anneal
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈniːl/
rhymes: -iːl
Forms: form: anneals
form: annealing
form: annealed
form: annealed
form: aneal
Etymology: From Middle English anelen, onelen, from Old English onǣlan (“to burn, ignite, set fire to, consume, heat, enlighten, incite, inflame, inspire, kindle”), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on”) + Proto-Germanic *ailijaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”). The double-N spelling may have arisen by analogy with Latinate verbs like announce, annex, and annul.
The word is related to Old English onāl (“that which is burnt, burning; incense”), Old English āl (“fire, burning”), Icelandic eldur (“fire”), Swedish eld (“fire, flame”), Danish ild (“fire”).
Senses: examples: text: The best tough soft iron, such as will weld round, is drawn into rods by smiths, using charcoal fires, and taking welding heats every time, the rod is about 1.4 inch diameter, 9 or 10 feet long, containing 4lbs. each, tapered at each end to a long point; they are first anealed by being brought to a bright red heat, in a furnace excluding the air as much as possible, for if the air can be entirely excluded, no scab will rise in anealing; […]
ref: 1812 March 7, O. E., “The Process of Making Iron Wire”, in H[ezekiah] Niles, editor, The Weekly Register, volume II, number 27, Baltimore, Md.: Printed and published by the editor, at the Franklin Press, South-Street, next door to the Merchants' Coffee-House, →OCLC, page 9:
text: On closer inspection it appeared that steel annealed at 100° is, cæteris paribus, more easily soluble than glass hard steel; steel annealed at 200° more easily soluble than steel annealed at 100°, and steel annealed at 360° more easily soluble than steel annealed at 200°. […] These curious results were substantiated by annealing one-half of short glass hard rods (ca. 5ᶜᵐ in length) at red heat on dissolving in HCl, the diameter of the soft length is diminished more rapidly than the diameter of the hard length.
ref: 1887, C. Barus, V[incenc] Strouhal, “The Effect of Sudden Cooling Exhibited by Glass and by Steel, Considered both Physically and Chemically”, in Report of Work Done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics Mainly During the Fiscal Year 1885–'86 (Bulletins of the United States Geological Survey; no. 42; 50th Congress, 2d session, House of Representatives Miscellaneous Documents; no. 137), volume VII, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, published 1889, →OCLC, page 123:
text: The isolated disordered regions and the amorphous layer have widely different anneal behavior. In the case of germanium and silicon, the isolated disordered regions anneal at moderate temperatures of approximately 200° and 300° C, respectively. The amorphous layers also anneal in a characteristic fashion, but at appreciably higher temperatures, i.e., at approximately 600° C in silicon and 400° C in germanium. It should be noted that even though both types of disorder can be annealed at temperatures well below those where diffusion of the dopant species occurs, there are still defects present.
ref: 1970, James W[alter] Mayer, Lennart Eriksson, John A[rthur] Davies, “General Features of Ion Implantation”, in Ion Implantation in Semiconductors: Silicon and Germanium, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 5:
text: I felt his strong bones anneal themselves to my own, his blood vent its bright tide into my veins, the semen of his testicles foam as it dashed in a torrent against mine.
ref: 1979, J.G. Ballard, The Unlimited Dream Company, chapter 30:
text: A properly made, fully sintered and fully annealed metal clay piece should be able to stand up to any traditional metalsmithing technique.
ref: 2010, Kate McKinnon, Sculptural Metal Clay Jewelry: Techniques and Explorations, Loveland, Colo.: Interweave Press, →ISBN, page 27:
topics: engineering
metallurgy
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: To subject to great heat and then (often slow) cooling, and sometimes reheating and further cooling, for the purpose of rendering less brittle; to temper; to toughen.
glosses: To cool glass slowly, to minimize internal stress.
examples: text: It was customary to beautify the Prow with Gold, and various ſorts of Paint and Colours: […] Several other Colours were alſo made uſe of, nor were they barely varniſh'd over with them, but very often anneal'd by Wax melted in the Fire, ſo as neither the Sun, Winds, or Water were able to deface them.
ref: 1706, John Potter, “Of the Parts, Ornaments, &c. of Ships”, in Archæologia Græca: Or, The Antiquities of Greece, 2nd augmented and improved edition, volume II (Containing I. The Military Affairs of the Grecians. II. Some of Their Miscellany Customs), London: Printed for S[amuel] and J[ohn] Sprint, at the Bell; and John Nicholson, at the King's-Arms, in Little-Britain; and for Timothy Child, at the White-Hart, in St. Paul's Church-Yard, →OCLC, page 127:
text: Such were the features of her heavenly Face, / Her limbs were form'd with ſuch harmonious grace: / So faultleſs was the frame, as if the whole / Had been an emanation of the ſoul; / Which her own inward ſymmetry reveal'd; / And like a picture ſhone, in glaſs anneal'd.
ref: 1793, John Dryden, “XII. On the Monument of a Fair Maiden Lady, who Died at Bath, and is there Interred”, in The Poetical Works of John Dryden, Esq. … To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author (A Complete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain; VI (London: Printed for Iohn and Arthur Arch, 23 Gracechurch Street; and for Bell & Bradfute and I. Mundell & Co. Edinburgh)), Edinburgh: Printed by Mundell and Son, Royal Bank Close, →OCLC, page 164:
glosses: To burn colors onto a glass or other surface.
examples: text: The 5′ junction is checked using a target gene-specific primer of ~21 nucleotides, which anneals upstream of the cassette integration site, together with a primer which anneals downstream of the first loxP site in the PCR cassette.
ref: 2007, Celine I. Maeder, Peter Maier, Michael Knop, “A Guided Tour to PCR-based Genomic Manipulations of S. Cerevisiae (PCR-targeting)”, in Ian Stansfield, Michael J. R. Stark, editors, Yeast Gene Analysis (Methods in Microbiology; 36), 2nd edition, London: Academic Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 68:
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: To make a double-stranded nucleic acid by pairing a single strand with a complementary strand.
examples: text: The experience annealed them, strengthening their resolve.
glosses: To strengthen or harden.
Synonyms: sense: harden
word: indurate
word: ruggedize
word: temper
word: harden
Derived terms: annealable
annealer
annealment
galvanneal
misanneal
nonannealed
nonannealing
postannealed
preanneal
preannealed
reanneal
unannealed