concrete
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒnkɹiːt/
ipa: /ˈkɒŋkɹiːt/
ipa: /kɵnˈkɹiːt/
ipa: /kɵŋˈkɹiːt/
ipa: /ˌkɑnˈkɹiːt/
ipa: /kɑŋˈkɹiːt/
ipa: /ˈkɑnkɹiːt/
ipa: /ˈkɑŋkɹiːt/
note: Indic
ipa: /kɔn.kriʈ/
note: Indic
ipa: /kɔŋk.riʈ/
rhymes: -iːt
Forms: form: concretes
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin concrētus, past participle of concrescō (to curdle) from con- (with, together) + crescō (to grow, rise).
Senses: examples: text: Various types of concrete have been used in the construction of this highway.
text: Smooth facets of buildings have given way to cobbly insides of concrete blasted apart, all the endless-pebbled rococo just behind the shuttering.
ref: 1973, Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow, 1st US edition, New York: Viking Press, →ISBN, part 3: In the Zone, page 373:
text: In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive - and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.
ref: 2007 August 2, Brandon Keim, quoting Hendrik Van Oss, “Space-Age Concrete the Answer for Failing Bridges?”, in Wired, San Francisco, Calif.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 19 Jun 2021:
glosses: A building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand.
examples: text: The sidewalk was made of concrete that had been poured in large slabs.
text: Within hours of the deadly van attack on April 23, 2018, the city installed a series of thigh-high concrete barriers around Union Station and other bustling spots in downtown Toronto.
ref: 2022 October 7, Ben Mussett, “'As ugly as ugly can be': Why are there still temporary barriers around Union Station four years later?”, in Toronto Star, Toronto, ON: Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 26 Aug 2023:
glosses: A building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand.
Such a material whose cement is Portland cement or a similar limestone derivative.
coordinate_terms: asphalt concrete
examples: text: Whence follows, that the Abſtract Terms, [Entity] or [Eſſence] do properly ſignify [A Capacity of Being.] Tho' Entity is often us'd as a Concrete for the Thing it ſelf.
ref: 1697, J[ohn] S[ergeant], Solid Philosophy Asserted Against the Fancies of the Ideists: […], London: […] Roger Clavil […] Abel Roper […] Thomas Metcalf, […], page 91:
text: Conceptualization is man's method of organizing sensory material. To form a concept, one isolates two or more similar concretes from the rest of one's perceptual field, and integrates them into a single mental unit, symbolized by a word.
ref: 1982, Leonard Peikoff, The Ominous Parallels: The End of Freedom in America, New York, N.Y.: Stein and Day/Publishers, →ISBN, page 331:
text: With regard to the physical domain, concretes are as a rule perceived through the senses.
ref: 1990, Avi Sion, Future Logic, page 344:
text: However, how can such a structure of concretes and abstracts be made evident, which after all means that knowledge always aims at the concrete, the unprecedented, the irreducibly dissimilar, although cognition always happens in developing similarity through abstraction?
ref: 1997, Joseph A. Bracken, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, editors, Trinity in Process: A Relational Theology of God, New York, N.Y.: Continuum, →ISBN, page 154:
text: On the right-hand sides we have sentences asserting that an equivalence relation holds between concretes—that is, that they are identical in some respect.
ref: 2009, Alan Musgrave, “Pleonastic Platonism”, in Heather Dyke, editor, From Truth to Reality: New Essays in Logic and Metaphysics, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 79–80:
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term.
examples: text: When Nudger and Claudia were finished eating they drove to the Ted Drewes frozen custard stand on Chippewa and stood in line for a couple of chocolate chip concretes. Drewes's concretes were delicious custard concoctions so thick that before the kids working behind the counter handed them to customers, they turned the cups upside down to demonstrate that the contents wouldn't pour out.
ref: 1990, John Lutz, Diamond Eyes, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Dunne Books, →ISBN, page 170:
text: Paradoxically richer and yet lighter than ice cream, frozen custard is softly served, and at Curly's you can have your I vanilla or chocolate flavor custard "concrete" style, with your choice of a rainbow of candy and fruit toppings whipped in.
ref: 2013, Jonanna Widner, Dallas & Fort Worth (Moon Handbooks), Berkeley, C.A.: Avalon Travel, →ISBN, page 86:
text: Once there, she opts for a concrete -- Nielsen's thick, spoonable, frozen vanilla custard mixed with add-ins like Oreos or strawberries or chocolate chips and piled into a 16-ounce cup for $4.35. She can't eat it all, of course, which is why a couple of friends need to come along as well.
ref: 2003 July 16, Candy Sagon, “Nielsen’s Frozen Custard in Vienna”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 26 Aug 2023:
text: A concrete has some distinct differences from a milkshake, specifically, the custard base mixture, the final texture, and the mix-ins. Technically, the common ice cream you buy at the store and use in a regular milkshake is made from a custard base. A custard is dairy thickened with the help of heated whole eggs or egg yolks, and a concrete uses a custard base that has a higher ratio of egg yolks in the recipe than the average ice cream.
ref: 2023 May 11, Allie Chanthorn Reinmann, “The Difference Between Milkshakes and Concretes (and How to Make Them)”, in Lifehacker, archived from the original on 08 Jun 2023:
glosses: A dessert of frozen custard with various toppings.
examples: text: Most concretes contain about 50 per cent wax, 50 per cent volatile oil, such as jasmine; in rare cases, as with ylang ylang, the concrete is liquid and contains about 80 per cent essential oil, 20 per cent wax. The advantage of concretes is that they are more stable and concentrated than pure essential oils.
ref: 1992, Julia Lawless, The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: A Complete Guide to the Use of Aromatics in Aromatheraapy, Herbalism, Health & Well-Being, Shaftesbury, Dorset; […]: Element, →ISBN, page 37:
text: Monsieur Roca held another concrete under my nose and asked if it reminded me of tea. I breathed in a refreshing green note of verbena, a smell that was so quintessentially English that I felt suddenly nostalgic. It was a daffodil scent; it symbolized spring and the hope that spring always brings. And finally he held out the mimosa concrete for me. As I breathed in its heady aroma I forgot all about the noxious fumes I'd inhaled as I'd walked towards the Robertet factory.
ref: 2007, Celia Lyttelton, The Scent Trail: An Olfactory Odyssey, London […]: Bantam Books, →ISBN, page 37:
text: Concretes, the waxy extracts produced by solvent extraction, were first introduced by the house of Roure, Bertrand Fils in Grasse, in 1873, and in 1888 Joseph Robert succeeded in developing a large-scale process for the solvent extraction of fragrant plants. This process was brought into commercial production two years later.
ref: 2008, David G. Williams, The Chemistry of Essential Oils: An Introduction for Aromatherapists, Beauticians, Retailers and Students, second edition, Port Washington, N.Y.; Weymouth, Dorset: Micelle Press, →ISBN, page 226:
text: Once the material is exhausted, the solvent containing the dissolved essential oil is distilled. This process removes the solvent, leaving behind the extracted matter, which is known as a concrete. The concrete is processed further to produce an absolute for use in perfumery.
ref: 2013, Karen Gilbert, Perfume: The Art and Craft of Fragrance, London; New York, N.Y.: CICO Books, →ISBN, page 67:
qualifier: perfumery
glosses: An extract of herbal materials that has a semi-solid consistency, especially when such materials are partly aromatic.
examples: text: The concrete is made by ingredients which are to remove the feculencies from the cane-juice as soon as expressed from the mill and which check fermentation; indeed juice may be kept for a week after the canes have been gruond, without turning acid, when these ingredients have been used.
ref: 1848, The Sugar Question: […], Part II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., page 115:
text: Also molasses in the definition refers only to the product separated from the various sugar concretes specified in the purification of these raw sugars, while in trade terms what is defined under sugar cane syrup in the standards is often called molasses, the term "open kettle molasses" being used in this connection to indicate that the cane juice has been simply boiled down in open kettles.
ref: 1910 August 18, Edward W[iley] Duckwall, “Semi-Monthly Report of National Canners' Laboratory”, in The Canner and Dried Fruit Packer, volume XXXI, number 6, Chicago, I.L.: The Canner Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24:
text: In some areas of the Far East, for example, factories producing sugar concrete may process as little as one ton of sugar cane per day and a total of not over 100 tons of sugar cane per year. From this we go to the other extreme where factories in the West Indies and Mexico process as much as 20,000 tons of sugar cane per day and 2 to 3 million tons of sugar cane per year.
ref: 1959, An Industrial Waste Guide to the Cane Sugar Industry, page 1:
text: Maple sugar is crystallized from the concentrated sap of maple. Maple concrete can be purchased and water added to make maple syrup.
ref: 1975, Lendal H[enry] Kotschevar, Quantity Food Purchasing, second edition, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 352:
glosses: Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.
examples: text: And firſt, if I would now deal rigidly with my Adverſary, I might here make a great Queſtion of the very way of Probation which he and others employ, without the leaſt ſcruple, to evince, that the Bodies commonly cali'd mixt, are made up of Earth, Air, Water, and Fire, which they are pleas'd alſo to call Elements; namely that upon the ſuppos'd Analyſis made by the fire, of the former ſort of Concretes, there are wont to emerge Bodies reſembling thoſe which they take for the Elements.
ref: 1661, Robert Boyle, “Physiological Considerations Touching the Experiments Wont to be Employed to Evince either the IV Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principls of Mixt Bodies. Part of the First Dialogue.”, in The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-physical Doubts & Paradoxes, […], London: […] J. Cadwell for J. Crooke, […], →OCLC, page 26:
text: Of this kind, I ſuppoſe, the Æther, that is the medium or fluid body, in which all other bodies do as it were ſwim and move; and particularly, the Air, which ſeems nothing elſe but a kind of tincture or ſolution of terreſtrial and aqueous particles diſſolv'd into it, and agitated by it, juſt as the tincture of Cocheneel is nothing but ſome finer diſſoluble parts of that Concrete lick'd up or diſſolv'd by the fluid water.
ref: 1665, R[obert] Hooke, Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 13:
text: But if Gold it ſelf be admitted, as it muſt be, for a porous Concrete, the proportion of Void to Body in the texture of common Air will be ſo much the greater.
ref: 1692 November 17, Richard Bentley, A Confutation of Atheism from the Origin and Frame of the World. Part II. […], London: […] H[enry] Mortlock […], published 1693, →OCLC, page 11:
text: Some affirm it [ambergris] to be a true animal concrete, formed in balls in the body of the male ſpermaceti whale, and lodged in a large oval bag over the testicles.
ref: 1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “A′MBERGRIS”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC, column 2:
glosses: Any solid mass formed by the coalescence of separate particles; a compound substance, a concretion.
Related terms: cement
mortar
UHPC