cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
scope
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈskəʊp/
ipa: /ˈskoʊp/
ipa: /ˈskəʉp/
ipa: /ˈskɐʉp/
ipa: /ˈsko(ː)p/
rhymes: -əʊp
Forms: form: scopes
form: scoping
form: scoped
form: scoped
Etymology: From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.
Senses: examples: text: We don't know, so let's scope the action before having another shoot out.
ref: 2004, Don Harris, The Drunk:
text: “Let's scope the scene.” The gang advanced, searching for humanity.
ref: 2012, Khalid Patel, Hollow Shotguns:
glosses: To perform a cursory investigation of; scope out.
examples: text: The surgeon will scope the football player's knee to repair damage to a ligament.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: To perform any medical procedure that ends in the suffix -scopy, such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.
examples: text: Before scoping the investigation and developing a work plan, it is necessary to establish reasonable goals and objectives.
ref: 2003, An Introduction to Characterizing Sites Contaminated with DNAPLs, page 10:
text: The purpose of witness interviews is multi-faceted but generally includes scoping the investigation, understanding the facts and issues at play, and assessing the accountability of individuals and possible defences for the company and[…]
ref: 2018 January 19, Judith Seddon, Practitioner's Guide to Global Investigations, Law Business Research Ltd., →ISBN:
glosses: To define the scope of something.
examples: text: If we locally scope the user's login name, it won't be accessible from outside this function.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
glosses: To limit (an object or variable) to a certain region of program source code.
examples: text: The entomologist explained that he could not tell what species of springtail we were looking at without scoping it.
glosses: To examine under a microscope.
examples: text: `Maybe there was another darker bird and it had flown away before we could scope it?' `Yes there must have been,' came the grim-faced reply.
ref: 2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 199:
topics: biology
birdwatching
natural-sciences
ornithology
glosses: To observe a bird using a spotting scope.
Derived terms: scope in
scope
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈskəʊp/
ipa: /ˈskoʊp/
ipa: /ˈskəʉp/
ipa: /ˈskɐʉp/
ipa: /ˈsko(ː)p/
rhymes: -əʊp
Forms: form: scopes
Etymology: From Latin scopa.
Senses: glosses: A bundle, as of twigs.
calling
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰolɪŋ]
ipa: /kaːlɪn/
ipa: /ˈkɔlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰɔlɪŋ]
ipa: /ˈkɑlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰɑlɪŋ]
rhymes: -ɔːlɪŋ
Etymology: From Middle English callyng, kallyng, kalland, from Old English *cealliende and Old Norse kallandi, equivalent to call + -ing.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of call
calling
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰolɪŋ]
ipa: /kaːlɪn/
ipa: /ˈkɔlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰɔlɪŋ]
ipa: /ˈkɑlɪŋ/
ipa: [kʰɑlɪŋ]
rhymes: -ɔːlɪŋ
Forms: form: callings
Etymology: From Middle English calling, callynge, equivalent to call + -ing.
Senses: glosses: A strong urge to become religious.
examples: text: Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.
ref: 2013 June 22, “Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 70:
glosses: A job or occupation.
Synonyms: vocation
Derived terms: callingly
calling over
calling party
cop-calling
hog calling
playcalling
SELCAL
SelCal
bunting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbʌntɪŋ/
rhymes: -ʌntɪŋ
Forms: form: buntings
Etymology: Possibly from dialect bunting (“sifting flour”), from Middle English bonten (“to sift”), hence the material used for that purpose.
Possibly from Germanic bundt (“to bind or tie together”).
Senses: glosses: Strips of material used as festive decoration, especially in the colours of the national flag.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: A thin cloth of woven wool from which flags are made; it is light enough to spread in a gentle wind but resistant to fraying in a strong wind.
glosses: Flags considered as a group.
Derived terms: buntingless
bunting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbʌntɪŋ/
rhymes: -ʌntɪŋ
Forms: form: buntings
Etymology: From Middle English bunting, bountyng, buntynge (also as Middle English buntyle), of uncertain origin. Possibly a reference to speckled plumage, from an unrecorded Middle English *bunt (“spotted, speckled, pied”) akin to Dutch bont, Middle Low German bunt, bont, German bunt (“multi-coloured”) + -ing.
Senses: glosses: Any of various songbirds of the genus Emberiza, having short bills and brown or gray plumage.
Derived terms: word: black-faced bunting
taxonomic: Emberiza melanocephala
word: black-headed bunting
word: chestnut-eared bunting
word: cinereous bunting
word: cirl bunting
taxonomic: Emberiza calandra
word: corn bunting
word: Cretzschmar's bunting
word: gray-necked bunting
word: grey-headed bunting
word: grey-hooded bunting
word: grey-necked bunting
word: Henslow's bunting
taxonomic: Passerina cyanea
word: indigo bunting
word: lark bunting
word: LeConte's bunting
word: little bunting
word: McKay's bunting
word: ortolan bunting
alt: Passerina ciris or Calcarius pictus
word: painted bunting
word: Pallas's bunting
word: pine bunting (Emberiza melanocephala
taxonomic: Emberiza schoeniclus
word: reed bunting
taxonomic: Emberiza cia
word: rock bunting
word: rustic bunting
taxonomic: Plectrophenax nivalis
word: snow bunting
word: yellow-breasted bunting
word: yellow-browed bunting
word: yellow bunting
bunting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbʌntɪŋ/
rhymes: -ʌntɪŋ
Forms: form: buntings
Etymology: 1922, apparently from Scots buntin (“plump, short and thick (esp. of children)”), itself an old term of endearment for children (1660s); the sense “plump” dates to the 1500s, and may be related to bunt (“belly of a sail”). Possibly related to butt (“(both noun and verb sense: buttocks; strike with head)”) or to bunny (“rabbit”). Compare with the nursery rhyme Bye, baby Bunting (1731), either of same origin or influenced this sense.
Senses: glosses: A warm, often hooded infant garment, as outerwear or sleepwear, similar to a sleeper or sleepsack; especially as baby bunting or bunting bag.
bunting
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbʌntɪŋ/
rhymes: -ʌntɪŋ
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of bunt
bunting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbʌntɪŋ/
rhymes: -ʌntɪŋ
Forms: form: buntings
Senses: glosses: A pushing action.
glosses: A strong timber; a stout prop.
glosses: An old boys' game, played with sticks and a small piece of wood.
probably
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɒbəbli/
ipa: /ˈpɹɒbli/
ipa: /ˈpɹɑbəbli/
ipa: /ˈpɹɑbli/
ipa: /ˈpɹɑəbli/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈpɹabli/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈpɾɔb(ə)bli/
note: Indic
ipa: /pɾɵˈbæbli/
Forms: form: more probably
form: most probably
form: probablely
form: probally
form: probly
form: prolly
form: proly
form: pby
Etymology: From Middle English probably, probabily, equivalent to probable + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: She probably has arrived by now.
text: She has probably arrived by now.
text: Probably she has arrived by now.
text: He'll probably arrive tomorrow.
text: He probably will arrive tomorrow.
text: Probably he'll arrive tomorrow.
text: It is probably too late for amends.
text: It probably is too late for amends.
text: Probably it is too late for amends.
text: “[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes[…]. And then, when you see [the senders], you probably find that they are the most melancholy old folk with malignant diseases. […]”
ref: 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
text: Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.
ref: 2013 May–June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:
synonyms: likely#Adverb
in all probability#Adverb
more than likely#Adverb
belike
coordinate_terms: as like as not#Adverb
as likely as not#Adverb
;
possibly#Adverb
maybe#Adverb
perhaps#Adverb
mayhap#Adverb
mayhaps#Adverb
perchance#Adverb
haply#Adverb
;
presumably#Adverb
;
certainly#Adverb
definitely#Adverb
doubtless#Adverb
doubtlessly#Adverb
indubitably#Adverb
glosses: In all likelihood.
smudge
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /smʌd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ʌdʒ
Forms: form: smudges
Etymology: Derived from the verb (see below). Doublet of smutch.
Senses: examples: text: There was a smudge on the paper.
glosses: A blemish or smear, especially a dark or sooty one.
glosses: Dense smoke, such as that used for fumigation.
examples: text: Then "smudges" are in vogue,—heaps of damp combustibles placed on the windward side of the house and partially ignited, that their inky steams may smother the mosquitoes while we take our chance. I have had a "smudge" made in a chafing-dish at my bedside, after a serious deliberation between choking and being devoured at small mouthfuls; and I conscientiously recommend choking, or running the risk of it, at least.
ref: 1842, Caroline Mathilda Kirkland, Forest Life, volume 1, page 144:
text: We had taken about ten pounds of trout; and the first procedure, after reaching the camp, was to build a smudge or smoke-fire, to drive away these abominable gnats, who, fortunately, take flight with the first whiff of smoke.
ref: 1859, John Russell Bartlett, anonymous quotee, New York Courier and Enquirer, date unknown, quoted in Dictionary of Americanisms, 2nd edition, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, page 420:
text: The use of smoke (or "smudges") against the attack of the mosquito is well understood in America and elsewhere.
ref: 1901 May 24, H. Watkins-Pitchford, “Horse-sickness investigation”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record, volume 4, number 6, page 161:
glosses: A heap of damp combustibles partially ignited and burning slowly, placed on the windward side of a house, tent, etc. to keep off mosquitoes or other insects.
examples: text: Devil's dirt or asafetida ground together with fenugreek and black cumin seed is used as a smudge against witches and […]
ref: 2006, Christian Rätsch, Claudia Müller-Ebeling, Pagan Christmas: The Plants, Spirits, and Rituals, →ISBN:
topics: lifestyle
paganism
religion
glosses: A quantity of herbs used in suffumigation.
raw_tags: in the phrase "smudge stick" = "stick of incense"
Synonyms: sense: blemish, smear
word: blur
sense: blemish, smear
word: smutch
sense: blemish, smear
word: stain
Derived terms: onion smudge
smudge attack
smudge cell
smudge pot
smudge
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /smʌd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -ʌdʒ
Forms: form: smudges
form: smudging
form: smudged
form: smudged
Etymology: From Middle English *smogen (attested in the gerund smogynge (“soiling, smudging”)), of obscure origin. Compare Middle English besmudded, bismuddet (“filthy”), Middle English smod (“filth, obscene behaviour”), Middle Dutch smoddich (“filthy, dirty”), German schmutzig (“dirty, filthy”).
Senses: glosses: To obscure by blurring; to smear.
glosses: To soil or smear with dirt.
glosses: To use dense smoke to protect from insects.
glosses: To stifle or smother with smoke.
topics: lifestyle
paganism
religion
glosses: To burn herbs as a cleansing ritual (suffumigation).
examples: text: This is easily done using incense to smudge yourself or taking a cleansing bath. To smudge your body use an incense mixture such as sandalwood, lavender, frankincense or myrrh.
ref: 2013, Rachel Patterson, Pagan Portals - Hoodoo: Folk Magic, →ISBN:
topics: lifestyle
paganism
religion
glosses: To subject to ritual burning of herbs (suffumigation, smudging).
Synonyms: sense: to obscure by blurring
word: blur
sense: to obscure by blurring
word: smear
sense: to soil or smear with dirt
word: smutch
sense: to soil or smear with dirt
word: soil
sense: to use smoke against insects
word: fumigate
Related terms: smudgily
smudginess
smudgy
misplace
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /mɪsˈpleɪs/
rhymes: -eɪs
Forms: form: misplaces
form: misplacing
form: misplaced
form: misplaced
Etymology: From mis- + place.
Senses: examples: text: I might have misplaced my umbrella; do you know where it is?
text: At least once a week a patient will come into Dr. Thomas Loepfe’s busy geriatric clinic in Lacrosse, Wisconsin, with a worry. She will tell him she’s been misplacing her glasses lately, or he’ll say he’s concerned about losing the car keys.
ref: 2014 September 24, Jen Christensen, “Early memory lapses may be sign of dementia”, in CNN:
text: She misplaces her things regularly (for example her phone, keys or bank card).
ref: 2017 November 27, Meadow Schroeder, “Signs of ADHD can be different in girls”, in CNN:
text: I misplace my keys or wallet on a daily basis. Sometimes multiple times a day.
ref: 2019 November 25, Jason Cipriani, “Tile’s Slim and Sticker trackers are affordable and provide peace of mind”, in CNN:
glosses: To put something somewhere and then forget its location; to mislay.
examples: text: Bart Groothuijze, who runs the Castodian foundation promoting safer motorbiking, blames a misplaced sense of freedom and vanity.
ref: 2024 June 16, Senay Boztas, “‘The brain is very vulnerable’: Dutch cyclists urged to wear helmets as road deaths rise”, in The Guardian:
glosses: To apply one's talents inappropriately.
examples: text: Every word in English of more than one Syllable has a fixed accent established by the custom of the language, to misplace which is as offensive to the propriety of speech, as to missound the vowel.
ref: 1808, R.s. Skillern, A New System of English Grammar, page 128:
glosses: To put something in the wrong location.
Synonyms: mislay
Derived terms: misplacer
mitzva
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: mitzvot
form: mitzvah
form: mitzvoth
Etymology: From ancient Hebrew text and scrolls.
Senses: examples: text: Something that God would smile upon: a mitzvah.
qualifier: Religion
glosses: A meritorious deed or action.
examples: text: Helping the elderly man to cross the street was a fine mitzvah for Robert.
qualifier: Religion
glosses: An order from rabbis or a commandment from the Bible
Related terms: word: bar mitzvah
word: bat mitzvah
word: bas mitzvah
audiotape
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: audiotapes
form: audio tape
Etymology: From audio + tape.
Senses: examples: text: I thought of an old ad for Memorex audiotape. It showed a crystal glass being shattered by sound vibrations. By pure harmonics.
ref: 2012, Stephen King, 11/22/63, page 799:
glosses: A magnetic tape that stores analog sound for later playback on a tape player.
glosses: Any of a cassette tape, eight-track tape, reel-to-reel tape, DAT, etc.
audiotape
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: audiotapes
form: audiotaping
form: audiotaped
form: audiotaped
form: audio tape
Etymology: From audio + tape.
Senses: glosses: To record onto audiotape.
squeal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /skwiːl/
ipa: /skwil/
ipa: /skwiːl/
rhymes: -iːl
Forms: form: squeals
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English squelen, probably from Old Norse skvala (“to squeal, bawl”), from Proto-Germanic *skwel- (“to chatter, babble, scream”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *skel-, from *kelh₁- (“to ring, resound, cry”). Compare Old Norse skval (“a squeal”, noun), Swedish skvallra (“to babble, chatter, tell on”).
Senses: glosses: A high-pitched sound, such as the scream of a child or a female person, or noisy worn-down brake pads.
glosses: The cry of a pig.
squeal
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /skwiːl/
ipa: /skwil/
ipa: /skwiːl/
rhymes: -iːl
Forms: form: squeals
form: squealing
form: squealed
form: squealed
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English squelen, probably from Old Norse skvala (“to squeal, bawl”), from Proto-Germanic *skwel- (“to chatter, babble, scream”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *skel-, from *kelh₁- (“to ring, resound, cry”). Compare Old Norse skval (“a squeal”, noun), Swedish skvallra (“to babble, chatter, tell on”).
Senses: examples: text: The children squealed with delight while opening their Christmas presents.
glosses: To scream with a shrill, prolonged sound.
examples: text: The brakes squeal terribly.
text: We continue through suburban Newcastle along the edge of the Tyne, before squealing around the tight curves onto the magnificent High Level bridge, which affords glorious views across Newcastle and along the river before arriving at journey's end.
ref: 2022 November 30, Paul Bigland, “Destination Oban: a Sunday in Scotland”, in RAIL, number 971, page 75:
glosses: To make a squealing noise. (of an object)
examples: text: You'd better not squeal on me to the cops.
glosses: To give sensitive information about someone to a third party; to rat on someone.
Synonyms: sense: to rat on someone
word: inform
word: grass up
word: snitch
Derived terms: pig squeal
squealdom
squealer
squeal like a stuck pig
squealy
applesauce
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: applesauces
form: apple sauce
Etymology: From apple + sauce.
Senses: examples: text: Because Mother had been so busy making applesauce, dinner was a little late that night.
ref: 1955, Beverly Cleary, Beezus and Ramona, page 101:
glosses: Alternative spelling of apple sauce.
glosses: Nonsense, balderdash, bunk, piffle.
Synonyms: sense: nonsense
word: codswallop
word: hooey
word: malarkey
word: nonsense
Derived terms: applesauce cake
applesaucey
criss-cross applesauce
applesauce
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Forms: form: applesauce!
form: apple sauce
Etymology: From apple + sauce.
Senses: glosses: Nonsense!
Synonyms: fiddlesticks
horsefeathers
pull the other one
bullshit
background
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbæk(ɡ)ɹaʊnd/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈba(k)ɡɾɑwɳɖ/
Forms: form: back ground
Etymology: From back + ground. Compare backstory.
Senses: examples: text: background noise
text: The antivirus program runs on a background thread.
glosses: Less important or less noticeable in a scene or system.
background
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbæk(ɡ)ɹaʊnd/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈba(k)ɡɾɑwɳɖ/
Forms: form: backgrounds
form: back ground
Etymology: From back + ground. Compare backstory.
Senses: examples: text: The lawyer had a background in computer science.
glosses: One's social heritage, or previous life; what one did in the past.
examples: text: Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world — camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.
ref: 2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 06 Mar 2016, pages 206–207:
glosses: A part of the picture that depicts scenery to the rear or behind the main subject; context.
topics: broadcasting
film
media
television
glosses: An extra who appears in the background, with no speaking role.
glosses: Information relevant to the current situation about past events; history.
examples: text: There was tons of noise in the background.
text: The photographer let us pick a background for the portrait.
glosses: A less important feature of scenery (as opposed to foreground).
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: The image or color over which a computer's desktop items are shown (e.g. icons or application windows).
examples: text: The antivirus program is running in the background.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A type of activity on a computer that is not normally visible to the user.
examples: text: low-background
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: Ellipsis of background radiation.
Derived terms: background check
backgrounder
background fodder
background investigation
background music
background noise
background process
background processing
background radiation
background radiation equivalent time
background right
backgroundy
cosmic background radiation
cosmic gravitational wave background
cosmic gravitational-wave background
cosmic infrared background
cosmic microwave background
cosmic neutrino background
deep background
extragalactic background light
gravitational wave background
gravitational-wave background
headground
low-background
low-background lead
low-background steel
multibackground
on background
superbackground
background
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbæk(ɡ)ɹaʊnd/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈba(k)ɡɾɑwɳɖ/
Forms: form: backgrounds
form: backgrounding
form: backgrounded
form: backgrounded
form: back ground
Etymology: From back + ground. Compare backstory.
Senses: examples: text: Ha! I see Venus’ transit now;—lo! a new planet there;—and behind all, an infinite starry nebulousness, as if thy being were backgrounded by some spangled vail of mystery.
ref: 1852, Herman Melville, Pierre; or The Ambiguities:
glosses: To place in the background.
examples: text: One aspect of the story that appears interesting is that the alleged rapist and victim are only referred to by name together in the same sentence once. In all the other sentences, one receives more focus, while the other is backgrounded.
ref: 2006, Paul Baker, Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis, page 163:
synonyms: downplay
glosses: To put in a position that is not prominent.
topics: journalism
media
glosses: To gather and provide background information (on).
glosses: To increase the weight and immunity of (a calf) by feeding with forage and grains, as an intermediate stage in cattle production, between weaning and placement in a feedlot.
background
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbæk(ɡ)ɹaʊnd/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈba(k)ɡɾɑwɳɖ/
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of backgrind
apodeictic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˌapəˈdaɪk.tɪk/
Forms: form: apodictic
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀποδεικτικός (apodeiktikós). Compare Latin apodicticus.
Senses: glosses: Affording proof; demonstrative.
glosses: Incontrovertible; demonstrably true or certain.
examples: text: 1855, John Miller Dow Meiklejohn (translator), 1787, Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd Edition,
Thus, moreover, the principles of geometry- for example, that "in a triangle, two sides together are greater than the third," are never deduced from general conceptions of line and triangle, but from intuition, and this a priori, with apodeictic certainty.
text: Aristotle does, indeed, distinguish between (1) Logic, or Analytic, as the theory or method of arriving at true or apodeictic conclusions; and (2) Dialectic as the method of arriving at conclusions that are accepted or pass current[ly] as true,...
ref: 1896, Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders, The Art of Controversy, published 1831:
text: Descartes sought certainty in the existence of God grounded in apodeictic demonstrations.
ref: 2009, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, Matthias Steup, A Companion to Epistemology:
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: Of the characteristic feature of a proposition that is necessary (or impossible): perfectly certain (or inconceivable) or incontrovertibly true (or false); self-evident.
Derived terms: apodeictically
Related terms: apodeixis
assertoric
jazzy
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒæzi/
rhymes: -æzi
Forms: form: jazzier
form: jazziest
Etymology: From jazz + -y.
Senses: glosses: In the style of jazz.
glosses: Flashy or showy.
examples: text: Your mother-of-pearl teeth, hard thighs, heaving ribcage — The smooth back of your adolescent neck, Your hot testicles swimming with future generations, And that rhinoceros horn there that makes you shiver all jazzy — You are where I get my fantasies, nigra.
ref: 1996, Daniel J. Wideman, Rohan B. Preston, Soulfires: Young Black Men on Love and Violence, page 189:
text: John was waiting in the health club's juice bar, wearing a gray pinstriped Oxford suit and a blue Hermes tie. "You look all jazzy," Tyler said as he approached his partner. "I got you a cup of coffee."
ref: 2005, Peter Thomas, The Den of the Assassin, →ISBN, page 247:
text: The letters seemed to go all jazzy on her and then they kept shifting, changing direction and making new patterns that she couldn't recognize.
ref: 2016, Laurence Fearnley, The Quiet Spectacular, →ISBN, page 109:
glosses: Lacking focus; jittery or jangly.
Synonyms: sense: in the style of jazz
word: jazzlike
sense: flashy or showy
word: flashy
word: showy
sense: gaudy
word: gaudy
sense: lacking focus
word: jittery
word: jangling
Derived terms: jazzily
jazziness
snazzy
unjazzy
MV
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: MVs
Senses: topics: nautical
transport
synonyms: M/V
M.V.
M. V.
glosses: Initialism of motor vessel.
glosses: Initialism of motor vehicle.
topics: nautical
transport
synonyms: M.V.
M. V.
merchant ship
merchantman
glosses: Initialism of merchant vessel.
glosses: Initialism of music video.
topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: Initialism of mitral valve.
topics: mathematics
sciences
statistics
glosses: Initialism of measured variable.
topics: agriculture
business
lifestyle
glosses: Initialism of modern variety.
Derived terms: sense: motorvehicle
word: DMV
sense: motorvehicle
word: MVAC
MV
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, a federal state of Germany.
dungarees
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌdʌŋ.ɡəˈɹiːz/
Forms: form: dungaree
Etymology: From dungaree + -s, from Hindi डूंगरी (ḍūṅgrī, “coarse calico”), from the name of a village.
Senses: examples: text: Helen donned a pair of faded dungarees and grabbed her knapsack before rushing off to school.
text: Next came a domeshaped sukhpal (palanquin), its silver plated pole being borne by eight sturdy troopers wearing red flowing kurtas, silk kamarbunds, and silk dungarees.
ref: 1976, Tapan Ghosh, The Adventures of Shivaji, page 140:
text: I’d arrived at Heaven nightclub, underneath the Charing Cross railway arches, on a hot Sunday afternoon to find my friends had already gone in – you didn’t risk hanging back and missing your chance – so I joined the queue of kids dressed in the acid house uniform of Day-Glo dungarees and smiley T-shirts.
ref: 2018 July 1, Sharon Walker, “Thirty years since the second summer of love”, in The Guardian:
synonyms: word: overalls
glosses: Heavy denim pants or trousers, usually with bib and braces, worn especially as work clothing.
jodhpurs
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɒdpəz/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒəʊdpəz/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɑdpɚz/
Forms: form: jodhpur
Etymology: 1913 (earlier as jodhpur breeches, 1899), from Jodhpur, former state in northwestern India. The city at the heart of the state was founded 1459 by Rao Jodha, a local ruler, and is named for him.
Senses: examples: text: "What's the big idea?" Dorothy sprang in beside him, looking very trim and boyish in jodhpurs and dark flannel shirt over which she wore a thin brown sweater.
ref: 1933, Dorothy Wayne [pseudonym; Noel Everingham Sainsbury], Dorothy Dixon Wins Her Wings:
text: The man in jodphurs muttered, ‘Is why black people can't get on. You see how these waiters behaving? And they black like hell too, you know.’
ref: 1957, V. S. Naipaul, The Mystic Masseur, Pan Macmillan, →ISBN:
text: All the portraits that hang on the walls of the living room are, I realize, of my mother's family: miniatures of her great-aunts in Victorian bustles and elaborate feathered hats; a gilt-framed oil of her great-great-great-uncle as a boy in pastoral England, wearing a gold riding coat over white jodhpurs and sitting astride a white steed, a King Charles spaniel yapping at them from the foreground of the canvas.
ref: 2006, Peter Godwin, When a Crocodile Eats the Sun: A Memoir of Africa:
text: Soon Bowie entered, wearing three-tone NASA jodhpurs.
ref: 2019, Casey Rae, William S. Burroughs and the Cult of Rock 'n' Roll, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, page 121:
glosses: Flared riding trousers of heavy cloth, fitting tightly from knee to ankle.
wikipedia: Jodha of Mandore
Derived terms: jods
jodhs
Related terms: Jodhpur
gurner
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: gurners
Etymology: From gurn + -er.
Senses: glosses: A person who performs at gurning
girning
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: girnings
form: gurning
Etymology: Metathesized form of grin.
Senses: glosses: A light-hearted competition in which people girn (make elaborate faces) through a horse collar; most popular in rural parts of England.
girning
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: gurning
Etymology: Metathesized form of grin.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of girn
girn
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɜː(ɹ)n/
Forms: form: girns
form: girning
form: girned
form: girned
form: gurn
form: gurne
Etymology: From Middle English gyrnen, a metathesised form of grinnen, grennen. More at grin.
Senses: examples: text: At seventy-five or eighty I will be like a child myself, frail and cantankerous, a girning, burdensome old devil.
ref: 1999, Jessica Stirling, The Wind from the Hills, St Martin's Press:
glosses: To grimace; to snarl.
examples: text: And Jim was just girning all the time. I telled him to shut it.
ref: 2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 107:
glosses: To whinge, moan, complain.
glosses: To make elaborate unnatural and distorted faces as a form of amusement or in a girning competition.
girn
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɜː(ɹ)n/
Forms: form: girns
form: gurn
form: gurne
Etymology: From Middle English gyrnen, a metathesised form of grinnen, grennen. More at grin.
Senses: examples: text: A different vocalization, a girn, simiular to a cat's purring, was observed in infants reunited with their mothers...
ref: 2002, Richard J. Davidson, editor, Handbook of Affective Sciences, Oxford: University Press, page 569:
glosses: A vocalization similar to a cat's purring.
Related terms: gowl
minus
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Pronunciation: enpr: mīn-əs
rhymes: -aɪnəs
ipa: /ˈmaɪ.nəs/
ipa: /ˈmɑɪ.nəs/
note: Indic
ipa: /maj.nŭs/
Etymology: From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).
Senses: examples: text: Seven minus two is five.
topics: mathematics
sciences
antonyms: plus
glosses: Made less or reduced by (followed by an expression of number or quantity).
examples: text: I walked out minus my coat.
synonyms: lacking
without
glosses: Without; deprived of.
Derived terms: ice-minus
minus sign
T-minus
minus
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: mīn-əs
rhymes: -aɪnəs
ipa: /ˈmaɪ.nəs/
ipa: /ˈmɑɪ.nəs/
note: Indic
ipa: /maj.nŭs/
Forms: form: minuses
form: minusses
Etymology: From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).
Senses: examples: text: On the third day a Master Barnard brings me up a slate full of plusses, minusses, x, y, z’s, and other letters of the alphabet, in a most amiable algebraical confusion.
ref: 1835 January, the Sub-Editor [i.e., Edward Howard], “The Life of a Sub-Editor”, in The Metropolitan Magazine, volume XII, number XLV, London: Saunders and Otley, […], page 427:
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: The minus sign (−).
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: A negative quantity.
examples: text: He valued Roderick’s friendship with the highest value he put on anything nowadays. Over the years they had assessed each other’s plusses and minusses and settled for the difference.
ref: 1989, A[udrey] L[ilian] Barker, The Woman Who Talked to Herself, London: Hutchinson, →ISBN, page 111:
text: As with LCR tout court the question is less to do with the plusses and minusses of the individual ideologies in themselves than in their relationship with their opposite numbers, in this case of Reason with Emotion.
ref: 2015, Peter Wyeth, “[Commentaries] Reason”, in The Matter of Vision: Affective Neurobiology & Cinema, New Barnet, Herts.: John Libbey Publishing Ltd; Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, →ISBN, page 113:
glosses: A downside or disadvantage.
Synonyms: sense: defect or deficiency
word: defect
sense: defect or deficiency
word: deficiency
sense: defect or deficiency
word: drawback
sense: defect or deficiency
word: flaw
sense: defect or deficiency
word: shortcoming
Derived terms: check minus
hyphen-minus
minus-one
minus-plus sign
minus pool
mix-minus
plus minus
plus-minus
plus-minus method
plus-minus sign
plus or minus
minus
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: mīn-əs
rhymes: -aɪnəs
ipa: /ˈmaɪ.nəs/
ipa: /ˈmɑɪ.nəs/
note: Indic
ipa: /maj.nŭs/
Etymology: From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).
Senses: examples: a minus number
glosses: Being a negative quantity; pertaining to a deficit or reduction.
examples: minus seven degrees
glosses: That is below zero by (a specified amount) on a scale.
examples: text: The races being finished, we left Epsom for London, Mordaunt's natural vile temper not being at all improved by being three hundred pounds minus by the week's speculation […] .
ref: 1808–10, William Hickey, Memoirs of a Georgian Rake, Folio Society 1995, p. 301
glosses: Worse off than before; out of pocket.
examples: text: He got a grade of B minus for his essay.
glosses: Ranking just below (a designated rating).
Synonyms: word: negative
sense: on the negative part of a scale
english: after the noun
translation: after the noun
word: below zero
Derived terms: A minus
F minus
pi-minus
minus
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: mīn-əs
rhymes: -aɪnəs
ipa: /ˈmaɪ.nəs/
ipa: /ˈmɑɪ.nəs/
note: Indic
ipa: /maj.nŭs/
Forms: form: minuses
form: minusses
form: minusing
form: minussing
form: minused
form: minused
form: minussed
form: minussed
Etymology: From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).
Senses: examples: text: For example, in solving the following equation, x + 4 = 9, the child using the negating mechanism will reason, "minussing 4" undoes "plussing 4" therefore, if x + 4 = 9 then x = 5 and will not see any point in using any intermediate steps.
ref: 1981 March, Kevin F[rancis] Collis, Cognitive Development, Mathematics Learning, Information Processing and a Refocusing, Madison, Wis.: Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Individualized Schooling, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, page 9:
text: (The terms positive and negative feedback are now part of everyday language where the meanings are reversed: in cybernetic systems, positive feedback is undesirable for it indicates that the discrepancy is “plussing,” rather than “minussing” to zero.)
ref: 1990, William T. Scott, “Systems and structures”, in The Possibility of Communication (Approaches to Semiotics; 87), Berlin; New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 38:
text: Four plus one is 5 and you go down because it's minusing, […]
ref: 2011, Laura Christine Bofferding, Expanding the Numerical Central Conceptual Structure:
text: “But you also minussed! … Sam… Sam also minussed seventy-two but he also… one hundred forty-four minus seventy-two equals seventy-two. He also minussed the seventy-two.”
ref: 2012, Jennifer S. Thom, “Opening Mathematical Spaces of Their Own”, in Re-Rooting the Learning Space: Minding Where Children’s Mathematics Grow (New Directions in Mathematics and Science Education; 21), Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, →ISBN, page 299:
glosses: To subtract.
Related terms: subtract
subtraction
costume
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/
ipa: /ˈkɒs.t͡ʃuːm/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt(j)um/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.tʊm/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.təm/
ipa: /kɑsˈt(j)um/
ipa: /kɑsˈt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt(j)um/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.tʊm/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.təm/
rhymes: (noun, verb) -ɒstum
rhymes: -ɒstjum
rhymes: -ɒstʃum
rhymes: -ɒstʊm
rhymes: -ɒstəm
rhymes: (verb) -uːm
Forms: form: costumes
Etymology: Borrowed from French costume, from Italian costume, from Latin consuētūdō (“custom, habit”). Doublet of consuetude and custom.
Verb circa 1802, perhaps modelled on French costumer.
Senses: examples: text: The apology came after a netizen claimed Soberano was supposedly doing a black face, but the latter said, in defense, it was just a “costume.”
ref: 2019, Krissy Aguilar, “Liza Soberano Apologizes for Comments on ‘Black Face’”, in Philippine Daily Inquirer:
glosses: A style of dress, including garments, accessories and hairstyle, especially as characteristic of a particular country, period or people.
examples: text: We wore gorilla costumes to the party.
glosses: An outfit or a disguise worn as fancy dress etc.
examples: text: The bride wore a grey going-away costume.
glosses: A set of clothes appropriate for a particular occasion or season.
examples: text: They call their bathing suits down there "costumes."
ref: 1966, Bruce Brown, director, The Endless Summer:
glosses: A swimming costume.
Synonyms: getup
outfit
Derived terms: academic costume
bathing costume
cossie
costumal
costume change
costume drama
costume jewellery
costume jewelry
costumeless
costume party
costumer
costumier
costumery
costumey
costumic
costumist
domino costume
my culture is not your costume
national costume
swimming costume
Related terms: customary
custom
uniform
costume
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/
ipa: /ˈkɒs.t͡ʃuːm/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt(j)um/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.tʊm/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.təm/
ipa: /kɑsˈt(j)um/
ipa: /kɑsˈt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt(j)um/
ipa: /ˈkɑsˌt͡ʃum/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.tʊm/
ipa: /ˈkɑs.təm/
rhymes: (noun, verb) -ɒstum
rhymes: -ɒstjum
rhymes: -ɒstʃum
rhymes: -ɒstʊm
rhymes: -ɒstəm
rhymes: (verb) -uːm
Forms: form: costumes
form: costuming
form: costumed
form: costumed
Etymology: Borrowed from French costume, from Italian costume, from Latin consuētūdō (“custom, habit”). Doublet of consuetude and custom.
Verb circa 1802, perhaps modelled on French costumer.
Senses: examples: text: Seated on the carpet, by the side of this basin, was seen Mr. Rochester, costumed in shawls, with a turban on his head. His dark eyes and swarthy skin and Paynim features suited the costume exactly. He looked the very model of an Eastern emir, an agent or a victim of the bowstring.
ref: 1847 October 16, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], chapter XVIII, in Jane Eyre. An Autobiography. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC:
text: "The Chengtu revolutionaries were fantastically colourful in the Szechwanese manner—they costumed themselves as heroes of the stage and their energies were chiefly occupied in tying ropes across the main streets so that when Imperial officials rode by in their litters they would have to get down and crawl under, losing face.
ref: 1942 March, “Notes and News: Monument to a Stillborn Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 88:
glosses: To dress or adorn with a costume or appropriate garb.
Derived terms: recostume
compliance
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəmˈplaɪ.əns/
rhymes: -aɪəns
Forms: form: compliances
Etymology: From comply + -ance.
Senses: examples: text: strict compliance
text: regulatory compliance
text: full compliance
glosses: An act of complying.
examples: text: The software ensures compliance with data protection laws.
glosses: The state of being compliant.
examples: text: His quick compliance with the order impressed the officer.
glosses: The tendency of conforming with or agreeing to the wishes of others.
topics: engineering
mechanical-engineering
mechanics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A measure of the extension or displacement of a loaded structure; its flexibility
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: The accuracy with which a patient follows an agreed treatment plan
topics: business
glosses: The department of a business that ensures all government regulations are complied with.
Synonyms: compliancy
Derived terms: buzzword compliance
checkbox compliance
compliance car
compliance company
compliance strike
discompliance
hypercompliance
incompliance
malicious compliance
overcompliance
pain compliance
recompliance
standards compliance
uncompliance
undercompliance
Related terms: compliant
conformance
plumage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: plo͞om'ĭj
ipa: /ˈpluːmɪd͡ʒ/
enpr: plyo͞om'ĭj
ipa: /ˈpljuːmɪd͡ʒ/
rhymes: -uːmɪdʒ
Forms: form: plumages
Etymology: From Old French plumage (14c.), itself from plume (“feather”) (from Latin plūma (“feather, down”), from a Proto-Indo-European base *plews- (“to pluck, a feather, fleece”) + -age.
Senses: examples: text: Somewhat like a heron she was, but stouter, and shorter of leg, and her beak shorter and thicker than the heron’s; and so long and delicate was her pale gray plumage that hard it was to say whether it were hair or feathers.
ref: 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 33:
text: [Owner]: No no he's not dead, he's, he's restin'! Remarkable bird, the Norwegian Blue, idn'it, ay? Beautiful plumage!
[Mr. Praline]: The plumage don't enter into it. It's stone dead.
ref: 1969, Monty Python, “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, in Dead Parrot sketch:
topics: biology
natural-sciences
ornithology
synonyms: word: pennage
glosses: Layer or collection of feathers covering a bird’s body; feathers used ornamentally; feathering.
glosses: Finery or elaborate dress.
Derived terms: alternate plumage
basic plumage
eclipse plumage
nuptial plumage
plumaged
Related terms: deplume
plumate
plume
plumelet
plumose
plumule
plumy
gauchos
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of gaucho
examples: text: She wore gauchos and boots and a gypsy blouse and a vest.
ref: 1978, Richard Rhodes, Holy Secrets, →ISBN, page 144:
text: She wore her gauchos (pants) and pink top, white sweater cape.
ref: 2003, Linda M. Rio, The Anorexia Diaries, →ISBN, page 10:
text: Petite, with full facial makeup, Madame A is dressed fashionably as always, wearing gauchos with a matching top.
ref: 2004, Sydney Molare, Grandmama's Mojo Still Working, →ISBN, page 47:
glosses: Calf-length trousers with flared legs.
excogitate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɛksˈkɒdʒɪ(ˌ)teɪt/
ipa: /ɛksˈkɑdʒəˌteɪt/
Forms: form: excogitates
form: excogitating
form: excogitated
form: excogitated
Etymology: From Latin excōgitāre, from ex- + cōgitāre (“think”).
Senses: examples: text: The first organs which Gall excogitated, he placed in the region of the sinus; and it is manifest he was then in happy unacquaintance with everything connected with that obnoxious cavity.
ref: 1859–1860, William Hamilton, edited by H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:
text: Did he ponder the harmony of the spheres? Certainly not: celestial spheres were first excogitated decades or more after Pythagoras' death.
ref: 2007, M. F. Burnyeat, ‘Other Lives’, London Review of Books 29:4, p. 3
glosses: To think over something carefully; to consider fully; cogitate.
examples: text: After many years of study, he excogitated a solution.
text: This evidence […] thus excogitated out of the general theory.
ref: 1837, William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences:
glosses: To reach as a conclusion through reason or careful thought.
Derived terms: unexcogitated
exuviate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪɡˈzjuː.vɪ.eɪt/
ipa: /ɛkˈsuː.vɪ.eɪt/
ipa: /ɛkˈsuː.vɪ.eɪt/
ipa: /ɛɡˈzuː.vɪ.eɪt/
Forms: form: exuviates
form: exuviating
form: exuviated
form: exuviated
Etymology: From Latin exuviae (“what is shed”), from exuō (“cast off, strip”).
Senses: examples: text: Like any arthropod encased in a rigid exoskeleton, a trilobite must periodically moult, or exuviate, in order to grow.
ref: 1996, Rolf Ludvigsen, chapter 4, in Life in Stone: A Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils, →ISBN, page 55:
text: Although multicultural societies are difficult to manage, they need not become a political nightmare and might even become exciting if we exuviate our long traditional preoccupation with a culturally homogeneous and tightly structured polity and allow them instead to intimate their own appropriate institutional forms, modes of governance, and moral and political virtues.
ref: 2002, Bhikhu C. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory, →ISBN, page 344:
glosses: To shed or cast off a covering, especially a skin; to slough; to molt (moult).
Synonyms: sense: to shed or cast off a covering
word: moult
sense: to shed or cast off a covering
word: molt
sense: to shed or cast off a covering
word: slough
Related terms: exuviae
exuvial
exuviation
exuvious
exuviae
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin exuviae, from exuō (“cast off, undress”).
Senses: glosses: plural of exuvia
exuviae
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin exuviae, from exuō (“cast off, undress”).
Senses: synonyms: exuvium
exuvia
glosses: The coverings of an animal that have been shed or cast off, particularly the molted exoskeletons of arthropods.
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: Among the Ancient Romans, weaponry and equipment stripped from the person of a foe; booty.
Related terms: exuviable
exuvial
father of chapel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: fathers of chapel
Senses: glosses: The chairperson or the senior shop steward of a trade union chapel (branch) in UK printing and journalism.
Related terms: FOC
mother of chapel