cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
peripeteia
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɛɹɪpɪˈtɪə/
ipa: /pɛɹɪpɪˈtaɪə/
ipa: /pɛɹɪpɪˈtiə/
ipa: /pɛɹɪpɪˈteɪə/
Forms: form: peripeteias
form: peripetia
form: peripety
Etymology: From Late Latin peripetia, and its source Ancient Greek περιπέτεια (peripéteia), from περιπίπτω (peripíptō, “to change suddenly”), from περί (perí, “round, around, about”) + the stem of πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”).
Senses: topics: broadcasting
drama
dramaturgy
entertainment
film
lifestyle
media
television
theater
glosses: A sudden reversal of fortune as a plot point in Classical tragedy.
examples: text: Once more I was a man in a myth, incapable of understanding it, but somehow aware that understanding it meant it must continue, however sinister its peripeteia.
ref: 1965, John Fowles, The Magus:
text: They were to bestride the Algerian scene like demigods until the tragic peripeteia of 1961 […]
ref: 1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York Review books, published 2006, page 167:
glosses: Any sudden change in circumstances; a crisis.
examples: text: The visual moment whose consequences Freud began to ponder in the essay on the phallic stage has evolved into a peripeteia: "Some day or other it happens that the child whose own penis is such a proud possession obtains a sight of the genital parts of a little girl; he must then become convinced of the absence of a penis in a creature so like himeself. With this, however, the loss of his own penis becomes imaginable, and the threat of castration achieves its delayed effect."
ref: 1989, Elizabeth Abel, Virginia Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis, →ISBN, page 6:
topics: human-sciences
medicine
psychoanalysis
psychology
sciences
glosses: A turning point in psychosocial development.
perizoma
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /pɛɹɪˈzəʊmə/
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin perizoma. from Ancient Greek περίζωμα (perízōma).
Senses: examples: text: The traveller was in Erewhonian clothes to keep him inconspicuous, a conical felt hat with owl feather, yellow tabard, tasselled perizoma, belled sandals, and umbrella.
ref: 1974, Guy Davenport, Tatlin!:
glosses: A loincloth worn by men and women in ancient Greece.
perlection
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /pəˈlɛkʃən/
Forms: form: perlections
Etymology: From Latin perlēctiō (“the act of reading through”), from perlegō (“read through”), from per (“through”) + legō (“read”).
Senses: examples: text: When the perlection of the Koran had been accomplished, the cloth was laid and all manner of meats and necessary things were brought.
ref: 1923, Edward Powys Mathers, transl., The Thousand Nights and One Night:
glosses: the reading through of something.
perrisodactyl
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /pɛɹɪsəʊˈdæktɪl/
Senses: glosses: having one or an odd number of toes, especially in designation of certain ungulates
perrisodactyl
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /pɛɹɪsəʊˈdæktɪl/
Forms: form: perrisodactyls
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: Any member of the mammal order Perissodactyla, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros
xerophyte
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈzɪəɹəʊfaɪt/
Forms: form: xerophytes
Etymology: From xero- (“dry”) + -phyte (“plant”).
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: Any plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce, such as in a desert or chaparral. Such plants may be succulent, have small or reduced leaves, or spines.
glosses: A desert plant
Synonyms: xeric plant
Derived terms: euxerophyte
mesoxerophyte
xerophytic
Related terms: xeromorphic
xerophytic
-ene
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Pronunciation: ipa: /-iːn/
Etymology: From Latin -ēnus, from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós), forming adjectives from place names.
Senses: examples: text: Cairo + -ene → Cairene
text: Damascus + -ene → Damascene
glosses: Forms adjectives relating to places and nouns for their inhabitants.
examples: text: Rogers + -ene → Rogerene
text: Hagar + -ene → Hagarene
glosses: Forms adjectives and nouns denoting religious groups from personal names.
Related terms: -ine
-ene
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Pronunciation: ipa: /-iːn/
Etymology: Borrowed from French -ène, chosen by French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas to avoid confusion with chemicals in -ine.
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: An unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one double bond; an alkene.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: An aromatic hydrocarbon based on benzene.
glosses: A polymer derived from an alkene.
Derived terms: sense: derivative suffixes
word: -diene
sense: derivative suffixes
word: -enyl
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: acetylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: anthracene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: benzene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: butadiene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: camphene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: carotene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: cymene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: ethene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: ethylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: fullerene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: indene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: isoprene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: limonene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: lycopene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: mesitylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: methylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: naphthalene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: naphthene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: neoprene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: nitrobenzene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: phenanthrene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: phenylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: pinene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: polyene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: polyethylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: polypropylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: polystyrene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: polythene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: propene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: propylene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: pyrene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: retene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: retinene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: squalene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: stearoptene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: stilbene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: styrene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: terpene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: toluene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: trinitrotoluene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: xanthene
sense: terms derived from "-ene"
word: xylene
Related terms: -ane
-ein
-in
-ine
-yne
-ene
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Pronunciation: ipa: /-iːn/
Etymology: Derived from graphene, expressing its monolayer characteristic
Senses: glosses: a single-atom thick two-dimensional layer of atoms
Derived terms: germanene
graphene
phosphorene
silicene
stanene
-diene
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: An unsaturated hydrocarbon with two double bonds; a diene
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: A polymer of such a diene.
Derived terms: butadiene
polybutadiene
perscopate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: /ˈpɜːskəpeɪt/
Forms: form: perscopates
form: perscopating
form: perscopated
form: perscopated
Etymology: From Latin per- ‘throughout’ + scopatus, from scopa ‘bristle’ (classically only found in plural scopae ‘broom, brush’).
Senses: examples: text: Let us take your cat: now suppose we shave her tail, so that it cannot shall I say perscopate or bristle; suppose we attach a board to her back, so that it cannot arch; suppose we then exhibit a displeasing sight – a sportive dog, for instance.
ref: 1970, Patrick O'Brian, Master and Commander:
glosses: to bristle or horripilate
petechia
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /pɪˈtiːkɪə/
Forms: form: petechiae
Etymology: Learned borrowing from New Latin petechia, from Italian petecchie (“skin eruptions”, plural), probably from a popular Latin diminutive of petigo (“scab, eruption”) (from impetīgo).
Senses: examples: text: It is scurvy. All my authorities agree – weakness, diffused muscular pain, petechia, tender gums, ill breath – and M’Alister has no doubt of it.
ref: 1973, Patrick O’Brian, HMS Surprise:
text: The marks on Jane's skin were petechiae, little hemorrhages that indicate lack of platelets in the blood. She needed two units of platelets transfused into her bloodstream.
ref: 2005, Donald Hall, The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 97:
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A small spot, especially on an organ, caused by bleeding underneath the skin.
Derived terms: petechial
petechioid
petrary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈpɛtɹəɹi/
Forms: form: petraries
Etymology: From Medieval Latin petraria, from Latin petra (“stone”).
Senses: examples: text: Their boats, loaded with six months’ provisions and a petrary for shooting crucifixes, were stowed aboard.
ref: 1969, Robert Nye, Tales I Told My Mother:
glosses: A weapon used to hurl stones
phalera
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈfæləɹə/
Forms: form: phalerae
Etymology: From Latin phalerae, from Ancient Greek φάλαρα (phálara) (plural of φάλαρον (phálaron)).
Senses: glosses: In Ancient Greece, a metal medallion worn by men or used to ornament the harness of a horse.
Related terms: horse brass
restart
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹiːˌstɑɹt/
ipa: /ˌɹɪˈstɑɹt/
ipa: /ˌɹɪˈstɑːt/
ipa: /ˈɹiːˌstɑːt/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)t
Forms: form: restarts
Etymology: From re- + start.
Senses: examples: text: After the restart of my browser, the problem went away.
text: We were stopped by signal soon after this and from the restart we had to lift our vast train up the 1 in 200 to Survilliers.
ref: 1961 March, ""Balmore"", “Driving and firing modern French steam locomotives”, in Trains Illustrated, page 147:
text: England looked to put width on the ball after the restart, Armitage very nearly going over in the corner only for the video referee to decide his foot was in touch. But Armitage did get on the score-sheet five minutes later, Ben Foden straightening and putting the London Irish man in.
ref: 2011 September 18, Ben Dirs, “Rugby World Cup 2011: England 41-10 Georgia”, in BBC Sport:
synonyms: rebeginning#Noun
recommencement
relaunch#Noun
revamp#Noun
coordinate_terms: refresh#Noun
reload#Noun
glosses: The act of starting something again.
Derived terms: restart kick
windmill restart
restart
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹiːˌstɑɹt/
ipa: /ˌɹɪˈstɑɹt/
ipa: /ˌɹɪˈstɑːt/
ipa: /ˈɹiːˌstɑːt/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)t
Forms: form: restarts
form: restarting
form: restarted
form: restarted
Etymology: From re- + start.
Senses: examples: text: All attempts to restart the engine failed.
text: Another view of Ashchurch station on August 18, 1961, with "Royal Scot" 4-6-0 No. 46148 The Manchester Regiment restarting a Worcester-Cheltenham stopping train and a Class 4 2-6-0 at the branch platform on a train from Redditch.
ref: 1962 May, “Ashchurch to lose another branch service”, in Modern Railways, page 299, photo caption:
text: As of May 12, Crossrail was liaising with contractors to enable physical work at stations to restart. This had been suspended on March 24 due to the COVID-19 outbreak.
ref: 2020 May 20, “Network News: Clas 345s finally able to serve Heathrow Airport”, in Rail, page 15:
synonyms: rebegin
recommence
reinitiate
coordinate_terms: refresh#Verb
relaunch#Verb
reload#Verb
revamp#Verb
glosses: To start again.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
coordinate_terms: refresh#Verb
relaunch#Verb
reload#Verb
glosses: Synonym of reboot.
synonyms: word: reboot
phylarch
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfaɪlɑːk/
ipa: /ˈfaɪlɑɹk/
rhymes: -aɪlɑː(ɹ)k
Forms: form: phylarchs
form: phylarchus
Etymology: From Latin phylarchus, from Ancient Greek φύλαρχος (phúlarkhos), from φῡλή (phūlḗ, “large clan or tribe of ancient Greece”).
Senses: glosses: The ruler of a phyle in Ancient Greece.
glosses: An Athenian hipparch, head of an Athenian clan in battle.
glosses: A tribal chief, magistrate, or other local ruler.
phyllotaxis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /fɪləˈtæksɪs/
Forms: form: phyllotaxes
form: phyllotaxy
Etymology: From phyllo- + taxis.
Senses: examples: text: Yet his Lordship would find this rate of proportion […] likewise in all plants, in the disposition of their leaves, for which ordering he would make a name, that is, from the Greek, phyllotaxis.
ref: 1985, John Fowles, A Maggot:
topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: The arrangement of leaves on a stem, or the mathematical principles governing such arrangement.
topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: An abortive style.
xanth-
Language: English
Part of speech: prefix
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of xantho- before a vowel
xantho-
Language: English
Part of speech: prefix
Forms: form: xanth-
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ξᾰνθός (xănthós, “yellow”).
Senses: glosses: yellow
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: derivative of xanthic acid
Related terms: xanthous
X-ray diffraction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: X-ray diffractions
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The scattering of X-rays by the regular lattice of atoms or molecules in a crystal.
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The diffraction pattern so obtained.
qualifier: analytical chemistry
glosses: The technique of using such patterns to determine that geometry of a crystal, or the arrangements of atoms in a molecule; X-ray crystallography.
diffraction pattern
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: diffraction patterns
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: the pattern of lines or spots produced by diffraction; especially the two-dimensional pattern produced by X-ray diffraction that may be used to determine the structure of a crystal or of a crystalline compound.
orbital symmetry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: orbital symmetries
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The properties of an atomic orbital or molecular orbital that characterize its symmetry; especially those properties that are conserved in a chemical reaction.
Related terms: Woodward-Hoffmann rules
Woodward-Hoffmann rules
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffman, American chemists.
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A set of three rules that invoke the conservation of orbital symmetry to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions.
wikipedia: Roald Hoffman
Robert Burns Woodward
pigmy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pigmies
Senses: examples: text: My self-love is, in every respect, more susceptible than ambitious, and I have always found that men appear to the imagination phantoms when they blame, and pigmies when they praise you.
ref: 1807, [Germaine] de Staël Holstein, translated by D[ennis] Lawler, “[Book XII. The history of Lord Nelville.] Chap[ter] I.”, in Corinna; or, Italy. […], volume III, London: […] Corri, […]; and sold by Colburn, […], and Mackenzie, […], →OCLC, page 136:
glosses: Alternative spelling of pygmy.
pigmy
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more pigmy
form: most pigmy
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of pygmy.
stereochemistry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: stereochemistries
Etymology: From stereo- + chemistry.
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: the branch of chemistry that involves the spatial arrangement of the atoms of molecules, and studies how this affects the physical and chemical properties of such species
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: the effect of such spatial arrangement on the chemistry of a particular compound
Related terms: stereochemical
pericyclic reaction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pericyclic reactions
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: any reaction, typically involving organic compounds, in which a cyclic transition state is involved
pericyclic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From peri- + cyclic or pericycle + -ic.
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: Of or relating to a pericycle
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Of or relating to a pericyclic reaction
Derived terms: nonpericyclic
pseudopericyclic
pericycle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pericycles
Etymology: From peri- + cycle.
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: In a plant root, the cylinder of plant tissue between the endodermis and phloem.
Derived terms: pericyclic
endodermis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: endodermises
form: endodermides
Etymology: From endo- (“within”) + dermis (“skin”).
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: In a plant stem or root, a cylinder of cells that separates the outer cortex from the central core. The endodermis controls flow of water and minerals within the plant. In most plants, this tissue is restricted to the roots.
glosses: The deepest layer of the skin.
Related terms: endoderm
onde
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: ondes
form: aand
form: aind
form: and
form: ande
form: aynd
Etymology: From Middle English onde, ande, from Old English onda, anda (“zeal, indignation, anger, malice, envy, hatred”), from Proto-West Germanic *anadō, from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, spirit, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).
Cognate with Scots aynd, eind, end (“breath”), German Ahnd, And (“pain, anguish”), Danish ånd, ånde (“breath, spirit”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Latin anima (“breath, spirit”). More at animal.
Senses: examples: Wrathe, yre, and onde — The Romaunt of the Rose.
synonyms: envy
hatred
glosses: envy; hatred; malice
synonyms: breath
glosses: breath
Derived terms: in ande
out of ande
onde
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: ondes
form: onding
form: onded
form: onded
form: ande
form: aind
form: eand
Etymology: From Middle English onden (Northern dialect ande), from Old Norse anda (“to breathe”).
Senses: glosses: To breathe; breathe on.
Derived terms: onding
pilgarlic
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɪlˈɡɑːlɪk/
Forms: form: pilgarlics
form: pilgarlick
Etymology: From pilled/peeled + garlic.
Senses: examples: text: Dad turned to Haley, the pliant daughter. “He's a very lanky pumpkin,” he said. “And he's a pilgarlic.”
ref: 2010, Courtney Sheinmel, Sincerely, page 35:
glosses: A bald-headed person.
glosses: A pitiable or foolish person.
pilled
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɪld/
rhymes: -ɪld
Forms: form: more pilled
form: most pilled
Senses: examples: text: Remember when I was bumming around Chelsea on the purple hearts! The chicks there thought I was God's gift to their little bohemia. A real devil. ‘I'm pilled to the gills,’ I'd tell them and their little eyes would grow as big as plates.
ref: 1966, Alan Bestic, Turn Me on Man, page 20:
text: I never give these randy bastards a second glance when I'm dancing because when I'm pilled sex is too slow and anyway my legs are like rubber and I feel like I can out-dance anyone.
ref: 2014, Casey Harison, quoting “Irish” Jack Lyons, Feedback: The Who and Their Generation, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 65:
glosses: Pilled-up, intoxicated on pills.
topics: business
manufacturing
textiles
glosses: Of woven fabric: having formed small matted balls of fiber.
examples: text: To be X-pilled meant to learn new information that made you an enthusiastic lover of X.
ref: 2021, Caleb Madison, “How We Swallowed Redpilled Whole”, in The Atlantic:
glosses: In a state of believing. (In the sense of having taken a figurative pill)
Derived terms: black-pilled
pilled out
unpilled
pilled
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɪld/
rhymes: -ɪld
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of pill
pinguid
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˈpɪŋɡwɪd/
Forms: form: more pinguid
form: most pinguid
Etymology: From Latin pinguis (“fat”).
Senses: examples: text: Fr. Christopher Maire, far from pallid, wearing no black beyond his Queue-Tie, neither wiry nor unnaturally fit, in Manner as free of the suave as of the pinguid, seems scarcely any Englishman’s idea of a Jesuit.
ref: 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon, New York: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 215:
text: First he (Molotov) called on Göring at the Air Ministry where he asked Hitler's 'paladin' more embarrassing questions which the Reichmarschall simply doused with his pinguid heartiness.
ref: 2003, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: the Court of the Red Tsar, page 345:
glosses: Relating to fat.
Derived terms: pinguidity
pishogue
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɪˈʃəʊɡ/
rhymes: -əʊɡ
Forms: form: pishogues
Etymology: Anglo-Irish, from Irish piseog (“witchcraft”), from Middle Irish piseóc, pisóc.
Senses: examples: text: Pishog: A mystic rite, by which one person is enabled to make a supernatural transfer of his neighbour's butter into his own churns.
ref: 1829, Gerald Griffin, The Collegians:
glosses: Magic, witchcraft; a spell, especially one designed to cause or cure illnesses to man or beast, or to increase or decrease the quantities of farm products such as butter or milk.
mob rule
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: mob rules
Senses: glosses: Government by violent gangs, or by the masses.
Synonyms: mob law
mobocracy
ochlocracy
Elsass
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: Elsasses
Etymology: Borrowed from German Elsass.
Senses: glosses: A surname from German.
tardiness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: tardinesses
Etymology: From tardy + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: Some ten years ago, an evening excursion train from the Walsall area to Manchester, when travelling well over the heavily-graded Walsall-Rugeley line, was brought to a stand at a level crossing at Hednesford by the tardiness of a gatekeeper, who was pottering about in his garden instead of attending to his duties.
ref: 1947 January and February, “Notes and News: Drivers' Reprisals”, in Railway Magazine, page 53:
glosses: The state or quality of being tardy.
glosses: The result or product of being tardy.
Synonyms: sense: quality of being tardy
word: lateness
word: tardity
word: lateness
pismire
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɪsmaɪə(ɹ)/
Forms: form: pismires
Etymology: From Middle English pissemyre, equivalent to piss + mire (“ant”). So called due to the smell of anthills. Compare English pissant, Old Frisian pisimme, Dutch pismiere, Swedish pissmyra.
Senses: examples: text: Why looke you, I am whipt and ſcourg'd with rods,
 Netled, and ſtung with piſmires, when I heare
 Of this vile polititian, Bullingbrooke,
ref: c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:
text: Much there is not of wonder in the confused Houses of Pismires, though much in their busie life and actions […]
ref: 1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 189:
text: What are we in the great scale of events, we poor defenceless frontier inhabitants? What is it to the gazing world, whether we breathe or whether we die? Whatever virtue, whatever merit and disinterestedness we may exhibit in our secluded retreats, of what avail? We are like the pismires destroyed by the plough; whose destruction prevents not the future crop.
ref: 1782, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer:
text: We are scurrying emmets or pismires with our sad little comedies.
ref: 1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man in Deptford:
glosses: An ant.
Derived terms: pismirism
interference microscope
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: interference microscopes
Senses: glosses: An instrument used to study the differences in the phase of light transmitted through a specimen.
Related terms: phase contrast microscope
phase contrast microscope
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: phase contrast microscopes
Senses: glosses: A microscope that uses the change of phase when light is transmitted or reflected from a transparent or reflective specimen to form an image; used especially to study living cells.
Related terms: phase contrast microscopy
interference microscope
placket
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈplækɪt/
rhymes: -ækɪt
Forms: form: plackets
Etymology: From French plaquer (“to lay or clap on”). See placard.
Senses: examples: text: Dislike dressing together. Nicked myself shaving. Biting her nether lip, hooking the placket of her skirt.
ref: 1922, James Joyce, Ulysses:
text: When the placket of his shirt gave way, the stones tore freely into the skin on his chest and back, and he no longer imagined Lucy Hartley enjoying his guitar serenades—he wondered if he would get to the roof alive.
ref: 2001, Glen David Gold, Carter Beats the Devil:
glosses: A slit or other opening in an item of clothing, to allow access to pockets or fastenings
examples: text: Is there no manners left among maids?VVill they
vveare their plackets vvhere they ſhould bear their faces?
ref: c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], page 293, column 1:
glosses: A petticoat, especially an underpetticoat.
examples: text: […]: after this,the vengeance on the vvhole
Camp,or rather,the bone-ach,for that,me thinkes is the
curſe dependant on thoſe that vvarre for a placket.
ref: c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:
text: […] was that brave [hart] made to pant for a placket: and now i’th’ dog-days too, when nothing dare love!
ref: 1647, John Fletcher, The Humorous Lieutenant, London: H.N., 1697, act 4, scene 1, page 50:
glosses: A woman.
glosses: A woman's pocket.
glosses: A leather jacket strengthened with strips of steel.
synonyms: placcat
placcate
glosses: An additional plate of steel on the lower half of the breastplate or backplate.
Derived terms: placket hole
plapper
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈplæpə(ɹ)/
rhymes: -æpə(ɹ)
Forms: form: plappers
form: plappering
form: plappered
form: plappered
Etymology: Imitative.
Senses: examples: text: She took no notice while he read by rote a solfa fable for her, plappering flatly
ref: 1922, James Joyce, Ulysses:
text: Adam was making a plappering noise in his sleep like a horse.
ref: 2016, Stuart Walton, The First Day in Paradise:
text: But Marie's reaction when she saw Sam coming gave him pause. She immediately stepped away from Arik, combing her hair with her fingers nervously. She then gave him a smile to die for, threading her arm through his and plappering about […]
ref: 2020, Stefan Prebil, Icediamonds Trilogy Volume 2:
glosses: To make a flapping noise with the lips.
interferometry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.tə.fəˈɹɒ.mɪ.tɹi/
ipa: /ˌɪn.(t)ɚ.fəˈɹɑ.mɪ.tɹi/
rhymes: -ɒmɪtɹi
rhymes: -ɑmɪtɹi
Etymology: From interfere + -o- + -metry.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The design and use of optical or radio interferometers.
Derived terms: interferometrist
radio interferometry
very-long-baseline interferometry
rakia
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: rakias
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of rakija.
Emanuel
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: Variant of Emmanuel, borrowed from Spanish and from various other European languages.
Senses: glosses: A male given name from Hebrew.
glosses: A surname.
Derived terms: Emanuel County
Emanuel syndrome
Duval
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: A topographic surname from French of French origin, for someone who lived in a valley.
Derived terms: Duval County
Emmanuel
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈmænjuəl/
ipa: /ɪˈmænjəl/
ipa: /ɪˈmænwəl/
homophone: Immanuel
Forms: form: Emmanuels
Etymology: Variant of Immanuel.
Senses: examples: text: Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 1:23:
glosses: Immanuel (Biblical figure whose birth is foretold).
topics: Christianity
glosses: Immanuel (Biblical figure whose birth is foretold).
Immanuel (this figure, regarded by Christians as the Christ).
examples: text: Cade. What is thy name? / Clerk. Emmanuel. / Dick. They use to write it on the top of letters. 'Twill go hard with you.
ref: ,Scene IV
text: Some call their sons Emmanuel : this is too bold. The name is proper to Christ, therefore not to be communicated to any creature.
ref: 1629, Thomas Adams, Meditations upon Creed: The Works of Thomas Adams, James Nichol (1862), volume 3, page 212:
text: Whether a Hidalgo candidacy can galvanize the left and throw open an election in which Emmanuel Macron, the centrist president, and Marine Le Pen, the rightist candidate, remain favorites is unclear.
ref: 2021 September 2, Roger Cohen, “The French Left Is in Disarray, but Here Comes Anne Hidalgo”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 01 Dec 2021:
glosses: A male given name from Hebrew of Biblical origin.
glosses: A surname.
qualifier: Cambridge University
glosses: Ellipsis of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
rodman
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: rodmen
Etymology: From rod + -man.
Senses: glosses: Synonym of rodsman.
synonyms: word: rodsman
weedwhacker
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: weedwhackers
form: weed-whacker
form: weed whacker
form: weedwacker
Etymology: From weed + whacker.
Senses: topics: agriculture
business
horticulture
lifestyle
qualifier: landscaping
glosses: A device used to cut grass and destroy weeds; a string trimmer.
Synonyms: edger
trimmer
edger-trimmer
edge trimmer
grass edger
grass edge trimmer
grass trimmer
string trimmer
trimmer-edger
weed eater
weed whip
druggie
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɹʌɡi/
rhymes: -ʌɡi
Forms: form: druggies
form: druggy
Etymology: From drug + -ie.
Senses: examples: text: All up and down the promenade outside King's Cross, druggies are making eye contact with one another.
ref: 2006 November 6, Will Self, “'Junk Mail'”, in The New York Times:
text: I’ve tried repeatedly, over the course of my life, to become a druggie.
ref: 2019 August 7, Dwight Garner, “Need Etiquette Tips for Cannabis? For Starters, Don’t Call It ‘Marijuana’ or ‘Weed’”, in The New York Times:
glosses: A drug addict or abuser.
Kati
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: A rare modern spelling variant of Katie, diminutive of the female given name Katherine.
pneuma
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈnjuːmə/
rhymes: -uːmə
Forms: form: pneumas
form: pneumata
Etymology: From Ancient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, breath, spirit”), from πνέω (pnéō, “I blow, breathe”). Doublet of neume.
Senses: examples: text: With swaying arms they wail in pneuma over the recreant Bloom.
ref: 1922, James Joyce, Ulysses:
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A neume.
examples: text: But bound to reach out and beyond this flesh. / Become Pneuma
ref: 2019, Maynard Keenan James, “Pneuma”, in Fear Inoculum, performed by Tool:
glosses: The spirit or soul.
topics: Gnosticism
lifestyle
religion
glosses: One of three levels of a human being, the spirit, along with the body and soul.
Derived terms: dasy pneuma
pneumasis
pneumatic
pneumatism
psilon pneuma
killing spree
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: killing sprees
Senses: glosses: A number of murders in a short span of time; a rampage.
Related terms: mass murder
spree killer
serial killer
interferometer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: interferometers
Etymology: From interfer(e) + -o- + -meter.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: Any of several instruments that use the interference of waves to determine wavelengths and wave velocities, determine refractive indices, measure small distances, temperature changes, stresses, and many other useful measurements.
Derived terms: acoustic interferometer
astrointerferometer
Fizeau interferometer
intensity interferometer
Jamin interferometer
Mach-Zehnde interferometer
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Michelson interferometer
Michelson stellar interferometer
neutron interferometer
radio interferometer
shearing interferometer
Twyman-Green interferometer
Related terms: interferometric
interferometrically
interferometry
poculum
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈpɒkjʊləm/
Forms: form: pocula
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin poculum. Doublet of bucchero.
Senses: examples: text: They sat together over elaborate glass pocula blown in Cologne; the wine too was Rhenish.
ref: 1989, Anthony Burgess, The Devil's Mode:
glosses: A drinking-cup used in Ancient Rome.
Related terms: poculiform
pollicate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: /ˈpɒlɪkeɪt/
Forms: form: pollicates
form: pollicating
form: pollicated
form: pollicated
Etymology: From Latin pollex (“thumb, big toe”).
Senses: examples: text: ‘Disgusting? this is Tea, Friend, Cha,— what all tasteful London drinks,– that,’ pollicating the Coffee-Pot, ‘is what’s disgusting.’
ref: 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon, New York: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 467:
glosses: To gesture with the thumb.
pollicate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˈpɒlɪkeɪt/
Etymology: From Latin pollex (“thumb, big toe”).
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: Of insects: having a curved projection or spine on the inner side of a leg joint.
Derived terms: epollicate
intermediate vector boson
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intermediate vector bosons
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: Any of the three fundamental particles (the two W-bosons and the Z-boson) that transmit the weak nuclear force and have a mass about 100 times that of a proton.
intermetallic compound
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intermetallic compounds
Senses: examples: text: An intermetallic compound must be present, the high freezing-point of which indicates that it is formed from its components with the liberation of a large amount of energy.
ref: 2003, C. H. Desch, Intermetallic Compounds - Physics and Chemistry, Wexford College Press, →ISBN, page 7:
topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: any solid material, composed of two or more metal atoms in a definite proportion, that has a definite structure which differs from those of its constituent metals
Synonyms: intermetal
intermetallic phase
Related terms: alloy
intermetallic phase
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intermetallic phases
Senses: glosses: an intermetallic compound
intermetallic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From inter- + metallic.
Senses: examples: text: An intermetallic compound must be present, the high freezing-point of which indicates that it is formed from its components with the liberation of a large amount of energy.
ref: 2003, C. H. Desch, Intermetallic Compounds - Physics and Chemistry, Wexford College Press, →ISBN, page 7:
topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Of, relating to, acting between, or comprising two or more metals.
Derived terms: intermetallic compound
intermetallic phase
intermetallic
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intermetallics
Etymology: From inter- + metallic.
Senses: topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: An intermetallic compound.
ponent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpəʊnənt/
Forms: form: ponents
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian ponente (“west”), ultimately from pōnēns, present participle of pōnō (“to place”).
Senses: synonyms: occident
west
antonyms: orient
east
levant
glosses: The west; the area of the setting sun.
ponent
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpəʊnənt/
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian ponente (“west”), ultimately from pōnēns, present participle of pōnō (“to place”).
Senses: examples: text: Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds, Eurus and Zephyr
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
text: There was an ambiguity surpassing conjecture in her eyes, and the wind rose up around us in that half barbaric Russian garden with its alien Diana blackened by snows and fierce ponent winds
ref: 1974, Guy Davenport, Tatlin!:
glosses: Pertaining to the west, westerly.
intermolecular force
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intermolecular forces
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: any of the attractive or repulsive interactions that occur between atoms or molecules and become significant at separations of about 1 nanometer or less
Hyponyms: hydrogen bond
London dispersion force
van der Waals force
pottle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɒtəl/
rhymes: -ɒtəl
Forms: form: pottles
Etymology: From Middle English potell, potel, from Old French potel, diminutive of pot; see more at pot.
Senses: examples: text: Why, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane dead drunk; he sweats not to overthrow your Almain; he gives your Hollander a vomit, ere the next pottle can be filled.
ref: c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:
text: c. 1605, Thomas Dekker, The Honest Whore Part 2, London: Nathaniel Butter, 1630,
a pottle of Greeke wine
text: And yonder sate Desborough with a dry pottle of sack before him, which he had just emptied, and which, though the element in which he trusted, had not restored him sense enough to speak, or courage enough to look over his shoulder.
ref: 1826, [Walter Scott], chapter X, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 254:
glosses: A former unit of volume, equivalent to half a gallon, used for liquids and corn; a pot or drinking vessel of around this size.
examples: text: Outside, I ripped open the bag to reveal the chips were sitting inside a paper pottle. A pottle!
ref: 2019, Tara Ward, “The Spinoff Reviews New Zealand #94: Ōkato’s award-winning hot chips”, in The Spinoff:
text: Did you know that the six and four-pack pottle yogurts – the kind we buy for lunches – can’t be recycled.
ref: 2023, Sarah Heeringa, “There's something to know about this yogurt – and it's not what you think”, in Stuff:
text: In recent weeks, he’s been taken aback by the price of the fresh fruit and vegetables they use for their pottles of raw fish.
ref: 2022, Charlotte Muru-Lanning, “What rising supply costs mean for local fish and chip shops”, in The Spinoff:
glosses: A small food container, usually made of plastic or cardboard, typically used for containing hot chips, yoghurt or other foodstuffs.
examples: text: Strawberry pottles are often half cabbage leaves, a few tempting strawberries being displayed on the top of the pottle.
ref: 1851, Henry Mayhew, “Of the tricks of costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor, volume I:
text: He had a paper-bag under each arm and a pottle of strawberries in one hand, and was out of breath.
ref: 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, chapter II, in Great Expectations […], volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC, page 26:
text: 2005, Dan Keding and Amy Douglas (eds.), English Folktales, World Folklore Series, Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, →ISBN, page 21,
"I was wondering whether you’ve got such a thing as a pottle of brains to spare?"
glosses: A small pot or other receptacle, e.g. for strawberries.
Synonyms: sense: a receptacle for strawberries
word: punnet
Derived terms: pottleful
pottlepot
pottle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɒtəl/
rhymes: -ɒtəl
Forms: form: pottles
form: pottling
form: pottled
form: pottled
Etymology: From Middle English potell, potel, from Old French potel, diminutive of pot; see more at pot.
Senses: glosses: To place in a pottle.
internal energy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: internal energies
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A property, characteristic of the state of a thermodynamic system, the change of which is equal to the heat absorbed minus the work done by the system.
drum cadence
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: drum cadences
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A work played exclusively by the percussion section of a modern marching band, descended from early military marches, primarily as a purposefully emphasized means of providing a beat to marchers.
Synonyms: sense: exclusively percussion work
word: street beat
sense: exclusively percussion work
word: walkbeat
interstellar extinction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: the dimming of light from the stars due to absorption and scattering from dust in the interstellar medium
pralaya
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈpɹʌləjə/
Forms: form: pralayas
Etymology: Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रलय (pralaya).
Senses: qualifier: Indian mythology
glosses: destruction, apocalypse
qualifier: Hindu cosmology
glosses: a period of cosmic inactivity, lasting 4.32 billion years
ring cadence
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: ring cadences
Senses: topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
telephony
glosses: The ringing pattern heard by the dialer before the called party picks up the call.
as of
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Senses: examples: text: All leave is cancelled as of now.
text: The server will be down for maintenance as of tomorrow afternoon.
text: Under the most splendid house in the city is still to be found the cellar where they store their roots as of old, and long after the superstructure has disappeared posterity remark its dent in the earth.
ref: 1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:
glosses: At or by a specified time, with the implication that the said condition will be true from that time onward.
examples: text: The US has a population of 300 million, as of 2006.
glosses: At a specified time, with the implication that the said condition was or will be true at that time.
prebendary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɛbəndəɹi/
Forms: form: prebendaries
Etymology: From Medieval Latin praebendārius, from Late Latin praebenda (“literally ‘things to be supplied’; prebend”), neuter plural of gerundive of praebeō (“supply”), from prae- (“pre-”) + habeō (“have, hold”).
Senses: examples: text: Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr. Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known by his translation of Herodotus.
ref: 1832 May 12, various authors, “St Pancras (Old) Church”, in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, volume 19, number 546:
text: Wolverhampton church, dedicated to St. Mary, was a collegiate establishment, with a dean as president, and a number of prebendaries or canons who were “secular” priests, and not brethren of any of the regular “orders of monks.” […] A prebendary, it may be explained, is one who enjoys a prebend or canonical portion; that is, who receives in right of his place, a share out of the common stock of the church for his maintenance.
ref: 1908, Frederick William Hackwood, The Annals of Willenhall:
text: The great church, the residences of the dean and the two prebendaries, the choir and its appurtenances, were all intact and in working order.
ref: 1919, Montague Rhodes James, “The Residence at Whitminster”, in A Thin Ghost and Others:
glosses: An honorary canon of a cathedral or collegiate church.
prebendary
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɛbəndəɹi/
Etymology: From Medieval Latin praebendārius, from Late Latin praebenda (“literally ‘things to be supplied’; prebend”), neuter plural of gerundive of praebeō (“supply”), from prae- (“pre-”) + habeō (“have, hold”).
Senses: examples: text: This is at least a third of the way up the career path to being a saint. Conscientious men (and women for that matter) often hear a sort of susurration in their ears when they achieve this prebendary status.
ref: 1992, Will Self, Cock and Bull:
glosses: Pertaining to the office or person of a prebendary; prebendal.
examples: text: While in the cloth, all clerics, regardless of social origins, were members of privileged class, exempt from corvée and taxes and sharing the government’s prebendary benefices of land and conscript labor.
ref: 1985, Norman Jacobs, The Korean Road to Modernization and Development, University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 224:
text: Following Max Weber, I define the prebendary state as a regime where those who hold state power live off politics. In addition to their salaries, the rulers and officials of the state benefit from the perquisites of office, either in the form of bribes or outright appropriation of public monies from the various government agencies and state enterprises for private ends (Weber 1968, 86-95, 206-9). […] Under a prebendary regime, a fraction of the middle or dominant class controls the state by allying itself with a supreme ruler or dictator.
ref: 2007, Alex Dupuy, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 28:
text: In the contemporary world prebendary income for officials can be found in all third world countries where public revenues are inadequate to cover salaries at a sufficiently high level to enable bureaucrats to sustain what they regard as a proper standard of living. […] However, in societies where traditional bureaucratic practices are well remembered, and where a “formalistic” dichotomy between what is officially prescribed and what is actually practiced prevails, it is scarcely surprising if the real (prebendary) income of many, if not most public officials, should far exceed their formally prescribed salary levels.
ref: 2009, Fred W. Riggs, “Bureaucratic Links between Administration and Politics” and “Bureaucracy: A Profound Puzzle for Presidentialism”, chapters 5 and 9 of Ali Farazmand (editor), Bureaucracy and Administration, CRC Press, pages 89–90
glosses: Of or relating to official positions that are profitable for the incumbent, to the allocation of such positions, or to a system in which such allocation is prevalent.