cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
soar
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: sô
ipa: /sɔː/
enpr: sôr
ipa: /soɹ/
note: rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
enpr: sōr
ipa: /so(ː)ɹ/
note: rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
note: non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
ipa: /soə/
rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)
homophone: sore
homophone: saw (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)
homophone: sower (rare pronunciation)
Forms: form: soars
form: soaring
form: soared
form: soared
Etymology: From Middle English soren, from Old French essorer (“to fly up, soar”), from Vulgar Latin *exaurare (“to rise into the air”), from Latin ex (“out”) + aura (“the air, a breeze”), from Ancient Greek αὔρα (aúra, “breath”). Compare aura, and exhale.
Senses: examples: text: When soars Gaul's Vulture, with his wings unfurl'd,
ref: 1812, Lord Byron, “Canto I”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. A Romaunt, London: […] [F]or John Murray, […]; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and John Cumming, Dublin; by Thomas Davison, […], →OCLC, stanza LII, page 34:
glosses: To fly high with little effort, like a bird.
glosses: To mount upward on wings, or as on wings, especially by gliding while employing rising air currents.
glosses: To remain aloft by means of a glider or other unpowered aircraft.
examples: text: The pump prices soared into new heights as the strike continued.
text: A planning document produced in October 1984 said that Class 46 maintenance costs were soaring and rapid withdrawal would occur, and this came to pass by the end of the year.
ref: 2021 June 30, David Clough, “Brush: a UK rail icon”, in RAIL, number 934, page 57:
glosses: To rise, especially rapidly or unusually high.
examples: text: Such where the deep tranſported mind may ſoare / Above the wheeling poles,
ref: 1626 (date written), John Milton, “At a Vacation Exercise in the Colledge, […]”, in Poems, &c. upon Several Occasions, London: […] Tho[mas] Dring […], published 1673, →OCLC, page 65:
text: Valour soars above What the world calls misfortune.
ref: 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, page 4:
text: KORRIS: I have tasted your heart. You have been with them, but you are still "of" us. Do not deny the challenge of your destiny. Get off your knees and soar. Open your eyes and let the dream take flight.
ref: 1988 March 21, Vaughn Armstrong, Heart of Glory (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (Science Fiction), Paramount Domestic Television, →OCLC:
glosses: To rise in thought, spirits, or imagination; to be exalted in mood.
Derived terms: self-soar
soar
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: sô
ipa: /sɔː/
enpr: sôr
ipa: /soɹ/
note: rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
enpr: sōr
ipa: /so(ː)ɹ/
note: rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
note: non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger
ipa: /soə/
rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)
homophone: sore
homophone: saw (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)
homophone: sower (rare pronunciation)
Forms: form: soars
Etymology: From Middle English soren, from Old French essorer (“to fly up, soar”), from Vulgar Latin *exaurare (“to rise into the air”), from Latin ex (“out”) + aura (“the air, a breeze”), from Ancient Greek αὔρα (aúra, “breath”). Compare aura, and exhale.
Senses: examples: c. 1810-1820, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Notes on Jeremy Taylor
this apparent soar of the hooded falcon
glosses: The act of soaring.
glosses: An upward flight.
zygomatic bone
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: zygomatic bones
Senses: glosses: The cheekbone.
Synonyms: cheekbone
zygoma
zygomaticum
malar bone
cheekbone
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈt͡ʃikˌboʊn/
Forms: form: cheekbones
form: cheek bone
Etymology: From Middle English chekebon, chekbone, from Old English ċēacbān (“cheekbone”); equivalent to cheek + bone. Compare Dutch kaakbeen (“jawbone”).
Senses: examples: text: She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry.
ref: 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
text: A youngish-looking man came up to him, and aggressive-looking type with a hook mouth, a lantern nose, and small beady little cheekbones.
ref: 1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 113:
glosses: The small prominent bone of the cheek.
Synonyms: malar bone
zygoma
zygomatic bone
Derived terms: cheekboned
cheekbony
zygoma
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: zygomas
form: zygomata
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ζύγωμα (zúgōma), from ζυγόν (zugón, “yoke”).
Senses: topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: The cheekbone.
Synonyms: cheekbone
zygomatic bone
malar bone
Derived terms: word: zygomatic
english: and its derivatives
translation: and its derivatives
word: zygomatico-
Related terms: zygo-
bone
appal
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: rhymes: -ɔːl
Forms: form: appals
form: appalling
form: appalled
form: appalled
Senses: glosses: UK spelling of appall.
Derived terms: appalment
malar bone
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: malar bones
Senses: glosses: The cheekbone.
Synonyms: cheekbone
zygomatic bone
zygoma
perusal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pəˈɹuːzl̩/
rhymes: -uːzəl
Forms: form: perusals
Etymology: From peruse + -al.
Senses: examples: text: Please find attached the relevant documents for your perusal.
text: Having therefore no assistance but from general grammar, I applied myself to the perusal of our writers;
ref: 1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language:
text: These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.
ref: 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:
glosses: The act or process of perusing, or an instance of it.
Studying something carefully; a careful study.
glosses: The act or process of perusing, or an instance of it.
Giving something a cursory scan; a cursory scan.
Derived terms: reperusal
perusing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: perusings
Etymology: From peruse + -ing.
Senses: glosses: Synonym of perusal.
synonyms: word: perusal
perusing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Etymology: From peruse + -ing.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of peruse
champers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: shăm'pə(r)z
ipa: /ˈʃæmpə(ɹ)z/
Forms: form: champers
Etymology: Clipping of champagne + -ers
Senses: glosses: Champagne (wine).
Synonyms: sense: informal: Champagne
word: bubbly
word: fizz
word: shampoo
champers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: shăm'pə(r)z
ipa: /ˈʃæmpə(ɹ)z/
Senses: glosses: Plural of champer.
Passamaquoddy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Passamaquoddies
form: Passamaquoddy
Etymology: From Malecite-Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat (“those who spear pollock / those who live where there are pollock”).
Senses: glosses: A member of an Algonquian people who reside in Maine (US) and New Brunswick (Canada).
Passamaquoddy
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From Malecite-Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat (“those who spear pollock / those who live where there are pollock”).
Senses: glosses: The Algonquian language of these people, a dialect of Malecite-Passamaquoddy, still spoken in Maine and New Brunswick.
Derived terms: Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
Related terms: Wiktionary’s coverage of Malecite-Passamaquoddy terms
chicane
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʃɪˈkeɪn/
ipa: /t͡ʃɪˈkeɪn/
rhymes: -eɪn
Forms: form: chicanes
Etymology: Borrowed from French chicane.
Senses: glosses: A quibble, a pedantic or dishonest objection; an act of deception.
examples: text: 1775, Edmund Burke, speech on conciliation with America
In this character of the Americans, a love of freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole; and as an ardent is always a jealous affection, your Colonies become suspicious, restive, and untractable whenever they see the least attempt to wrest from them by force, or shuffle from them by chicane, what they think the only advantage worth living for.
text: ‘That they may be unlearned in the detestable chicane of politics, is certain; but, they are also uncorrupted by the odious and pernicious maxims of the unfeeling tools of despotism.’
ref: 1792, Charlotte Smith, Desmond, Broadview, published 2001, page 107:
glosses: The use of dishonest means or subterfuge to achieve one's (especially political) goals; chicanery, trickery.
topics: bridge
card-games
games
glosses: The holding of a hand without trumps, or the hand itself.
examples: text: On lap 23, Hamilton got a run on Leclerc into the second chicane after the two had overtaken Nico Hulkenberg's out-of-stop-sequence Renault down the main straight.
ref: 2019 September 8, Andrew Benson, BBC Sport:
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
motor-racing
racing
sports
glosses: A sharp double bend on a racecourse, designed to prevent unsafe speeds; an obstacle creating a curve.
topics: road
transport
glosses: A raised area or other obstacle around which vehicles must drive, especially designed to reduce speed.
Derived terms: bus stop chicane
double chicane
mobile chicane
Related terms: chicanery
chicane
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ʃɪˈkeɪn/
ipa: /t͡ʃɪˈkeɪn/
rhymes: -eɪn
Forms: form: chicanes
form: chicaning
form: chicaned
form: chicaned
Etymology: Borrowed from French chicane.
Senses: glosses: To use chicanery, tricks, or subterfuge.
glosses: To deceive.
kiss of life
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kisses of life
Senses: examples: text: The lifeguard pulled the man out of the lake and gave him the kiss of life.
glosses: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Related terms: kiss of death
serpentine
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɜː.pənˌtaɪn/
ipa: /ˈsɝ.pənˌtaɪn/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)pəntaɪn
rhymes: -aɪn
Forms: form: more serpentine
form: most serpentine
Etymology: From Middle English serpentine, from Old French serpentin, from Latin serpentīnus, from serpēns (“serpent”), equivalent to serpent + -ine.
Senses: glosses: Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of snakes.
examples: text: The wily criminal was known for his serpentine behavior.
glosses: Of, or having attributes associated with, the serpent referred to in the book of Genesis in the Bible, such as craftiness or deceitfulness.
examples: text: There are serpentine species of lizards which do not have legs.
synonyms: ophidian
glosses: Having the form or shape of a snake.
examples: text: The serpentine path through the mountains was narrow and dangerous.
text: So! keep looking so— / My serpentining beauty, rounds on rounds!
ref: 1855, Robert Browning, “Andrea del Sarto. (Called ‘the Faultless Painter.’)”, in Men and Women […], volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, page 2:
text: Between Magherafelt and Macfin its length of 29¼ miles made a rather serpentine line on the map, as it attempted to serve the rather scattered towns and villages that lie between the River Bann and the Dungiven Mountains.
ref: 1950 December, E. M. Patterson, “An Ulster Round Trip”, in Railway Magazine, page 802:
synonyms: sinuous
tortuous
winding
glosses: Curving in alternate directions; sinuous.
examples: serpentine soils
glosses: Pertaining to the serpentine subgroup of minerals.
Derived terms: serpentine belt
serpentinely
serpentine verse
serpentine
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɜː.pənˌtaɪn/
ipa: /ˈsɝ.pənˌtaɪn/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)pəntaɪn
rhymes: -aɪn
Forms: form: serpentines
Etymology: From Middle English serpentine, from Old French serpentin, from Latin serpentīnus, from serpēns (“serpent”), equivalent to serpent + -ine.
Senses: glosses: Any of several plants believed to cure snakebites.
glosses: An early form of cannon, used in the 16th century.
glosses: A kind of firework.
glosses: A coiled distillation tube.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: Any of several related cubic curves; anguinea
topics: equestrianism
hobbies
horses
lifestyle
pets
sports
glosses: In dressage, a winding walk across on the arena.
examples: text: It is reached by five-and-twenty steps of porphyry and serpentine.
ref: 2020, Hilary Mantel, The Mirror and the Light, Fourth Estate, page 394:
topics: chemistry
geography
geology
mineralogy
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Any of several green/brown minerals consisting of magnesium and iron silicates that have similar layered crystal structure, whose appearance somewhat resembles a snake's skin.
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: An outcrop or region with soil and rock dominated by these minerals.
Hyponyms: sense: mineral
word: antigorite
sense: mineral
word: chrysotile
sense: mineral
word: lizardite
serpentine
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɜː.pənˌtaɪn/
ipa: /ˈsɝ.pənˌtaɪn/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)pəntaɪn
rhymes: -aɪn
Forms: form: serpentines
form: serpentining
form: serpentined
form: serpentined
Etymology: From Middle English serpentine, from Old French serpentin, from Latin serpentīnus, from serpēns (“serpent”), equivalent to serpent + -ine.
Senses: examples: text: 1813, George Nicholson, The Cambrian Traveller's Guidey
There were two little lakes, or rather large pools which stood in the bottom, whence issued a rivulet which serpentined in view for two or three miles, offering a pleasing relief to the eye.
text: The mountains were fully in their gorgeous autumn garb the next morning, as the train serpentined up and up toward the divide.
ref: 1912, William B. Simmons, “The First Tripper”, in Hamilton Literary Magazine, volume 47, page 123:
text: Most great mountain riders carve up the slope, serpentining as he climbs up the mountain. A mountain rider will as he loses momentum will turn out a bit, reducing the angle of attack. He will continue carving switchbacks, using body english jumping from one side of his sled to the other, as he continues climbing higher and higher.
ref: 2002 April 29, mixgreg, “Mountain Sledding”, in rec.sport.snowmobiles (Usenet):
text: At least one road here (the one serpentining up the mountain to Urfeld at the Walchensee) is prohibited for bicycles on weekends.
ref: 2012 January 29, Hans-Georg Michna, “GPS getting you into trouble”, in alt.satellite.gps.garmin (Usenet):
glosses: To serpentize; to turn or bend; to meander.
supplely
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: /ˈsʌp.ə(l).li/
/ˈsʌp.li/
Forms: form: more supplely
form: most supplely
form: supply
Etymology: From supple + -ly.
Senses: glosses: In a supple manner:
Lithely.
glosses: In a supple manner:
Flexibly.
scammer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈskæmɚ/
rhymes: -æmə(ɹ)
Forms: form: scammers
Etymology: From scam + -er.
Senses: examples: text: According to Netsafe, scammers send out a bunch of emails, hoping to snag a few gullible people, but simply deleting the offending email won’t do anything to impede the con.
ref: 2017 November 10, Aaron Mak, “This Hilarious Chatbot Messes with Scammers for You”, in Slate:
text: TransPennine Express has removed all QR codes from its 71 car parks after scammers covered up a genuine code sticker with a false one and stole £13,000 from a woman's bank account.
ref: 2023 December 13, “Network News: £13,000 stolen via car park QR”, in RAIL, number 998, page 11:
glosses: A person who commits fraud by making dishonest scams and business deals: swindler, cheat, grifter.
Synonyms: fraudster
Related terms: 419 scammer
supple
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsʌpəl/
rhymes: -ʌpəl
Forms: form: suppler
form: supplest
Etymology: From Middle English souple, from Old French souple, soupple (“soft, lithe, yielding”), from Latin supplic-, supplex (“suppliant, submissive, kneeling”), of uncertain formation. Either from sub + plicō (“bend”) (compare complex), or from sub + plācō (“placate”). More at sub-, placate.
Senses: examples: text: Global supply chains, meanwhile, have grown both tighter and more supple since the late 1990s—the result of improving information technology and of freer trade—making routine work easier to relocate.
ref: 2011 July 25, Don Peck, “Can the Middle Class Be Saved?”, in The Atlantic:
glosses: Pliant, flexible, easy to bend.
examples: text: supple joints
text: supple fingers
text: My hands are supple and small. A woman in a bread shop once said to me: “You have the hands for making fine little pastries.”
ref: 1918 February (date written), Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “Je ne parle pas français”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, pages 82–83:
glosses: Lithe and agile when moving and bending.
examples: text: a supple horse
text: If punishment […] makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender.
ref: 1693, [John Locke], “§78”, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education, London: […] A[wnsham] and J[ohn] Churchill, […], →OCLC:
glosses: Compliant; yielding to the will of others.
topics: beverages
food
lifestyle
oenology
glosses: Smooth and drinkable.
Derived terms: supplejack
suppleness
supple
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsʌpəl/
rhymes: -ʌpəl
Forms: form: supples
form: suppling
form: suppled
form: suppled
Etymology: From Middle English souple, from Old French souple, soupple (“soft, lithe, yielding”), from Latin supplic-, supplex (“suppliant, submissive, kneeling”), of uncertain formation. Either from sub + plicō (“bend”) (compare complex), or from sub + plācō (“placate”). More at sub-, placate.
Senses: examples: text: The flesh therewith she suppled and did steepe
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 33:
text: The Stones (a Miracle to Mortal View, / But long Tradition makes it paſs for true) / Did firſt the Rigour of their Kind expel, / And ſuppled into ſoftneſs, as they fell; […]
ref: 1717, John Dryden, “Book I”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 18:
glosses: To make or become supple.
examples: text: They should supple our stiff wilfulness.
ref: a. 1677, Isaac Barrow, Of contentment, patience and resignation to the will of God:
text: a mother persisting till she had bent her daughter's mind and suppled her will
ref: 1693, [John Locke], “§78”, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education, London: […] A[wnsham] and J[ohn] Churchill, […], →OCLC:
glosses: To make compliant, submissive, or obedient.
flexibly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more flexibly
form: most flexibly
Etymology: From flexible + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: But while the decline in season ticket sales as a proportion of fares income has continued, commuting has by no means died. Instead, people are working more flexibly. Therefore, a monthly or annual season ticket is not worthwhile.
ref: 2025 September 3, Christian Wolmar, “9 to 5: The changing face of commuting”, in RAIL, number 1043, page 57:
glosses: In a flexible manner.
swindler
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈswɪnd.lə(ɹ)/
rhymes: -ɪlə(ɹ)
Forms: form: swindlers
Etymology: Borrowed from German Schwindler, 1774.
Senses: examples: text: But I got somethin’ to say bearin’ on that swindler who got what was comin’ to him.
ref: 1908, The Scrap Book: Second Section, volume V, page 637:
text: There’s good reason to worry. In an earlier memoir, “Five-Finger Discount,” Stapinski recreated the terrifying world of swindlers, embezzlers, burglars and mobster wannabes who made up her extended Jersey City family.
ref: 2017 June 23, Max Byrd, “A Trip to Southern Italy to Shed Light on a Family Scandal”, in The New York Times:
synonyms: word: bamboozler
word: bouncer
word: bullshitter
word: cheat
word: cheater
word: cogger
word: cony-catcher
word: crammer
word: deceiver
word: deceptor
word: fabricator
word: fabulist
word: falser
word: gabber
word: grifter
word: guiler
word: liar
word: losenger
word: mocker
word: pseudologist
word: rook
word: Scandaroon
word: shammer
word: Spanish athlete
word: swindler
word: swike
word: treacher
word: trickster
word: trucker
word: wernard
word: bunco-steerer
word: charlatan
word: cheat
word: cheater
word: chiseler
word: cozener
word: defrauder
word: finagler
word: fleecer
word: fraud
word: fraudmeister
word: fraudster
word: humbug
word: goldbrick
word: grifter
word: gull
word: gyp
word: landshark
word: pickpenny
word: rook
word: scammer
word: scamp
word: Scandaroon
word: schemester
word: sharper
word: slicker
word: spieler
word: swindler
word: trapan
word: trepan
glosses: A person who swindles, cheats or defrauds.
swindle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈswɪnd(ə)l/
rhymes: -ɪndəl
Forms: form: swindles
form: swindling
form: swindled
form: swindled
Etymology: Back-formation from swindler, from German Schwindler, from German schwindeln, from Middle High German swindeln, swindelen, from Old High German swintilōn, frequentative of the verb swintan, from Proto-West Germanic *swindan (“to diminish”).
See also Modern German schwindeln, Danish svindel and svindle, Dutch zwindelen and zwendelen, Yiddish שווינדל (shvindl), Low German swinneln, Middle English swinden (“to languish, waste away”).
Senses: examples: text: The two men swindled the company out of $160,000.
text: Such Nations cannot have a King to command them; can only have this or the other scandalous swindling Copper Captain, constitutional Gilt Mountebank, or other the like unsalutary entity by way of King; and the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children in a frightful and tragical manner, little noticed in the Penny Newspapers and Periodical Literatures of this generation.
ref: 1865, Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Vol. XXI. (of XXI.):
text: That word is bezzle. It describes the period in which an embezzler has stolen a man's money but the victim does not yet realize he's been swindled.
ref: 2015 December 3, Tracy Alloway, “There's Been a Bezzle-Fueled Boom in Bonds”, in Markets, Bloomberg News, retrieved 16 Aug 2021:
glosses: To defraud.
examples: text: She swindled more than £200 out of me.
glosses: To obtain (money or property) by fraudulent or deceitful methods.
topics: board-games
chess
games
glosses: For a player in a losing position to play a clever move that provokes an error from the opponent, thus achieving a win or a draw.
Synonyms: sense: to be swindled
word: be sold a pup
sense: to defraud
word: swizz
Derived terms: swindler
swindle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈswɪnd(ə)l/
rhymes: -ɪndəl
Forms: form: swindles
Etymology: Back-formation from swindler, from German Schwindler, from German schwindeln, from Middle High German swindeln, swindelen, from Old High German swintilōn, frequentative of the verb swintan, from Proto-West Germanic *swindan (“to diminish”).
See also Modern German schwindeln, Danish svindel and svindle, Dutch zwindelen and zwendelen, Yiddish שווינדל (shvindl), Low German swinneln, Middle English swinden (“to languish, waste away”).
Senses: examples: text: There were men there who had committed merciless robberies, cruel murders, heartless swindles, abominable depravities.
ref: 1914, Julian Hawthorne, chapter 16, in The Subterranean Brotherhood:
text: [T]he scandal was the pretty common one of a corrupt agreement between hotel proprietors and a salesman who took and gave secret commissions, so that his business had a monopoly of all the drink sold in the place. It wasn't even an open slavery like an ordinary tied house; it was a swindle at the expense of everybody the manager was supposed to serve.
ref: 1935, G. K. Chesterton, The Scandal of Father Brown:
glosses: An instance of swindling.
glosses: Anything that is deceptively not what it appears to be.
topics: board-games
chess
games
glosses: An instance wherein a player in a losing position plays a clever move that provokes an error from the opponent, thus achieving a win or a draw.
Synonyms: word: scheme
word: swizz
Derived terms: swindle sheet
defraud
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfɹɔːd/
ipa: /dɪˈfɹɔd/
ipa: /dɪˈfɹɑd/
rhymes: -ɔːd
Forms: form: defrauds
form: defrauding
form: defrauded
form: defrauded
form: defraude
Etymology: From Middle English defrauden, from Old French defrauder, from de- + frauder.
Senses: examples: text: I had never defrauded a man of a farthing, nor called him knave behind his back. But now the last rag that covered my nakedness had been torn from me. I was branded a blackleg, card-sharper, and murderer.
ref: 1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter II, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
glosses: To obtain money or property from (a person) by fraud; to swindle.
examples: text: Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 7:5:
text: She is sinned against, because she is defrauded of her rights ^((i.e. sexual satisfaction)).
ref: 1872, William Goodell, “On Conjugal Onanism and Kindred Sins”, in Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 9, page 63:
glosses: To deprive.
Derived terms: undefrauded
Related terms: befraud
defrauder
fraudster
protasis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɒtəsɪs/
Forms: form: protases
Etymology: From Late Latin protasis, from Ancient Greek πρότασις (prótasis), from προτείνω (proteínō, “put forward, tender, propose”), from πρό (pró) + τείνω (teínō, “stretch”).
Senses: examples: text: It doubles itself in the middle of his life, reflects itself in another, repeats itself, protasis, epitasis, catastasis, catastrophe.
ref: 1922, James Joyce, Ulysses:
glosses: The first part of a play, in which the setting and characters are introduced.
examples: text: In "I will be coming if this weather holds up", "if this weather holds up" is the protasis, and "I will be coming" is the apodosis.
text: 2005 B. P. Bairan: An Introduction to Syllogistic Logic
Every conditional statement is made up of two component statements. The component statement that follows the "if" is called antecedent (or the "implicans" or — rarely — the "protasis"), and the component statement that follows the "then" is the "consequent"(or the "implicate" or — rarely — the "apodosis").
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
synonyms: antecedent
conditional
hypothesis
implicans
coordinate_terms: apodosis
implicate#Noun
implicand
glosses: A clause that expresses a contingent element in a conditional sentence.
Related terms: protatic
catastasis
catastrophe
epitasis
protactic
fraudster
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɹɔdstɚ/
ipa: /ˈfɹɔːdstə/
ipa: /ˈfɹɑdstɚ/
Forms: form: fraudsters
Etymology: From fraud + -ster.
Senses: examples: text: 2016 Eric Andrew-Gee Why and how Ontarians change their names in the 21st century The Globe and Mail
With a few exceptions, all those changes were published in the Ontario Gazette, a little-read compendium of government business that comes out every week. The province requires this by law, as do most Canadian jurisdictions, nominally to thwart fraudsters and deadbeats.
text: CPS MerseyCheshire welcomes the jailing of Helen Dove who conned her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed. Kimberley McDonnell lost around £50,000 because of the fraudster.
ref: 2020 January 29, “Woman jailed for conning her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed”, in CPS Mersey-Cheshire, London: Crown Prosecution Service, retrieved 30 Jan 2020:
text: Northern has made it harder for fraudsters to cheat checks on barcode season tickets. The operator has made it impossible for people to screenshot tickets from within the Northern app and then share the tickets for others to use.
ref: 2023 February 22, “Network News: Northern thwarts barcode cheats”, in RAIL, number 977, page 25:
glosses: A person who carries out fraud; a swindler.
Synonyms: word: bunco-steerer
word: charlatan
word: cheat
word: cheater
word: chiseler
word: cozener
word: defrauder
word: finagler
word: fleecer
word: fraud
word: fraudmeister
word: fraudster
word: humbug
word: goldbrick
word: grifter
word: gull
word: gyp
word: landshark
word: pickpenny
word: rook
word: scammer
word: scamp
word: Scandaroon
word: schemester
word: sharper
word: slicker
word: spieler
word: swindler
word: trapan
word: trepan
Hypernyms: word: criminal
word: deceiver
word: thief
Hyponyms: word: click farmer
word: confidence trickster
word: cyberfraudster
word: e-fraudster
word: four-flusher
word: gypster
word: hustler
word: impostor
word: sandbagger
word: thimblerigger
word: three-card trickster
Derived terms: cyberfraudster
e-fraudster
fraudstress
Related terms: word: confabulator
english: not to be confused; differing neuropsychological mechanisms
translation: not to be confused; differing neuropsychological mechanisms
word: pathological liar
word: deadbeat
word: pious fraud
word: deceive
word: dupe
word: Category:Fraudsters on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
salacious
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /səˈleɪ.ʃəs/
rhymes: -eɪʃəs
Forms: form: more salacious
form: most salacious
Etymology: Derived from Latin salāx, salācis (“provocative, lustful”) + -ious.
Senses: examples: text: utterly salacious
glosses: Promoting sexual desire or lust.
examples: text: salacious gossip
text: salacious details
text: The newspaper published a salacious story about the scandal.
text: He was arrested for distributing salacious material.
glosses: Lascivious, bawdy, obscene, lewd.
Synonyms: ardent
hot
dirty
lubricious
Derived terms: salaciously
salaciousness
Related terms: salacity
dux
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dʌks/
rhymes: -ʌks
homophone: ducks
Forms: form: duxes
form: duces
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin dux (“leader”). Doublet of doge, duc, duce, and duke.
Senses: examples: text: […]on the motion of Sir John Marjoribanks, Bart., Lord Provost, unanimously resolved, July 27, 1814, “that there be annually presented by the town of Edinburgh to the boy at the head of the Greek class, taught by the rector of the High School, a gold medal of the same value [five guineas] as that annually presented to the dux of the Latin class.”
ref: 1849, Wilhelm Steven, The History of the High School of Edinburgh, page 191:
text: He finished the year dux of Form III with an average 90 per cent over eight subjects. The school did not award end-of-year marks in fourth and fifth forms, but Evans’ report for those years shows he passed all subjects in both years and was again dux in Form V.
ref: 1999, Keith Scott, Gareth Evans, page 29:
text: This school was where my father had been dux in his senior year in 1937 just as his father had been dux at the Rockhampton Grammar School²⁷ before the turn of the 19th century.
ref: 2010, Roger K. A. Allen, Ballina Boy, page 28:
text: Quite a few who became national athletic champions were also duxes or top academic pupils at their schools.
ref: 2011, A. Lydiard, Running to the Top, page 17:
synonyms: word: valedictorian
glosses: The top (male or female) academic student in a school, or in a year of school; the top student in a specified academic discipline.
glosses: A high-ranking commander in the Roman army, responsible for more than one legion.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: The subject of a fugue, answered by the comes.
Related terms: duke
dux bellorum
doge
tib
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /tɪb/
rhymes: -ɪb
Forms: form: tibs
Etymology: Abbreviation of tibia.
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A tibia.
Related terms: fib
tib
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /tɪb/
rhymes: -ɪb
Forms: form: tibs
Etymology: Unknown; perhaps from a pet form of Isabel.
Senses: glosses: A working-class woman.
examples: text: every Coystril that comes inquiring for his Tib
ref: c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vi]:
text: But this woman was, he thought, no tib, no purveyor of holy mutton.
ref: 1964, Anthony Burgess, Nothing Like The Sun:
glosses: A prostitute.
glosses: A young girl, a sweetheart.
Related terms: tib out
entrap
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈtɹæp/
rhymes: -æp
Forms: form: entraps
form: entrapping
form: entrapped
form: entrapped
Etymology: From Middle French entrapper, entraper, from Old French entraper, antraper (“catch in a trap”), equivalent to en- + trap. Compare Middle English bitrappen, from Old English betræppan (“to catch in a trap, entrap”), from the same West Germanic source (see Modern English betrap).
Senses: examples: text: Then noble ſouldiers to intrap these theeues […]
We haue our Cammels laden al with gold:
Which you that be but common ſouldiers,
Shall fling in euery corner of the field:
And while the baſe borne Tartars take it vp,
You […] Shall maſſacre those greedie minded ſlaues.
ref: c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene ii:
text: He goes home to complain to his father, and the two of them decide on a plan to entrap Enkidu.
ref: 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 189:
glosses: To catch in a trap or snare.
glosses: To lure (someone), either into a dangerous situation, or into performing an illegal act.
Synonyms: betrap
ensnare
Derived terms: entrapment
entrappingly
nonentrapped
unentrapped
pyrophosphoric acid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From pyro- + phosphoric acid.
Senses: glosses: A syrupy liquid formed by the dehydration of phosphoric acid; its salts, the pyrophosphates, are used in medicine.
topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The acid formed by removing a molecule of water from two molecules of phosphoric acid, H₄P₂O₇; this reaction slowly reverses in the presence of water.
pyrophosphate
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pyrophosphates
Senses: topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Any salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid.
Derived terms: adenylpyrophosphate
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease
dimethylallylpyrophosphate
farnesylpyrophosphate
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
thiopyrophosphate
AOD
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Senses: glosses: Initialism of above Ordnance Datum, used to specify heights above mean sea level on General Arrangement and other technical drawings. Usually specified in metres, eg +62.0m.
AOD
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: Initialism of art of defense, a videogame mode where the player defeats waves of enemies
Coordinate terms: sense: sense 1
word: sea level
sense: sense 2
word: tower defense
entrain
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪn
Forms: form: entrains
form: entraining
form: entrained
form: entrained
Etymology: From en- + train.
Senses: examples: text: There were two further unscheduled stops, one at a small station, Skalice, where a small party of tourists entrained, and at Břeclav, a junction and customs post on the Austrian frontier.
ref: 1947 January and February, Gerald Druce (Jun.), “A Journey on the "Slovak Arrow"”, in Railway Magazine, page 17:
text: [...] and the Southern Region has recently given another lead by adopting an approach practised for some time by certain U.S. commuter railroads - the pamphlet or brochure left on every seat at a rush-hour before passengers entrain.
ref: 1959 April, “Talking of Trains: The S.R. tells the public”, in Trains Illustrated, page 174:
antonyms: detrain
glosses: To get into or board a railway train.
examples: text: to entrain a regiment
text: The train of articulated L.N.E.R. stock, of the type used on the London suburban services, which you have seen travelling empty over the Cheshire Lines Committee's main line through Trafford Park about midday in a westerly direction, was probably being sent to entrain workers from Risley (between Glazebrook and Padgate) at the conclusion of the morning shift.
ref: 1946 March and April, “The Why and The Wherefore: L.N.E.R. Suburban Trains on the Cheshire Lines”, in Railway Magazine, page 129:
antonyms: detrain
glosses: To put aboard a railway train.
Derived terms: disentrain
entrain
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪn
Forms: form: entrains
Etymology: From French entrain, a deverbal from entraîner (“to charm, enthuse”) or a derivation from être en train (“to be in a good mood”).
Senses: examples: text: [T]he greater number of reasonable people attributed the want of entrain and dullness of the whole thing to the presence of Monsignore ——.
ref: 1847, Mrs. Butler, late Fanny Kemble, “Lines”, in A Year of Consolation. […], London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 60:
text: To some the delightful freshness and humour of Northanger Abbey, its completeness, finish, and entrain, obscure the undoubted critical facts that its scale is small, and its scheme, after all, that of burlesque or parody, a kind in which the first rank is reached with difficulty.
ref: 1894, George Saintsbury, Pride and Prejudice (introduction):
text: Mr. Robert Newman’s orchestral concert season came to a brilliant close on Wednesday evening, when [Pyotr Ilyich] Tschaikowsky’s favourite symphony was rendered with all the sympathy and splendid entrain which Mr. Henry Wood commands from his band.
ref: 1899 July 2, Free Lance [pseudonym], “Among Musicians”, in Weekly Dispatch, number 5099, London, →OCLC, page 8, column 3:
text: [Charles] Lecocq’s score to Les Prés Saint-Gervais was written in a manner suited to its period and classic subject, without the bouffe effects of a Giroflé Girofla, or the entrain of an Angot, […]
ref: 1994, Kurt Gänzl, “Les Prés Saint-Gervais”, in The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, American edition, volume [2] (L–Z), New York, N.Y.: Schirmer Books, →ISBN, page 1170, column 2:
glosses: Spirit, liveliness, vivacity, drive.
pigtails
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: She looked very young in pigtails.
glosses: plural of pigtail
centre parting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: centre partings
nybble
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: nybbles
Etymology: From nibble (“small, quick bite”), with the i changed to y by analogy with byte.
Senses: examples: text: I own several abaci and two books on how to use them, but they all have four counters below the bar and one counter above it. […] The bottom four counters of each abacus can be used to represent a "nybble," and the upper counter on each can be used for parity.
ref: 1978 May 22, William B. Adams, “Letters to the Editor: Query on Abacus”, in E. Drake Lundell Jr., editor, Computerworld: The Newsweekly for the Computer Community, volume XII, number 21, Newton, Mass.: CW Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 26, column 4:
text: At every negative-going transition it reads a 4-bit ADPCM nybble (there are 2 nybbles per byte) and stores it in a memory-resident table.
ref: 1983 June, Steve Ciarcia, “Ciarcia’s Circuit Cellar: Use ADPCM for Highly Intelligible Speech Synthesis”, in Lawrence J. Curran, editor, Byte: The Small Systems Journal, volume 8, number 6, Peterborough, N.H.: Byte Publications, McGraw-Hill, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 41, column 1:
text: Data is being received by a system in serial sequences of four bit nybbles. (A nybble is usually defined as a four bit grouping.) […] Our mission, should we decide to accept it, is to test each nybble and determine whether or not the four bits constitute a valid BCD (8421) number.
ref: 1985, Ronald C. Emery, “General Sequential Circuitry”, in Digital Circuits: Logic and Design (Electrical Engineering and Electronics; 25), New York, N.Y.; Basel, Basel-Stadt: Marcel Dekker, →ISBN, page 171:
text: Similarly, it's easy to convert a binary number such as %1100011010110010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. All we have to do is to split the binary value into 4-bit nybbles and to map each nybble onto its corresponding hexadecimal digit.
ref: 2005, Clive “MAX” Maxfield, Alvin Brown, The Definitive Guide to How Computers Do Math […], Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 20:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Alternative spelling of nibble (“unit of memory equal to half a byte, or chiefly four bits”).
mulching
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /mʌlt͡ʃɪŋ/
Etymology: From mulch + -ing.
Senses: examples: text: This mulching mower can easily be converted to a bagging mower.
topics: agriculture
business
lifestyle
glosses: Used for applying a mulch.
examples: text: Compost is generally the best mulching material for the home garden.
topics: agriculture
business
lifestyle
glosses: Used as a mulch.
Derived terms: mulching mower
mulching
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /mʌlt͡ʃɪŋ/
Forms: form: mulchings
Etymology: From mulch + -ing.
Senses: examples: text: Proper mulching in summer months keeps the soil cooler.
topics: agriculture
business
lifestyle
glosses: The act of preparing/applying a mulch.
Derived terms: hydromulching
rock mulching
self-mulching
stone mulching
Related terms: composting
mulching
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /mʌlt͡ʃɪŋ/
Etymology: From mulch + -ing.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of mulch
japonaiserie
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: japonaiseries
Etymology: From French japonaiserie.
Senses: topics: art
arts
synonyms: japonerie
glosses: Art objects made in the Japanese style.
jawbone
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: jawbones
form: jaw bone
form: jaw-bone
form: chawe bone
form: chaw-bone
form: chawbone
Etymology: From Middle English jawe bone, a partial calque of earlier Middle English chawlbone, chawylbon, chavylbone, chawle boon, chavyl bon (“jaw bone”, literally “chavel bone”), see chavel-bone; equivalent to jaw + bone.
Senses: examples: text: 14 ¶ And when he came vnto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him: and the Spirit of the Lord came mightily vpon him, and the cordes that were vpon his armes became as flaxe that was burnt with fire, & his bands loosed from off his hands.
15 And he found a new iawbone of an asse, and put foorth his hand, and tooke it, and slewe a thousand men therewith.
16 And Samson said, With the iawbone of an asse, heapes vpon heapes, with the iaw of an asse haue I slaine a thousand men.
17 And it came to passe when he had made an end of speaking, that hee cast away the iaw bone out of his hand, and called that place Ramath-Lehi.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 15:14–17:
glosses: The bone of the lower jaw; the mandible.
glosses: Any of the bones in the lower or upper jaw.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A shaken musical instrument (an idiophone) made from the jawbone of an animal and shaken such that the teeth vibrate in their sockets to produce sound.
examples: text: We have a few persons whose pockets are to let—men who have more complaints than dollars—individuals who, in digger's parlance, live on jawbone (credit), and are always to be found at saloons; a class of men who, when they are here, wish themselves yonder, and when yonder, wish themselves back.
ref: 1862 October 21, Times Correspondent:
glosses: Credit.
Synonyms: sense: the bone of the lower jaw
word: inferior maxillary bone
sense: the bone of the lower jaw
word: lower jaw
sense: the bone of the lower jaw
word: mandible
sense: the bone of the lower jaw
word: submaxilla
sense: any bone in the lower or upper jaw
word: dentary
sense: any bone in the lower or upper jaw
word: dentary bone
sense: any bone in the lower or upper jaw
word: maxilla
Derived terms: jawboneist
jawboner
jawbonist
jawbone
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: jawbones
form: jawboning
form: jawboned
form: jawboned
form: jaw bone
form: jaw-bone
form: chawe bone
form: chaw-bone
form: chawbone
Etymology: From Middle English jawe bone, a partial calque of earlier Middle English chawlbone, chawylbon, chavylbone, chawle boon, chavyl bon (“jaw bone”, literally “chavel bone”), see chavel-bone; equivalent to jaw + bone.
Senses: examples: text: “We got a winner. He stole her glasses and she couldn't see. Boring.” (crowd jeering) “Give me my glasses back.” “I'm gonna give your glasses to your master.” “Lot of jawboning going on.” “Okay? Here you go. It was nice meeting you, okay?” “...a little less hot air, but I present to you our new familiar champion, this guy right here. Never caught his name, never caught his name.”
ref: 2022 July 26, William Meny & Paul Simms, “The Night Market” (16:56 from the start), in What We Do in the Shadows, season 4, episode 4, spoken by Ringmaster (Nick Corirossi):
coordinate_terms: bullshit#Verb
sweet-talk#Verb
glosses: To talk persistently in an attempt to persuade somebody to cooperate.
coordinate_terms: arm-twist#Verb
strong-arm#Verb
;
threaten#Verb
glosses: (especially of regulatory agencies) To try to persuade (someone) through implied threats of punitive action, such as tighter regulatory control.
Derived terms: jawboning
maxilla
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /mækˈsɪl.ə/
rhymes: -ɪlə
Forms: form: maxillae
form: maxillæ
form: maxillas
Etymology: From Middle English, from Latin māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”), diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).
Senses: topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
zootomy
synonyms: jawbone
maxillary bone
glosses: Synonym of jaw.
An upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused.
coordinate_terms: mandible
topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
zootomy
synonyms: jawbone
glosses: Synonym of jaw.
Either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
zootomy
synonyms: word: endite
english: in arachnids
translation: in arachnids
glosses: One of the first or second pair of mouthparts posterior to the mandibles in many arthropods that are used for tasting and manipulating food.
Derived terms: endomaxilla
hemimaxilla
intermaxilla
maxillar
maxillary
maxillate
maxillectomy
maxilliferous
maxilliform
maxillo-
maxill-
premaxilla
septomaxilla
submaxilla
supermaxilla
supramaxilla
breastbone
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: breastbones
form: breast bone
Etymology: From Middle English brust-bon, brestbon, from Old English brēostbān (“breastbone”), equivalent to breast + bone.
Senses: examples: text: He lapped out of his hand, then sat up in the sunlight, crossing his shins in front of him, and after a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone.
ref: 1899 (please specify the page), Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part:
topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: The central narrow bone in the front of the chest, connecting the collarbone and the top ribs.
Synonyms: sternum