cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
commonly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɑmənli/
ipa: /ˈkɒmənli/
Forms: form: more commonly
form: most commonly
form: commonlie
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English comunly; equivalent to common + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.
ref: 2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:
glosses: As a rule; frequently; usually.
examples: text: As he thereon stood gazing, he might see / The blessed Angels to and fro descend / From highest heaven in gladsome companee, / And with great joy into that Citie wend, / As commonly as friend does with his frend.
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, chapter LVI, in The Faerie Queene, Book I, lines 497–501:
glosses: In common; familiarly.
Synonyms: word: most of the time
word: usually
sense: familiarly
word: affinitatively
sense: familiarly
word: friendly
sense: familiarly
word: homly
sense: familiarly
word: intimately
sense: familiarly
word: nearly
copying
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɑpiɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈkɒpiɪŋ/
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of copy
copying
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɑpiɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈkɒpiɪŋ/
Forms: form: copyings
Senses: glosses: an instance of the making of a copy
glosses: the practice of making one or more copies
Derived terms: defensive copying
anticopying
copying paper
multicopying
noncopying
belly button
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: belly buttons
form: belly-button
Etymology: From belly + button.
Senses: glosses: The navel.
Synonyms: tummy button
Derived terms: belly button ring
belly-button
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: belly-buttons
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of belly button.
articles
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑːtɪkəlz/
ipa: /ˈɑɹtɪkəlz/
Senses: glosses: plural of article
articles
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑːtɪkəlz/
ipa: /ˈɑɹtɪkəlz/
Senses: glosses: Breeches; coat and waistcoat.
examples: text: After educational training at Hayes Grammar School and Hayes College, Mr. Nokes was articled to a Surveyor and Land Agent in 1885, and, at the expiration of his articles, became a partner in the firm.
ref: 1948 May and June, “G. A. Sekon”, in Railway Magazine, page 145:
topics: law
glosses: the period during which a person works as an articled clerk; articling
articles
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑːtɪkəlz/
ipa: /ˈɑɹtɪkəlz/
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of article
Ares
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛə.ɹiːz/
ipa: /ˈɛɹ.iz/
homophone: Aries
Etymology: From Latin Arēs, from Ancient Greek Ἄρης (Árēs).
Senses: topics: human-sciences
mysticism
mythology
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The Greek god of war, considered equivalent to the Roman Mars and usually described as a son of Zeus and Hera, companion of Eris and Enyo, and by Aphrodite father of Deimos and Phobos.
Derived terms: Arean
Related terms: areo-
Jove
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /d͡ʒəʊv/
ipa: /d͡ʒoʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
Etymology: From Middle English Joves, from Latin Iuppiter, Iovis, from Proto-Italic *djowe-, ablative case of *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Doublet of Dyeus and Zeus.
Senses: examples: text: BEAT on, proud billows; Boreas blow; / Swell, curled waves, high as Jove’s roof; / Your incivility doth ſhow, / That innocence is tempeſt proof; / Though ſurly Nereus frown, my thoughts are calm; / Then ſtrike, Affliction, for thy wounds are balm. [Attributed to Roger L'Estrange (1616–1704).]
ref: 1781, [Mostyn John Armstrong], History and Antiquities of the County of Norfolk. Volume IX. Containing the Hundreds of Smithdon, Taverham, Tunstead, Walsham, and Wayland, volume IX, Norwich: Printed by J. Crouse, for M. Booth, bookseller, →OCLC, page 51:
topics: human-sciences
mysticism
mythology
philosophy
sciences
glosses: Jupiter, god of the sky.
topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: Jupiter
topics: alchemy
chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
pseudoscience
glosses: Tin.
Jove
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /d͡ʒəʊv/
ipa: /d͡ʒoʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
Etymology: From Middle English Joves, from Latin Iuppiter, Iovis, from Proto-Italic *djowe-, ablative case of *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Doublet of Dyeus and Zeus.
Senses: examples: text: "I promise to take care of myself. Yes; I won't take any risks. Not a single blessed risk. Of course not. I mean to hang out. Don't worry. Jove! I feel as though nothing could touch me. Why! this is luck from the word Go."
ref: 1900, Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim, page xxiii. 177:
glosses: An expression of surprise or amazement.
Derived terms: by Jove
Jovian
pantheon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpænθiən/
enpr: păn′thē-ŏn′
enpr: -ən
ipa: /ˈpænθiˌɑn/
ipa: /ˈpænθiən/
Forms: form: pantheons
form: panthea
Etymology: From Pantheon, c. 1300.
Senses: topics: lifestyle
religion
glosses: A temple dedicated to all the gods.
examples: text: Every act of a Roman, from birth to death, from dawn to night, was controlled and supervised by some presiding deity. Man was thus virtually a symbolic puppet in the hands of the Roman pantheon.
ref: 1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 209:
topics: human-sciences
mysticism
mythology
philosophy
sciences
glosses: All the gods of a particular people or religion, particularly the ancient Greek gods residing on Olympus, considered as a group.
examples: text: Usain Bolt seals his place in the pantheon with stunning fifth gold
ref: 2012 September 8, Richard Williams, “Sports - Olypics - Usain Bolt”, in The Guardian:
text: Mahomes, Kelce, head coach Andy Reid and other key contributors to the Chiefs’ recent run can now put themselves alongside NFL legends in the pantheon of the sport’s greatest.
ref: 2024 February 12, Ben Morse and Steve Almasy, “Kansas City Chiefs defeat San Francisco 49ers in OT in Super Bowl LVIII, become first back-to-back NFL champions in 19 years”, in CNN.com:
glosses: A category or classification denoting the most honored persons of a group.
Derived terms: pantheonic
pantheonize
Satan
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈseɪ.tən/
rhymes: -eɪtən
homophone: seitan
Forms: form: Satans
form: satan
form: Satanas
form: Sathanas
form: Sathan
Etymology: From Middle English Sathan, Satan, from Old English Satan, from Latin Satan, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (satán, “adversary, accuser”). Doublet of shaitan.
Senses: examples: text: This literature refers to a major figurehead of evil called “Satan,” the leader of a group of angels also referred to as “Satans.” These Satans accuse people and lead them astray.
ref: 1992, Clinton E. Arnold, Powers of Darkness: Principalities & Powers in Paul′s Letters, page 67:
text: 2007, Abdullah Yusuf Ali (translator), M. A. H. Eliyasee (Roman script transliteration), Osman Taha (Arabic script), The Qur′an, II, 102, page 15,
They followed what the Satans recited over Solomon′s Kingdom. Solomon did not disbelieve but Satans disbelieved, teaching men magic, and such things as came down at Babylon to the angels Hārūt and Mārūt.
glosses: A demon follower of Satan (principal evil spirit); a fallen angel.
examples: text: The most of these, such as various kinds of grasshoppers, leaf hoppers, butterflies, etc., are not peculiar to the clovers, while others do but little damage and need not be mentioned here. In a contest with any of them, the farmer is to a great extent powerless on account of their wide distribution and incredible capacity of increase in a very short period of time, and must rely, in his controversy with these satans, on improved methods of rotation, and on their natural enemies, the parasites, which by a wise and merciful dispensation of the Giver of all good, in due time, always hold them in check and prevent the total destruction of the crop.
ref: 1898, Henry Wallace, Clover Farming, Des Moines, Iowa: Wallace Publishing Company, page 136:
text: Hrothgar and his eldermen lived happily in Hereot Hall until the day that Grendel, a living fiend out of Hell, a Satan who ruled over swamps and marshes, came stalking toward them.
ref: 1961, Norma Lorre Goodrich, “Beowulf”, in The Medieval Myths, New York: The New American Library, page 21:
glosses: Anything that causes destruction or is viewed as evil.
Synonyms: word: Azazel
word: devil
word: demon
word: imp
Related terms: word: Abaddon
word: Al-Shaytaan
word: Apollyon
word: cosmocrat
word: Kroni
word: Lucifer
word: god
slanderer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: slanderers
Etymology: From slander + -er.
Senses: glosses: One who slanders or defames the name or reputation of another person.
raconteur
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɒnˈtəː/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɔ̃(n)ˈtəː/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɑnˈtɝ/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɔ̃(n)ˈtɝ/
Forms: form: raconteurs
Etymology: Borrowed from French raconteur.
Senses: examples: text: He was tempted to try the last door—to look into the room of evil fame; but he reflected that this would be indiscreet, since Colonel Capadose handled the brush—as a raconteur—with such freedom. There might be a ghost and there might not; but the Colonel himself, he inclined to think, was the most mystifying figure in the house.
ref: 1888, Henry James, The Liar:
text: It is notoriously possible for the author of a fictitious narrative to become, after a time, unable to distinguish it from a statement of actual facts. There is a case on record in which a learned judge communicated to the Psychical Society in perfect good faith a ghost story, all the principal features of which were proved to be imaginary. They had their origin in his own talent as a distinguished raconteur.
ref: 1905, W. G. Aston, chapter 5, in Shinto: The Way of the Gods, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., page 79:
glosses: A storyteller, especially a person noted for telling stories with skill and wit.
raconteur
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɒnˈtəː/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɔ̃(n)ˈtəː/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɑnˈtɝ/
ipa: /ˌɹæk.ɔ̃(n)ˈtɝ/
Forms: form: raconteurs
form: raconteuring
form: raconteured
form: raconteured
Etymology: Borrowed from French raconteur.
Senses: examples: text: The two of them turn to each other and raise an eyebrow each, their signal to slip into alternating raconteuring.
ref: 2003, Michel Faber, The Crimson Petal and the White, →ISBN, page 155:
glosses: To make witty remarks or stories.
Sherlock Holmes
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /ˌʃɜɹ.lɒk ˈhoʊmz/
Senses: glosses: A series of novels by Arthur Conan Doyle about a consulting detective with keen observational awareness, astute logical reasoning and professional forensic skills; also related media based on the books, such as movies.
examples: text: “Oh, hullo, Mrs Cream.” The woman she was addressing was tall and thin with a hawk-like face that reminded me of Sherlock Holmes. She had an ink spot on her nose, the result of working on her novel of suspense. [...] This was the first time I had seen Ma Cream today, she having gone off around noon to lunch with some friends in Birmingham, and I would willingly not have seen her now, for something in her manner seemed to suggest that she spelled trouble. She was looking more like Sherlock Holmes than ever. Slap a dressing-gown on her and give her a violin, and she could have walked straight into Baker Street and no questions asked. [...] She sniffed. And if I were to say that I liked the way she sniffed, I would be wilfully deceiving my public. It was the sort of sniff Sherlock Holmes would have sniffed when about to clap the darbies on the chap who had swiped the Maharajah's ruby.
[...]
 “Yes, sir, if that was the language of love, I'll eat my hat,” said the blood relation, alluding, I took it, to the beastly straw contraption in which she does her gardening, concerning which I can only say that it is almost as foul as Uncle Tom's Sherlock Holmes deerstalker, which has frightened more crows than any other lid in Worcestershire.
ref: 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “V & XX, XII”, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:
glosses: The fictional detective who is the protagonist of the series.
examples: text: What powers of deduction! . . . And what assurance! . . . A real Sherlock Holmes! I really didn’t think detectives like that existed, except in books!
ref: 1978, Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper, Michael Turner, transl., Tintin in America (The Adventures of Tintin), Egmont, published 2012, →ISBN, page 45:
glosses: Any person who has or is considered to have great powers of observation and deduction.
Synonyms: sense: person with great powers of deduction
word: Sherlock
sense: person with great powers of deduction
word: Holmes
Derived terms: Sherlock Holmesiana
Sherlock Holmesish
Sherlock Holmesque
Sherlock Holmesy
Marian
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: A variant of Marion, a medieval derivation of Mary, often also interpreted as a contraction of Mary and Ann, or as a variant of Mariana.
Senses: examples: text: There's no more faith in thee than in a steward prune, nor no more truth in thee than in a drawn fox; and for womanhood, Maid Marian may be the deputy's wife of the ward to thee.
ref: Act III, Scene III
glosses: A female given name from Hebrew.
Related terms: Marianne
Marian
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɛəɹiən/
enpr: mârʹēən
note: without the Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈme(ə)ɹiən/
note: Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈmɛɹiən/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiən
Forms: form: more Marian
form: most Marian
Etymology: From Mary + -an.
Senses: examples: text: a Marian apparition
text: Marian devotions
text: When, e.g., Dr. Pusey and others tell him, on à priori grounds, that his constant and unintermitting worship of Mary lessens his simple trust in Jesus, such a statement can only elicit from him amazement and pity; because he knows, as a matter most strictly within his own personal cognisance, that Marian devotion is among his most efficacious helps for growing in the knowledge and the love of God.
ref: 1867, E. Pusey, “Dr. Pusey on Ecclesiastical Unity”, in The Dublin Review, volume 8, page 84:
topics: Christianity
glosses: Of or relating to the Virgin Mary.
examples: text: I judge the meaning of it to be, that men who raigne like Lions, Kings and great ones who under the face of men carry the hearts of Tygers; and their Children who equall them in, and inherit their fathers crueltie; and their wives who ſurpaſſe them in Inſolence, and Marian perſecntions;^([sic]) muſt all receive ſuch puniſhments as their ſins deſerve, they end their lives tragically, […]
ref: 1651, Iohn Cooke, Monarchy No Creature of Gods Making, &c. Wherein Is Proved by Scripture and Reason, That Monarchicall Government is Against the Minde of God. […], Waterford: […] Peter de Pienne, page 55:
text: The Marian bishops had undoubtedly anticipated trouble when the daughter of Anne Boleyn ascended the throne.
ref: 1968, William P. Haugaard, “[The Convocation men of 1563] The Marian bishops”, in Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion, Cambridge: At the University Press, page 36:
text: Far from being open to dialogue with those of opposing beliefs, the Marian regime effectively shut down interconfessional debate through an uncompromising campaign against Protestants in print, pulpit and, above all, through a brutal programme of persecution.
ref: 2022, Frederick E. Smith, “[Agents of the Marian Counter-Reformation] The ‘Protestant Problem’”, in Transnational Catholicism in Tudor England: Mobility, Exile, and Counter-Reformation, 1530—1580, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, section III (Repatriation), page 191:
glosses: Of or relating to Mary I of England.
glosses: Of or relating to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Marian
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɛəɹiən/
enpr: mârʹēən
note: without the Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈme(ə)ɹiən/
note: Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈmɛɹiən/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiən
Forms: form: Marians
Etymology: From Mary + -an.
Senses: glosses: One of the Scots who remained loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots, in the disputes following her deposition.
Marian
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɛəɹiən/
enpr: mârʹēən
note: without the Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈme(ə)ɹiən/
note: Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈmɛɹiən/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiən
Forms: form: more Marian
form: most Marian
Senses: examples: Marian reform
glosses: Of or relating to Gaius Marius, Ancient Roman general and statesman.
Marian
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɛəɹiən/
enpr: mârʹēən
note: without the Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈme(ə)ɹiən/
note: Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈmɛɹiən/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiən
ipa: /ˈmɑːɹiən/
rhymes: -ɑːɹiən
ipa: /ˈmɛəɹiən/
enpr: mârʹēən
note: without the Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈme(ə)ɹiən/
note: Mary–marry–merry merger
ipa: /ˈmɛɹiən/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiən
Forms: form: more Marian
form: most Marian
Etymology: From Mari + -an.
Senses: examples: the famous Marian diviner, Asqudum
glosses: Of or relating to the Mari people.
Anne
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /æn/
ipa: /eən/
rhymes: -æn
Forms: form: Annes
Etymology: From French Anne (“Ann”), from Late Latin Anna chiefly in reference to St Anne the apocryphal mother of Mary mother of Jesus but appearing in the Vulgate in reference to Anna the Prophetess, from Koine Greek Ἄννα (Ánna) in the New Testament, from Hebrew חַנָּה (Ḥannâ, “Hannah”), from חַנָּה (ḥannâ, “grace, gracious, graced with child”). Occasionally reborrowed from languages who adopted the name from English. Very infrequently from Estonian abbreviation of Anna instead. Doublet of Ann, Ana, Anna, and Hannah. Compare John.
Senses: examples: text: Immortal God, that savedest Susanne / From false blame; and thou merciful maid, / Mary I mean, the daughter to Saint Anne, /Before whose child the angels sing Osanne,
ref: 1380s-1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale
text: "What do you think they are going to name the baby? Anne; after her and her mamma. So very ugly a name!"
"I don't think so," said Mr Carlyle. "It is simple and unpretending. I like it much. Look at the long, pretentious names in our family - Archibald! Cornelia! And yours, too - Barbara! What a mouthful they all are!"
ref: 1860, Mrs Henry Wood (Ellen Wood), East Lynne, Kessinger Publishing, published 2004, →ISBN, page 29:
text: "But if you call me Anne please call me Anne spelled with an e."
"What difference does it make how it's spelled?" asked Marilla with another rusty smile as she picked up the teapot.
"Oh, it makes such a difference. It looks so much nicer. When you hear a name pronounced can't you always see it in your mind, just as if it was printed out? I can, and A-n-n looks dreadful, but A-n-n-e looks so much more distinguished."
ref: 1908, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of the Green Gables:
text: French Socialists gathered recently in the Loire Valley for a weekend of debate that turned into the virtual anointment of Anne Hidalgo, the charismatic and divisive mayor of Paris, as their candidate for next year’s presidential election.
ref: 2021 September 2, Roger Cohen, “The French Left Is in Disarray, but Here Comes Anne Hidalgo”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 01 Dec 2021:
glosses: A female given name from French.
Derived terms: word: Anne Arundel County
word: Annie
word: Joanne
word: Lac Ste. Anne
word: Lytham St Annes
english: places
translation: places
word: Princess Anne
word: Queen Anne's Bounty
word: Queen Anne's County
word: Queen Anne's dead
word: Queen Anne's lace
word: Queen Anne's thimbles
word: Royal Anne
word: St Anne's
Related terms: Ana
Anika
Anissa
Anita
Anna
Annabel
Annabelle
Anneliese
Annetta
Annette
Hannah
Keanna
Nan
Nancy
Nanette
Nannie
Nanny
Anne
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /æn/
ipa: /eən/
rhymes: -æn
Etymology: A shortened form of any of various Germanic masculine names which began with arn (eagle), such as Arnold.
Senses: glosses: A male given name from the Germanic languages, of mainly French and Frisian usage, see Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
recognize
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹɛk.əɡ.naɪz/
ipa: /ˈɹɛk.ɪɡ.naɪz/
ipa: /ˈɹɛk.ən.aɪz/
ipa: /ˈɹekənɑɪz/
ipa: /ˈɹekəɡnɑɪz/
Forms: form: recognizes
form: recognizing
form: recognized
form: recognized
form: re-cognize
Etymology: From re- + cognize.
Senses: glosses: to cognize again
entirety
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈtaɪ.ə.ɹ(ɪ).ti/
ipa: /ɛn-/
ipa: /ɪnˈtaɪ.ə.ɹɪti/
ipa: /-ˈtaɪ.ə.ti/
ipa: /-ˈtʌɪɹəti/
ipa: /ɛn-/
Forms: form: entireties
form: intirety
Etymology: From Middle English enterete, from Old French entiereté, from Latin integritās, from integer (“complete, whole”). Doublet of integrity.
Senses: examples: text: Due to the early rainout, the game will be replayed in its entirety on Friday.
text: This was a superb win, albeit a somewhat controversial one, a great drive in a thrilling race, in which Leclerc had to sustain the most intense pressure from one Mercedes driver or another for the entirety of the race distance.
ref: 2019 September 8, Andrew Benson, BBC Sport:
glosses: The whole; the complete or amount.
Synonyms: word: totality
word: whole
word: entireness
word: entirety
word: fullness
word: pleroma
word: totalness
word: wholeness
Hyponyms: word: intactness
Derived terms: in its entirety
tenancy by the entirety
Related terms: word: entire
word: oneness
word: unity
word: completeness
word: completion
word: completely
word: total
wholeness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: wholenesses
Etymology: From Middle English holnesse, holnes, from Old English hālnes (“wholeness”), equivalent to whole + -ness.
Senses: glosses: The quality of being whole.
examples: text: It is not that the radical feminists are not interested in the workplace but that women from the left parties tackle the issue in a traditional way — like demanding equal payment for equal work. We thought that was absolutely insufficient. We focussed more on the wholeness of women's oppression and that if you don't first look at the role of women in the family, then you can't even understand, not to mention act upon, their underpayment at the workplace.
ref: 1981 December 19, Nancy Wechsler, Christine Delphy, “Politics In France”, in Gay Community News, volume 9, number 22, page 8:
glosses: The entirety, the whole thing as opposed to part.
Synonyms: entirety
whole
dependence
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈpɛndəns/
Forms: form: dependences
form: dependance
Etymology: From Middle French dépendance. Morphologically depend + -ence.
Senses: examples: text: He had a deep dependence on her for guidance.
glosses: The state of being dependent, of relying upon another.
examples: text: Her dependence on cocaine led to her ruin.
glosses: An irresistible physical or psychological need, especially for a chemical substance.
Derived terms: antedependence
caffeine dependence
codependence
co-dependence
density dependence
dependence grammar
interdependence
linear dependence
nondependence
overdependence
path dependence
pharmacodependence
semidependence
stereodependence
substance dependence
technodependence
Related terms: dependent
dependency
zobo
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈzoʊ.boʊ/
Forms: form: zobos
form: dsomo
form: zhobo
Etymology: From Tibetan མཛོ་པོ (mdzo po, “male bull–yak hybrid”); see zebu for more.
Senses: glosses: A kind of Asian cattle, supposed to be a hybrid between the zebu and yak.
Related terms: dso
dzho
dzo
zebu
Old Testament
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Old Testament
Etymology: From Middle English Olde Testament, calqued from Latin Vetus Testāmentum. Old refers to ancientness, not to obsolescence. Equivalent to a retronym, by comparison with the New Testament.
Senses: examples: text: The Old Testament says that eating shellfish is a sin.
topics: Christianity
lifestyle
religion
coordinate_terms: New Testament
glosses: The first major part of the Christian Bible, covering events before the coming of Christ, corresponding roughly to the Jewish Tanakh. Usually subdivided into the categories of law, history, poetry (or wisdom books), and prophecy.
Derived terms: Old Testamental
Old Testament
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more Old Testament
form: most Old Testament
Etymology: From Middle English Olde Testament, calqued from Latin Vetus Testāmentum. Old refers to ancientness, not to obsolescence. Equivalent to a retronym, by comparison with the New Testament.
Senses: examples: text: Given the Old Testament weather that defines the country, it's little wonder that religious faith became the cornerstone of the land and the people who stayed. I've seen hailstorms and tornadoes roll in over those fields with no more warning than God allowed Job
ref: 2007 December 18, Gail Caldwell, A Strong West Wind: A Memoir, Random House, →ISBN:
text: "Walter is a peaceful man, but I have a feeling that when it comes to you, he could get Old Testament."
ref: 2019 October 21, Jana DeLeon, Swamp Santa, Jana DeLeon, →ISBN:
text: "So we hate this girl who has information about the slime ball who took pictures of you. The enemy of our enemy. Totally Old Testament. Got it."
ref: (Can we date this quote?), Alexa Padgett, Many Sounds of Silence: A Bad Boy Rockstar Romance, Sidecar Press, Inc.:
glosses: Reminiscent of the content of the Old Testament, or of the behavior of God in it; especially dramatic, violent or vengeful.
Related terms: Hebrew Scriptures
Tanakh
Final Testament
Hebrew Scriptures
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Hebrew Scriptures
Senses: glosses: The Old Testament; Hebrew Bible
glosses: The Tanakh (תנ״ך)
Hebrew-Aramaic Scriptures
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Hebrew-Aramaic Scriptures
Senses: glosses: The Hebrew Bible.
theism
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθiː.ɪz.əm/
Forms: form: theisms
Etymology: Coined, theo- + -ism. ultimately from Ancient Greek θεός (theós, “god”). Attested in English from 1678, theist being attested 16 years earlier in 1662. Cognate French théisme, as in Diderot Principes de la philosophie morale (1745), which was probably borrowed from English.
Senses: synonyms: religion
antonyms: atheism
irreligion
irreligiousness
;
antitheism
antireligiousness
coordinate_terms: agnosticism
ignosticism
igtheism
transtheism
glosses: Belief in the existence of at least one deity.
examples: text: The term stands in contradistinction to theism which, in its widest sense, means belief in a personal god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses.
ref: 1999, Jeaneane D. Fowler, Humanism: Beliefs & Practices, page 66
qualifier: strictly
glosses: Belief in the existence of a personal creator god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses present and active in the governance and organization of the world and the universe. The God may be known by or through revelation.
Hyponyms: allotheism
anthropotheism
antitheism
apatheism
apeirotheism
autotheism
bitheism
cantheism
cosmotheism
ditheism
duotheism
dystheism
egotheism
eutheism
heliotheism
henotheism
hylotheism
maltheism
monotheism
multitheism
nomotheism
nontheism
omnitheism
panentheism
pantheism
polytheism
psychotheism
robotheism
suitheism
tetratheism
tritheism
zootheism
Related terms: atheism
thearchy
theist
theistic
theistical
theistically
theists
theo-
theocracy
theology
theopanism
theosophy
divine
divinity
theism
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈθiː.ɪz.əm/
ipa: /ˈtiː.ɪz.əm/
ipa: /ˈθiː.ɪz.əm/
Etymology: Borrowing from New Latin thea (“tea”, noun) + English -ism.
Senses: examples: text: "Theism" belongs to that genus of disease in which morphinism, caffeinism, and vanillaism belong.
ref: 1888, John C. Cutter, “Narcotics, stimulants, and depressants”, in Comprehensive anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : adapted for schools, academies, colleges, and families : with instruction on the effects of stimulants and narcotics, and brief directions for illustrative dissections of mammals, for elementary work with the microscope, for physiological demonstrations on the human body, and for the management of emergent cases, 3rd edition, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, →OCLC, page 350:
text: A single cup of tea may cause excitement and insomnia, while a stronger dose rarely fails to produce acute "theism," characterized by excitement, hyperaesthesia, palpitation, sweats, and frequent micturition; it may occasionally simulate delirium tremens, […]
ref: 1906 September 15, “Our breakfast beverages”, in The British Medical Journal, volume 2, London: British Medical Association, →ISSN, page 653:
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
synonyms: theaism
theinism
coordinate_terms: caffeinism
glosses: A morbid condition resulting from excessive consumption of tea.
whores
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: From the window of my red-light-district apartment I could watch the whores strutting back and forth, trying to entice their johns.
glosses: plural of whore
whores
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: examples: text: She's caught in a trap; she whores all night just to earn enough to spend the day getting stoned.
glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of whore
whoremonger
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhɔːˌmʌŋ.ɡə/
ipa: /ˈhoɹˌmɑŋ.ɡɚ/
ipa: /ˈhoɹˌmʌŋ.ɡɚ/
Forms: form: whoremongers
Etymology: From whore + monger.
Senses: synonyms: word: all-nighter
word: curb crawler
word: fare
word: gonk
word: jane
word: Jane
word: jockey
word: john
word: kerb crawler
word: monger
word: muttonmonger
word: punter
word: score
word: short-timer
word: steamer
word: trick
word: wapping cove
word: whoremaster
word: whoremonger
glosses: A frequent customer of whores.
messianic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˌmɛsaɪˈænɪk/
Etymology: From Messiah + -n- + -ic.
Senses: examples: text: There’s been a change in President Donald Trump. He used to say he had accomplished more than any other President, a debatable claim. But now he’s using messianic language about himself.
ref: 2019 August 21, Zachary B. Wolf, “Trump is either trolling everyone or thinks he’s like a god”, in CNN:
text: Speaking this week, Pope Francis sent a thinly veiled warning about the dangers of “pied piper of Hamelin”-style populists and “messianic clowns”. “There is only one Messiah,” the pope said, without naming Milei.
ref: 2023 October 22, Tom Phillips, Uki Goñi, “‘Bad and dangerous’: Argentina’s Trump on track to become president”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: Of, relating to, or resembling a messiah or the Messiah.
glosses: Of, relating to, or resembling messianism.
Derived terms: antimessianic
messianically
nonmessianic
postmessianic
premessianic
semimessianic
unmessianic
Related terms: messiahship
Messiahship
Messianic Judaism
messianism
Messianism
messianity
Messianity
messian
Messian
Jewry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuːɹi/
rhymes: -uːɹi
Forms: form: Jewries
Etymology: From Middle English Jewery, from Old French juerie. By surface analysis, Jew + -ry.
Senses: examples: text: Hitler attempted to murder all of European Jewry.
text: Darkly it [the Kabbalah] stood in their [Samuel David Luzzatto, Moritz Steinschneide, etc.] path, the ally of forces and tendencies in whose rejection pride was taken by a Jewry which, in Steinschneider’s words, regarded it as its chief task to make a decent exit from the world.
ref: 1941, Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 3rd revised edition, published 1995, page 1:
ref: 1989, Geoffrey Alderman, London Jewry and London Politics, 1889–1986:
text: Although AIPAC is prohibited from contributing directly to political candidates because of its status as a registered lobby, its reputation as the primary voice for American Jewry on Israel affairs has earned it significant clout in Washington.
ref: 2009, Rafael Medoff, Chaim I. Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism, →ISBN, archived from the original on 27 Nov 2023, page 16:
text: Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.
ref: 2019 July 17, Talia Lavin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:
glosses: Jewish people considered collectively.
examples: text: The Nazis who murdered Katzenelson also burned the entire Jewry of Radoshkowitz—Mane’s birthplace and burialplace in the vicinity of Vilna.
ref: 1973, Eisig Silberschlag, “Notes”, in From Renaissance to Renaissance: Hebrew Literature from 1492-1970, New York: Ktav Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 389:
glosses: The quarter of a town or city inhabited either partially or exclusively by Jews; historically, its main buildings were the synagogue, the ritual bath or mikve, the kosher-oriented butchery and bakery, etc.
glosses: Judaism.
examples: text: And all the londe off iewry, and they of Jerusalem went out unto hym, and were all baptised of hym in the ryver Jordan [...].
ref: 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Mark:
text: Josephus reporteth, that whilst the Romane warres continued in Jurie, passing by a place where certain Jewes had been crucified three dayes before, he knew thre of his friends amongst them[…].
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 27, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
text: In Bethlehem, in Jury / This blessed babe was born
ref: 1833, “God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen”, in W. B. Sandys, editor, Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, page 102:
glosses: The land of the Jews; Judea.
Synonyms: Jewdom
Klal Yisrael
Related terms: Jew
ghetto
Judaism
Judaism
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuːˌdeɪ.ɪz.əm/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuː.deɪˌɪz.əm/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuː.diˌɪz.əm/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuː.dəˌɪz.əm/
ipa: /d͡ʒuˈdeɪˌɪz.əm/
Forms: form: Judaisms
form: Judaïsm
form: Judaeism
form: Judæism
Etymology: From Middle English Iudaisme, from Late Latin iūdaismus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαισμός (Ioudaismós), from Ῐ̓ουδαῖος (Ĭoudaîos) + -ισμός (-ismós), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá) + -ιος (-ios), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Yəhūḏā(h), “Judah”). Doublet of Judezmo.
Senses: examples: text: I am a person of faith, and I am proud of my Judaism, its culture, its traditions and most importantly its belief in the family.
ref: 2021, Dr Philippa Kaye, Doctors Get Cancer Too, Vie Books, page 216:
text: The resurgence of overt antisemitism has underscored just how limiting the category of race is, said Rabbi Jacob Blumenthal, CEO of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and the Rabbinical Assembly.
ref: 2023 April 4, Harmeet Kaur, “What does it mean to be Jewish in the US?”, in CNN:
glosses: An Abrahamic religion tracing its origin to the Hebrew people of the ancient Middle East, as documented in their religious writings, the Tanakh.
Hypernyms: religion
Abrahamism
monotheism
Hyponyms: Conservative Judaism
Ebionitism
Frankism
Haredi Judaism
Hasidism
Karaism
Orthodox Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reform Judaism
Sadduceeism
Derived terms: muscular Judaism
Related terms: Jew
Jewish
Jewish calendar
Judaic
Judaica
Christianity
Islam
monotheism
Mosaism
Jewish
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: jo͞oʹ-ĭsh
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuː.ɪʃ/
rhymes: -uːɪʃ
Forms: form: Jewishes
Etymology: From Jew + -ish. Compare Middle English Judewissh (“Jewish”), Old English Iūdēisċ (“Jewish”), Dutch joodsch, joods (“Jewish”), German jüdisch (“Jewish”), Danish jødisk (“Jewish”), Swedish judisk (“Jewish”), Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (judaiwisks, “Jewish”). See also Yiddish.
Senses: examples: text: The Statue of Liberty. A French gift with a poem made by a Jewish.
ref: 2022 November 26, ArgieSocDem, Twitter, archived from the original on 09 Dec 2022:
qualifier: non-native speakers' English
glosses: A Jew.
Jewish
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: enpr: jo͞oʹ-ĭsh
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuː.ɪʃ/
rhymes: -uːɪʃ
Etymology: From Jew + -ish. Compare Middle English Judewissh (“Jewish”), Old English Iūdēisċ (“Jewish”), Dutch joodsch, joods (“Jewish”), German jüdisch (“Jewish”), Danish jødisk (“Jewish”), Swedish judisk (“Jewish”), Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (judaiwisks, “Jewish”). See also Yiddish.
Senses: examples: text: I can't speak Jewish; I can't even understand it.
ref: quoted in 1947, William Lloyd Warner, Leo Srole, The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups (page 232)
glosses: The Hebrew language.
examples: text: We believe that although he speaks Jewish, he speaks Russian quite badly and pretentiously.
ref: 2005 November 17, John Doyle Klier, Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-1881, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57:
text: After a day servicing commercial refrigeration through the five boroughs, Dad would bring home a story of a Chinese waiter on Second Avenue who “speaks Jewish like a Galitzianer,” or of a Mafioso in a Queens fruit market who “has such yiddisher taam, I call him Rabbi Zino.”
ref: 2009, Martin S. Jaffee, The End of Jewish Radar: Snapshots of a Postethnic American Judaism, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 115:
text: A Jew wearing a cap with a visor and a red scarf around his neck is answering a Jewish woman who has addressed him in Polish: “One speaks Jewish aboard the Jewish tram”. Another butts in: “What about in Hebrew?” “In Hebrew as well”.
[…] The Jews in Wereszczyn spoke Jewish amongst themselves, and Polish with us. They had their own Jewish accent, but they had a pretty good grasp of the Polish language.
ref: 2012 August 6, Ewa Kurek, Polish-Jewish Relations 1939-1945: Beyond the Limits of Solidarity, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 215:
glosses: The Yiddish language.
Related terms: Israeli
Evrite
Ivrite
theocratic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more theocratic
form: most theocratic
Etymology: From theocrat + -ic or theo- + -cratic.
Senses: examples: text: “The notion that rights don’t come from laws and don’t come from the government, but come from the Creator — that’s what the Iranian government believes,” he said. “It’s a theocratic regime that bases its rule on Shia (sic) law and targets Sunnis, Bahá’ís, Jews, Christians, and other religious minorities. They do it because they believe that they understand what natural rights are from their Creator. So, the statement that our rights do not come from our laws or our governments is extremely troubling.”
ref: 2025 September 6, Jonathan Turley, quoting Tim Kaine, “Tim Kaine’s Constitutional blasphemy”, in The Hill:
glosses: Pertaining to theocracy.
glosses: Conforming to God-rule, by Christian behavior.
Canarsie
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From Canarsee, the Lenape people living in eastern Long Island.
Senses: glosses: A neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.
Canarsie
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Canarsies
form: Canarsie
Etymology: From Canarsee, the Lenape people living in eastern Long Island.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of Canarsee.
joygasm
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: joygasms
Etymology: From joy + -gasm.
Senses: glosses: A feeling of great joy.
khat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kɑːt/
ipa: /kat/
ipa: /kæt/
rhymes: -ɑːt
rhymes: -æt
homophone: cat
homophone: Cat
Forms: form: khats
form: gat
form: kat
form: qat
form: qhat
form: quat
form: tschat
Etymology: From Arabic قَات (qāt).
Senses: examples: text: They are chewing on khat, a small serrated, bitter leaf with remarkable stimulative properties. […] One of the great things about khat[…] is that after a good chew you need to do something—walking, running, chopping wood, vigorously reciting a poem, throwing a grenade, anything that requires boldness and physical initiative.
ref: 1967 July 9, Lawrence Fellows, “East Africa Turns On With Khat”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:
text: Of course he was an amateur of quat – hashish – which delighted the cops.
ref: 1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 31:
text: ‘And skinny Arab beggars who chew qat all day long to kill their appetites and get high on the weed.’
ref: 2004, Khushwant Singh, Burial at Sea, Penguin, published 2014, page 25:
text: Habitually munching on narcotic leaves of khat, they are easy enough to spot, their gleaming Toyota four-wheel-drives slicing paths around beaten-up wheelbarrows and pushcarts.
ref: 2011 May 24, Jay Bahadur, “Somali pirate: 'We're not murderers… we just attack ships'”, in the Guardian:
synonyms: Bushman's tea
miraa
glosses: A shrub, Catha edulis, whose leaves are used as a mild stimulant when chewed or brewed as tea; also a drug produced from this plant.
qat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: qats
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of khat, a psychoactive stimulant obtained from the plant Catha edulis.
kat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kats
Senses: glosses: An ancient Egyptian unit of weight, one fiftieth of an avoirdupois pound.
kat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of khat.
kat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kats
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of gat.
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
Etymology: From Middle English schrub, schrob, (also unassibilated as scrub), from Old English *sċrob (in placenames) and sċrybb (“a shrub; shrubbery; underbrush”); akin to Norwegian skrubbe (“the dwarf cornel tree”).
Senses: examples: text: No trees have grown on the windswept Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean for tens of thousands of years — just shrubs and other low-lying vegetation. That’s why a recent arboreal discovery nearly 20 feet (6 meters) beneath the ground caught researchers’ attention.
ref: 2024 September 27, Katie Hunt, “Scientists discover hidden ancient forest on treeless island”, in CNN:
text: Tara flour is one of two products made from the seed pods of a thorny shrub native to Peru. One of those, tara gum, has been used safely for years as a thickening agent or stabilizer in human foods.
ref: 2024 October 3, Sandee LaMotte, “‘I’ve never experienced pain like that’: Consumers pay the price for untested food ingredients”, in CNN:
glosses: A woody plant smaller than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same base.
Synonyms: sense: plant
word: bush
Derived terms: sea shrub
semishrub
semishrubby
shrubbed
shrubbery
shrubby
shrub celery
shrub frog
shrubless
shrublike
shrub line
shrub ox
shrub trimmer
subshrub
tea shrub
undershrub
unshrubbed
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
form: shrubbing
form: shrubbed
form: shrubbed
Etymology: From Middle English schrub, schrob, (also unassibilated as scrub), from Old English *sċrob (in placenames) and sċrybb (“a shrub; shrubbery; underbrush”); akin to Norwegian skrubbe (“the dwarf cornel tree”).
Senses: examples: text: The Papistes[…]though they be woll shrubbed, and shred, yet they begin euen nowe before the springe, to budde.
ref: 1573, Anthony Anderson, An Exposition of the Hymne commonly called Benedictus:
glosses: To lop; to prune.
glosses: To plant a shrub in a yard, garden, etc.; to prune a bush or other plant into a shrub.
Derived terms: shrub out
shrub up
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
Etymology: From Arabic شِرَاب (širāb, “a drink, beverage”), شَرِبَ (šariba, “to drink”), akin to syrup, sherbet, and sorbet.
Senses: glosses: A liquor composed of vegetable acid, fruit juice (especially lemon), sugar, sometimes vinegar, and a small amount of spirit as a preservative. Modern shrub is usually non-alcoholic, but in earlier times it was often mixed with a substantial amount of spirit such as brandy or rum, thus making it a liqueur.
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
form: shrubbing
form: shrubbed
form: shrubbed
Etymology: From Arabic شِرَاب (širāb, “a drink, beverage”), شَرِبَ (šariba, “to drink”), akin to syrup, sherbet, and sorbet.
Senses: glosses: To make or drink a shrub (liquor drink).
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
form: shrubbing
form: shrubbed
form: shrubbed
Etymology: Of unknown origin. First attested in the 2000s.
Chiefly used in respect to English or Swahili pronounced in a manner characteristic of another Kenyan language.
Senses: examples: text: The people who benefit from making fun of shrubbing, therefore, are Kenyans who do not speak indigenous languages, because they are less likely to shrub than Kenyans who learned English as a second language in school and may have a heavier accent.
ref: 2010, Norma Mendoza-Denton, Dana Osborne, quoting Heidi Orcutt-Gachiri, “Two Languages, Two Identities?”, in Carmen Llamas, Dominic Watt, editors, Shrubbing and the evaluation of expertise in Kenyan English and Kiswahili: placing Kenyan indigenous languages at risk, 2008, page 7, quoted in Language and Identities, →ISBN, page 121:
text: However, Mwandani and her brother had noted that their mother had shrubbed and pointed it out right away.
ref: 2014, Michael Gathonjia Wairungu, “The notion of shrubbing vs. Mother tongue interference: a question of generation”, in "A Language of Many Hats": The Rise of Sheng and other Linguistic Styles among Urban Youth in Kenya, page 310:
text: It is still considered embarrassing if people in authority like teachers or newscasters “shrub.”
ref: 2019 April 19, Alice Wairimu Nderitu, “Harro! I shrub because, really, I have no otherwise, do I?”, in The East African, archived from the original on 16 Apr 2023:
glosses: To mispronounce (a word or words) in another language in a manner that is influenced by one's mother tongue.
Derived terms: shrubbing
shrub
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: shrŭb
ipa: /ʃɹʌb/
ipa: /ʃɹʊb/
rhymes: -ʌb
Forms: form: shrubs
Etymology: Of unknown origin. First attested in the 2000s.
Chiefly used in respect to English or Swahili pronounced in a manner characteristic of another Kenyan language.
Senses: examples: text: It is not only in face-to-face contexts that Kenyans police shrubbing; there are newspaper columns inviting readers to send in shrubs that they have witnessed, […]
ref: 2010, Norma Mendoza-Denton, Dana Osborne, “Two Languages, Two Identities?”, in Carmen Llamas, Dominic Watt, editors, Language and Identities, →ISBN, page 121:
text: One of the first people to go on air on X Fm, Raabia (It’s not a kuyu [Kikuyu] shrub for labia) is about to exit the station, she’s being replaced by Mao (their lispy producer) […]
ref: 2011 September 23, Yeye, “Fuck it!”, in Media Madness, archived from the original on 24 Sep 2011:
glosses: A word mispronounced by replacing some consonant sounds with others of a similar place of articulation as influenced by one's mother tongue.