Project: Apache Hadoop (App Definition and Development / Database)
File: model.md

<! Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying LICENSE file. --> <!-- MACRO{toc|fromDepth=1|toDepth=3} --> A Path is a list of Path elements which represents a path to a file, directory or symbolic link Path elements are non-empty strings. The exact set of valid strings MAY be specific to a particular FileSystem implementation. Path elements MUST NOT be in `{"", ".", "..", "/"}`. Path elements MUST NOT contain the characters `{'/', ':'}`. Filesystems MAY have other strings that are not permitted in a path element. When validating path elements, the exception `InvalidPathException` SHOULD be raised when a path is invalid [HDFS] A path element `pe` is invalid if any character in it is in the set of forbidden characters, or the element as a whole is invalid forall e in pe: not (e in {'/', ':'}) not pe in {"", ".", "..", "/"} A Path `p` is valid if all path elements in it are valid def valid-path(path): forall pe in path: valid-path-element(pe) The set of all possible paths is Paths; this is the infinite set of all lists of valid path elements. The path represented by empty list, `[]` is the root path, and is denoted by the string `"/"`. The partial function `parent(path:Path):Path` provides the parent path can be defined using list slicing. def parent(pe) : pe[0:-1] Preconditions: path != [] The last Path Element in a Path is called the filename. def filename(p) : p[-1] Preconditions: p != [] The partial function `childElements:(Path p, Path q):Path` is the list of path elements in `p` that follow the path `q`. def childElements(p, q): p[len(q):] Preconditions: q == p[:len(q)] The list of all paths that are either the direct parent of a path p, or a parent of ancestor of p. This definition handles absolute paths but not relative ones; it needs to be reworked so the root element is explicit, presumably by declaring that the root (and only the root) path element may be

Relative paths can then be distinguished from absolute paths as the input to any function and resolved when the second entry in a two-argument function such as `rename`. A filesystem `FS` contains directories (a set of paths), files (a mapping of a path to a list of bytes) and symlinks (a set of paths mapping to paths) (Directories:Set[Path], Files:Map[Path:List[byte]], Symlinks:Map[Path:Path]) Accessor functions return the specific element of a filesystem def directories(FS) = FS.Directories def files(FS) = FS.Files def symlinks(FS) = keys(FS.Symlinks) def filenames(FS) = keys(FS.Files) The entire set of a paths finite subset of all possible Paths, and functions to resolve a path to data, a directory predicate or a symbolic link: def paths(FS) = FS.Directories + filenames(FS) + symlinks(FS) A path is deemed to exist if it is in this aggregate set: def exists(FS, p) = p in paths(FS) The root path, "/", is a directory represented by the path ["/"], which must always exist in a filesystem. def isRoot(p) = p == ["/"]. forall FS in FileSystems : ["/"] in FS.Directories A path MAY refer to a directory in a FileSystem: isDir(FS, p): p in FS.Directories Directories may have children, that is, there may exist other paths in the FileSystem whose path begins with a directory. Only directories may have children. This can be expressed by saying that every path's parent must be a directory. It can then be declared that a path has no parent in which case it is the root directory, or it MUST have a parent that is a directory: forall p in paths(FS) : isRoot(p) or isDir(FS, parent(p)) Because the parent directories of all directories must themselves satisfy this criterion, it is implicit that only leaf nodes may be files or symbolic links: Furthermore, because every filesystem contains the root path, every filesystem must contain at least one directory. A directory may have children: def children(FS, p) = {q for q in paths(FS) where parent(q) == p} There are no duplicate names in the child paths, because all paths are taken from the set of lists of path elements. There can be no duplicate entries in a set, hence no children with duplicate names. A path D is a descendant of a path P if it is the direct child of the path P or an ancestor is a direct child of path P: def isDescendant(P, D) = parent(D) == P or isDescendant(P, parent(D)) The descendants of a directory P are all paths in the filesystem whose path begins with the path P,

their parent is P or an ancestor is P def descendants(FS, D) = {p for p in paths(FS) where isDescendant(D, p)} A path MAY refer to a file that has data in the filesystem; its path is a key in the data dictionary def isFile(FS, p) = p in keys(FS.Files) A path MAY refer to a symbolic link: def isSymlink(FS, p) = p in symlinks(FS) Files store data: def data(FS, p) = files(FS)[p] The length of a path p in a filesystem FS is the length of the data stored, or 0 if it is a directory: def length(FS, p) = if isFile(p) : return length(data(FS, p)) else return 0 The home directory of a user is an implicit part of a filesystem, and is derived from the userid of the process working with the filesystem: def getHomeDirectory(FS) : Path The function `getHomeDirectory` returns the home directory for the Filesystem and the current user account. For some FileSystems, the path is `["/","users", System.getProperty("user-name")]`. However, for HDFS, the username is derived from the credentials used to authenticate the client with HDFS. This may differ from the local user account name. A path cannot refer to more than one of a file, a directory or a symbolic link directories(FS) ^ filenames(FS) == {} directories(FS) ^ symlinks(FS) == {} filenames(FS) ^ symlinks(FS) == {} This implies that only files may have data. This condition is invariant and is an implicit postcondition of all operations that manipulate the state of a FileSystem `FS`. The data is encrypted if the file is in encryption zone. def inEncryptionZone(FS, path): bool The nature of the encryption and the mechanism for creating an encryption zone are implementation details not covered in this specification. No guarantees are made about the quality of the encryption. The metadata is not encrypted. All files and directories under a directory in an encryption zone are also in an encryption zone. forall d in directories(FS): inEncyptionZone(FS, d) implies forall c in children(FS, d) where (isFile(FS, c) or isDir(FS, c)) : inEncyptionZone(FS, c) For all files in an encrypted zone, the data is encrypted, but the encryption type and specification are not defined. forall f in files(FS) where inEncyptionZone(FS, f): isEncrypted(data(FS, f)) Not covered: hard links in a FileSystem. If a FileSystem supports multiple references in paths(FS) to point to the same data, the outcome of operations are undefined. This model of a FileSystem is sufficient to describe all the FileSystem queries and manipulations excluding metadata and permission operations. The Hadoop `FileSystem` and `FileContext` interfaces can be specified in terms of operations that query or change the state of a FileSystem.