cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/
rhymes: -ɪŋɡəl
Forms: form: shingles
form: shindle
Etymology: From Middle English shyngel, alteration of Old English sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.
Senses: examples: text: I reached St. Asaph, a Bishop's See, where there is a very poor Cathedral Church, covered with Shingles or Tiles
ref: 1760, John Ray, Select Remains of the Learned John Ray, M.A. and F.R.S., page 123:
glosses: A small, thin piece of building material, often with one end thicker than the other, for laying in overlapping rows as a covering for the roof or sides of a building.
glosses: A rectangular piece of steel obtained by means of a shingling process involving hammering of puddled steel.
examples: text: He [...] hung a shingle as a barber.
ref: 2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), page 311:
text: When [these attorneys] were born, in the early decades of the 19th century, being a lawyer meant putting out a shingle and representing your neighbors.
ref: 2022, Peter S. Canellos, interviewed by Ronald Collins in eGreater than Holmes? The life and legacy of John Marshall Harlan, SCOTUSblog, April 13 2022
glosses: A small signboard designating a professional office; this may be both a physical signboard or a metaphoric term for a small production company (a production shingle).
examples: text: In the second phase, we produce a list of all the shingles and the documents they appear in, sorted by shingle value.
ref: 1997 September 1, Andrei Z. Broder, Steven C. Glassman, Mark S. Manasse, Geoffrey Zweig, “Syntactic clustering of the Web”, in Computer Networks and ISDN Systems (Papers from the Sixth International World Wide Web Conference), volume 29, number 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 1157–1166:
topics: computational
computing
engineering
human-sciences
linguistics
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A word-based n-gram.
Derived terms: architectural shingle
asphalt shingle
dimensional shingle
hang a shingle
shingle cap
shingle oak
shit on a shingle
square tab shingle
stew on a shingle
shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/
rhymes: -ɪŋɡəl
Forms: form: shingles
form: shingling
form: shingled
form: shingled
form: shindle
Etymology: From Middle English shyngel, alteration of Old English sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.
Senses: glosses: To cover with small, thin pieces of building material, with shingles.
glosses: To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, like shingles on a roof.
glosses: To increase the storage density of (a hard disk) by writing tracks that partially overlap.
Derived terms: hang out one's shingle
shingler
shingle up
shingly
solar shingle
w-shingling
Related terms: shake
tile
shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/
rhymes: -ɪŋɡəl
Forms: form: shingles
form: shingling
form: shingled
form: shingled
Etymology: From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).
Senses: topics: business
manufacturing
glosses: To hammer and squeeze material in order to expel cinder and impurities from it, as in metallurgy.
glosses: To beat with a shingle.
shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/
rhymes: -ɪŋɡəl
Forms: form: shingles
Etymology: From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).
Senses: glosses: A punitive strap such as a belt.
glosses: Any paddle used for corporal punishment.
shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/
rhymes: -ɪŋɡəl
Forms: form: shingles
Etymology: From Middle English shingel, chingel, singel (“gravel, pebbles”), cognate with Norwegian Bokmål singel (“pebble(s)”), Norwegian Nynorsk singel (“pebble(s)”), and North Frisian singel (“gravel”), imitative of the sound of water running over such pebbles.
Senses: examples: text: And naked shingles of the world.
ref: 1867, Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach:
text: Underneath a black cliff where the incoming tide smashed on the shingle, they stumbled upon the mail hood of Hrothgar's murdered vassal.
ref: 1961, Norma Lorre Goodrich, “Beowulf”, in The Medieval Myths, New York: The New American Library, page 35:
text: You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted "hoggin" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.
ref: 2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property):
text: One can't escape the huge nuclear facility at Sellafield (supplier of much of the line's remaining freight traffic), or miss the wild shingle beaches with exposed and precarious bungalows sandwiched between the railway and the shore at Braystones.
ref: 2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57:
glosses: Small, smooth pebbles, as found on a beach.
Derived terms: shingly
shingles
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋɡəlz/
Etymology: From Latin cingulus, variant of cingulum (“girdle”), translating Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē), ζωστήρ (zōstḗr).
Senses: examples: text: From the description, Letha felt sure Jane had herpes zoster, or shingles, which often strikes cancer patients or others with depressed immune systems. Jane spent another week in the Bubble, treated with acyclovir.
ref: 2005, Donald Hall, The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 98:
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
synonyms: herpes zoster
glosses: Herpes zoster, caused by Human herpes virus 3, in genus Varicellovirus.
Related terms: chicken pox
shingles
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʃɪŋɡəlz/
Senses: glosses: plural of shingle
congratulate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈɡɹæt͡ʃ.ʊˌleɪt/
ipa: /-t͡ʃ.ə-/
ipa: /kənˈɡɹæd͡ʒ.ʊˌleɪt/
ipa: /-d͡ʒ.ə-/
Forms: form: congratulates
form: congratulating
form: congratulated
form: congratulated
form: gratulate
Etymology: First attested in 1548; borrowed from Latin congrātulātus, the perfect active participle of Latin grātulor (“to wish joice, rejoice (with); to congratulate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from con- + grātulor, from grātus (“grateful, pleasing, agreeable, beloved”) + -or. By surface analysis, con- + gratulate.
Senses: examples: text: Remind me to congratulate Dave and Lisa on their wedding.
text: We must congratulate Dave and Lisa on getting married.
text: Ronaldo Sr., who is the record goalscorer in men’s international soccer with 136 goals for Portugal, congratulated his son on his Instagram Stories by posting a picture of his name on the squad list, saying: “Proud of you, son!”
ref: 2025 May 7, Ben Morse, “‘Proud of you’: Cristiano Ronaldo’s eldest son earns first call-up for Portugal Under-15 national team”, in CNN:
glosses: To express one’s sympathetic pleasure or joy to the person(s) it is felt for; to felicitate.
examples: text: I congratulated myself on the success of my plan.
glosses: To consider oneself fortunate in some matter.
Derived terms: congratulable
congratulant
congratulating
congratulative
congratulator
congratulatory
recongratulate
self-congratulate
uncongratulated
uncongratulating
Related terms: congratulation
congratulations
herpes zoster
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: From the description, Letha felt sure Jane had herpes zoster, or shingles, which often strikes cancer patients or others with depressed immune systems. Jane spent another week in the Bubble, treated with acyclovir.
ref: 2005, Donald Hall, The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 98:
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
glosses: An acute viral inflammation of the sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves associated with a vesicular eruption and neuralgic pains, caused by reactivation of the Human herpes virus 3, in genus Varicellovirus, that also causes chicken pox as primoinfection.
Synonyms: shingles
Hypernyms: herpes
afebrile
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From a- + febrile.
Senses: glosses: Having no fever, without a fever.
Synonyms: apyretic
cadastral
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more cadastral
form: most cadastral
form: cadasteral
Etymology: Borrowed from French cadastral (“relating to the cadastre”), from cadastre.
Senses: topics: cartography
geography
natural-sciences
glosses: of or relating to a cadastre
Derived terms: cadastrally
topocadastral
cadastral
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cadastrals
Etymology: Borrowed from French cadastral (“relating to the cadastre”), from cadastre.
Senses: glosses: A cadastre.
Exoduster
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Exodusters
Etymology: From Exodus, in allusion to the story of the Israelites' flight from Egypt in the biblical Book of Exodus + a suffix of agency. Most likely Exodus + -ster, but perhaps exodist + -er.
The earliest attestation is a figurative one in an 1879 education journal. See Citations:Exoduster.
Senses: glosses: Any of the African-Americans who migrated to Kansas mostly between 1879 and 1881, during the Reconstruction era of American history.
Exoduster
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From Exodus, in allusion to the story of the Israelites' flight from Egypt in the biblical Book of Exodus + a suffix of agency. Most likely Exodus + -ster, but perhaps exodist + -er.
The earliest attestation is a figurative one in an 1879 education journal. See Citations:Exoduster.
Senses: glosses: Relating to the migration of African-Americans to Kansas mostly between 1879 and 1881, during the Reconstruction era of American history.
persist
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɚˈsɪst/
ipa: /pəˈsɪst/
rhymes: -ɪst
Forms: form: persists
form: persisting
form: persisted
form: persisted
Etymology: From Middle French persister (Modern French persister), from Latin persistere, from per- + sistere (“to stand”).
Senses: examples: text: There is a way in which Britain is certain to have war and its horrors and calamities; it is this--by persisting in her present course of unpreparedness, her apathy, unintelligence, and blindness, and in her disregard of the warnings of the most ordinary political insight, as well as of the example of history.
ref: 1912, Norman Angell, Peace Theories and the Balkan War:
glosses: To go on stubbornly or resolutely.
glosses: To repeat an utterance.
examples: text: Much of this prejudice, indeed, persists; for instance, in the heavy handicappings with which insurance companies saddle their West Indian policies, […]
ref: 1868, The British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review, page 238:
text: Throughout the period, toothy giants persisted in the oceans. Perhaps the most spectacular was the megalodon shark.
ref: 2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 139:
glosses: To continue to exist.
synonyms: hold
glosses: To continue to be; to remain.
examples: text: This would not be saved after his session terminates because we don't have an actual user identity to allow us to persist the settings.
ref: 2006, Marco Bellinaso, ASP.NET 2.0 Website Programming:
text: While hashtags aren't formally part of Twitter, some clients, such as Tweetdeck, will persist hashtags across replies to create a sort of message threading.
ref: 2009, Alistair Croll, Sean Power, Complete Web Monitoring:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: To cause to persist; make permanent.
Synonyms: sense: go on stubbornly or resolutely
word: persevere
sense: continue to exist
word: last
word: remain
word: abide
word: aby
word: astand
word: endure
word: go on
word: lie
word: prevail
word: hold on
word: live
word: persist
word: stick
word: stick it out
word: stick out
Hyponyms: word: survive
word: wear on
Derived terms: hyperpersist
persistability
persistable
persist down
persistingly
persist it down
persistive
persistor
repersist
unpersist
Related terms: word: persistence
word: persistency
word: persistent
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: absist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: assist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: consist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: desist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: exist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: insist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: resist
sense: cognate terms using -sist
word: subsist
word: persevere
imputation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪm.pjʊˈteɪ.ʃən/
Forms: form: imputations
Etymology: From Middle French imputation, from Latin imputatio.
Senses: glosses: The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription.
glosses: That which has been imputed or charged.
glosses: Charge or attribution of evil; censure; reproach; insinuation.
examples: text: the imputation of the sin of Adam
text: the imputation of the righteousness of Christ
text: So, if a Sonne that is by his Father ſent about Merchandize, doe ſinfully miſcarry vpon the Sea; the imputation of his vvickedneſſe, by your rule, ſhould be impoſed vpon his Father that ſent him: […]
ref: 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 84, column 2:
topics: lifestyle
religion
theology
glosses: A setting of something to the account of; the attribution of personal guilt or personal righteousness of another.
examples: text: All the legends of the past, and all the stupefying imputations of Henry Akeley’s letters and exhibits, welled up in my memory to heighten the atmosphere of tension and growing menace.
ref: 1931, H. P. Lovecraft, The Whisperer in Darkness, chapter 6:
glosses: Opinion; intimation; hint.
topics: mathematics
sciences
statistics
glosses: The process of replacing missing data with substituted values.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The statistical inference of unobserved genotypes.
topics: computing
engineering
game-theory
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A distribution that is efficient and individually rational.
Derived terms: geo-imputation
misimputation
nonimputation
overimputation
postimputation
Related terms: imputability
imputable
imputableness
imputably
imputational
impute
reimputation
fatigue
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /fəˈtiːɡ/
rhymes: -iːɡ
Forms: form: fatigues
form: fatiguing
form: fatigued
form: fatigued
Etymology: From French fatiguer, from Latin fatīgāre (“to weary, tire, vex, harass”).
Senses: glosses: To tire or make weary by physical or mental exertion.
examples: text: The handsome, silver-haired proprietor was absorbed in fatiguing a salad for a family party.
ref: 1927, Dorothy L. Sayers, chapter 1, in Unnatural Death:
topics: cooking
food
lifestyle
glosses: To wilt a salad by dressing or tossing it.
glosses: To lose so much strength or energy that one becomes tired, weary, feeble or exhausted.
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: To undergo the process of fatigue; to fail as a result of fatigue.
raw_tags: of a material specimen
examples: text: The repeated pressurization cycles fatigued the airplane's metal skin until it eventually broke up in flight.
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: To cause to undergo the process of fatigue.
Derived terms: fatiguability
indefatigability
overfatigue
Related terms: fatigable
indefatigable
purgative
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From Middle French purgatif.
Senses: qualifier: capable of
glosses: purging
purgative
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: purgatives
Etymology: From Middle French purgatif.
Senses: glosses: something, such as a substance or medicine, that purges; laxative
defilement
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfaɪəlmənt/
Forms: form: defilements
Etymology: From defile + -ment.
Senses: examples: text: Time has taken a terrible revenge upon mankind for his despoliation of the valleys and his defilement of the mountains, yet the industries and the railways of South Wales still put the bravest front upon an outlook which all may hope is becoming less saddening and less grim.
ref: 1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in Railway Magazine, page 165:
text: The new law also applies to acts of defilement besides burning, such as publicly ripping a flag up. Public display of the Nazi swastika and other Nazi symbols is already banned in Germany.
ref: 2020 May 15, “Burning EU and other flags can now bring German jail term”, in BBC, archived from the original on 04 Jun 2025:
glosses: The act of defiling.
glosses: The state of being defiled.
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: The protection of the interior walls of a fortification from enfilading fire, as by covering them, or by a high parapet on the exposed side.
Synonyms: pollution
Derived terms: nondefilement
self-defilement
defile
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiː-/
ipa: /dəˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiˌfaɪl/
rhymes: -aɪl
Forms: form: defiles
form: defiling
form: defiled
form: defiled
Etymology: PIE word
 *dwís
The verb is borrowed from French défiler (“to march; to parade”), from dé- (prefix indicating actions are done more strongly or vigorously) + one or both of the following:
* filer (“to thread through (a crowd)”) (from Late Latin filāre, from Latin fīlum (“fibre, filament, string, thread”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰiH-(s-)lo-).
* file (“line of objects placed one after the other, file”), from filer (see above), or fil (“thread, yarn; wire”), from Old French fil, from Latin fīlum (see above).
The noun is borrowed from French défilé (“parade, procession”), a noun use of the past participle of défiler (verb); see above.
Senses: examples: text: Without delay, he briſkly attacked them, as they were defiling from a lane and forming themſelves.
ref: 1754, David Hume, “[Charles I.] Chapter II.”, in The History of Great Britain, under the House of Stuart, 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], published 1759, →OCLC, page 332:
text: Several bodies of troops defiled towards the frontiers under various pretences; and the whole being ſuddenly aſſembled, formed an army with which the duke of Guiſe [Francis, Duke of Guise] made an unexpected march towards Calais.
ref: 1762, David Hume, “[John.] Chapter VII.”, in The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Accession of Henry VII, volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 393:
text: As the multitude defiled into the square, the inquisitors took their place on the seats prepared for their reception.
ref: 1855, William H[ickling] Prescott, “Protestantism in Spain”, in History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, →OCLC, book II, page 428:
text: They [pigs] defiled down a gully to the water and bunched and jerked their noses at it and came back.
ref: 1979, Cormac McCarthy, Suttree (Vintage Contemporaries), New York, N.Y.: Vintage International, Vintage Books, published May 1992, →ISBN, page 138:
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: To march in a single file or line; to file.
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: To march across (a place) in files or lines.
defile
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiː-/
ipa: /dəˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiˌfaɪl/
rhymes: -aɪl
Forms: form: defiles
form: defiling
form: defiled
form: defiled
Etymology: The verb is borrowed from French défiler (“to arrange soldiers or fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire; to unthread”) (compare Middle French desfilher (“to unthread”)), from dé- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + enfiler (“to rake with gunfire, enfilade; to string on to a thread; to thread (a needle)”) (from en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into; on, on to’) + filer (verb) or file (noun); see etymology 2).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Senses: topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: Synonym of defilade (“to fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire”).
synonyms: word: defilade
extra: (“to fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire”)
Related terms: defilement
defile
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiː-/
ipa: /dəˈfaɪl/
ipa: /ˈdiˌfaɪl/
rhymes: -aɪl
Forms: form: defiles
Etymology: The verb is borrowed from French défiler (“to arrange soldiers or fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire; to unthread”) (compare Middle French desfilher (“to unthread”)), from dé- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + enfiler (“to rake with gunfire, enfilade; to string on to a thread; to thread (a needle)”) (from en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into; on, on to’) + filer (verb) or file (noun); see etymology 2).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Senses: topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: An act of defilading a fortress or other place, or of raising the exterior works in order to protect the interior.
arcsecond
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: arcseconds
Etymology: From arc + second.
Senses: glosses: A unit of angle; 1/60th of an arcminute, or 1/3600th of a degree.
Synonyms: word: second of arc
word: as
word: arcsec
Derived terms: microarcsecond
milliarcsecond
subarcsecond
Related terms: arcminute
decorator
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɛkəˌɹeɪtə(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈdɛkəˌɹeɪtɚ/
Forms: form: decorators
Etymology: From decorate + -or.
Senses: glosses: Someone who decorates.
glosses: Painter and wallpaperer of buildings.
Hyponyms: word: decoratress
word: decoratrix
Derived terms: decorator crab
decorator pattern
hang out one's shingle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: hangs out one's shingle
form: hanging out one's shingle
form: hung out one's shingle
form: hung out one's shingle
Senses: examples: text: She's good enough at fixing vacuum cleaners that she should hang out her shingle and try making some money at it.
synonyms: hang a shingle
set up shop
hypernyms: establish
glosses: To open an office or business, especially in a profession.
systems design
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: The process or art of defining the hardware and software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements. One could see it as the application of systems theory to computing. Some overlap with the discipline of systems analysis appears inevitable. Design tools such as UML now address some of the issues of computer systems design and interfacing.
Related terms: systems analysis
systems engineering
systems theory
systems science
evaluate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɨˈvaljʊeɪt/
ipa: /ɪ̈ˈvaljəˌweɪt/
Forms: form: evaluates
form: evaluating
form: evaluated
form: evaluated
Etymology: Back-formation from evaluation.
Senses: examples: text: It will take several years to evaluate the material gathered in the survey.
text: Death is a factor that changes all our views as we are forced to evaluate our worth and what ultimately matters in life.
ref: 2005, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, David Kessler, On Grief and Grieving, →ISBN, page 151:
glosses: To draw conclusions from examining; to assess; to appraise.
examples: text: Evaluate this integral.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: To compute or determine the value of (an expression).
examples: text: Since element (15.1) evaluates to an element of the center in any alternative algebra, (15.1) has to evaluate to a scalar multiple of the identity element of the Cayley-Dickson algebra.
ref: 2006, Lev Sabinin, Larissa Sbitneva, Ivan Shestakov, Non-Associative Algebra and Its Applications, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 201:
text: In one type of such an integral, the integrand is only the probability density function, and the integral evaluates to a probability, which of course is a scalar.
ref: 2007, James E. Gentle, Matrix Algebra: Theory, Computations, and Applications in Statistics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 165:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: To return or have a specific value.
Synonyms: weigh
Derived terms: coevaluate
evaluable
evaluatable
evaluatee
evaluative
evaluator
evaluatory
misevaluate
overevaluate
reevaluate
re-evaluate
self-evaluate
underevaluate
unevaluated
resume
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈzjuːm/
enpr: rĭzyo͞om'
note: without the yod-coalescence
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈʒum/
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹəˈʒum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹɪˈzum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹəˈzum/
rhymes: -uːm
Forms: form: resumes
form: resuming
form: resumed
form: resumed
Etymology: From Anglo-Norman resumer, Middle French resumer, from Latin resumere, from re- + sumere (“to take”).
Senses: examples: text: Ladies and gentlemen, please resume your seats.
text: As to the advice you give, to resume my estate, I am determined not to litigate with my father, let what will be the consequence to myself.
ref: 1748, [Samuel Richardson], “Letter XXVIII”, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], →OCLC:
text: For after that initiation it was impossible to attach any profound importance to the notion of dying. All individual deaths had been resumed by the death of God!
ref: 1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 8:
text: By resumption The Government, most likely the State Government, can resume property for the purposes of building a road or a school or some other purpose.
ref: 2005, Geoff Moore, Essential Real Property, Cavendish Publishing, →ISBN, page 116:
synonyms: regain
glosses: To take back possession of (something)
examples: text: He […] used to say that each separate death had taught him something new about death, and that he was going to resume this knowledge in a philosophic essay about dying.
ref: 1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 36:
glosses: To summarise.
examples: text: We will resume this discussion tomorrow at nine.
text: No man wiſhed more for the high establiſhment of the Royal Family than he did ; but he thought the Prince would do himſelf more honour by giving up the trappings of royalty at this moment, than by reſuming them.
ref: 1803, William Woodfall et al., The Parliamentary Register; or an Impartial Report of the Debates that have occurred in the Two Houses of Parliament, volume 2, page 167:
antonyms: suspend
glosses: To start (something) again that has been stopped or paused from the point at which it was stopped or paused; continue, carry on.
examples: text: Normal service has resumed.
text: 1991, The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, 43 CFR 5451.4, Office of the Federal Register, page 68.
Before operations resume, a reduced bond shall be increased to the amount of a full
glosses: To start again after an interruption or pause.
Related terms: resumption
resume
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈzjuːm/
enpr: rĭzyo͞om'
note: without the yod-coalescence
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈʒum/
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹəˈʒum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹɪˈzum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹəˈzum/
rhymes: -uːm
ipa: /ˈɹɛz.(j)ʊˌmeɪ/
ipa: /ɹɪˈzjuː.meɪ/
ipa: /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/
ipa: /ˈɹɛ.sʊ.meɪ/
note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈzjuːm/
enpr: rĭzyo͞om'
note: without the yod-coalescence
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹɪˈʒum/
note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /ɹəˈʒum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹɪˈzum/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /ɹəˈzum/
rhymes: -uːm
Forms: form: resumes
form: résumé
form: resumé
Etymology: Borrowed from French résumé, past participle of résumer (“to summarize”), from Latin resūmere (“to take back”); compare resume.
Senses: examples: text: He had scanned the resumé of the three previous instalments, and was abut to commence the story[.]
ref: 1936, F.J. Thwaites, chapter XI, in The Redemption, Sydney: H. John Edwards, published 1940, page 119:
synonyms: précis
glosses: A summary or synopsis.
synonyms: curriculum vitae
CV
glosses: A summary or account of education and employment experiences and qualifications; a curriculum vitae (often for presentation to a potential future employer when applying for a job).
Derived terms: resume-driven development
distraction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪsˈtɹækʃən/
rhymes: -ækʃən
Forms: form: distractions
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French distraction, from Latin distractio. Equivalent to distract + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: Poking one's eye is a good distraction from a hurting toe.
text: At last the Duke of Anjou arrived, dressed, as his brother said, to distraction.
ref: 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXV, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 297:
text: “… This is a surprise attack, and I’d no wish that the garrison, forewarned, should escape. I am sure, Lord Stranleigh, that he has been descanting on the distraction of the woods and the camp, or perhaps the metropolitan dissipation of Philadelphia, …”
ref: 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:
glosses: Something that distracts.
examples: text: We have to reduce distraction in class if we want students to achieve good results.
text: The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about "creating compelling content", or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing",[…]and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.
ref: 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 27:
text: We determined that the probable cause of the Tishomingo, Oklahoma, collision was the teen driver’s acceleration through the intersection after briefly slowing without stopping, due to distraction from having five teen passengers in the car, limited driving experience, and likely impairment from cannabis.
ref: 2024, NTSB, Intersection Crash Between Passenger Car and Combination Vehicle, Tishomingo, Oklahoma, March 22, 2022:
glosses: The process of being distracted.
examples: text: It's true that the Copernican Systeme introduceth distraction in the universe of Aristotle.
ref: 1662, Thomas Salusbury, Galileo's dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogue 2)
glosses: Perturbation; disorder; disturbance; confusion.
examples: text: The incessant nightmares drove him to distraction.
text: […] if he speak the words of an oath in a strange language, thinking they signify something else, or if he spake in his sleep, or deliration, or distraction, it is no oath, and so not obligatory.
ref: 1673, Richard Baxter, Christian Directory:
glosses: Mental disarray; a deranged state of mind; insanity.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Traction so exerted as to separate surfaces normally opposed.
Derived terms: distractionary
distractionism
distractionist
distractionless
distraction osteogenesis
drive to distraction
osteodistraction
to distraction
Related terms: distracter
distractee
distract
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈstɹækt/
rhymes: -ækt
Forms: form: distracts
form: distracting
form: distracted
form: distracted
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin distractus, from distrahō (“to pull apart”), from dis- + trahō (“to pull”).
Senses: examples: text: The crowd was distracted by a helicopter hovering over the stadium when the only goal of the game was scored.
text: While Gunners boss Arsene Wenger had warned his players against letting the pre-match festivities distract them from the task at hand, they clearly struggled for fluency early on.
ref: 2011 December 10, David Ornstein, “Arsenal 1-0 Everton”, in BBC Sport:
text: Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.
ref: 2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 55:
text: I eschew the idea of plugging in my laptop to take notes and resort to old-fashioned pen and paper instead, so that I can enjoy more of the view and not be distracted by bashing a keyboard.
ref: 2020 December 2, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail, page 65:
glosses: To divert the attention of.
examples: text: By Heav’ns, ſuch Virtues, join’d with ſuch Succeſs,
Diſtract my very Soul: Our Father’s Fortune
Wou’d almoſt tempt us to renounce his Precepts.
ref: 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 2:
glosses: To make crazy or insane; to drive to distraction.
Derived terms: distractable
distractee
distracter
distractful
distractive
distractor
Related terms: distracted
distractible
distracting
distraction
distract
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈstɹækt/
rhymes: -ækt
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin distractus, from distrahō (“to pull apart”), from dis- + trahō (“to pull”).
Senses: glosses: Drawn asunder; separated.
examples: text: Ol[ivia]. […] Fetch Maluolio hither, / And yet alas, novv I remember me, / They ſay poore Gentleman, he's much diſtract. […] Did he vvrite this? / Clo[wn]. I [aye] Madame. / Du[ke Orsino]. This ſauours not much of diſtraction.
ref: c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], page 274, column 2:
text: Alone ſhee beeing left the ſpoyle of loue and death, / In labour of her griefe outrageouſly diſtract, / The utmoſt of her ſpleene on her falſe Lord to act […]
ref: 1612, Michael Drayton, “The Sixt Song”, in [John Selden], editor, Poly-Olbion. Or A Chorographicall Description of Tracts, Riuers, Mountaines, Forests, and Other Parts of this Renowned Isle of Great Britaine, […], London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for M[athew] Lownes; I[ohn] Browne; I[ohn] Helme; I[ohn] Busbie, →OCLC, page 90:
glosses: Insane, mad.
Related terms: distraught
uncontrolled
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: -əʊld
Forms: form: more uncontrolled
form: most uncontrolled
form: uncontrouled
Etymology: From un- + controlled.
Senses: examples: text: Into the gnarled uncontrolled hand swaying over the bunk the dog laid his paw.
ref: 1902, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Bush Studies (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 36:
glosses: Not controlled; not under control.
examples: text: uncontrolled crossing
text: uncontrolled intersection
topics: civil-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Lacking the usual traffic control devices, such as traffic lights, pedestrian signals, pavement markings, traffic signs, or a crossing guard.
gruel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹuːəl/
ipa: /ɡɹuːl/
ipa: /ɡɹʊəl/
rhymes: -uːəl
rhymes: -uːl
rhymes: -ʊəl
Forms: form: gruels
Etymology: From Middle English gruel, gruwel, greuel, growel (“meal or flour made from beans, lentils, etc.”), from Old French gruel (“coarse meal; > French gruau”), from Medieval Latin grutellum, diminutive of Medieval Latin grutum (“flour; meal”), from a Germanic source, likely Old English grūt (“meal; grout”) or perhaps Frankish *grūt; both from Proto-Germanic *grūtiz (“ground material; grit”). Compare Dutch gruit, Middle Low German grūt, Middle High German grūz, German Grütze (“grout”). Related also to English groats, grit.
Senses: examples: text: […]her own cook at South End, a young woman hired for the time, who never had been able to understand what she meant by a basin of nice smooth gruel, thin, but not too thin.
ref: 1816, Jane Austen, Emma:
text: “It’s not that bad,” said Tiger defensively. “The foundlings rarely have to share blankets these days, and the gruel no longer has a consistency thinner than water.
ref: 2011, Jasper Fforde, Song of the Quarkbeast:
coordinate_terms: congee
oatmeal
porridge
skilly
glosses: A thin, watery porridge, formerly eaten primarily by the poor and the ill.
glosses: Punishment.
examples: text: thin gruel
glosses: Something that lacks substance.
glosses: Sentimental poetry.
glosses: Semen.
Derived terms: word: cold gruel
english: receive one's punishment; obsolete
translation: receive one's punishment; obsolete
word: get one's gruel
word: give someone his gruel
word: gruelly
word: water gruel
Related terms: groat
groats
grit
grits
grout
gruel
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹuːəl/
ipa: /ɡɹuːl/
ipa: /ɡɹʊəl/
rhymes: -uːəl
rhymes: -uːl
rhymes: -ʊəl
Forms: form: gruels
form: grueling
form: gruelling
form: grueled
form: grueled
form: gruelled
form: gruelled
Etymology: From the noun above.
Senses: glosses: To exhaust, use up, disable.
glosses: To punish.
glosses: Ejaculate.
Derived terms: gruelling
artificial horizon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: artificial horizons
Senses: topics: aeronautics
aerospace
aviation
business
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
synonyms: attitude indicator
gyro horizon
navball
glosses: An instrument that displays the pitch and roll of an aircraft in flight by comparing its attitude to a gyroscopically-maintained indication of the flat horizon line.
glosses: A small trough containing mercury, the surface of which shows a reflection of the celestial bodies.
Related terms: gyrocompass
formidable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɔːˈmɪdəbəl/
ipa: /fəˈmɪdəbəl/
ipa: /ˈfɔɹmɪdəbəl/
ipa: /fɔɹˈmɪdəbəl/
Forms: form: more formidable
form: most formidable
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French formidable, from Latin formīdābilis (“formidable, terrible”), from formīdō (“fear, dread”).
Senses: examples: text: The latter part of the fifteenth century prepared a train of future events, that ended by raising France to a formidable power, which has ever since been, from time to time, the principal object of jealousy to the other European nations.
ref: 1823, [Walter Scott], “The Contrast”, in Quentin Durward. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 3:
text: […] and I am more afraid of those people than I am of Anytus and his colleagues, although they are formidable enough.
ref: 1954, Plato, translated by Hugh Tredennick, “Socrates on Trial: The Apology”, in The Last Days of Socrates (Penguin Classics), Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, →OCLC, page 20:
synonyms: redoubtable
glosses: Causing fear, dread, awe, or discouragement as a result of size, strength, or some other impressive feature; commanding respect; causing wonder or astonishment.
examples: text: a formidable opponent
text: As I look back on that week in China two impressions stand out most vividly. One is the awesome sight of the disciplined but wildly—almost fanatically—enthusiastic audience at the gymnastic exhibition in Peking, confirming my belief that we must cultivate China during the next few decades while it is still learning to develop its national strength and potential. Otherwise we will one day be confronted with the most formidable enemy that has ever existed in the history of the world.
ref: 1978, Richard Nixon, RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 577:
text: [Ian] Holloway has unfinished business in the Premier League after relegation last year and he will make a swift return if he can overcome West Ham a week on Saturday. Sam Allardyce, the West Ham manager, will be acutely aware that when the stakes are high, Blackpool are simply formidable.
ref: 2012 May 9, John Percy, “Birmingham City 2 Blackpool 2 (2–3 on agg): Match report”, in Tony Gallagher, editor, The Daily Telegraph, London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 06 Jan 2018:
glosses: Difficult to defeat or overcome.
Derived terms: formidability
formidableness
formidably
informidable
superformidable
unformidable
tutelary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtjuːtɪləɹɪ/
ipa: /ˈtutɪlɛɹɪ/
Forms: form: tutelaries
form: tutelarie
Etymology: From Latin tūtēlārius (“guardian”), from tūtēla (“tutelage, guardianship; dependent, client”) + -ārius (suffix denoting an agent of use); analysable as tutelar + -ary.
Senses: examples: text: The qualifications demanded in a tutelary are activity combined with power over the minor malignant devils. Thus most of the superior celestial Buddhas and Bodhisats may be, and are, tutelaries. But the favourite ones are the great demon-kings, […]
ref: 1895, L[aurence] Austine Waddell, “Pantheon and Images”, in The Buddhism of Tibet: or Lamaism, with its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology, and in its Relation to Indian Buddhism, London: W. H. Allen & Co., →OCLC, page 361:
text: Thus, various Amerind tribes are devoted to foot-racing; yet the races are not tests of swiftness so much as divinatory or invocatory acts designed to appeal to tutelaries, and are usually set by seasons for planting or harvesting or hunting.
ref: 1906, Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, editors, The New International Encyclopedia, volume XII, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, →OCLC, page 766:
text: A tutelary is not a special sort of spirit or shrine; the word refers either to a clan shrine, which is theoretically the same for all members, or to the specific shrine or ancestor indicated by a diviner as being a man's own guardian spirit. Each individual has such a tutelary, but will not be aware of its name unless a diviner has been consulted.
ref: 1962, Jack Goody, Death, Property and the Ancestors: A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the LoDagaa of West Africa, London: Tavistock Publications, OCLC 8211112; republished as Death, Property and the Ancestors: A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the Lodagaa of West Africa, London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-0-415-32984-2, page 210
text: To abate cold weather, the aid of tutelaries such as West Wind, Rain, and Thunder was invoked. Appropriate tutelaries might, upon appeal, bring snow upon enemies. During the Modoc War, a shaman acted to bring down the shielding fog against the army's advance.
ref: 1998, David H[eath] French, Kathrine S[tory] French, “Wasco, Wishram, and Cascades”, in Deward E. Walker, Jr., editor, Plateau (Handbook of North American Indians; 12), Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, →ISBN, page 460:
topics: lifestyle
paganism
religion
glosses: A deity or spirit serving as a guardian or protector of a place, person, culture, etc.; a tutelar, a tutelary deity.
Synonyms: word: tutelar
word: tutelary deity
Related terms: tutelage
tutor
Peltier
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɛltie/
Senses: glosses: A surname from French.
Derived terms: Peltier cooler
Peltier cooling
Peltier device
Peltier effect
Peltier heat
Peltier heater
Peltier's cross
Peltier-Seebeck effect
Peltier effect
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Peltier effects
Etymology: Named after French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier (1785–1845), the discoverer of the effect.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A thermoelectric effect which occurs when current is passed through a thermocouple causing one side of the Peltier to heat up and the other to cool down, used in computing as a cooling process.
Related terms: Peltier cooling
Seebeck effect
Peltier cooling
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Named after French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier (1785–1845)
Senses: glosses: The process of cooling computer components via the Peltier effect.
Related terms: Peltier effect
Seebeck effect
Seebeck effect
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Named after Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770–1831), the discoverer of the effect.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: the thermodynamic effect by which heat being passed through a thermocouple is converted into electricity
Related terms: thermodynamic effect
Peltier effect
sapient
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈseɪ.pi.ənt/
ipa: /ˈseɪ.pi.ənt/
ipa: /ˈsæ-/
Forms: form: sapients
Etymology: The adjective is derived from Late Middle English sapient (“learned, wise”), from Old French sapient, or from its etymon Latin sapient-, a stem of sapiēns (“(adjective) discerning, judicious, wise; (noun) wise man, sage”), the present active participle of sapiō (“to have a flavour of, taste like; (figurative) to have good taste; to have discernment or sense; to be prudent, sensible, or wise”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁p-, *sep- (“to taste; to try out”). Doublet of savant.
The noun is derived from the adjective, and also influenced by Latin sapiēns (noun) (see above).
Senses: examples: text: "She canna do that," said another sapient of the same profession— […]
ref: 1827, [Walter Scott], chapter XIII, in Chronicles of the Canongate; […], volume I (The Two Drovers), Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Co.] for Cadell and Co.; London: Simpkin and Marshall, →OCLC, pages 299–300:
hyponyms: wise man
wise woman
qualifier: archaic except humorous
glosses: A wise person; a sage.
examples: text: Every since Trausti had shown him the X-rays, Leif had a theory that Halla Dannto was of non-Earth origin. It seemed to him a possibility that the Cold War Corps of March might have contacted hitherto unknown sapients on some just discovered interstellar planet, and were using them in the cold war against the Jacks.
ref: 1960, Philip José Farmer, chapter 6, in A Woman a Day (A Galaxy Magazine Prize Science Fiction Selection; Galaxy Novel; number 43; Beacon Book; number 291), New York, N.Y.: Beacon Books, page 30:
topics: literature
media
publishing
science-fiction
synonyms: word: intelligence
word: sentient
word: sapient
word: sophont
glosses: An intelligent, self-aware being.
topics: anthropology
human-sciences
sciences
glosses: A human being of the species Homo sapiens.
Derived terms: subsapient