cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
Savoyard
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Savoyards
Etymology: From French Savoyard.
Senses: examples: text: He is one of the Emperor’s French-speaking subjects, not a Spaniard but a Savoyard.
ref: 2020, Hilary Mantel, The Mirror and the Light, Fourth Estate, page 30:
glosses: A native or inhabitant of Savoy, a cultural region, largely part of the modern administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.
Savoyard
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From French Savoyard.
Senses: glosses: The dialect spoken in Savoy (Savoie and Haute-Savoie in France, canton of Valais in Switzerland, and in the Italian region of Aosta).
gyttja
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: gyttjas
Etymology: From Swedish.
Senses: glosses: A mud formed from the partial decay of peat.
Old Norse
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: ON.
Senses: glosses: The language of Scandinavia until the 14th century, the common ancestor of modern Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Faroese, and Icelandic.
Synonyms: Norse
Related terms: Wiktionary’s coverage of Old Norse terms
savoyard
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: savoyardi
form: savoyards
Etymology: From Italian savoiardo.
Senses: glosses: Ladyfinger cookie.
baby sitting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: baby sittings
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of babysitting.
Hanukah
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: examples: text: A far-right Polish MP has extinguished candles on a menorah lit for Hanukah in Poland’s parliament, disrupting proceedings before a planned vote of confidence in the new government.
ref: 2023 December 12, Shaun Walker, “Far-right Polish MP uses fire extinguisher to put out Hanukah candles”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: Alternative spelling of Hanukkah.
Hanukkah
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhæ.nə.kə/
ipa: /ˈhʌ.nʊ.kə/
ipa: /ˈhɑː.nə.kə/
ipa: /ˈxɑː.nə.kə/
Forms: form: Hanukkahs
Etymology: Originated 1890–95. From Hebrew חנוכה / חֲנֻכָּה (khanuká, “dedication, consecration”) from חָנַךְ (khanákh, “to dedicate, to consecrate”).
Senses: examples: text: Rebecca and Roni Kopelman have been celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah since they got together in 2006, building the foundations of an interfaith household.
ref: 2012 December 14, Emanuella Grinberg and Christina Zdanowicz, “Celebrating Chrismukkah: Shalom stockings and Hanukkah bushes”, in CNN, archived from the original on 10 Dec 2013:
glosses: An eight-day Jewish festival, starting on the 25th day of Kislev, which commemorates the rededication of the temple in Jerusalem after the victory of the Maccabees over the Greek Syrians.
Synonyms: Feast of Dedication
Feast of Lights
Festival of Lights
Derived terms: Chrismukkah
Hanukkah bush
Related terms: hanukkiah
cercopithecines
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of cercopithecine
cercopithecine
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cercopithecines
Senses: glosses: Any member of the taxonomic subfamily Cercopithecinae: various Old World baboons, monkeys and macaques.
kindred soul
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kindred souls
Senses: examples: text: Many of the participants found themselves among kindred souls who shared their interests.
glosses: Someone with the same feelings or attitudes as oneself; kindred spirit.
agronomist
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈɡɹɒnəmɪst/
ipa: /əˈɡɹɑːnəmɪst/
Forms: form: agronomists
Etymology: From agronomy + -ist.
Senses: glosses: A scientist whose speciality is agronomy.
agronomy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈɡɹɒnəmi/
ipa: /əˈɡɹɑːnəmi/
rhymes: -ɒnəmi
Forms: form: agronomies
Etymology: From French agronomie, from agronome (“agriculturist”), from Ancient Greek ἀγρός (agrós, “field”) + νόμος (nómos, “law”). By surface analysis, agro- + -nomy.
Senses: examples: Near-synonym: husbandry
coordinate_terms: agrology
glosses: The science of utilizing plants, animals and soils for food, fuel, feed, and fiber and more. To do this effectively and sustainably, agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, animal sciences and soil science.
Derived terms: agronomial
agronomic
agronomist
allurement
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈlʊɚmənt/
ipa: /əˈlɚmənt/
Forms: form: allurements
Etymology: From allure + -ment.
Senses: examples: text: He read the letter aloud. Sophia listened with the studied air of one for whom, even in these days, a title possessed some surreptitious allurement.
ref: 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
glosses: Attractiveness; appeal, charisma.
examples: text: That though their Thoughts are ever turn'd upon appearing Aimiable, yet every Feature of their Faces and every Part of their Dress is fill'd with Snares and Allurements.
ref: 1723, Charles Walker, Memoirs of Sally Salisbury:
text: The sheer unimaginableness of coming into her mouth — of coming into anything other than the air or a tissue or a dirty sock — was an allurement too stupendous for a novice to forswear.
ref: 2008, Philip Roth, Indignation:
glosses: An enticement, inducement or bait.
anamnesis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌænæmˈniːsɪs/
Forms: form: anamneses
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀνάμνησις (anámnēsis, “remembrance”), verbal noun of ἀναμιμνήσκω (anamimnḗskō), from ἀνα- (ana-) + μιμνῄσκω (mimnēískō, “call to mind”).
Senses: glosses: The ability to recall past events; recollection.
topics: Christianity
glosses: The remembrance and celebration of God’s works by the liturgy of the church.
examples: 1898, Francis H. Stuart (translator), Oswald Vierordt, A Clinical Text-book of Medical Diagnosis for Physicians and Students, 4th Edition, [1897, O. Vierordt, Diagnostik der Innerer Krankheiten, 5th Edition], W. B. Saunders, page 19,
But it is always well for the beginner to secure as complete an anamnesis, or prior history, as possible, in order that he may allow nothing of importance to escape his attention.
The anamnesis generally begins with and involves the question as to whether the disease is acute or chronic, what organs are affected or inclined to be diseased.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A patient's account of their medical history.
examples: 1990, Stewart Umphrey, Zetetic Skepticism, Longwood Academic, page 13,
There are also reasons for thinking that Socratic anamnesis, inquiry and learning are quite unlike anamnesis, inquiry and learning as ordinarily understood.
topics: epistemology
human-sciences
philosophy
sciences
qualifier: Platonism
glosses: The recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, according to Plato’s theory of epistemology.
glosses: The mention of the past; quotation of exemplary authors from memory to establish one’s authority.
Derived terms: catamnesis
heteroamnesis
Related terms: anamnestic
anamnestically
processing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹəʊsɛsɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpɹɑsɛsɪŋ/
Forms: form: processings
Etymology: By surface analysis, process + -ing.
Senses: examples: text: Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tiny subjects produce a narrow depth of field. A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that.
ref: 2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist:
text: For 75 years, it has fulfilled a wide range of roles: producing weapons-grade plutonium for early atomic weapons in the aftermath of the Second World War; the world's first commercial nuclear power station supplying electricity to the National Grid; reprocessing and storage of nuclear fuel; and the processing of lower grades of radioactive waste for off-site storage.
ref: 2023 December 27, Ben Jones, “Inside Sellafield... by rail”, in RAIL, number 999, page 20:
glosses: The action of the verb to process.
glosses: The act of taking something through a set of prescribed procedures.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The act of retrieving, storing, classifying, manipulating, transmitting etc. data, especially via computer techniques.
Hyponyms: data processing
parallel processing
word processing
Derived terms: agroprocessing
auditory processing disorder
automatic data processing machine
autoprocessing
background processing
batch processing
bioprocessing
blast processing
central processing unit
command processing overhead time
coprocessing
cryo-processing
cryptoprocessing
data processing machine
enzymatic processing
geoprocessing
glycoprocessing
graphics processing unit
histoprocessing
hydroprocessing
image processing
immunoprocessing
information-processing
in-processing
lyoprocessing
microprocessing
multiprocessing
natural language processing
neural processing unit
neuroprocessing
order processing
photoprocessing
post-processing
postprocessing
processing time
processing unit
quantum processing unit
query processing
retort processing
retroprocessing
sensory processing sensitivity
signal processing
space processing
stream processing
teleprocessing
time reversal signal processing
waveless processing
wave processing
wood processing
processing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹəʊsɛsɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpɹɑsɛsɪŋ/
Etymology: By surface analysis, process + -ing.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of process
modal verb
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: modal verbs
Senses: examples: text: Although at first glance combinations of two modal verbs might seem to be cases of grammatical distortion, their use is scientifically recognised.
ref: 2019, Irina S. Lebedeva, Svetlana N. Orlova, “Semantics and pragmatics of the double modal ‘might could’”, in Training, Language and Culture, volume 3, number 2, →DOI:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: modal
modal auxiliary
modal auxiliary verb
glosses: A verb whose primary function is to express grammatical mood.
Related terms: auxiliary
auxiliary verb
helping verb
semimodal
central modal
inducement
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: inducements
Etymology: From induce + -ment.
Senses: examples: text: Flagellation, especially among Orientals, is considered as much a sexual inducement as any other form of aphrodisiac.
ref: 1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 97:
text: These policies were intended to change the situational inducements to crime by giving youths work.
ref: 2001, Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order:
glosses: An incentive that helps bring about a desired state.
examples: Citation of Richard Stallman ...it won't run on a free platform and (...) your program is actually an inducement for people to install non-free software.
glosses: An incentive that helps bring about a desired state.
In some contexts, this can imply bribery.
topics: law
glosses: An introductory statement of facts or background information.
topics: economics
sciences
shipping
transport
glosses: The act of placing a port on a vessel's itinerary because the volume of cargo offered at that port justifies the cost of routing the vessel.
Derived terms: superinducement
hitchhiker
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: hitchhikers
form: hitch-hiker
Etymology: From hitchhike + -er.
Senses: glosses: A person or thing that hitchhikes.
glosses: An item attached to a travel bug and hidden in a geocache to be found and transported to other caches or around the world.
qualifier: preceded by definite article
glosses: A dance move in which the dancer mimics the motions of someone thumbing a ride.
topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: A bur that attaches and clings to clothing, or a bur-bearing plant.
examples: text: […] and networks have taken steps to modify or eliminate the bunching of spots and commercials between programs which results from the use of hitchhikers and cowcatchers.
ref: 1945, Charles Harold Sandage, Radio Advertising for Retailers, page 186:
topics: advertising
broadcasting
business
marketing
media
radio
coordinate_terms: cowcatcher
glosses: An advertisement at the end of a programme.
pastille
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpæst(ɪ)l/
ipa: /pæsˈtil/
rhymes: -ɪl stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: pastilles
form: pastil
Etymology: Partly from the following:
* From Late Middle English pastil, pastill (“crushed leek leaves; vegetable pulp”), borrowed from Old French pastel, probably from Latin pastillus, pastillum (“small bread roll; lozenge to freshen breath; medicated lozenge”), possibly from pāstus (“fed, nourished; consumed; having eaten; of an animal: driven to pasture, pastured; having browsed or grazed”) + -illus (diminutive suffix). Pāstus is the perfect passive participle of pāscō (“to feed, nourish; to maintain, support; of an animal: to drive to pasture, pasture; to browse, graze”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect; to shepherd”).
* Borrowed from French pastille (“candy or medicinal lozenge; small fragrant pellet burnt to perfume the air; pellet, pill”), and from its etymon Spanish pastilla (“candy or medicinal lozenge; small fragrant pellet burnt to perfume the air”), from Latin pastillus, pastillum; see above.
Doublet of pastegh, pastel, pastiglia, pastila, and pastilla.
Senses: glosses: An often round and somewhat flat flavoured candy or sweet.
examples: text: Watercolors of professional quality come in small pastilles of dry pigment, in pans of semi-moist paint, or in tubes or bottles of liquid watercolor.
ref: 2003, The Complete Drawing & Painting Course, →ISBN, page 201:
glosses: Any small, usually round and somewhat flat, granular piece of material; a tablet.
examples: text: At the end he felt faint and sick, and having lit some Algerian pastilles in a pierced copper brazier, he bathed his hands and forehead with a cool musk-scented vinegar.
ref: 1891, Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray:
glosses: Any small, usually round and somewhat flat, granular piece of material; a tablet.
A small pellet containing aromatic substances, burned to diffuse a fragrance or to disinfect or fumigate.
examples: text: In the desperate search for amatory satisfactions, the most monstrous ingredients have throughout the ages, been sought and compounded into electuaries and pastilles, philtres and ointments.
ref: 1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 14:
qualifier: pharmacy
glosses: A medicinal pill, originally made of compressed herbs.
qualifier: pharmacy
synonyms: cough drop
troche
glosses: A candy- or sweet-like lozenge, which, when sucked, releases substances that soothe a sore throat, and sometimes vapours to help unblock the nose or sinuses.
Derived terms: word: pastillation
word: pastillator
word: pastilled
word: Sabouraud pastille
word: Sabouraud's pastille
pastille
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpæst(ɪ)l/
ipa: /pæsˈtil/
rhymes: -ɪl stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
ipa: /ˈpæstl̩/
ipa: /pæsˈtɛl/
rhymes: -æstəl
rhymes: -ɛl
ipa: /ˈpæst(ɪ)l/
ipa: /pæsˈtil/
rhymes: -ɪl stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: pastilles
Etymology: See pastel.
Senses: examples: text: Best specimen of fancy painting, pastille, Emily C. Dills, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
ref: 1867, Indiana. State Board of Agriculture, Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture:
text: Pastille, Crayon or Chalk on Photograph.
ref: 1873, Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Missouri:
text: Painting with water color, oil, or pastille, from still life.
ref: 1913, University of Kansas, Bulletin - Volume 14, Issue 12, page 35:
topics: art
arts
glosses: Nonstandard spelling of pastel (“crayon made from a type of dried paste; drawing made using such crayons”).
VP Day
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From initialism of victory (in the) Pacific + day. Australian from 1945.
Senses: glosses: Victory in the Pacific Day, being the anniversary of 15 August 1945, the day after Japanese forces surrendered in World War II.
wikipedia: Australian War Memorial
Synonyms: VJ Day
Related terms: D-Day
VE Day
X-Day
Y-Day
metalanguage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: metalanguages
Etymology: From meta- + language.
Senses: examples: text: In order to talk or theorise about phenomena, one inevitably uses a language that is in effect a metalanguage, a special instance of language that allows the theorist to stand back and describe what is happening.
ref: 2005, Michael Cronin, edited by Martha Tennent and Benjamins Translation Library, Training for the New Millennium: Pedagogies for translation and interpreting, page 255:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
translation-studies
coordinate_terms: metaemotion
metathought
metaphilosophy
qualifier: critical theory
glosses: Any language or vocabulary of terms used to describe or analyze a language or linguistic process.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Any similar language used to define a programming language
Derived terms: metametalanguage
Related terms: metalingual
metalinguist
metalinguistic
epilanguage
metadiscourse
object language
VJ Day
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From initialism of victory (over) Japan + day.
Senses: glosses: Victory over Japan Day, being the anniversary of 15 August 1945, the day after Japanese forces surrendered in World War II; in the US celebrated on 14 August.
Synonyms: VP Day
Related terms: D-Day
VE Day
X-Day
Y-Day
irked
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)kt
Forms: form: more irked
form: most irked
Senses: examples: text: Pressured to deliver his film on time and within budget, Asher finally refused to give in to another of Cummings' demands. The irked actor stormed off the set. Bill shot around him for the rest of the day but then had to approach his unhappy star.
ref: 2015, Thomas Lisanti, Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies: The First Wave, 1959-1969:
glosses: Annoyed.
Derived terms: unirked
irked
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)kt
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of irk
Synonyms: annoyed
bothered
irritated
perturbed
modal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈməʊdəl/
ipa: /ˈmoʊdəl/
ipa: /ˈməʉdəl/
rhymes: -əʊdəl
Forms: form: modals
Etymology: From Middle French modal, from Medieval Latin modālis (“pertaining to a mode”), from Latin modus (“mode”). Compare to French, Spanish, and Portuguese modal and Italian modale. By surface analysis, mod(e) + -al.
Senses: topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: A modal proposition.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A modal form, notably a modal auxiliary.
examples: text: Using the same type of distributional criterion, we could argue that only a Verb (in its base form) can occur in the position marked — in (23) below to complete the sentence:
(23) They/it can —
[...]
Conversely, the only type of word which could be used to begin a three-word sentence such as (25) below:
(25) — I be frank?
is a Modal: cf. [...]
ref: 1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar: A First Course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 61:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A modal verb.
examples: text: Modal screen elements are subtrees which, when activated, disable all elements external to them. Examples of modals are yes-no message boxes and the application itself.
ref: 1996, OOPSLA '96: Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications, volume 31, numbers 10-12:
topics: computing
engineering
graphical-user-interface
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A modal window, one that cannot be closed until a decision is made.
Derived terms: double modal
essive-modal
micromodal
modal stacking
stacked modal
Related terms: semimodal
modal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈməʊdəl/
ipa: /ˈmoʊdəl/
ipa: /ˈməʉdəl/
rhymes: -əʊdəl
Etymology: A genericized trademark of Lenzing AG.
Senses: qualifier: fabric
glosses: A semi-synthetic fabric, a very soft kind of rayon textile made from beech tree pulp and processed with chemicals.
front running
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: front-running
form: frontrunning
Senses: examples: text: The charges stem from an investigation into the front-running of block trades . . . a practice in which a trader takes a position to capitalize on advance knowledge of a transaction large enough to influence the price of securities.
ref: 2012 October 1, Ben Moshinsky, “Four Charged for in U.K. FSA Insider-Trading Probe”, in Business Week, retrieved 19 May 2014:
topics: business
finance
glosses: The illegal practice of a stockbroker who, on receiving a large client order, places an order for his or her own account ahead of the client's, knowing that when the client's order is placed it will move the market and create a profit for the broker.
topics: business
finance
glosses: The illegal practice of placing orders for a security on one's own account in advance of promoting or recommending it.
topics: business
glosses: Any practice of buying something the value of which is about to increase due to a future purchase by another, especially where the knowledge derives from a fiduciary relationship.
front running
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: front-running
form: frontrunning
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of front run
Synonyms: tailgating
Related terms: front runner
frontrunning
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of front running.
smuggler
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsmʌɡ.lə(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈsmʌɡ.əl.ə(ɹ)/
Forms: form: smugglers
Etymology: From smuggle + -er.
Senses: examples: text: Every time the little gate creaks--I'm in the shed with the tanks at the end of the garden--I wonder from which of my pasts the person is arriving, seeking me out even here: maybe it is only the past of yesterday and of this same suburb, the squat Arab garbage collector who in October begins his rounds for tips, house by house, with a Happy New Year card, because he says that his colleagues keep all the December tips for themselves and he never gets a penny; but it could also be the more distant pasts pursuing old Ruedi, finding the little gate in the Impasse: smugglers from Valais, mercenaries from Katanga, croupiers from the Veradero casino and the days of Fulgencio Batista.
ref: 1979, Italo Calvino, If on a Winter's Night a Traveler:
text: Cabbage Moh, a Cantonese smuggler and drug dealer from triad-controlled Shumchun on the Hong Kong border, sees an opportunity to the north and opens dens supplying dope and philopon ferried up the Soochow Creek and distributed out of Fah Wah Village, adjacent to the new sin strip.
ref: 2018, Paul French, City of Devils, Picador, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 118:
glosses: One who smuggles things.
glosses: A vessel employed in smuggling.
Synonyms: contrabander
contrabandist
Derived terms: budgie smuggler
grape smuggler
people smuggler
smuggler's moon
star polygon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: star polygons
Senses: topics: geometry
mathematics
sciences
synonyms: regular star polygon
glosses: A geometric figure formed by connecting, with straight lines, every vertex of a p-sided regular polygon to the qth vertex beyond it (proceeding, consistently, either clockwise or anticlockwise).
glosses: Any such geometrical figure, or any of certain other types of figure of similar appearance whose general construction is not formally defined.
Hyponyms: pentagram
star pentagon
hexagram
star hexagon
heptagram
star heptagon
octagram
star octagon
zinco-
Language: English
Part of speech: prefix
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈzɪŋk.oʊ/
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: containing, or combined with, or using zinc
Derived terms: zinco-aluminic
zinco-ammonic
zincocalcite
zincopolar
zinco-sulfate
zinco-sulphate
zincotype
Craig
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /kɹeɪɡ/
ipa: /kɹɛɡ/
ipa: /kɹeɪɡ/
rhymes: -eɪɡ
rhymes: -ɛɡ
Forms: form: Craigs
form: Cregg
form: Craggs
Etymology: Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic creag (“rock”). Doublet of Carrick.
Senses: glosses: A surname.
A Scottish habitational surname from Scottish Gaelic from Scottish Gaelic creag, originally meaning someone who lived near a crag.
glosses: A surname.
An Irish surname of Hiberno-Norman origin, an anglicization of de Craig, de Creag (“of the crag”).
glosses: A surname.
An Irish surname, a variant anglicization of de Carraig (Carrick).
examples: text: He told her the name he had used to rent the cabin. " I'm Craig Hemsworth."
She burst out laughing. "That's a funnier name than mine. It sounds like the kind of name they give a movie actor when they decide his own name won't do.
ref: 1979, Bruce Jackson, The Programmer: A Novel, Doubleday, page 168:
glosses: A male given name transferred from the surname.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A city in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska; named for early settler and fishmonger Craig Miller.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
An unincorporated community in California; named for a railroad official.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A ghost town in Modoc County, California; named for postmaster Robert A. Craig.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A city, the county seat of Moffat County, Colorado; named for financier Rev. William Bayard Craig.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A township in Switzerland County, Indiana.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
An unincorporated community in Washington Township, Decatur County, Indiana.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A minor city in Plymouth County, Iowa.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A minor city in Holt County, Missouri; named for lawyer and politician James Craig.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A census-designated place in Lewis and Clark County, Montana.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
A township and village therein, in Burt County, Nebraska; named for early settler William Stewart Craig.
glosses: A placename
A locale in the United States.
An unincorporated community in Guernsey County, Ohio.
glosses: A placename
A river in Alaska, United States and British Columbia, Canada; named for engineer John Davidson Craig.
glosses: A placename
A small settlement in Glen Carron, Wester Ross, Highland council area, Scotland (OS grid ref NH0349).
Derived terms: Ailsa Craig
Craig County
Craig Island
corporate veil
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: corporate veils
Senses: topics: law
glosses: The principle of a corporation being a separate legal person from its members (ie. shareholders).
warts
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of wart
Dorothy Dixer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Dorothy Dixers
form: Dorothy Dix
form: dorothy dixer
Etymology: Named after US advice columnist Dorothy Dix (1870–1951), who reputedly invented some of the more interesting readers’ questions she answered, + -er.
Senses: examples: text: Betraying not a sign of the general mayhem he had just created, he answered a Dorothy Dixer about television violence.
ref: 2002, Don Watson, Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM, page 273:
text: On both sides of the chamber, Question Time became highly programmed. This led on the Government side to questions, almost without exception, being Dorothy Dixers of the worst kind.[…]The total domination of this sort of Dorothy Dixer under the Keating Government reduced the use of Question Time considerably.
ref: 2006, Julian Disney, J. R. Nethercote, The House on Capital Hill: Parliament, Politics, and Power in the National Capital, page 226:
text: The real and nasty political attack came later, in question time, when every Labor minister who stood in response to a Dorothy Dixer did so in order to aim a new kick at the cods of the Opposition leader, from a different direction.
ref: 2010, Annabel Crabb, Rise of the Ruddbot: Observations from the Gallery, page 244:
topics: government
politics
synonyms: dixer
glosses: A question asked of a minister by a member of their own party, to give the minister the opportunity to promote the government's work, criticise the opposition, etc.
Related terms: Question Time
roll call
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: roll calls
form: rollcall
form: roll-call
Senses: topics: government
politics
glosses: The reading aloud of a list of names, and subsequent responses, in order to determine who is present or absent.
Such an event in a legislative body in order to determine if a quorum exists.
glosses: The reading aloud of a list of names, and subsequent responses, in order to determine who is present or absent.
The time of day fixed for such an event.
examples: text: On paper, the Japanese had come out on top of the engagement; granted, Hiei had taken a worrying level of damage, but Kirishima was still intact, the light cruiser Nagara and four destroyers were likewise good to go, and four more were damaged but operational. Apart from Hiei, only three destroyers were missing from the roll call.
ref: 2021 March 10, Drachinifel, 23:24 from the start, in Guadalcanal Campaign - The Big Night Battle: Night 1 (IJN 3(?) : 2 USN), archived from the original on 07 Nov 2022:
text: It’s an astonishing roll call of future talent from when they were still young and hungry in Manhattan.
ref: 2022 November 23, Hadley Freeman, “Like a cinema virgin: how Madonna went stratospheric making Desperately Seeking Susan”, in The Guardian:
glosses: The subset of those members of a specific group who are present or available out of the full set of all the members of said group.
roll call
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: roll calls
form: roll calling
form: roll called
form: roll called
form: rollcall
form: roll-call
Senses: glosses: To read aloud from a list of names, in order to determine who is present or absent.
Brigid
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /ˈbɹɪ.d͡ʒɪd/
/ˈbɹiː.ɪd/
Etymology: From Irish Brighid, from Old Irish Brigit, from Proto-Celtic *Brigantī (“high, exalted”).
Senses: examples: text: The pagan Brigid was part of the Tuatha Dé Danann – a race of deities who are said to have inhabited Ireland before the Milesians, from whom today’s Irish people are descended. Raised among druids, Brigid was the daughter of an enslaved woman and the Dagda, chief of the gods.
ref: 2024 February 5, Katy Hessel, “Move over Saint Patrick: why the world should be celebrating beer-brewing Brigid”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
topics: human-sciences
mysticism
mythology
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The goddess of the Sacred Flame of Kildare and the patron goddess of the Druids. Daughter of Dagda of the Tuatha Dé Danann.
examples: text: Dabiri noted that Brigid was a woman who lived—in the fifth and sixth century—on her own terms, fought against forced marriage, brewed beer from lakes and cared for the land. While Dabiri was taught about Brigid at school in the 80s, it was never in this light.
ref: 2024 February 5, Katy Hessel, “Move over Saint Patrick: why the world should be celebrating beer-brewing Brigid”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: Brigid of Kildare (c. 451–521), an Irish saint partly confused with the goddess.
glosses: A female given name from Irish, equivalent to English Bridget, sometimes borrowed from Irish.
Dagda
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Dagda
Etymology: The Middle Irish name Dagda means “Good God” or “Shining God”, from Old Irish Dagdae, from Proto-Celtic *Dago-deiwos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰagʰo- (“shining”) (< *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”)) + *deywós (“divinity”).
Senses: examples: text: Raised among druids, Brigid was the daughter of an enslaved woman and the Dagda, chief of the gods.
ref: 2024 February 5, Katy Hessel, “Move over Saint Patrick: why the world should be celebrating beer-brewing Brigid”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
topics: human-sciences
mysticism
mythology
philosophy
sciences
glosses: An important god in Irish mythology, portrayed as a father figure, king, and druid.
Dagda
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From Latvian.
Senses: glosses: A town in Latvia.
comic relief
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒmɪk ɹɪˈliːf/
ipa: /ˈkɑmɪk ɹɪˈliːf/
Senses: examples: text: The sequence where Sam carves off Jorah’s infected tissue in secret, stopping every few moments to shush his patient, is presented as comic relief why? Jorah reels back into a diagonal close-up whimpering like a dog. Yellow pus oozes to get those good gross-out laughs. Is the substance of this operation funny to anyone on its face?
ref: 2017 July 23, Brandon Nowalk, “The great game begins with a bang on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
narratology
sciences
glosses: The inclusion of a humorous character or scene or witty dialogue in an otherwise serious work, often to relieve tension.
Related terms: bathos
Classical Latin
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: The Latin language as spoken and written in formal speeches, literature, the arts, etc., by the ancient Romans.
Related terms: Wiktionary’s coverage of Latin terms
conditioned
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of condition
conditioned
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: determined or dependent on some condition
glosses: physically fit, especially as the result of exercise
glosses: prepared for a specific use
topics: human-sciences
psychology
sciences
glosses: exhibiting a conditioned reflex
Derived terms: conditionedness
conditioned response
ill-conditioned
lager-conditioned
nonconditioned
overconditioned
postconditioned
pseudoconditioned
underconditioned
Related terms: air-conditioned
accent acute
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: accents acute
Senses: glosses: An acute accent.
accent grave
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: accents grave
Senses: examples: text: The second method for shutting off the macro key is to type an accent grave (`). The key is usually located in the upper left corner of the keyboard. The accent grave symbol shares the key with the tilde symbol (~).
ref: 1991, Douglas J. Wolf, Microsoft Works Quick Reference, Carmel, IN: Que Corporation, →ISBN, page 128:
text: In order to print an actual semicolon or the prefix marker (\) as part of a citation, type an accent grave (`) before the character. The accent grave tells EndNote to treat the following character as regular text, and not as a significant character for parsing the citation.
ref: 2001, Endnote 5: Bibliographies Made Easy, Berkeley, CA: ISI ResearchSoft, Thomson Scientific, page 208:
text: To display formulas in a spreadsheet, press Ctrl+` (an accent grave character, which appears on the same key as the ~ sign and often appears to the left of the number 1 key near the top of a keyboard).
ref: 2010, Wallace Wang, “The Basics of Spreadsheets: Numbers, Labels, and Formulas”, in Office 2010 for Dummies, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, →ISBN, page 156:
text: If you occasionally have to type a foreign word with special punctuation such as Español with the tilde over the “n” or Frère with an accent grave, it can be exasperating to find the right program within word processing.
ref: 2010, “Using Technology in the Library”, in Kate Vande Brake, editor, Tips and Other Bright Ideas for Secondary School Libraries, volume 4, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 77:
text: California, like several other states, prohibits the use of diacritical marks or accents on official documents. That means no tilde (~), no accent grave (`), no umlaut (¨) and certainly no cedilla (¸).
ref: 2015 April 11, Tovin Lapan, “California birth certificates and accents: O’Connor alright, Ramón and José is not”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 04 Apr 2025:
text: Dorothy took a short breath. “Accent grave over the third e.” / Lucybelle laughed. She knew exactly what Dorothy was referring to. Anytime someone asked her name, the Vassar scholar said, “Geneviève, four e’s, accent grave over the third one.”
ref: 2016, Lucy Jane Bledsoe, A Thin Bright Line, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, →ISBN, page 182:
text: I glanced at the recipe. TOURTIÈRE, scrawled across the top of the white card in my mother’s unwieldy handwriting, an accent grave raising its head pointedly above the ‘E.’ Below, a list of ingredients.
ref: 2018 November 30, Isabelle Bourgeault-Tassé, “How a family recipe taught me what’s at stake when Franco-Ontarians lose their roots”, in The Globe and Mail:
glosses: A grave accent.
raffle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹæfl̩/
rhymes: -æfəl
Forms: form: raffles
Etymology: From Middle English rafle, from Old French rafle, raffle (“dice game", also "plundering”), from rafler (“to snatch, seize, carry off”), from Frankish *raffolōn, from Proto-Germanic *hrapōną, *hrēpōną (“to scratch, touch, pluck out, snatch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb(h)-, *(s)kerb(h)- (“to turn, bend, shrink”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Middle Dutch raffel (“dice game”), German raffen (“to snatch away, sweep off”), Old English hreppan (“to touch, treat, attack”).
Senses: examples: text: He entered a raffle to win a lifetime supply of toothpaste, but he did not win.
text: The raffle was a big success—too big, in fact.
ref: 1953 August 6, Jet, volume 4, Johnson Publishing Company, page 22:
glosses: A drawing, often held as a fundraiser, in which tickets or chances are sold to win a prize.
glosses: A game of dice in which the player who throws three of the same number wins all the stakes.
topics: law
glosses: The system by which cases are assigned to judges in multi-sala courts.
Derived terms: chook raffle
couldn't organise a two-ticket raffle
meat raffle
raffle sale
raffle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹæfl̩/
rhymes: -æfəl
Forms: form: raffles
form: raffling
form: raffled
form: raffled
Etymology: From Middle English rafle, from Old French rafle, raffle (“dice game", also "plundering”), from rafler (“to snatch, seize, carry off”), from Frankish *raffolōn, from Proto-Germanic *hrapōną, *hrēpōną (“to scratch, touch, pluck out, snatch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb(h)-, *(s)kerb(h)- (“to turn, bend, shrink”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Middle Dutch raffel (“dice game”), German raffen (“to snatch away, sweep off”), Old English hreppan (“to touch, treat, attack”).
Senses: examples: They raffled off four gift baskets.
glosses: To award something by means of a raffle or random drawing.
raw_tags: with off
examples: to raffle for a watch
glosses: To participate in a raffle.
raffle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹæfl̩/
rhymes: -æfəl
Etymology: See raff.
Senses: glosses: Refuse; rubbish.
torrent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɔɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɑɹ.ənt/
rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒɹənt
Forms: form: torrents
Etymology: Borrowed from French torrent, from Italian torrente, from Latin torrentem, accusative of torrēns (“burning, seething, roaring”), from Latin torrēre (“to parch, scorch”).
Senses: examples: text: Rain fell on the hills in torrents.
text: A torrent of green and white water broke over the hull of the sail-boat.
text: "Try not the Pass!" the old man said; / "Dark lowers the tempest overhead, / The roaring torrent is deep and wide!" / And loud that clarion voice replied / Excelsior!
ref: 1841 September 28 (date written), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “[Miscellaneous.] Excelsior.”, in Ballads and Other Poems, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Mass.: […] John Owen, published 1842, →OCLC, stanza 4, page 130:
text: Floods in northern India, mostly in the small state of Uttarakhand, have wrought disaster on an enormous scale.[…]Rock-filled torrents smashed vehicles and homes, burying victims under rubble and sludge.
ref: 2013 June 29, “High and wet”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 28:
glosses: A violent flow, as of water, lava, etc.; a stream suddenly raised and running rapidly, as down a precipice.
examples: text: They endured a torrent of inquiries.
text: The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees, / The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas, / The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor, / And the highwayman came riding— / Riding—riding— / The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door.
ref: 1906 August, Alfred Noyes, “The Highwayman”, in Poems, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., published October 1906, →OCLC, part 1, stanza I, page 45:
text: On the banks of the grey torrent of life, love is the only flower.
ref: 1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part III, XXXI [Uniform ed., p. 278]
text: Western civilization has always taught the repression of emotion […] The emotional torrents of opera rebel against this.
ref: 1981 December 5, Michael Bronski, “Coming (Out) to Opera”, in Gay Community News, volume 9, number 20, page 6:
text: A new stream of migrants is leaving the continent. It threatens to become a torrent if the debt crisis continues to worsen.
ref: 2011 December 21, Helen Pidd, “Europeans migrate south as continent drifts deeper into crisis”, in the Guardian:
glosses: A large amount or stream of something.
Derived terms: BitTorrent
torrent-bow
torrent duck
torrentfish
torrential
torrentine
torrent-lark
Related terms: torrid
toast
torrent
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɔɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɑɹ.ənt/
rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒɹənt
Forms: form: more torrent
form: most torrent
Etymology: Borrowed from French torrent, from Italian torrente, from Latin torrentem, accusative of torrēns (“burning, seething, roaring”), from Latin torrēre (“to parch, scorch”).
Senses: examples: text: Waves of torrent fire.
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
glosses: Rolling or rushing in a rapid stream.
torrent
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɔɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɑɹ.ənt/
rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒɹənt
Forms: form: torrents
form: torrenting
form: torrented
form: torrented
Etymology: Borrowed from French torrent, from Italian torrente, from Latin torrentem, accusative of torrēns (“burning, seething, roaring”), from Latin torrēre (“to parch, scorch”).
Senses: examples: text: ... through the inflexible rain, each turn in the track revealed a new cascade, torrenting down the steep cliff of the hill. The weather was too wild for me to get to them. In good weather, they wouldn't exist.
ref: 2016 January 28, Anna Pavord, Landskipping: Painters, Ploughmen and Places, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 63:
text: Outside[,] rain was torrenting down, lightning and thunder heralded the arrival of a summer storm.
ref: 2024 November 11, Peter D. Thompson, The Connection, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN:
glosses: To fall or flow in a torrent; to pour.
Related terms: barrage
inundate
deluge
torrential
torrent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɔɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɑɹ.ənt/
rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒɹənt
Forms: form: torrents
Etymology: From BitTorrent and the file extension it uses for metadata (.torrent); ultimately from etymology 1, carrying the notion of the flow of information.
Senses: examples: text: I got a torrent of the complete works of Shakespeare the other day; I'm not sure why.
qualifier: file sharing
glosses: A set of files obtainable through a peer-to-peer network, especially BitTorrent.
torrent
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɔɹ.ənt/
ipa: /ˈtɑɹ.ənt/
rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒɹənt
Forms: form: torrents
form: torrenting
form: torrented
form: torrented
Etymology: From BitTorrent and the file extension it uses for metadata (.torrent); ultimately from etymology 1, carrying the notion of the flow of information.
Senses: examples: text: The video rental place didn't have the film I was after, but I managed to torrent it.
text: They had two thousand CDs burned with Listnin loaded on them, including versions for every major phone OS, and they'd set up a dozen servers in seven different countries for people to torrent the file from.
ref: 2009, Rick Dakan, Geek Mafia: Black Hat Blues, page 38:
glosses: To download in a torrent.
Derived terms: torrenter
torrential
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /təˈɹɛn.tʃəl/
ipa: /tɒɹˈɛn.tʃəl/
ipa: /tɔˈɹɛn.t͡ʃəl/
ipa: /təˈɹɛn.t͡ʃəl/
Forms: form: more torrential
form: most torrential
Etymology: From torrent + -ial.
Senses: examples: text: There was a torrential downpour and we were all soaked.
text: torrential rain
text: On the Saturday, October 1, the torrential rains began to wreak damage east of Exeter.
ref: 1960 December, “Talking of Trains: The railways and the Devon floods”, in Trains Illustrated, page 709:
glosses: Coming or characterized by torrents; flowing heavily or in large quantities.
Derived terms: torrentiality
torrentially
Related terms: torrent
torrid
toast
pummel
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpʌməl/
rhymes: -ʌməl
Forms: form: pummels
form: pummeling
form: pummelling
form: pummeled
form: pummeled
form: pummelled
form: pummelled
Etymology: Alteration of pommel.
Senses: examples: text: Rain pummeled the roof.
text: The boxer pummeled his opponent.
text: The best of friends become the worst of enemies when Barney makes a hilarious attack ad where he viciously pummels a cardboard cut-out of Homer before special guest star Linda Ronstadt joins the fun to both continue the attack on the helpless Homer stand-in and croon a slanderously accurate, insanely catchy jingle about how “Mr. Plow is a loser/And I think he is a boozer.”
ref: 2012 June 3, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Mr. Plow” (season 4, episode 9; originally aired 11/19/1992)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):
text: The tale is bookended by battles – faces meatily pummelled, bones crunchily broken and throats spurtingly sliced as offstage conflicts are placed centre-screen.
ref: 2015 October 4, Mark Kermode, “Macbeth review – a spittle-flecked Shakespearean war film”, in The Observer:
glosses: To hit or strike heavily and repeatedly.
examples: text: The politician was pummeled by the media for his controversial statements.
text: “There are theorists who have claimed that the movie is getting pummeled especially hard by male film critics who weren’t fans of the show in the first place (though that’s hardly true of the Post’s Smith, who boasted on his blog that he’d watched every episode of the TV show).”
ref: 2010 May 28, Patrick Goldstein, “Critics pummeling ‘Sex and the City 2’”, in The Spokesman-Review:
text: I will rape your personality
Pummel you with my own philosophy
ref: 1991, “Sgt. Baker”, performed by Primus (band):
glosses: To scornfully criticize someone or something.
pummel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpʌməl/
rhymes: -ʌməl
Forms: form: pummels
Etymology: Alteration of pommel.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of pommel.
electrical current
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: electrical currents
Senses: examples: text: The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere. Ships' logs noted observations of the northern lights as far south as the Caribbean, and telegraph systems across the world were disrupted as electrical currents were induced in the copper lines.
ref: 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:
glosses: Alternative form of electric current.