cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
scintilla
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /sɪnˈtɪlə/
rhymes: -ɪlə
Forms: form: scintillae
form: scintillas
Etymology: Existing in English since the 17th century; borrowed from Latin scintilla (“spark”).
Senses: examples: text: If the action of the electrodynamic waves is so violent that, even without artificial electrification of the secondary conductor, scintillæ occur in its spark-gap, the aluminium leaves remain almost without change.
ref: 1890, Philosophical Magazine, page 364:
glosses: A small spark or flash.
examples: text: a scintilla of hope
text: And, if I except the sagacious remark of General Duane which has been so curtly brushed aside, not a scintilla of light has been cast upon these causes by any researches ever published by the Lighthouse Board of Washington.
ref: 1876 February, John Tyndall, “The Controversy on Acoustical Research”, in Popular Science Monthly:
text: Now, it may be we have no scintilla of proof to the contrary, but reason is unnecessary in reference to that belief which is of all the most settled, which nobody doubts or can doubt, and which he who should deny would stultify himself in so doing.
ref: 1878 April, John Tyndall, “Illustrations of the Logic of Science IV”, in Popular Science Monthly:
text: Current medical practice recommends use of heroic measures if there is a scintilla of a chance that the patient will recover, on the assumption that the measures will be discontinued should the patient improve.
ref: 1990, William J. Brennan, Jr., Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health: Dissent Brennan, United States Supreme Court:
text: It’s 3pm at Rizes, a farm in the heart of Mykonos, and there is not a champagne bottle in sight, a sunbed to lounge on, or a scintilla of music that might drown the sound of the winds breezing through the nearby bamboo.
ref: 2022 September 4, Helena Smith, “Mykonos has had its fill of champagne-fuelled tourism”, in The Observer:
synonyms: word: ace
word: tinge
word: atom
word: trace element
word: aught
word: bissel
word: bit
word: crumb
word: glimpse
word: dab
word: damn
word: dash
word: diddly
word: glint
word: dot
word: spatter
word: drop
word: dusting
word: fleck
word: hint
word: flip
word: flyspeck
word: grain
word: halfpennyworth
word: inch
word: iota
word: jot
word: lick
word: mite
word: modicum
word: molecule
word: morceau
word: morsel
word: mote
word: ooch
word: ounce
word: particle
word: pennyworth
word: piece
word: pinch
word: scantling
word: semblance
word: scent
word: scintilla
word: scooch
word: scrap
word: scruple
word: shred
word: skerrick
word: skoosh
word: skosh
word: sliver
word: smattering
word: smidge
word: smidgen
word: smidget
word: smidgy
word: smitch
word: smithereen
word: soupçon
word: spark
word: speck
word: speckle
word: spot
word: sprinkle
word: sprinkling
word: strain
word: tad
word: tidbit
word: tidge
word: tittle
word: toddick
word: touch
word: trace
word: trifle
word: tuppence worth
word: vestige
word: whiff
word: whit
glosses: A small or trace amount.
Related terms: scintilla juris
scintillate
scintillation
scintillator
shine
stencil
tinsel
scintillant
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɪntɪlənt/
Forms: form: more scintillant
form: most scintillant
Senses: examples: text: The father said with patience, "I will bestow on you my fine white horse, my Expansible Egg for your shelter, my Scintillant Dagger to illuminate the night […]
ref: 1950, Jack Vance, Dying Earth:
glosses: That scintillates.
excoriate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪkˈskɔɹ.iˌeɪt/
ipa: /ɪkˈskoʊɹ.iˌeɪt/
Forms: form: excoriates
form: excoriating
form: excoriated
form: excoriated
Etymology: First attested in the first part of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English *excoriaten (only attested in its past participle), borrowed from Late Latin excoriātus perfect passive participle of excoriō (“to take the skin or hide off, flay, skin”), from ex- (“out off, from”) + corium (“hide, skin”) + -ō. Regular participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English, later archaic.
Senses: synonyms: excarnate
glosses: to remove the skin and/or fur of, to flay, to skin
synonyms: abrade
chafe
flay
glosses: To wear off the skin of; to chafe.
examples: text: The teacher continued to excoriate the student after his academic issues.
text: Madeleina di Farja had described Ori, and Cutter had envisaged an angry, frantic, pugnacious boy eager to fight, excoriating his comrades for supposed quiescence.
ref: 2004, China Miéville, Iron Council, Trade paperback edition, published 2005, →ISBN, page 464:
text: Mr. Green, a former city public advocate and candidate for mayor in 2001, ran ads excoriating Mr. Cuomo’s ethics.
ref: 2006 September 13, Patrick Healy, “Spitzer and Clinton Win in N.Y. Primary”, in New York Times:
text: The tabloids branded him forevermore as the “love rat,” and Pasternak was excoriated for peddling mawkish fantasy.
ref: 2022 April 5, Tina Brown, “How Princess Diana’s Dance With the Media Impacted William and Harry”, in Vanity Fair:
text: Police are under pressure to accelerate the criminal investigation into the Grenfell Tower fire after an excoriating report found that companies operated with “systematic dishonesty” and that all 72 deaths were avoidable.
ref: 2024 September 4, Robert Booth, Emine Sinmaz, “Police under pressure to accelerate criminal investigation into Grenfell fire”, in The Guardian:
synonyms: denounce
disparage
reprobate
tear a strip off
criticize
criticise
glosses: To strongly condemn or criticize.
Derived terms: excoriatingly
unexcoriated
excoriate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪkˈskɔɹ.iˌeɪt/
ipa: /ɪkˈskoʊɹ.iˌeɪt/
Forms: form: more excoriate
form: most excoriate
Etymology: First attested in the first part of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English *excoriaten (only attested in its past participle), borrowed from Late Latin excoriātus perfect passive participle of excoriō (“to take the skin or hide off, flay, skin”), from ex- (“out off, from”) + corium (“hide, skin”) + -ō. Regular participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English, later archaic.
Senses: examples: text: If the bowelles be excoriate, ye shall gyue thys peculier remedy.
ref: c. 1543, Thomas Phaer, translation of Jean Goëvrot's Regiment of Lyfe:
glosses: Excoriated.
raw_tags: as a participle
Related terms: excoriation
excoriator
exculpate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛkskəlpeɪt/
Forms: form: exculpates
form: exculpating
form: exculpated
form: exculpated
Etymology: From Medieval Latin exculpātus, perfect passive participle of exculpō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from ex- (“out, from”) + culpa (“fault; blame”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).
Senses: examples: text: 1896, Edward Manson, J. S. Henderson (editors), Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy and Companies' Winding-Up, Volume 3, Sweet & Maxwell, page 72,
When one comes to look at subsection 7, it is quite clear that the Court can only allow expenses to a person ordered to attend for examination if in the opinion of the Court he is exculpated from any of the charges made or suggested against him.
text: The inquest on keeper Davidson was duly held, and at the commencement seemed likely to cause Tony Palliser less anxiety than he had expected. Northrop knew all about Tony's flirtation with Lucy Davidson, but it also knew a good deal more about that lady than Tony did, and exculpated him.
ref: 1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 4, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:
text: Only a handful of defendants who are ignorant of the law succeed in exculpating themselves on either of the grounds discussed in Part B.[…]In the examples to which I will refer, defendants who make mistakes of law are exculpated by denying mens rea—the mechanism I described in Part C through which all defendants are exculpated when they plead ignorance of fact.
ref: 2016, Douglas Husak, Ignorance of Law, Oxford University Press, page 113:
synonyms: absolve
acquit
disculpate
exonerate
pardon
antonyms: blame
condemn
incriminate
inculpate
indict
glosses: To clear of or to free from guilt; exonerate.
Derived terms: unexculpated
Related terms: culpable
culpate
culprit
disculp
exculpation
exculpatory
inculpate
mea culpa
exigency
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: ĕkʹsĭjənsē
ipa: /ˈɛksɪd͡ʒənsi/
ipa: /ˈɛɡzəd͡ʒənsi/
ipa: /ˈɛksəd͡ʒənsi/
ipa: /ɛ(k).si.d͡ʒɤn.si/
Forms: form: exigencies
Etymology: From Middle French exigence, from Late Latin exigentia (“urgency”) (from exigēns + -ia), from exigere (“to demand”).
Senses: examples: text: My business is with you, and you only. You should not have undertaken your office, unless prepared for its various exigencies.
ref: 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XI, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 226:
text: No ordinary man could have escaped those frightful claws when Numa sprang from so short a distance, but Tarzan was no ordinary man. From earliest childhood his muscles had been trained by the fierce exigencies of his existence to act with the rapidity of thought.
ref: 1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 80:
text: [...] but these details I am compelled by exigencies of space to hold over until next month.
ref: 1940 July, Cecil J. Allen, “British Locomotive Practice and Performance”, in Railway Magazine, page 408:
glosses: The demands or requirements of a situation.
glosses: An urgent situation, one requiring extreme effort or attention.
Synonyms: exigence
necessity
urgency
Related terms: exigent
exigenter
exiguity
exiguous
upstage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌpˈsteɪd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -eɪdʒ
Etymology: From up- + stage. The figurative uses “haughty” and “to draw attention away” derive from actors moving to a higher and thus more visible position on a sloped stage.
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
theater
coordinate_terms: center stage
downstage
stage left
stage right
glosses: The part of a stage that is farthest from the audience or camera.
upstage
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌpˈsteɪd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -eɪdʒ
Forms: form: more upstage
form: most upstage
Etymology: From up- + stage. The figurative uses “haughty” and “to draw attention away” derive from actors moving to a higher and thus more visible position on a sloped stage.
Senses: examples: text: The actor turned and walked upstage.
glosses: Toward or at the rear of a theatrical stage.
glosses: Away from the audience or camera.
upstage
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌpˈsteɪd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -eɪdʒ
Forms: form: more upstage
form: most upstage
Etymology: From up- + stage. The figurative uses “haughty” and “to draw attention away” derive from actors moving to a higher and thus more visible position on a sloped stage.
Senses: examples: text: The minimalist play used no upstage scenery.
glosses: At the rear of a stage.
examples: text: If she hasn't time for this or that, if she refuses to make or keep appointments, if her face does not greet all comers with a sweet and charming smile, then the word is passed around that ‘So-and-So is getting high-hat and up-stage.’
ref: 1929 December, Betty Boone, “The Price of this Stardom”, in Screenland, page 22:
synonyms: word: airy
word: arrogant
word: authoritarian
word: biggity
word: big-headed
word: blustery
word: boastful
word: bombastic
word: buggish
word: cocky
word: conceited
word: disdainful
word: domineering
word: egotistical
word: entitled
word: flatulent
word: flaunting
word: full of oneself
word: grandiose
word: hankty
word: haught
word: haughty
word: haut
word: high-handed
word: high-hat
word: high and mighty
word: highfalutin
word: hoity-toity
word: holier-than-thou
word: imperious
word: inflated
word: insolent
word: la-di-da
word: ostentatious
word: overbearing
word: overweening
word: pompous
word: presumptuous
word: pretentious
word: priggish
word: puffed up
word: sanctimonious
word: self-important
word: snobbish
word: snooty
word: snotty
word: stout
word: stuck up
word: supercilious
word: thrasonic
word: thrasonical
word: toploftical
word: toplofty
word: tumid
word: turgid
word: uppish
word: uppity
word: uppy
word: upstage
word: vain
glosses: Haughty, aloof.
upstage
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌpˈsteɪd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -eɪdʒ
Forms: form: upstages
form: upstaging
form: upstaged
form: upstaged
Etymology: From up- + stage. The figurative uses “haughty” and “to draw attention away” derive from actors moving to a higher and thus more visible position on a sloped stage.
Senses: examples: text: She only wore that dress to upstage everyone.
text: Although constantly upstaged by Miss Moore's vocal flings, Cary Grant brought the appropriate note of light comedy to his role.
ref: 1973, Jerry Vermilye, Cary Grant, New York: Galahad Books, →ISBN, page 56:
text: Ronald Reagan’s peace plan for Nicaragua, which would have worked to his domestic political advantage even if it had failed, is upstaged by a surprise initiative by five Central American countries.
ref: 1987 August 17, “Peace Moves”, in Newsweek, volume 60, number 7, page 1:
text: The romance and spectacle of the Olympics have been upstaged by the reality of the Olympics; both the Summer Games and the Winter Games are now as much big business as they are sport.
ref: 1996, Dave Anderson, The story of the Olympics, New York: W. Morrow, →ISBN, page 10:
synonyms: eclipse
overshadow
glosses: To draw attention away from others, especially on-stage.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
theater
glosses: To force other actors to face away from the audience by staying upstage.
glosses: To treat snobbishly.
examples: text: Almost one-third of patients were upstaged after re-exploration, three-quarters of whom actually had stage III disease.
ref: 1999, “Mismanagement of ovarian cancer by laparoscopy and laparotomy”, in Laparoscopic surgery in gynaecological oncology, Blackwell Science, →ISBN:
topics: medicine
sciences
antonyms: downstage
glosses: To restage upward; to restage (a case of a disease, usually a cancer) to a higher stage than that found at last assessment.
childe
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: chīld
ipa: /t͡ʃaɪld/
rhymes: -aɪld
homophone: child
Etymology: From Old English ċild.
Senses: examples: text: I will that non childe of myne have any childe's parte of my goodes saving thies childer here in my will namyd, […]
ref: 1524, will of William Butler of Brotton Juxta Gisburne, quoted in 1884, The Publications of the Surtees Society, page 190
text: It'm I gyue & bequithe vnto my Mr iij childringe my beste coalte […] It'm I bequithe & gyue vnto yt childe yt my wiffe is wth all at this p'sente fortie […]
ref: 1570, will of John Hauelocke of Newcastle upon Tyne, quoted in 1835, James Raine, William Greenwell, John Crawford Hodgson, Wills and Inventories Illustrative of the History, Manners, Language, Statistics: &c., of the Northern Counties of England, from the Eleventh Century Downwards, page 325
text: A good childe is to obey a wicked father as he is a father, [... as] children to their parents.
ref: 1637, An Exposition of the Epistle of Saint Paul to the Colossians, Delivered in Sundry Sermons, by Edward Elton ... The Third Edition, Corrected and Revised. [With the Text.], page 558:
glosses: Obsolete form of child.
glosses: A child of noble birth.
examples: text: Childe Rowland to the dark tower came.
His word was still "Fie, foh, and fum,
I smell the blood of a British man."
ref: c. 1607, William Shakespeare, King Lear, act 3, scene 4
glosses: The cognomen given to the oldest son prior to his taking his father's title.
examples: text: She had waded in blood and reveled in death, she had torn her enemies asunder with shadow and given their childer to the flame.
ref: 1999, Kathleen Ryan, Clan Novel: Ravnos:
text: Alexander, the ancient vampire who has ruled Paris for many centuries, has been deposed by his own childe, Sir Geoffrey.
ref: 2003, Janet Trautvetter, Dark Ages: Toreador, page 5:
text: The blood loss involved in creating a childe takes a lot out of the vampire sire.
ref: 2012, Molly Harper, Nice Girls Don't Bite Their Neighbors, page 23:
topics: fantasy
qualifier: plural childer
glosses: A vampire who was turned by another vampire (the childe's sire) in a particular way.
HTTPS
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: synonyms: HTTP/TLS
glosses: Initialism of Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, an extension to HTTP that uses an encrypted form of data transfer on the Internet.
perfin
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: perfins
Etymology: From the first syllables of perforated initial.
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
philately
glosses: Perforated initial; a series of small holes punched into a stamp and forming a letter, series of letters or other design for the purpose of preventing the unauthorized use of the stamps.
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
philately
glosses: A stamp marked with perforated initials.
Synonyms: word: SPIFS
arduous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑː.djuː.əs/
ipa: /ˈɑː.d͡ʒuː.əs/
ipa: /ˈɑɹ.d͡ʒu.əs/
Forms: form: more arduous
form: most arduous
Etymology: From Latin arduus (“lofty, high, steep, hard to reach, difficult, laborious”), akin to Irish ard (“high”).
Senses: examples: text: The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.
text: Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.
ref: 2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:
glosses: Needing or using up much energy; testing powers of endurance.
examples: text: 1805-1814, Dante, Henry Francis Cary (translator), The Divine Comedy
Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
glosses: burning; ardent
examples: text: Beyond the river, an arduous slope rises 3286 feet in 13 miles.
ref: 1974, Sue Bowder, The American biking atlas & touring guide, page 77:
text: Mike looked up from the arduous mountain trail. They'd been climbing for five hours and he was beginning to feel irritable.
ref: 1999, Scott Ciencin, Mike Fredericks, Dinoverse:
text: Survivor reaches as many as 28 million viewers who watch contestants win a new Pontiac or guzzle Mountain Dew after scaling an arduous cliff.
ref: 2006, Jack W. Plunkett, Plunkett's Entertainment & Media Industry Almanac 2006:
glosses: Difficult or exhausting to traverse.
Synonyms: burdensome
demanding
exhausting
fatiguing
laborious
onerous
strenuous
strugglesome
wearisome
uphill
Derived terms: arduously
arduousness
unarduous
Related terms: arduity
discourage
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪsˈkʌɹɪd͡ʒ/
ipa: /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/
Forms: form: discourages
form: discouraging
form: discouraged
form: discouraged
Etymology: From Middle French descourager (modern French décourager), from Old French descouragier, from des- and corage. By surface analysis, dis- + courage.
Senses: examples: text: Don't be discouraged by the amount of work left to do: you'll finish it in good time.
text: Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Colossians 3:21:
glosses: To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten; to depress the spirits of; to deprive of confidence; to deject.
examples: text: Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can.
ref: 1854, Abraham Lincoln., Notes for a Law Lecture:
glosses: To persuade somebody not to do (something).
Synonyms: daunt
deter
dissuade
Derived terms: discourageable
discouragement
discourager
overdiscourage
discourage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪsˈkʌɹɪd͡ʒ/
ipa: /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/
Etymology: From Middle French descourager (modern French décourager), from Old French descouragier, from des- and corage. By surface analysis, dis- + courage.
Senses: glosses: Lack of courage
Synonyms: sense: lack of courage
word: cowardliness
thorough
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθʌɹə/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹəʊ/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹoʊ/
ipa: /ˈθɝoʊ/
note: Indic
ipa: /t̪ʰəˈro/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈt̪ʰərə/
rhymes: -ʌɹə
rhymes: -ʌɹəʊ
Forms: form: thorougher
form: more thorough
form: thoroughest
form: most thorough
form: thoro
Etymology: From Middle English thoruȝ, þoruȝ, from Old English þuruh, a byform of Old English þurh, whence comes English through. The adjective derives from the preposition and adverb. The word developed a syllabic form in cases where the word was fully stressed: when it was used as an adverb, adjective, or noun, and less commonly when used as a preposition.
Senses: examples: text: The Prime Minister announced a thorough investigation into the death of a father-of-two in police custody.
text: Not enough! Your work has to be thorougher than this.
text: It's the most thorough artwork I have ever seen!
text: The infested house needs a thorough cleansing before being inhabitable again.
glosses: Painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail.
examples: text: Dr. Oldfield once said to me, 'You talk to me quite all right, but why is it that you never open your lips at a committee meeting? You are a drone.' I appreciated the banter. The bees are ever busy, the drone is a thorough idler.
ref: 1925–29, Mahatma Gandhi, “Shyness My Shield” (chapter XVIII), in Mahadev Desai, transl., The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Part I (Autobiography), Ahemadabad: Navajivan Mudranalaya, →ISBN:
glosses: Utter; complete; absolute.
Synonyms: sense: detailed
word: comprehensive
word: rigorous
word: scrupulous
word: meticulous
word: comprehensive
sense: utter; complete; absolute
word: downright
word: outright
word: unmitigated
word: total
Derived terms: thoroughbred
thoroughfare
thoroughgoing
thoroughly
thoroughness
thoroughsped
thorough-stitch
thorough
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθʌɹə/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹəʊ/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹoʊ/
ipa: /ˈθɝoʊ/
note: Indic
ipa: /t̪ʰəˈro/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈt̪ʰərə/
rhymes: -ʌɹə
rhymes: -ʌɹəʊ
Forms: form: thoro
Etymology: From Middle English thoruȝ, þoruȝ, from Old English þuruh, a byform of Old English þurh, whence comes English through. The adjective derives from the preposition and adverb. The word developed a syllabic form in cases where the word was fully stressed: when it was used as an adverb, adjective, or noun, and less commonly when used as a preposition.
Senses: examples: text: Ye might haue ſeene the frothy billowes fry
 Vnder the ſhip, as thorough them ſhe went […]
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
text: You are contented to be led in triumph
 Thorough the streets of Rome?
ref: 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], line 109:
text: At length did cross an Albatross: / Thorough the fog it came; […]
ref: 1797–1798 (date written; revised 1817), S[amuel] T[aylor] Coleridge, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. In Seven Parts.”, in Sibylline Leaves: A Collection of Poems, London: Rest Fenner, […], published 1817, →OCLC, page 6:
glosses: Through.
thorough
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθʌɹə/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹəʊ/
ipa: /ˈθʌɹoʊ/
ipa: /ˈθɝoʊ/
note: Indic
ipa: /t̪ʰəˈro/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈt̪ʰərə/
rhymes: -ʌɹə
rhymes: -ʌɹəʊ
Forms: form: thoroughs
form: thoro
Etymology: From Middle English thoruȝ, þoruȝ, from Old English þuruh, a byform of Old English þurh, whence comes English through. The adjective derives from the preposition and adverb. The word developed a syllabic form in cases where the word was fully stressed: when it was used as an adverb, adjective, or noun, and less commonly when used as a preposition.
Senses: examples: text: The Ignorance and Idleness of the Plowman, who either goes so shallow, or plows his Thoroughs so wide, or misses Part of the Ground.
ref: 1733, William Ellis, Chiltern And Vale Farming Explained:
glosses: A furrow between two ridges, to drain off the surface water.
vacationist
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: vacationists
Etymology: From vacation + -ist.
Senses: examples: text: Anyone was welcome to ride. And as the train rolled along the backwoods section it picked up countless non-paying passengers from among vacationists and boys from camps.
ref: 1940 November, “Notes and News: Railway Operation Ad Lib”, in Railway Magazine, page 611:
glosses: Someone who is on vacation.
Synonyms: vacationer
vacationer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /vəˈkeɪ.ʃən.ə(ɹ)/
Forms: form: vacationers
Etymology: From vacation + -er.
Senses: glosses: Someone who is on vacation
Synonyms: holidayer
holidaymaker
holiday-maker
vaccinal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Of or relating to vaccine or vaccination
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Caused by vaccination
painstaking
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpeɪnˌsteɪkɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/
Forms: form: more painstaking
form: most painstaking
form: pains-taking
Etymology: From pains + taking; see take pains. The /ˈpeɪnˌsteɪkɪŋ/ pronunciation which dominates in the United States suggests a reanalysis of the word as pain + staking.
Senses: examples: text: All these painstaking men, considered together, may be said to have completed another species of criticism.
ref: 1781, James Harris, Philological Inquiries:
text: It is hoped to feature the historic vehicles to be found on the line in a future article, so that full justice may be done to the painstaking work of renovation on many of them, such as the North Eastern Railway Coach Group's NER autocoach No 3453.
ref: 1979 August, Michael Harris, “A line for all reasons: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway”, in Railway World, page 415:
glosses: Carefully attentive to details; studious; diligent in performing a process or procedure.
Derived terms: painstakingly
painstakingness
unpainstaking
Related terms: at pains
go to pains
take pains
painstaking
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpeɪnˌsteɪkɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/
Forms: form: painstakings
form: pains-taking
Etymology: From pains + taking; see take pains. The /ˈpeɪnˌsteɪkɪŋ/ pronunciation which dominates in the United States suggests a reanalysis of the word as pain + staking.
Senses: examples: text: I esteeme Bocace his Decameron, Rabelais, and the kisses of John the second (if they may be placed under this title) worth the paines-taking to reade them.
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 10, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
text: It is not by a flight of imagination that you gain the ascents of spiritual experience. It is by the toils and the watchings and the painstakings of a solid obedience.
ref: c. 1836, Thomas Chalmers, Lectures on the Romans:
text: Behold what an abundant recompense attends the small processes of the earth, with the help of a little warm air; and what wealthy returns the industry of the husbandman and the florist is preparing from a few seeds and painstakings.
ref: 1852, Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham, “Sermon VI”, in Sermons in the Order of a Twelvemonth:
glosses: The application of careful and attentive effort.
vacuum flask
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: vacuum flasks
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A Dewar vessel, a scientific instrument used to store liquified gases.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A type of glass flask used in a laboratory similar to an Erlenmeyer flask, but with a side spout used for connection to an aspirator.
glosses: Synonym of thermos.
synonyms: word: thermos
Synonyms: sense: laboratory flask with spout
word: Büchner flask
word: Dewar flask
word: Dewar vessel
word: vacuum bottle
Dewar vessel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Dewar vessels
Etymology: Named after James Dewar.
Senses: glosses: A type of double-walled vacuum flask with silver lining.
wikipedia: James Dewar
Synonyms: Dewar flask
Dewar flask
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Dewar flasks
Etymology: Named after James Dewar.
Senses: glosses: A type of double-walled vacuum flask with silver lining.
Synonyms: Dewar vessel
hanged
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhæŋd/
rhymes: -æŋd
Senses: examples: text: The Londoners seeing that they could get no vantage against the duke, who was without their reach, to bewreak their anger they took his arms, which in most despiteful wise they hanged up in the open places of the city in sign of reproach, as for a traitor; […]
ref: 1841, John Foxe, The History of John Wickliffe, page 21:
topics: law
glosses: simple past and past participle of hang (now only when referring to the method of execution, elsewhere hung is used)
hanged
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhæŋd/
rhymes: -æŋd
Senses: examples: text: I'm hanged if I know how to get the idea through his thick skull!
glosses: damned (as an intensifier or vehement denial)
Derived terms: unhanged
executed
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛksɪˌkjuːtɪd/
ipa: /ˈɛksəˌkjuːtɪd/
rhymes: -uːtɪd
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of execute
libretto
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɪˈbɹɛt.əʊ/
ipa: /lɪˈbɹɛt.oʊ/
Forms: form: librettos
form: libretti
Etymology: From Italian libretto, diminutive of libro (“book”), from Latin liber (“book”).
Senses: examples: text: From Mozart's letters we know that the composer decided to enlarge the part of Osmin, the harem keeper, because the originator of the part, Ludwig Fischer, had a freakishly low bass voice that Mozart wanted to exploit. Osmin's principal arias and ensembles were duly lengthened beyond what appeared in the original libretto, and he was given yet another song in the third act.
ref: 2002 January 3, Richard Traubner, “Mozart's Singspiel”, in Playbill:
glosses: The text of a dramatic musical work, such as an opera.
glosses: A book containing such a text.
Derived terms: librettistic
Related terms: librettist
librettistics
peninsula
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pəˈnɪn.sjə.lə/
ipa: /ˈpɛn.ɪn.sjʊ.lə/
ipa: /pəˈnɪn.sə.lə/
ipa: /pɪˈnɪn.sjʊ.lə/
ipa: /ˈpɛn.ɪn.sjʊ.lə/
note: General Australian, yod-coalescence
ipa: /pəˈnɪn.ʃə.lə/
homophone: peninsular (non-rhotic)
Forms: form: peninsulas
form: peninsulae
form: pæninsula
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin paenīnsula, from paene (“almost”), and īnsula (“island”).
Senses: examples: text: Man cancelling Lisa's inauguration as president: I sentence you to a lifetime of horror on Monster Island. Don't worry, it's just a name.
[Lisa and others are chased by fire-breathing monsters]
Lisa: He said it was just a name!
 Man being chased by monsters: What he meant is that Monster Island is actually a peninsula.
ref: 1994 November 13, Mike Scully, “Lisa on Ice”, in The Simpsons, season 6, episode 8, production code 6F18:
topics: geography
natural-sciences
synonyms: byland
cape
chersonese
half-island
headland
ness
glosses: A piece of land projecting into water from a larger land mass.
Derived terms: word: Absheron Peninsula
word: Alaska Peninsula
word: Aleutian Peninsula
word: Aleut Peninsula
word: Antarctic Peninsula
word: Apennine Peninsula
word: Arabian Peninsula
word: Balkan Peninsula
word: Banks Peninsula
word: Bicol Peninsula
word: Bolivar Peninsula
word: Bruce Peninsula
word: Cape Peninsula
word: Cape York Peninsula
word: Chukchi Peninsula
word: Chukotka Peninsula
word: Chukotski Peninsula
word: Crimean peninsula
word: Crimean Peninsula
word: Door Peninsula
word: Eye Peninsula
word: Eyre Peninsula
word: Florida Peninsula
word: Iberian peninsula
word: Iberian Peninsula
word: Indian Peninsula
word: Italian peninsula
word: Italian Peninsula
word: Kamchatka Peninsula
word: Kathiawar peninsula
word: Kenai Peninsula Borough
word: Kola Peninsula
word: Korean Peninsula
word: Lake Almanor Peninsula
word: Lake and Peninsula Borough
word: Liaodong Peninsula
word: Llŷn Peninsula
word: Lower Eyre Peninsula
word: Mahia Peninsula
word: Malay Peninsula
word: midpeninsula
word: Mornington Peninsula
word: Northern Bruce Peninsula
word: Nova Scotia peninsula
word: Olympic Peninsula
word: Palmer Peninsula
word: Peninsula Lake
word: Peninsula State
word: peninsulate
word: Sakonnet Peninsula
word: Scandinavian Peninsula
word: Shandong Peninsula
word: Shantung Peninsula
word: Simpson Peninsula
word: Sinai Peninsula
word: Somali Peninsula
word: Sorrento Peninsula
word: subpeninsula
word: Upper Peninsula
word: Varanger Peninsula
word: Yorke Peninsula
word: Zamboanga Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Avalon Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Baie Verte Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Bay de Verde Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Bonavista Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Burin Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Great Northern Peninsula
sense: in toponyms of Newfoundland
word: Port au Port Peninsula
Related terms: insular
insulate
insulation
insulator
island
isolate
isolation
junto
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒʌn.təʊ/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒʊn.təʊ/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒʌn.toʊ/
rhymes: (UK) -ʌntəʊ
rhymes: (General American) -ʌntoʊ
Forms: form: juntos
form: juntoes
Etymology: Erroneous adaptation of junta, by assimilation with Spanish nouns in -o.
Senses: examples: text: The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning to night, just moving sufficiently to … keep in the shade of a large tree; ….
ref: 1819, Washington Irving, The Sketch Book, Rip Van Winkle:
text: I was seized and shaken without ceremony, for several minutes, by a junto of very rough-looking individuals.
ref: 1844, Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial:
glosses: A group of men assembled for some common purpose; a club, or cabal.
scrupulous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈskɹuː.pjə.ləs/
Forms: form: more scrupulous
form: most scrupulous
Etymology: From Middle French scrupuleux, from Latin scrupulosus.
Senses: examples: text: Come on! You have got to admire their dedication to the rules! These two men are so scrupulous, they would sit at a broken red traffic light for six hours in the middle of the night. “Hey, red is red! We live in a civilized society! Red is red! We stay!”
ref: 2016, Tim Carvell [et al.], “Special Districts”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 3, episode 4, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:
synonyms: word: meticulous
word: painstaking
word: accurate
word: careful
word: comprehensive
word: conscientious
word: exhaustive
word: fastidious
word: groundly
word: in-depth
word: intensive
word: letter-perfect
word: mindful
word: minute
word: particular
word: polished
word: precise
word: painstaking
word: punctilious
word: rigorous
word: root and branch
word: scrupulous
word: scrutinous
word: sedulous
word: strict
word: thorough
word: tight
antonyms: unscrupulous
glosses: Exactly and carefully conducted.
synonyms: worried
glosses: Having scruples or compunctions.
examples: text: He is scrupulous in his finances.
text: He is a scrupulous businessman and always acts in the best interest of his company.
glosses: Precise; exact or strict.
examples: text: Because I have a scrupulous conscience, I sometimes need to be reminded that not everything I do is sinful.
synonyms: ethical
fair-minded
honourable
just
moral
righteous
glosses: Wrongly feeling guilt or anxiety about one’s morality; suffering from scrupulosity.
Related terms: scrupulosity
scrupulously
scrupulousness
inurn
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: inurns
form: inurning
form: inurned
form: inurned
form: enurn
Etymology: From in- + urn.
Senses: examples: text: […] the Sepulcher
Wherein we saw thee quietly enurn’d
Hath op’d his ponderous and Marble iawes,
To cast thee vp againe
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene 3 [4]]:
text: […] it is necessary that he should pass through a period of temporary death, for which state he prepares in the following manner, building to himself a secure and convenient tomb, wherein he lies decently inurned till the appointed moment when he is to arise from his inactive state, and become the inhabitant of another element.
ref: 1760, Charlotte Lennox, “The Natural History of the Formica-Leo, or Lion-Pismire”, in The Lady’s Museum, volume 1, London: J. Newbery, page 314:
text: Nelson was once Britannia’s god of war,
And still should be so, but the tide is turn’d;
There’s no more to be said of Trafalgar,
’Tis with our hero quietly inurn’d;
ref: 1819 July 15, [Lord Byron], Don Juan, London: […] Thomas Davison, […], →OCLC, canto I, stanza 4, page 4:
text: Each one [crematory] is different, and there is a wide range in the quality of the work they do and the pains they take in combusting and inurning human remains.
ref: 1994, William R. Maples, Michael Browning, chapter 10, in Dead Men Do Tell Tales, New York: Doubleday, page 136:
synonyms: bury
ensepulchre
entomb
inhume
inter
lay to rest
glosses: To place (the remains of a person who has died) in an urn or other container.
examples: text: Now there are no other remains of its [Hadrian’s mausoleum’s] grandeur than a ball of bronze in the Vatican, which crowned its cupola, and was supposed to inurn the ashes of its Imperial founder.
ref: 1792, Thomas Watkins, Travels through Swisserland, Italy, Sicily, the Greek Islands, to Constantinople, London: T. Cadell, Volume 1, Letter 18, p. 350:
text: 1826, Caleb Cushing, Eulogy given on 15 July, 1826, in A Selection of Eulogies, Pronounced in the Several States, in Honor of […] John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, Hartford: D.F. Robinson, p. 21,
Over the insensible marble, which inurns their ashes, a nation bows prostrate in the lowly attitude of mourning,
text: […] as the plough turns
Some warlike relic from the sod,
Whose mould the battle-ranks inurns,
ref: 1838, George Hill, “The Battle of San Jacinto”, in The Ruins of Athens; Titania’s Banquet, A Mask; and Other Poems, Boston: Otis, Broaders, page 79:
text: Though you exist still, a mere form inurning
The ashes of dead fires of thought and yearning,
ref: 1884, James Thomson, “The Poet and His Muse”, in A Voice from the Nile, and Other Poems, London: Reeves and Turner, page 59:
glosses: To hold or contain (the remains of a person who has died).
Derived terms: inurnment
entomb
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈtuːm/
rhymes: -uːm
Forms: form: entombs
form: entombing
form: entombed
form: entombed
form: intomb
Etymology: From Old French entomber (“deposit in a tomb”). Equivalent to en- + tomb.
Senses: examples: text: At Cihhu (Cihu), near the town of Dasi (Daxi), 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Taipei on Provincial Highway 7, Chiang Kai-shek lies entombed above ground in a granite and marble coffin in one of his former country villas. The gravesite is “temporary,” as before his death Chiang had requested his body be returned to his native province of Zhejiang in mainland China.
ref: 2007, Phil Macdonald, Taiwan, 2nd edition (Travel), National Geographic Society, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 122, column 1:
glosses: To deposit in a tomb.
examples: text: [...] after the original Victorian station was demolished and then entombed in concrete in the 1960s, Birmingham New Street became a byword for the worst excesses of the much-loathed Brutalist architecture so widely used to reconstruct inner-city post-war Britain.
ref: 2020 July 29, Paul Stephen, “A new collaboration centred on New Street”, in Rail, page 54:
glosses: To confine in restrictive surroundings.
Derived terms: disentomb
entomber
entombment
unentombed
gratulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹætjʊˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /ɡɹæt͡ʃəˈleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: gratulations
Etymology: From Latin grātulātiō, from grātulor.
Senses: examples: text: Shattuck, all unaccustomed to the practical phenomena of digging, apprehended only cause of gratulation that the investigation was to be the less hindered.
ref: 1891, Mary Noailles Murfree, In the "Stranger People's" Country, Nebraska, published 2005, page 206:
glosses: A feeling of happiness and satisfaction; joy, especially at one's good fortune.
examples: text: all Heav’n, And happie Constellations on that houre / Shed thir selectest influence;
the Earth Gave sign of gratulation
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
text: —The chorus fell
In gratulation on a patriarch's ear,
Who in the bosom of his sylvan home
With dignity reposed.
ref: 1827, Lydia Sigourney, Poems, On the Death of John Adams, page 191:
glosses: The expression of pleasure at someone else's success or luck; congratulation.
froe
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɹəʊ/
ipa: /fɹoʊ/
rhymes: -əʊ
homophone: 'fro
homophone: fro
Forms: form: froes
form: frow
Etymology: Abbreviation of obsolete frower, from froward (“turned away”), referring to the orientation of the blade, at right angles to the handle. From late 16th century.
Senses: examples: text: Patch shingles on the barn roof: do we have a maul and froe?
ref: 1997, Charles Frazier, chapter 4, in Cold Mountain, London: Hodder and Stoughton, page 88:
synonyms: throe
glosses: A cleaving tool for splitting cask staves and shingles from a block of wood.
Derived terms: froe club
froe
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɹəʊ/
ipa: /fɹoʊ/
rhymes: -əʊ
homophone: 'fro
homophone: fro
Forms: form: froes
form: frow
Etymology: See frow.
Senses: examples: 1630, Michael Drayton, Nymphal IV, [from The Muses Elizium], 1793, The Works of the British Poets, Volume 3: Drayton, Carew & Suckling, page 618,
Like to thoſe raging frantic froes / For Bacchus' feaſts prepared;
glosses: A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow.
mirthful
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: mirthfuller
form: more mirthful
form: mirthfullest
form: most mirthful
form: mirthfull
Etymology: From Middle English mirthful, equivalent to mirth + -ful.
Senses: examples: text: [T]he Feaſt was ſerv'd; the Bowl was crown'd; / To the King's Pleaſure went the mirthful Round: […]
ref: 1718, Mat[thew] Prior, “Solomon on the Vanity of the World. A Poem in Three Books.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], and John Barber […], →OCLC, book II (Pleasure), page 437:
synonyms: happy
joyful
antonyms: mirthless
glosses: Filled with mirth.
Derived terms: mirthfully
mirthfulness
unmirthful
gratulate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹætjʊleɪt/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætʃəleɪt/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætjʊlət/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætʃələt/
Forms: form: gratulates
form: gratulating
form: gratulated
form: gratulated
Etymology: First attested circa 1567; borrowed from Latin grātulātus, perfect active participle of grātulor, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Senses: examples: text: To gratify the good Andronicus, / And gratulate his safe return to Rome, / The people will accept whom he admits.
ref: c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:
text: [H]is friends and neareſt companions, / Did gratulate his ſafetie with kinde words, […]
ref: 1589–1592 (date written), Ch[ristopher] Marl[owe], The Tragicall History of D. Faustus. […], London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Thomas Bushell, published 1604, →OCLC, signature D2, verso:
glosses: To express joy at (an event or situation).
examples: text: Queen Elizabeth. […] Whither away? / Lady Anne. No farther than the Tower; and, as I guess, / Upon the like devotion as yourselves, / To gratulate the gentle princes there.
ref: c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:
text: “Regard not that, my brother,” answered Magdalen Græme; “the first successors of Saint Peter himself, were elected not in sunshine but in tempests—not in the halls of the Vatican, but in the subterranean vaults and dungeons of Heathen Rome—they were not gratulated with shouts and salvos of cannon-shot and of musquetry, and the display of artificial fire—no, my brother—but by the hoarse summons of Lictors and Prætors, who came to drag the Fathers of the Church to martyrdom.[…]”
ref: 1820, [Walter Scott], chapter XIII, in The Abbot. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne & Co.] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Company, and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, page 276:
text: 1822, William Wordsworth, “Recovery” (Ecclesiastical Sketches/Sonnets, VII) in The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, 1827, Volume 3, p. 33,
[…] when a storm hath ceased, the birds regain / Their cheerfulness, and busily retrim / Their nests, or chant a gratulating hymn / To the blue ether and bespangled plain;
text: 1881, James Thomson, “Two Sonnets,” II, in Vane’s Story, Weddah and Om-el-Bonain, and Other Poems, London: Reeves & Turner, p. 166,
Striving to sing glad songs, I but attain / Wild discords sadder than Grief’s saddest tune / As if an owl with his harsh screech should strain / To over-gratulate a thrush of June.
glosses: To greet, welcome, salute.
gratulate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹætjʊleɪt/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætʃəleɪt/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætjʊlət/
ipa: /ˈɡɹætʃələt/
Forms: form: more gratulate
form: most gratulate
Etymology: First attested circa 1567; borrowed from Latin grātulātus, perfect active participle of grātulor, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Senses: examples: text: Thanks, good friend Escalus, for thy much goodness:
There’s more behind that is more gratulate.
ref: c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
glosses: Worthy of gratulation.