal character, period (`.`), or a single `\\ ` escape sequence; `x` and `y` denote regular expressions.): Expression | Meaning | -- `c` | matches any literal character `c` `\\d` | matches any decimal digit `\\D` | matches any character that's not a decimal digit `\\f` | matches `\f` `\\n` | matches `\n` `\\r` | matches `\r` `\\s` | matches any ASCII whitespace, including `\n` `\\S` | matches any character that's not a whitespace `\\t` | matches `\t` `\\v` | matches `\v` `\\w` | matches any letter, `_`, or decimal digit `\\W` | matches any character that `\\w` doesn't match `\\c` | matches any literal character `c`, which must be a punctuation `.` | matches any single character except `\n` `A?` | matches 0 or 1 occurrences of `A` `A*` | matches 0 or many occurrences of `A` `A+` | matches 1 or many occurrences of `A` `^` | matches the beginning of a string (not that of each line) `$` | matches the end of a string (not that of each line) `xy` | matches `x` followed by `y` To help you determine which capability is available on your system, googletest defines macros to govern which regular expression it is using. The macros are: <!--absl:google3-begin(google3-only)-->`GTESTUSESPCRE=1`, or <!--absl:google3-end--> `GTESTUSESSIMPLERE=1` or `GTESTUSESPOSIXRE=1`. If you want your death tests to work in all cases, you can either `#if` on these macros or use the more limited syntax only. Under the hood, `ASSERT_EXIT()` spawns a new process and executes the death test statement in that

The details of how precisely that happens depend on the platform and the variable ::testing::GTESTFLAG(deathtest_style) (which is initialized from the command-line flag `--gtestdeathtest_style`). On POSIX systems, `fork()` (or `clone()` on Linux) is used to spawn the child, after which: If the variable's value is `"fast"`, the death test statement is immediately executed. If the variable's value is `"threadsafe"`, the child process re-executes the unit test binary just as it was originally invoked, but with some extra flags to cause just the single death test under consideration to be run. On Windows, the child is spawned using the `CreateProcess()` API, and re-executes the binary to cause just the single death test under consideration to be run - much like the `threadsafe` mode on POSIX. Other values for the variable are illegal and will cause the death test to fail. Currently, the flag's default value is "fast". However, we reserve the right to change it in the future. Therefore, your tests should not depend on this. In either case, the parent process waits for the child process to complete, and checks that the child's exit status satisfies the predicate, and the child's stderr matches the regular expression. If the death test statement runs to completion without dying, the child process will nonetheless terminate, and the assertion fails. The reason for the two death test styles has to do with thread safety. Due to well-known problems with forking in the presence of threads, death tests should be run in a single-threaded context. Sometimes, however, it isn't feasible to arrange that kind of environment. For example, statically-initialized modules may start threads before main is ever reached. Once threads have been created, it may be difficult or impossible to clean them up. googletest has three features intended to raise awareness of threading issues. A warning is emitted if multiple threads are running when a death test is encountered. Test suites with a name ending in "DeathTest" are run before all other tests. It uses `clone()` instead of `fork()` to spawn the child process on Linux (`clone()` is not available on Cygwin and Mac), as `fork()` is more likely to cause the child to hang when the parent process has multiple threads. It's perfectly fine to create threads inside a death test statement; they are executed in a separate process and cannot affect the parent. The "threadsafe" death test style was introduced in order to help mitigate the risks of testing in a possibly multithreaded environment. It trades increased test execution time (potentially dramatically so) for improved thread safety. The automated testing framework does not set the style flag. You can choose a particular style of death tests by setting the flag programmatically: ```c++ testing::FLAGSgtestdeathteststyle="threadsafe" ``` You can do this in `main()` to set the style for all death tests in the binary, or in individual tests. Recall that flags are saved before running each test and restored afterwards, so you need not do that yourself. For example: ```c++ int main(int argc, char argv) { InitGoogle(argv[0], &argc, &argv, true); ::testing::FLAGSgtestdeathteststyle = "fast"; return RUNALLTESTS(); } TEST(MyDeathTest, TestOne) { ::testing::FLAGSgtestdeathteststyle = "threadsafe"; // This test is run in the "threadsafe" style: ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), ""); } TEST(MyDeathTest, TestTwo) { // This test is run in the "fast" style: ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), ""); } ``` The `statement` argument of `ASSERT_EXIT()` can be any valid C++ statement. If it leaves the current function via a `return` statement or by throwing an exception, the death test is considered to have failed. Some googletest macros may return from the current function (e.g. `ASSERT_TRUE()`), so be sure to avoid them in

Since `statement` runs in the child process, any in-memory side effect (e.g. modifying a variable, releasing memory, etc) it causes will not be observable in the parent process. In particular, if you release memory in a death test, your program will fail the heap check as the parent process will never see the memory reclaimed. To solve this problem, you can try not to free memory in a death test; free the memory again in the parent process; or do not use the heap checker in your program. Due to an implementation detail, you cannot place multiple death test assertions on the same line; otherwise, compilation will fail with an unobvious error message. Despite the improved thread safety afforded by the "threadsafe" style of death test, thread problems such as deadlock are still possible in the presence of handlers registered with `pthread_atfork(3)`. If a test sub-routine is called from several places, when an assertion inside it fails, it can be hard to tell which invocation of the sub-routine the failure is from. You can alleviate this problem using extra logging or custom failure messages, but that usually clutters up your tests. A better solution is to use the `SCOPED_TRACE` macro or the `ScopedTrace` utility: ```c++ SCOPED_TRACE(message); ScopedTrace trace("filepath", linenumber, message); ``` where `message` can be anything streamable to `std::ostream`. `SCOPED_TRACE` macro will cause the current file name, line number, and the given message to be added in every failure message. `ScopedTrace` accepts explicit file name and line number in arguments, which is useful for writing test helpers. The effect will be undone when the control leaves the current lexical scope. For example, ```c++ 10: void Sub1(int n) { 11: EXPECT_EQ(1, Bar(n)); 12: EXPECT_EQ(2, Bar(n + 1)); 13: } 14: 15: TEST(FooTest, Bar) { 16: { 17: SCOPED_TRACE("A"); // This trace point will be included in 18: // every failure in this scope. 19: Sub1(1); 20: } 21: // Now it won't. 22: Sub1(9); 23: } ``` could result in messages like these: ```none path/to/foo_test.cc:11: Failure Value of: Bar(n) Expected: 1 Actual: 2 Trace: path/to/foo_test.cc:17: A path/to/foo_test.cc:12: Failure Value of: Bar(n + 1) Expected: 2 Actual: 3 ``` Without the trace, it would've been difficult to know which invocation of `Sub1()` the two failures come from respectively. (You could add an extra message to each assertion in `Sub1()` to indicate the value of `n`, but that's tedious.) Some tips on using `SCOPED_TRACE`: With a suitable message, it's often enough to use `SCOPED_TRACE` at the beginning of a sub-routine, instead of at each call site. When calling sub-routines inside a loop, make the loop iterator part of the message in `SCOPED_TRACE` such that you can know which iteration the failure is from. Sometimes the line number of the trace point is enough for identifying the particular invocation of a sub-routine. In this case, you don't have to choose a unique message for `SCOPED_TRACE`. You can simply use `""`. You can use `SCOPED_TRACE` in an inner scope when there is one in the outer scope. In this case, all active trace points will be included in the failure messages, in reverse order they are encountered. The trace dump is clickable in Emacs - hit `return` on a line number and you'll be taken to that line in the source file! Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. A common pitfall when using `ASSERT_` and `FAIL` is not understanding that when they fail they only abort the current function, not the entire test. For example, the following test will segfault: ```c++ void Subroutine() { // Generates a fatal failure and aborts the current

ASSERT_EQ(1, 2); // The following won't be executed. ... } TEST(FooTest, Bar) { Subroutine(); // The intended behavior is for the fatal failure // in Subroutine() to abort the entire test. // The actual behavior: the function goes on after Subroutine() returns. int* p = NULL; *p = 3; // Segfault! } ``` To alleviate this, googletest provides three different solutions. You could use either exceptions, the `(ASSERT|EXPECT)NOFATAL_FAILURE` assertions or the `HasFatalFailure()` function. They are described in the following two subsections. The following code can turn ASSERT-failure into an exception: ```c++ class ThrowListener : public testing::EmptyTestEventListener { void OnTestPartResult(const testing::TestPartResult& result) override { if (result.type() == testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure) { throw testing::AssertionException(result); } } }; int main(int argc, char argv) { ... testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners().Append(new ThrowListener); return RUNALLTESTS(); } ``` This listener should be added after other listeners if you have any, otherwise they won't see failed `OnTestPartResult`. As shown above, if your test calls a subroutine that has an `ASSERT_*` failure in it, the test will continue after the subroutine returns. This may not be what you want. Often people want fatal failures to propagate like exceptions. For that googletest offers the following macros: Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies | - | -- `ASSERTNOFATALFAILURE(statement);` | `EXPECTNOFATALFAILURE(statement);` | `statement` doesn't generate any new fatal failures in the current thread. Only failures in the thread that executes the assertion are checked to determine the result of this type of assertions. If `statement` creates new threads, failures in these threads are ignored. Examples: ```c++ ASSERTNOFATAL_FAILURE(Foo()); int i; EXPECTNOFATAL_FAILURE({ i = Bar(); }); ``` Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Assertions from multiple threads are currently not supported on Windows. `HasFatalFailure()` in the `::testing::Test` class returns `true` if an assertion in the current test has suffered a fatal failure. This allows functions to catch fatal failures in a sub-routine and return early. ```c++ class Test { public: ... static bool HasFatalFailure(); }; ``` The typical usage, which basically simulates the behavior of a thrown exception, is: ```c++ TEST(FooTest, Bar) { Subroutine(); // Aborts if Subroutine() had a fatal failure. if (HasFatalFailure()) return; // The following won't be executed. ... } ``` If `HasFatalFailure()` is used outside of `TEST()` , `TEST_F()` , or a test fixture, you must add the `::testing::Test::` prefix, as in: ```c++ if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) return; ``` Similarly, `HasNonfatalFailure()` returns `true` if the current test has at least one non-fatal failure, and `HasFailure()` returns `true` if the current test has at least one failure of either kind. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. In your test code, you can call `RecordProperty("key", value)` to log additional information, where `value` can be either a string or an `int`. The last value recorded for a key will be emitted to the if you specify one. For example, the test ```c++ TEST_F(WidgetUsageTest, MinAndMaxWidgets) { RecordProperty("MaximumWidgets", ComputeMaxUsage()); RecordProperty("MinimumWidgets", ComputeMinUsage()); } ``` will output XML like this: ```xml ... <testcase name="MinAndMaxWidgets" status="run" time="0.006" classname="WidgetUsageTest" MaximumWidgets="12" MinimumWidgets="9" /> ... ``` NOTE: `RecordProperty()` is a static member of the `Test` class. Therefore it needs to be prefixed with `::testing::Test::` if used outside of the `TEST` body and the test fixture class. `key*` must be a valid XML attribute name, and cannot conflict with the ones already used by googletest (`name`, `status`, `time`, `classname`, `typeparam`, and `valueparam`). Calling `RecordProperty()` outside of the lifespan of a test is allowed. If it's called outside of a test but between a test suite's `SetUpTestSuite()` and `TearDownTestSuite()` methods, it will be attributed to the XML element for the test suite. If it's called outside of all test suites

in a test environment), it will be attributed to the top-level XML element. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest creates a new test fixture object for each test in order to make tests independent and easier to debug. However, sometimes tests use resources that are expensive to set up, making the one-copy-per-test model prohibitively expensive. If the tests don't change the resource, there's no harm in their sharing a single resource copy. So, in addition to per-test set-up/tear-down, googletest also supports per-test-suite set-up/tear-down. To use it: In your test fixture class (say `FooTest` ), declare as `static` some member variables to hold the shared resources. Outside your test fixture class (typically just below it), define those member variables, optionally giving them initial values. In the same test fixture class, define a `static void SetUpTestSuite()` function (remember not to spell it as `SetupTestSuite` with a small `u`!) to set up the shared resources and a `static void TearDownTestSuite()` function to tear them down. That's it! googletest automatically calls `SetUpTestSuite()` before running the first test in the `FooTest` test suite (i.e. before creating the first `FooTest` object), and calls `TearDownTestSuite()` after running the last test in it (i.e. after deleting the last `FooTest` object). In between, the tests can use the shared resources. Remember that the test order is undefined, so your code can't depend on a test preceding or following another. Also, the tests must either not modify the state of any shared resource, or, if they do modify the state, they must restore the state to its original value before passing control to the next test. Here's an example of per-test-suite set-up and tear-down: ```c++ class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { protected: // Per-test-suite set-up. // Called before the first test in this test suite. // Can be omitted if not needed. static void SetUpTestSuite() { sharedresource = new ...; } // Per-test-suite tear-down. // Called after the last test in this test suite. // Can be omitted if not needed. static void TearDownTestSuite() { delete sharedresource; sharedresource = NULL; } // You can define per-test set-up logic as usual. virtual void SetUp() { ... } // You can define per-test tear-down logic as usual. virtual void TearDown() { ... } // Some expensive resource shared by all tests. static T* sharedresource; }; T* FooTest::sharedresource = NULL; TEST_F(FooTest, Test1) { ... you can refer to sharedresource here ... } TEST_F(FooTest, Test2) { ... you can refer to sharedresource here ... } ``` NOTE: Though the above code declares `SetUpTestSuite()` protected, it may sometimes be necessary to declare it public, such as when using it with `TEST_P`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Just as you can do set-up and tear-down at the test level and the test suite level, you can also do it at the test program level. Here's how. First, you subclass the `::testing::Environment` class to define a test environment, which knows how to set-up and tear-down: ```c++ class Environment { public: virtual ~Environment() {} // Override this to define how to set up the environment. virtual void SetUp() {} // Override this to define how to tear down the environment. virtual void TearDown() {} }; ``` Then, you register an instance of your environment class with googletest by calling the `::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` function: ```c++ Environment AddGlobalTestEnvironment(Environment env); ``` Now, when `RUNALLTESTS()` is called, it first calls the `SetUp()` method of each environment object, then runs the tests if none of the environments reported fatal failures and `GTESTSKIP()` was not called. `RUNALL_TESTS()` always calls `TearDown()` with each environment object, regardless of whether or not the tests were run. It's OK to register multiple environment

In this case, their `SetUp()` will be called in the order they are registered, and their `TearDown()` will be called in the reverse order. Note that googletest takes ownership of the registered environment objects. Therefore do not delete them by yourself. You should call `AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` before `RUNALLTESTS()` is called, probably in `main()`. If you use `gtest_main`, you need to call this before `main()` starts for it to take effect. One way to do this is to define a global variable like this: ```c++ ::testing::Environment* const foo_env = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new FooEnvironment); ``` However, we strongly recommend you to write your own `main()` and call `AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` there, as relying on initialization of global variables makes the code harder to read and may cause problems when you register multiple environments from different translation units and the environments have dependencies among them (remember that the compiler doesn't guarantee the order in which global variables from different translation units are initialized). Value-parameterized tests allow you to test your code with different parameters without writing multiple copies of the same test. This is useful in a number of situations, for example: You have a piece of code whose behavior is affected by one or more command-line flags. You want to make sure your code performs correctly for various values of those flags. You want to test different implementations of an OO interface. You want to test your code over various inputs (a.k.a. data-driven testing). This feature is easy to abuse, so please exercise your good sense when doing it! To write value-parameterized tests, first you should define a fixture class. It must be derived from both `::testing::Test` and `::testing::WithParamInterface<T>` (the latter is a pure interface), where `T` is the type of your parameter values. For convenience, you can just derive the fixture class from `::testing::TestWithParam<T>`, which itself is derived from both `::testing::Test` and `::testing::WithParamInterface<T>`. `T` can be any copyable type. If it's a raw pointer, you are responsible for managing the lifespan of the pointed values. NOTE: If your test fixture defines `SetUpTestSuite()` or `TearDownTestSuite()` they must be declared public rather than protected in order to use `TEST_P`. ```c++ class FooTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<const char*> { // You can implement all the usual fixture class members here. // To access the test parameter, call GetParam() from class // TestWithParam<T>. }; // Or, when you want to add parameters to a pre-existing fixture class: class BaseTest : public ::testing::Test { ... }; class BarTest : public BaseTest, public ::testing::WithParamInterface<const char*> { ... }; ``` Then, use the `TEST_P` macro to define as many test patterns using this fixture as you want. The `_P` suffix is for "parameterized" or "pattern", whichever you prefer to think. ```c++ TEST_P(FooTest, DoesBlah) { // Inside a test, access the test parameter with the GetParam() method // of the TestWithParam<T> class: EXPECT_TRUE(foo.Blah(GetParam())); ... } TEST_P(FooTest, HasBlahBlah) { ... } ``` Finally, you can use `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P` to instantiate the test suite with any set of parameters you want. googletest defines a number of functions for generating test parameters. They return what we call (surprise!) *parameter generators*. Here is a summary of them, which are all in the `testing` namespace: | Parameter Generator | Behavior | | - | - | | `Range(begin, end [, step])` | Yields values `{begin, begin+step, begin+step+step, ...}`. The values do not include `end`. `step` defaults to 1. | | `Values(v1, v2, ..., vN)` | Yields values `{v1, v2, ..., vN}`. | | `ValuesIn(container)` and `ValuesIn(begin,end)` | Yields values from a C-style array, an STL-style container, or an iterator range `[begin,

| | `Bool()` | Yields sequence `{false, true}`. | | `Combine(g1, g2, ..., gN)` | Yields all combinations (Cartesian product) as std\:\:tuples of the values generated by the `N` generators. | For more details, see the comments at the definitions of these functions. NOTE: The `INSTANTIATETESTSUITEP` keyword is recommended (addressing http://go/gh/google/googletest/issues/1085) For 1.8.1 and previous releases the keyword is `INSTANTIATETESTCASEP`. which has been deprecated in favor of INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P. The following statement will instantiate tests from the `FooTest` test suite each with parameter values `"meeny"`, `"miny"`, and `"moe"`. ```c++ INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P(InstantiationName, FooTest, ::testing::Values("meeny", "miny", "moe")); ``` NOTE: The code above must be placed at global or namespace scope, not at function scope. NOTE: Don't forget this step! If you do your test will silently pass, but none of its suites will ever run! To distinguish different instances of the pattern (yes, you can instantiate it more than once), the first argument to `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P` is a prefix that will be added to the actual test suite name. Remember to pick unique prefixes for different instantiations. The tests from the instantiation above will have these names: `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/0` for `"meeny"` `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/1` for `"miny"` `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/2` for `"moe"` `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0` for `"meeny"` `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1` for `"miny"` `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/2` for `"moe"` You can use these names in . This statement will instantiate all tests from `FooTest` again, each with parameter values `"cat"` and `"dog"`: ```c++ const char* pets[] = {"cat", "dog"}; INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P(AnotherInstantiationName, FooTest, ::testing::ValuesIn(pets)); ``` The tests from the instantiation above will have these names: `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/0` for `"cat"` `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/1` for `"dog"` `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0` for `"cat"` `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1` for `"dog"` Please note that `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P` will instantiate all tests in the given test suite, whether their definitions come before or after the `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P` statement. You can see sample7unittest.cc and sample8unittest.cc for more examples. Availability: Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac In the above, we define and instantiate `FooTest` in the same source file. Sometimes you may want to define value-parameterized tests in a library and let other people instantiate them later. This pattern is known as abstract tests. As an example of its application, when you are designing an interface you can write a standard suite of abstract tests (perhaps using a factory function as the test parameter) that all implementations of the interface are expected to pass. When someone implements the interface, they can instantiate your suite to get all the interface-conformance tests for free. To define abstract tests, you should organize your code like this: Put the definition of the parameterized test fixture class (e.g. `FooTest`) in a header file, say `fooparamtest.h`. Think of this as declaring your abstract tests. Put the `TESTP` definitions in `fooparam_test.cc`, which includes `fooparamtest.h`. Think of this as implementing your abstract tests. Once they are defined, you can instantiate them by including `fooparamtest.h`, invoking `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P()`, and depending on the library target that contains `fooparamtest.cc`. You can instantiate the same abstract test suite multiple times, possibly in different source files. The optional last argument to `INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P()` allows the user to specify a function or functor that generates custom test name suffixes based on the test parameters. The function should accept one argument of type `testing::TestParamInfo<class ParamType>`, and return `std::string`. `testing::PrintToStringParamName` is a builtin test suffix generator that returns the value of `testing::PrintToString(GetParam())`. It does not work for `std::string` or C strings. NOTE: test names must be non-empty, unique, and may only contain ASCII alphanumeric characters. In particular, they [should not

underscores](https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googletest/docs/faq.md#why-should-test-suite-names-and-test-names-not-contain-underscore). ```c++ class MyTestsuite : public testing::TestWithParam<int> {}; TEST_P(MyTestsuite, MyTest) { std::cout << "Example Test Param: " << GetParam() << std::endl; } INSTANTIATETESTSUITE_P(MyGroup, MyTestsuite, testing::Range(0, 10), testing::PrintToStringParamName()); ``` Suppose you have multiple implementations of the same interface and want to make sure that all of them satisfy some common requirements. Or, you may have defined several types that are supposed to conform to the same "concept" and you want to verify it. In both cases, you want the same test logic repeated for different types. While you can write one `TEST` or `TEST_F` for each type you want to test (and you may even factor the test logic into a function template that you invoke from the `TEST`), it's tedious and doesn't scale: if you want `m` tests over `n` types, you'll end up writing `m*n` `TEST`s. Typed tests allow you to repeat the same test logic over a list of types. You only need to write the test logic once, although you must know the type list when writing typed tests. Here's how you do it: First, define a fixture class template. It should be parameterized by a type. Remember to derive it from `::testing::Test`: ```c++ template <typename T> class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { public: ... typedef std::list<T> List; static T shared_; T value_; }; ``` Next, associate a list of types with the test suite, which will be repeated for each type in the list: ```c++ using MyTypes = ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int>; TYPEDTESTSUITE(FooTest, MyTypes); ``` The type alias (`using` or `typedef`) is necessary for the `TYPEDTESTSUITE` macro to parse correctly. Otherwise the compiler will think that each comma in the type list introduces a new macro argument. Then, use `TYPEDTEST()` instead of `TESTF()` to define a typed test for this test suite. You can repeat this as many times as you want: ```c++ TYPED_TEST(FooTest, DoesBlah) { // Inside a test, refer to the special name TypeParam to get the type // parameter. Since we are inside a derived class template, C++ requires // us to visit the members of FooTest via 'this'. TypeParam n = this->value_; // To visit static members of the fixture, add the 'TestFixture::' // prefix. n += TestFixture::shared_; // To refer to typedefs in the fixture, add the 'typename TestFixture::' // prefix. The 'typename' is required to satisfy the compiler. typename TestFixture::List values; values.push_back(n); ... } TYPED_TEST(FooTest, HasPropertyA) { ... } ``` You can see sample6_unittest.cc Availability: Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac Type-parameterized tests are like typed tests, except that they don't require you to know the list of types ahead of time. Instead, you can define the test logic first and instantiate it with different type lists later. You can even instantiate it more than once in the same program. If you are designing an interface or concept, you can define a suite of type-parameterized tests to verify properties that any valid implementation of the interface/concept should have. Then, the author of each implementation can just instantiate the test suite with their type to verify that it conforms to the requirements, without having to write similar tests repeatedly. Here's an example: First, define a fixture class template, as we did with typed tests: ```c++ template <typename T> class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { ... }; ``` Next, declare that you will define a type-parameterized test suite: ```c++ TYPEDTESTSUITE_P(FooTest); ``` Then, use `TYPEDTESTP()` to define a type-parameterized test. You can repeat this as many times as you want: ```c++ TYPEDTESTP(FooTest, DoesBlah) { // Inside a test, refer to TypeParam to get the type parameter. TypeParam n = 0; ... } TYPEDTESTP(FooTest, HasPropertyA) {

} ``` Now the tricky part: you need to register all test patterns using the `REGISTERTYPEDTESTSUITEP` macro before you can instantiate them. The first argument of the macro is the test suite name; the rest are the names of the tests in this test suite: ```c++ REGISTERTYPEDTESTSUITEP(FooTest, DoesBlah, HasPropertyA); ``` Finally, you are free to instantiate the pattern with the types you want. If you put the above code in a header file, you can `#include` it in multiple C++ source files and instantiate it multiple times. ```c++ typedef ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int> MyTypes; INSTANTIATETYPEDTESTSUITEP(My, FooTest, MyTypes); ``` To distinguish different instances of the pattern, the first argument to the `INSTANTIATETYPEDTESTSUITEP` macro is a prefix that will be added to the actual test suite name. Remember to pick unique prefixes for different instances. In the special case where the type list contains only one type, you can write that type directly without `::testing::Types<...>`, like this: ```c++ INSTANTIATETYPEDTESTSUITEP(My, FooTest, int); ``` You can see `sample6_unittest.cc` for a complete example. Availability: Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac If you change your software's internal implementation, your tests should not break as long as the change is not observable by users. Therefore, per the black-box testing principle, most of the time you should test your code through its public interfaces. If you still find yourself needing to test internal implementation code, consider if there's a better design. The desire to test internal implementation is often a sign that the class is doing too much. Consider extracting an implementation class, and testing it. Then use that implementation class in the original class. If you absolutely have to test non-public interface code though, you can. There are two cases to consider: Static functions ( not* the same as static member functions!) or unnamed namespaces, and Private or protected class members To test them, we use the following special techniques: Both static functions and definitions/declarations in an unnamed namespace are only visible within the same translation unit. To test them, you can `#include` the entire `.cc` file being tested in your `*_test.cc` file. (including `.cc` files is not a good way to reuse code - you should not do this in production code!) However, a better approach is to move the private code into the `foo::internal` namespace, where `foo` is the namespace your project normally uses, and put the private declarations in a `*-internal.h` file. Your production `.cc` files and your tests are allowed to include this internal header, but your clients are not. This way, you can fully test your internal implementation without leaking it to your clients. Private class members are only accessible from within the class or by friends. To access a class' private members, you can declare your test fixture as a friend to the class and define accessors in your fixture. Tests using the fixture can then access the private members of your production class via the accessors in the fixture. Note that even though your fixture is a friend to your production class, your tests are not automatically friends to it, as they are technically defined in sub-classes of the fixture. Another way to test private members is to refactor them into an implementation class, which is then declared in a `*-internal.h` file. Your clients aren't allowed to include this header but your tests can. Such is called the (Private Implementation) idiom. Or, you can declare an individual test as a friend of your class by adding this line in the class body: ```c++ FRIEND_TEST(TestsuiteName, TestName); ``` For example, ```c++ // foo.h class Foo { ... private: FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull); int Bar(void* x); }; // foo_test.cc

TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull) { Foo foo; EXPECT_EQ(0, foo.Bar(NULL)); // Uses Foo's private member Bar(). } ``` Pay special attention when your class is defined in a namespace, as you should define your test fixtures and tests in the same namespace if you want them to be friends of your class. For example, if the code to be tested looks like: ```c++ namespace my_namespace { class Foo { friend class FooTest; FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Bar); FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Baz); ... definition of the class Foo ... }; } // namespace my_namespace ``` Your test code should be something like: ```c++ namespace my_namespace { class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { protected: ... }; TEST_F(FooTest, Bar) { ... } TEST_F(FooTest, Baz) { ... } } // namespace my_namespace ``` If you are building a testing utility on top of googletest, you'll want to test your utility. What framework would you use to test it? googletest, of course. The challenge is to verify that your testing utility reports failures correctly. In frameworks that report a failure by throwing an exception, you could catch the exception and assert on it. But googletest doesn't use exceptions, so how do we test that a piece of code generates an expected failure? gunit-spi.h contains some constructs to do this. After #including this header, you can use ```c++ EXPECTFATALFAILURE(statement, substring); ``` to assert that `statement` generates a fatal (e.g. `ASSERT_*`) failure in the current thread whose message contains the given `substring`, or use ```c++ EXPECTNONFATALFAILURE(statement, substring); ``` if you are expecting a non-fatal (e.g. `EXPECT_*`) failure. Only failures in the current thread are checked to determine the result of this type of expectations. If `statement` creates new threads, failures in these threads are also ignored. If you want to catch failures in other threads as well, use one of the following macros instead: ```c++ EXPECTFATALFAILUREONALL_THREADS(statement, substring); EXPECTNONFATALFAILUREONALL_THREADS(statement, substring); ``` NOTE: Assertions from multiple threads are currently not supported on Windows. For technical reasons, there are some caveats: You cannot stream a failure message to either macro. `statement` in `EXPECTFATALFAILURE{ONALL_THREADS}()` cannot reference local non-static variables or non-static members of `this` object. `statement` in `EXPECTFATALFAILURE{ONALL_THREADS}()()` cannot return a value. Sometimes a function may need to know the name of the currently running test. For example, you may be using the `SetUp()` method of your test fixture to set the golden file name based on which test is running. The `::testing::TestInfo` class has this information: ```c++ namespace testing { class TestInfo { public: // Returns the test suite name and the test name, respectively. // // Do NOT delete or free the return value - it's managed by the // TestInfo class. const char* testsuitename() const; const char* name() const; }; } ``` To obtain a `TestInfo` object for the currently running test, call `currenttestinfo()` on the `UnitTest` singleton object: ```c++ // Gets information about the currently running test. // Do NOT delete the returned object - it's managed by the UnitTest class. const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->currenttestinfo(); printf("We are in test %s of test suite %s.\n", test_info->name(), testinfo->testsuite_name()); ``` `currenttestinfo()` returns a null pointer if no test is running. In particular, you cannot find the test suite name in `TestsuiteSetUp()`, `TestsuiteTearDown()` (where you know the test suite name implicitly), or functions called from them. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest provides an event listener API to let you receive notifications about the progress of a test program and test failures. The events you can listen to include the start and end of the test program, a test suite, or a test method, among

You may use this API to augment or replace the standard console output, replace the XML output, or provide a completely different form of output, such as a GUI or a database. You can also use test events as checkpoints to implement a resource leak checker, for example. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. To define a event listener, you subclass either testing::TestEventListener or testing::EmptyTestEventListener The former is an (abstract) interface, where each pure virtual method can be overridden to handle a test event (For example, when a test starts, the `OnTestStart()` method will be called.). The latter provides an empty implementation of all methods in the interface, such that a subclass only needs to override the methods it cares about. When an event is fired, its context is passed to the handler function as an argument. The following argument types are used: UnitTest reflects the state of the entire test program, Testsuite has information about a test suite, which can contain one or more tests, TestInfo contains the state of a test, and TestPartResult represents the result of a test assertion. An event handler function can examine the argument it receives to find out interesting information about the event and the test program's state. Here's an example: ```c++ class MinimalistPrinter : public ::testing::EmptyTestEventListener { // Called before a test starts. virtual void OnTestStart(const ::testing::TestInfo& test_info) { printf("* Test %s.%s starting.\n", testinfo.testsuitename(), testinfo.name()); } // Called after a failed assertion or a SUCCESS(). virtual void OnTestPartResult(const ::testing::TestPartResult& testpartresult) { printf("%s in %s:%d\n%s\n", testpartresult.failed() ? "* Failure" : "Success", testpartresult.file_name(), testpartresult.line_number(), testpartresult.summary()); } // Called after a test ends. virtual void OnTestEnd(const ::testing::TestInfo& test_info) { printf("* Test %s.%s ending.\n", testinfo.testsuitename(), testinfo.name()); } }; ``` To use the event listener you have defined, add an instance of it to the googletest event listener list (represented by class TestEventListeners - note the "s" at the end of the name) in your `main()` function, before calling `RUNALLTESTS()`: ```c++ int main(int argc, char argv) { ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv); // Gets hold of the event listener list. ::testing::TestEventListeners& listeners = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners(); // Adds a listener to the end. googletest takes the ownership. listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter); return RUNALLTESTS(); } ``` There's only one problem: the default test result printer is still in effect, so its output will mingle with the output from your minimalist printer. To suppress the default printer, just release it from the event listener list and delete it. You can do so by adding one line: ```c++ ... delete listeners.Release(listeners.defaultresultprinter()); listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter); return RUNALLTESTS(); ``` Now, sit back and enjoy a completely different output from your tests. For more details, you can read this sample9_unittest.cc You may append more than one listener to the list. When an `On*Start()` or `OnTestPartResult()` event is fired, the listeners will receive it in the order they appear in the list (since new listeners are added to the end of the list, the default text printer and the default XML generator will receive the event first). An `OnEnd()` event will be received by the listeners in the reverse* order. This allows output by listeners added later to be framed by output from listeners added earlier. You may use failure-raising macros (`EXPECT*()`, `ASSERT*()`, `FAIL()`, etc) when processing an event. There are some restrictions: You cannot generate any failure in `OnTestPartResult()` (otherwise it will cause `OnTestPartResult()` to be called recursively). A listener that handles `OnTestPartResult()` is not allowed to generate any failure. When you add listeners to the listener list, you should put listeners that handle `OnTestPartResult()` before listeners that can generate

This ensures that failures generated by the latter are attributed to the right test by the former. We have a sample of failure-raising listener sample10_unittest.cc googletest test programs are ordinary executables. Once built, you can run them directly and affect their behavior via the following environment variables and/or command line flags. For the flags to work, your programs must call `::testing::InitGoogleTest()` before calling `RUNALLTESTS()`. To see a list of supported flags and their usage, please run your test program with the `--help` flag. You can also use `-h`, `-?`, or `/?` for short. If an option is specified both by an environment variable and by a flag, the latter takes precedence. Sometimes it is necessary to list the available tests in a program before running them so that a filter may be applied if needed. Including the flag `--gtestlisttests` overrides all other flags and lists tests in the following format: ```none Testsuite1. TestName1 TestName2 Testsuite2. TestName ``` None of the tests listed are actually run if the flag is provided. There is no corresponding environment variable for this flag. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. By default, a googletest program runs all tests the user has defined. Sometimes, you want to run only a subset of the tests (e.g. for debugging or quickly verifying a change). If you set the `GTEST_FILTER` environment variable or the `--gtest_filter` flag to a filter string, googletest will only run the tests whose full names (in the form of `TestsuiteName.TestName`) match the filter. The format of a filter is a '`:`'-separated list of wildcard patterns (called the positive patterns) optionally followed by a '`-`' and another '`:`'-separated pattern list (called the negative patterns). A test matches the filter if and only if it matches any of the positive patterns but does not match any of the negative patterns. A pattern may contain `'*'` (matches any string) or `'?'` (matches any single character). For convenience, the filter `'*-NegativePatterns'` can be also written as `'-NegativePatterns'`. For example: `./foo_test` Has no flag, and thus runs all its tests. `./foo_test --gtest_filter=` Also runs everything, due to the single match-everything `*` value. `./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.` Runs everything in test suite `FooTest` . `./foo_test --gtest_filter=Null:Constructor*` Runs any test whose full name contains either `"Null"` or `"Constructor"` . `./foo_test --gtest_filter=-DeathTest.*` Runs all non-death tests. `./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.-FooTest.Bar` Runs everything in test suite `FooTest` except `FooTest.Bar`. `./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.:BarTest.*-FooTest.Bar:BarTest.Foo` Runs everything in test suite `FooTest` except `FooTest.Bar` and everything in test suite `BarTest` except `BarTest.Foo`. If you have a broken test that you cannot fix right away, you can add the `DISABLED_` prefix to its name. This will exclude it from execution. This is better than commenting out the code or using `#if 0`, as disabled tests are still compiled (and thus won't rot). If you need to disable all tests in a test suite, you can either add `DISABLED_` to the front of the name of each test, or alternatively add it to the front of the test suite name. For example, the following tests won't be run by googletest, even though they will still be compiled: ```c++ // Tests that Foo does Abc. TEST(FooTest, DISABLED_DoesAbc) { ... } class DISABLED_BarTest : public ::testing::Test { ... }; // Tests that Bar does Xyz. TESTF(DISABLEDBarTest, DoesXyz) { ... } ``` NOTE: This feature should only be used for temporary pain-relief. You still have to fix the disabled tests at a later date. As a reminder, googletest will print a banner warning you if a test program contains any disabled tests. TIP: You can easily count the number of disabled tests you have using `gsearch` and/or

This number can be used as a metric for improving your test quality. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. To include disabled tests in test execution, just invoke the test program with the `--gtestalsorundisabledtests` flag or set the `GTESTALSORUNDISABLEDTESTS` environment variable to a value other than `0`. You can combine this with the `--gtest_filter` flag to further select which disabled tests to run. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. Once in a while you'll run into a test whose result is hit-or-miss. Perhaps it will fail only 1% of the time, making it rather hard to reproduce the bug under a debugger. This can be a major source of frustration. The `--gtest_repeat` flag allows you to repeat all (or selected) test methods in a program many times. Hopefully, a flaky test will eventually fail and give you a chance to debug. Here's how to use it: ```none $ footest --gtestrepeat=1000 Repeat foo_test 1000 times and don't stop at failures. $ footest --gtestrepeat=-1 A negative count means repeating forever. $ footest --gtestrepeat=1000 --gtestbreakon_failure Repeat foo_test 1000 times, stopping at the first failure. This is especially useful when running under a debugger: when the test fails, it will drop into the debugger and you can then inspect variables and stacks. $ footest --gtestrepeat=1000 --gtest_filter=FooBar.* Repeat the tests whose name matches the filter 1000 times. ``` If your test program contains code, it will be repeated in each iteration as well, as the flakiness may be in it. You can also specify the repeat count by setting the `GTEST_REPEAT` environment variable. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. You can specify the `--gtestshuffle` flag (or set the `GTESTSHUFFLE` environment variable to `1`) to run the tests in a program in a random order. This helps to reveal bad dependencies between tests. By default, googletest uses a random seed calculated from the current time. Therefore you'll get a different order every time. The console output includes the random seed value, such that you can reproduce an order-related test failure later. To specify the random seed explicitly, use the `--gtestrandomseed=SEED` flag (or set the `GTESTRANDOMSEED` environment variable), where `SEED` is an integer in the range [0, 99999]. The seed value 0 is special: it tells googletest to do the default behavior of calculating the seed from the current time. If you combine this with `--gtest_repeat=N`, googletest will pick a different random seed and re-shuffle the tests in each iteration. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest can use colors in its terminal output to make it easier to spot the important information: ...<br/> <span style="color:green">[-]<span style="color:black"> 1 test from FooTest<br/> <span style="color:green">[ RUN ]<span style="color:black"> FooTest.DoesAbc<br/> <span style="color:green">[ OK ]<span style="color:black"> FooTest.DoesAbc<br/> <span style="color:green">[-]<span style="color:black"> 2 tests from BarTest<br/> <span style="color:green">[ RUN ]<span style="color:black"> BarTest.HasXyzProperty<br/> <span style="color:green">[ OK ]<span style="color:black"> BarTest.HasXyzProperty<br/> <span style="color:green">[ RUN ]<span style="color:black"> BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess<br/> ... some error messages ...<br/> <span style="color:red">[ FAILED ] <span style="color:black">BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess<br/> ...<br/> <span style="color:green">[==========]<span style="color:black"> 30 tests from 14 test suites ran.<br/> <span style="color:green">[ PASSED ]<span style="color:black"> 28 tests.<br/> <span style="color:red">[ FAILED ]<span style="color:black"> 2 tests, listed below:<br/> <span style="color:red">[ FAILED ]<span style="color:black"> BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess<br/> <span style="color:red">[ FAILED ]<span style="color:black"> AnotherTest.DoesXyz<br/> 2 FAILED TESTS You can set the `GTESTCOLOR` environment variable or the `--gtestcolor` command line flag to `yes`, `no`, or `auto` (the default) to enable colors, disable colors, or let googletest decide. When the value is `auto`, googletest will use colors if and only if the output goes to a terminal and (on non-Windows platforms) the `TERM` environment variable is set to `xterm` or `xterm-color`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. By default, googletest prints the time it takes to run each

To disable that, run the test program with the `--gtestprinttime=0` command line flag, or set the GTESTPRINTTIME environment variable to `0`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. In case of assertion failures, googletest prints expected and actual values of type `string` both as hex-encoded strings as well as in readable UTF-8 text if they contain valid non-ASCII UTF-8 characters. If you want to suppress the UTF-8 text because, for example, you don't have an UTF-8 compatible output medium, run the test program with `--gtestprintutf8=0` or set the `GTESTPRINTUTF8` environment variable to `0`. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest can emit a detailed XML report to a file in addition to its normal textual output. The report contains the duration of each test, and thus can help you identify slow tests. The report is also used by the http://unittest dashboard to show per-test-method error messages. To generate the XML report, set the `GTEST_OUTPUT` environment variable or the `--gtestoutput` flag to the string `"xml:pathtooutputfile"`, which will create the file at the given location. You can also just use the string `"xml"`, in which case the output can be found in the `test_detail.xml` file in the current directory. If you specify a directory (for example, `"xml:output/directory/"` on Linux or `"xml:output\directory\"` on Windows), googletest will create the XML file in that directory, named after the test executable (e.g. `foo_test.xml` for test program `footest` or `footest.exe`). If the file already exists (perhaps left over from a previous run), googletest will pick a different name (e.g. `footest1.xml`) to avoid overwriting it. The report is based on the `junitreport` Ant task. Since that format was originally intended for Java, a little interpretation is required to make it apply to googletest tests, as shown here: ```xml <testsuites name="AllTests" ...> <testsuite name="testsuitename" ...> <testcase name="test_name" ...> <failure message="..."/> <failure message="..."/> <failure message="..."/> </testcase> </testsuite> </testsuites> ``` The root `<testsuites>` element corresponds to the entire test program. `<testsuite>` elements correspond to googletest test suites. `<testcase>` elements correspond to googletest test functions. For instance, the following program ```c++ TEST(MathTest, Addition) { ... } TEST(MathTest, Subtraction) { ... } TEST(LogicTest, NonContradiction) { ... } ``` could generate this report: ```xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <testsuites tests="3" failures="1" errors="0" time="0.035" timestamp="2011-10-31T18:52:42" name="AllTests"> <testsuite name="MathTest" tests="2" failures="1" errors="0" time="0.015"> <testcase name="Addition" status="run" time="0.007" classname=""> <failure message="Value of: add(1, 1)&#x0A; Actual: 3&#x0A;Expected: 2" type="">...</failure> <failure message="Value of: add(1, -1)&#x0A; Actual: 1&#x0A;Expected: 0" type="">...</failure> </testcase> <testcase name="Subtraction" status="run" time="0.005" classname=""> </testcase> </testsuite> <testsuite name="LogicTest" tests="1" failures="0" errors="0" time="0.005"> <testcase name="NonContradiction" status="run" time="0.005" classname=""> </testcase> </testsuite> </testsuites> ``` Things to note: The `tests` attribute of a `<testsuites>` or `<testsuite>` element tells how many test functions the googletest program or test suite contains, while the `failures` attribute tells how many of them failed. The `time` attribute expresses the duration of the test, test suite, or entire test program in seconds. The `timestamp` attribute records the local date and time of the test execution. Each `<failure>` element corresponds to a single failed googletest assertion. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest can also emit a JSON report as an alternative format to XML. To generate the JSON report, set the `GTEST_OUTPUT` environment variable or the `--gtestoutput` flag to the string `"json:pathtooutputfile"`, which will create the file at the given location. You can also just use the string `"json"`, in which case the output can be found in the `test_detail.json` file in the current directory. The report format conforms to the following JSON Schema: ```json {

"http://json-schema.org/schema#", "type": "object", "definitions": { "Testsuite": { "type": "object", "properties": { "name": { "type": "string" }, "tests": { "type": "integer" }, "failures": { "type": "integer" }, "disabled": { "type": "integer" }, "time": { "type": "string" }, "testsuite": { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "#/definitions/TestInfo" } } } }, "TestInfo": { "type": "object", "properties": { "name": { "type": "string" }, "status": { "type": "string", "enum": ["RUN", "NOTRUN"] }, "time": { "type": "string" }, "classname": { "type": "string" }, "failures": { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "#/definitions/Failure" } } } }, "Failure": { "type": "object", "properties": { "failures": { "type": "string" }, "type": { "type": "string" } } } }, "properties": { "tests": { "type": "integer" }, "failures": { "type": "integer" }, "disabled": { "type": "integer" }, "errors": { "type": "integer" }, "timestamp": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }, "time": { "type": "string" }, "name": { "type": "string" }, "testsuites": { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "#/definitions/Testsuite" } } } } ``` The report uses the format that conforms to the following Proto3 using the [JSON encoding](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto3#json): ```proto syntax = "proto3"; package googletest; import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto"; import "google/protobuf/duration.proto"; message UnitTest { int32 tests = 1; int32 failures = 2; int32 disabled = 3; int32 errors = 4; google.protobuf.Timestamp timestamp = 5; google.protobuf.Duration time = 6; string name = 7; repeated Testsuite testsuites = 8; } message TestCase { string name = 1; int32 tests = 2; int32 failures = 3; int32 disabled = 4; int32 errors = 5; google.protobuf.Duration time = 6; repeated TestInfo testsuite = 7; } message TestInfo { string name = 1; enum Status { RUN = 0; NOTRUN = 1; } Status status = 2; google.protobuf.Duration time = 3; string classname = 4; message Failure { string failures = 1; string type = 2; } repeated Failure failures = 5; } ``` For instance, the following program ```c++ TEST(MathTest, Addition) { ... } TEST(MathTest, Subtraction) { ... } TEST(LogicTest, NonContradiction) { ... } ``` could generate this report: ```json { "tests": 3, "failures": 1, "errors": 0, "time": "0.035s", "timestamp": "2011-10-31T18:52:42Z", "name": "AllTests", "testsuites": [ { "name": "MathTest", "tests": 2, "failures": 1, "errors": 0, "time": "0.015s", "testsuite": [ { "name": "Addition", "status": "RUN", "time": "0.007s", "classname": "", "failures": [ { "message": "Value of: add(1, 1)\n Actual: 3\nExpected: 2", "type": "" }, { "message": "Value of: add(1, -1)\n Actual: 1\nExpected: 0", "type": "" } ] }, { "name": "Subtraction", "status": "RUN", "time": "0.005s", "classname": "" } ] }, { "name": "LogicTest", "tests": 1, "failures": 0, "errors": 0, "time": "0.005s", "testsuite": [ { "name": "NonContradiction", "status": "RUN", "time": "0.005s", "classname": "" } ] } ] } ``` IMPORTANT: The exact format of the JSON document is subject to change. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. When running test programs under a debugger, it's very convenient if the debugger can catch an assertion failure and automatically drop into interactive mode. googletest's break-on-failure mode supports this behavior. To enable it, set the `GTESTBREAKON_FAILURE` environment variable to a value other than `0` . Alternatively, you can use the `--gtestbreakon_failure` command line flag. Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac. googletest can be used either with or without exceptions enabled. If a test throws a C++ exception or (on Windows) a structured exception (SEH), by default googletest catches it, reports it as a test failure, and continues with the next test method. This maximizes the coverage of a test run. Also, on Windows an uncaught exception will cause a pop-up window, so catching the exceptions allows you to run the tests automatically. When debugging the test failures, however, you may instead want the exceptions to be handled by the debugger, such