cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
confer
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈfʌɹ/
ipa: [kʰə̥ɱˈfɚ]
ipa: /kənˈfɜː/
ipa: /kənˈfɛr/
ipa: /kənˈføː/
note: Liverpool, fair–fur merger
ipa: /kənˈfeː/
note: Humberside, Teesside, fair–fur merger
ipa: /kənˈfɛː/
note: Lancashire, fair–fur merger
ipa: /kənˈfɜː(ɹ)/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
Forms: form: confers
form: conferring
form: conferred
form: conferred
Etymology: From Early Modern English conferre, from Middle French conférer, from Old French conferer, from Latin cōnferō. Compare Dutch confereren, German konferieren, Danish konferere, Swedish konferera. Doublet of collate. See also infer, relate and refer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.
Senses: examples: text: The college has conferred an honorary degree upon the visiting Prime Minister.
text: Nor shall I count in hainous to enjoy
The public marks of honour and reward
 Conferr'd upon me[…]
ref: 1671, John Milton, Samson Agonistes:
text: Abel tried to refuse the honor thus unexpectedly conferred upon him, but it was no use. He had been made a deacon, and a deacon he must remain.
ref: 1850, T. S. Arthur, “Deacon Smith and his Violin”, in Sketches of Life and Character, Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, →OCLC, page 76:
text: The special immunities that are conferred on MPs were framed with the essential purpose of allowing them to speak freely in parliament.
ref: 2010 February 7, Andrew Rawnsley, The Observer:
text: The mere existence of a dictionary of a certain variety of English does not automatically confer acceptance of that variety.
ref: 2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 114:
synonyms: afford
glosses: To grant as a possession; to bestow.
examples: text: They were in a huddle, conferring about something.
text: Local buttons popped when Henry Kissinger visited Little Rock last month to confer with Fulbright on the Middle East oil talks.
ref: 1974 March 25, “A Traveler's Perils”, in Time:
synonyms: palaver
glosses: To talk together, to consult, discuss; to collogue.
examples: text: The Newe Testament ... Conferred diligently with the Greke, and best approued translations.
ref: 1557 (book title)
text: Confer thine estate with others […]. Be content and rest satisfied, for thou art well in respect to others […].
ref: 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 1, subsection i:
text: If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion.
ref: 1661, Robert Boyle, The Second Essay, of Unsucceeding Experiments:
glosses: To compare.
glosses: To bring together; to collect, gather.
examples: text: The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union.
ref: 1665, Joseph Glanvill, Scepsis Scientifica:
glosses: To contribute; to conduce.
Derived terms: agreement conferring jurisdiction
conferee
conferment
conferrable
conferral
conferrer
reconfer
unconferred
Related terms: cf
cf.
collate
collation
conference
coniferous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəˈnɪfəɹəs/
Forms: form: more coniferous
form: most coniferous
Etymology: From Latin. By surface analysis, cone + -i- + -ferous (“bearing”), or conifer + -ous (“pertaining to”), as reflected in the meanings.
Senses: glosses: Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress.
examples: text: During the first part of the oligocratic stage, leaching of brown soils produces acid podzols that favour coniferous woodlands and heaths.
ref: 2004, Richard John Huggett, Fundamentals of Biogeography, page 319:
glosses: Of, or pertaining to, a conifer.
Derived terms: nonconiferous
configuration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/
ipa: /kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/
ipa: /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹæɪ̯.ʃən/
ipa: /kənˌfəɡ.əˈɹæɪ̯.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: configurations
Etymology: From Middle French configuration, from Latin cōnfigūrātiō. Morphologically configure + -ation.
Senses: examples: text: The engineers tested several configurations of the new device.
text: The mountain range has a unique configuration.
synonyms: word: constitution
word: figure
word: form factor
word: arrangement
word: composition
word: configuration
word: constitution
word: form
word: makeup
word: structure
glosses: The form of a thing, as depending on the relative placement of the parts of a thing's shape.
glosses: The relative positions of a set of things; the way things are arranged or put together;
topics: astrology
human-sciences
mysticism
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The relative positions of a set of things; the way things are arranged or put together;
The aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure like a crystal.
topics: algebra
mathematics
sciences
glosses: A finite set of points and lines (and sometimes planes), generally with equal numbers of points per line and equal numbers of lines per point.
examples: text: The software requires a specific configuration to run properly.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The way a computing environment (physical or software) is set up or customized to the needs of its users.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The process of customizing a computing environment in this way.
Coordinate terms: topics: chemistry
physical-sciences
natural-sciences
word: conformation
Derived terms: autoconfiguration
configurational
configurationism
configuration section
Cremona-Richmond configuration
deconfiguration
Desargues configuration
electron configuration
microconfiguration
misconfiguration
multiconfiguration
nanoconfiguration
preconfiguration
reconfiguration
software configuration management
source configuration management
subconfiguration
Related terms: configure
configurator
confiscation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: confiscations
Etymology: From Middle French confiscation.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of confiscating.
Derived terms: nonconfiscation
conflagration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒnfləˈɡɹeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: conflagrations
Etymology: From Middle French, from Latin cōnflagrātiō (“burning, conflagration”).
Senses: examples: text: It took sixty firefighters to put out the conflagration.
text: And back to hell his way did he take, / For the Devil thought by a slight mistake / It was general conflagration.
ref: 1834 [1799], Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, “The Devil's Thoughts”, in The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge, volume II, London: W. Pickering, page 87:
synonyms: firestorm
inferno
glosses: A large fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning.
examples: text: This was well brought out in the skillfully conducted campaigns by the various governments in appealing to the masses with their characteristic suggestible subconsciousness, stirring to the very depths the reflex consciousness of gregarious man by all sorts of direct and indirect suggestions of fear of attacks and patriotic reactions of self-defence against such attacks until the evil genie of self-preservation and fear became loose, resulting in a sweeping conflagration of a war of nations with all the horror of diseases, mutilation, and extermination of millions of human lives, over seventeen and a half millions, according to latest accounts, having perished in this world-massacre of the human race.
ref: 1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:
glosses: A large-scale conflict.
examples: text: I thought it only an amourette when you told me. It was a fire — a conflagration; subdue it.
ref: 1876, The New York Drama, volumes 1-2, page 1:
glosses: A situation of great passion or emotion.
Derived terms: superconflagration
Related terms: sense: See also
word: conflagrant
sense: See also
word: connixation
sense: See also
word: fire
sense: See also
word: wildfire
conflation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈfleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: conflations
Etymology: Borrowed from Late Latin cōnflātiō, from Latin cōnflātus. By surface analysis, conflate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: Facing a backlash over the use of the term “cosmopolitan,” [Josh] Hawley later defended himself against accusations of antisemitism on Twitter as “an ardent advocate of the state of Israel and the Jewish people.” But this conflation of the state of Israel and the Jewish people is the entire point. To today’s far right, Israel is a firm ally against Islam, while “cosmopolitans,” many of whom just happen to be Jewish, are suspect.
ref: 2019 July 24, David Austin Walsh, “Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:
glosses: A blowing or fusing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry.
examples: text: The conflation of the legitimate and peaceful expression of nationalist beliefs with acts of terrorism and other crimes
glosses: A blend or fusion, especially a composite reading or text formed by combining the material of two or more texts into a single text.
Derived terms: deconflation
Related terms: conflate
conformation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kɑnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
ipa: /kɑn.foʊɹˈmeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
homophone: confirmation stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: conformations
Etymology: From Latin confōrmātiō.
Senses: glosses: The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity.
examples: text: I was much struck with the gaiety of the creoles , whose exterior told a stranger that education had been doing something among them in these solitudes ; and as all the parties kissed the Bible in conformation with the law of England
ref: 1866, William Lobscheid, Chinese Emigration to the West Indies:
glosses: The state of being conformed; agreement
examples: text: One may see well the advantages of this form from the coach - box of our heavily - loaded public vehicles , where animals of different conformation are yoked together
ref: 1853, David Low, On the Domesticated Animals of the British Islands:
glosses: Structure, the arrangement of parts of some thing; form; arrangement.
examples: text: The more stable conformation has the methyl group in an equatorial position , since this minimizes repulsions between axial substituents
ref: 1980, Bernard Miller, Organic Chemistry, the Basis of Life:
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The spatial arrangement of a group of atoms in a molecule as a result of rotation about a covalent bond which remains unbroken.
Synonyms: sense: act of conforming
word: conformance
Derived terms: boat conformation
chair conformation
chromosome conformation capture
coconformation
conformational
malconformation
misconformation
multiconformation
osmoconformation
thermoconformation
Related terms: conform
conformity
allostery
configuration
confutation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: kŏn′fyo͞o-tā′shən
ipa: /ˌkɒn.fjuːˈteɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɑn.fjuˈteɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɒn.fjuˈteɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɔn.fjʉːˈtæɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɔn.fjʉˈte.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɒn.fjuːˈʈeː.ʃon/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: confutations
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin cōnfūtātiō (“refutation”, feminine noun). By surface analysis, confute + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of confuting; refutation.
glosses: Something that confutes.
Derived terms: confutational
congelation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: congelations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French congelation (compare modern congélation), from Latin congelatio, congelationem, from congelo.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing.
glosses: The state of being congealed.
glosses: That which is congealed.
Related terms: congeal
congealment
congestion
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈd͡ʒɛst.ʃən/
ipa: /-ˈd͡ʒɛʃ.d͡ʒən/
ipa: /kʊnˈd͡ʒɛʃ.d͡ʒən/
Forms: form: congestions
Etymology: From late Middle English congestioun, from Old French [Term?], from Latin congestĭō (“heap, accumulation”), from congerō (“to bring together, accumulate, heap up”), formed by the root gerō (“to carry”) and the prefix con-.
Senses: examples: text: network congestion
glosses: The hindrance or blockage of the passage of something, for example a fluid, mixture, traffic, people, etc. (due to an excess of this or due to a partial or complete obstruction), resulting in overfilling or overcrowding.
An accumulation or buildup, the act of gathering into a heap or mass.
examples: text: arterial congestion
text: venous congestion
text: congestion of the lungs
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: The hindrance or blockage of the passage of something, for example a fluid, mixture, traffic, people, etc. (due to an excess of this or due to a partial or complete obstruction), resulting in overfilling or overcrowding.
Blocking up of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hypermic, active or passive.
examples: text: traffic congestion
glosses: An excess or accumulation of something.
An excess of traffic; usually not a complete standstill of traffic, so usually not synonymous with traffic jam.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: An excess or accumulation of something.
An excess of mucus or fluid in the respiratory system; congestion of the lungs, or nasal congestion.
glosses: An excess or accumulation of something.
Edema, water retention, swelling, enlargement of a body part because of fluid retention in tissues and vessels.
Derived terms: congestional
congestion charge
congestion charging
congestion pricing
decongestion
nasal congestion
noncongestion
rebound congestion
vasocongestion
Related terms: congest
conglomeration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈɡlɑm.əɹˌeɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: conglomerations
Senses: examples: text: The green-purple conglomeration behaves nearly like a monospecific culture with characteristics halfway between those of the green and the purple, though metamorphosing more slowly than either[…]
ref: 1928, M. W. deLaubenfels, “Experiments concerning Cellular Behavior and Physiology of Sponges”, in Carnegie Institution Year Book No. 27, 1927-28, page 276; republished as Pamphlets on Biology: Kofoid collection, volume 3045, University of California, 2009:
synonyms: conglomerate
glosses: That which consists of many previously separate parts.
examples: text: A sallow prisoner has come up, in custody, for the half-dozenth time to make a personal application "to purge himself of his contempt," which, being a solitary surviving executor who has fallen into a state of conglomeration about accounts of which it is not pretended that he had ever any knowledge, he is not at all likely ever to do.
ref: 1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:
glosses: An instance of conglomerating, a coming together of separate parts.
congratulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˌɡɹæd͡ʒʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: congratulations
form: gratulation
Etymology: From Middle English congratulacion, from Middle French congratulation or its etymon Latin congrātulātiō, from congrātulor (“to congratulate”). By surface analysis, congratulate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: May I present my warmest congratulations?
glosses: The act of congratulating.
Synonyms: word: congratulating
Derived terms: congratulate
congratulational
congratulationary
self-congratulation
consecration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒnsɪˈkɹeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: consecrations
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin cōnsecrātiō, cōnsecrātiōnem.
Senses: examples: text: Inthronization, in ancient times, immediately succeeded the rite of consecration; the new bishop being honourably placed in his episcopal chair by the prelates assembled for his consecration.
ref: 1845, William Palmer, Origines Liturgicae, or, Antiquities of the English Ritual: And a Dissertation on Primitive Liturgies, 4th edition, volume 2, London: Francis & John Rivington, →OCLC, page 310:
glosses: The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication.
Derived terms: deconsecration
nonconsecration
reconsecration
Related terms: consecrate
sacrament
unction
consequence
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒnsɪkwɛns/
ipa: /ˈkɑnsɪkwɛns/
ipa: /ˈkɑnsɪkwəns/
Forms: form: consequences
Etymology: From Middle English consequence, from Old French consequence, from Latin consequentia. While analysable as con- + sequence, its adjective form has a different origin.
Senses: examples: text: The lobule margins, furthermore, are arched away from the lobe, with the consequence that (when fully inflated) the abaxial leaf surface forms the interior lining of the lobule.
ref: 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 7:
glosses: An effect; something that follows a cause as a result.
examples: text: I'm warning you. If you don't get me the report on time, there will be consequences.
text: Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent, with the consequences of climate change potentially accelerating the demand.
ref: 2013 September-October, Michael Sivak, “Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?”, in American Scientist:
glosses: An effect; something that follows a cause as a result.
An unwanted or unpleasant effect.
glosses: consecution; chain of causes and effects.
glosses: conclusion, deduction or inference; the thing concluded.
examples: text: My opinions are of no consequence whatsoever to my parents.
text: Thus young Pen, the only son of an estated country gentleman, with a good allowance, and a gentlemanlike bearing and person, looked to be a lad of much more consequence than he was really; and was held by the Oxbridge authorities, tradesmen, and undergraduates, as quite a young buck and member of the aristocracy.
ref: 1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 19, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:
text: Rooney's United team-mate Chris Smalling was given his debut at right-back and was able to adjust to the international stage in relatively relaxed fashion as Bulgaria barely posed a threat of any consequence.
ref: 2011 September 2, Phil McNulty, “Bulgaria 0-3 England”, in BBC:
qualifier: especially when preceded by "of"
glosses: Importance, influence, or significance.
Synonyms: sense: effect
word: aftercome
sense: unwanted or unpleasant effect
word: repercussion
sense: importance, influence, significance
word: moment
sense: importance, influence, significance
alt: hyponyms
word: distinction
sense: importance, influence, significance
word: rank
sense: importance, influence, significance
word: value
sense: conclusion
word: implication
Derived terms: actions have consequences
as a consequence of
consequenceless
in consequence
inconsequence
law of unintended consequences
legal consequence
misconsequence
nonconsequence
of consequence
unintended consequence
Related terms: causality
effect
impact
consequence
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒnsɪkwɛns/
ipa: /ˈkɑnsɪkwɛns/
ipa: /ˈkɑnsɪkwəns/
Forms: form: consequences
form: consequencing
form: consequenced
form: consequenced
Etymology: From Middle English consequence, from Old French consequence, from Latin consequentia. While analysable as con- + sequence, its adjective form has a different origin.
Senses: examples: text: The goal of consequencing is to teach the child a lesson that leads to positive choices and behaviors. The goal of punishment is to inflict pain and seek revenge. Angry parenting is punitive and ineffectual.
ref: 1998, Terry M. Levy, Michael Orlans, Attachment, trauma, and healing:
text: These behaviours are not acceptable within a classroom setting and often result in the child being consequenced or removed from class.
ref: 2001, Betty Bedard-Bidwell, Hand in Hand, page 117:
glosses: To threaten or punish (a child, etc.) with specific consequences for misbehaviour.
conservation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: conservations
Etymology: From Old French. By surface analysis, conserve + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation.
examples: text: “My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year. …”
ref: 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:
glosses: Wise use of natural resources.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: The discipline concerned with protection of biodiversity, the environment, and natural resources
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: Genes and associated characteristics of biological organisms that are unchanged by evolution, for example similar or identical nucleic acid sequences or proteins in different species descended from a common ancestor
qualifier: culture
glosses: The protection and care of cultural heritage, including artwork and architecture, as well as historical and archaeological artifacts
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: lack of change in a measurable property of an isolated physical system (conservation of energy, mass, momentum, electric charge, subatomic particles, and fundamental symmetries)
Derived terms: anticonservation
anticonservationist
conservational
conservation biology
conservationism
conservationist
conservation law
conservation of energy
conservation of mass
cryoconservation
geoconservation
hyperconservation
law of conservation of mass
microconservation
nonconservation
proconservation
reconservation
soil conservation
ultraconservation
conspiration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒnspɪˈɹeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: conspirations
Etymology: From Middle English conspiracioun, from Middle French conspiration, from Latin cōnspīrātiō, cōnspīrātiōnem. Doublet of conspiracy.
Senses: glosses: Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose.
glosses: A plot between two or more people against somebody's wishes; conspiracy.
Derived terms: conspirational
conspirationism
Related terms: conspiracy
conspirator
conspiratorial
conspiratorialism
conspiratorialist
conspiratorially
conspiratory
conspire
conspirer
consternation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒn.stəˈneɪ.ʃən/
enpr: kŏnʹstər.nā'shən
ipa: /ˌkɑn.stɚˈneɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: consternations
Etymology: From French consternation, from Latin consternātiō.
Senses: examples: text: "Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.
ref: 1899, Kate Chopin, The Awakening:
text: Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.
ref: 2003, Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts, chapter 17, in Deadly Reunion:
text: It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.
ref: February 27, 2006, Chuck Klosterman, “Invention's New Mother”, in Esquire:
glosses: Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for reflection; terror, combined with amazement; dismay.
Related terms: consternate
constipation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: constipations
Etymology: First attested in the beginning of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English constipacioun, borrowed from Medieval Latin constīpātiō or its Old French equivalent, from cōnstīpō + -tiō. By surface analysis, constipate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: If you also knew how to combine foods—that is, what foods eaten together “set well,” you need never have indigestion, constipation or any of the headachy, stomachachy ills they lead to.
ref: 1917 February 12, “If You Knew What Foods?” (advertisement), in The Independent, volume 59, number 3558, New York: Independent Corporation, page 280:
text: Review of systems was positive for unintentional weight gain of 13.5 kilograms in the last eight months, excessive fatigue, fever, difficulty focusing, one episode of painful oral ulcer on the roof of her mouth, change in the hair texture with nonscarring alopecia, shortness of breath with exertion, and constipation.
ref: 2015 July 22, Reshma M. Khan et al., “Embolic Stroke as the Initial Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in Case Reports in Rheumatology, volume 2015, →DOI:
synonyms: costiveness
glosses: A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened faeces.
glosses: The act of crowding anything into a lesser space, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation.
Derived terms: anticonstipation
verbal constipation
Related terms: Constipation in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)
consubstantiation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kɔn.sʌbs.tn̩.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: consubstantiations
Senses: glosses: An identity or union of substance.
topics: Christianity
glosses: The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; impanation, as opposed to transubstantiation.
Derived terms: consubstantiationist
consummation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: consummations
Etymology: From Latin cōnsummātiō.
Senses: examples: text: I emptied my revolver upon him as he lay, and should have done the same with its mate had not two hunters at that moment come upon the ground and prevented any further consummation of my designs.
ref: 1861, E. J. Guerin, Mountain Charley, page 42:
text: The opening of the extension from Brentwood to Colchester took place on March 29, 1843, when it was reported that at Colchester "the town had literally turned out its population to witness the consummation of the hopes and the fears of alike friends and opponents."
ref: 1944 May and June, “Notes and News: The Eastern Counties Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 182:
text: It was the consummation of plans designed on Tufton Street, and of an alliance with Ms. Truss stretching back years. Under her watch, Britain has become a libertarian laboratory.
ref: 2022 October 6, Sam Bright, “Meet the Shadowy Groups Behind Liz Truss”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:
glosses: The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; the state of being completed; completion.
examples: text: The consummation of marriage involves the mightiest issues of life and is the most holy and sacred right recognized by man, and it is the Balm of Gilead for many ills. Masturbation or prostitution soon blight the brightest prospects a young man may have.
ref: 1920, B. G. Jefferis, J. L. Nichols, “The Advantages of Wedlock”, in Searchlights on Health:
glosses: The first act of sexual intercourse in a relationship, particularly the first such act following marriage.
examples: text: He had no vague false notions of beginning fires in November, and ending them in May; but had arrived at the philosophical conclusion, that there are very few evenings, in all the year, that a fire is not a consummation of domestic felicity in England most devoutly to be wished.
ref: 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Influence of the Dead”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 271:
glosses: The achievement of perfection.
examples: text: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and behold I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the world.
ref: 1749, The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. […] Newly reviſed, and corrected according to the Clementin Edition of the Scriptures (Douay–Rheims Bible, Challoner Revision), Matthew 28:20:
text: It may be supposed that from the spread of information all real danger from ignorance is past. Not so, good reader, that is a consummation as yet "devoutly to be wished."
ref: 1880, William Blades, The Enemies of Books, page 87:
glosses: Termination; the end (as of the world or of life); an end or resulting state.
topics: law
glosses: The date at which the mortgagor becomes contractually obligated to the mortgagee in a real estate transaction.
Derived terms: nonconsummation
Related terms: consummate
consummator
contamination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˌtæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /kənˌtæm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /kənˌtæm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
ipa: [kənˌtɛəm.əˈneɪ.ʃən]
ipa: [kənˌɾ̃æm.əˈneɪ.ʃən]
ipa: /kənˌtæm.ɪˈnæɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: contaminations
Etymology: From Latin contāminātiōnem.
Senses: synonyms: pollution
defilement
taint
glosses: The act or process of contaminating.
glosses: Something which contaminates.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A process whereby words with related meanings come to have similar sounds.
topics: etymology
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: The influence of one form (often from a foreign language) on the historical development of another form to which it may be related in meaning.
Derived terms: anticontamination
biocontamination
cross-contamination
microcontamination
noncontamination
radiocontamination
recontamination
xenocontamination
contemplation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒntəmˈpleɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: contemplations
Etymology: From Middle English contemplacioun, from Old French contemplation, from Latin contemplatio.
Senses: examples: text: Now, 80 percent is accessible — quickly filling with exhibition spaces, stylish restaurants and cafes, bookstores, and highly profitable gift stores, as well as quiet walkways, shady stands of trees and odd nooks that invite contemplation of bygone dynasties.
ref: 2019 August 3, Ian Johnson, “The Forbidden City Opens Wide as China Projects New Pride in Its Past”, in New York Times:
text: Mr. Pickwick congratulated the fortunate owner of the irresistible garments on their acquisition; and Mr. Peter Magnus remained a few moments apparently absorbed in contemplation.
ref: 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, chapter 22, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:
glosses: The act of contemplating; musing; being highly concentrated in thought
examples: text: Whilst he roamed about with his flocks, through ice and snow, communion with his God in prayer, and quiet contemplation, were his portion.
ref: 1851, The Annual Monitor for 1851: A Sketch of the Life and Labours of Patrick, The Apostle of the Irish:
glosses: Holy meditation.
glosses: The act of looking forward to a future event
examples: text: He concludes: "This letter is written in contemplation of legal proceedings, and is a pre-action protocol letter within the meaning of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998."
ref: 2020 December 2, Barry Doe, “National Rail Timetable changes and reductions”, in Rail, page 73:
glosses: The state of being considered or planned.
Synonyms: sense: musing
word: attention
word: consideration
Derived terms: contemplationism
contemplationist
recontemplation
Related terms: contemplate
contemplational
precontemplation
contestation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒn.tɛsˈteɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɑn.tɛsˈteɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɔn.tesˈtæɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkɒn.tesˈtæɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: contestations
Etymology: From contest + -ation.
Senses: synonyms: rivalry
strife
dispute
glosses: The act of contesting; emulation
examples: text: Contempt and loathing for body and nature are central to the operations of white male grievance, and any contestation of these politics will require us to challenge the somatophobia and ecophobia with which they are bound up.
ref: 2022, Marisol Cortez, “Ambivalent Anality: Revisiting the Queer Ecology of "the Jackass Moment"”, in Media+Environment:
glosses: The act of challenging or disputing a claim or idea.
glosses: Proof by witness; attestation; testimony.
contingent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈtɪn.d͡ʒənt/
Forms: form: contingents
Etymology: From Middle English, from Old French contingent, from Medieval Latin contingens (“possible, contingent”), present participle of contingere (“to touch, meet, attain to, happen”), from com- (“together”) + tangere (“to touch”).
Senses: synonyms: word: contingency
word: chance
word: contingency
word: contingent
word: eventuality
word: possibility
word: potentiality
glosses: An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something in the future.
synonyms: proportion
glosses: That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share.
examples: text: Arrests and prosecutions intensified after Isis captured Mosul in June, but the groundwork had been laid by an earlier amendment to Jordan’s anti-terrorism law. It is estimated that 2,000 Jordanians have fought and 250 of them have died in Syria – making them the third largest Arab contingent in Isis after Saudi Arabians and Tunisians.
ref: 2014 November 27, Ian Black, “Courts kept busy as Jordan works to crush support for Isis”, in The Guardian:
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: A quota of troops.
contingent
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈtɪn.d͡ʒənt/
Forms: form: more contingent
form: most contingent
Etymology: From Middle English, from Old French contingent, from Medieval Latin contingens (“possible, contingent”), present participle of contingere (“to touch, meet, attain to, happen”), from com- (“together”) + tangere (“to touch”).
Senses: synonyms: incidental
casual
antonyms: certain
inevitable
necessary
impossible
glosses: Possible or liable, but not certain, to occur.
examples: text: The success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he cannot control.
text: a contingent estate
text: The imposition of the death penalty should not be contingent on a particular jury's unguided understanding of a legal term of art.
ref: 1989, Thurgood Marshall, “Dissenting Opinion”, in Watkins v. Murray:
text: This rather narrow theological dispute eventually helped eradicate from Western philosophy the idea of universals—the notion that concepts in the mind correspond to eternal truths, like the Platonic forms—and succeeded in making the world, as Blumenberg puts it, “radically contingent.”
ref: 2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, quoting Hans Blumenberg, chapter 11, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:
text: Both Catalan parties have said their support for getting the PSOE back into office will be contingent on an amnesty for the hundreds of people who participated in the failed push to secede from Spain in October 2017.
ref: 2023 November 5, Sam Jones, “PSOE members back Catalan amnesty plan to secure power in Spain”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
synonyms: word: conditional
word: conditional
word: conditioned
word: contingent
word: qualified
glosses: Dependent on something that is undetermined or unknown, that may or may not occur.
raw_tags: with upon or on
glosses: Not logically necessarily true or false.
examples: text: contingent labor
text: contingent worker
glosses: Temporary.
Derived terms: contingent charge
contingentism
contingently
contingentness
contingent remainder
contingent symbiosis
contingent valuation
noncontingent
Related terms: contact
contingence
contingency
contingent claim
continuation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˌtɪnjʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ipa: /kənˌtɪnjuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ipa: /kənˌtɪn.jʉˈæɪ.ʃən/
ipa: [kənˌtɪn.jʉˈæɪ.ʃn̩]
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: continuations
Etymology: From Middle English continuacion, from Old French continuation, from Latin continuātiō. Morphologically continue + -ation.
Senses: synonyms: prolongation
propagation
antonyms: discontinuation
termination
glosses: The act or state of continuing or being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession
examples: text: the continuation of a story
text: The series' continuation was commercially if not artistically successful.
glosses: That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on.
examples: text: Whenever a Scheme expression is evaluated a continuation exists that wants the result of the expression.
ref: 1986, “MIT/GNU Scheme 10.1.11”, in The GNU Operating System:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
glosses: A representation of an execution state of a program at a certain point in time, which may be used at a later time to resume the execution of the program from that point.
topics: ball-games
basketball
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: A successful shot that, despite a foul, is made with a single continuous motion beginning before the foul, and that is therefore valid in certain forms of basketball.
Hyponyms: sense: (computing) representation of an execution state of a program
word: delimited continuation
sense: (computing) representation of an execution state of a program
word: first-class continuation
sense: (computing) representation of an execution state of a program
word: second-class continuation
Derived terms: analytic continuation
call-with-current-continuation
continuable
continuational
continuation bet
continuation day
continuationism
continuation line
continuation-passing style
continuation school
continuative
noncontinuation
recontinuation
contradistinction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒntɹədɪˈstɪŋkʃn̩/
ipa: /ˌkɑntɹədɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
Forms: form: contradistinctions
Etymology: From contra- + distinction.
Senses: examples: text: We used hamburgers and soda in contradistinction to healthy food.
text: The doctrine that everything is God, in contradistinction to the doctrine that God is everything.
ref: 1911, Ambrose Bierce, “pantheism”, in The Devil’s Dictionary, New York, N.Y.; Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, →OCLC:
text: Captain John Smith gives the name Reef Knot in 1627. Dana gives the name Square Knot in 1841. Few sailors speak of Square Knot except in contradistinction to Granny Knot but it is the common shore name for the knot and is in good repute among sailors.
ref: 1944, Clifford W. Ashley, The Ashley Book of Knots, page 220:
text: It will be noted that on this service, in contradistinction to that from and to Bristol, extra trains are provided to cope with peak-hour conditions; [...].
ref: 1961 October, “The winter timetables of British Railways: Western Region”, in Trains Illustrated, page 591:
glosses: Distinction by contrast; the provision of one example against which another example may be defined.
glosses: The quality of being contradistinctive.
Derived terms: contradistinctive
contradistinctively
Related terms: contradistinguish
contraindication
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒntɹəɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: contraindications
Etymology: From contra- + indication.
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A factor or symptom which makes a certain treatment inadvisable, generally or individually.
contrition
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈtɹɪʃən/
Forms: form: contritions
Etymology: From Old French contriciun (French contrition), from Latin contrītiō.
Senses: examples: text: Jonathan's mother told Grace on a recent phone call that Jonathan showed no sign of remorse or contrition for his own sister's passing.
ref: 2020 November 30, Erica Gonzales, “'The Undoing' Viewers Are Trolling Their Finale Theories”, in Harper's Bazaar:
text: President Trump on Tuesday showed no contrition or regret for instigating the mob that stormed the Capitol and threatened the lives of members of Congress and his vice president, saying that his remarks to a rally beforehand were “totally appropriate” and that the effort by Congress to impeach and convict him was “causing tremendous anger.”
ref: 2021 January 12, James Dobbins, Annie Karni, “Trump Shows No Contrition for Inciting Mob, Calling Remarks ‘Appropriate’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:
text: Kremlin officials have shown no signs of contrition.
ref: 2022 April 20, Andrew Roth, “Russia’s latest military failures polarise society even more”, in The Guardian:
synonyms: word: agenbite
word: remorse
word: rue
word: ruth
word: compunction
word: contrition
word: penitence
word: repentance
word: self-reproach
word: sorriness
glosses: The state of being contrite; sincere penitence or remorse.
synonyms: attrition
friction
rubbing
glosses: The act of grinding or rubbing to powder.
crabby
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹæb.i/
rhymes: -æbi
Forms: form: crabbier
form: crabbiest
Etymology: From crab + -y.
Senses: glosses: Relating to or resembling crabs; crablike.
examples: text: As for animal life, this is the "Crabbiest Place in the World," where 20 land and intertidal crabs range from tiny beach dwellers to the chunky robber crabs that crack coconuts with their massive claws.
ref: 2009, Holly Smith, Perth, Western Australia & the Outback, page 58:
glosses: Abounding with crabs.
examples: text: "You're not crabby, are you?" "No, no, not at all. I think I'll go."
ref: 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:
glosses: Visibly irritated or annoyed; grouchy, irritable, in a foul mood; given to complaining or finding fault in an annoyed way.
glosses: Crabbed; difficult or perplexing.
Synonyms: ratty
Derived terms: crabbily
crabbiness
Related terms: crab
crabbed
crablike
cradle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: krāʹdəl
ipa: /ˈkɹeɪdəl/
rhymes: -eɪdəl
Forms: form: cradles
form: cradling
form: cradled
form: cradled
Etymology: From Middle English cradel, credel, from Old English cradol, from Proto-West Germanic *kradul, from Proto-Germanic *kradulaz, from Proto-Germanic *kradô (“(wicker) basket”). Related to cart.
Senses: glosses: To contain in or as if in a cradle.
glosses: To rock (a baby to sleep).
examples: text: cradling the injured man’s head in her arms
text: The little girl was left alone in her tiny bedroom, cradling her dead hamster.
ref: 2012, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], Ratburger, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN:
glosses: To wrap protectively, to hold gently and protectively.
glosses: To lull or quieten, as if by rocking.
examples: text: He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars.
ref: 1665, Joseph Glanvill, Scepsis Scientifica: Or, Confest Ignorance, the Way to Science; […], London: […] E. C[otes] for Henry Eversden […], →OCLC:
glosses: To nurse or train in infancy.
topics: ball-games
games
hobbies
lacrosse
lifestyle
sports
glosses: To rock the lacrosse stick back and forth in order to keep the ball in the head by means of centrifugal force.
glosses: To cut and lay (grain) with a cradle.
examples: Edward H[enry] Knight (1877), “Cradle”, in Knight’s American Mechanical Dictionary. […], volumes I (A–GAS), New York, N.Y.: Hurd and Houghton […], →OCLC: “In Lombardy […] boats are cradled and transported over the grade.”
glosses: To transport a vessel by means of a cradle.
glosses: To put ribs across the back of (a picture), to prevent the panels from warping.
Derived terms: cradler
uncradled
crafty
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹæfti/
ipa: /ˈkɹɑːfti/
rhymes: -æfti
Forms: form: craftier
form: craftiest
Etymology: From Middle English crafty, crefty, craftiȝ, from Old English cræftiġ (“ingenious; skilful; crafty; cunning; virtuous; powerful”), from Proto-West Germanic *kraftag, *kraftīg, *kraftug, from Proto-Germanic *kraftugaz (“powerful”), equivalent to craft + -y. Cognate with Saterland Frisian kräftich, krääftig, West Frisian krêftich, Dutch krachtig, German Low German krachtig, German kräftig.
Senses: examples: text: For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the tongue of the crafty.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 15:5:
text: Glaucon will play devil's advocate (358c-d, thereby showing himself craftier than Thrasymachus, who is so unsly as to declare himself a wolf, openly, before the sheep; […])
ref: 2001, Michael Palmer, Masters and Slaves: Revisioned Essays in Political Philosophy:
text: Together, with the help of the drunkard Haymitch (Woody Harrelson), the only District 12 citizen ever to win the Games, they challenge tributes that range from sadistic volunteers to crafty kids like the pint-sized Rue (Amandla Stenberg) to the truly helpless and soon-to-be-dead.
ref: 2012 March 22, Scott Tobias, “The Hunger Games”, in AV Club, archived from the original on 24 Mar 2012:
text: Los Angeles would still be a piddling little town in a desert if it weren’t for Sierra snowmelt and city officials crafty enough to snooker eastern California farmers out of their water rights.
ref: 2023 August 6, Daniel Duane, “It’s August. Californians Are Still Skiing. Don’t Ask.”, in The New York Times:
synonyms: cunning
wily
glosses: Skillful at deceiving others.
examples: text: I took a crafty look at his hand of cards while he was out of the room.
glosses: Sneaky; surreptitious.
glosses: Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous.
examples: text: Make magazine, which celebrates “your right to tweak, hack and bend any technology to your own will,” has joined with the New York Hall of Science to gather more than 500 of the craftiest inventors, artists, technology enthusiasts, tinkerers and hobbyists to share their expertise.
ref: 2011 September 15, Rachel Lee Harris, “The World Maker Faire in Queens Draws Inventors”, in The New York Times:
text: Can you envision a future Christmas where you print all your gifts instead of shop for them? It could soon be reality in even the most tech-averse household, and it might just end up saving the craftier among us lots of time and money. Why buy a $50 vase when you can print one for $2?
ref: 2013 September 3, Brit Morin, “13 ways to decorate with 3-D style”, in CNN:
glosses: Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful.
examples: text: a crafty science
glosses: Magical or occult, or allegedly so.
Derived terms: craftily
craftiness
outcrafty
uncrafty