cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
aplenty
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈplɛnti/
Forms: form: a-plenty
Etymology: From earlier a-plenty, equivalent to a- + plenty.
Senses: glosses: Enough or more than enough.
appraiser
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈpɹeɪz.ə(ɹ)/
ipa: /əˈpɹeɪz.ɚ/
Forms: form: appraisers
Etymology: From appraise + -er.
Senses: glosses: One who performs appraisals.
struse
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: struses
Etymology: Borrowed from Russian струг (strug), an old Russian wooden river boat.
Senses: glosses: A Russian river craft used for transporting freight.
realign
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: /ˌɹiːjəˈlaɪn/
Forms: form: realigns
form: realigning
form: realigned
form: realigned
Etymology: From re- + align.
Senses: examples: text: There are some low-tech approaches to forming those good posture habits, like the Alexander Method. The Alexander Method is a process that helps realign posture mindfully. It’s often used by performers, and often involves a coach.
ref: 2017 March 30, Rachel Crane, “Straighten up and stand right, with some electronic nagging”, in CNN:
glosses: To bring back into alignment.
examples: text: Every major bridge, and many of the smaller ones, have been rebuilt, tunnels have been rebored, and long sections of track realigned.
ref: 1950 April 24, “Notes and News: The Athens-Salonika Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 279:
text: One Nation, a new 501(c)4 linked to the Karl-Rove-backed American Crossroads super PAC, is spending more than $1.9 million on print, radio and digital ads highlighting the efforts of Illinois Sen. Mark Kirk, North Carolina Sen. Richard Burr, New Hampshire Sen. Kelly Ayotte, Ohio Sen. Rob Portman and Pennsylvania Sen. Pat Toomey to pass the “doc fix” legislation that realigned payments to Medicare providers with inflation.
ref: 2015 May 12, Alexandra Jaffe, “First on CNN: New Rove-linked group spends $2M to boost GOP incumbents”, in CNN:
text: “We aren’t just reducing bureaucratic sprawl. We are realigning the organization with its core mission and our new priorities in reversing the chronic disease epidemic,” Kennedy said on Thursday morning.
ref: 2025 March 27, Jessica Glenza, “RFK Jr plans 10,000 job cuts in restructuring of US health department”, in The Guardian:
glosses: To align again or anew.
re-create
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: re-creates
form: re-creating
form: re-created
form: re-created
form: recreate
Senses: examples: text: The detail of the investigation into every aspect of this incident, including repeated re-created test runs - is a classic example of these superb reports.
ref: 2019 December 18, Nigel Harris, “180 years of tragedy and progress”, in Rail, page 59:
glosses: To create again; to create anew.
Related terms: re-creation
conquests
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of conquest
conquests
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of conquest
peeped
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /piːpt/
rhymes: -iːpt
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of peep
re-examine
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: rē′ĭg-zăm′ĭn
note: conservative Received Pronunciation, General Australian
ipa: /ˌɹiː.ɪɡˈzæm.ɪn/
ipa: /ˌɹiː.ɪɡˈzam.ɪn/
ipa: /ˌɹi.ɪɡˈzæm.ɪn/
ipa: /ˌɹiː.əɡˈzɛm.ən/
ipa: /ˌɹi.ɪɡˈzam.ɪn/
ipa: /ˌɾiː.ɪɡˈzam.ɪn/
rhymes: -æmɪn
Forms: form: re-examines
form: re-examining
form: re-examined
form: re-examined
form: reexamine
form: reëxamine
Etymology: From re- + examine.
Senses: examples: text: Making long cross-country drives, Coster-Mullen said, had given him plenty of time to reëxamine the three-dimensional diagram of the bomb that he keeps in his head, like a Buddhist monk contemplating the Karmic wheel.
ref: 2008 December 7, David Samuels, “Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs”, in The New Yorker:
text: Let us now reexamine our quantum and relativity conditions (3.3) and (3.4).
ref: 2012 December 2, Mohhamad Reza Kiani, Relativity Reexamined, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 34:
text: These questions are re-examined by senior management at key stages throughout the project (often known as gateways) at which a decision might be made be modify or even abort a project rather than waste any more money.
ref: 2019 November 6, Dennis Fancett, “Guest Columnist”, in Rail, page 52:
hypernyms: examine
glosses: To examine again.
glosses: To question a witness in redirect examination.
Derived terms: reexamination
laborers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of laborer
endeavoring
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: /ɪnˈdɛvəɹɪŋ/
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of endeavor
endeavoring
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ɪnˈdɛvəɹɪŋ/
Forms: form: endeavorings
Senses: examples: text: This is so because efforts, exertions, and endeavorings, if they were to exist, would need to be actions themselves, or parts of actions, or subactions or behaviors of some sort […]
ref: 2012, Timothy O'Connor, Constantine Sandis, A Companion to the Philosophy of Action:
glosses: The act by which one endeavors or strives; an attempt.
surmounted
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of surmount
surmounted
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: topics: architecture
glosses: Of an arch or dome: rising higher than a semicircle.
examples: text: Argent, a fess vert, surmounted by a saltier gules, by the name of Parveis.
ref: 1846, William Newton, Display of Heraldry, page 75:
topics: government
heraldry
hobbies
lifestyle
monarchy
nobility
politics
glosses: Overlaid; denoting a figure when another is laid over it.
tucked
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: -ʌkt
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of tuck
smoothed
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of smooth
Derived terms: air-smoothed
hearers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of hearer
hearer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhɪəɹə/
ipa: /ˈhɪɹɚ/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈhɪəɹə(ɹ)/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈhiɹə(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈhiəɹə/
ipa: /ˈhiɹəɹ/
note: East Anglia, cheer–chair merger
ipa: /ˈhɛːɹə/
rhymes: -ɪəɹə(ɹ)
Forms: form: hearers
Etymology: From Middle English heerar, herere, hyerere, equivalent to hear + -er.
Senses: examples: text: Defaultism
The defaultist view is that some conversational implicatures are default inferences—presumptive meanings—that the hearer makes unless given reason not to by the speaker.
ref: 2019, Shalom Lappin, Chris Fox, The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, page 185:
glosses: One who hears.
examples: text: Whilst Mr. Taale was priest in Osteröe, it happened that one of his hearers was carried away and returned again.
ref: 1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 258:
glosses: A person who regularly attends sermons; a devout listener.
Derived terms: hearership
refinance
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: refinances
form: refinancing
form: refinanced
form: refinanced
Etymology: From re- + finance.
Senses: topics: business
finance
glosses: To renew the terms of a loan.
barest
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: bare + -est
Senses: examples: text: In 1963, there was even more of a shutdown [at Christmas]. The Western and London Midland Regions ran no trains, with the rest of the network having the "barest of skeleton services". The Daily Herald called Beeching's cuts "the most scrooge-like... in railway history".
ref: 2023 December 27, David Turner, “Silent lines...”, in RAIL, number 999, page 30:
glosses: superlative form of bare: most bare
barest
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Etymology: bare + -est
Senses: glosses: second-person singular simple present indicative of bare
glosses: second-person singular simple past indicative of bear
reformulate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: reformulates
form: reformulating
form: reformulated
form: reformulated
Etymology: From re- + formulate.
Senses: examples: text: Some soft drinks have been reformulated to include less sugar.
text: A narrative circulates at Mitchell, Hall about a naive young employee who, in his eagerness to be creative, "reinvents the wheel," devoting so many hours reformulating work that has already been done that he drives himself into a nervous breakdown.
ref: 1993, Marsha Witten, “Narrative and the Culture of Obedience at the Workplace”, in Dennis K. Mumby, editor, Narrative and Social Control: Critical Perspectives (Sage Annual Reviews of Communications Research; 21), Newbury Park, Calif.; London: SAGE Publications, →ISBN, page 108:
text: In musicals, when they are not unabashedly revivals, the assumption seems to be all we need do is find appropriate chunks of recent, or not-so-recent, history and cleverly reformulate them. Remakes, re-dos, sequels, prequels, and postquels are all the rage in films, TV, and on the stage.
ref: 2001, Charles Marowitz, Stage Dust: A Critic's Cultural Scrapbook from the 1990s, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, →ISBN, page 23:
text: In the present paper this criterion is reformulated in terms of pseudotensorial invariants of the form..
ref: 2015, Ruslan Sharipov, “On positive bivariate quartic forms”, in arXiv:
text: He states and restates, formulates and reformulates, refines and rerefines.
ref: 2017, Gary Best, Harold Laski and American Liberalism, →ISBN, page 128:
text: "This is now called Skimpflation, which means a manufacturer has reformulated one of its products, usually with cheaper ingredients," says Dworsky, a former Massachusetts Assistant Attorney General in consumer protection.
ref: 2022 November 2, Leslie Gaydos, quoting Edgar Dworsky, “Skimpflation: Brands May Be Changing Their Recipes to Cut Costs – But It's Hard to Tell”, in NBC Boston:
glosses: To formulate again or differently.
Related terms: reformulation
reformulator
reinstall
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: reinstalls
form: reinstalling
form: reinstalled
form: reinstalled
Etymology: From re- + install.
Senses: glosses: To install again.
reinstall
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: reinstalls
Etymology: From re- + install.
Senses: examples: text: I tried removing and reinstalling the software, but the reinstall failed.
glosses: reinstallation
stouter
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: comparative form of stout: more stout
remodel
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: remodels
form: remodeling
form: remodelling
form: remodeled
form: remodeled
form: remodelled
form: remodelled
Etymology: From re- + model.
Senses: examples: text: Modern engine sheds of advanced design have also been built at Radyr, Abercynon, and elsewhere, whilst other depots have been remodelled and re-equipped.
ref: 1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in Railway Magazine, page 161:
text: Orificial atherosclerotic lesions are much less likely to respond to balloon dilation alone because they are essentially composed of aortic plaque, which cannot be effectively cracked and remodeled in a durable manner by a balloon alone.
ref: 2007, Courtney M. Townsend, Sabiston Textbook of Surgery:
text: PC remodeling takes place through deacylation and reacylation processes that is defined as the Lands cycle [12 ].
ref: 2015 December 19, “Molecular Characterization of Two Lysophospholipid:acyl-CoA Acyltransferases Belonging to the MBOAT Family in Nicotiana benthamiana”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
text: The bad news is that few of NR's suggested answers can be delivered quickly. Many involve laying new tracks or remodelling junctions, while there's a suggestion that Oxford Road station itself needs to be rebuilt.
ref: 2020 January 2, Philip Haigh, “Is there relief to congestion along Castlefield Corridor?”, in Rail, page 22:
glosses: To change the appearance, layout, or furnishings of.
Derived terms: remodeler
remodel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: remodels
Etymology: From re- + model.
Senses: examples: text: The work on this remodel was slow going.
ref: 2008, Marilyn Pappano, Intimate Enemy:
text: Is it worth the money? A study by House Method, a website that provides guides and information for homeowners, examined the value of bathroom remodels to help answer the question. To put it simply: For a gut bathroom renovation, the answer is usually yes.
ref: 2022 September 15, Michael Kolomatsky, “Is That Bathroom Remodel Worth It?”, in The New York Times:
glosses: Synonym of remodeling.
synonyms: word: remodeling
stoutest
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: superlative form of stout: most stout
remunerate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɹɪˈmjuːnəɹeɪt/
Forms: form: remunerates
form: remunerating
form: remunerated
form: remunerated
Etymology: From the participle stem of Latin remūnerō (“to reward”), from mūnus (“gift”). Unrelated to money.
Senses: examples: text: The workers were generously remunerated for their time.
glosses: To compensate; to pay.
Related terms: munificence
munificent
remunerability
remunerable
remunerably
remunerator
newsletters
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of newsletter
thrusts
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθɹʌsts/
rhymes: -ʌsts
Senses: glosses: plural of thrust
thrusts
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθɹʌsts/
rhymes: -ʌsts
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of thrust
unscrew
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: unscrews
form: unscrewing
form: unscrewed
form: unscrewed
Etymology: From un- + screw.
Senses: examples: text: I'm having some trouble unscrewing the lid of this jar.
text: It requires opening a complex lock with a key that also unscrews a bolt six inches long. Unscrewing the bolt itself takes six minutes.
ref: 1984 May 31, Joseph Giovannini, “THE ENDURING FASCINATION OF SECRET PLACES”, in The New York Times:
text: A young orangutan in the San Diego Zoo became famous for unbolting the screening of his crib, removing the wires, and moving through the zoo nursery, unscrewing lightbulbs.
ref: 2003 June 7, Edward Tenner, “'Our Own Devices'”, in The New York Times:
text: Ms. Van Son unscrewed the pump’s handle and shoved it into her bra.
ref: 2018 December 31, Natalie Kitroeff, “‘A Pumping Conspiracy’: Why Workers Smuggled Breast Pumps Into Prison”, in The New York Times:
text: The challenge is how to unscrew the cap with a roundhouse kick without knocking the bottle over.
ref: 2019 March 7, Mariel Padilla and Derrick Bryson Taylor, “The Bottle Cap Challenge Spins On, Helped by Cars, Sandals and Mariah Carey”, in The New York Times:
glosses: To loosen a screw or thing by turning it.
throes
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /θɹəʊz/
ipa: /θɹoʊz/
homophone: throws
rhymes: -əʊz
Senses: glosses: plural of throe
deregulate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /diːˈɹɛɡjəleɪt/
Forms: form: deregulates
form: deregulating
form: deregulated
form: deregulated
Etymology: From de- + regulate.
Senses: examples: text: Along with attacking “woke” investing, FGA has worked with legislators and elected officials to push for laws to deregulate child labor, stop Medicaid expansion and slash food stamps, among other initiatives.
ref: 2024 March 17, Daniel Medina and Bob Ortega, “Emails show how a right-wing group steers GOP leaders on major policy issues”, in CNN:
coordinate_terms: overregulate
underregulate
glosses: To remove the regulations, or legal restrictions, from.
Related terms: dysregulate
unregulated
unhinge
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌnˈhɪnd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ɪndʒ
Forms: form: unhinges
form: unhinging
form: unhinged
form: unhinged
Etymology: From un- + hinge.
Senses: examples: text: Operation Rescue eventually unhinged the locked gate, but were still unable to leave the parking lot due to the demonstrators' blocking the driveway.
ref: 1988 December 4, Vivien Sharples, “Seattle Anti-Abortionists Thwarted”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 21, page 3:
glosses: To remove the leaf of a door or a window from its supporting hinges.
examples: text: Many snakes can unhinge their jaw joints to swallow large prey.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: To dislocate.
raw_tags: of a joint
examples: text: sith the Soul of Samuel might indeed have terrified the poor Woman, and so unhinging her, that she had been fit for nothing after it, but not converted her, it is no wonder if he passed her by
ref: 1681, Joseph Glanvill, Saducismus Triumphatus: or, Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions:
text: Taizong's failure fooled no one. Indeed, one of Taizong's own sons may well have been unhinged by his father's obvious fratricidal and nepoticidal actions. These personal considerations directly affected Taizong's policy decisions, and thus warrant some discussion.
ref: 2008, Peter Lorge, “The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border”, in Don J. Wyatt, editor, Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, pages 59–74 at 67:
glosses: To mentally disturb.
unclog
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: unclogs
form: unclogging
form: unclogged
form: unclogged
Etymology: From un- + clog.
Senses: examples: text: The arteries become clogged with substances that still baffle medical experts. They still do not know how to unclog these arteries so that the blood can have free flow.
ref: 2011, Billy Graham, The Holy Spirit: Activating God's Power in Your Life:
glosses: To remove a blockage from.
glosses: To have a blockage removed.
declaim
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈkleɪm/
rhymes: -eɪm
Forms: form: declaims
form: declaiming
form: declaimed
form: declaimed
Etymology: From Middle French declamer, from Latin dēclāmō.
Senses: glosses: To object to something vociferously; to rail against in speech.
examples: text: Grenville seized the opportunity to declaim on the repeal of the stamp act.
ref: 1834–1874, George Bancroft, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent, volume (please specify |volume=I to X), Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company [et al.], →OCLC:
glosses: To recite, e.g., poetry, in a theatrical way; to speak for rhetorical display; to speak pompously, noisily, or theatrically; bemouth; to make an empty speech; to rehearse trite arguments in debate; to rant.
examples: text: The students declaim twice a week.
glosses: To speak rhetorically; to make a formal speech or oration; specifically, to recite a speech, poem, etc., in public as a rhetorical exercise; to practice public speaking.
Derived terms: declaimer
declamation
declamatory
undeclaimed
steered
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of steer
grotesquery
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: grotesqueries
Etymology: From grotesque + -ery.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of grotesquerie.
steers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɪə(ɹ)z/
rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)z
Senses: glosses: plural of steer
steers
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɪə(ɹ)z/
rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)z
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of steer
face-to-face
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: face-to-faces
form: face to face
Etymology: face + to + face
Senses: examples: text: "If you want to have a face-to-face with Charlie?" I asked W.R., "Why invite the rest of us?"
ref: 2001, Darwin Porter, Hollywood's Silent Closet, page 607:
text: In an unprecedented move, Clifford went to Chicago to have a face-to-face with Tony's superiors.
ref: 2007, Dennis N. Griffin, Frank Cullotta, Dennis Arnoldy, Cullotta: The Life of a Chicago Criminal, Las Vegas Mobster and Government Witness, page 192:
text: It was not like Friedman didn't try to have a face-to-face with Lazar.
ref: 2011, Annie Jacobsen, Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base, page 18:
glosses: A meeting, especially a meeting between two people conducted in person as opposed to a meeting conducted at a distance through technology.
face-to-face
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: face to face
Etymology: face + to + face
Senses: examples: text: a face-to-face meeting
text: The complexity of having so many organisations involved, and the deep integration required, has undoubtedly tested the interpersonal skills of project leaders who have had little face-to-face contact.
ref: 2021 June 2, Paul Stephen, “Advances made in digital revolution”, in RAIL, number 932, page 58:
glosses: In one another's presence.
face-to-face
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: face to face
Etymology: face + to + face
Senses: examples: text: I came face-to-face with her on the battlefield recently. Resistance vs. Roekaar. My favorite mother looked at me with the kindness and empathy that I remembered… then she shot me.
ref: 2017 June 8, Evfra de Tershav, quotee, “Roekaar Occupation”, in Mass Effect: Andromeda APEX HQ (Science Fiction), archived from the original on 09 Feb 2019:
glosses: While physically present.
extenuate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪkˈstɛnjʊət/
ipa: /ɛk-/
ipa: /-juː/
ipa: /-eɪt/
ipa: /ɪkˈstɛnjəˌwət/
ipa: /-eɪt/
Forms: form: more extenuate
form: most extenuate
Etymology: From Latin extenuātus (“diminished, reduced, thinned”) (more at etymology 1), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Senses: glosses: Of a person: emaciated, wasted, weakened; of the body or part of it: atrophied, shrunken, withered.
examples: text: And, that ſame Maieſty, vvhich (as the Baſe / And Pedeſtal) ſupports the vvaight and grace, / Greatnes and glory of a vvell-Rul'd State, / It not extinguiſht nor extenuate, / By being parcelliz'd to a plurality / Of petty Kinglings, of a mean Equality: […]
ref: 1608, [Guillaume de Salluste] Du Bartas, “[Du Bartas His Second Weeke, […]. Abraham. […].] The Captaines. The IIII. Part of the III. Day of the II. Week.”, in Josuah Sylvester, transl., Du Bartas His Deuine Weekes and Workes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Humfrey Lownes [and are to be sold by Arthur Iohnson […]], published 1611, →OCLC, page 507:
text: VVee repreſent Small Sounds as Great and Deepe; Likevviſe Great Sounds, Extenuate and Sharpe; VVee make diuerſe Tremblings and VVarblings of Sounds, vvhich in their Originall are Entire.
ref: 1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “New Atlantis. A Worke Vnfinished.”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC, page 40:
glosses: Of a quality or thing: lessened, weakened.
glosses: Reduced to poverty; impoverished.
perjure
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɜːd͡ʒə(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈpɝd͡ʒɚ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)
homophone: purger
Forms: form: perjures
form: perjuring
form: perjured
form: perjured
Etymology: From Old French parjurer, from Latin periūrō.
Senses: examples: text: He perjured himself.
glosses: To knowingly and willfully make a false statement of witness while in court.
examples: text: Want will perjure the ne'er-touched vestal.
ref: c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene xii]:
glosses: To cause to violate an oath or a vow; to cause to make oath knowingly to what is untrue; to make guilty of perjury; to forswear; to corrupt.
examples: text: And with a virgin innocence did pray / For me, that perjured her.
ref: 1608, John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess:
glosses: To make a false oath to; to deceive by oaths and protestations.
Synonyms: forswear
manswear
misswear
Derived terms: perjurer
perjuror
unperjured
Related terms: perjury
perjure
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɜːd͡ʒə(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈpɝd͡ʒɚ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)
homophone: purger
Forms: form: perjures
Etymology: From Old French parjurer, from Latin periūrō.
Senses: examples: text: He comes in like a perjure, wearing papers
ref: c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:
glosses: A perjured person.
willfully
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more willfully
form: most willfully
Etymology: From willful + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The information charges that the said Flem Parker, on or about the 20th day of November, 1890, and before the filing of this information, at the county and state aforesaid, did willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously enter a certain barn […]
ref: 1892, The Pacific Reporter, volume 27, page 538:
glosses: US standard spelling of wilfully.
willful
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more willful
form: willfuler
form: willfuller
form: most willful
form: willfulest
form: willfullest
Senses: examples: text: I may well say that a willfuler woman, and one more wedded unto her own opinion, without order, reason, and discretion, I never did know or heard of.
ref: 1854, Agnes Strickland, chapter XIX, in Lives of the Queens of Scotland and English Princesses Connected with the Regal Succession of Great Britain, volume IV (Mary Stuart), New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], page 197:
text: I hope you’ll excuse the liberty, but I’ve come to Detmold along with Herr Peters, the apothecary, in his pony chaise; and a willfuler-minded beast I never sat behind. A taste of the whip would do him good, and if he was mine he should have it.
ref: 1869 April 3, [Frances Eleanor Trollope], “The Sacristan’s Household. A Story. […] Chapter XXVII. The Justizrath Is ‘Straightforward.’”, in Harper’s Bazar. A Repository of Fashion, Pleasure, and Instruction., volume II, number 14, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, page 218, column 3:
text: Norris was one of the willfullest of the notorious 12, and he opposed the arming of our ships, the declaration of war, the draft, the war revenue bill, etc.
ref: 1918 April 27, “[The Essence of Current Affairs: A Summary for Busy Readers, of the Significant Doings and Discussions of the Day] Must Elect Loyal Senators”, in The Pathfinder, twenty-fifth year, number 1269, Washington, D.C., page 4 (100), column 3:
text: Sudden she came of her own broken and sick will. Their wills were healing each other. She was willfuller now than he. She held his head in her arms, her flesh was all about him.
ref: 1920, Waldo Frank, chapter III, in The Dark Mother: A Novel, New York, N.Y.: Boni and Liveright, page 43:
text: Sweet from the rock, honey from hateful places, / Tenderness opening among the thorns, / Wild briar-roses scent the heedless ocean, / Willfuler, wilder than unicorns.
ref: 1963 April [1951 February 5], Robert P[eter] Tristram Coffin, “Wild Briar-Roses”, in Frances Parkinson Keyes, compiler, A Treasury of Favorite Poems: From the Scrapbooks of Frances Parkinson Keyes, New York, N.Y.: Hawthorn Books, Inc., →LCCN, section 20 (Seasons and Flowers), page 441:
text: Why is the wildest, willfullest daydream (which may be quite banal) no less than the most naive and flabby documentary welcomed, sometimes, with equal fervor?
ref: 1967, Parker Tyler, “Is Film Criticism Only Propaganda?”, in Gregory Battcock, editor, The New American Cinema: A Critical Anthology, New York, N.Y.: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., part II (Theory and Criticism), page 68:
text: By the reverse token, in opera, where music is primary, the composer’s intent is hard to sabotage by even the willfullest mind.
ref: 1978, Ned Rorem, “A Cultured Winter”, in An Absolute Gift: A New Diary, New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, part two, page 142:
glosses: American standard spelling of wilful.
Iroquois
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kwɔɪ/
ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kɔɪ/
ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kwɑː/
Forms: form: Iroquois
Etymology: Attested in American English since the 1660s, from French Iroquois, Hiroquois (attested since the early 1600s). The ultimate origin is uncertain.
theories
Missionary Charles Arnaud derived it from Montagnais irno-kué (“terrible people”). Linguist Gordon Day notes that though no form irno "person" is attested, one is plausible (given iriniou and ilnu), but application to a non-Montagnais is unlikely, and kué is too short: the root is kwet-. Day finds support for a longer form kwedɛč ("an Iroquois", lit. "terrible, frightening person") in Pacifique's Micmac grammar, in "goetètjg", and sees "fairly good indications that the name [i.e. kwedɛč] was an ancient one for Iroquoian peoples generally", but then "irno kwedɛč" would awkwardly mean "a person, an Iroquois", which could not have been a usual term. Day theorizes the awkward phrase may nonetheless have been uttered by some interpreter and used thereafter by the unaware French, or alternatively the Montagnais may have borrowed an Iroquoian autonym whereafter Montagnais folk-etymologizers adapted it to resemble those words; for example, Mohawk i-ih rongwe (“man”) would have entered Montagnais as /iːrohkwe/. (Some earlier scholars proposed that an Iroquoian term like the Mohawk term was the direct etymon of the French.)
Linguist Peter Bakker alternatively proposes that the etymon is a Basque pidgin word (h)ilokoa "killers" (mirroring Algonquian names for the Iroquois), from hil (“to kill”) and a suffix -koa (“those of”) which may be the source of some other tribal names ending in -quois. Hilokoa, as Brad Loewen notes, is ungrammatical in standard Basque (Loewen suggests irikoa (“those of the walled town”) as an alternative etymon).
Senses: glosses: A member of a confederacy of (originally) five Native American (Indian) tribes: the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas. Also known as the Iroquois League.
glosses: A kind of hairdo where both sides of the head are shaved, leaving only a stripe of hair in the middle.
Iroquois
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kwɔɪ/
ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kɔɪ/
ipa: /ˈɪɹ.ə.kwɑː/
Etymology: Attested in American English since the 1660s, from French Iroquois, Hiroquois (attested since the early 1600s). The ultimate origin is uncertain.
theories
Missionary Charles Arnaud derived it from Montagnais irno-kué (“terrible people”). Linguist Gordon Day notes that though no form irno "person" is attested, one is plausible (given iriniou and ilnu), but application to a non-Montagnais is unlikely, and kué is too short: the root is kwet-. Day finds support for a longer form kwedɛč ("an Iroquois", lit. "terrible, frightening person") in Pacifique's Micmac grammar, in "goetètjg", and sees "fairly good indications that the name [i.e. kwedɛč] was an ancient one for Iroquoian peoples generally", but then "irno kwedɛč" would awkwardly mean "a person, an Iroquois", which could not have been a usual term. Day theorizes the awkward phrase may nonetheless have been uttered by some interpreter and used thereafter by the unaware French, or alternatively the Montagnais may have borrowed an Iroquoian autonym whereafter Montagnais folk-etymologizers adapted it to resemble those words; for example, Mohawk i-ih rongwe (“man”) would have entered Montagnais as /iːrohkwe/. (Some earlier scholars proposed that an Iroquoian term like the Mohawk term was the direct etymon of the French.)
Linguist Peter Bakker alternatively proposes that the etymon is a Basque pidgin word (h)ilokoa "killers" (mirroring Algonquian names for the Iroquois), from hil (“to kill”) and a suffix -koa (“those of”) which may be the source of some other tribal names ending in -quois. Hilokoa, as Brad Loewen notes, is ungrammatical in standard Basque (Loewen suggests irikoa (“those of the walled town”) as an alternative etymon).
Senses: glosses: Any of the languages of the Iroquois, belonging to the Iroquoian family of languages.
Derived terms: Iroquoia
Iroquois County
Iroquois Falls
Related terms: Haudenosaunee
Ganonsyoni
disqualify
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪsˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/
ipa: /dɪsˈkwɔləfaɪ/
Forms: form: disqualifies
form: disqualifying
form: disqualified
form: disqualified
Etymology: From dis- + qualify.
Senses: examples: text: My age disqualifies me for the position.
text: A Kentucky salvage certificate of title may be issued from an out-of-state junking certificate or other ownership document bearing a designation of "junk," "unrebuildable,” or other similar classification that disqualifies the vehicle from being titled for use on the highway in that state with the following provisions:
ref: 1969, Absalom Crosem Russell, Ray Corns, Baldwin's Kentucky Revised Statutes, with Rules of Practice, page 45:
text: It certainly does not follow that the women’s accusations would disqualify Biden from the presidency; one could point out, fairly, that Biden has behaved this way with men as well. (“Joe Biden doesn’t just meet you, he engulfs you,” Mark Bowden wrote in The Atlantic in 2010, generalizing the notion of Bidenian affection. […])
ref: 2019 April 1, Megan Garber, “Biden’s ‘Affectionate’ Behavior Was an Open Secret”, in The Atlantic:
glosses: To make ineligible for something.
examples: text: The athlete was disqualified after performance-enhancing drugs were found in his hotel room.
text: If the disqualifications leave a vacancy for the full complement of finalists, swim-offs shall be continued among the disqualified swimmers until a full complement of finalists is assured.
ref: 1973, Aquatics Guide, with Official Rules and Swimming and Diving Standards:
text: A simple majority of 61 MKs will be able to do whatever it wants without any checks and balances; the Supreme Court will not be able to disqualify a law; […]
ref: 2024, David Golinkin, “The Proposed "Judicial Revolution" In Israel: What Can We Learn From Our Sources?”, in Responsa in a Moment, volume 4, page 256:
glosses: To exclude from consideration by the explicit revocation of a previous qualification.
Derived terms: disqualifiable
nondisqualified
nondisqualifying
undisqualified
Related terms: disqualification
fecundate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: fecundates
form: fecundating
form: fecundated
form: fecundated
Etymology: From Latin fecundātus, perfect passive participle of fecundō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). By surface analysis, fecund + -ate. Compare French féconder.
Senses: glosses: To make fertile.
examples: text: The pollen of plants is the fecundating power, and consists of a number of small sacs, invisible to the naked eye, in which a fluid exists, which is analogous to the spermatic fluid in man and animals.
ref: 1837, Michael Ryan, The Philosophy of Marriage, in Its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs which Impair or Destroy the Reproductive Function; and Induce a Variety of Complaints; with the Physiology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms …, London: John Churchill, Princes' Street, Soho, →OCLC, page 210:
glosses: To inseminate.
Derived terms: unfecundated
proprietors
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of proprietor
disgraced
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of disgrace
disgraced
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: a disgraced politician
text: Ms. Ellison, 28, has agreed to help federal prosecutors build their case against Sam Bankman-Fried, the disgraced founder of FTX and a co-founder of Alameda Research, the trading firm that Ms. Ellison had run.
ref: 2022 December 23, Matthew Goldstein, Benjamin Weiser, “Alameda Executive Says She Is ‘Truly Sorry’ for Her Role in FTX Collapse”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:
glosses: Having been disgraced; having a damaged reputation.
Derived terms: disgracedness
undisgraced
unplug
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʌnˈplʌɡ/
rhymes: -ʌɡ
Forms: form: unplugs
form: unplugging
form: unplugged
form: unplugged
Etymology: From un- + plug.
Senses: examples: text: To save electricity, I unplug my computer when I am not at home.
text: We had unplugged from each other, the kind of unplugging where the charger gets torn out of the computer and the computer automatically dies.
ref: 2020, Emily Segal, Mercury Retrograde, New York: Deluge Books, →ISBN:
glosses: To disconnect from a supply, especially an electrical socket.
glosses: To stop using electronic devices, especially for relaxation or to reduce stress.
examples: text: I had to unplug the sink the other day: there was far too much hair and gunk down there.
glosses: To remove a blockage from (especially a water pipe or drain).
examples: text: I need to unplug and spend some time with my family.
glosses: To temporarily disconnect from worldly experiences.
Synonyms: sense: disconnect from a supply
word: disconnect
sense: disconnect from a supply
word: detach
sense: remove a blockage
word: unclog
sense: remove a blockage
word: clear
Derived terms: unplugged
disorient
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪsˈɔːɹi.ənt/
Forms: form: disorients
form: disorienting
form: disoriented
form: disoriented
form: disorientate
Etymology: From French désorienter.
Senses: glosses: To cause to lose orientation or direction.
glosses: To confuse or befuddle.
constipate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒnstɪˌpeɪt/
Forms: form: constipates
form: constipating
form: constipated
form: constipated
Etymology: The adjective is first attested circa 1425, in Middle English, the verb in 1541; inherited from Middle English constipat(e) (“constipated”), borrowed Medieval Latin cōnstīpātus (“constipated”) (or through its Old French equivalent constipé), perfect passive participle of Medieval Latin cōnstīpō (“to cause constipation, to constipate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from Classical Latin cōnstīpō (“to crowd or press tightly together”) (whence obsoleted sense 2 and 3), itself from con- + stīpō (“to press, cram”). Cognate with Middle English constipen (“to constipate”) and doublet of costive; related to stiff.
Senses: examples: text: The medication can constipate you if you’re not drinking enough water.
text: The long hours of travel seemed to constipate his digestion.
text: A lack of fiber can constipate the body, leading to discomfort.
glosses: To cause constipation in, render costive.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: To constrict, contract (tissues, the body, fibres, etc.); to make firm and compact by pressing together.
glosses: To pack or crowd together.
Derived terms: constipative
Related terms: constipation
constipate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒnstɪˌpeɪt/
Forms: form: more constipate
form: most constipate
Etymology: The adjective is first attested circa 1425, in Middle English, the verb in 1541; inherited from Middle English constipat(e) (“constipated”), borrowed Medieval Latin cōnstīpātus (“constipated”) (or through its Old French equivalent constipé), perfect passive participle of Medieval Latin cōnstīpō (“to cause constipation, to constipate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from Classical Latin cōnstīpō (“to crowd or press tightly together”) (whence obsoleted sense 2 and 3), itself from con- + stīpō (“to press, cram”). Cognate with Middle English constipen (“to constipate”) and doublet of costive; related to stiff.
Senses: examples: text: By […] much Sweating, the Bowels were heated, and dry'd, and rendred Constipate.
ref: 1697, Robert Peirce, Bath Memoirs, or Observations in three-and-forty years, II. i. 255:
glosses: Constipated, costive.
hit upon
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: hits upon
form: hitting upon
form: hit upon
form: hit upon
Senses: examples: text: He hit upon all major concerns during the presentation.
glosses: To address.
examples: text: So next day the hunting began. I did not know how to shoot, but I proceeded to learn. And when I had expended some thirty shells for three seals, I decided that the ammunition would be exhausted before I acquired the necessary knowledge. I had used eight shells for lighting fires before I hit upon the device of banking the embers with wet moss, and there remained not over a hundred shells in the box.
ref: 1904, Jack London, chapter 30, in The Sea-Wolf (Macmillan’s Standard Library), New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:
text: They hit upon the idea of a site that would help users exchange video files.
ref: 2006 October 10, Miguel Helft, Matt Richtel, “Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot”, in New York Times:
glosses: To think of; to discover or invent.
Related terms: hit on
overfill
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: overfills
form: overfilling
form: overfilled
form: overfilled
Etymology: From Middle English *overfillen, oferfüllen, from Old English oferfyllan (“to cram, overfill”), equivalent to over- + fill. Cognate with Middle Low German overfullen, German überfüllen, Danish overfylde, Swedish överfylla.
Senses: glosses: To fill beyond capacity or beyond what is appropriate.
overfill
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: overfills
Etymology: From Middle English *overfillen, oferfüllen, from Old English oferfyllan (“to cram, overfill”), equivalent to over- + fill. Cognate with Middle Low German overfullen, German überfüllen, Danish overfylde, Swedish överfylla.
Senses: glosses: An instance of overfilling.
jurors
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of juror
pangs
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of pang
pangs
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of pang
speechlessness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: speechlessnesses
Etymology: From speechless + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: 'No - rather not, my dear? Well, another night,' he said, hastily translating her speechlessness.
ref: 1907, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 233:
text: It was her virtue to be tall, pale, characterless and effaced by partial speechlessness.
ref: 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, →OCLC, page 16:
glosses: The state of being speechless.
flavorless
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfleɪvɚləs/
ipa: /ˈfleɪvələs/
Forms: form: more flavorless
form: most flavorless
form: flavourless
Etymology: From flavor + -less.
Senses: examples: text: Salt oysters, on being transferred to fresh water, are "fattened" in the course of two or three days ; if allowed to remain longer they become lean again, and are flavorless.
ref: 1876 September, “Miscellany”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 9:
text: […] and as for fruit, the high garden wall was lined with pear trees, spread out flat against it, where they managed to produce a cold, flavorless fruit, a good deal akin to cucumbers.
ref: 1882, Nathaniel Hawthorne, chapter XVIII, in Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A romance:
glosses: Lacking taste or flavor; without seasoning, spice, or discernible qualities of taste.
examples: 1902, Bret Harte, Openings in the Old Trail, IV: A Buckeye Hollow Inheritance,
[…] and the gravestone of its dead owner on the hill was no more flavorless of his personality than was this plain house in which he had lived and died.
glosses: Flat; lacking character or definition.
examples: text: On the other hand, Pauli had just proposed a massless, chargeless, colorless, flavorless particle whose sole reason for existence was to preserve the principle of momentum conservation.
ref: 2014, Mark A. Cunningham, Neoclassical Physics, page 241:
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: Without flavor.
Synonyms: sense: lacking taste
word: insipid
sense: lacking character
word: insipid
Derived terms: flavorizer
flavorlessly
flavorlessness
spear carrier
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: spear carriers
form: spear-carrier
form: spearcarrier
Senses: examples: text: [A]ctors would get annual raises through 2008, when even the lowliest spear carrier will make more than $1,500 a week for being on Broadway.
ref: 2004 July 15, Jesse McKinley, “Close Call On Broadway Had Its Roots On the Road”, in New York Times, retrieved 19 Mar 2014:
topics: acting
broadcasting
entertainment
film
lifestyle
media
television
theater
glosses: A person in a play or movie with a minimal part; an extra.
examples: text: A case sitting quietly in the Supreme Court’s in-basket promises to tell us more than almost any other about John G. Roberts Jr. and his evolution from spear carrier in the Reagan revolution to chief justice of the United States.
ref: 2009 January 8, Linda Greenhouse, “Opinion: The Chief Justice on the Spot”, in New York Times, retrieved 19 Mar 2014:
text: Britain is now widely dismissed—more often in sorrow than in anger—as just an American spear-carrier without any real force of its own.
ref: 2010 February 26, Adrian Hamilton, “Can we halt our slide to the margins?”, in The Independent, UK, retrieved 19 Mar 2014:
glosses: One who serves in a subordinate or menial role.
examples: text: Reed was the preternaturally boyish spear carrier for the religious right, the brash Evangelical who transformed the Christian Coalition into a populist power center.
ref: 2006 July 23, James Carney, “The Rise and Fall of Ralph Reed”, in Time, retrieved 19 Mar 2014:
text: Why would he do that? Because Hu Yaobang embodied the sense of historical mission in Chinese communism; spent his entire adult life honestly attempting to fulfil that mission; and was the spear carrier, after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, for not only economic, but also political, judicial and cultural reform.
ref: 2024 December 13, Paul Monk, “Add this to your must-read list”, in The Australian, retrieved 14 Dec 2024:
glosses: One who plays a leading or substantial role as a supporter, proponent, etc. representing a group, cause, or point of view.
Synonyms: sense: actor with a minimal part
word: bit player
sense: actor with a minimal part
word: walk-on
sense: person who serves in a subordinate role
word: flunky
sense: person who serves in a subordinate role
word: minion
sense: person who serves in a subordinate role
word: underling
sense: person who plays a leading or substantial role as a supporter or proponent
word: point man
sense: person who plays a leading or substantial role as a supporter or proponent
word: standard-bearer
sense: person who plays a leading or substantial role as a supporter or proponent
word: spearchucker
Related terms: doryphoros
hit paydirt
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: hits paydirt
form: hitting paydirt
form: hit paydirt
form: hit paydirt
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of hit pay dirt.
regurgitation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: regurgitations
Senses: glosses: The act of regurgitating.
Related terms: regurgitate
regurgitative