cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
Europe
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈjʊə.ɹəp/
ipa: /ˈjɔː.ɹəp/
ipa: /ˈjʊɚ.əp/
ipa: /ˈjɝ.əp/
ipa: /ˈjʉə.ɹəp/
ipa: /ˈjoː.ɹəp/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈjurop/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈjurəp/
Forms: form: Europes
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English Europe, a learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa).
 Doublet of Europa.
Senses: examples: text: Musk’s Israel tour was transparently transactional and frankly insulting. The antisemitic sentiment Musk endorsed had nothing to do with Israel; “replacement theory” is generally an unsupported allegation that Jews and other immigrants in the US and Europe are destroying Western civilization.
ref: 2023 November 28, Jill Filipovic, “Opinion: Elon Musk’s Israel tour was transparently transactional and insulting”, in CNN:
glosses: A continent located west of Asia (separated by the Urals), north of Africa and east of the Atlantic Ocean.
examples: Al Mahlool, Fared (13 November 2021), “1:53 PM · Nov 13, 2021”, in Twitter, Twitter, retrieved 13 Nov 2021: “French politician Julien Odoul says he would prefer the cold death of migrants stranded behind barbed wire on the Belarus-Poland border, rather than being allowed to enter Europe.”
glosses: A political entity; the European Union.
glosses: Mainland Europe (continental Europe), especially the western portion, thus excluding the island nations or the larger Mediterranean islands.
examples: text: Manchester City crashed out of Europe on Tuesday as Borussia Dortmund ended their hopes of qualifying for the Europa League.
ref: “Man City out of Europe as Arsenal lose again”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), ESPN (UK), 4 December 2012, retrieved 05 Dec 2012
topics: ball-games
games
hobbies
lifestyle
soccer
sports
glosses: International club competitions operated by UEFA, the sport's governing body for Europe.
Hypernyms: Eurafrasia
Eurafrica
Eurasia
Old World
world island
Hyponyms: word: Alps
word: Apennine Peninsula
word: Italian Peninsula
word: Balkans
word: Balkan Peninsula
word: Baltic
word: Benelux
word: Low Countries
word: British Isles
word: Islands of the North Atlantic
word: Carpathians
alt: transcontinental
word: Caucasus
word: Central Europe
word: continental Europe
word: Eastern Europe
word: Iberia
word: Iberian Peninsula
word: Northern Europe
word: Pyrenees
word: Scandinavia
word: Southern Europe
word: Western Europe
Derived terms: breadbasket of Europe
Eurabia
Eurafrasia
Eurafrica
Eurasia
Euro
europate
European
Europe shop
Europe-wide
Europistan
europium
Eurostan
mainland Europe
Neo-Europe
Northeast Europe
Silicon Valley of Europe
War in Europe
Related terms: Euro-
Europa
feminine
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɛmɪnɪn/
ipa: /ˈfɛmənɪn/
Forms: form: feminines
form: f.
form: f
form: fœminine
Etymology: From Middle English feminine, femynyne, femynyn, from Old French feminin, feminine, from Latin fēminīnus, from fēmina (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-m̥h₁n-eh₂ (“(the one) nursing, breastfeeding”). Related to fetus, feminism, filial, fellatio.
Senses: glosses: That which is feminine.
examples: text: They guide the feminines toward the Pallace.
ref: 1589, Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, […], London: […] George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, deputies to Christopher Barker, […], →OCLC:
glosses: A woman.
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: The feminine gender.
examples: text: These changes being understood, it is easy to see how inaccurate it is to talk of she being the feminine, and they being the plural, of he. The different words belong to dif­fer­ent systems, and are no more the masculines and feminines of one another, than (to use a well-known illustration) puss is the vocative case of cat.
ref: 1860, Robert Gordon Latham FRS, An Elementary English Grammar: For the Use of Schools, →OCLC, page 82:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A word of the feminine gender.
horizontal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌhɒɹɪˈzɒntəl/
ipa: /ˌhoɹəˈzɑntəl/
ipa: /hɵrɪˈzɔɳʈəl/
ipa: /hɵrajˈzɔɳʈəl/
note: without stress shift from horizon
ipa: /hɵˈrajzəɳʈəl/
Forms: form: more horizontal
form: most horizontal
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French horizontal.
Senses: examples: text: horizontal lines
text: […] a pair of pauldrons with the light horizontal bar which in later years developed into the high neckguard of the sixteenth century; numbers of gauntlets, visors of helmets, and other pieces, the handling of which is a sheer joy […]
ref: 1976, Apollo: A Journal of the Arts:
glosses: Perpendicular to the vertical; parallel to the plane of the horizon; level, flat.
topics: business
marketing
glosses: Relating to horizontal markets
examples: text: As when the Sun new ris'n / Looks through the Horizontal misty Air
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 594-595:
glosses: Pertaining to the horizon.
topics: beverages
food
lifestyle
oenology
wine
glosses: Involving wines of the same vintages but from different wineries.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
synonyms: linear
melodic
antonyms: vertical
glosses: Having the two notes sound successively.
raw_tags: of an interval
examples: text: horizontal tango
text: Comparing a man who inspires you intellectually and makes you laugh with a guy who fulfils all your horizontal desires means you’re not comparing like with like.
ref: 2020 February 2, Mariella Frostrup, “One is a great guy; the other is good in bed. So who do I choose?”, in The Guardian:
topics: lifestyle
sex
sexuality
glosses: Relating to sexual intercourse.
examples: text: Infectious agents may spread by horizontal transmission.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: Being or relating to the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship.
Derived terms: circumhorizontal
horizontal bar
horizontal categorification
horizontal dancing
horizontal divestiture
horizontal escalation
horizontal gene transfer
horizontal hostility
horizontal hula
horizontal integration
horizontalism
horizontalist
horizontality
horizontalize
horizontal jogging
horizontally
horizontal machining center
horizontal mambo
horizontal market
horizontalness
horizontal pitch
horizontal plane
horizontal polka
horizontal privity
horizontal proliferation
horizontal refreshments
horizontal run
horizontal sorting
horizontal stabiliser
horizontal stabilizer
horizontal standard
horizontal tango
nonhorizontal
paleohorizontal
quasihorizontal
subhorizontal
unhorizontal
horizontal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌhɒɹɪˈzɒntəl/
ipa: /ˌhoɹəˈzɑntəl/
ipa: /hɵrɪˈzɔɳʈəl/
ipa: /hɵrajˈzɔɳʈəl/
note: without stress shift from horizon
ipa: /hɵˈrajzəɳʈəl/
Forms: form: horizontals
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French horizontal.
Senses: glosses: A horizontal component of a structure.
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: Horizon.
glosses: A Tasmanian shrub or small tree whose main trunk tends to lean over and grow horizontally, Anodopetalum biglandulosum
Jew
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: enpr: jo͞o
ipa: /d͡ʒuː/
rhymes: -uː
homophone: dew
Forms: form: Jews
form: Joo
Etymology: From Middle English Jew, Giu, Giw, Ju, from Old French juiu, Giu, gyu, from Latin iūdaeus (“Judean (i.e. Jew)”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas, “Judah, Judas, Jude”) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá, “male given name, Yehuda; Judah, Judea”). Doublet of Yid. Displaced Old English Iūdēisċ.
Senses: glosses: A surname.
Jew
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: jo͞o
ipa: /d͡ʒuː/
rhymes: -uː
homophone: dew
Forms: form: more Jew
form: most Jew
form: Joo
Etymology: From Middle English Jew, Giu, Giw, Ju, from Old French juiu, Giu, gyu, from Latin iūdaeus (“Judean (i.e. Jew)”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas, “Judah, Judas, Jude”) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá, “male given name, Yehuda; Judah, Judea”). Doublet of Yid. Displaced Old English Iūdēisċ.
Senses: examples: text: Whenever a Jew nose casts its sinister shadow over the register, the hotel-keeper suddenly discovers that his hostelry is full to overflowing, and profoundly, but firmly, regrets his inability to receive any more guests.
ref: 1888, Telemachus Thomas Timayenis, The American Jew: An Exposé of His Career, Minerva Publishing Company, page 23:
text: "Started that Jew country on top of everything else, and then all hell broke loose ever since."
ref: 2002, T. A. Baran, Galyat, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 121:
glosses: Jewish.
Derived terms: word: Jew nose
malleable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmæl.iː.ə.bəl/
ipa: [ˈmaɫiəbəɫ]
ipa: [ˈmæɫiəbɫ̩]
ipa: [ˈmɛɫiəbɫ̩]
ipa: [-bɯ]
Forms: form: more malleable
form: most malleable
Etymology: From Middle French malléable, borrowed from Late Latin malleābilis, derived from Latin malleāre (“to hammer”), from malleus (“hammer”), from Proto-Indo-European *mal-ni- (“crushing”), an extended variant of *melh₂- (“crush, grind”).
Senses: glosses: Able to be hammered into thin sheets; capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers.
examples: text: My opinion on the subject is malleable.
text: The psychosocial factors in this study are malleable and provide target areas for enhancing mental health in those with high levels of autistic traits.
ref: 2024 November 5, Lorna Camus, Kirsty Jones, Emily O’Dowd, Bonnie Auyeung, Gnanathusharan Rajendran, Mary Elizabeth Stewart, “Autistic Traits and Psychosocial Predictors of Depressive Symptoms”, in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, →DOI:
text: And all over Hollywood, suits are licking their chops at the prospect of more malleable actors. “She’s not going to talk back,” one top talent wrangler told me dryly.
ref: 2025 October 4, Maureen Dowd, “When A.I. Came for Hollywood”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 05 Oct 2025:
glosses: Flexible, liable to change.
topics: computing
cryptography
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: in which an adversary can alter a ciphertext such that it decrypts to a related plaintext
raw_tags: of an algorithm
Coordinate terms: ductile
Derived terms: immalleable
malleable iron
malleableization
malleableize
malleablize
nonmalleable
semimalleable
unmalleable
Related terms: malleability
malleableness
malleably
malleate
orbit
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɔː.bɪt/
ipa: /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/
rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)bɪt
Forms: form: orbits
form: orbiting
form: orbited
form: orbited
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English orbite, orbita, from Latin orbita (“course, track, impression, mark”).
Senses: examples: text: The Earth orbits the Sun.
text: The satellite orbits the Lagrange point.
topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: To circle or revolve around another object or position.
examples: text: A rocket was used to orbit the satellite.
topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: To circle or revolve around another object or position.
To place an object (e.g. a satellite) into an orbit around a planet.
synonyms: launch
examples: text: The harried mother had a cloud of children orbiting her, begging for sweets.
synonyms: circumambulate
tag along
glosses: To move around the general vicinity of something.
glosses: To move in a circle.
examples: text: I have orbited my entire life around you, and you know it, okay?
ref: 2013, Richard Linklater, Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke, Before Midnight (motion picture), spoken by Jesse (Ethan Hawke):
glosses: To center (around).
qualifier: dating
glosses: To continue to follow or engage with someone by means of social media after breaking up with them.
Related terms: satellite
right angle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: right angles
Etymology: Calque of Latin angulus rectus.
Senses: topics: geometry
mathematics
sciences
coordinate_terms: acute angle
obtuse angle
glosses: Half of the angle formed by a single straight line, equivalent to 90 degrees.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: An ∟ character.
Derived terms: at right angles to
right-angled
Related terms: rectangle
right triangle
perpendicular
square
T-square
vein
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: vān
ipa: /veɪn/
homophone: vain
homophone: vane
rhymes: -eɪn
Forms: form: veins
form: veining
form: veined
form: veined
form: wayn
Etymology: From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder).
Senses: examples: text: […] as he ceased from that wild imprecation, a faint flash of lightning veined the remote horizon, and a low clap of thunder rumbled afar off, echoing among the hills […]
ref: 1853, Henry William Herbert, chapter 18, in The Roman Traitor, volume II, Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson, page 204:
text: “We brought out our maps of the region and showed him the old routes and trails veining the whole of it. […]”
ref: 1920, Melville Davisson Post, chapter 14, in The Sleuth of St. James’s Square:
glosses: To mark with veins or a vein-like pattern.
Related terms: artery
blood vessel
capillary
circulatory system
phlebitis
vena cava
sorry
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɑɹ.i/
homophone: sari
note: of the US; without the cot–caught merger
ipa: /ˈsɔɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɔːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsoːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsɔ.ɹɪ]
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsoːɹɪ]
rhymes: -ɒɹi
Forms: form: sorrier
form: sorriest
Etymology: From Middle English sory, from Old English sāriġ (“feeling or expressing grief, sorry, grieved, sorrowful, sad, mournful, bitter”), from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz (“sad”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro (“hard, rough, painful”). Cognate with Scots sairie (“sad, grieved”), Saterland Frisian seerich (“sore, inflamed”), West Frisian searich (“sad, sorry”), Low German serig (“sick, scabby”), German dialectal sehrig (“sore, sad, painful”), Swedish sårig. By surface analysis, sor(e) + -y. Unrelated to sorrow despite the similarity in form and meaning.
Senses: examples: text: I am sorry I stepped on your toes. It was an accident.
synonyms: apologetic
compunctious
contrite
penitent
regretful
remorseful
repentant
glosses: Regretful or apologetic for one's actions.
raw_tags: of a person
examples: text: I feel sorry for you, about your exam results.
text: The President was sorry to hear that the Ambassador was leaving.
synonyms: heavy-hearted
melancholy
mournful
glosses: Grieved or saddened, especially by the loss of something or someone.
raw_tags: of a person
examples: text: The storm left his garden in a sorry state.
glosses: Poor, pitifully sad or regrettable.
examples: text: Bob is a sorry excuse for a football player.
text: The sorry experience did little to suggest that Musk knows how to run a social media platform or that DeSantis is capable of governing a global superpower armed with nuclear weapons.
ref: 2023 May 25, David Smith, “Failure to launch: Twitter glitches deal double blow to Elon Musk and Ron DeSantis”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: Pathetic; contemptibly inadequate.
Derived terms: better safe than sorry
feel sorry for
glad and sorry
I'm sorry
it's too late for sorry
merry-go-sorry
sorrily
sorriness
sorry-ass
sorry business
sorry for 1999
sorry for oneself
sorry I'm late
sorry, not sorry
soz
supersorry
unsorry
sorry
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɑɹ.i/
homophone: sari
note: of the US; without the cot–caught merger
ipa: /ˈsɔɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɔːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsoːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsɔ.ɹɪ]
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsoːɹɪ]
rhymes: -ɒɹi
Etymology: From Middle English sory, from Old English sāriġ (“feeling or expressing grief, sorry, grieved, sorrowful, sad, mournful, bitter”), from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz (“sad”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro (“hard, rough, painful”). Cognate with Scots sairie (“sad, grieved”), Saterland Frisian seerich (“sore, inflamed”), West Frisian searich (“sad, sorry”), Low German serig (“sick, scabby”), German dialectal sehrig (“sore, sad, painful”), Swedish sårig. By surface analysis, sor(e) + -y. Unrelated to sorrow despite the similarity in form and meaning.
Senses: examples: text: Sorry! I didn't see that you were on the phone.
text: Sorry about yesterday. — No worries.
text: Sorry I’m so late.
synonyms: word: soz
glosses: Expresses regret, remorse, or sorrow.
examples: text: Oops! Sorry!
synonyms: excuse me
glosses: Said as a request to excuse one's unintentional behaviors.
examples: text: Sorry! Coming through!
synonyms: excuse me
glosses: Said as a request to pass somebody.
examples: text: Sorry? What was that? The phone cut out.
synonyms: word: I beg your pardon?
word: I'm sorry?
word: say again
word: come again
word: excuse me?
glosses: Used as a request for someone to repeat something not heard or understood clearly.
examples: text: There are four—sorry, five—local branches of the store.
glosses: Used to correct oneself in speech.
examples: text: Sorry, but I don't care what you think.
glosses: Used as a hedge.
sorry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɑɹ.i/
homophone: sari
note: of the US; without the cot–caught merger
ipa: /ˈsɔɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɔːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsoːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsɔ.ɹɪ]
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsoːɹɪ]
rhymes: -ɒɹi
Forms: form: sorries
form: sorrys
Etymology: From Middle English sory, from Old English sāriġ (“feeling or expressing grief, sorry, grieved, sorrowful, sad, mournful, bitter”), from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz (“sad”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro (“hard, rough, painful”). Cognate with Scots sairie (“sad, grieved”), Saterland Frisian seerich (“sore, inflamed”), West Frisian searich (“sad, sorry”), Low German serig (“sick, scabby”), German dialectal sehrig (“sore, sad, painful”), Swedish sårig. By surface analysis, sor(e) + -y. Unrelated to sorrow despite the similarity in form and meaning.
Senses: examples: text: The British would do it standing stock still, Latinos would dance their sorries, and Canadians would find a way to apologize on ice.
ref: 2007, Christopher Levan, Give Us This Day: Lenten Reflections on Baking Bread and Discipleship, page 107:
text: So learn how to tailor your sorries to the sexes. Women tend to want an acknowledgment of what they're going through...
ref: 2008, Lucy S. Danziger, Self Magazine's 15 Minutes to Your Best Self:
glosses: The act of saying sorry; an apology.
sorry
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɑɹ.i/
homophone: sari
note: of the US; without the cot–caught merger
ipa: /ˈsɔɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɔːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsoːɹ.i/
ipa: /ˈsɒɹ.i/
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsɔ.ɹɪ]
note: Ottawa Valley
ipa: [ˈsoːɹɪ]
rhymes: -ɒɹi
Forms: form: sorries
form: sorrying
form: sorried
form: sorried
Etymology: From Middle English sory, from Old English sāriġ (“feeling or expressing grief, sorry, grieved, sorrowful, sad, mournful, bitter”), from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz (“sad”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro (“hard, rough, painful”). Cognate with Scots sairie (“sad, grieved”), Saterland Frisian seerich (“sore, inflamed”), West Frisian searich (“sad, sorry”), Low German serig (“sick, scabby”), German dialectal sehrig (“sore, sad, painful”), Swedish sårig. By surface analysis, sor(e) + -y. Unrelated to sorrow despite the similarity in form and meaning.
Senses: examples: text: Jus' that once I sorried for her. Souls cross the skies o' time, Abbess'd say, like clouds crossin' skies o' the world.
ref: 2004, David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas, Toronto, Ont.: Vintage Canada, →ISBN, page 302:
glosses: To feel sorry (for someone).
Related terms: sorrow
sorrowful
prince
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: prĭns
ipa: /pɹɪns/
rhymes: -ɪns
homophone: prints (/pɹɪnts/) stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: princes
form: princing
form: princed
form: princed
Etymology: From Middle English prince, from Anglo-Norman prince, from Latin prīnceps (“first head”), from prīmus (“first”) + capiō (“seize, take”). Cognate with Old English fruma (“prince, ruler”). Doublet of princeps and principe.
Displaced native Middle English atheling, from Old English æþeling; Middle English kinebarn, from Old English cynebearn; Middle English alder, from Old English ealdor; and Middle English drighten, from Old English dryhten.
Senses: examples: text: The Roofes of Palaces, and Nature prompts them / In ſimple and lowe things, to Prince it, much / Beyond the tricke of others.
ref: 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], page 382, column 1:
glosses: To behave or act like a prince.
raw_tags: followed by dummy subject it
examples: text: All I could remember is the chorus, and something about pumpkins turning into princesses (???!) and frogs turning into princes. I figured she meant the frog was John before she princed him.
ref: 2005 March 30, abe slaney, “Question re John Lennon's Death”, in rec.music.beatles (Usenet):
glosses: To transform (someone) into a prince.
princess
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɹɪnˈsɛs/
ipa: /ˈpɹɪnsɛs/
ipa: /ˈpɹɪnsɛs/
ipa: /ˈpɹɪnsɪs/
rhymes: (UK) -ɛs
Forms: form: princesses
Etymology: From Middle English princesse, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman princesse, Old French princesse. By surface analysis, prince + -ess.
Senses: examples: text: She did not cry long, however, for she was as brave as could be expected of a princess of her age.
ref: 1872, George MacDonald, The Princess and the Goblin:
glosses: A female member of a royal family other than a queen, especially a daughter or granddaughter of a monarch.
examples: text: Michael Jackson was the king of pop. Britney Spears was the pop princess. Until they weren't.
ref: 2014, Blake Masters, Peter Thiel, Zero to One: Notes on Start Ups, or How to Build the Future:
glosses: A woman or girl who excels in a given field or class.
examples: text: And running all with greedie ioyfulnesse / To faire Irena, at her feet did fall, / And her adored with due humblenesse, / As their true Liege and Princesse naturall […]
ref: 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
glosses: A female ruler or monarch; a queen.
examples: text: Princess Grace was the Princess of Monaco.
glosses: The wife of a prince; the female ruler of a principality.
glosses: A young girl; used as a term of endearment.
examples: text: Jonathan, if you hear this, you're a beautiful princess, but you're also a big, fat dork.
ref: 2020 September 15, Justmaiko, 2:13 from the start, in Trying Viral TikTok Life Hacks. **They Actually Work!!**:
glosses: A young girl or woman (or less commonly a man) who is vain, spoiled, or selfish; a prima donna.
glosses: A tinted crystal marble used in children's games.
glosses: A type of court card in the Tarot pack, coming between the 10 and the prince (Jack).
glosses: A female lemur.
glosses: A Bulgarian open-faced baked sandwich prepared with ground meat.
topics: board-games
chess
games
glosses: A fairy chess piece which combines the moves of the bishop and the knight.
Coordinate terms: prince
Derived terms: word: crown princess
word: dollar princess
word: passenger princess
word: pavement princess
word: pearly princess
word: people's princess
word: pillow princess
word: potty princess
english: places
translation: places
word: Princess Anne
word: princess cake
word: princess carry
word: princess-consort
word: princess consort
word: princess cut
word: princess dress
word: princess-feather
word: princesshood
word: princessian
word: princessification
word: princessipality
word: princessish
word: princessless
word: princesslike
word: princess line
word: princessliness
word: princessling
word: princessly
word: princessness
word: princess parts
word: princess regent
word: princess seam
word: princessship
word: princess sickness
word: princess tree
word: princess wand
word: princessy
word: red princess flower
word: unprincesslike
word: unprincessly
word: unprincessy
word: welfare princess
Related terms: princely
principality
archduchess
duchess
grand duchess
highness
royal
empress
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛmpɹəs/
Forms: form: empresses
form: emperess
form: empresse
Etymology: From Middle English emperice, emperesse, from Anglo-Norman and Old French empereriz, from Latin imperatrix, equivalent to emperor + -ess. Doublet of imperatrix. Compare modern French impératrice.
Senses: examples: text: Sit downe by her: adorned with my Crowne,
As if thou wert the Empreſſe of the world.
ref: c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:
glosses: The female monarch (ruler) of an empire.
examples: text: Empress, imperial regent, and even emperor herself (r. 797–802), Irene was an important and powerful figure at the Byzantine court in the late eighth and early ninth century.
ref: 2008, Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation, page 211:
glosses: The wife or widow of an emperor or equated ruler.
topics: human-sciences
mysticism
philosophy
sciences
tarot
glosses: The third trump or major arcana card of most tarot decks.
glosses: A female chimpanzee.
glosses: A deciduous tree, Paulownia tomentosa
topics: board-games
chess
games
glosses: A fairy chess piece which combines the moves of the rook and the knight.
Derived terms: empress cloth
empress dowager
empressment
empress regnant
empress tree
empress
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛmpɹəs/
ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɛs/
rhymes: -ɛs
ipa: /ˈɛmpɹəs/
Forms: form: empresses
form: empressing
form: empressed
form: empressed
Etymology: From Middle English empresse, from Anglo-Norman enpresser (“to press, to imprint”), from Old French empresser. Attested from the 15th or late 14th century.
Senses: glosses: Rare form of impress.
principality
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɹɪnsɪˈpælɪti/
Forms: form: principalities
Etymology: From Middle English principalte, principalite, from Anglo-Norman principalté, Middle French principalté, from Late Latin prīncipālitās, from Latin prīncipālis (“principal”) + -tās. Equivalent to principal + -ity.
Senses: examples: text: At this time Russia consisted of a dozen or so principalities, which were frequently at war with one another.
ref: 1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 14:
text: The principality of Freedonia (www.freedonia.org), an earnest collective of secessionist superlibertarians based in Boston, falls into the first category.
ref: 2000 March 23, Alex Blumberg, “It's Good to Be King”, in WIRED, archived from the original on 24 Mar 2005:
glosses: A region or sovereign nation headed by a prince or princess.
topics: lifestyle
religion
theology
glosses: A spiritual being, specifically in Christian angelology, the third lowest level of angels, ranked above archangels and below powers.
glosses: The state of being a prince or ruler; sovereignty, absolute authority.
glosses: The state of being principal; pre-eminence.
Derived terms: Principality of Andorra
Principality of Iberia
Principality of Kakheti
Related terms: choirs of angels
archangel
power
empire
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: ĕmʹpīə
enpr: ĕmʹpī-ə
ipa: /ˈɛm.paɪ̯ə̯/
ipa: /ˈɛm.paɪ̯.ə/
enpr: ĕmʹpīr'
enpr: ĕmʹpī'ər
ipa: /ˈɛmˌpaɪ̯ɹ/
ipa: /ˈɛmˌpaɪ̯ɚ/
rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Etymology: From Middle English empire, from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of empery and imperium.
Senses: glosses: Alternative letter-case form of Empire.
monarchy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɒnəki/
ipa: /ˈmɑnɚki/
Forms: form: monarchies
form: monarchie
Etymology: From Old French monarchie, from Late Latin monarchia, from Ancient Greek μοναρχία (monarkhía), from μόνος (mónos, “only”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “power, authority”). By surface analysis, mon- (“one, single”) + -archy (“rule, command”).
Senses: examples: text: An absolute monarchy is a monarchy where the monarch is legally the ultimate authority in all temporal matters.
text: A constitutional monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch's power is legally constrained, ranging from where minor concessions have been made to appease certain factions to where the monarch is a figurehead with all real power in the hands of a legislative body.
text: He that with ſhepheards and a litle ſpoyle,
Durſt in diſdaine of wrong and tyrannie,
Defend his freedome gainſt a Monarchie:
What will he doe ſupported by a king?
ref: c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene i:
glosses: A government in which sovereignty is embodied within a single, today usually hereditary head of state (whether as a figurehead or as a powerful ruler).
examples: text: What scourge for perjury / Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence?
ref: c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:
glosses: The territory ruled over by a monarch; a kingdom.
glosses: A form of government where sovereignty is embodied by a single ruler in a state and his high aristocracy representing their separate divided lands within the state and their low aristocracy representing their separate divided fiefs.
glosses: States based on a system of governance headed by a king or a queen.
Synonyms: sense: rule
word: government
topics: state
word: kingdom
Hyponyms: absolute monarchy
bicycle monarchy
bicycling monarchy
composite monarchy
constitutional monarchy
limited monarchy
mixed monarchy
parliamentary monarchy
Coordinate terms: government
Derived terms: absolute monarchy
antimonarchy
aristomonarchy
bicycle monarchy
bicycling monarchy
composite monarchy
constitutional monarchy
limited monarchy
mixed monarchy
nonmonarchy
parliamentary monarchy
Related terms: monarch
monarchic
nobleman
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈnoʊbl̩mən/
ipa: /ˈnəʊbl̩mən/
Forms: form: noblemen
Etymology: From noble + man.
Senses: examples: text: The King [...] sit at the head of the royal table with his elder warriors and advisers, noblemen and noblewomen.
ref: 2019, Marlon James, Black Leopard, Red Wolf, Hamish Hamilton, page 377:
glosses: A peer; an aristocrat; ranks range from baron to king to emperor.
Synonyms: word: aristocrat
word: noble
word: nobleman
Hypernyms: word: person
Hyponyms: word: lord
word: peer
word: noblewoman
word: baron
word: viscount
word: count
word: earl
word: marquess
word: marquis
word: duke
word: archduke
word: grand duke
word: burgrave
word: baronet
word: esquire
word: gentleman
word: knight
word: baroness
word: viscountess
word: countess
word: marchioness
word: marquise
word: duchess
word: archduchess
word: margravine
word: baronetess
Derived terms: noblemanly
Related terms: word: noblewoman
word: ruler
word: Royal and noble ranks on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
baroness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌbæ.ɹəˈnɛs/
Forms: form: baronesses
Etymology: From Middle English baronesse; equivalent to baron + -ess.
Senses: glosses: The wife of a baron.
glosses: A woman holding a baronial title in her own right; a female ruler of a barony.
Hyponyms: english: Italian baroness
translation: Italian baroness
word: baronessa
english: French baroness
translation: French baroness
word: baronne
Related terms: baroness-in-waiting
baronetess
barony
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbæ.ɹə.ni/
Forms: form: baronies
Etymology: From Middle English baronie, baronye, from Old French baronie, equivalent to baron + -y.
Senses: examples: text: In Ireland... an head constable for each barony or hundred, being 252.
ref: a. 1687, W. Petty, The Political Anatomy of Ireland, page 326:
text: The Baronies appear to have been formed successively on the submission of the Irish chiefs... the territory of each constituting a barony.
ref: 1873, General Report on the Census of England, volume IV, page 181
glosses: The domain of a baron or baroness, usually as part of a larger kingdom or empire.
Synonym of hundred, an English administrative division originally reckoned as comprising 100 hides and in various numbers composing counties.
synonyms: word: hundred
extra: an English administrative division originally reckoned as comprising 100 hides and in various numbers composing counties
glosses: The domain of a baron or baroness, usually as part of a larger kingdom or empire.
Any large manor or estate, regardless of its owner's rank.
glosses: The baronage: the body of barons in a realm.
glosses: Baronship, the rank or position of a baron.
topics: law
glosses: The legal tenure of a baron's land; military tenure.
Synonyms: sense: administrative division
word: hundred
Hyponyms: sense: administrative division
word: carucate (1⁄100 barony & for other subdivisions)
Derived terms: burgh of barony
Evenwood and Barony
Related terms: county
duchy
margravate
marquisate
nobility
kingdom
principality
regality
royalty
viscounty
duke
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /dʒuːk/
note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /djuːk/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /duːk/
rhymes: -uːk
homophone: juke
Forms: form: dukes
Etymology: From Old French duc, through Middle English duk, duke, from Latin dux, ducis. Displaced native Old English heretoga. Was present as duc in late Old English, from the same Latin source. Doublet of doge, duc, duce, and dux.
The “fist” sense is thought to be Cockney rhyming slang where “Duke(s) of York” = fork. Fork is itself Cockney slang for hand, and thus fist.
Senses: glosses: The male ruler of a duchy (female equivalent: duchess).
glosses: The sovereign of a small state.
hypernyms: title
holder
coordinate_terms: baron
count
countess
earl
marquis
marquess
viscount
prince
monarch
glosses: A high title of nobility; the male holder of a dukedom.
glosses: A grand duke.
glosses: Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the Asian genera Bassarona and Dophla.
examples: text: Put up your dukes!
text: “Your friend sure knows how to use his dukes. Biff, bang! One, two, and the copʼs on his ass!”
ref: 1952, Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Penguin Books (2014), page 438:
text: "How did the sport go."
"O sparred a few rounds. Let the instructor have a few on the button."
"You must be tough."
"I can handle my dukes."
ref: 1963, J P Donleavy, A Singular Man, published 1963 (USA), page 19:
glosses: A fist.
Derived terms: archduke
beduke
Duke blue
duke cherry
Duke City
dukedom
duke it out
dukeling
dukely
Duke of Norfolk's Island
Duke of York's Island
dukery
Dukes County
dukeship
dukicide
grand duke
grand dukedom
put up one's dukes
unduke
Related terms: ducal
duchess
duchy
grand duchy
duke
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /dʒuːk/
note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /djuːk/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /duːk/
rhymes: -uːk
homophone: juke
Forms: form: dukes
form: duking
form: duked
form: duked
Etymology: From Old French duc, through Middle English duk, duke, from Latin dux, ducis. Displaced native Old English heretoga. Was present as duc in late Old English, from the same Latin source. Doublet of doge, duc, duce, and dux.
The “fist” sense is thought to be Cockney rhyming slang where “Duke(s) of York” = fork. Fork is itself Cockney slang for hand, and thus fist.
Senses: examples: text: It seems that PI Rainer was duked by his wife […].
ref: 2003, John A. Dinan, Private Eyes in the Comics, →ISBN, page 65:
glosses: To hit or beat with the fists.
examples: text: I duked him twenty dollars.
synonyms: tip
glosses: To give cash to; to give a tip to.
glosses: To perform the duties of, or rule over as, a duke.
Derived terms: duke in
duke it
duke it out
duke out
duke up
duchess
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdʌt͡ʃɪs/
ipa: /ˈdʌt͡ʃəs/
Forms: form: duchesses
form: dutchess
Etymology: From Middle English duchesse, from Old French duchesse. Doublet of duchesse.
Senses: examples: text: The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have ended months of intense speculation by announcing they are expecting their first child, but were forced to share their news earlier than hoped because of the Duchess's admission to hospital on Monday.
ref: 2012 December 3, Caroline Davies, The Guardian:
glosses: The wife or widow of a duke.
glosses: The female ruler of a duchy.
Derived terms: archduchess
Duchess
duchessdom
duchesshood
duchesslike
duchessly
duchessness
duchess potatoes
duchessy
dutch
Dutchess County
grand duchess
Related terms: duchesse lace
duchesse
duchesse potatoes
duchess
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdʌt͡ʃɪs/
ipa: /ˈdʌt͡ʃəs/
Forms: form: duchesses
form: duchessing
form: duchessed
form: duchessed
form: dutchess
Etymology: From Middle English duchesse, from Old French duchesse. Doublet of duchesse.
Senses: examples: text: On arrival in England he was “duchessed” in a manner that no Australian Prime Minister has ever been “duchessed” before or since. Northcliffe was looking for someone around whom he could build a campaign against Asquith. Hughes filled the bill nicely.
ref: 1956, John Thomas Lang, I Remember, page 64:
text: ‘A word to the wise, Murray. Those wogs you′ve been duchessing at Ethnic Affairs have got nothing on the culture vultures. Tear the flesh right off your bones, they will.’
ref: 1996, Shane Maloney, The Brush-Off, published 2003, page 46:
text: The traditional version of Hughes′ decision to introduce conscription gives central importance to his visit to London in April 1916 where it is alleged he was duchessed and deceived concerning recruitment figures.
ref: 2004, Humphrey McQueen, A New Britannia, Fourth Edition, page 66:
text: But by 1914 Grayson had, according to Groves, been thoroughly duchessed, believing that he could enjoy the good things in life and still serve the cause.
ref: 2006, Jacqueline Dickenson, Renegades and Rats: Betrayal and the Remaking of Radical Organisations in Britain and Australia, page 144:
glosses: to court or curry favour for political or business advantage; to flatter obsequiously.
duchy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdʌt͡ʃi/
rhymes: -ʌtʃi
homophone: dutchie
homophone: dutchy
Forms: form: duchies
Etymology: From Middle English duche, from Anglo-Norman duché, from Old French duc, or from Medieval Latin ducātus, from Latin dux. Doublet of ducat.
Senses: glosses: A dominion or region ruled by a duke or duchess.
Synonyms: dukedom
Hyponyms: duchessdom
Derived terms: duchy of Naples
grand duchy
stem duchy
Related terms: ducal
duchess
duke
dukedom
barony
bishopric
county
kingdom
march
margravate
margraviate
marquesate
marquessate
marquisate
nobility
parish
principality
regality
royalty
shire
viscountcy
viscounty
countess
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkaʊntɪs/
Forms: form: countesses
form: Countess
Etymology: From Anglo-Norman cuntesse, Old French contesse, from Latin comitissa; equivalent to count + -ess. Doublet of contessa.
Senses: glosses: The wife of a count or earl.
examples: text: Elizabeth Millicent Leveson-Gower is 24th Countess of Sutherland; her son will be the 25th Earl.
glosses: A woman holding the rank of count or earl in her own right; a female holder of an earldom.
Synonyms: sense: the wife of an earl, a female holder of an earldom
word: earless
Hyponyms: english: French countess
translation: French countess
word: comtesse
english: Italian countess
translation: Italian countess
word: contessa
english: German countess
translation: German countess
word: gräfin
Derived terms: Countess Wear
countessly
county
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkaʊnti/
ipa: /ˈkuːntɪ/
ipa: /ˈkaʊn(t)i/
ipa: [ˈkʰaʊ̯nti]
ipa: [ˈkʰaʊ̯ɾ̃i]
rhymes: -aʊnti
Forms: form: counties
Etymology: From Middle English countee, counte, conte, from Anglo-Norman counté, Old French conté (French comté), from Latin comitātus (“jurisdiction of a count”), from comes (“count, earl”). Cognate with Spanish condado (“county”) and Italian contea (“county”). Doublet of comitatus, borrowed directly from Latin. Mostly displaced native Old English sċīr, whence Modern English shire.
Senses: examples: text: The first of the principalities of the Low Countries to take clear shape was the county of Flanders.
ref: 2018, Paul Arblaster, A History of the Low Countries:
synonyms: countship
countdom
glosses: The land ruled by a count or a countess.
examples: text: Entire states such as California, Illinois and New York are now sanctuaries, as well as major cities and counties such as Fairfax, Montgomery and Prince George’s counties and the District of Columbia in the capital region, according to the list. […] FAIR says the county is a sanctuary because it tells police not to ask about immigration status even during an arrest.
ref: 2018 May 10, Stephen Dinan, “Half of all Americans now live in ‘sanctuaries’ protecting immigrants”, in The Washington Times:
glosses: An administrative or geographical region of various countries, including Bhutan, Canada, China, Croatia, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and 47 of the 50 United States (excluding Alaska, Connecticut, and Louisiana).
examples: text: traditional county
glosses: A definitive geographic region, without direct administrative functions.
examples: text: He can't come; he's up in the county for agg assault.
text: Okay gentlemen, you've both been to county before, I'm sure. Here it comes.
ref: 1994, Quentin Tarantino, Roger Avary, Pulp Fiction, spoken by The Wolf (Harvey Keitel):
glosses: A jail operated by a county government.
Synonyms: sense: from Mandarin Chinese
word: hsien
word: xian
Derived terms: 32-county
another county heard from
ceremonial county
city and county
collar county
Countian
county at large
county borough
county boundary
county brownie
county council
county court
county cricket
county crop
county fair
county family
county farm
County Gates
countyhood
countyism
county jail
county-level city
county-level municipality
countylike
county line
county palatinate
county palatine
county seat
county town
countywide
God's own county
historic county
Home Counties
home county
intercounty
intracounty
metropolitan county
multicounty
noncounty
Norfolk County
Orangeburg County
preserved county
registration county
Sharkey County
Six Counties
subcounty
traditional county
tricounty
Twenty-Six Counties
Related terms: count
barony
bishopric
countdom
duchy
earldom
kingdom
march
margravate
margraviate
marquesate
marquessate
marquisate
nobility
parish
principality
regality
royalty
shire
viscountcy
viscounty
county
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkaʊnti/
ipa: /ˈkuːntɪ/
ipa: /ˈkaʊn(t)i/
ipa: [ˈkʰaʊ̯nti]
ipa: [ˈkʰaʊ̯ɾ̃i]
rhymes: -aʊnti
Forms: form: more county
form: most county
Etymology: From Middle English countee, counte, conte, from Anglo-Norman counté, Old French conté (French comté), from Latin comitātus (“jurisdiction of a count”), from comes (“count, earl”). Cognate with Spanish condado (“county”) and Italian contea (“county”). Doublet of comitatus, borrowed directly from Latin. Mostly displaced native Old English sċīr, whence Modern English shire.
Senses: examples: text: Now, in the district around Chipping Carby, the County Families are very County indeed, few more so.
ref: 1886, Andrew Lang, The Mark of Cain:
text: She was a tall girl and county, with Hilary's walk: she seemed to topple even when she sat.
ref: 1979, John Le Carré, Smiley's People, Folio Society, published 2010, page 274:
text: The other two, like many of her characters, have fallen on harder times: Joan's family has recently lost her father, a small flour-mill owner -- described by a supporter as more "county" than the upstart newcomers who covet their property ...
ref: 2007, Heather Julien, Gender and Literacy in Britain, 1847--1987, →ISBN:
text: Susan Dean realises that her secretary, Eleanor Grantly, is much more county than she ever will be, because Eleanor knows all the Barsetshire family connections and is connected herself.
ref: 2015, Kate Macdonald, Novelists Against Social Change: Conservative Popular Fiction, 1920-1960, →ISBN:
glosses: Characteristic of a ‘county family’; representative of the gentry or aristocracy of a county.
state
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /steɪt/
rhymes: -eɪt
Forms: form: states
form: stating
form: stated
form: stated
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Italic *status
Latin statuslbor.
Old French estatbor.
Middle English stat
English state
From Middle English stat (as a noun); adopted c. 1200 from both Old French estat and Latin stātus (“manner of standing, attitude, position, carriage, manner, dress, apparel; and other senses”), from stāre (“to stand”). Doublet of estate and status. The sense of "polity" develops in the 14th century. Compare French être, Greek στέω (stéo), Italian stare, Portuguese estar, Romanian sta, and Spanish estar. The verb is first attested around the beginning of the 16th century. Related to English stand.
Senses: examples: text: He stated that he was willing to help.
text: Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.
ref: 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter II, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
text: A provision of law may not be construed as requiring a new grant to be awarded to a specified non-Federal Government entity unless that provision of law (1) specifically refers to this subsection; specifically identifies the particular non-Federal Government entity involved; and (3) specifically states that the award to that entity is required by such provision of law in contravention of the policy set forth in subsection (a).
ref: 1994, Congress of the United States, United States Statutes at Large, volume 108, part 4:
text: The species-preserving purposivity of higher organisms is no greater than that of the lowest forms of life, and Jakob von Uexküll was entirely justified in stating that all living organisms are equally well adapted to their environments.
ref: 1996, Konrad Lorenz, chapter 5, in Robert D. Martin, transl., The Natural Science of the Human Species, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, page 93:
text: When Tony Greig, in a meaningful and provocative interview, asked Sarfaraz background of betting and match-fixing, the Pakistan "superbat" categorically stated that it should start with Asif Iqbal and Gavaskar who, according to him, were the "original fixers"..
ref: 2017, K R Wadhwaney, Indian Cricket Controversies:
glosses: To declare to be a fact.
examples: text: State your intentions.
glosses: To make known.
Synonyms: communicate
Derived terms: state the obvious