cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
indubitable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈdjuːbɪtəbəl/
ipa: /ɪnˈdubɪtəbəl/
Forms: form: more indubitable
form: most indubitable
Etymology: Either from French indubitable or Latin indubitābilis. By surface analysis, in- + dubitable.
Senses: examples: text: The indubitable effect of the potion convinced many nonbelievers.
glosses: Clearly true; providing no possibility of doubt.
Synonyms: undoubtable
Derived terms: indubitableness
indubitably
indubitable
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈdjuːbɪtəbəl/
ipa: /ɪnˈdubɪtəbəl/
Forms: form: indubitables
Etymology: Either from French indubitable or Latin indubitābilis. By surface analysis, in- + dubitable.
Senses: examples: text: If we build logically upwards from a few indubitables, the whole system must remain correct.
glosses: That which is indubitable.
inefficient
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/
rhymes: -ɪʃənt
Forms: form: more inefficient
form: most inefficient
Etymology: From in- + efficient.
Senses: examples: text: Celery is an inefficient food.
glosses: Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious
examples: text: inefficient workers
text: an inefficient administrator
text: Jessica was terribly inefficient at cleaning, so her brother usually had to clean the whole room.
text: The Defense Department, for example, has greatly expanded competitive bidding and is this year submitting to Congress the first-ever 2-year defense budget to replace the old, inefficient, year-by-year process.
ref: 1987 January 17, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Radio Address:
glosses: Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or unproductive; effecting little or nothing
Derived terms: inefficiently
inefficient
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/
rhymes: -ɪʃənt
Forms: form: inefficients
Etymology: From in- + efficient.
Senses: examples: text: Two men were put to work who could not set their looms; a third man was taken on who helped the inefficients to set the looms. The other weavers thought this was a breach of their union rules and 18 of them struck […]
ref: 1889, New York (State). Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Statistics, Annual Report (part 2, page 127)
text: A general shaking up of the workers from top to bottom would result; and when equilibrium had been restored, the number of the inefficients at the bottom of the Abyss would have been increased by hundreds of thousands.
ref: 1903, Jack London, The People of the Abyss, Chapter 17:
glosses: A person who cannot or does not work efficiently.
infatuation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: infatuations
Senses: examples: text: As to the former, he is under a singular species of infatuation, to render himself thus subservient to the plans of Melliphant. Happily, however, we have effected our escape from them, and are on the road to our peaceful dwelling.
ref: 1838, [Letitia Elizabeth] Landon (indicated as editor), chapter XI, in Duty and Inclination: […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 141:
glosses: An immensely strong love or sexual attraction.
glosses: The act of infatuating; the state of being infatuated; madness.
glosses: Something which infatuates.
Hyponyms: crush
squish
Derived terms: infatuational
Related terms: fatuity
fatuous
infatuate
infatuated
infelicitous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.fəˈlɪs.ɪ.təs/
ipa: /ˌɪn.fɪˈlɪs.ɪ.təs/
ipa: /ˌɪn.fɛlˈɪs.ɪ.təs/
ipa: /ˌɪn.fəˈlɪs.ɪ.təs/
ipa: /ˌɪn.fəˈlɪs.ə.təs/
Forms: form: more infelicitous
form: most infelicitous
Etymology: From in- + felicitous.
Senses: examples: text: My last run this month is an amazing performance of an "A2/3" Pacific, No. 60524, Herringbone (could there possibly be a more infelicitous name for a locomotive than this, let alone for the unhappy horse which first had to bear it?), […].
ref: 1953 December, Cecil J. Allen, “British Locomotive Performance and Performance”, in Railway Magazine, page 838:
text: If leading a "dog's life" be considered a peculiar phase of human misery, the life of a Boys' Dog is still more infelicitous.
ref: 1973, Bret Harte, “A Boy's Dog”, in Mrs. Skaggs's Husbands and Other Sketches:
glosses: Unhappy or unfortunate.
examples: text: "Now, you've got just grounds for shooting me," he said gaily, and instantly regretted his infelicitous remark.
ref: 1909, William MacLeod Raine, “chapter 24”, in Ridgway of Montana:
glosses: Inappropriate or awkward; not well said, expressed, or done.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: Of a sentence or utterance: not semantically and pragmatically coherent.
Synonyms: sense: unhappy
word: sad
word: lamentable
sense: unlucky
word: unlucky
Derived terms: infelicitously
infelicitousness
inference
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪn.fə.ɹəns/
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fə.ɹəns]
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fɹəns]
ipa: /ˈɪn.fɚ.əns/
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fɚ.əns]
ipa: /ˈɪn.fɹəns/
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fɹəns]
ipa: /ˈɪn.fə.ɹəns/
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fə.ɹəns]
ipa: [ˈɪɱ.fɹəns]
Forms: form: inferences
form: inferrence
Etymology: From Latin inferentia. Morphologically infer + -ence.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction.
examples: text: A key part of McCarthy’s argument, as made in other settings, such as a Larry King evening news show and on a now-infamous Oprah episode, focuses on the fact that children receive more vaccines now than ever before, which she believes corresponds with a rise in autism rates. However, as scientists and others who reject fallacious inferences point out, correlation is not causation.
ref: 2018 January 2, Samantha D. Gottlieb, “8. Mothers and Gardasil”, in Not Quite a Cancer Vaccine. Selling HPV and Cervical Cancer, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 124:
glosses: That which is inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction.
qualifier: artificial intelligence
glosses: Output generated by a trained machine learning model as it applies learned patterns to new data.
qualifier: artificial intelligence
glosses: An instance or example of this, such as a prediction, classification, decision, etc.
Hyponyms: deductive inference
inductive inference
statistical inference
Derived terms: inference rule
inference to the best explanation
inferencing
inferential
macroinference
microinference
misinference
type inference
infest
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈfɛst/
rhymes: -ɛst
Forms: form: infests
form: infesting
form: infested
form: infested
Etymology: From Middle English infesten, from Old French infester (“to infest”), from Latin īnfestō (“assail, molest”, verb), from īnfestus (“hostile”).
Senses: examples: text: Insects are infesting my basement!
text: Sir, my liege,
Do not infest your mind with beating on
The strangeness of this business; at pick’d leisure
Which shall be shortly, I’ll resolve you,
Which to you shall seem probable, of every
These happen’d accidents; till when, be cheerful
And think of each thing well.
ref: 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
text: I come now to speak of the Pyrates infesting the West-Indies, where they are more numerous than in any other Parts of the World, on several Reasons […]
ref: 1724, Daniel Defoe (attributed), “Introduction”, in A General History of the Pirates, 2nd edition, London: T. Warner, page 24:
text: It has often happened, that whole caravans have perished in crossing those deserts, either by the burning winds that infest them, or by the sands which are raised by the tempest, and overwhelm every creature in certain ruin.
ref: 1791, Oliver Goldsmith, “Of Mummies, Wax-Works, &c.”, in An History of the Earth, and Animated Nature. […], new edition, volume II, London: […] F[rancis] Wingrave, successor to Mr. [John] Nourse, […], →OCLC, page 252:
text: Nor was the biscuit much better; nearly all of it was broken into hard, little gunflints, honeycombed through and through, as if the worms usually infesting this article in long tropical voyages had, in boring after nutriment, come out at the antipodes without finding anything.
ref: 1847 March 30, Herman Melville, chapter 3, in Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas; […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:
glosses: To inhabit a place in unpleasantly large numbers; to plague, harass.
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
glosses: To invade a host plant or animal.
raw_tags: of a parasite
Synonyms: beride
plague
Derived terms: disinfest
infestive
infestment
preinfest
reinfest
Related terms: infestation
infestuous
infest
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈfɛst/
rhymes: -ɛst
Forms: form: more infest
form: most infest
Etymology: From Middle English infesten, from Old French infester (“to infest”), from Latin īnfestō (“assail, molest”, verb), from īnfestus (“hostile”).
Senses: examples: text: […] The swarme of scaled snakes
Did make an yrksome noyce to heare, as she her tresses shakes.
About her shoulders some did craule, some trayling downe her brest,
Did hisse, and spit out poison greene, and spirt with tongues infest.
ref: 1567, Ovid, “The Fourth Booke”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The XV. Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis, […], London: […] Willyam Seres […], →OCLC, folio 51, recto:
text: He stayed not t’advize, which way were best
His foe t’assayle, or how himselfe to gard,
But with fierce fury and with force infest
Upon him ran […]
ref: 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 5:
glosses: Mischievous; hurtful; harassing.
infest
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈfɛst/
rhymes: -ɛst
Etymology: From Middle English infesten, from Old French infester (“to infest”), from Latin īnfestō (“assail, molest”, verb), from īnfestus (“hostile”).
Senses: examples: 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book II, Canto Eleven, Stanza 32, Hackett, 2006, p. 191,
Like as a fire, the which in hollow cave
Hath long bene underkept, and down supprest,
With murmurous disdayne doth inly rave,
And grudge, in so streight prison to be prest,
At last breakes forth with furious infest,
And strives to mount unto his native seat […]
glosses: Hostility.
infiltration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnfɪlˈtɹeɪʃən/
Forms: form: infiltrations
Etymology: From Middle English infiltracioun, from Medieval Latin infiltrātiōnem, infiltrātiō. By surface analysis, infiltrat(e) + -ion.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body.
topics: geography
hydrology
natural-sciences
glosses: The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body.
process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
qualifier: soil science
examples: text: calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities
ref: 1784, Richard Kirwan, Elements of Mineralogy:
glosses: The substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body.
examples: text: No one should be under any illusions about the objective of the Communist Party leadership: it’s long-term, systematic infiltration of social organisations, media and government. By the time China’s infiltration of Australia is readily apparent, it will be too late.
ref: 2019, Peter Hartcher, “Power and Paranoia: Why the Chinese government aggressively pushes beyond its borders”, in The Sydney Morning Herald:
glosses: The act of secretly entering a physical location and/or organization.
Derived terms: agroinfiltration
bioinfiltration
coinfiltration
infiltration basin
infiltrationism
infiltration pond
postinfiltration
preinfiltration
inhabitation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inhabitations
Etymology: From inhabit + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; indwelling.
glosses: Abode; place of dwelling; residence.
examples: text: Noiſe call you it or univerſal groan / As if the whole inhabitation periſ'd, / Blood, death, and deathful deeds are in the noiſe, / Ruin, deſtruction at the utmoſt point.
ref: 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, pages 88–89, lines 1522–1525:
glosses: Population; inhabitants.
inhalation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃən/
ipa: [ˌɪnɦəˈleɪʃn̩]
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inhalations
Etymology: From inhale + -ation.
Senses: examples: text: On Ickerson's part, with the help of "a few post-jentacular inhalations," as he in his colossal manner was pleased to phrase it, "from that fragrant weed which so propitiates clearness of thought, and tends to promote equanimity in action."
ref: 1860 May, George Cupples, “Loch-Na-Diomhair—The Lake of the Secret. A Highland Flight.”, in David Masson, editor, Macmillan’s Magazine, volume II, number 7, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, section I (How We Set Out for It—Ickerson and I), page 22, column 1:
text: The girl stooped to pluck a rose, and as she bent over it, her profile was clearly outlined. She held the flower to her face with a long-drawn inhalation, then went up the steps, crossed the piazza, opened the door without knocking, and entered the house with the air of one thoroughly at home.
ref: 1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:
text: The Invisible Killer Dihydrogen monoxide is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and kills uncounted thousands of people every year. Most of these deaths are caused by accidental inhalation of DHMO, but the dangers of dihydrogen monoxide do not end there.
ref: 1995, John December, quoting Craig Jackson, The World Wide Web Unleashed, 2nd edition, Indianapolis, Ind.: Sams.net, →ISBN, page 450:
glosses: The act of inhaling; inbreathing.
glosses: The substance (medicament) which is inhaled.
Derived terms: inhalational
overinhalation
Related terms: inhale
initiation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: initiations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French initiation, from Latin initiātiō. Morphologically initiate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: initiation into a society
text: initiation into business
text: initiation into literature
glosses: The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced.
glosses: The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The first step of transcription or of transduction.
Synonyms: sense: act of initiating
word: beginning
sense: act of initiating
word: start
Derived terms: clutch initiation
initiational
initiation ceremony
initiation codon
lipoinitiation
noninitiation
overinitiation
photoinitiation
postinitiation
preinitiation
reinitiation
self-initiation
Related terms: initial
initiate
initiationism
injunction
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/
rhymes: -ʌŋkʃən
Forms: form: injunctions
Etymology: From Middle English iniunccyon, iniunccion, from Old French injonctïon, from Latin iniūnctiō (“command, injunction”).
Senses: glosses: The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.
examples: text: […]she added, “Lizzy, I insist upon your staying and hearing Mr. Collins.” Elizabeth would not oppose such an injunction—and a moment's consideration making her also sensible that it would be wisest to get it over as soon and as quietly as possible, […].
ref: 1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter XIX, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, pages 242–243:
text: Its verbs are conjugated in a way that defies all the injunctions of the grammar books; it has its contumacious rules of tense, number and case; […]
ref: [1921 [1919], H. L. Mencken, chapter 39, in The American Language, 2nd edition, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 262:
text: At the end of the Falklands war two years earlier too, the Queen, whose second son, Andrew, had served as a helicopter pilot with the task force, was singularly untriumphalist and showed no inclination to follow her prime minister’s injunction to rejoice at victory.
ref: 2022 September 8, Stephen Bates, “Queen Elizabeth II obituary”, in The Guardian:
glosses: That which is enjoined; such as an order, mandate, decree, command, precept.
examples: text: Southwark council, which took out the injunction against Matt, believes YouTube has become the "new playground" for gang members.
ref: 2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in The Guardian:
text: The judges said Trump must issue new orders reflecting the permanent injunction within 10 days.
ref: 2025 May 29, Kalyeena Makortoff, “US federal court blocks Trump from imposing sweeping tariffs”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
topics: law
coordinate_terms: declaratory judgment
glosses: A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.
Hyponyms: Mareva injunction
preliminary injunction
pyjama injunction
pajama injunction
super-injunction
super injunction
Derived terms: hyper-injunction
injunctional
injunctionless
Related terms: word: injunctive
injury
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒə.ɹi/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɹi/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɚ.i/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɹi/
Forms: form: injuries
Etymology: From Middle English injurie, from Anglo-Norman injurie, from Latin iniūria (“injustice; wrong; offense”), from in- (“not”) + iūs, iūris (“right, law”). Doublet of injuria.
Senses: examples: text: The passenger sustained a severe injury in the car accident.
text: He got a shoulder injury in the nets three days before the match.
text: Whether you need to recover from a stressful day, a strenuous workout or even an injury or surgery, restorative yoga may be just the thing for you.
ref: 2017 February 17, Dana Santas, “Recovering from surgery or stress? Yoga can help”, in CNN:
text: Soft tissue injuries are the bane of any physically active person. They are the most common injuries in sport, can be difficult to heal and often reoccur, according to Sports Medicine Australia.
ref: 2022 August 10, Melanie Radzicki McManus, “How to avoid soft tissue injuries, according to experts”, in CNN:
glosses: Damage to the body of a living thing.
glosses: Other forms of damage sustained by a living thing, e.g. psychologically.
examples: text: Slander is an injury to the character.
glosses: The violation of a person's reputation, rights, property, or interests.
glosses: Injustice.
Synonyms: word: injury
word: wound
word: scath
word: scathe
word: lesion
word: dere
Hyponyms: word: boo-boo
word: needlestick injury
word: scrape
word: bruise
word: ecchymosis
word: contusion
word: abrasion
word: excoriation
word: graze
word: hurt
word: nick
word: scratch
word: flesh wound
word: cut
word: incision
word: tear
word: whiplash
word: laceration
Derived terms: acute kidney injury
add insult to injury
add salt to injury
cryoinjury
heap insult on injury
injury current
injury potential
injury-prone
injury time
insult to injury
microinjury
moral injury
needlestick injury
noninjury
personal injury
postinjury
preinjury
pressure injury
psychological injury
reinjury
repetitive strain injury
self-injury
traumatic brain injury
vaccine injury
Related terms: word: injure
word: injurious
word: damage
word: detriment
word: evil
word: harm
word: hurt
word: impairment
word: injustice
word: loss
word: mischief
word: wrong
word: sore
word: blister
word: ulcer
word: abscess
word: boil
word: carbuncle
word: pimple
word: pustule
word: bump
word: rash
word: hit
word: slap
word: punch
word: kick
word: defect
word: disease
injury
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒə.ɹi/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɹi/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɚ.i/
ipa: /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɹi/
Forms: form: injuries
form: injurying
form: injuried
form: injuried
Etymology: From Middle English injurie, from Anglo-Norman injurie, from Latin iniūria (“injustice; wrong; offense”), from in- (“not”) + iūs, iūris (“right, law”). Doublet of injuria.
Senses: examples: text: The best of us doth not so much feare to wrong him, as he doth to injurie his neighbour, his kinsman, or his master.
ref: II.12
glosses: To wrong, to injure.
innate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈneɪt/
rhymes: -eɪt
Forms: form: innates
form: innating
form: innated
form: innated
Etymology: The adjective is first attested in the 1420's, the verb in 1602; from Middle English innat(e) (“innate, inborn”), borrowed from Latin innātus (“inborn, innate”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), perfect active participle of innāscor (“to be born in, grow up in”), from in- (“in, at on”) + nāscor (“to be born”); see natal, native. The verb is derived from the adjective, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Senses: examples: text: I never ſaw a foole leane : the chub-fac’d fop / Shines ſleek with full cramm’d fat of happineſſe, / VVhilſt ſtudious contemplation ſucks the juice / From wiſards cheekes : who making curious ſearch / For Natures ſecrets, the firſt innating cauſe / Laughs them to ſcorne, as man doth buſy Apes / VVhen they will zany men.
ref: 1601, John Marston, “Antonio’s Revenge”, in Tragedies and Comedies Collected into One Volume, London: A.M., published 1633, [https://archive.org/stream/tragediescomedie00mars#page/n111 [Act IIII, scene i]]:
text: […]but the innating matter works not upon the dull matter, as upon a new material, for the innate matter is mixt with the dull part of matter[…]
ref: 1655, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, “Of the dull and innated matter”, in The Philosophical and Physical Opinions, London: J. Martin and J. Allestrye, page 46:
text: Here you may behold how each County is innated with a particular Genius, inclining the Natives thereof to be dextrous, ſome in one profeſſion, ſome in another[…]
ref: a. 1661, Thomas Fuller, chapter XIX, in Anglorum Speculum, or The Worthies of England, London: John Wright, Thomas Passinger, and William Thackary, published 1684, page 20:
glosses: To cause to exist; to call into being.
innervation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃn̩/
ipa: /ˌɪn.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ɪˌnɝˈveɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: innervations
Etymology: From innervate + -ion.
Senses: topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
glosses: The act of innervating or stimulating.
topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
glosses: Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs.
topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
glosses: The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.
Derived terms: deinnervation
dysinnervation
hyperinnervation
hypoinnervation
innervational
monoinnervation
neoinnervation
polyinnervation
innocuous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/
ipa: /ɪˈnɑkjuəs/
Forms: form: more innocuous
form: most innocuous
Etymology: From Latin innocuus (“harmless”) (therefore, no gemination in + nocuous).
Senses: examples: text: With its green cupola or tapering spire, / Which sunset touches with innocuous fire, / The little church appears, to sanctify / The precincts duly where men live and die— [...]
ref: 1838, Richard Chenevix Trench, “Sonnet I. To England. In the Tyrol.”, in Sabbation; Honor Neale; and Other Poems, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 158:
text: The shells fell for the most part innocuous; an eyewitness saw children at play beside the flaming houses; not a soul was injured.
ref: 1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, chapter 9, in A Footnote to History:
text: Other things, too, there were, not less deadly though seemingly innocuous—dried fungi, the touch of which was death and whose poison was carried on in the air; also traps intended for birds, beast, fishes, reptiles, and insects; machines which could produce pain of any kind and degree, and the only mercy of which was the power of producing speedy death.
ref: 1911, Bram Stoker, “Mesmer’s Chest”, in The Lair of the White Worm, London: William Rider and Son, […], →OCLC, page 110:
text: The effects of any one instance of TV absorbing and pablumizing cultural tokens seems innocuous enough.
ref: 1997, David Foster Wallace, “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again: Essays and Arguments, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN:
text: As the half closed [Gareth] Bale and [Joe] Ledley both went close with good efforts, but [Craig] Bellamy picked up a yellow card for an innocuous challenge that also rules the new Liverpool man out of the trip to Wembley.
ref: 2011 September 2, “Wales 2 — 1 Montenegro”, in BBC Sport:
synonyms: innoxious
nonpoisonous
nontoxic
undamaging
unharmful
harmless
antonyms: word: nocuous
word: noxious
word: harmful
word: poisonous
word: toxic
word: beneficial
word: helpful
word: valuable
word: harmless
word: innocent
word: innocuous
word: innoxious
word: inoffensive
word: undamaging
word: unharmful
glosses: Harmless; producing no ill effect.
examples: text: Ruth Devlin announced that the song must wait, though it appeared to be innocuous and child-like in its sentiments.
ref: 1893, Gilbert Parker, chapter 12, in Mrs. Falchion:
text: He sat down, and lighted a cigarette, casting about the while for an innocuous topic of conversation.
ref: 1910, P. G. Wodehouse, chapter 29, in The Intrusion of Jimmy:
synonyms: uncontroversial
glosses: Inoffensive; unprovocative; unexceptionable.
Derived terms: innocuity
innocuously
innocuousness
uninnocuous
Related terms: innocent
inoculation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˌnɒkjʊˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /ɪˌnɑkjəˈleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inoculations
Etymology: From Latin inoculātio. Equivalent to inoculate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: We owe, also, to Lady Mary the introduction of inoculation—the moral courage she displayed; the blessing conferred by her exertions may well silence the harsh judgment which suits so little with our narrow and finite intelligence.
ref: 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The End”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 326:
topics: immunology
medicine
sciences
glosses: The introduction of an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.
topics: biology
microbiology
natural-sciences
glosses: The introduction of a microorganism into a culture medium.
glosses: The insertion of the buds of one plant into another; grafting.
glosses: An inoculum; that which is inoculated.
glosses: Synonym of prebunking.
synonyms: word: prebunking
Derived terms: agroinoculation
autoinoculation
bioinoculation
coinoculation
inoculation lymphoreticulosis
noninoculation
postinoculation
preinoculation
reinoculation
spinoculation
subinoculation
Related terms: inoculant
inoculate
inoculative
inoculator
inoculum
immunisation
vaccination
inquiry
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈkwaɪəɹi/
ipa: /ɪŋ-/
ipa: /ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/
ipa: /ˈɪnkwɪɹi/
ipa: /ɪŋ-/
rhymes: -aɪəɹi
Forms: form: inquiries
form: enquiry
Etymology: From Middle English enquery, from the Old French verb enquerre, from Latin inquīrō, composed of in- (“in, at, on; into”) + quaerō (“I seek, look for”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Italic *kʷaizeō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂- (“to acquire”). Later respelled to conform to the original Latin spelling, as opposed to the Old French spelling.
Senses: glosses: The act of inquiring; a seeking of information by asking questions; interrogation; a question or questioning.
examples: text: Scientific inquiry
glosses: A search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination of facts or principles; research; investigation; inquest.
Derived terms: coinquiry
contextual inquiry
court of inquiry
disciplinary inquiry
domestic inquiry
freedom of inquiry
grounded narrative inquiry
inquiry-based learning
line of inquiry
point of inquiry
writ of inquiry
insatiable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈseɪʃ(j)əbəl/
ipa: /ɪnˈseɪʃi.əbəl/
Forms: form: more insatiable
form: most insatiable
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English insaciable, from Middle French insatiable, from Old French insaciable, from Late Latin insatiabilis. by surface analysis, in- + satiable.
Senses: examples: text: Hugo, in a fine frenzy, threatens to depose the Sacristan, to do this and do that; but, in the mean while, how to quiet your insatiable Jew? Hugo, for this couple of hundreds, grants the Jew his bond for four hundred payable at the end of four years. (...) Neither yet is this insatiable Jew satisfied or settled with: he had papers against us of 'small debts fourteen years old;' his modest claim amounts finally to 'Twelve hundred pounds besides interest'
ref: 1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “ch. 4, Abbot Hugo”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book II (The Ancient Monk):
text: Such an appointment would realize my fondest dreams. But no, at any sacrifice, I must set bounds to my insatiable ambition!
ref: 1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert; Arthur Sullivan, composer, […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC:
glosses: Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy.
Derived terms: insatiableness
insatiably
insatiable
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈseɪʃ(j)əbəl/
ipa: /ɪnˈseɪʃi.əbəl/
Forms: form: insatiables
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English insaciable, from Middle French insatiable, from Old French insaciable, from Late Latin insatiabilis. by surface analysis, in- + satiable.
Senses: glosses: One who or that which cannot be satiated.
insemination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inseminations
Senses: glosses: A sowing of seed; the act of inseminating.
examples: text: At the same time there is no fantasy, as there is in the teleportage of science fiction, or in the Greek myth that requires the insemination of a woman by a swan.
ref: 2010, Jeffrey Boss, Human Consciousness of God in the Book of Job, page 158:
glosses: The introduction of sperm into a female’s reproductive system for the purpose of impregnating (making pregnant).
Derived terms: artificial insemination
intrauterine insemination
postinsemination
reinsemination
traumatic insemination
Related terms: inseminate
insight
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭn'sīt
ipa: /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/
ipa: /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/
note: Canadian raising
ipa: [ˈɪnsɐɪ̯t]
ipa: /ˈɪnsɑe̯t/
ipa: /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/
ipa: [ˈɪnsɑe̯t]
note: Indic
ipa: /ɪnsajʈ/
homophone: incite
Forms: form: insights
Etymology: From Middle English insight, insiht (“insight, mental vision, intelligence, understanding”), equivalent to in- + sight. Perhaps continuing Old English insiht (“narrative, argument, account”), from Proto-Germanic *insahtiz (“account, narrative, argument”). Compare West Frisian ynsjoch (“insight”), Dutch inzicht (“insight, awareness, view, opinion”), German Low German Insicht (“insight”), German Einsicht (“insight, knowledge, perception, understanding”), Danish indsigt (“insight”), Swedish insikt (“insight”), Icelandic innsýn (“insight”).
Senses: examples: text: The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.
ref: 1980, Carl Sagan, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:
text: This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty^([sic]) years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators.
ref: 2014 January 24, Claire Kramsch, “Language and Culture”, in AILA Review, volume 27, number 5, John Benjamins, →DOI, →ISSN, page 30:
glosses: A sight or view of the interior of anything; a deep inspection or view; introspection; frequently used with into.
synonyms: penetration
discernment
perception
glosses: Power of acute observation and deduction
topics: business
marketing
glosses: Knowledge (usually derived from consumer understanding) that a company applies in order to make a product or brand perform better and be more appealing to customers
glosses: Intuitive apprehension of the inner nature of a thing or things; intuition.
qualifier: artificial intelligence
glosses: An extended understanding of a subject resulting from identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario.
topics: human-sciences
medicine
psychiatry
psychology
sciences
synonyms: nosognosia
glosses: An individual's awareness of the nature and severity of one's mental illness.
Derived terms: inflicted insight
insighted
insightful
insightless
Related terms: outsight
insinuation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˌsɪnjuˈeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: insinuations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French insinuation, from Old French, from Latin insinuatio, from īnsinuō (“to push in, creep in, steal in”), from in (“in”) + sinus (“a winding, bend, bay, fold, bosom”).
Senses: glosses: The act or process of insinuating; a creeping, winding, or flowing in.
glosses: The act of gaining favor, affection, or influence, by gentle or artful means; — formerly used in a good sense, as of friendly influence or interposition.
glosses: The art or power of gaining good will by a prepossessing manner.
examples: text: Slander may be conveyed by insinuations.
glosses: That which is insinuated; a hint; a suggestion, innuendo or intimation by distant allusion
Derived terms: insinuational
insinuendo
Related terms: insinuate
insinuator
installation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪnstəˈlæɪʃən/
note: Indic
ipa: /ɪnstɔˈleʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: installations
Etymology: From Middle French installation, from Medieval Latin installātiō. By surface analysis, install + -ation. Compare with Piedmontese istallassion.
Senses: examples: text: The installation of the new software took only a few minutes.
glosses: An act of installing.
glosses: Something installed, especially the whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories, when set up and arranged for practical working, as in electric lighting, transmission of power, etc.
examples: text: The museum is displaying a modern art installation.
glosses: A work of installation art.
examples: text: A military installation was built near the border.
glosses: A grouping of facilities that constitute a permanent military base.
Derived terms: autoinstallation
deinstallation
electrical installation
installational
installation art
installationlike
misinstallation
noninstallation
post-installation
preinstallation
reinstallation
unattended installation
uninstallation
video installation
instead
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭn-stěd'
ipa: /ɪnˈstɛd/
ipa: /ɪnˈstiːd/
rhymes: -ɛd
Forms: form: enstead
form: in steed
form: in stead
Etymology: From in + stead, from Middle English ine (“in”) + stede (“stead”). Related to German statt.
Senses: examples: text: I was going to go shopping, but I went dancing instead.
text: ‘It's rather like a beautiful Inverness cloak one has inherited. Much too good to hide away, so one wears it instead of an overcoat and pretends it's an amusing new fashion.’
ref: 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:
text: Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. […] But the scandals kept coming, […]. A broad section of the political class now recognises the need for change but remains unable to see the necessity of a fundamental overhaul. Instead it offers fixes and patches.
ref: 2013 June 28, Joris Luyendijk, “Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 3, page 21:
glosses: In the place of something (usually mentioned earlier); as a substitute or alternative.
Synonyms: in lieu
Derived terms: instead of
instigation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnstɪˈɡeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: instigations
Etymology: From Middle English instigacioun, from Old French instigacïon and Latin instīgātio.
Senses: examples: text: The departure was not unduly prolonged.[…]Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.
ref: 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
glosses: The act of instigating, or the state of being instigated; incitement; especially to evil or wickedness.
Related terms: instigate
instigator
innovation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
note: Indic
ipa: /ɪnɵˈveʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: innovations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French innovation, from Old French innovacion, from Late Latin innovatio, innovationem, from Latin innovo, innovatus. Morphologically innovate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.
ref: 2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 10:
text: Innovation is more than a new method. It is a new view of the universe, as one of risk rather than of chance or of certainty. It is a new view of man's role in the universe; he creates order by taking risks. And this means that innovation, rather than being an assertion of human power, is an acceptance of human responsibility.
ref: 1954, Peter Drucker, The Landmarks of Tomorrow:
glosses: The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc.
examples: text: The others, whose time had been more actively employed, began to shew symptoms of innovation,—"the good wine did its good office." The frost of etiquette, and pride of birth, began to give way before the genial blessings of this benign constellation, and the formal appellatives with which the three dignitaries had hitherto addressed each other, were now familiarly abbreviated into Tully, Bally, and Killie.
ref: 1814 July 7, [Walter Scott], chapter XI, in Waverley; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC:
glosses: A change effected by innovating; a change in customs
glosses: Something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites.
glosses: A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.
Derived terms: hyperinnovation
innovational
innovationary
innovationism
innovationist
innovention
lexical innovation
necessity is the mother of innovation
insolation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnsoʊˈleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: insolations
Etymology: Borrowed from French insolation, from Latin insolatio (“a setting or placing in the sun”).
Senses: examples: The difference in insolation between north-facing and south-facing slopes can affect microclimates as much as hundreds of miles of north-south distance on level ground.
glosses: The incident radiant energy emitted by the sun which reaches a unit area over a period of time, typically measured over a horizontal area at the Earth's surface or at the top of Earth's atmosphere.
glosses: The rate of delivery of such radiation.
glosses: The act or process of exposing to the rays of the sun, such as for the purpose of medical treatment, drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: sunstroke.
Synonyms: sense: exposure as medical treatment
word: sunbath
Derived terms: insolational
instillation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: instillations
Etymology: From Middle French instillation, from Latin instillatio.
Senses: glosses: The act of instilling.
glosses: That which is instilled.
Synonyms: instillment
Derived terms: instillation abortion
instrumentation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: instrumentations
Etymology: From instrument + -ation.
Senses: examples: text: Science should be distinguished from technique and its scientific instrumentation, technology. Science is practised by scientists, and techniques by ‘engineers’ — a term that in our terminology includes physicians, lawyers, and teachers. If for the scientist knowledge and cognition are primary, it is action and construction that characterises the work of the engineer, though in fact his activity may be based on science. In history, technique often preceded science.
ref: 1978, Hans Freudenthal, Weeding and Sowing. Preface to a Science of Mathematical Education:
glosses: The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments.
examples: text: They changed the woodwind instrumentation to piccollos and saxophones, and as a result it sounded much more clumsy.
text: MOHAMMAD REZA SHAJARIAN (Thursday) Renowned in his native Iran, the vocalist Mohammad Reza Shajarian has been performing since the 1960s, and is now widely considered one of the finest classical Persian singers in the world. Mr. Shajarian’s son, Homayoun Shajarian, will provide additional vocals and tombak (goblet drum), while Ensemble Ava, a four-piece, will contribute additional instrumentation on the ancient Persian instruments barbat (short-necked lute), tar (long-necked lute), kamancheh (spike fiddle) and daf (frame drum).
ref: 2008 May 30, The New York Times, “Pop and Rock Listings”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 09 Apr 2022:
synonyms: orchestration
glosses: The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band.
examples: text: He had a wonderful instrumentation.
glosses: The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance.
examples: text: The car's instrumentation included fuel, temperature, voltimeter and oil pressure gauges, along with a speedometer and tachometer.
topics: automotive
transport
vehicles
glosses: On a vehicle, dashboard gauges monitoring engine functions and performance, along with other essential functions.
examples: text: bytecode instrumentation
text: Xcode is Apple's toolkit for developers. It includes an IDE, a design tool (Interface Builder), a compiler, and the iOS emulator, as well as a set of tools for instrumentation and performance analysis.
ref: 2012, Dino Esposito, Architecting Mobile Solutions for the Enterprise, Pearson Education, →ISBN:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The dynamic analysis of a program's performance and behaviour, usually by injecting profiling code into it.
Derived terms: bioinstrumentation
instrumentational
overinstrumentation
postinstrumentation
reinstrumentation
insubordination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: insubordinations
Etymology: From in- + subordination, on the model of French insubordination.
Senses: examples: text: Green, who served as a technical manager in the network's Washington bureau, charged in her suit that she was subject to "repeated acts of insubordination by white male engineers and technicians, with the effect of the erosion and undermining of [her] ability to carry out her duties as supervisor."
ref: 1987 February 1, Jennie McKnight, quoting Dorothy Green or her legal representative, “Black Lesbian Settles w/ABC”, in Gay Community News, volume 14, number 28, page 3:
glosses: The quality or state of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority; specifically, an employee's failure or refusal to comply with a request or an assignment given by his/her supervisor.
insubstantial
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more insubstantial
form: most insubstantial
Etymology: Probably from Middle French insubstantiel, from Latin insubstantiālis, from in- + substantiālis.
Senses: examples: text: The bridge was insubstantial and would not safely carry a car.
glosses: Lacking substance; not real or strong.
Synonyms: word: unsubstantial
word: airy
word: aery
word: ethereal
word: immaterial
word: insubstantial
word: tenuous
word: unreal
Hypernyms: word: lacking
Hyponyms: word: dreamy
word: empty
word: gaseous
word: gossamer
word: hollow
word: imaginary
word: illusory
word: shadowy
word: spectral
Derived terms: insubstantiality
insulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: insulations
Etymology: From insulate + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.
ref: 2013 March 24, Nancy Langston, “Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 13 Apr 2016, page 98:
glosses: The act of insulating; detachment from other objects; isolation.
glosses: The state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation.
glosses: Any of a variety of materials designed to reduce the flow of heat, either from or into a building.
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The act of separating a body from others by nonconductors, so as to prevent the transfer of electricity, heat, or sound
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The state of a body so separated.
topics: business
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
energy
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: a medium in which it is possible to maintain an electrical field with little supply of energy from additional sources.
Derived terms: basic insulation level
blanket insulation
cellular glass insulation
composite board insulation
glass fiber insulation
insulationism
insulationist
microinsulation
noninsulation
superinsulation
thermoinsulation
Related terms: insular
insulate
insulator
isolate
isolation
peninsula
insurmountable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more insurmountable
form: most insurmountable
Etymology: From in- + surmountable.
Senses: examples: text: Getting everybody to agree proved to be an insurmountable difficulty.
text: Overcoming Japan’s demographic crisis has proved insurmountable for occupants of the Kantei – the prime minister’s office – long before Kishida moved in last autumn.
ref: 2023 January 24, Justin McCurry, “Japan PM’s solution to dire birthrate has already been rejected by young”, in The Guardian:
synonyms: unsurmountable
antonyms: surmountable
glosses: Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable
Derived terms: insurmountableness
insurmountably