argument
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/
ipa: /ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/
ipa: /-ɡju-/
ipa: /-ɡjə-/
Forms: form: arguments
form: arguement
Etymology: From Middle English argument, from Anglo-Norman and Old French arguement, from Latin argumentum. The English word is analysable as argue + -ment. Doublet of argumentum.
Displaced native Old English racu and ġeflit.
Senses: examples: text: There is no greater, at leaſt no more palpable and convincing Argument of the Exiſtence of a Deity than the admirable Art and Wiſdom that diſcovers itſelf in the make and conſtitution, the order and diſpoſition, the ends and uſes of all the parts and members of this ſtately fabrick of Heaven and Earth.
ref: 1691, John Ray, “Psalm 104. 24. How Manifold are thy Works O Lord? In Wisdom hast thou made them all.”, in The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC, pages 11–12:
text: Says Plowdon [i.e., Edmund Plowden], the whale so caught belongs to the King and Queen, “because of its superior excellence.” And by the soundest commentators this has ever been held a cogent argument in such matters.
ref: 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Stubb’s Supper”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, pages 446–447:
glosses: A fact or statement used to support a proposition; a reason.
examples: text: Consider the argument: / 15) I am hungry; therefore I am hungry. / Intuitively this should count as valid. But suppose we thought of the components of arguments as sentences, and suppose we imagine the context shifting between the utterance of the premise and the utterance of the conclusion. Suppose you are hungry and utter the premise, and I am not hungry and utter the conclusion. Then we would have a true premise and a false conclusion, so the argument would not be valid. Clearly we need to avoid such problems, and introducing the notion of a proposition, in the style of this section, is one way of doing so.
ref: 2001, Mark Sainsbury, “Validity”, in Logical Forms: An Introduction to Philosophical Logic, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Blackwell Publishing, →ISBN, § 8, page 35:
text: In ‘The Critic of Arguments’ (1892), [Charles Sanders] Peirce adopts a notion that is even closer to that of a propositional function. There he develops the concept of the ‘rhema’. He says the rhema is like a relative term, but it is not a term. It contains a copula, that is, when joined to the correct number of arguments it produces an assertion. For example, ‘__ is bought by __ from __ for __’ is a four-place rhema. Applying it to four objects a, b, c, and d produces the assertion that a is bought by b from c for d[…].
ref: 2011 July 20, Edwin Mares, “Propositional Functions”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, fall 2011 edition, archived from the original on 07 Aug 2020:
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: A fact or statement used to support a proposition; a reason.
A series of propositions organized so that the final proposition is a conclusion which is intended to follow logically from the preceding propositions, which function as premises.
examples: text: Indeed, I cannot commend my life; for I am conſcious to my ſelf of many failings: therein, I know alſo that a man by his converſation, may ſoon overthrow what by argument or perſwaſion he doth labour to faſten upon others for their good: […]
ref: 1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC; reprinted in The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan: Being a Fac-simile Reproduction of the First Edition, London: Elliot Stock […], 1875, →OCLC, page 84:
text: For if the Idea be not agreed on, betwixt the Speaker and Hearer, for which the Words ſtand, the Argument is not about Things, but Names.
ref: 1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], “Of the Remedies of the foregoing Imperfections and Abuses”, in An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC, book III, § 6, page 252:
text: I shuddered when I thought of the possible consequences of my consent; but I felt that there was some justice in his argument.
ref: 1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter I, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume II, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 146:
text: Meanwhile, the authoritarianism, which has turned left-liberalism into a movement for sneaks and prudes, was always going to play into the hands of the right. Free citizens have stopped listening to those who respond to the challenge of argument by screaming for the police to arrest the politically incorrect or for universities to ban speakers who depart from leftish orthodoxy.
ref: 2016 October 2, Nick Cohen, “Liberal Guilt Won’t Fight Nationalism”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 195, numbers 17 (30 September – 6 October 2016), London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 21, column 3:
glosses: A process of reasoning; argumentation.
examples: text: If I would broach the veſſels of my loue, / And try the argument of hearts, by borrowing, / Men, and mens fortunes, could I frankely vſe / As I can bid thee ſpeake.
ref: c. 1605–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 84, column 2:
glosses: An abstract or summary of the content of a literary work such as a book, a poem or a major section such as a chapter, included in the work before the content itself; (figuratively) the contents themselves.
examples: text: The neighbours got into an argument about the branches of the trees that extended over the fence.
text: Ar[mado]. Come hither, come hither: How did this argument begin.
 Boy. By ſaying that a Coſtard was broken in a ſhin,
 Then cald you for the Lenuoy [i.e. l'envoy].
 Clow[ne; i.e., Costard]. True, and I for a Plantan, thus came your argument in,
 Then the boyes fat Lenuoy, the Gooſe that you bought, and he ended the market.
ref: c. 1595–1596 (date written), W. Shakespere [i.e., William Shakespeare], A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto), London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, published 1598, →OCLC; republished as Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5), London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:
text: In argument with men a woman ever / Goes by the worſe, whatever be her cauſe.
ref: 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 56, lines 904–905:
synonyms: word: argument
word: argy-bargy
word: altercation
word: barney
word: bawl out
word: blue
word: bobbery
word: brawl
word: clash
word: conflict
word: controversy
word: debate
word: difference
word: ding-dong
word: disagreement
word: discordance
word: disharmony
word: disputation
word: dispute
word: dissonance
word: disunion
word: dustup
word: face-off
word: falling out
word: feud
word: fight
word: flite
word: hassle
word: quarrel
word: quibble
word: row
word: spat
word: squabble
word: tangle
word: threap
word: tiff
word: wrangle
glosses: A verbal dispute; a quarrel.
examples: text: Steve got in a physical argument with his neighbor and came away with a black eye.
text: While biking home, he got in an argument with the pavement.
text: D5131 has received extensive cab damage, having been in an argument with Class 37 D6855 at Inverness in August 1971 - one of two accidents that occurred there on August 20.
ref: 2022 January 26, John Crosse, “When the tide turned to a safer railway...”, in RAIL, number 949, page 52, photo caption:
glosses: Any dispute, altercation, or collision.
examples: text: In numerous works over the past two decades, beginning with the pioneering work of Gruber (1965), Fillmore (1968a), and Jackendoff (1972), it has been argued that each Argument (i.e. Subject or Complement) of a Predicate bears a particular thematic role (alias theta-role, or θ-role to its Predicate), and that the set of thematic functions which Arguments can fulfil are drawn from a highly restricted, finite, universal set.
ref: 1988, Andrew Radford, “The Lexicon”, in Transformational Grammar: A First Course (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 1999, →ISBN, section 7.10 (Thematic Relations), pages 372–373:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: Any of the phrases that bear a syntactic connection to the verb of a clause.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: The independent variable of a function.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: The phase of a complex number.
examples: text: The altitude is the argument of the refraction.
topics: astronomy
mathematics
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A quantity on which the calculation of another quantity depends.
examples: text: Parameters are like labelled fillable blanks used to define a function whereas arguments are passed to a function when calling it, filling in those blanks.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
synonyms: actual argument
passed parameter
glosses: A value, or a reference to a value, passed to a function.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
glosses: A parameter at a function call; an actual parameter, as opposed to a formal parameter.
examples: text: As neere as I could ſift him on that argument,
 On ſome apparent danger ſeene in him,
 Aimde at your highnes, no inueterate malice.
ref: 1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:
text: On, on, you Nobliſh Engliſh, / Whoſe blood is fet from Fathers of Warre-proofe: / Fathers, that like ſo many Alexanders, / Haue in theſe parts from Morne till Euen fought, / And ſheath’d their Swords, for lack of argument.
ref: 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 77, column 2:
glosses: A matter in question; a business in hand.
examples: text: [I]n vttering the ſtuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the order ye tooke with the other, ye ſhall neuer lacke, neither matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this kinde of Argument.
ref: 1570, Margaret Ascham, “To the Honorable Sir William Cecill Knight, Principall Secretarie to the Quenes Most Excellent Maiestie”, in Roger Ascham, edited by Margaret Ascham, The Scholemaster: Or Plaine and Perfite Way of Teaching Children, to Vnderstand, Write, and Speake, the Latin Tong, […], London: […] John Daye, […], →OCLC:
text: Belike this ſhow imports the argument of the play.
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:
english: This show is perhaps the subject of the play.
translation: This show is perhaps the subject of the play.
bold_translation_offsets: 25
32
text: O know ſweet loue I alwaies write of you,
 And you and loue are ſtill my argument: […]
ref: 1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 76”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:
text: [N]earer view / Briſtl'd with upright beams innumerable / Of rigid Spears, and Helmets throng'd, and Shields / Various, with boaſtful Argument portraid, / The banded Powers of Satan haſting on / With furious expedition; […]
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 81–86:
text: The abstract, or argument of the piece, is shortly as follows.
ref: 1844, Francis Jeffrey, “Sardanapalus, a Tragedy. The Two Foscari, a Tragedy. Cain, a Mystery. By Lord Byron. 8vo. pp. 440. Murray, London: 1822. [book review]”, in Contributions to the Edinburgh Review. […], 2nd edition, volume II, London: […] [Andrew Spottiswoode] for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, part III (Poetry), page 357:
glosses: The subject matter of an artistic representation, discourse, or writing; a theme or topic.
examples: text: [F]or louing me, by my troth it is no addition to her wit, nor no great argument of her follie, for I will be horribly in loue with her, […]
ref: 1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, Much Adoe about Nothing. […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:
glosses: Evidence, proof; (countable) an item of such evidence or proof.
Synonyms: word: argument
word: assertion
word: basis
word: claim
word: contention
word: proof
Hypernyms: word: statement
Hyponyms: word: circular argument
word: cosmological argument
word: counterargument
word: diagonal argument
word: Doomsday argument
word: etymological argument
word: homunculus argument
word: Lucas-Penrose argument
word: midargument
word: misargument
word: mud pie argument
word: nonargument
word: non-argument
word: ontological argument
word: opening argument
word: oral argument
word: Penrose-Lucas argument
word: position argument
word: private language argument
word: pseudo-argument
word: pseudoargument
word: Quine-Putnam indispensability argument
word: reargument
word: regress argument
word: regressive argument
word: sticky bead argument
word: teleological argument
word: violinist argument
word: incorrect argument
Meronyms: topics: logic
mathematics
philosophy
human-sciences
sciences
word: conclusion
topics: logic
mathematics
philosophy
human-sciences
sciences
word: premise
topics: logic
mathematics
philosophy
human-sciences
sciences
word: proposition
Derived terms: argumentable
argumental
argumentary
argumentation
argumentative
argumentatively
argumentativeness
argument form
argument-form
argument from design
argument from ignorance
argument from illusion
argument from silence
argumenthood
argumentive
argumentize
argumentless
argument mining
multiargument
sargable
an argument
Related terms: word: arguable
word: arguably
word: argue
word: arguendo
word: arguer
word: argufier
word: argufy
word: arguing
word: argumentator
word: argumentum
word: good
word: bad
word: valid
word: invalid
word: correct
word: incorrect
word: right
word: wrong
word: sound
word: unsound
word: strong
word: weak
word: convincing
word: unconvincing
word: plausible
word: implausible
word: conclusive
word: inconclusive
word: fallacious
word: erroneous
word: simple
word: complicated
word: straightforward
word: subtle
word: tricky
word: inductive
word: deductive
word: logical
word: illogical
word: absurd
word: specious
word: flawed
word: honest
word: dishonest
word: sincere
word: deceptive
word: stupid
word: silly
word: insane
word: cogent
word: relevant
word: irrelevant
word: discussant
word: debater
word: disputant
word: controversialist
word: orator
word: rhetorician
word: lawyer
word: politician
word: sophist
word: casuist
word: demagogue
word: philosopher
word: thinker
word: dispute