cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
coagulate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəʊˈæɡ.jʊ.leɪt/
ipa: /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/
Forms: form: coagulates
form: coagulating
form: coagulated
form: coagulated
Etymology: From Middle English coagulaten (“(of blood) to clot or, make blood coagulate; (of tissue) to consolidate”), from coagulat(e) (“coagulated; (blood) clotted; (milk) curdled; (humor) thickened, viscous; (material) solidified, cohesive; (wine) boiled down, reduced”, also used as the past participle of coagulaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), borrowed from Latin coāgulātus, the perfect passive participle of coāgulō (“to curdle, coagulate”), from coāgulum (“a means of curdling, rennet”), from cōgō (“bring together, gather, collect”) + -ulum (forms instrument nouns), from co- (“together”) + agō (“do, make, drive”). Doublet of quail. Displaced native Middle English irennen, from Old English ġerinnan, but not native curdle.
Senses: examples: text: In cheese making, milk coagulates into curds that become cheese.
glosses: To become congealed; to convert from a liquid to a semisolid mass.
examples: text: Rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg.
glosses: To cause to congeal.
Derived terms: anticoagulate
coagulable
coagulant
coagulation
coagulative
coagulator
coagulatory
coagulin
coagulopathy
electrocoagulate
hemocoagulase
photocoagulate
recoagulate
thermocoagulate
uncoagulating
Related terms: coagulum
cache
cogent
squat
coagulate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəʊˈæɡ.jʊ.leɪt/
ipa: /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/
Etymology: From Middle English coagulat(e) (“coagulated; (blood) clotted; (milk) curdled; (humor) thickened, viscous; (material) solidified, cohesive; (wine) boiled down, reduced”), also used as the past participle of coagulaten and of coagulate in Early Modern English, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.
Senses: examples: text: roasted in wrath and fire, / And thus o'er-sized with coagulate gore,
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], line 460:
glosses: Coagulated.
coagulate
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəʊˈæɡ.jʊ.leɪt/
ipa: /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/
ipa: /kəʊˈæɡ.jʊ.lət/
ipa: /koʊˈæɡ.jə.lət/
ipa: /kəʊˈæɡ.jʊ.leɪt/
ipa: /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/
Forms: form: coagulates
Etymology: From New Latin coāgulātum, substantivized from the nominative neuter singular of coāgulātus, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.
Senses: glosses: A mass formed by means of coagulation.
recommission
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: -ɪʃən
Forms: form: recommissions
form: recommissioning
form: recommissioned
form: recommissioned
Etymology: From re- + commission.
Senses: glosses: To give a new commission or to validate an existing commission.
examples: text: They recommissioned the unused furnace, practically rebuilding it in the process.
text: Hood explains: "It's never a case of just taking these units and dusting them down. Because they had been in storage, they had not undertaken their time-based overhaul, which had been due. They had also not undertaken their mileage-based overhaul, which was also due for all the sets. That caused a bit of a headache when it came to recommissioning them."
ref: 2025 August 6, Richard Wilcock, “Old units... new lease of life”, in RAIL, number 1041, page 31:
glosses: To put back in service (undoing decommissioning).
Atatürk
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: enpr: ătʹə-tûrk
ipa: /ˈatətɜːk/
ipa: /ˈætətɝk/
Forms: form: Ataturk
Etymology: From Turkish Atatürk.
Senses: glosses: A surname from Turkish, borne only by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey
Coordinate terms: Kemalism
Kemalist
Derived terms: Ataturkism
Ataturkist
art student
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: art students
Etymology: art + student
Senses: glosses: A student who attends an art school or similar institution.
enamel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈnæməl/
rhymes: -æməl
Forms: form: enamels
Etymology: From Middle English enamel, from Anglo-Norman enamailler, from en- (“in-”) + amailler (“to enamel”), variant of Old French esmailler (“to enamel”), from esmal (“enamel”), from Early Medieval Latin smaltum, from Frankish *smalt, from Proto-Germanic *smeltaną (“to melt, smelt”).
Senses: glosses: An opaque, glassy coating baked onto metal or ceramic objects.
glosses: A coating that dries to a hard, glossy finish.
glosses: The hard covering on the exposed part of a tooth.
glosses: A cosmetic intended to give the appearance of a smooth and beautiful complexion.
Derived terms: cementoenamel
cervical enamel
cervicoenamel
counterenamel
dentinoenamel
enameler
enamelin
enamelist
enameller
enamelless
enameloma
enameloplasty
enamel paper
enamelware
enamelwork
enamelworker
enamelworks
nail enamel
paper enamel
porcelain enamel
stove enamel
tooth enamel
vitreous enamel
enamel
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈnæməl/
rhymes: -æməl
Forms: form: enamels
form: enameling
form: enamelling
form: enameled
form: enameled
form: enamelled
form: enamelled
Etymology: From Middle English enamelen, from the noun (see above).
Senses: examples: text: Their plumed helmes are wrought with beaten golde,
Their ſwords enameld, and about their neckes
Hangs maſſie chaines of golde downe to the waſte,
In euery part exceding braue and rich.
ref: c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:
glosses: To coat or decorate with enamel.
examples: text: Oft he [the serpent] bowed / His turret crest and sleek enamelled neck.
ref: 1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
glosses: To variegate with colours, as if with enamel.
examples: text: to enamel card paper; to enamel leather or cloth
glosses: To form a glossy surface like enamel upon.
glosses: To disguise with cosmetics, as a woman's complexion.
immunise
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: immunises
form: immunising
form: immunised
form: immunised
Etymology: From French immuniser, equivalent to immune + -ise.
Senses: examples: text: In order to settle the point whether an animal that had been immunised on this station would contract horse-sickness when subjected to either of the two vira, the following experiments were made:—[…]
ref: 1909 January, Arnold Theiler, “The Immunity of Mules Against Horse-Sickness.”, in Transvaal Agricultural Journal, volume VII, number 26, pages 178–182:
text: The larger the number of immunised people in the community the less easy is the spread of disease from one person to another. […] For the purpose of creating ‘herd immunity’, as this process is sometimes called, it is necessary to achieve 80 per cent immunisation of the community.
ref: 1978, G. J. Ebrahim, Practical Mother and Child Health in Developing Countries (Macmillan Tropical Community Health Manuals), revised edition, London: The Macmillan Press, →ISBN; ELBS edition, London: English Language Book Society and Macmillan Education, 1980 (1982 printing), →ISBN, page 56:
text: There are a number of factors involved, but doctors are worried about the influence of anti-vax campaigns – not only when it comes to the MMR vaccine, which immunises against mumps, measles and rubella, but also for newer vaccines against meningitis, and the HPV vaccine, which is given to girls at 12 or 13, and which prevents the spread of the virus linked to 99.7% of cervical cancers.
ref: 2018 February 22, Suzanne Moore, “I understand the fears. But vaccinating children should be compulsory”, in The Guardian:
text: Planning the resignalling element was problematic because immunising the new colour-light signals for an electric railway was costly and unnecessary if electrification was not approved.
ref: 2020 April 8, David Clough, “How the West Coast wiring war was won”, in Rail, page 63:
text: Since the beginning of the pandemic Sara has allied herself with “Conspiritualism”, claiming that this virus is a hoax; that the evil left is trying to trap us with a toxifying vaccine; and that meditation, taking natural remedies and vitamins are sufficient to immunise our bodies so that they can fight back any virus.
ref: 2021 March 24, Orit Badouk Epstein, “I don’t have COVID, she has it”, in ESTD Newsletter, volume 11, European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, page 6:
glosses: Alternative spelling of immunize.
Derived terms: alloimmunised
immunisable
nonimmunised
underimmunise
unimmunised
lotto
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈlɔtəʉ/
ipa: [ˈlɔɾʌʉ]
rhymes: -ɒtəʊ
Forms: form: lottos
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian lotto. Doublet of lot.
Senses: glosses: a game of chance similar to bingo
glosses: a lottery
Derived terms: lottocracy
lottomania
immunize
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪm.ju.naɪz/
Forms: form: immunizes
form: immunizing
form: immunized
form: immunized
form: immunise
Etymology: From French immuniser, equivalent to immune + -ize.
Senses: examples: text: It is now clear that the brevity of an indecent broadcast – be it word or image – cannot immunize it from FCC censure.
ref: 2012, Chief Justice John Roberts, 132 US Supreme Court 2677, June 29
glosses: To make someone or something immune to something.
examples: text: This kind of warfare [i.e., biological] would have us devouring the world’s children in a manner of speaking and those who are immunologically impaired, presuming we were going to immunize our own population but not those of the antagonist. Thus we would be conducting warfare which by definition would be indiscriminate rather than selective. We would lose control of the evolution of the bacteria that we would be releasing in the multitrillions.
ref: 1992, Douglas MacLean, quoting Marc Lappé, “Ethics and Biological Defense Research”, in Raymond A[llan] Zilinskas, editor, The Microbiologist and Biological Defense Research: Ethics, Politics, and International Security (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 666), New York, N.Y.: The New York Academy of Sciences, →ISBN, part II (Ethics of Biological Defense Research), page 112:
text: At issue is the so-called MMR vaccine, which immunizes children against measles, mumps and rubella, three potentially deadly diseases that were once common and have been mostly wiped out.
ref: 2002 February 10, Sarah Lyall, “Britain Tries to Quell Fear Over Vaccine for Children”, in The New York Times:
text: Subcutaneous immunization with N-PmpC EcN BGs also resulted in significantly higher systemic production of N-PmpC-specific IgG compared to conjunctivally immunized mice.
ref: 2015 December 12, “Delivery of a Chlamydial Adhesin N-PmpC Subunit Vaccine to the Ocular Mucosa Using Particulate Carriers”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
text: Authorizing a vaccine before that may undermine the public’s trust in the regulatory process, and deter parents who are already anxious about immunizing their children, they warn.
ref: 2022 February 9, Apoorva Mandavilli, “The Next Vaccine Debate: Immunize Young Children Now, or Wait?”, in The New York Times:
synonyms: word: inoculate
word: vaccinate
word: vaccine
glosses: To inoculate someone, and thus produce immunity from a disease.
Derived terms: alloimmunized
coimmunize
deimmunize
hyperimmunize
hyperimmunized
immunizability
immunizable
immunization
immunizer
nonimmunized
overimmunize
preimmunize
reimmunize
underimmunize
unimmunized
xenoimmunize
Kriss Kringle
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: examples: text: The practice of hanging up stockings in the chimney corner for Kriss Kringle to fill with toys, pretty books, bon-bons, &c., for good children, is being superseded by that of placing a Christmas Tree on the table to await the annual visit of the worthy Santa Klaus.
ref: 1847, “Advertisement”, in Kriss Kringle’s Christmas Tree. A Holiday Present for Boys and Girls, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by Grigg & Elliot, →OCLC:
text: What if that other room, also, had its Christmas tree? What if in every room these evidences of Kriss Kringle’s more enterprising handiwork had already been obtruded?
ref: 1878, Leonard Kip, “St. Nicholas and the Gnome”, in Hannibal’s Man and Other Tales. The Argus Christmas Stories, Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company, printers, →OCLC, chapter III, page 331:
text: The Dutch of New Netherlands called the good giver of gifts, Kriss Kringle, the Christ Child, and the name came into our family vocabulary through our Dutch ancestor, Great-grandfather Wible.
ref: 1937, Emma Hackett Knox, “Holidays”, in The Story of the Old Homestead: (The Smith-Hackett Homestead), [Rahway, N.J.]: Privately printed [by Quinn & Boden Co.], →OCLC, part II (The Owners and the Families that have Lived on the Old Homestead), pages 205–206:
glosses: Alternative spelling of Kris Kringle.
Christ child
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Christ child
form: Christ Child
Senses: topics: Christianity
glosses: the child Jesus
Synonyms: Baby Jesus
Child Jesus
Divine Infant
Holy Child
Infant Jesus
snacks
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of snack
snacks
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of snack
deaeration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /diːeəˈɹeɪʃən/
Forms: form: deaerations
Etymology: From de- + aeration.
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The process of removing dissolved gasses from a liquid.
Related terms: aerator
deaerate
deaerator
reaerate
reaeration
meerschaum
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɪər.ʃɔːm/
ipa: /mɪər.ʃəm/
rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)ʃɔːm
rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)ʃəm
Forms: form: meerschaums
Etymology: Borrowed from German Meerschaum (literally “sea foam”).
Senses: examples: text: He gazed around until on the lid of a spinet he spotted a promising collection of bottles, gin, whiskey, vermouth and sherry, mixed with violin bows, a flute, a toppling pile of books, six volumes of Grove's Dictionary mingled with paperback thrillers, a guitar without any strings, a pair of binoculars, a meerschaum pipe and a jar half-full of wasps and apricot jam.
ref: 1956, Delano Ames, chapter 14, in Crime out of Mind:
synonyms: sepiolite
glosses: A soft white mineral, chiefly used for smoking-pipes and cigar holders.
examples: text: The sale of part of his property cleared the rest. A large portion of his income was put aside to accumulate. Horses, pictures, wines, bijouterie, German meerschaum, and Turkish hookahs, were alike brought to the hammer.
ref: 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXII, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 330:
text: At Paris, just after dark one gusty evening in the autumn of 18—, I was enjoying the twofold luxury of meditation and a meerschaum, in company with my friend C. Auguste Dupin, in his little back library, or book-closet, au troisiême, No. 33, Rue Dunôt, Faubourg St. Germain.
ref: 1831, Edgar Allan Poe, “The purloined letter”, in An edition of Poems:
glosses: A smoking-pipe made from meerschaum.
remoteness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: remotenesses
Etymology: From remote + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: Then again there was a period of what is sometimes called Euhemerism - the theory that the gods and goddesses had actually once been men and women, historical characters round whom a halo of romance and remoteness had gathered.
ref: 1920, Edward Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., published 1921, page 10:
glosses: The quality of being remote.
ALUA
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Initialism of asymmetric logical unit access.
Hessian
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˈhɛsɪən/
/ˈhɛsɪɛn/
/ˈhɛʃən/
Forms: form: more Hessian
form: most Hessian
Etymology: From Hesse + -ian. Doublet of hessian.
Senses: glosses: Of, from or relating to the state of Hesse, Germany.
examples: Hessian line; Hessian point; Hessian matrix
glosses: Of or relating to the German mathematician Otto Hesse (1811–1874).
Synonyms: Hessean
Related terms: Hesse
Hessean
Hessian
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈhɛsɪən/
/ˈhɛsɪɛn/
/ˈhɛʃən/
Forms: form: Hessians
Etymology: From Hesse + -ian. Doublet of hessian.
Senses: glosses: A native or inhabitant of the state of Hesse, Germany.
glosses: A mercenary soldier, especially a German one who fought with the British in the American Revolutionary War.
topics: fashion
lifestyle
glosses: Ellipsis of Hessian boot.
glosses: Ellipsis of Hessian cloth or Hessian fabric (“burlap, jute”).
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: Ellipsis of Hessian matrix.
Derived terms: Hessian boot
Hessian cloth
Hessian crucible
Hessian fabric
Hessian fly
Hessian matrix
Related terms: Hesse
Hesseman
Hessemann
Hessian
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /ˈhɛsɪən/
/ˈhɛsɪɛn/
/ˈhɛʃən/
Etymology: From Hesse + -ian. Doublet of hessian.
Senses: glosses: The Rhine Franconian dialect spoken in Hesse.
ARFCN
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: ARFCNs
Senses: glosses: Initialism of Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.
AVVID
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Initialism of architecture for voice, video, and integrated data.
orison
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɒɹɪsən/
ipa: /ˈɒɹɪzən/
Forms: form: orisons
Etymology: From Middle English orisoun, from Anglo-Norman oreison, oresoun etc. and Old French oraisun etc., from Latin ōrātiō, ōrātiōnem (“discourse, prayer”) (whence also English oration).
Senses: examples: text: The faire Ophelia! Nymph, in thy Orizons / Be all my ſinnes remembred.
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 265, column 2, lines 88–89:
text: "I hope," said a voice by her side, "your absent brother will not engross all your orisons."
ref: 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXVII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 320:
text: 1917, Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons.
glosses: A prayer.
examples: text: We shall see later that the absence of definite sensible images is positively insisted on by the mystical authorities in all religions as the sine qua non of a successful orison, or contemplation of the higher divine truths.
ref: 1902, William James, “Lecture 3”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC:
text: Only in certain occult and mystic states: in orison, contemplation, ecstasy and their allied conditions; does the self contrive to turn out the usual tenants, shut the "gateways of the flesh," and let those submerged powers which are capable of picking up messages from another plane of being have their turn.
ref: 1911, Evelyn Underhill, Mysticism: A Study of the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness, Part I, Chapter 3:
glosses: Mystical contemplation or communion.
Related terms: orate
oration
confrere
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: confreres
form: confrère
Etymology: From Old French confrere, from Latin confrāter.
The word which was originally only used for the second sense became obsolete in the 17th century and reappeared in the mid 18th century as a re-borrowing of Modern French confrère whence the first sense is from.
Senses: examples: text: Unfortunately, when it comes to the informant who turns state’s evidence against a confrere, the OED slaps on the obscure origin label.
ref: 2008 February 18, Michael Sheehan, Wordmall:
glosses: A colleague or fellow, especially a professional one.
examples: text: Roger Bacon had little reverence for their Franciscan confrere, Alexander of Hales...
ref: 2012, Timothy J. Johnson, Franciscans and Preaching: Every Miracle from the Beginning of the World Came about Through Words, page 82:
text: ... but there was a limited number of magisterial chairs, and so, after a couple of years, the Dominican and Franciscan Masters had to stand aside for the next confrere in line.
ref: 2015, John Marenbon, Medieval Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction, page 58:
glosses: A fellow member of a religious organization, referring especially to Catholic religious orders of men.
rockmelon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: rockmelons
Etymology: From rock + melon.
Senses: examples: text: 1998, FAO, Pesticide Residues in Food, 1998, Evaluations: Part 1: Residues, Volume 1, page 459,
Australia reported trials on cucumbers, zucchini, rockmelons and watermelons. […] Twenty-four rockmelons were dipped, followed by 24 cucumbers. The dimethoate dip solution was analysed before and after the dippings and contained 409 mg/l and 404 mg/l respectively. Four samples each of rockmelon and cucumber were taken 0, 3 and 7 days after treatment and homogenized.
text: rockmelon ginger whip
Put 280 g (10 oz/2 cups) chopped ripe rockmelon (or other orange-fleshed melon), 125 ml (4 fl oz/1/2 cup) orange juice, 1 tablespoon chopped fresh ginger and 8 ice cubes in a blender. Blend until smooth and pour into tall glasses.
ref: 2004, Michele Cranston, Marie Claire Kitchen, page 41:
text: Also called ‘netted’ melon (because of the raised webbing on its skin) or muskmelon on account of its glorious smell when ripe, rockmelon has deep, peachy-coloured flesh which is rich in beta carotenes (vitamin A).
ref: 2006, Leanne Kitchen, Grower′s Market, page 148:
synonyms: cantaloupe
hypernyms: muskmelon
melon
glosses: A type of melon, Cucumis melo var. reticulatus, with sweet orange flesh and a rough skin resembling netting.
Related terms: Cucumis
Cucumis melo
Cucurbitaceae
gourd
muskmelon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: muskmelons
form: musk melon
Etymology: From musk + melon.
Senses: glosses: A true melon (Cucumis melo), especially one with sweet flesh
glosses: A type of melon with netted rind and sweet aromatic flesh, Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group (sometimes merged into Cantalupensis Group)
Synonyms: sense: American cantaloupe, North American cantaloupe, cantaloupe, rock melon
word: Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group
address message
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: address messages
Senses: topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
glosses: a message sent in the forward direction that contains (a) address information, (b) the signaling information required to route and connect a call to the called line, (c) service-class information, (d) information relating to user and network facilities, and (e) call-originator identity or call-receiver identity.
gamma function
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: gamma functions
Etymology: The function itself was initially defined as an integral (in modern representation, Γ(x)=∫₀ ᪲e⁻ᵗtˣ⁻¹dt) for positive real x by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1730. The name derives from the notation, Γ(x), which was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752—1833) (he referred to it, however, as the Eulerian integral of the second kind). Both Euler's integral and Legendre's notation shift the argument with respect to the factorial, so that for integer n>0, Γ(n) = (n−1)!. Carl Friedrich Gauss preferred π(x), with no shift, but Legendre's notation prevailed. Generalisation to non-integer negative and to complex numbers was achieved by analytic continuation.
Senses: examples: text: Chapter 3 deals with the p-adic gamma function.
ref: 1987, Kit Ming Yeung, Applications of p-adic gamma function to congruences of binomial coefficients, University of California, San Diego, page 3:
text: 2002, M. Aslam Chaudhry, Syed M. Zubair, On a Class of Incomplete Gamma Functions with Applications, Chapman & Hall / CRC Press, page 2,
In particular, the exponential, circular, and hyperbolic functions are rational combinations of gamma functions.
text: We select one mathematical object, the gamma function, and show how it grew in concept and in content from the time of Euler to the recent mathematical treatise of Bourbaki, and how, in this growth, it partook of the general development of mathematics over the past two and a quarter centuries.
ref: 2007, Philip J. Davis, “Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function”, in William Dunham, editor, The Genius of Euler: Reflections on His Life and Work, American Mathematical Society, page 167:
topics: mathematical-analysis
mathematics
sciences
glosses: A meromorphic function which generalizes the notion of factorial to complex numbers and has singularities at the nonpositive integers; any of certain generalizations or analogues of said function, such as extend the factorial to domains other than the complex numbers.
wikipedia: Adrien-Marie Legendre
American Mathematical Monthly
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Leonhard Euler
Synonyms: sense: function that extends the domain of the factorial
english: regarded as an integral
translation: regarded as an integral
word: Euler integral of the second kind
Hypernyms: function
Hyponyms: digamma function
incomplete gamma function
polygamma function
trigamma function
Pell's equation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Pell's equations
form: Pell equation
Etymology: Named by Leonhard Euler after the 17th-century mathematician John Pell, whom Euler mistakenly believed to be the first to find a general solution.
Senses: examples: text: However, due to Euler's mistake in attributing the equation to English mathematician John Pell (1610-1585), Equation (27.14) is called Pell's equation. Results concerning Pell's equation will be stated without proof.
ref: 1974, Allan M. Kirch, Elementary Number Theory: A Computer Approach, Intext Educational Publishers, page 212:
text: Thus (P,Q) satisfies Pell's equation and so by Lemma 1, P#47;Q is a convergent to #92;sqrtd.
ref: 1989, Mathematics Magazine, Volume 62, Mathematical Association of America, page 258:
text: We introduced Pell's equation
#92;qquad#92;qquad#92;qquad#92;qquadx²-ny²#61;1
in Chapter 4 as an example of a Diophantine equation. The solution x#61;577,#92;y#61;408 of the Pell equation x²-2y²#61;1 was used in India in the fourth century to produce the fraction #92;tfrac#123;577#125;#123;408#125; as an excellent rational approximation for #92;sqrt 2.
It is easy to see why solutions to Pell's equation can be used to approximate solutions to #92;sqrtn—this was known to Archimedes, who used this method to approximate square roots.
ref: 2013, John J. Watkins, Number Theory: A Historical Approach, Princeton University Press, page 409:
topics: mathematics
number-theory
sciences
glosses: The Diophantine equation x²-my²=1 for a given integer m, to be solved in integers x and y.
Synonyms: Pell-Fermat equation
Derived terms: generalised Pell's equation
Related terms: Pell number
Hansen's disease
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Named after Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1841–1912), who in 1873 discovered the bacterium causing the disease.
Senses: topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
glosses: The disease leprosy, caused by infection by Mycobacterium leprae.
actinomorphous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more actinomorphous
form: most actinomorphous
Etymology: From actino- + -morphous.
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: Synonym of actinomorphic.
synonyms: word: actinomorphic
actinomorphic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more actinomorphic
form: most actinomorphic
Etymology: From actino- + -morphic.
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
synonyms: actinomorphous
glosses: Having its petals arranged in a radially symmetric fashion.
raw_tags: of a flower
Lou Gehrig's disease
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Lou Gehrig's
form: Lou Gehrig's Disease
Etymology: Named after New York Yankees baseball player Lou Gehrig (1903–1941), a prominent sufferer of the disease. The disease was known before Gehrig suffered it, but his fame led to his name being associated with it.
Senses: examples: text: The “Euphoria” and “Grey’s Anatomy” actor announced on Thursday that he has been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease.
ref: 2025 April 10, Dan Heching, “Eric Dane shares that he has been diagnosed with ALS”, in CNN:
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
glosses: Synonym of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
synonyms: word: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Hypernyms: motor neuron disease
acute accent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: acute accents
Etymology: From Latin accentus (“accent”) acūtus (“sharp”), a calque of Ancient Greek προσῳδία (prosōidía, “accent”) ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”).
Cognate to French accent aigu.
Senses: topics: communications
journalism
literature
media
orthography
publishing
writing
glosses: A diacritical mark ( ´ ) that can be placed above a number of letters in many languages of the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic writing systems.
Hypernyms: accent
Derived terms: double acute accent
Related terms: apex
čárka
circumflex
grave accent
kreska
grave accent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: grave accents
Senses: glosses: A diacritic mark ( ` ) used in many languages to distinguish the pronunciations of vowels.
Derived terms: double grave accent
Related terms: acute accent
backtick
backquote
alguacil
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: alguacils
form: alguaciles
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of alguazil.
file size
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: file sizes
Senses: topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The length of a file, often specified in bytes.
algebraic integer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: algebraic integers
Senses: examples: text: A Gaussian integer z=a+ib is an algebraic integer since it is a solution of either the equation z²+(-2a)z+(a²+b²)=0 or the equation z-a=0.
text: An algebraic number is said to be an algebraic integer if the coefficient of the highest power of x in the minimal polynomial P is 1. The algebraic integers in an algebraic number field k form a ring R.
ref: 1984, Alan Baker, A Concise Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Cambridge University Press, page 62:
text: 1989, Heinrich Rolletschek, Shortest Division Chains in Imaginary Quadratic Number Fields, Patrizia Gianni (editor), Symbolic and Algebraic Computation: International Symposium, Springer, LNCS 358, page 231,
Let O_d be the set of algebraic integers in an imaginary quadratic number field Q [√],d<0, where d is the discriminant of O_d.
text: We consider the problem of finding all algebraic integers which belong to a bounded subset of the complex plane together with their conjugates.
ref: 2010, Pierre Moussa, “Localisation of algebraic integers and polynomial iteration”, in Sergiy Kolyada, Yuri Nanin, Martin Möller, Pieter Moree, Thomas Ward, editors, Dynamical Numbers: Interplay Between Dynamical Systems and Number Theory, American Mathematical Society, page 83:
topics: algebra
mathematics
number-theory
sciences
glosses: A real or complex number (more generally, an element of a number field) which is a root of a monic polynomial whose coefficients are integers; equivalently, an algebraic number whose minimal polynomial (lowest-degree polynomial of which it is a root and whose leading coefficient is 1) has integer coefficients.
Hypernyms: algebraic number
Hyponyms: cyclotomic integer
phi
golden ratio
integer
rational integer
Gaussian integer
Eisenstein integer
quadratic integer
root of unity
Related terms: quadratic integer
quadratic integer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: quadratic integers
Etymology: Blend of quadratic + algebraic integer. The idea of integer here is that if the coefficient of the x² term is set to 1 (i.e., if the polynomial is made monic), the other coefficients are integers.
Senses: topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: A number (real or complex) which is a solution to an equation of the form x²+Bx+C=0 for some integers B and C. For example 42, or 2+3i, or 1+√/2.
Hypernyms: algebraic number
algebraic integer
Hyponyms: integer
rational integer
Gaussian integer
Eisenstein integer
phi
golden ratio
hang ten
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: hangs ten
form: hanging ten
form: hung ten
form: hung ten
Senses: examples: text: Mike smiled and said, "Yeah, man, hang 10."
ref: 1966, Bruce Brown, director, The Endless Summer:
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: To perform a stunt on a longboard in which a surfer moves to the front of the board and rides with ten toes extended out over the nose, after positioning the board so the back of it is covered and held in place by a wave.
Related terms: hang five
hang ten
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: hang tens
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: This type of longboard move.
hang five
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: hangs five
form: hanging five
form: hung five
form: hung five
Senses: examples: text: They always like to do one better than `the yanks' as they call us. So if you go out and hang five, they'll go out and hang ten.
ref: 1966, Bruce Brown, director, The Endless Summer:
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: To perform a longboard move where the surfer goes to the front of the board and rides from there, one foot on the nose and the five toes of that foot extended out over the front of the nose, the other foot placed further back.
Related terms: cheater five
hang ten
hang five
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: hang fives
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: This type of longboard move.
cheater five
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cheater fives
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: A form of hang five move, but where the surfer keeps their body and their weight well back from the front of the board and just reaches out with one leg to get five toes over the nose (as opposed to standing properly at the front).
coffin ride
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: coffin rides
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
surfing
glosses: A longboard move where the surfer lies down on their back on the board with hands folded across their chest as if in a coffin, and continues down the line in that pose.
smatter
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsmæt.ə/
ipa: /ˈsmæt.əɹ/
ipa: [ˈsmæɾ.ɚ]
ipa: /ˈsmæt.ə/
ipa: [ˈsmæɾ.ə]
ipa: /ˈsmɛt.ə/
ipa: [ˈsmɛɾ.ə]
rhymes: -ætə(ɹ)
Forms: form: smatters
form: smattering
form: smattered
form: smattered
Etymology: From Middle English smatteren, smateren. Compare Swedish smattra, Danish and Norwegian smadre (all of which mean to patter), German schmettern (“to resound”).
Senses: examples: text: What standest thou there all the day smatterynge
ref: 1533, John Heywood, A Mery Play Betwene the Pardoner and the Frere, London: Wyllyam Rastell:
text: And why, my lady wisdom? hold your tongue,
Good prudence; smatter with your gossips, go.
ref: c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene v]:
text: Of state affairs you cannot smatter;
Are awkward when you try to flatter;
ref: 1733, Jonathan Swift “On Poetry” in The Poetical Works of Jonathan Swift, London: William Pickering, 1833, Volume 2, pp. 63-64, For poets, law makes no provision; The wealthy have you in derision
glosses: To talk superficially; to babble, chatter.
examples: text: The languages of Polynesia are easy to smatter, though hard to speak with elegance.
ref: 1891, Robert Louis Stevenson, chapter 2, in In the South Seas, New York: Scribner, published 1896, page 9:
glosses: To speak (a language) with spotty or superficial knowledge.
glosses: To study or approach superficially; to dabble in.
glosses: To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial knowledge, of anything; to smack.
Derived terms: smatterer
smattering
smatter
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsmæt.ə/
ipa: /ˈsmæt.əɹ/
ipa: [ˈsmæɾ.ɚ]
ipa: /ˈsmæt.ə/
ipa: [ˈsmæɾ.ə]
ipa: /ˈsmɛt.ə/
ipa: [ˈsmɛɾ.ə]
rhymes: -ætə(ɹ)
Forms: form: smatters
Etymology: From Middle English smatteren, smateren. Compare Swedish smattra, Danish and Norwegian smadre (all of which mean to patter), German schmettern (“to resound”).
Senses: examples: a smatter of applause
glosses: A smattering (small number or amount).
glosses: A smattering (superficial knowledge).
Derived terms: smatter-hauling
prostatic utricle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: prostatic utricles
Senses: topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: A small pouch in the prostate opening that is homologous to the uterus.
stylometric
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From stylometry + -ic.
Senses: glosses: Of, relating to, or using stylometry.
Derived terms: stylometrically
addressability
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: addressabilities
Etymology: From address + -ability.
Senses: examples: 64-bit addressability means that a single machine instruction can operate on a value stored in eight bytes.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The capability of a microprocessor etc. to deal with values of a certain size using a single instruction.
topics: computer-graphics
computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The capability of a display surface or storage device to accommodate a specified number of uniquely identifiable points.
glosses: The capability of a specified field frame to contain a specific number of uniquely identifiable points.
Synonyms: sense: capability to deal with values of certain size
word: bitness
misword
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɜːd/
ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɚd/
Forms: form: miswords
form: miswording
form: misworded
form: misworded
Etymology: From mis- + word; formed separately from Etymology 2.
Senses: examples: I misworded my offer: I meant help, not rescue.
synonyms: misphrase
misstate
coordinate_terms: rephrase
reword
;
recompose
glosses: To word incorrectly.
Related terms: misspeak
mistalk
misword
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɜːd/
ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɚd/
ipa: /ˈmɪsˌwɜːd/
ipa: /ˈmɪsˌwɚd/
ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɜːd/
ipa: /ˌmɪsˈwɚd/
Forms: form: miswords
Etymology: From Middle English mysword; equivalent to mis- + word.
Senses: examples: text: He then came down, took away his ladder, not a misword said to him, and by whose order it was done was not then known.
ref: 1659-1661, Thomas Rugge, Diurnal:
text: And, as for yourself, Master Matthew, why I 've known you these fifty years, and never heard man, woman, or child speak a misword of you in my life.
ref: 1846, “The Young Market-Woman”, in Belford Regis; Or, Sketches of a Country Town, Richard Bentley, page 237:
text: A woman who used to work in my house told me that she 'never 'ad a misword with her 'usband.'
ref: 1934, Alfred Allen Brockington, Mysticism and Poetry on a Basis of Experience, Kennikat Press, page 24:
glosses: An insult.
raw_tags: in later use dialectal
egomania
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪniə
Forms: form: egomanias
Etymology: From ego + -mania.
Senses: examples: text: There's a lot of egomania going around: it seems everyone believes they are the most capable and important person in the room.
glosses: Excessive vanity, pride or arrogance; self-importance.
Related terms: egomaniac
egomaniacal
egomaniacally
immunoassay
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪ
Forms: form: immunoassays
Etymology: From immuno- + assay.
Senses: examples: text: An over-the-counter, pee-on-a-stick pregnancy test is an immunoassay.
ref: 2016, Jayson Lusk, Unnaturally Delicious, →ISBN, page 179:
glosses: A test for the presence of a substance using the reaction of an antibody to its antigen, making use of the high selectivity of components of biological immune systems.
Derived terms: bioimmunoassay
chemoimmunoassay
electroimmunoassay
enzymoimmunoassay
fluoroimmunoassay
immunoassayable
luminoimmunoassay
metalloimmunoassay
nanoimmunoassay
radioimmunoassay
immunoassay
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: -eɪ
Forms: form: immunoassays
form: immunoassaying
form: immunoassayed
form: immunoassayed
Etymology: From immuno- + assay.
Senses: glosses: To carry out such a test.
selectivity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: selectivities
Etymology: From selective + -ity.
Senses: examples: text: […] while music was known to have scientific qualities — harmony, Pythagorean proportional relationship, etc. — it was the musician who by his selectivity made these proportions beautiful, […]
ref: 1984, Art International, volume 27, page 53:
text: “We must stop conflating selectivity with excellence. We must stop correlating prestige with privilege,” he said.
ref: 2022 September 12, Deidre McPhillips, “Critiques mount around popular annual college rankings”, in CNN:
synonyms: discernment
glosses: The quality of being selective, or extent to which something is selective.
glosses: The ability of a radio receiver to separate a desired signal frequency from others.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: Discrimination of a reactant towards a choice of other reactants; the ratio of rate constants for different reactants.
examples: text: Proponents of selectivity herald its cost effectiveness; instead of resources being spread over a vast population, money or services can be used where they are most needed. This can help fill in the gaps between needy and non-needy groups. […] Critics of selectivity argue, however, that it may be more cost effective to provide social welfare benefits across the board rather than to spend time and money sorting out those who are "truly disadvantaged."
ref: 2015, Philip R. Popple and Leslie Leighninger, quoted in 2016, Karen K. Kirst-Ashman, Empowerment Series: Introduction to Social Work & Social Welfare (page 233)
glosses: An approach to social work that prioritizes people perceived as having the most need for assistance.
Derived terms: atroposelectivity
cardioselectivity
chemoselectivity
enantioselectivity
periselectivity
regioselectivity
stereoselectivity
torquoselectivity
unselectivity
Related terms: selectiveness
bipartisan
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌbaɪˈpɑː(ɹ).tɪ.zæn/
ipa: /baɪˈpɑɹ.tə.sən/
ipa: /-zən/
Forms: form: bi-partisan
Etymology: From bi- + partisan.
Senses: examples: text: a bipartisan bill
text: The derision for this bipartisan bill is—sigh—bipartisan. Hugh Hewitt scoffs at the idea that employers will respond to a $1000 gimmick.
ref: 2010 February 11, Derek Thompson, “Bipartisan Jobs Bill Receives Bipartisan Boos”, in The Atlantic, retrieved 17 Feb 2023:
text: As a city with over two centuries of rail expertise and home to the country's largest train factory, this announcement received bipartisan support.
ref: 2023 May 31, Tammy Samuel, Fergus McLaverty, “The political picture: what lies ahead for Britain's railways?”, in RAIL, number 984, page 30:
topics: government
politics
glosses: Relating to, or supported by two groups, especially by two political parties.
Derived terms: bipartisanism
bipartisanly
bipartisanship
false positive
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: false positives
Senses: examples: text: A false positive from a cancer screening test will unnecessarily frighten a healthy person; a false negative will deprive them of timely treatment.
text: A false positive can be returned on a password checking algorithm when the password is tested against a dictionary but the password does not contain a dictionary word.
glosses: A result of a test that shows as present something that is absent.
topics: mathematics
sciences
statistics
glosses: A type I error.
Synonyms: word: FP
sense: result of a test that shows as present something that is absent
word: false alarm
needful
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈniːdfəl/
Forms: form: more needful
form: most needful
form: nedefull
form: needfull
Etymology: From Middle English needeful, nedeful, from Old English nēodful (“necessary; earnest; zealous”). Equivalent to need + -ful. Cognate with Dutch noodvol, German notvoll.
Senses: examples: text: And be it further Enacted by the Authority aforeſaid, That in every Town in the Colony, where Bread is Baken for Sale, there ſhall be Choſen one Clerk of the Market, or more, as each Town ſhall find needful, at their Annual Election of Town Officers, who ſhall duly be Engaged, to the faithful performance of ſaid Office, as other Town Officers are ;[…]
ref: 1719, “An ACT, Stating the due Aſſize of Bread”, in The Charter Granted by His Majeſty, King Charles the Second, to the Colony of Rhode-Iſland, and Providence-plantations in America, John Allen, page 59:
text: So I went to keep house with him at the Why Not? and my aunt sent down my bag of clothes, and would have made over to Elzevir the pittance that my father left for my keep, but he said it was not needful, and he would have none of it.
ref: [1898], J[ohn] Meade Falkner, Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934, →OCLC:
antonyms: needless
glosses: Needed; necessary; mandatory; requisite; indispensable.
examples: text: […] where his active benevolence was ever found in cheerful co-operation for the cause of the humble & needful orphan […]
ref: 1860, Union Society of Savannah, Minutes of the Union Society, page 114:
glosses: Needy; in need.
Derived terms: needfully
needfulness
unneedful
needful
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈniːdfəl/
Forms: form: needfuls
form: nedefull
form: needfull
Etymology: From Middle English needeful, nedeful, from Old English nēodful (“necessary; earnest; zealous”). Equivalent to need + -ful. Cognate with Dutch noodvol, German notvoll.
Senses: glosses: Ready money; wherewithal.
glosses: Anything necessary or requisite.
Derived terms: do the needful