Project: Icinga (Observability and Analysis / Observability)
File: 18-library-reference.md

These functions are globally available in , , and the . You can use the as a sandbox to test these functions before implementing them in your scenarios. Signature: ``` function basename(path) ``` Returns the filename portion of the specified path. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var path = "/etc/icinga2/scripts/xmpp-notification.pl" null <2> => basename(path) "xmpp-notification.pl" ``` Signature: ``` function bool(value) ``` Converts the value to a bool. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => bool(1) true <2> => bool(0) false ``` Signature: ``` function cidr_match(pattern, ip, mode) ``` Returns true if the CIDR pattern matches the IP address, false otherwise. IPv4 addresses are converted to IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses before being matched against the pattern. The `mode` argument is optional and can be either `MatchAll` (in which case all elements for an array have to match) or `MatchAny` (in which case at least one element has to match). The default mode is `MatchAll`. Example for a single IP address: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.address = "192.168.56.101" null <2> => cidr_match("192.168.56.0/24", host.address) true <3> => cidr_match("192.168.56.0/26", host.address) false ``` Example for an array of IP addresses: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.vars.vhost_ips = [ "192.168.56.101", "192.168.56.102", "10.0.10.99" ] null <2> => cidrmatch("192.168.56.0/24", host.vars.vhostips, MatchAll) false <3> => cidrmatch("192.168.56.0/24", host.vars.vhostips, MatchAny) true ``` Signature: ``` function dirname(path) ``` Returns the directory portion of the specified path. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var path = "/etc/icinga2/scripts/xmpp-notification.pl" null <2> => dirname(path) "/etc/icinga2/scripts" ``` Signature: ``` function escapecreateprocess_arg(text) ``` Escapes a string for use as an argument for CreateProcess(). Windows only. Signature: ``` function escapeshellarg(text) ``` Escapes a string for use as a single shell argument. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => escapeshellarg("'$host.name$' '$service.name$'") "''\\''$host.name$'\\'' '\\''$service.name$'\\'''" ``` Signature: ``` function escapeshellcmd(text) ``` Escapes shell meta characters in a string. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => escapeshellcmd("/bin/echo 'shell test' $ENV") "/bin/echo 'shell test' \\$ENV" ``` Signature: ``` function get_time() ``` Returns the current UNIX timestamp as floating point number. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => get_time() 1480072135.633008 <2> => get_time() 1480072140.401207 ``` Signature: ``` function getenv(key) ``` Returns the value from the specified environment variable key. Example: ``` $ MYENVVAR=icinga2 icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) Type $help to view available commands. <1> => getenv("MYENVVAR") "icinga2" ``` Signature: ``` function glob(pathSpec, type) ``` Returns an array containing all paths which match the `pathSpec` argument. The `type` argument is optional and specifies which types of paths are matched. This can be a combination of the `GlobFile` and `GlobDirectory` constants. The default value is `GlobFile | GlobDirectory`. ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var pathSpec = "/etc/icinga2/conf.d/*.conf" null <2> => glob(pathSpec) [ "/etc/icinga2/conf.d/app.conf", "/etc/icinga2/conf.d/commands.conf", ... ] ``` Signature: ``` function glob_recursive(path, pattern, type) ``` Recursively descends into the specified directory and returns an array containing all paths which match the `pattern` argument. The `type` argument is optional and specifies which types of paths are matched. This can be a combination of the `GlobFile` and `GlobDirectory` constants. The default value is `GlobFile | GlobDirectory`. ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var path =

null <2> => var pattern = "*.conf" null <3> => glob_recursive(path, pattern) [ "/etc/icinga2/zones.d/global-templates/templates.conf", "/etc/icinga2/zones.d/master/hosts.conf", ... ] ``` Signature: ``` function intersection(array, array, ...) ``` Returns an array containing all unique elements which are common to all specified arrays. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var devnotificationgroups = [ "devs", "slack" ] null <2> => var hostnotificationgroups = [ "slack", "noc" ] null <3> => intersection(devnotificationgroups, hostnotificationgroups) [ "slack" ] ``` Signature: ``` function keys(dict) ``` Returns an array containing the dictionary's keys. Note: Instead of using this global function you are advised to use the type's prototype method: . Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.vars.disks["/"] = {} null <2> => host.vars.disks["/var"] = {} null <3> => host.vars.disks.keys() [ "/", "/var" ] ``` Signature: ``` function len(value) ``` Returns the length of the value, i.e. the number of elements for an array or dictionary, or the length of the string in bytes. Note: Instead of using this global function you are advised to use the type's prototype method: , and . Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.groups = [ "linux-servers", "db-servers" ] null <2> => host.groups.len() 2.000000 <3> => host.vars.disks["/"] = {} null <4> => host.vars.disks["/var"] = {} null <5> => host.vars.disks.len() 2.000000 <6> => host.vars.os_type = "Linux/Unix" null <7> => host.vars.os_type.len() 10.000000 ``` Signature: ``` function log(value) ``` Writes a message to the log. Non-string values are converted to a JSON string. Signature: ``` function log(severity, facility, value) ``` Writes a message to the log. `severity` can be one of `LogDebug`, `LogNotice`, `LogInformation`, `LogWarning`, and `LogCritical`. Non-string values are converted to a JSON string. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => log(LogCritical, "Console", "First line") critical/Console: First line null <2> => var groups = [ "devs", "slack" ] null <3> => log(LogCritical, "Console", groups) critical/Console: ["devs","slack"] null ``` Signature: ``` function match(pattern, value, mode) ``` Returns true if the wildcard (`?*`) `pattern` matches the `value`, false otherwise. The `value` can be of the type or (which contains string elements). The `mode` argument is optional and can be either `MatchAll` (in which case all elements for an array have to match) or `MatchAny` (in which case at least one element has to match). The default mode is `MatchAll`. Example for string values: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var name = "db-prod-sfo-657" null <2> => match("prod-sfo", name) true <3> => match("-dev-", name) false ``` Example for an array of string values: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0-28) <1> => host.vars.application_types = [ "web-wp", "web-rt", "db-local" ] null <2> => match("web-*", host.vars.application_types, MatchAll) false <3> => match("web-*", host.vars.application_types, MatchAny) true ``` Signature: ``` function number(value) ``` Converts the value to a number. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => number(false) 0.000000 <2> => number("78") 78.000000 ``` Signature: ``` function parseperformancedata(pd) ``` Parses a single performance data value from a string and returns a object. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var pd = "'time'=1480074205.197363;;;" null <2> => parseperformancedata(pd) { counter = false crit = null label = "time" max = null min = null type = "PerfdataValue" unit = "" value =

warn = null } ``` Signature: ``` function path_exists(path) ``` Returns true if the specified path exists, false otherwise. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => var path = "/etc/icinga2/scripts/xmpp-notification.pl" null <2> => path_exists(path) true ``` Signature: ``` function random() ``` Returns a random value between 0 and RAND\_MAX (as defined in stdlib.h). ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => random() 1263171996.000000 <2> => random() 108402530.000000 ``` Signature: ``` function range(end) function range(start, end) function range(start, end, increment) ``` Returns an array of numbers in the specified range. If you specify one parameter, the first element starts at `0`. The following array numbers are incremented by `1` and stop before the specified end. If you specify the start and end numbers, the returned array number are incremented by `1`. They start at the specified start number and stop before the end number. Optionally you can specify the incremented step between numbers as third parameter. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => range(5) [ 0.000000, 1.000000, 2.000000, 3.000000, 4.000000 ] <2> => range(2,4) [ 2.000000, 3.000000 ] <3> => range(2,10,2) [ 2.000000, 4.000000, 6.000000, 8.000000 ] ``` Signature: ``` function regex(pattern, value, mode) ``` Returns true if the regular expression `pattern` matches the `value`, false otherwise. The `value` can be of the type or (which contains string elements). The `mode` argument is optional and can be either `MatchAll` (in which case all elements for an array have to match) or `MatchAny` (in which case at least one element has to match). The default mode is `MatchAll`. Tip: In case you are looking for regular expression tests try . Example for string values: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.vars.os_type = "Linux/Unix" null <2> => regex("^Linux", host.vars.os_type) true <3> => regex("^Linux$", host.vars.os_type) false ``` Example for an array of string values: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => host.vars.databases = [ "db-prod1", "db-prod2", "db-dev" ] null <2> => regex("^db-prod\\d+", host.vars.databases, MatchAny) true <3> => regex("^db-prod\\d+", host.vars.databases, MatchAll) false ``` Signature: ``` function sleep(interval) ``` Sleeps for the specified amount of time (in seconds). Signature: ``` function string(value) ``` Converts the value to a string. Note: Instead of using this global function you are advised to use the type's prototype method: for Array and Dictionary types Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => 5.to_string() "5" <2> => false.to_string() "false" <3> => "abc".to_string() "abc" <4> => [ "dev", "slack" ].to_string() "[ \"dev\", \"slack\" ]" <5> => { "/" = {}, "/var" = {} }.to_string() "{\n\t\"/\" = {\n\t}\n\t\"/var\" = {\n\t}\n}" <6> => DateTime(2016, 11, 25).to_string() "2016-11-25 00:00:00 +0100" ``` Signature: ``` function typeof(value) ``` Returns the object for a value. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => typeof(3) == Number true <2> => typeof("str") == String true <3> => typeof(true) == Boolean true <4> => typeof([ 1, 2, 3]) == Array true <5> => typeof({ a = 2, b = 3 }) == Dictionary true ``` Signature: ``` function union(array, array, ...) ``` Returns an array containing all unique elements from the specified arrays. Example: ``` $ icinga2 console Icinga 2 (version:

<1> => var devnotificationgroups = [ "devs", "slack" ] null <2> => var hostnotificationgroups = [ "slack", "noc" ] null <3> => union(devnotificationgroups, hostnotificationgroups) [ "devs", "noc", "slack" ] ``` This chapter describes functions which are only available in a specific scope. Signature: ``` function macro("$macro_name$") ``` The `macro` function can be used to resolve strings into their values. The returned value depends on the attribute value which is resolved from the specified runtime macro. This function is only available in runtime evaluated functions, e.g. for which use the . This example sets the `snmp_address` custom variable based on `$address$` and `$address6$`. ``` vars.snmp_address = {{ var addr_v4 = macro("$address$") var addr_v6 = macro("$address6$") if (addr_v4) { return addr_v4 } else { return "udp6:[" + addr_v6 + "]" } }} ``` More reference examples are available inside the and the . These functions can be used to retrieve a reference to another object by name. Signature: ``` function getcheckcommand(name); ``` Returns the CheckCommand object with the specified name, or `null` if no such CheckCommand object exists. Signature: ``` function geteventcommand(name); ``` Returns the EventCommand object with the specified name, or `null` if no such EventCommand object exists. Signature: ``` function gethost(hostname); ``` Returns the Host object with the specified name, or `null` if no such Host object exists. Signature: ``` function gethostgroup(name); ``` Returns the HostGroup object with the specified name, or `null` if no such HostGroup object exists. Signature: ``` function getnotificationcommand(name); ``` Returns the NotificationCommand object with the specified name, or `null` if no such NotificationCommand object exists. Signature: ``` function get_object(type, name); ``` Returns the object with the specified type and name, or `null` if no such object exists. `type` must refer to a type object. Signature: ``` function get_objects(type); ``` Returns an array of objects whose type matches the specified type. `type` must refer to a type object. Signature: ``` function getservice(hostname, service_name); function getservice(host, servicename); ``` Returns the Service object with the specified host name or object and service name pair, or `null` if no such Service object exists. Example in the which fetches the `disk` service object from the current Icinga 2 node: ``` $ ICINGA2APIPASSWORD=icinga icinga2 console --connect 'https://root@localhost:5665/' Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => get_service(NodeName, "disk") <2> => getservice(NodeName, "disk")._name "icinga2-master1.localdomain!disk" <3> => getservice(gethost(NodeName), "disk").name "icinga2-master1.localdomain!disk" ``` Signature: ``` function getservicegroup(name); ``` Returns the ServiceGroup object with the specified name, or `null` if no such ServiceGroup object exists. Signature: ``` function getservices(hostname); function get_services(host); ``` Returns an of service objects for the specified host name or object, or `null` if no such host object exists. Example in the which fetches all service objects from the current Icinga 2 node: ``` $ ICINGA2APIPASSWORD=icinga icinga2 console --connect 'https://root@localhost:5665/' Icinga 2 (version: v2.11.0) <1> => get_services(NodeName).map(s => s.name) [ "disk", "disk /", "http", "icinga", "load", "ping4", "ping6", "procs", "ssh", "users" ] ``` Note: takes a as argument. In this example we only want to collect and print the `name` attribute with `s => s.name`. This works in a similar fashion for a host object where you can extract all service states in using the functionality: ``` <2> => getservices(gethost(NodeName)).map(s => s.state) [ 2.000000, 2.000000, 2.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 2.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000 ] ``` Signature: ``` function get_template(type, name); ``` Returns the template with the specified type and name, or `null` if no such object exists. `type` must refer to a type

Note Only the name and debug info attributes are available for templates accessed in the DSL. Object attributes are not available in this scope. You can use this functionality to check whether a template exists e.g. on a satellite endpoint and if not, import a different template. ``` object Host "icinga-agent47.localdomain" { if (get_template(Host, "master-host-tmpl")) { import "master-host-tmpl" } else { import "generic-host" } } ``` Signature: ``` function get_templates(type); ``` Returns an array of templates whose type matches the specified type. `type` must refer to a type object. Note Only the name and debug info attributes are available for templates accessed in the DSL. Object attributes are not available in this scope. You can use this function to iterate over all available template names, similar to what the provides. ``` <1> => get_templates(Host).map(n => n.name) [ "ssh-agent" ] ``` Signature: ``` function gettimeperiod(name); ``` Returns the TimePeriod object with the specified name, or `null` if no such TimePeriod object exists. Signature: ``` function get_user(name); ``` Returns the User object with the specified name, or `null` if no such User object exists. Signature: ``` function getusergroup(name); ``` Returns the UserGroup object with the specified name, or `null` if no such UserGroup object exists. The global `Json` object can be used to encode and decode JSON. Signature: ``` function decode(x); ``` Decodes a JSON string. Signature: ``` function encode(x); ``` Encodes an arbitrary value into JSON. The global `Math` object can be used to access a number of mathematical constants and functions. Euler's constant. Natural logarithm of 2. Natural logarithm of 10. Base 2 logarithm of E. The mathematical constant Pi. Square root of 1/2. Square root of 2. Signature: ``` function abs(x); ``` Returns the absolute value of `x`. Signature: ``` function acos(x); ``` Returns the arccosine of `x`. Signature: ``` function asin(x); ``` Returns the arcsine of `x`. Signature: ``` function atan(x); ``` Returns the arctangent of `x`. Signature: ``` function atan2(y, x); ``` Returns the arctangent of the quotient of `y` and `x`. Signature: ``` function ceil(x); ``` Returns the smallest integer value not less than `x`. Signature: ``` function cos(x); ``` Returns the cosine of `x`. Signature: ``` function exp(x); ``` Returns E raised to the `x`th power. Signature: ``` function floor(x); ``` Returns the largest integer value not greater than `x`. Signature: ``` function isinf(x); ``` Returns whether `x` is infinite. Signature: ``` function isnan(x); ``` Returns whether `x` is NaN (not-a-number). Signature: ``` function log(x); ``` Returns the natural logarithm of `x`. Signature: ``` function max(...); ``` Returns the largest argument. A variable number of arguments can be specified. If no arguments are given, -Infinity is returned. Signature: ``` function min(...); ``` Returns the smallest argument. A variable number of arguments can be specified. If no arguments are given, +Infinity is returned. Signature: ``` function pow(x, y); ``` Returns `x` raised to the `y`th power. Signature: ``` function random(); ``` Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1. Signature: ``` function round(x); ``` Returns `x` rounded to the nearest integer value. Signature: ``` function sign(x); ``` Returns -1 if `x` is negative, 1 if `x` is positive and 0 if `x` is 0. Signature: ``` function sin(x); ``` Returns the sine of `x`. Signature: ``` function sqrt(x); ``` Returns the square root of `x`. Signature: ``` function tan(x); ``` Returns the tangent of `x`. Inherits methods from the

Signature: ``` function add(value); ``` Adds a new value after the last element in the array. Signature: ``` function all(func); ``` Returns true if the array contains only elements for which `func(element)` is true, false otherwise. Signature: ``` function any(func); ``` Returns true if the array contains at least one element for which `func(element)` is true, false otherwise. Signature: ``` function clear(); ``` Removes all elements from the array. Signature: ``` function contains(value); ``` Returns true if the array contains the specified value, false otherwise. Signature: ``` function filter(func); ``` Returns a copy of the array containing only the elements for which `func(element)` is true. Signature: ``` function freeze() ``` Disallows further modifications to this array. Trying to modify the array will result in an exception. Signature: ``` function get(index); ``` Retrieves the element at the specified zero-based index. Signature: ``` function join(separator); ``` Joins all elements of the array using the specified separator. Signature: ``` function len(); ``` Returns the number of elements contained in the array. Signature: ``` function map(func); ``` Calls `func(element)` for each of the elements in the array and returns a new array containing the return values of these function calls. Signature: ``` function reduce(func); ``` Reduces the elements of the array into a single value by calling the provided function `func` as `func(a, b)` repeatedly where `a` and `b` are elements of the array or results from previous function calls. Signature: ``` function remove(index); ``` Removes the element at the specified zero-based index. Signature: ``` function reverse(); ``` Returns a new array with all elements of the current array in reverse order. Signature: ``` function set(index, value); ``` Sets the element at the zero-based index to the specified value. The `index` must refer to an element which already exists in the array. ``` function shallow_clone(); ``` Returns a copy of the array. Note that for elements which are reference values (e.g. objects such as arrays and dictionaries) only the references are copied. Signature: ``` function sort(less_cmp); ``` Returns a copy of the array where all items are sorted. The items are compared using the `<` (less-than) operator. A custom comparator function can be specified with the `less_cmp` argument. Signature: ``` function unique(); ``` Returns a copy of the array with all duplicate elements removed. The original order of the array is not preserved. Signature: ``` function to_string(); ``` The `to_string` method returns a string representation of the boolean value. Example: ``` var example = true example.to_string() / Returns "true" / ``` Inherits methods from the . Signature: ``` function DateTime() function DateTime(unixTimestamp) function DateTime(year, month, day) function DateTime(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds) ``` Constructs a new DateTime object. When no arguments are specified for the constructor a new DateTime object representing the current time is created. Example: ``` var d1 = DateTime() / current time / var d2 = DateTime(2016, 5, 21) / midnight April 21st, 2016 (local time) / ``` Subtracting two DateTime objects yields the interval between them, in

Example: ``` var delta = DateTime() - DateTime(2016, 5, 21) / seconds since midnight April 21st, 2016 / ``` Subtracting a number from a DateTime object yields a new DateTime object that is further in the past: Example: ``` var dt = DateTime() - 2 60 60 / Current time minus 2 hours / ``` Adding a number to a DateTime object yields a new DateTime object that is in the future: Example: ``` var dt = DateTime() + 24 60 60 / Current time plus 24 hours / ``` Signature: ``` function format(fmt) ``` Returns a string representation for the DateTime object using the specified format string. The format string may contain format conversion placeholders as specified in strftime(3). Example: ``` var s = DateTime(2016, 4, 21).format("%A") / Sets s to "Thursday". / ``` Signature: ``` function to_string() ``` Returns a string representation for the DateTime object. Uses a suitable default format. Example: ``` var s = DateTime(2016, 4, 21).to_string() / Sets s to "2016-04-21 00:00:00 +0200". / ``` Inherits methods from the . Signature: ``` function clear(); ``` Removes all items from the dictionary. Signature: ``` function contains(key); ``` Returns true if a dictionary item with the specified `key` exists, false otherwise. Signature: ``` function freeze() ``` Disallows further modifications to this dictionary. Trying to modify the dictionary will result in an exception. Signature: ``` function get(key); ``` Retrieves the value for the specified `key`. Returns `null` if they `key` does not exist in the dictionary. Signature: ``` function keys(); ``` Returns a list of keys for all items that are currently in the dictionary. Signature: ``` function len(); ``` Returns the number of items contained in the dictionary. Signature: ``` function remove(key); ``` Removes the item with the specified `key`. Trying to remove an item which does not exist is a no-op. Signature: ``` function set(key, value); ``` Creates or updates an item with the specified `key` and `value`. Signature: ``` function shallow_clone(); ``` Returns a copy of the dictionary. Note that for elements which are reference values (e.g. objects such as arrays and dictionaries) only the references are copied. Signature: ``` function values(); ``` Returns a list of values for all items that are currently in the dictionary. Inherits methods from the . Signature: ``` function call(thisArg, ...); ``` Invokes the function using an alternative `this` scope. The `thisArg` argument specifies the `this` scope for the function. All other arguments are passed directly to the function. Example: ``` function set_x(val) { this.x = val } dict = {} setx.call(dict, 7) /* Invokes setx using `dict` as `this` */ ``` Signature: ``` function callv(thisArg, args); ``` Invokes the function using an alternative `this` scope. The `thisArg` argument specifies the `this` scope for the function. The items in the `args` array are passed to the function as individual arguments. Example: ``` function set_x(val) { this.x = val } var dict = {} var args = [ 7 ] setx.callv(dict, args) /* Invokes setx using `dict` as `this` */ ``` Signature: ``` function to_string(); ``` The `to_string` method returns a string representation of the number. Example: ``` var example = 7 example.to_string() / Returns "7" / ``` This is the base type for all types in the Icinga application. Signature: ``` function clone(); ``` Returns a copy of the object. Note that for object elements which are reference values (e.g. objects such as arrays or dictionaries) the entire object is recursively copied. Signature: ``` function to_string(); ``` Returns a string representation for the object. Unless overridden this returns a string of the format "Object of type '<typename>'" where <typename> is the name of the object's

Example: ``` [ 3, true ].to_string() / Returns "[ 3.000000, true ]" / ``` Signature: String type; Returns the object's type name. This attribute is read-only. Example: ``` get_host("localhost").type / Returns "Host" / ``` Signature: ``` function contains(str); ``` Returns `true` if the string `str` was found in the string. If the string was not found, `false` is returned. Use for getting the index instead. Example: ``` "Hello World".contains("World") / Returns true / ``` Signature: ``` function find(str, start); ``` Returns the zero-based index at which the string `str` was found in the string. If the string was not found, -1 is returned. `start` specifies the zero-based index at which `find` should start looking for the string (defaults to 0 when not specified). Example: ``` "Hello World".find("World") / Returns 6 / ``` Signature ``` function len(); ``` Returns the length of the string in bytes. Note that depending on the encoding type of the string this is not necessarily the number of characters. Example: ``` "Hello World".len() / Returns 11 / ``` Signature: ``` function lower(); ``` Returns a copy of the string with all of its characters converted to lower-case. Example: ``` "Hello World".lower() / Returns "hello world" / ``` Signature: ``` function replace(search, replacement); ``` Returns a copy of the string with all occurences of the string specified in `search` replaced with the string specified in `replacement`. Signature: ``` function reverse(); ``` Returns a copy of the string in reverse order. Signature: ``` function split(delimiters); ``` Splits a string into individual parts and returns them as an array. The `delimiters` argument specifies the characters which should be used as delimiters between parts. Example: ``` "x-7,y".split("-,") / Returns [ "x", "7", "y" ] / ``` Signature: ``` function substr(start, len); ``` Returns a part of a string. The `start` argument specifies the zero-based index at which the part begins. The optional `len` argument specifies the length of the part ("until the end of the string" if omitted). Example: ``` "Hello World".substr(6) / Returns "World" / ``` Signature: ``` function to_string(); ``` Returns a copy of the string. Signature: ``` function trim(); ``` Removes trailing whitespaces and returns the string. Signature: ``` function upper(); ``` Returns a copy of the string with all of its characters converted to upper-case. Example: ``` "Hello World".upper() / Returns "HELLO WORLD" / ``` Inherits methods from the . The `Type` type provides information about the underlying type of an object or scalar value. All types are registered as global variables. For example, in order to obtain a reference to the `String` type the global variable `String` can be used. Signature: ``` Type base; ``` Returns a reference to the type's base type. This attribute is read-only. Example: ``` Dictionary.base == Object / Returns true, because the Dictionary type inherits directly from the Object type. / ``` Signature: ``` String name; ``` Returns the name of the type. Signature: ``` Object prototype; ``` Returns the prototype object for the type. When an attribute is accessed on an object that doesn't exist the prototype object is checked to see if an attribute with the requested name exists. If it does, the attribute's value is returned. The prototype functionality is used to implement methods. Example: ``` 3.tostring() /* Even though '3' does not have a tostring property the Number type's prototype object does. */ ```