cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
dowel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdaʊəl/
rhymes: -aʊəl
Forms: form: dowels
form: doul
Etymology: From Middle English dowle, dule, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old French doelle (“the hollow part of a tool where the handle is”), from Frankish *duli (“hollow tube, pipe”), from Proto-Germanic *dulją (“pipe”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰel- (“curvature, hollow”). If so, then cognate with French douelle, douille.
Alternatively from Middle Low German dövel (“peg, plug”), from Old Saxon *dubil, from Proto-Germanic *dubilaz. If so, then cognate with Dutch deuvel (“wooden peg”), German Dübel (“dowel”).
Senses: glosses: A pin, or block, of wood or metal, fitting into holes in the abutting portions of two pieces, and being partly in one piece and partly in the other, to keep them in their proper relative position.
examples: text: This twenty-four-piece starter set uses twelve thirty-six-inch-long dowels (or nine forty-eight-inch dowels) cut to these rod lengths. Lay out the cuts so you use the entire length of each dowel without any leftover scraps.
ref: 2006, Steven Caney, Lauren House, Steven Caney's Ultimate Building Book, page 264:
glosses: A wooden rod, as one to make short pins from.
topics: business
construction
manufacturing
glosses: A piece of wood or similar material fitted into a surface not suitable for fastening so that other pieces may be fastened to it.
Coordinate terms: sense: pin or block of wood or metal
word: spline
sense: pin or block of wood or metal
word: biscuit
sense: pin or block of wood or metal
word: tenon
topics: construction
manufacturing
business
word: anchor
topics: construction
manufacturing
business
word: screw anchor
topics: construction
manufacturing
business
word: wall plug
Derived terms: cross dowel
dowel joint
dowel pin
dowel
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdaʊəl/
rhymes: -aʊəl
Forms: form: dowels
form: doweling
form: dowelling
form: doweled
form: doweled
form: dowelled
form: dowelled
form: doul
Etymology: From Middle English dowle, dule, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old French doelle (“the hollow part of a tool where the handle is”), from Frankish *duli (“hollow tube, pipe”), from Proto-Germanic *dulją (“pipe”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰel- (“curvature, hollow”). If so, then cognate with French douelle, douille.
Alternatively from Middle Low German dövel (“peg, plug”), from Old Saxon *dubil, from Proto-Germanic *dubilaz. If so, then cognate with Dutch deuvel (“wooden peg”), German Dübel (“dowel”).
Senses: examples: text: The wheels were solid, two half discs dowelled against the hub, and the chariots were pulled along by oxen or asses.
ref: 1971, Gwen White, Antique Toys And Their Background, page 79:
glosses: To fasten together with dowels.
examples: text: A cooper dowels pieces for the head of a cask.
glosses: To furnish with dowels.
drab
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹæb/
rhymes: -æb
Forms: form: drabs
form: drabbing
form: drabbed
form: drabbed
Etymology: The origin of the noun is uncertain; compare Middle English drabelen, drablen, draplen (“to soil; make dirty; to drag on the ground or through mud”), and Low German drabbe (“dirt, mud”), drabbeln (“to soil”), and Old Norse drabba (“to make drab; make dirty”), the latter three ultimately from Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to hit, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to crush, grind; to kill”). The word is also likely to be related to Dutch drab (“dregs, sediment”), Irish drabog, Scottish Gaelic drabag (“dirty woman; slattern”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Senses: examples: text: You may ſay, you ſaw him at ſuch a time, marke you mee, / At game, or drincking, ſwearing, or drabbing, / You may go ſo farre.
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:
text: Very fine! This Sempronius is a bleſſed Perſon indeed! he Games, he Cheats, he Swears, he Drinks, he Drabs; [...]
ref: 1720, [John] Dennis, The Invader of His Country: Or, The Fatal Resentment. A Tragedy. […], London: Printed for J. Pemberton […], and J. Watts […]; and sold by J. Brotherton and W. Meadows […]; T. Jauncy and A. Dodd […]; W. Lewis […], and J. Graves […], →OCLC, act II, scene iii, page 24:
text: Let realism have its demonstration, comedy its criticism, or even bawdry its horselaugh at the expense of sexual infatuation, if it must; but to ask us to subject our souls to its ruinous glamour, to worship it, deify it, and imply that it alone makes our life worth living, is nothing but folly gone mad erotically—a thing compared to which Falstaff's unbeglamored drinking and drabbing is respectable and rightminded.
ref: 1901, [George] Bernard Shaw, “Three Plays for Puritans”, in Three Plays for Puritans: The Devil’s Disciple, Cæsar and Cleopatra, & Captain Brassbound’s Conversion, London: Grant Richards, […], →OCLC, page xxix:
text: He did not relish the apparition of that Katherine, for when it appeared it seemed to bring with it a brother shadow that wore ragged clothes and tangled hair and foul linen; that drank from any flagon and drabbed with any doxy; that slept in tavern angles through hours of drunkenness; a thing whose fingers pillaged, filched and pilfered when and where they could; a creature that once he saw whenever he stared into a mirror.
ref: 1907, Justin Huntly McCarthy, “A Lull in the Storm”, in Needles and Pins, London: Hurst and Blackett Limited […], →OCLC, pages 78–79:
glosses: To consort with prostitutes; to whore.
Derived terms: word: drabber
word: drabbing
drab
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹæb/
rhymes: -æb
Forms: form: drabs
Etymology: Probably related to drop (“small mass of liquid”).
Senses: examples: text: Thanks to my stars, I once can see / A window here from scribbling free! / Here no conceited coxcombs pass, / To scratch their paltry drabs on glass; / Nor party-fool is calling names, / Or dealing crowns to George and James.
ref: a. 1746, Jonathan Swift, “VII. Another, Written upon a Window where there was No Writing before.”, in Thomas Sheridan, compiler, The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin. […] In Nineteen Volumes, new corrected and revised edition, volume VII, London: Printed [by Nichols and Son] for J[oseph] Johnson [et al.], published 1801, →OCLC, page 361:
text: The tea drinking has done a great deal in bringing this nation into the state [of] misery in which it now is; and the tea drinking, which is carried on by "dribs" and "drabs;" by pence and farthings going out at a time; this miserable practice has been gradually introduced by the growing weight of the taxes on Malt and on Hops, and by the everlasting penury amongst the labourers, occasioned by the paper-money.
ref: 1823, William Cobbett, “Brewing Beer”, in Cottage Economy: […], new edition, London: Printed for J. M. Cobbett, […], →OCLC, paragraph 30:
text: He could play good guy and give them a few drabs of info to sweeten things.
ref: 2009 April, Michael Z. Williamson, chapter 4, in Contact with Chaos, Riverdale, N.Y.: Baen Publishing Enterprises, →ISBN:
text: He reached for another candy bar and hungrily devoured it, as fetid drabs of water fell on him from the ceiling.
ref: 2015, Robert Levy, The Glittering World, New York, N.Y.: Gallery Books, →ISBN:
text: I was itching to shoot up the developing fields of barley growing before my eyes. If my aim had any effect, Germany would be short a few drabs of ale.
ref: 2018, Lewis A. Haeflinger, “In My Dreams”, in Life in the World Wind, New York, N.Y.: Page Publishing, →ISBN:
text: His tone, which contained more than a few drabs of sarcasm, was a notch or two shy of disrespectful, and his words, though sharp, were themselves circumspect.
ref: 2018, Patrick Moran, Wine Country Cannibals, Glen Ellen, Calif.: Sweet Pea & Company, →ISBN, page 85:
glosses: A small amount, especially of money.
Derived terms: dribs and drabs
drab
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹæb/
rhymes: -æb
Etymology: Alteration of drag, possibly via the folk-etymological backronym "DRessed As a Girl" (with boy replacing girl).
Senses: examples: text: Just for those who may not be aware of the term, “drab” is how you might describe a transgendered person (including transsexuals, crossdressers, drag queens, etc.) that is presenting as their birth sex. For instance, if Rain is dressed as a boy, she is dressed in “drab”. My original idea had Ruby on this page too, but that took away from the “drab” theme.
ref: 2012 November 1, Jocelyn Samara D., “Comic 278 - Ch. 12 - Drab”, in Rain, archived from the original on 21 Jan 2020:
qualifier: chiefly transgender slang
glosses: An instance of a transgender or non-binary person presenting as the gender corresponding to their sex assigned at birth instead of that corresponding to their internal gender identity (most commonly a trans woman dressed as a man).
drab
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹæb/
rhymes: -æb
Etymology: Of Romany origin.
Senses: glosses: Poison.
drab
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹæb/
rhymes: -æb
Forms: form: drabs
form: drabbing
form: drabbed
form: drabbed
Etymology: Of Romany origin.
Senses: examples: text: "What do you mean by drows, Chaldea?"
"Poison, no less. You look drabbed, for sure."
"Drabbed?"
"Poisoned. But I waste the kalo jib on you, my Gorgious. God bless you for a sick one, say I, and that's a bad dukkerin, the which in gentle Romany means fortune, my Gentile swell."
ref: 1911, Fergus Hume, Red Money:
glosses: To poison.
dramatization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: dramatizations
form: dramatisation
Senses: glosses: The act of dramatizing.
examples: text: This is a dramatization of life 1000 years ago.
glosses: A version that has been dramatized.
Derived terms: overdramatization
redramatization
drape
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹeɪp/
rhymes: -eɪp
Forms: form: drapes
Etymology: From Middle English drape (“a drape”, noun), from Old French draper (“to drape; to full cloth”), from drap (“cloth, drabcloth”), from Late Latin drappus, drapus (“drabcloth, kerchief”), a word first recorded in the Capitularies of Charlemagne, probably from Frankish *drapi, *drāpi (“that which is fulled, drabcloth”, literally “that which is struck or for striking”), from Proto-Germanic *drapiz (“a strike, hit, blow”) and Proto-Germanic *drēpiz (“intended for striking, to be beaten”), both from *drepaną (“to beat, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to beat, crush, make or become thick”). Cognate with English drub (“to beat”), North Frisian dreep (“a blow”), Low German drapen, dräpen (“to strike”), German treffen (“to meet”), Swedish dräpa (“to slay”). More at drub.
Senses: glosses: A curtain; a drapery.
topics: business
manufacturing
textiles
glosses: The way in which fabric falls or hangs.
glosses: A member of a youth subculture distinguished by its sharp dress, especially peg-leg pants (1950s: e.g. Baltimore, MD). Antonym: square.
glosses: A dress made from an entire piece of cloth, without having pieces cut away as in a fitted garment.
Derived terms: bedrape
drapeless
drapelike
drapey
grand drape
main drape
Related terms: drapes
drape
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹeɪp/
rhymes: -eɪp
Forms: form: drapes
form: draping
form: draped
form: draped
Etymology: From Middle English drape (“a drape”, noun), from Old French draper (“to drape; to full cloth”), from drap (“cloth, drabcloth”), from Late Latin drappus, drapus (“drabcloth, kerchief”), a word first recorded in the Capitularies of Charlemagne, probably from Frankish *drapi, *drāpi (“that which is fulled, drabcloth”, literally “that which is struck or for striking”), from Proto-Germanic *drapiz (“a strike, hit, blow”) and Proto-Germanic *drēpiz (“intended for striking, to be beaten”), both from *drepaną (“to beat, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to beat, crush, make or become thick”). Cognate with English drub (“to beat”), North Frisian dreep (“a blow”), Low German drapen, dräpen (“to strike”), German treffen (“to meet”), Swedish dräpa (“to slay”). More at drub.
Senses: examples: text: to drape a bust, a building, etc.
text: The whole people were still draped professionally.
ref: 1840, Thomas De Quincey, Theory of Greek Tragedy:
text: These starry blossoms, pure and white, / Soft falling, falling, through the night, / Have draped the woods and mere.
ref: a. 1892, George Washington Bungay, The Artists of the Air:
text: The pair sat before a brilliant gold Buddha statue inside the ornate temple, built 150 years ago by the former Thai King – the supreme patriarch barefoot and draped in orange robes as they spoke.
ref: 2019 November 21, “Pope Francis meets Thai Buddhist patriarch on visit promoting religious peace”, in The Straits Times, SPH Digital News, retrieved 22 Nov 2019:
glosses: To cover or adorn with drapery or folds of cloth, or as with drapery.
examples: text: I draped my towel over the radiator to dry.
text: I cycled the three miles each morning between hedges draped with spangled cobwebs and berried bryony.
ref: 1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 216:
glosses: To spread over, cover.
examples: 1672-679, William Temple, Memoirs
At my Arrival , the King asked me many questions about my Journey, about the Congress, draping us for spending him so money
glosses: To rail at; to banter.
glosses: To make cloth.
glosses: To design drapery, arrange its folds, etc., as for hangings, costumes, statues, etc.
examples: I draped myself elegantly over the couch.
synonyms: trail
glosses: To hang or rest limply.
Derived terms: drapability
drapeable
drape off
misdrape
overdrape
redrape
undrape
draper
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɹeɪ.pə(ɹ)/
rhymes: -eɪpə(ɹ)
Forms: form: drapers
Etymology: From Middle English draper, from Anglo-Norman draper, from Old French drapier, from drap + -ier.
Senses: examples: text: [S]uch was the aberration of mind attending converse with a successful draper.
ref: 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, →OCLC, page 26:
glosses: One who sells cloths; a dealer in cloths; a textile merchant.
Derived terms: word: draperess
english: not from the surname
translation: not from the surname
word: Draperstown
word: linendraper
Related terms: ale-draper
drape
drapery
dredge
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ɛdʒ
Forms: form: dredges
Etymology: From Scots dreg-boat, dreg-bot (from Old English *dreċġ); or alternatively from Middle Dutch dregghe (“drag-net”), probably ultimately from the same root as drag.
Senses: glosses: Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as:
A dragnet for taking up oysters, etc., from their beds.
examples: text: The section includes also combination bucket and suction dredges, true suction dredgers, the Friihling dredge, the reclamation dredge, the longshoot dredge, the hopper barge, the self-propelling hopper, and the rock cutter.
ref: 1923, Marine Engineer and Naval Architect - Volume 46, page 162:
glosses: Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as:
A dredging machine.
glosses: Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as:
An iron frame, with a fine net attached, used in collecting animals living at the bottom of the sea.
examples: text: A dredge of the river is not possible at this time due to the strong currents and dangerous riptides which plague the St. Lawrence after the ice melts.
ref: 2021, Suanne Laqueur, Here to Stay:
glosses: The act of dredging.
glosses: Very fine mineral matter held in suspension in water.
Derived terms: dredgeboat
dredge
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ɛdʒ
Forms: form: dredges
form: dredging
form: dredged
form: dredged
Etymology: From Scots dreg-boat, dreg-bot (from Old English *dreċġ); or alternatively from Middle Dutch dregghe (“drag-net”), probably ultimately from the same root as drag.
Senses: glosses: To make a channel deeper or wider using a dredge.
examples: text: Subject to flooding by the six small rivers coming together just west of the city, the main river below the city has long been shallow and subject to silting. The Communists have both maintained the earlier pattern of dredging the river, and have built a bypass flood canal around the city on the south side to relieve flood pressures. Though dredging can keep the river navigable for small ships, a new artificial port, Sinkang, able to take 10,000 ton ships at all times, was created at T'ang-ku. This is kept open for about two months during winter by icebreakers.
ref: 1972, “TIENTSIN (T'IEN-CHING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 21, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1140, column 1:
glosses: To bring something to the surface with a dredge.
examples: text: to dredge up someone's unsavoury past
text: Friday night’s crowning victory at The Hawthorns was the 25th in 30 league matches since Antonio Conte’s decisive re-gearing of his team in September, the tactical switches that have coaxed such a thrilling run from this team of bolt-ons and upcycled squad players, most notably Victor Moses, who was dredged out of the laundry bin in the autumn to become a key part of the title surge.
ref: 2017 May 13, Barney Ronay, “Antonio Conte’s brilliance has turned Chelsea’s pop-up team into champions”, in The Guardian:
glosses: To unearth.
raw_tags: with "up"
Derived terms: data dredging
dredgable
dredger
dredge up
dredging
dredging box
redredge
undredged
dredge
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ɛdʒ
Forms: form: dredges
Etymology: From Middle English dragge, from Old French dragee, dragie, from Latin tragēmata, from Ancient Greek τραγήματα (tragḗmata, “spices”), plural of τράγημα (trágēma, “dried fruit”).
Senses: topics: cooking
food
lifestyle
glosses: A large shaker for sprinkling spices or seasonings during food preparation.
examples: text: It is true that on the boulder clay of south Cambridgeshire they grew dredge, a mixture of oats and barley
ref: 1991, Edward Miller, Joan Thirsk, The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 3, 1348-1500:
synonyms: bullimong
glosses: A mixture of oats and barley.
dredge
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ɛdʒ
Forms: form: dredges
form: dredging
form: dredged
form: dredged
Etymology: From Middle English dragge, from Old French dragee, dragie, from Latin tragēmata, from Ancient Greek τραγήματα (tragḗmata, “spices”), plural of τράγημα (trágēma, “dried fruit”).
Senses: examples: text: Dredge the meat with the flour mixture you prepared earlier.
topics: cooking
food
lifestyle
glosses: To sprinkle (food) with spices or seasonings, using a dredge.
drift
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: drĭft
ipa: /dɹɪft/
rhymes: -ɪft
Forms: form: drifts
form: drifting
form: drifted
form: drifted
Etymology: From Middle English drift, dryft (“act of driving, drove, shower of rain or snow, impulse”), from Old English *drift (“drift”), from Proto-Germanic *driftiz (“drift”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”). Equivalent to drive + -t; cognate with North Frisian drift (“drift”), Saterland Frisian Drift (“current, flow, stream, drift”), Dutch drift (“drift, passion, urge”), German Drift (“drift”) and Trift (“drove, pasture”), Danish drift (“impulse, instinct”), Swedish drift (“impulse, instinct”), Icelandic drift (“drift, snow-drift”).
Senses: examples: text: The boat drifted away from the shore.
text: The balloon was drifting in the breeze.
text: One day I was out in the barn and he drifted in. I was currying the horse and he set down on the wheelbarrow and begun to ask questions.
ref: 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter XI, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:
glosses: To move slowly, especially pushed by currents of water, air, etc.
examples: text: He drifted from town to town, never settling down.
glosses: To move haphazardly without any destination.
examples: text: This car tends to drift left at high speeds.
text: Midway through the half, Argentine Tevez did begin to drift inside in order to exert his influence but by this stage Mick McCarthy's side had gone 1-0 up and looked comfortable.
ref: 2011 January 15, Saj Chowdhury, “Man City 4-3 Wolves”, in BBC:
glosses: To deviate gently from the intended direction of travel.
examples: 1865-1866, John Henry Newman, Apologia Pro Vita Sua
I was drifted back first to the ante - Nicene history , and then to the Church of Alexandria
glosses: To drive or carry, as currents do a floating body.
examples: text: A current of wind drifts snow or sand
glosses: To drive into heaps.
examples: text: Snow or sand drifts.
glosses: To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps.
topics: business
mining
glosses: To make a drift; to examine a vein or ledge for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metals or ores; to follow a vein; to prospect.
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: To enlarge or shape, as a hole, with a drift.
topics: automotive
transport
vehicles
glosses: To oversteer a vehicle, causing loss of traction, while maintaining control from entry to exit of a corner. See Drifting (motorsport).
Derived terms: adrift
bedrift
drift along
drift apart
drift away
drift off
indrift
overdrift
drowsiness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: drowsinesses
Etymology: From drowsy + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: And most neurologists are in the habit of prescribing antispasticity drugs like tizanidine and baclofen, which are oral and inexpensive, but which cause drowsiness and weaken every muscle in the body, not just the target ones.
ref: 2009 March 17, Donald G. Mcneil Jr., “After a Stroke, Freeing Muscles With Botox”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 30 Jun 2017:
glosses: The state of being drowsy.
duplication
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /djuː.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /dʒuː.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /d(j)u.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: duplications
Etymology: From Middle English duplicacioun, from Middle French duplication, from Late Latin duplicātiō, duplicātiōnem, from Latin duplicō. Morphologically duplicate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: Another argument for closing Woodhead was simply one of route duplication, and this was the main reason put forward by BR at the time.
ref: 2021 July 14, Pip Dunn, “Woodhead 40 years on: time to let go”, in RAIL, number 935, page 39:
glosses: The act of duplicating.
examples: text: Counting crimes as given in the index to the Penal Code, their number is nearly twice as great as that stated, but as some are only duplications I have reduced my estimate that it may be well within the limits of the fact.
ref: 1916 March, Edgar Montgomery Cullen, “The Decline of Personal Liberty in America”, in Asa W. Russell, editor, Case and Comment: The Lawyer’s Magazine, volume 22, number 10, Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 820, column 1:
text: Registration of trademarks had been revised and a unit had been set up to clear up duplications.
ref: 1949 January 17, “Essential Oil Association Told Trade Not Normal”, in Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, volume 155, number 3, New York, N.Y., →OCLC, page 7, column 4:
text: Duplications were made by carbon paper. If you had a pleading to be sent to three parties, you typed an original and four carbon copies, including an office copy.
ref: 2008, Dan E[lijah] Perry, “Twenty-seven Months in Blue Heaven”, in More Than I Deserve, [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: Chapel Hill Press, →ISBN, part I (Recollections and Memories), page 223:
glosses: A duplicate.
glosses: A folding over; a fold.
examples: text: duplication of cartilage cells
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The act of copying a nucleotide sequence from one chromosome to another.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A nucleotide sequence copied through such a process.
Synonyms: word: doubling
word: duplation
word: duplication
Hypernyms: word: multiplication
Derived terms: alloduplication
antiduplication
bioduplication
deduplication
duplication of the cube
endoduplication
hyperduplication
isoduplication
microduplication
misduplication
multiduplication
nonduplication
overduplication
penile duplication
photoduplication
preduplication
reduplication
retroduplication
transduplication
whole-genome duplication
eager
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /iɡə/
ipa: /-ɑ/
ipa: /ˈiɡɚ/
ipa: /ˈiːɡə/
ipa: /ˈɪɡɚ/
ipa: /ˈɪɡə/
rhymes: -iːɡə(ɹ)
Forms: form: eagers
form: eagering
form: eagered
form: eagered
form: aigre
form: eagre
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English egre, eger, from Old French aigre, egre (modern French aigre), from Latin ācrus, variant of ācer (“sharp, keen”); see acid, acerb, etc. Compare vinegar, alegar.
Senses: examples: text: Now everybody considered it a high privilege (valued it at a high consideration) to see him and to hear him speak, and to obey his command (him commanding), whereas he, though being such a person, eagered to be unknown, and to escape notice in solitude.
ref: 1864, The Fathers, Historians, and Writers of the Church, page 121:
text: Our spirits fret and chafe like sea waves on the rocks eagering to climb the shore.
ref: 1913, William Alfred Quayle, The Climb to God, page 116:
text: The buggy jolted on, the stout, wellkept team eagering, homing, barning.
ref: 1932, William Faulkner, Light in August:
text: After entering college, I eagered to have a parttime job.
ref: 2002, Mark F. Harris, A Distant Place, page 198:
text: After the go-ahead from the joint committee, the Mugglesby CO warmed up and eagered up tremendously, and we went back to plotting.
ref: 2021, Bill Watson, The Chaos Factor:
glosses: To be or become eager.
examples: text: His hair crinkled towards her fondly. "Yes," he eagered.
ref: 1924, Mark Lemon, Henry Mayhew, Tom Taylor, Punch - Volume 167, page 181:
text: Peg! eager voices eagered voicely.
ref: 1969, Kenneth Patchen, Sleepers Awake, page 141:
text: […] Sister Clare saying Oh look a greenfinch and the name was a gift to me as much as the three and a half more minutes the green vision danced and fretted and eagered and preened in front of me […]
ref: 2019, Toby Litt, Patience:
glosses: To express eagerness.
examples: text: Physicians also admit to eagering patients to turn to specialised web sites in order to read further.
ref: 2013, Andrzej Łyda, Krystyna Warchał, Occupying Niches, page 135:
text: But they only eagered him to be off .
ref: 1927, Carleton Beals, Brimstone and Chili:
text: Its presence gave him no thought of condemnation, but only eagered his longing for the redemption body.
ref: 1941, William R. Newell, Romans Verse-by-Verse:
glosses: To make or encourage to be eager
eager
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /iɡə/
ipa: /-ɑ/
ipa: /ˈiɡɚ/
ipa: /ˈiːɡə/
ipa: /ˈɪɡɚ/
ipa: /ˈɪɡə/
rhymes: -iːɡə(ɹ)
Forms: form: eagers
Etymology: See eagre.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of eagre (“tidal bor”).
earnest
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɝ.nɪst/
ipa: /ˈɜː.nɪst/
homophone: Ernest
Etymology: From Middle English ernest, eornest, from Old English eornest, eornost, eornust (“earnestness, zeal, seriousness, battle”), from Proto-Germanic *ernustuz (“earnest, strength, solidity, struggle, fight”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *arniz (“efficient, capable, diligent, sure”), from Proto-Indo-European *er- (“to cause to move, arouse, increase”).
Cognate with West Frisian earnst (“earnest, seriousness”), Dutch ernst (“seriousness, gravity, earnest”), German Ernst (“seriousness, earnestness, zeal, vigour”), Icelandic ern (“brisk, vigorous”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 (arniba, “secure, certain, sure”).
The adjective is from Middle English eornest, from Old English eornoste (“earnest, zealous, serious”), from the noun. Cognate with North Frisian ernste (“earnest”), Middle Low German ernest, ernst (“serious, earnest”), German ernst (“serious, earnest”).
Senses: examples: text: Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest.
ref: a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the folio)”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC:
english: The New Arcadia
translation: The New Arcadia
text: That high All-Seer which I dallied with / Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head / And given in earnest what I begg'd in jest.
ref: c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
text: 1914, February 13, The Times, Obituary: Canon Augustus Jessopp
He wrote well in a forcible, colloquial style, with the air of being tremendously in earnest, and full of knowledge which overflowed his pages, tricked out with somewhat boisterous illustrations.
glosses: Gravity; serious purpose; earnestness.
glosses: Seriousness; reality; actuality (as opposed to joking or pretence)
Derived terms: earnestful
in earnest
earnest
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɝ.nɪst/
ipa: /ˈɜː.nɪst/
homophone: Ernest
Forms: form: earnests
form: earnesting
form: earnested
form: earnested
Etymology: From Middle English ernest, eornest, from Old English eornest, eornost, eornust (“earnestness, zeal, seriousness, battle”), from Proto-Germanic *ernustuz (“earnest, strength, solidity, struggle, fight”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *arniz (“efficient, capable, diligent, sure”), from Proto-Indo-European *er- (“to cause to move, arouse, increase”).
Cognate with West Frisian earnst (“earnest, seriousness”), Dutch ernst (“seriousness, gravity, earnest”), German Ernst (“seriousness, earnestness, zeal, vigour”), Icelandic ern (“brisk, vigorous”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 (arniba, “secure, certain, sure”).
The adjective is from Middle English eornest, from Old English eornoste (“earnest, zealous, serious”), from the noun. Cognate with North Frisian ernste (“earnest”), Middle Low German ernest, ernst (“serious, earnest”), German ernst (“serious, earnest”).
Senses: examples: text: Let's prove among ourselves our armes in jest, That when we come to earnest them with men, We may them better use.
ref: 1602, Pastor Fido, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
glosses: To be serious with; use in earnest.
earnest
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɝ.nɪst/
ipa: /ˈɜː.nɪst/
homophone: Ernest
Forms: form: earnests
Etymology: Uncertain; apparently related to erres. Compare also arles.
Senses: examples: text: Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 5:5:
text: As therefore the morning devv, is a pavvne of the evenings fatneſſe, ſo, O Lord, let this daies comfort be the earneſt of to morrowes, […]
ref: 1624, John Donne, “19. Prayer”, in Deuotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Seuerall Steps in My Sicknes: […], London: […] A[ugustine] M[atthews] for Thomas Iones, →OCLC, page 508:
text: The vanity is at once encouraged and gratified; while the present small triumph is too readily taken as earnest for a greater one.
ref: 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 152–153:
text: But if all this was viewed by Gladstone and the Cabinet as an earnest of St Petersburg's future good intentions in Central Asia, then disillusionment was soon to follow.
ref: 1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 365:
glosses: A sum of money paid in advance as a deposit; hence, a pledge, a guarantee, an indication of something to come.
Related terms: Earnest
earnest money
earnest
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɝ.nɪst/
ipa: /ˈɜː.nɪst/
homophone: Ernest
Etymology: From earn + -est.
Senses: glosses: second-person singular simple present indicative of earn
economization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: economizations
form: economisation
Etymology: From economize + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act or practice of using resources to the best effect.
Related terms: economic
economics
economizer
economy
edification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɛdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: edifications
form: ædification
Etymology: From Old French, from Latin aedificationem (“building, construction”), an accusative form of aedificatio, from aedificare.
Senses: examples: text: Let euery one of vs please his neighbour for his good to edification.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 15:2:
text: Caterina Pachetti had been a very pretty women, which she remembered more to her own edification than to that of her friends.
ref: 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XI, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 219:
text: It seems clear that he took great delight in his commonly perceived role as “the No 1 celebrity scientist”; huge audiences would attend his public lectures, perhaps not always just for scientific edification.
ref: 2018 March 14, Roger Penrose, “'Mind over matter': Stephen Hawking – obituary by Roger Penrose”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 27 Sep 2022:
glosses: The act of edifying, or the state of being edified or improved; a building process, especially morally, emotionally, or spiritually.
glosses: A building or edifice.
Derived terms: disedification
Related terms: edificant
edificator
edificatory
edifice
edificial
edifier
edify
edifyingly
edifyingness
e'en
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /iːn/
rhymes: -iːn
Senses: glosses: Contraction of even.
e'en
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /iːn/
rhymes: -iːn
Senses: glosses: Contraction of even.
e'en
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /iːn/
rhymes: -iːn
Senses: glosses: Contraction of even.
Derived terms: eenamost
e'en so
Hallowe'en
yestreen
effectuation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: effectuations
Etymology: From effectuate + -ion.
Senses: glosses: An act of effectuating.
elaboration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: elaborations
Etymology: From Middle French élaboration. Morphologically elaborate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: Digging deeper, the invention of eyeglasses is an elaboration of the more fundamental development of optics technology. The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…].
ref: 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:
glosses: The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement.
examples: text: the elaboration of food into chyme
text: the elaboration of chyle, or sap, or tissues
glosses: The natural process of formation or assimilation, performed by the living organs in animals and vegetables, by which a crude substance is changed into something of a higher order
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Setting up a hierarchy of calculated constants in a language such as Ada so that the values of one or more of them determine others further down in the hierarchy.
topics: business
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
electronics
energy
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The process of taking a parsed tree of an abstract integrated circuit definition in a language such as Verilog and creating a hierarchy of module instances that ends with primitive (atomic) gates and statements.
topics: human-sciences
psychology
sciences
glosses: The level of processing of a message or argument.
Derived terms: counterelaboration
overelaboration
elation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
ipa: /ɪˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /iːˈleɪʃən/
homophone: illation
Forms: form: elations
Etymology: From Middle English elacioun, from Old French elacion, from Latin ēlātiōnem, accusative singular of ēlātiō (“exaltation, elevation; pride, elation”), from ēlātus, perfect passive participle of efferō (“bring forth or out; raise; exalt”), from ē (“out of”), short form of ex, + ferō (“carry, bear”).
Senses: glosses: An exhilarating psychological state of pride and optimism.
examples: text: She [Chloe Kelly] waited for confirmation of the goal before taking off her shirt and waving it around her head, while being lifted by her team-mates in a moment of pure elation.
ref: 2022 July 31, Emma Sanders, “England 2-1 Germany”, in BBC Sport:
synonyms: word: glee
word: mirth
word: blitheness
word: blithesomeness
word: cheerfulness
word: cheeriness
word: contentness
word: contentedness
word: delight
word: delightedness
word: elatedness
word: elation
word: exuberance
word: exuberantness
word: felicity
word: gaiety
word: gayness
word: gayfulness
word: gladness
word: gladsomeness
word: glee
word: gleefulness
word: gleesomeness
word: happiness
word: high spirits
word: hilarity
word: jolliness
word: jollity
word: joviality
word: jovialness
word: joy
word: joyfulness
word: joyousness
word: liss
word: merriment
word: merriness
word: mirth
word: mirthfulness
word: pleasedness
glosses: A feeling of joy and pride.
topics: geometry
mathematics
sciences
glosses: A collineation that fixes all points on a line (called its axis) and all lines though a point on the axis (called its center).
Related terms: elate
elated
efferent
electrification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: electrifications
Etymology: From electrify + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act of electrifying, or the state of being charged with electricity.
examples: text: The proposed Bedford-Leeds service requires the electrification of the Midland main line north of Market Harborough (it assumes that Kettering to Market Harborough is a done deal) and the Birmingham-Nottingham service requires electrification west of Nottingham.
ref: 2019 October, Dan Harvey, “Midlands Connect touts direct city links”, in Modern Railways, page 9:
text: Transport Scotland's Director of Rail Bill Reeve has raised the prospect of electrification in Scotland being extended to connect all of the nation's seven cities. With the Scottish Government due to publish its plans in the spring for achieving a zero net carbon railway by 2035, Reeve told RAIL that "the working assumption" is that it will include the erection of wires to Perth, Aberdeen, Inverness and Dundee.
ref: 2019 November 6, “Network News”, in Rail, page 24:
glosses: The adaptation (of a home, farm, village, city, industry, railroad) for electric power.
Derived terms: nonelectrification
triboelectrification
Related terms: electrify
electricity
electric
eleemosynary
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪ.iːˈmɒ.sɪ.nə.ɹi/
ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪˈmɑː.sə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪˈmɑː.zə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.i.ɪˈmɑː.sə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.i.ɪˈmɑː.zə.nɛɹ.i/
Forms: form: more eleemosynary
form: most eleemosynary
form: eleëmosynary
Etymology: From Medieval Latin eleēmosynārius (“alms dispenser”), from Late Latin eleēmosyna (“alms”), from Ancient Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (eleēmosúnē, “alms”), from ἐλεήμων (eleḗmōn, “merciful”) + -σῠ́νη (-sŭ́nē, “suffix denoting an abstract noun”). Compare Italian elemosina.
Senses: examples: text: I am bound to say he didn't criticise his benefactors, though practically he got tired of them; she, however, had the highest standards about eleemosynary forms.
ref: 1894, Henry James, The Coxon Fund:
text: He did some work for the New York Public Library . . . and also dabbled in eleemosynary science for the Russell Sage Foundation.
ref: 1918, Christopher Morley, “Owd Bob”, in Mince Pie:
glosses: Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving.
examples: text: An author ought to consider himself, not as a gentleman who gives a private or eleemosynary treat, but rather as one who keeps a public ordinary, at which all persons are welcome for their money.
ref: 1749, Henry Fielding, chapter I, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book I:
text: His spirited refusal of an eleemosynary supply of shoes, arose, no doubt, from a proper pride.
ref: 1791, James Boswell, Life of Johnson, Aetat. 22
text: Crouch low thy neck to eleemosynary gifts.
ref: 1892, Walt Whitman, “To the Pending Year”, in Leaves of Grass:
glosses: Given in charity or alms; having the nature of alms
examples: text: ... it is also true that the policy of nations, or the bounty of individuals, formerly did much to counteract the effect of this limitation of competition, by offering eleemosynary instruction to a much larger class of persons than could have obtained the same advantages by paying their price.
ref: 1871, John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, p. 482:
text: [The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution] set the State up as the largest eleemosynary institution in the history of the world.
ref: 1959, Frank Chodorov, The Rise and Fall of Society, Devin-Adair, Chapter 14, page 143:
text: Amidst all this, the legal business, the acquiring of land, the construction of the Montgomery Block, Billings had generosity and time to support the founding of the University of California and a half dozen churches, schools, orphan asylums and other eleemosynary institutions.
ref: 1991 October 27, Washington Post:
glosses: Supported by charity
Synonyms: charitable
Derived terms: eleemosynarily
eleemosynariness
eleemosynary corporation
noneleemosynary
uneleemosynary
eleemosynary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪ.iːˈmɒ.sɪ.nə.ɹi/
ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪˈmɑː.sə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.ɪˈmɑː.zə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.i.ɪˈmɑː.sə.nɛɹ.i/
ipa: /ˌɛl.i.ɪˈmɑː.zə.nɛɹ.i/
Forms: form: eleemosynaries
form: eleëmosynary
Etymology: From Medieval Latin eleēmosynārius (“alms dispenser”), from Late Latin eleēmosyna (“alms”), from Ancient Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (eleēmosúnē, “alms”), from ἐλεήμων (eleḗmōn, “merciful”) + -σῠ́νη (-sŭ́nē, “suffix denoting an abstract noun”). Compare Italian elemosina.
Senses: glosses: A beggar
Related terms: eleemosynate
eleemosynous
elevation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: elevations
Etymology: From Old French elevation, from Latin elevatio, equal to elevate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: elevation to a throne
text: elevation to sainthood
text: elevation of mind, thoughts, or character
glosses: The act of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher; said of material things, persons, the mind, the voice, etc.
glosses: The condition of being or feeling elevated; heightened; exaltation.
examples: text: A hill is an elevation of the ground.
text: Since our sins caused God's presence to withdraw above the "seven heavens," we pray that our prayers may rise through the seven layers and reach the Almighty in the eighth elevation.
ref: 1996, Macy Nulman, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer, page 362:
glosses: That which is raised up or elevated; an elevated place or station.
examples: the elevation of the pole, or of a star
topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: The distance of a celestial object above the horizon, or the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between it and the horizon; altitude.
glosses: The measured vertical distance from the peak of a mountain or hill to its bordering lowlands.
glosses: The angle which the gnomon makes with the substylar line.
glosses: The movement of the axis of a piece in a vertical plane; also, the angle of elevation, that is, the angle between the axis of the piece and the line of sight; distinguished from direction.
topics: architecture
glosses: A geometrical projection of a building, or other object, on a plane perpendicular to the horizon; orthographic projection on a vertical plane; called by the ancients the orthography.
topics: Catholicism
Christianity
Roman-Catholicism
glosses: The raising of the host—representing Christ’s body—in a mass or Holy Communion service.
examples: text: […] many of the fen people used what they called "elevation." Farmer Porter was his informant concerning this habit. "What's elevation?" "Oh! ho! ho! — yow goo into druggist's shop o' market day into Cambridge, and you'll see the little boxes, doozens and doozens, a' ready on the counter; and never a ven-man's wife goo by, but what calls in for her pennord o' elevation, to last her out the week. […]
ref: 1921, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, volume 10, page 49:
glosses: An opium mixture used in the Fens to improve the mood and prevent malaria.
Derived terms: angle of elevation
Arkansas elevation
boiling-point elevation
dextroelevation
elevational
laevoelevation
paleoelevation
self-elevation
ST elevation
superelevation
Related terms: elevate
elevator
overelevation
fasl
masl
elimination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪlɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: eliminations
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin ēliminātiō, from eliminate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: The real savings of OCR come from the elimination of redundant keyboardings of the same data; from eliminating multiple verification steps; from reducing the number of documents needed to complete a transaction; […]
ref: 1977 June 13, Computerworld, volume 11, number 24, page 91:
glosses: The act of eliminating, expelling or throwing off.
examples: text: Everton require at least 3 goals in the second leg to avoid elimination from the FA Cup.
text: Vietnamese tilapia Plastique Tiara was at the forefront of one of Drag Race's most controversial eliminations earlier this year. Although the Texan performer and biological woman was leaving us gooped week-after-week with her runways, she was – spoiler alert! – eliminated in eighth place after lip-syncing against Miss Vanjie, despite having a better track record.
ref: 2019 June 13, Sam Damshenas, “Drag Race star Plastique Tiara wants to be a "pioneer" for the queer Asian community”, in Gay Times, London: Gay Times Ltd, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 01 Aug 2021:
glosses: The act of excluding a losing contestant from a match, tournament, or other competition.
topics: broadcasting
media
television
glosses: The act of voting off or throwing off a contestant in a reality television competition.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: The act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: The act of causing a quantity to disappear from an equation; especially, in the operation of deducing from several equations containing several unknown quantities a less number of equations containing a less number of unknown quantities.
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The act of obtaining by separation, or as the result of eliminating; deduction.
topics: accounting
business
finance
glosses: The act of recording amounts in a consolidation statement to remove the effects of inter-company transactions.
Derived terms: antielimination
autoelimination
bioelimination
cycloelimination
elimination diet
eliminationism
eliminationist
elimination question
elimination reaction
elimination round
Gaussian elimination
Gauss-Jordan elimination
Hofmann elimination
microelimination
nonelimination
organ of elimination
photoelimination
process of elimination
single-elimination tournament
Related terms: eliminable
eliminant
eliminate
eliminative
eliminator
eliminatory