cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
befoul
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɪˈfaʊl/
rhymes: -aʊl
Forms: form: befouls
form: befouling
form: befouled
form: befouled
Etymology: From be- + foul.
Senses: examples: text: These heights are a desirable retreat, for less picturesque reasons—as an escape from a compound of vile smells perpetually arising from a great harbour full of stagnant water, and befouled by the refuse of innumerable ships with all sorts of cargoes: which, in hot weather, is dreadful in the last degree.
ref: 1846, Charles Dickens, “Avignon to Genoa”, in Pictures from Italy, London: […] Bradbury & Evans, […], →OCLC, page 34:
text: 1897, Robert Gwynneddon Davies (translator), The Sleeping Bard by Ellis Wynne, London: Simplkon, Marshall & Co., Part I,
At last, what with a round of blasphemy, and the whole crowd with clay pistols belching smoke and fire and slander of their neighbours, and the floor already befouled with dregs and spittle, I feared lest viler deeds should happen, and craved to depart.
text: Only the four walls of his home still stood, blackened and smoking with the sluggish, stinking smoke that befouled the sea-wind.
ref: 1983, Mary Stewart, chapter 5, in The Wicked Day, New York: William Morrow, page 53:
text: 1997, Ted Hughes, Tales from Ovid, “Echo and Narcissus” in Paul Keegan (ed.), Ted Hughes: Collected Poems, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003, p. 919,
There was a pool of perfect water.
[…] No cattle
Had slobbered their muzzles in it
And befouled it.
glosses: To make foul; to soil; to contaminate, pollute.
examples: text: For its an ill Bird will befoule her own Nest […]
ref: 1666, George Alsop, A Character of the Province of Mary-Land, London: Peter Dring, Preface:
text: “[…] But pray what smell is that? Sure your lapdog has befoul’d himself;—let me catch hold of the nasty cur, I’ll teach him better manners.”
ref: 1748, [Tobias Smollett], chapter 12, in The Adventures of Roderick Random. […], volume I, London: […] [William Strahan] for J[ohn] Osborn […], →OCLC, page 91:
glosses: To defecate on, to soil with excrement.
examples: text: For three days Pete bore himself according to his wont, thinking to silence the evil tongues of the little world about him, and keep sweet and alive the dear name which they were waiting to befoul and destroy.
ref: 1894, Hall Caine, The Manxman, London: Heinemann, Part 5, p. 282:
text: “[…] you combine a vulgar atheism and an iconoclastic desire to befoul the sacred ideas of the average man or woman, collectively scorned as the bourgeoisie——”
ref: 1923, James Branch Cabell, The High Place, London: John Lane, Part 2, Chapter 15:
text: There she sits before you, gentlemen, betrayed by her husband, befouled by every idle tongue that wags […]
ref: 1927, Frances Noyes Hart, chapter 5, in The Bellamy Trial, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., published 1929, page 159:
glosses: To stain or mar (for example with infamy or disgrace).
glosses: To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.
Synonyms: sense: stain or mar
word: besmirch
sense: stain or mar
word: sully
sense: stain or mar
word: tarnish
Derived terms: befouler
befoulment
unbefouled
Related terms: afoul
behalf
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: bĭhăfˈ
enpr: bĭhäf
ipa: /bɪˈhæf/
ipa: /bɪˈhɑːf/
ipa: /bəˈhɑːf/
rhymes: -ɑːf
Forms: form: behalves
form: behalfs
Etymology: From Middle English bihalve (“nearby”), from Old English bī healfe (“by [his/her] side”), from bī (“by”) + healfe (“side, half”), equivalent to be- + half.
Senses: examples: text: The one exception to this was William Hilhouse, who was widely regarded as the colonist with the greatest experience of the interior and its native inhabitants, on whose behalf he endlessly campaigned.
ref: 2006, Peter Rivière, The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844, →ISBN:
text: The NUL, on the other hand, never felt that its position among civil rights organizations was threatened, and considered itself unique because of its historic commitment to advocacy on behalf of low-income African Americans.
ref: 2013, Catherine M. Paden, Civil Rights Advocacy on Behalf of the Poor, →ISBN, page 108:
glosses: The interest, benefit, or wellbeing of someone or something.
examples: text: He was not only my Representative who died on my behalf; He was my Substitute who died in my very stead.
ref: 1994, J. Sidlow Baxter, Awake, My Heart: Daily Devotional Studies for the Year, →ISBN, page 104:
text: Which indeed is so true, that she herself may seek back for her own gain the dowry offered by another on her behalf, unless by chance he who offered it immediately (that is, at the time of offering or of promising) stipulated or made an agreement that the afore-mentioned dowry would be returned to him.
ref: 2002, Judith Evans Grubbs, Women and the Law in the Roman Empire, →ISBN:
text: The Agent shall have all of the powers, rights, discretions, elections, and authority conferred by statute, the common law, or rule of court or governmental agency that are reasonably necessary for the Agent to act on my behalf for any purpose.
ref: 2004, Joan M. Burda, Estate Planning for Same-sex Couples, →ISBN, page 133:
qualifier: when adopted by someone else
glosses: One's role or rightful place; stead or authority.
Derived terms: word: behalfism
word: on behalf of
word: in behalf of
belay
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
ipa: /ˈbiːleɪ/
ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
rhymes: -eɪ
rhymes: (UK) -iːleɪ
Forms: form: belays
form: belaying
form: belayed
form: belayed
form: belaid
form: belaid
Etymology: From Middle English beleggen, bileggen, from Old English beleċġan (“to cover, invest, surround, afflict, attribute to, charge with, accuse”), From Proto-West Germanic *bilaggjan, equivalent to be- (“about, around”) + lay. Cognate with Dutch beleggen (“to cover, overlay, belay”), German belegen (“to cover, occupy, belay”), Swedish belägga (“to pave”).
Senses: topics: nautical
transport
glosses: To make (a rope) fast by turning it around a fastening point such as a cleat.
examples: text: He would need an experienced partner to belay him on the difficult climbs.
text: I could only hope the remaining piton would belay his fall.
topics: climbing
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: To handle a climbing rope to prevent (a climber) from falling to the ground.
examples: text: Belay that order!
text: "We landed in their killbox?" "We did. I am sor... No, belay that. Heads down! Cavalry incoming!"
ref: 2015 February 1, Howard Tayler, Schlock Mercenary, archived from the original on 14 May 2024:
glosses: To lay aside; to stop; to cancel.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: The general command to stop or cease.
glosses: To surround; to environ; to enclose.
examples: text: jacket […] belayd with silver lace
ref: 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 5:
glosses: To overlay; to adorn.
glosses: To besiege; invest; surround.
glosses: To lie in wait for in order to attack; block up or obstruct.
Derived terms: belayer
belay my last
belay
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbiːleɪ/
rhymes: -iːleɪ
Forms: form: belays
Etymology: From Middle English beleggen, bileggen, from Old English beleċġan (“to cover, invest, surround, afflict, attribute to, charge with, accuse”), From Proto-West Germanic *bilaggjan, equivalent to be- (“about, around”) + lay. Cognate with Dutch beleggen (“to cover, overlay, belay”), German belegen (“to cover, occupy, belay”), Swedish belägga (“to pave”).
Senses: topics: climbing
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: The securing of a rope to a rock or other sturdy object.
topics: climbing
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: The object to which a rope is secured.
examples: text: But instead of swapping over at the ice axe belay, you carry on in the lead, cutting or kicking steps until you are about twenty feet above.
ref: 1967, Anthony Greenbank, Instructions in Mountaineering, page 84:
topics: climbing
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: A location at which a climber stops and builds an anchor with which to secure their partner.
Derived terms: belay device
belay
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
ipa: /ˈbiːleɪ/
ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
rhymes: -eɪ
rhymes: (UK) -iːleɪ
ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
rhymes: -eɪ
ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
ipa: /ˈbiːleɪ/
ipa: /bɪˈleɪ/
rhymes: -eɪ
rhymes: (UK) -iːleɪ
Senses: glosses: simple past of belie (“encompass”)
benevolent
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /bəˈnɛvələnt/
Forms: form: more benevolent
form: most benevolent
Etymology: From Old French benevolent, borrowed from Latin benevolēns ("benevolent"). Displaced native Old English welwillende (literally well-wishing).
Senses: examples: text: Chinese and Eastern mythologies describe dragons as benevolent.
glosses: Having a disposition to do good.
glosses: Possessing or manifesting love for mankind.
examples: text: This bill was not a gift from a benevolent legislature; it was a victory for the community which worked for its passage.
ref: 1989 December 24, Kevin M. Cathcart, “Homophobia Never Innocent”, in Gay Community News, volume 17, number 24, page 5:
glosses: Altruistic, charitable, good, just and fair.
Derived terms: benevolent absolutism
benevolent assimilation
benevolent dictator for life
benevolently
benevolentness
benevolent overlord
ecobenevolent
nonbenevolent
omnibenevolent
pseudobenevolent
semibenevolent
superbenevolent
ultrabenevolent
unbenevolent
Related terms: benefactor
beneficent
well-wisher
benignant
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /bəˈnɪɡnənt/
Forms: form: more benignant
form: most benignant
Etymology: From benign + -ant, on the model of malignant.
Senses: examples: text: Here Nature appears in her richest attire, and Art, dressed with the modestest simplicity, attends her benignant mistress.
ref: 1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society, published 1973, page 417:
text: And in the silence of the midnight trance,
In snowy robe she comes to cheer my sight;
So holy, so benignant is her glance,
Her brow so placid,—and her eye so bright,...
ref: 1827, Lydia Sigourney, Poems, The Departed Benefactress, page 30:
text: The most idiotic medicaster, when he had named, or, as they term it, diagnosticated a typhoid fever, found himself upon a level with the medical celebrities of the epoch. […] If the patient died, that was perfectly simple: he had a typhoid fever to which he was inevitably doomed to succumb! If he recovered, what a noble triumph for the medicaster, even when he had perhaps arbitrarily imposed the name of typhoid upon a simple and benignant fever, as is constantly done!
ref: 1853 October, J. B. Cayol, “Art. I. Memoir upon Typhoid Fever and Typhoidism. By J. B. Cayol, formerly Professor of Clinical Medicine to the Faculty of Paris; Member of Many Learned Socieities at Home and Abroad, etc. (Translated from the Revue Médicale.)”, in Drs. Otis and McCaw, editors, The Virginia Medical and Surgical Journal, volume II, Richmond, Va.: Printed by Colin & Nowlan, →OCLC, page 3:
text: General Peckem roused himself after a moment with an unctuous and benignant smile.
ref: 1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “Doc Daneeka”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 32:
glosses: Kind; gracious; favorable.
Derived terms: benignantly
unbenignant
benison
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɛnɪsən/
ipa: /ˈbɛnɪzʌn/
ipa: /ˈbɛnɪzən/
Forms: form: benisons
Etymology: From Middle English benysoun, beneson, borrowed from Old French beneïson, from Latin benedictiō, benedictiōnem. First known use: 14th century. Doublet of benediction.
Senses: examples: text: That elf-maiden smote with her hand so white,
“Sorrow and sickness on thee alight”
That elf-maiden smote with her cap so small,
“No more shall priest's benison on thee fall!”
ref: 1847 September 11, William J. Thoms, “The Folk-lore of Shakespeare”, in The Athenaeum, London, page 958, column 1:
text: Poor old men! how could they be cordial with their sore consciences and shamed faces? how could they bid God bless him with hearty voices and a true benison, knowing, as they did, that their vile cabal had driven him from his happy home, and sent him in his old age to seek shelter under a strange roof-tree?
ref: 1855, Anthony Trollope, The Warden, →ISBN, page 197:
glosses: A blessing; benediction.
bequeath
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɪˈkwiːθ/
ipa: /bɪˈkwiːð/
rhymes: -iːθ
rhymes: -iːð
Forms: form: bequeaths
form: bequeathing
form: bequeathed
form: bequoth
form: bequeathed
form: bequoth
form: bequethen
form: bequothen
Etymology: From Middle English biquethen, from Old English becweþan (“to say, to speak, to address, exhort, admonish, blame, bequeath, leave by will”), equivalent to be- + quethe. Cognate with Old Frisian biquetha.
Senses: topics: law
glosses: To give or leave by will; to give by testament.
examples: text: Ownership of manufacturing workshops is not essential to that job; but BR happen to have been bequeathed a considerable number with a proud history.
ref: 1964 May, “News and Comment: Minister hamstrings BR workshops”, in Modern Railways, page 291:
text: First Xavier (Vernon Chatman): Looks like I already did. You're the sad figment of my twisted psyche's tragic dividend. You're the un-me. I'm the real me. You wanna be me?
Second Xavier (Vernon Chatman): Kiddo, I was the real me when you were still in my short pants.
First Xavier: Hate to break it to you, but I wore them first. Me bequeathed thee the psychopathological hand-you-down.
Second Xavier: So you're the one who stained them!!
First Xavier: Whoever found it, browned it.
ref: 2008, Xavier: Renegade Angel, season 1, episode 10:
text: The queen’s longevity always meant that Charles’s reign would be relatively short and therefore one of his most important tasks would be to bequeath the institution to Prince William in reasonable repair.
ref: 2025 October 30, Robert Booth, “Not in this together: King Charles cuts Andrew loose to save royal family’s repute”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: To hand down; to transmit.
examples: text: These young gay men and lesbians were more militant and began to reject advice from the homophile movement to try to "fit into" society, not to make waves, and to rely on professionals and establishment figures to bequeath them social rights.
ref: 2006 March 26, Leslie Feinberg, “'Gay is good'”, in Workers World:
glosses: To give; to offer; to commit.
Synonyms: leave
Derived terms: bequeathable
bequeathal
bequeather
bequeathment
unbequeathed
Related terms: quethe
quoth
bequest
berserk
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɜːsɜːk/
ipa: /ˈbɚˌsɚk/
Forms: form: berserks
form: beserk
form: berzerk
Etymology: The noun is borrowed from Old Norse berserkr (“Norse warrior who fights in a frenzy”), probably from bjǫrn (“bear”) + serkr (“coat; shirt”), referring to the bearskins which the warriors wore. Bjǫrn is possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”); and serkr from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; thread”). Alternatively, it has been suggested that the first element of the word is from berr (“bare, naked”), referring to warriors who went into battle without armour, but this is now thought unlikely. Doublet of berserker.
The adjective is derived from the noun.
The verb might partly be a back-formation from berserker, analyzed as containing the suffix -er.
Cognates
* Icelandic berserkur
* Norwegian Bokmål berserk
* Norwegian Nynorsk berserk
* Swedish bärsärk
Senses: examples: text: She had heard of his profligacy, his bursts of fierce Berserk-madness; and yet now these very faults, instead of repelling, seemed to attract her, and intensify her longing to save him.
ref: 1848, [Charles Kingsley], “New Actors, and a New Stage”, in Yeast: A Problem. […], London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], published 1851, →OCLC, page 40:
text: The Professor, with his face flushed, his nostrils dilated, and his beard bristling, was now in a proper Berserk mood.
ref: 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, “‘‘Question!’’”, in The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 76:
glosses: Synonym of berserker (“a Norse warrior who fought in a frenzy”).
synonyms: word: berserker
extra: a Norse warrior who fought in a frenzy
Derived terms: word: beresque
Related terms: Úlfhéðinn
berserker
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɜːsɜːkə/
ipa: /bəˈzɜːkə/
ipa: /bɜː-/
ipa: /-ˈsɜːkə/
ipa: /ˈbɚˌsɚkɚ/
ipa: /bɚˈzɚkɚ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)kə(ɹ)
Forms: form: berserkers
form: berserkar
form: berserkir
form: berzerker
form: beserker
Etymology: Borrowed from Old Norse berserkr (“Norse warrior who fights with frenzy”), probably from bjǫrn (“bear”) + serkr (“coat; shirt”), referring to the bearskins worn by the warriors. Bjǫrn is possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”); and serkr from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; thread”). Alternatively, it has been suggested that the first element of the word is from berr (“bare, naked”), suggesting warriors who went into battle without armour, but this is now thought unlikely. Doublet of berserk.
The word was introduced in English by the Scottish author and historian Walter Scott (1771–1832) in Illustrations of Northern Antiquities (1814) (spelled berserkir), and in his novel The Pirate (1822) (spelled berserkar). The sense “type of von Neumann probe whose mission is to exterminate alien lifeforms” was coined by the American author Fred Saberhagen (1930–2007) in 1963 in his Berserker series of novels and short stories.
Cognates
* Icelandic berserkur
* Swedish bärsärk
Senses: glosses: A Norse warrior who purportedly fought in a trance-like frenzy; a berserk.
glosses: One who fights as if frenzied, like a berserker.
topics: literature
media
publishing
science-fiction
glosses: A type of von Neumann probe whose mission is to exterminate alien lifeforms.
besiege
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bəˈsiːd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -iːdʒ
Forms: form: besieges
form: besieging
form: besieged
form: besieged
Etymology: From Middle English besegen, bisegen, equivalent to be- (“around, about”) + siege.
Senses: glosses: To beset or surround with armed forces for the purpose of compelling to surrender, to lay siege to, beleaguer.
examples: text: When it arrived, the train was headed by a "K" class 4-6-0 wood-burning locomotive, and a water-tank wagon next to the tender was immediately besieged by women and girls, clad in their picturesque national costume, all with empty kerosene tins for water, a scene which was re-enacted at each stop down the line.
ref: 1943 November and December, G. T. Porter, “The Lines Behind the Lines in Burma”, in Railway Magazine, page 325:
text: They should have inflicted a much heavier loss on their besieged opponents, the highlight being a late goal for Aston Villa striker Ollie Watkins on debut after he came on as a substitute.
ref: 2021 March 25, Phil McNulty, “England 5-0 San Marino”, in BBC Sport:
glosses: To beleaguer, to vex, to lay siege to, to beset.
glosses: to assail or ply, as with requests or demands.
Derived terms: besiegement
besieger
besiegingly
rebesiege
unbesieged
biceps
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbaɪ.sɛps/
Forms: form: biceps
form: bicepses
form: bicipites
Etymology: PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Latin biceps (“double-headed, two-peaked”), from bis (“double”) + caput (“head”). See there for more details.
Senses: examples: text: The leg is bent by the action of the flexor muscles situated on the back of the thigh, the chief of these being called the biceps of the leg.
ref: 1901, Michael Foster, Lewis E. Shore, Physiology for Beginners, page 73:
topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: Any muscle having two heads.
examples: text: The arm muscles are the show muscles of the physique. When someone asks to "see your muscles," they are most likely referring to your arms, and more specifically, your biceps.
ref: 1996, Robert Kennedy, Dwayne Hines II, Animal Arms, page 21:
glosses: Specifically, the biceps brachii, the flexor of the elbow.
examples: text: Today, Stonewall's flexed biceps measure 18 inches around.
ref: 1964 Dec, “Muscles are His Business”, in Ebony, volume 20, number 2, page 147:
text: Biting her lip, she held his biceps for balance and waded farther.
ref: 2005, Lisa Plumley, Once Upon a Christmas, page 144:
text: Odin examined the arm-ring, then pushed it onto his arm, up high on his biceps.
ref: 2017, Neil Gaiman, Norse Mythology, Bloomsbury Publishing, page 42:
synonyms: guns#Noun
pipes#Noun
pythons#Noun
glosses: The upper arm, especially the collective muscles of the upper arm.
examples: text: Also it is advisable to distinguish this ( ˘ ˘ ) — ˘ ˘ — rhythm, where the princeps was probably shorter in duration than the biceps (as in the dactylic hexameter), from true (marching) anapaests, in which they were equal.
ref: 1987, Martin Litchfield West, Introduction to Greek Metre:
text: This means that in the metrical sequence[…] recited in ordinary speech rhythm, the princeps occupied a slightly shorter time than the biceps (5:6), and if a long syllable was used to fill the biceps it had to be dragged a little[…]
ref: 2000, James I. Porter, Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future, page 347:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
phonology
prosody
sciences
antonyms: princeps#Noun
glosses: A point in a metrical pattern that can be filled either with one long syllable (a longum) or two short syllables (two brevia).
Derived terms: back double biceps
bicep
bicep curl
biceps femoris
double biceps
front double biceps
gluteobiceps
rear double biceps
Related terms: biceps brachii
biceps cubiti
biceps femoris
bicipital
quadriceps
triceps
bifurcation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌbaɪfəˈkeɪʃən/
enpr: bī'fər-kāʹshən
ipa: /ˌbaɪfɚˈkeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: bifurcations
Etymology: From bifurcate + -ion.
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: A division into two branches.
glosses: Any place where one thing divides into two.
examples: text: “Get away from me, freak.” “Actually, my designation is Logic-y. I take issue with the pejorative when I am simply a product of your self-inflicted bifurcation.”
ref: 2023 October 12, Edgar Momplaisir, “A Few Badgeys More” (15:59 from the start), in Star Trek: Lower Decks, season 4, episode 7, spoken by Logic-y (Jack McBrayer):
glosses: The act of bifurcating; branching or dividing in two.
glosses: Either of the forks or other branches resultant from such a division.
topics: geography
natural-sciences
glosses: A place where two roads, tributaries etc. part or meet.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: The point where a channel divides when proceeding from seaward.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: The change in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family as described by bifurcation theory.
topics: computer
computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
science
sciences
glosses: A command that executes one block or other of commands depending on the result of a condition.
Synonyms: sense: division into two branches
word: branched
sense: division into two branches
word: branching
sense: division into two branches
word: forked
sense: division into two branches
word: forking
Derived terms: bifurcational
bifurcation theory
postbifurcation
prebifurcation
rebifurcation
Related terms: bifurcate
trifurcation
quadfurcation
biggest
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɪɡɪst/
note: weak vowel merger
ipa: /ˈbɪɡəst/
Senses: glosses: superlative form of big: most big
biologist
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/
Forms: form: biologists
Etymology: From biology + -ist.
Senses: examples: text: Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus.[…]A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that. Developed as a tool to electronically combine the sharpest bits of multiple digital images, focus stacking is a boon to biologists seeking full focus on a micron scale.
ref: 2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist, archived from the original on 29 Jun 2015:
text: Wildlife biologist Stanley Temple hypothesised that perhaps the dodo tree was dependent on its seeds passing through the digestive system of dodos in order to properly germinate and that the handful of individuals in the 1970s were the last remaining trees from seeds that passed through a dodo in the 1690s-1700s when they went extinct.
ref: 2017 May 3, Mark Carnall, “Finding zombies, ghosts and Elvis in the fossil record”, in The Guardian:
glosses: A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.
Derived terms: aerobiologist
agrobiologist
anthropobiologist
astrobiologist
chronobiologist
cosmobiologist
cryobiologist
cytobiologist
developmental biologist
electrobiologist
endocytobiologist
ethnobiologist
evolutionary biologist
exobiologist
geobiologist
geomicrobiologist
glycobiologist
gnotobiologist
hydrobiologist
immunobiologist
limnobiologist
macrobiologist
magnetobiologist
marine biologist
metabiologist
microbiologist
molecular biologist
nanobiologist
neurobiologist
nonbiologist
palaeobiologist
paleobiologist
parabiologist
pathobiologist
photobiologist
phytobiologist
population biologist
protobiologist
proverbiologist
pseudobiologist
psychobiologist
radiobiologist
saprobiologist
sociobiologist
speleobiologist
xenobiologist
bipedal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌbaɪˈpiːdəl/
ipa: /ˌbaɪˈpɛdəl/
ipa: /ˈbaɪ.pɪdəl/
rhymes: -ɛdəl
rhymes: -iːdəl
Etymology: From biped + -al.
Senses: examples: text: Initial reports indicate the vessel contains a large number of intelligent bipedal aliens in some form of hibernation.
ref: 2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Preliminary report on alien vessel:
glosses: Having two feet or two legs; biped.
examples: bipedal locomotion
glosses: Pertaining to a biped.
Synonyms: two-footed
two-legged
Coordinate terms: orthograde
upright
Derived terms: anterobipedal
bipedalism
bipedality
bipedally
nonbipedal
semibipedal
Related terms: quadruped
quadrupedal
bivouac
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɪv.u.æk/
ipa: /ˈbɪv.wæk/
rhymes: -æk
Forms: form: bivouacs
form: bivouack
form: biouac
form: bivoac
form: bihovac
form: bivy
form: bivvy
Etymology: Unadapted borrowing from French bivouac (earlier biouac, bivac), from Alemannic German Biiwacht (“reinforcements of guard or town watch”), from bii- + Wacht (“watch, guard”).
Senses: examples: text: Townsend hare inhabit this area, particularly above the cabin, and a skier is likely to have one explode from a tree well and disappear into the whiteness as he skis by. Life is a constant bivouac for them -- they spend days huddled in tree wells during storms -- but I suspect they are as content and warm in their luxurious coats as we are in a cabin.
ref: 2014, Patrick Armstrong, The Log of a Snow Survey, →ISBN:
glosses: An encampment for the night, usually without tents or covering.
glosses: Any temporary encampment.
examples: text: Behold the Mansion reared by Dædal Jack!
See the Malt stored in many a plethoric sack,
In the proud cirque of Juan's bivouac!
ref: 1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 63:
text: The outing begins by Thursday noon, when the recreational vehicles start rumbling into town and their owners set up bivouacs.
ref: September 23, 2005, Boston Globe:
glosses: A temporary shelter constructed generally for a few nights.
glosses: The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: A structure formed by migratory ants out of their own bodies to protect the queen and larvae.
Derived terms: bivouac sack
bivouac sheet
bivouac
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɪv.u.æk/
ipa: /ˈbɪv.wæk/
rhymes: -æk
Forms: form: bivouacs
form: bivouacks
form: bivouacing
form: bivouacking
form: bivouacked
form: bivouacked
form: bivouack
form: biouac
form: bivoac
form: bihovac
form: bivy
form: bivvy
Etymology: Unadapted borrowing from French bivouac (earlier biouac, bivac), from Alemannic German Biiwacht (“reinforcements of guard or town watch”), from bii- + Wacht (“watch, guard”).
Senses: examples: text: We'll bivouac here tonight.
text: They reached the fir wood which had caused them so much trouble while it was still daylight, and bivouacked in a hollow just above it. It was tedious gathering the fire wood; […]
ref: 1951, C. S. Lewis, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia:
glosses: To set up camp.
glosses: To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army.
glosses: To encamp for the night without tents or covering.
Derived terms: bivouacer
bland
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /blænd/
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: blander
form: blandest
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin blandus (“pleasant, flattering”).
Senses: examples: text: a bland oil
text: a bland diet
glosses: Having a soothing effect; not irritating or stimulating.
examples: text: The coffee was bland.
synonyms: word: flat
word: tasteless
word: wallow
word: bland
word: cardboard
word: flaggy
word: flavorless
word: ingustible
word: intastable
word: savorless
word: insipid
word: tame
word: gustless
word: sapidless
word: mawkish
word: smackless
word: tasteless
word: unsavory
word: untasteable
word: wallowish
word: watery
word: waugh
word: wearish
word: wersh
glosses: Lacking in taste or flavor.
examples: text: First and foremost, alternative country artists generally claim to reject mainstream country music as musically indistinguishable from bland pop music, as lyrically superficial, and as having no artistic merit […]
ref: 2012, John Shepherd, David Horn, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World:
synonyms: tame
glosses: Lacking in vigor.
examples: text: bland comment
text: He's reading Balzac and knocking back Prozac / It's a helping hand that makes you feel wonderfully bland
ref: 1996, “Country House”, in The Great Escape, performed by Blur:
synonyms: word: lackluster
word: wan
word: banal
word: beat
word: blah
word: bland
word: boring
word: cold
word: colourless
word: drab
word: dreich
word: drowsy
word: dull
word: dull as dishwater
word: flat
word: ho-hum
word: humdrum
word: insipid
word: lackluster
word: lame
word: languid
word: lifeless
word: longsome
word: monotonous
word: mundane
word: no fun at parties
word: plain
word: plodding
word: prosaic
word: prosy
word: pedantic
word: pedestrian
word: static
word: straightforward
word: snoozeworthy
word: soporific
word: tedious
word: uncool
word: wan
word: weaksauce
word: wooden
word: uninteresting
word: stodgy
word: vapid
word: vanilla
word: bland
word: colourless
word: dim
word: dingy
word: dull
word: faint
word: lackluster
word: leaden
word: muddy
word: sad
word: sober
word: uncolorful
word: unholiday
word: wan
glosses: Lacking interest; boring; dull.
examples: text: Where didst thou find, young Bard, thy sounding lyre? / Where the bland accent, and the tender tone?
ref: 1818, John Keats, Sonnet:
text: “A tight little craft,” was Austin’s invariable comment on the matron;[…]. ¶ Near her wandered her husband, orientally bland, invariably affable, and from time to time squinting sideways, as usual, in the ever-renewed expectation that he might catch a glimpse of his stiff, retroussé moustache.
ref: 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter IX, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
glosses: Mild; soft, gentle, balmy; smooth in manner; suave.
Derived terms: blandfest
blandify
blanding
blandiose
blandish
blandly
blandness
blandoid
blandscape
blandsome
bland
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blænd/
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: blands
form: blanding
form: blanded
form: blanded
Etymology: From Middle English blanden, blonden, from Old English blandan (“to blend, mix, mingle; trouble, disturb, corrupt”), from Proto-Germanic *blandaną (“to mix, blend”). Cognate with Icelandic blanda, Norwegian, Danish blande, Swedish blanda. See also blend.
Senses: glosses: To mix; blend; mingle.
glosses: To connect; associate.
bland
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /blænd/
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: blands
form: blaind
form: blaund
Etymology: From Middle English bland, from Old English bland, blond (“blending, mixture, confusion”), from Proto-Germanic *blandą (“a mixing, mixture”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlendʰ- (“to grow turbid, dim, see badly, be blind”). Cognate with Icelandic blanda (“a mixture of liquids, especially of hot whey and water”).
Senses: glosses: Mixture; union.
hypernyms: fermented milk product
coordinate_terms: kefir
koumiss
glosses: A summer beverage prepared from the whey of churned milk, common among the inhabitants of the Shetland Islands.
Derived terms: in bland
blanch
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blɑːnt͡ʃ/
ipa: /blænt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɑːntʃ
rhymes: -æntʃ
Forms: form: blanches
form: blanching
form: blanched
form: blanched
Etymology: From Middle English blaunchen, from Old French blanchir, from Old French blanc (“white”), from Early Medieval Latin blancus, from Frankish *blank, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz (“bright, shining, blinding, white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).
Cognates
Cognate with blench (“to deceive, to trick”) through Proto-Indo-European, whence other etymology of blanch.
Senses: examples: text: His cheek blanched with fear.
text: The rose blanches in the sun.
text: Nurse Cramer's face blanched and she turned to Dunbar desperately for aid.
ref: 1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 171:
text: "Where is the target?"
"Bearing zero-four-five, Comrade. Bearing is constant," the michman replied, "closing rapidly."
Tupolev blanched. "Left full rudder, all ahead flank!"
ref: 1984, Tom Clancy, “The Seventeenth Day: Sunday, 19 December”, in The Hunt for Red October, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, →ISBN, page 456:
glosses: To grow or become white.
examples: text: to blanch linen
text: Age has blanched his hair.
glosses: To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach.
topics: cooking
food
lifestyle
glosses: To cook by dipping briefly into boiling water, then directly into cold water.
glosses: To whiten, for example the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices.
glosses: To bleach by excluding light, for example the stalks or leaves of plants by earthing them up or tying them together.
examples: text: to blanch almonds
glosses: To make white by removing the skin of, for example by scalding.
glosses: To give a white lustre to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining)
glosses: To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin.
examples: c. 1680, John Tillotson, The indispensable necessity of the knowledge of the Holy Scripture
Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things.
synonyms: palliate
glosses: To give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to whiten;
Derived terms: blanchable
blanched almond
blancher
blanch up
emblanch
preblanch
Related terms: blanch holding
parboil
blanch
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blɑːnt͡ʃ/
ipa: /blænt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɑːntʃ
rhymes: -æntʃ
Forms: form: blanches
form: blanching
form: blanched
form: blanched
Etymology: Variant of blench, of same Proto-Indo-European origin.
Senses: examples: text: Ifs and ands to qualify words of treason; whereby every man might express his malice, and blanch his danger.
ref: 1622, Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Alban [i.e. Francis Bacon], The Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh, […], London: […] W[illiam] Stansby for Matthew Lownes, and William Barret, →OCLC:
text: I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way.
ref: 1624-39, Sir Henry Wotton, Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (published 1651), page 343
glosses: To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed.
examples: to blanch a deer
glosses: To cause to turn aside or back.
examples: text: Books will speak plain, when counsellors blanch.
ref: 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Counsel”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:
glosses: To use evasion.
blazer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbleɪzə/
ipa: /ˈbleɪzɚ/
rhymes: -eɪzə(ɹ)
Forms: form: blazers
Etymology: From blaze + -er. Originates from the 'blazing' scarlet jackets worn by members of Lady Margaret Boat Club, the rowing club associated with St. John's College, Cambridge. Compare Old English blæsere, blasere (“burner, incendiary”, literally “blazer”).
Senses: glosses: A semi-formal jacket.
glosses: A person or thing that blazes (marks or cuts a route).
glosses: Anything that blazes or glows, as with heat or flame.
glosses: The dish used when cooking directly over the flame of a chafing-dish lamp, or the coals of a brazier.
glosses: One who smokes cannabis; a stoner.
examples: text: blazers of crime
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25:
glosses: One who spreads news, or blazes matters abroad.
glosses: An older member of a sporting club, often with old-fashioned or conservative views.
examples: text: "What'd I tell you?" said Bill. "The old wolverine was tryin' to run a blazer on us. All he needed was to be showed we meant business. And he can't make no trouble for us when he gets out, 'cause our two words are better'n his."
ref: 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:
text: These folks don't take kindly to no brash stranger comin' in here tryin' to run a blazer on 'em.
ref: 2004, Louis L'Amour, Utah Blaine: A Novel, →ISBN:
text: Bad, he doubtless was. But when he tried to run a blazer on this grim little cowman, Slaughter had run him.
ref: 2016, Eugene Cunningham, Triggernometry: A Gallery Of Gunfighters, →ISBN:
glosses: A con or swindle.
Derived terms: blazered
blazerless
trailblazer
Related terms: blazar
bleak
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /bliːk/
rhymes: -iːk
Forms: form: bleaks
form: bleak
Etymology: From Middle English bleke (“small river fish, bleak, blay”), perhaps an alteration (due to Old English blǣc (“bright”) or Old Norse bleikja) of Old English blǣġe (“bleak, blay, gudgeon”); or perhaps from a diminutive of Middle English *bleye (“blay”), equivalent to blay + -ock or blay + -kin. See blay.
Senses: glosses: A small European river fish (Alburnus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidae.
Synonyms: ablet
alburn
blay
Derived terms: Danube bleak
sunbleak
bleb
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blɛb/
rhymes: -ɛb
Forms: form: blebs
form: blebbing
form: blebbed
form: blebbed
Etymology: Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.
Senses: examples: text: And there, while big drops bow the grassy stems, / And bleb the withering hay with pearly gems,/ Dimple the brook, and patter in the leaves, / The song or tale ah hour's restraint relieves.
ref: 1821, John Clare, “The Cross Roads”, in The Village Minstrel and Other Poems, page 84:
text: Cells were blebbed by brief exposure (5-20 s) to 2 M NaCl-NaOH (pH 10.0) and then labeled with rhodamine-conjugated Fab fragments.
ref: 1991, F. Zhang et al., “Lateral diffusion of membrane-spanning and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins”, in Journal of Cell Biology, volume 115:
glosses: To form, or cause the formation of, blebs.
bluff
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /blʌf/
ipa: /blɐf/
ipa: /blʊf/
rhymes: -ʌf
Forms: form: bluffs
Etymology: Probably from Dutch bluffen (“to brag”), from Middle Dutch bluffen (“to make something swell; to bluff”); or from the Dutch noun bluf (“bragging”). Related to German verblüffen (“to stump, perplex”).
Senses: examples: text: That is only bluff, or That is only a bluff.
glosses: An act of bluffing; a false expression of the strength of one’s position in order to intimidate or deceive; braggadocio.
examples: text: John’s bet was a bluff: he bet without even so much as a pair.
topics: card-games
poker
glosses: An attempt to represent oneself as holding a stronger hand than one actually does.
examples: text: BLUFF OR POKER [title of a chapter]
ref: 1845, Hoyle's Games:
glosses: The card game poker.
glosses: One who bluffs; a bluffer.
glosses: Pretense, excuse.
Derived terms: all bluff and bluster
at first bluff
blind man's bluff
bluff catcher
bluff charge
call someone's bluff
counterbluff
double bluff
post oak bluff
quadruple bluff
rebluff
semi-bluff
triple bluff
bluff
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blʌf/
ipa: /blɐf/
ipa: /blʊf/
rhymes: -ʌf
Forms: form: bluffs
form: bluffing
form: bluffed
form: bluffed
Etymology: Probably from Dutch bluffen (“to brag”), from Middle Dutch bluffen (“to make something swell; to bluff”); or from the Dutch noun bluf (“bragging”). Related to German verblüffen (“to stump, perplex”).
Senses: examples: text: John bluffed by betting without even a pair.
topics: card-games
poker
glosses: To make a bluff; to give the impression that one’s hand is stronger than it is.
examples: text: The government claims it will call an election if this bill does not pass. Is it truly ready to do so, or is it bluffing?
qualifier: by analogy
glosses: To frighten, deter, or deceive with a false show of strength or confidence; to give a false impression of strength or temerity in order to intimidate or gain some advantage.
examples: text: We bluffed our way past the guards.
glosses: To perform or achieve by bluffing.
examples: text: Vinod, you want to bluff the doctor, your mother, father, uncle, auntie, CMPB all that I don't care. But you cannot bluff me.
ref: 1993, Haresh Sharma, Off Centre, Ethos Books, →ISBN, Act 3, scene I, page 86, lines 1–4:
glosses: To give false information intentionally, to lie (to someone), to deceive; to put on an act.
Derived terms: sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: bluffable
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: bluffer
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: bluffingly
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: bluff out
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: double-bluff
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: outbluff
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: rebluff
sense: Terms derived from bluff (verb)
word: unbluffed
bluff
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /blʌf/
ipa: /blɐf/
ipa: /blʊf/
rhymes: -ʌf
Forms: form: bluffs
Etymology: Related to Middle Low German blaff (“smooth”).
Senses: examples: text: In the sketch (which is taken about 75 Jovian days after that of the 2nd July) there is shown a dark copper-coloured streak along the southern margin of the south brown belt, butting on to a bluff-headed streak of cumulus cloud which may be the same remarkable bluff head noticed on July 2.
ref: 1878 November 8, C. Todd, “Observations at the Adelaide Observatory”, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 39, number 1, page 18:
text: It seems there was a worm that slept upon a pile of treasure, which it had zealously heaped up under a stone bluff.
ref: 1961, Norma Lorre Goodrich, “Beowulf”, in The Medieval Myths, New York: The New American Library, page 39:
text: Bounded to the north and west by mountains and river, to the east by river alone, and to the south by high bluffs that mark the beginning of the loess country, it is a compact and easily defended territory hospitable only to nomads. Today these lands are divided between the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and the Ning-hsia Hui Autonomous Region. Under the Republic the Ho-t’ao and Pao-t’ou plains were included in Sui-yuan province, and the Ning-hsia area in Ning-hsia province.
ref: 1990, Arthur Waldron, “The second debate over the Ordos”, in The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 125:
text: Situated on bluffs above the Huangpu, a tributary of the Yangtze, Shanghai—which means ‘above the sea’—is sinking.
ref: 2020, David Farrier, “Thin Cities”, in Footprints, 4th Estate, →ISBN:
glosses: A high, steep bank, for example by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face.
glosses: A small wood or stand of trees, typically poplar or willow.
Derived terms: blufflike
Bluffton
blufftop
Council Bluffs
DeValls Bluff
Georgian Bluffs
Poplar Bluff
Red Bluff
Scotts Bluff County
bluff
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /blʌf/
ipa: /blɐf/
ipa: /blʊf/
rhymes: -ʌf
Forms: form: bluffer
form: bluffest
Etymology: Related to Middle Low German blaff (“smooth”).
Senses: examples: text: the bluff bows of a ship
glosses: Having a broad, flattened front.
examples: text: a bluff or bold shore
ref: 1769, William Falconer, "Côte en écore" (entry in An Universal Dictionary of the Marine)
text: Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect.
ref: 1845, Sylvester Judd, Margaret: A Tale of the Real and the Ideal, Blight and Bloom; Including Sketches of a Place Not Before Described, Called Mons Christi:
glosses: Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front.
examples: text: […] he had a bluff, rough-and-ready face, all roughened and reddened and lined in his long travels.
ref: 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:
glosses: Surly; churlish; gruff; rough.
examples: text: a bluff answer
text: a bluff manner of talking
text: a bluff sea captain
text: There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defence in a moment of surprise.
ref: 1832, [Isaac Taylor], Saturday Evening. […], London: Holdsworth and Ball, →OCLC:
synonyms: abrupt
unceremonious
blunt
brusque
glosses: Roughly frank and hearty in one's manners.
Derived terms: bluff-bowed
bluff-headed
bluffly
bluffness
bluff
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /blʌf/
ipa: /blɐf/
ipa: /blʊf/
rhymes: -ʌf
Forms: form: bluffs
form: bluffing
form: bluffed
form: bluffed
Etymology: Possibly onomatopoeic, perhaps related to blow and puff.
Senses: examples: text: Not a sparrow on the cottage thatch, where the chimney's warmth had thawed the snow, that did not seem to have his great coat on, so bluffed out were the feathers, and not a frozen-out duck who did not glance up at the icicles hanging to the roof, and quack a prayer for rain.
ref: 1866, Grantley F[itzhardinge] Berkeley, “Incidents of Sport”, in My Life and Recollections. … Complete in Four Volumes, volume III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 124:
text: [W]hen the bare boughs of a tree intervened between her and the rising bright but deep red sun, frosted as the twigs were, on them sat a merry flock of sparrows, the feathers on their breasts bluffed out, as if they had donned warm winter spencers to shield them from the biting blast.
ref: 1870, Grantley F[itzhardinge] Berkeley, “The Fair Doe of Fernditch”, in Tales of Life and Death. … In Two Volumes, volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, page 117:
text: I remember one idle bright afternoon here when Phillip bluffed out his little chest, sneaking expectant glances back at me and Cammy, until she "restrained" him from bickering with that beagle.
ref: 2002, Nick Fowler, “Sunday in the Park with Sores”, in A Thing (or Two) about Curtis and Camilla, New York, N.Y.: Pantheon Books, →ISBN; 1st Vintage Contemporaries edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, June 2003, →ISBN, pages 285–286:
glosses: To fluff, puff or swell up.