cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
overdetermined
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more overdetermined
form: most overdetermined
Etymology: From over- + determined.
Senses: antonyms: underdetermined
glosses: Having more constraints or causes than necessary to determine a solution or result.
raw_tags: of a problem or question
topics: linear-algebra
mathematics
sciences
glosses: Having more equations than variables.
raw_tags: of a system of linear equations
topics: human-sciences
medicine
psychoanalysis
psychology
sciences
glosses: Determined by multiple causes in such a way that any of the causes on its own would be sufficient to account for the effect.
overdetermined
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Etymology: From overdetermine + -ed.
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of overdetermine
whatth
Language: English
Part of speech: det
Pronunciation: ipa: /wɒtθ/
ipa: /ʍɒtθ/
ipa: /wʌtθ/
ipa: /ʍʌtθ/
rhymes: -ɒtθ
rhymes: -ʌtθ
Forms: form: whath
Etymology: From what + -th (ordinal suffix).
Senses: glosses: Which ordinal number.
whatth
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /wɒtθ/
ipa: /ʍɒtθ/
ipa: /wʌtθ/
ipa: /ʍʌtθ/
rhymes: -ɒtθ
rhymes: -ʌtθ
Forms: form: whath
Etymology: From what + -th (ordinal suffix).
Senses: examples: text: Thanksgiving is on the whatth of November this year?
glosses: Which ordinal number.
Synonyms: how manyth
context-free grammar
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: context-free grammars
Senses: examples: text: It remains to explain one final concept, namely what a context free language is. (Don’t get confused: we’ve told you what a context free grammar is, but not what a context free language is.) Quite simply, a context free language is a language that can be generated by a context free grammar. Some languages are context free, and some are not. For example, it seems plausible that English is a context free language. That is, it is probably possible to write a context free grammar that generates all (and only) the sentences that native speakers find acceptable. On the other hand, some dialects of Swiss-German are not context free. It can be proved mathematically that no context free grammar can generate all (and only) the sentences that native speakers of Swiss-German find acceptable.¹ So if you wanted to write a grammar for such dialects, you would have to employ additional grammatical mechanisms, not merely context free rules.
ref: 2006, Patrick Blackburn, Johan Bos, Kristina Striegnitz, Learn Prolog Now!, §7.1
topics: computing
computing-theory
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
synonyms: CFG
glosses: A formal grammar in which every production rule is such that the left-hand side is exactly one non-terminal symbol and the right-hand side is zero or more terminal symbols and/or nonterminal symbols.
Derived terms: probabilistic context-free grammar
stochastic context-free grammar
Related terms: context-free language
context-sensitive grammar
pushdown automaton
clue-by-four
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: clue-by-fours
form: clue by four
Etymology: Blend of clue + two-by-four.
Senses: examples: text: If I think they're a jerk who's using a march to show how cool and open minded they are, I pull out the ol' clue by four.
ref: 1993, anonymous author, “Re: Recent Events from the Horseman”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):
text: 1998, TCurryFan, Re: Carlos and Ashley?, alt.fan.power-rangers, http://groups.google.com/group/alt.fan.power-rangers/msg/46e0bac76b6c462d?dmode=source&hl=en
Nah... I'm not gonna waste a good clue-by-four on someone with no brain...
text: Sometimes the magic "clue-by-four" is so obvious that even your oblivious rock-headed uncle picks up on it.
ref: 2003, Willow Polson, The Veil's Edge: Exploring the Boundaries of Magic, page 152:
text: We also keep a traditional clue-by-four and a training brick. You know, for when the problem is wetware-related.
ref: 2025 February 26, AngryCod, “Comment on 'When Marketing decided to touch the database'”, in r/talesfromtechsupport, Reddit, retrieved 01 Mar 2025:
glosses: A notional weapon used to knock sense into the clueless.
Synonyms: cluestick
cluebat
micrology
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: micrologies
Etymology: Sense 1 is borrowed directly from Ancient Greek μικρολογία (mikrología, “pettiness, stinginess, triviality”), with the suffix reinterpreted as -logy.
Sense 2 is micro- + -logy, effectively the same etymological components.
Senses: glosses: The study of trivialities and minutiae, or focusing on the small details rather than the whole picture.
glosses: That part of science that deals with microscopic objects, or depends on microscopic observation; microscopy.
Derived terms: micrologic
micrologist
tetrominoes
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of tetromino
ravelled
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more ravelled
form: most ravelled
Etymology: From ravel + -ed.
Senses: examples: text: [I]n them are minute glands, which resemble ravelled tubes […]
ref: 1871, Popular Science News, page 61:
glosses: Entwined together; tangled.
glosses: Unravelled; frayed.
examples: text: What glory's due to him that could divide / Such ravelled interests?
ref: 1660, Edmund Waller, To the King, upon his Majesty's Happy Return:
glosses: Complicated; confused; involved.
examples: text: LOAD.S loads a sequence of scalars from the ravelled form of a matrix into successive AM elements.
ref: 1975, Tse-yun Feng, Parallel processing: proceedings of the Sagamore Computer Conference:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
glosses: Of a variable in the APL programming language: which has been reshaped into a vector.
ravelled
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Etymology: From ravel + -ed.
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of ravel
ravelled
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: Origin unknown.
Senses: glosses: Of bread: made from flour and bran.
Derived terms: ravelled bread
nikkei
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: nikkeis
form: nikkei
Senses: glosses: Alternative letter-case form of Nikkei.
nikkei
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more nikkei
form: most nikkei
Senses: glosses: Alternative letter-case form of Nikkei.
pipefitter
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pipefitters
Etymology: From pipe + fitter.
Senses: examples: Near-synonyms: pipelayer (not always differentiated in practice), steamfitter (not always differentiated in practice)
glosses: An industrial tradesman who installs and maintains piping systems.
phase space
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: phase spaces
form: phase-space
Etymology: The concept was developed in the late 19th century by Ludwig Boltzmann, Henri Poincaré and Josiah Willard Gibbs.
Senses: examples: text: For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of position and momentum variables.
text: The phase space of a single material point is a manifold M×V*, and the Newton state-space is identifical^([sic]) with M×V.
ref: 1991, Jan J. Slawianowski, Geometry of Phase Spaces, Wiley, page 485:
text: 2006, Matthew Charles Cargo, Phase Space Approaches to Higher Order WKB Approximations, University of California, Berkeley, page 8,
Their energies are those of the level sets p²/2+V(x)=E that enclose an area of 2π hbar (n+1/2) in the classical phase space. Despite embracing a configuration space point of view, these methods have produced a phase space result.
text: The distribution of particles in phase space is given either by the injector characteristics and injection process or in the case of electron beams by the equilibrium of quantum excitation due to synchrotron radiation and damping.
ref: 2007, Helmut Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics, Springer, page 377:
topics: mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
sciences
qualifier: dynamical system theory
glosses: Given a (dynamical) system, any topological space such that every point in the space's underlying set uniquely represents a state of the system and every possible state is represented by some point;
topics: mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
sciences
qualifier: dynamical system theory; less formally
glosses: Given a (dynamical) system, any topological space such that every point in the space's underlying set uniquely represents a state of the system and every possible state is represented by some point;
(less formally) the underlying set of such a topological space.
the underlying set of such a topological space.
Hyponyms: phase line
phase plane
Derived terms: phase space analysis
phase space trajectory
Related terms: configuration space
parameter space
phase diagram
phase integral
phase portrait
state space
taisch
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: task
form: taish
Etymology: From Scottish Gaelic taibhs.
Senses: glosses: second sight; the involuntary ability of seeing the future or distant events.
glosses: The sound of the voice of a person about to die, heard supernaturally by somebody not present at the scene.
Nikkei index
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈniːkeɪ ˈɪndɛks/
ipa: /ˈnɪkeɪ-/
Forms: form: Nikkei indexes
Etymology: Japanese, from 日経 (Nikkei), an abbreviation of 日本経済新聞 (Nihon Keizai Shimbun) (literally "Japan Economics Newspaper"), a Japanese newspaper which publishes the index.
Senses: topics: business
finance
glosses: A Japanese stock market index; normally refers to the Nikkei 225, which is calculated by aggregating the share prices of 225 large Japanese companies quoted on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and thus reflects the performance of major Japanese businesses.
sans-culotte
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /sanzkjuːˈlɒt/
ipa: /sɒ̃(ŋ)kjuːˈlɒt/
Forms: form: sans-culottes
form: sansculotte
Etymology: From French sans-culotte (“(one) without pants”).
Senses: examples: text: One necessary fashion item for the dutiful sans-culotte, for example, was the red cap (bonnet rouge), which was alleged to recall the cap worn in Antiquity by emancipated slaves.
ref: 2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 454:
text: More's sensational attacks on Paine's Rights of Man [...] were echoed in prints, mass-produced by Reeves's Association, which contrasted the happy condition of the English cottager to the brutalised domestic life of the Parisian sans-culotte.
ref: 2007, Barbara Taylor, ‘Guinea Pigs’, London Review of Books 29:3, page 10:
glosses: A plebeian Parisian, especially a lower-class republican during the French Revolution.
Derived terms: sans-culottic
sansculottic
sans-culottide
sansculottide
sans-culottides
sansculottides
sans-culottism
sansculottism
sans-culottist
sansculottist
mizuage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Borrowed from Japanese 水揚げ.
Senses: examples: text: “The first time a woman's cave is explored by a man's eel. That is what we call mizuage.”
ref: 1997, Arthur Golden, Memoirs of a Geisha, Vintage, published 1998, page 232:
glosses: The coming-of-age ceremony of a maiko, an apprentice geisha, often associated with loss of virginity.
diaphragm wall
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: diaphragm walls
Senses: topics: civil-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A structure inserted in the ground and used to maintain an excavation open or to isolate portions of contaminated ground.
heterocosm
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: heterocosms
Etymology: From hetero- + (micro)cosm.
Senses: examples: text: Man, repelled by his debt to a physical mother, created an alternate reality, a heterocosm to give him the illusion of freedom.
ref: 1990, Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae:
text: For Teskey, the exemplary poet of hallucination is Spenser, whose Fairyland is a stable heterocosm, which a reader can enter for sustained periods without undergoing any oscillatory experience.
ref: 2007, William Poole, “Out of his Furrow”, in London Review of Books, volume 29, number 3, page 16:
glosses: A separate or alternative world.
Derived terms: heterocosmic
analytic mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Calque from French Mécanique analytique, a 1788–1789 book by Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
Senses: topics: mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
sciences
glosses: The application of calculus to classical mechanics.
wikipedia: Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Mécanique analytique
biomechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From bio- + mechanics.
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The branch of biophysics that deals with the mechanics of the human or animal body; especially concerned with muscles and the skeleton.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: The functioning of a particular part of a body.
Derived terms: nanobiomechanics
palaeobiomechanics
pathobiomechanics
Arbor Day
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: The national day of observance of the need to protect trees, celebrated by planting a tree.
body mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A form of physiotherapy used to correct body posture and movement.
Related terms: kinesiology
celestial mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: astronomy
natural-sciences
glosses: The dynamics of celestial bodies subject to mutual gravitational attraction.
electromechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From electro- + mechanics.
Senses: glosses: the engineering aspects of devices that are controlled by electrostatics or electromagnetics
fluid mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: engineering
mechanical-engineering
mechanics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The branch of mechanics dealing with gases and liquids, either at rest or in motion.
Synonyms: hydromechanics
gas mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the action of forces on gases.
hereditary mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: The branch of mechanics dealing with the effects of stress and strain on physical bodies over time.
Related terms: metal fatigue
soignée
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more soignée
form: most soignée
Etymology: Borrowed from French soignée, feminine form of soigné.
Senses: examples: text: Proof of Life was not much of a film; and Ryan, implausibly soignée despite the fact that her character's husband has been kidnapped by South American drug fiends, is one of the worst things about it.
ref: 2007, Bee Wilson, “Pink and Bare”, in London Review of Books 29:3, page 24:
glosses: Alternative form of soigné.
raw_tags: of a woman
exoergicity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: The collision exoergicity Q is defined by Q=E'–E, the final minus initial relative kinetic energies.
ref: 1933, The Journal of Chemical Physics, the American Institute of Physics:
text: This is probably due to dissociation induced by the large exoergicity from charge transfer between species that differ greatly in ionization potential.
ref: 1981: S. J. Buelow, D. R. Wornsnop, and D. R. Herschbach, Chemistry Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Generation of “bastard” molecular ions from van der Waals clusters: Arₙ(C₂Cl₄)ₘ⁺ ions, suspected interlopers in collections of solar neutrinos (published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 78, № 12; December, 1981)
text: 1985: Rodney J. Bartlett, ed, Comparison of Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry With Experiment for Small Molecules
For the reaction exoergicity the Davidson correction has little effect. There is also a problem with the theoretical description of the kinetics of the addition reaction. A Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism is typically used to ...
text: The extent of fragmentation is determined by the internal energy of the ions at formation, which is contributed by the exoergicity of the reaction in addition to the thermal energy available. Thus, more acidic reagents and higher temperatures tend to induce more fragmentation in the negative ion mode, while less acidic reagents tend to produce more fragmentation in the negative ion mode.
ref: 1990, Alfred L. Yergey, Liquid Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications:
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The difference in bond dissociation energies of a reaction, symbol ΔE₀, such that energy is released.
Related terms: exoergic
hydromechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From hydro- + mechanics.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: fluid mechanics, especially when dealing with water
flyting
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: flytings
Etymology: From Middle English fliting, flytyng, equivalent to flyte + -ing.
Senses: glosses: Contention, noisy argument.
glosses: Scolding, rebuke.
examples: text: Rival poets in Scotland exchanged flytings that were packed with riddling conceits.
ref: 2007, Marina Warner, “Doubly Damned”, in London Review of Books, 29:3, p. 26:
text: These "flytings" consisted of alternate torrents of sheer Billingsgate poured upon each other by the combatants.
ref: 1898, George Saintsbury, A Short History of English Literature:
glosses: A poetic contest of insults or invective.
magnetomechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From magneto- + mechanics.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The branch of physics dealing with the mutual interaction of the strain and magnetization of materials.
Derived terms: magnetomechanically
matrix mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: qualifier: quantum mechanics
glosses: The original formulation of quantum mechanics in which the operators were represented by time-dependent matrices.
bisyllabic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /baɪ.sɪˈlæ.bɪk/
Etymology: From bi- + syllabic.
Senses: glosses: Comprising two syllables.
Synonyms: disyllabic
Derived terms: bisyllabically
bisyllabic
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /baɪ.sɪˈlæ.bɪk/
Forms: form: bisyllabics
Etymology: From bi- + syllabic.
Senses: glosses: Synonym of disyllabic.
synonyms: word: disyllabic
ballsier
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: comparative form of ballsy: more ballsy
ballsiest
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: superlative form of ballsy: most ballsy
soullessly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more soullessly
form: most soullessly
Etymology: From soulless + -ly.
Senses: glosses: In a manner lacking soul or spirit.
soundlessly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more soundlessly
form: most soundlessly
Etymology: From soundless + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: Hassan kneed himself up, over, in, soundlessly, feet on floor, knife out, eyes like blunter knife trying to cut darkness.
ref: 1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 489:
glosses: In a manner that makes no noise.
Related terms: sound
soundless
soundlessness
sorrowfully
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more sorrowfully
form: most sorrowfully
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English sorwefully; by surface analysis, sorrowful + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: They sent a pleasant and refreshing fragrance far around, and shook sorrowfully the leaves of their white flowers over the reflected picture of the landscape in the mirror of the lake, which on all sides was surrounded by pine trees and mossy cliffs.
ref: 1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 280:
text: Sorrowfully Dorothy left the Throne Room and went back where the Lion and the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman were waiting to hear what Oz had said to her. "There is no hope for me," she said sadly, "for Oz will not send me home until I have killed the Wicked Witch of the West; and that I can never do."
ref: 1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:
glosses: In a sorrowful manner; with sorrow and regret.
sordidness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: sordidnesses
Etymology: From sordid + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: [W]e muſt not take this mercifull indulgence given to our defectuoſities, as a diſpenſation for the ſordidnes of our loves, but rather in a holy effect and contention of gratitude, ſtrain to love God the more purely, and irreſpectively to our ſelves, in regard of the tranſcendent benignity of this diſpenſation.
ref: 1648, Walter Montagu, “The Fourteenth Treatise. The Test and Ballance of Filial and Mercenary Love. §. II. Mercenary Love Defined, and the Relying Much on It Disswaded.”, in Miscellanea Spiritualia: Or, Devout Essaies, London: […] W[illiam] Lee, D[aniel] Pakeman, and G[abriel] Bedell, […], →OCLC, page 186:
text: Every possible care was taken of him, and in a day or two he was able to walk into the study again, where he sat gazing at the sordidness and unneatness of the apartment, the strange festoons and drapery of spiders' webs, […]
ref: a. 1865 (date written), Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Julian Hawthorne, Doctor Grimshawe’s Secret: A Romance […], Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, published 1883, →OCLC:
text: A brooding Northerner, Verhaeren sees the sorrow, the travail, the sordidness, going on all about him, and loves the world just the same, […]
ref: 1915, Amy Lowell, Six French Poets: Studies in Contemporary Literature, 2nd edition, The Macmillan Company, page 38:
glosses: The quality or state of being sordid.
examples: text: His was a nature—weak I own—that felt a sordidness in narrow means and their attendants; the ugliness of poverty pained his spirit.
ref: 1864, Katherine F. Williams, “The Rev. Mr. Allonby”, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, volume XXVIII:
glosses: The product or result of being sordid.
molecular mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A non-rigorous method of computing the structures, energies, and some properties of molecules by assuming they behave like small balls connected by springs.
nonquantum mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: classical or Newtonian mechanics rather than quantum mechanics.
masterbatch
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: masterbatches
Etymology: From master + batch.
Senses: glosses: A solid product (normally of plastic, rubber, or elastomer) in which pigments or additives are optimally dispersed at high concentration in a carrier material. The carrier material is compatible with the main plastic in which it will be blended during molding, whereby the final plastic product obtains the color or properties from the masterbatch.
Gleichschaltung
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Gleichschaltungs
Etymology: Unadapted borrowing from German Gleichschaltung (“synchronisation”).
Senses: examples: text: Far less identified with the party than the old Freikorps (anticommunist vigilante groups active just after World War I) mercenaries, the new element saw in the SS the true elite organization of the Nazi regime, and did not hesitate to attempt Gleichschaltungs within the Gleichschaltung, that is, to have the SS take over already Nazified organizations.
ref: 1973, Dietrich Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party: 1933–1945, volume 2, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, →ISBN, page 181:
text: Consequently, Croatia’s new leaders have lost little time in purging these last outposts of the old regime. In the name of democracy and human rights, all the media will henceforth be sympathetic to the new government, a process of Gleichschaltung that is being cheered on by the West.
ref: 2000 April 15, John Laughland, “Full circle for communism: Under EU plan, Croatia is starting to resemble old communist Yugoslavia”, in The Gazette, Montreal, page B5:
text: So what we have today is a university whose uniqueness is to be attacked and destroyed so that it falls in line where a gleichschaltung is achieved, a non dissenting institution with dead pan faces, with caste identities or communal hatred pervasive, unquestioning students roaming around writing meaningless objective type exams for different testing services.
ref: 2017 February 10, Rakesh Batabyal, “Casteism and communalism are delegitimising the institutions that have built JNU”, in Hindustan Times:
glosses: The forced standardization of political and social institutions under an authoritarian regime, originally with reference to Nazi Germany.
nonrelativistic mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The mechanics of objects moving at velocities considerably less than the speed of light.
particle mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The study of the motion of individual particles.
relativistic mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The mechanics of objects moving at speeds comparable to the speed of light; per special and general relativity.
rock mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: The science that studies the mechanical behaviour of rock.
Related terms: geomechanics
ginning
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of gin
ginning
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: ginnings
Senses: glosses: The act of removing seeds from cotton with a cotton gin.
soil mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Consulting with the Foo firm brought soil mechanics into the plant engineer's toolchest.
text: An anemometer constructed by the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Western Region, British Railways, has been installed at Dawlish Warren, near Exeter, to obtain a record of the velocity (speed and direction) of the wind. This information is used for the study of the effects of wind erosion on the sand dunes which protect the railway from the sea at that point.
ref: 1952 August, “Wind Velocity Records at Dawlish”, in Railway Magazine, page 545:
text: Children learn the importance of water in soil mechanics from an early age. They learn on the beach while making sandcastles. When they use dry sand, their castle flows into a heap even as they lift the bucket. The particles of sand have no cohesion and little friction between them.
ref: 2023 June 14, Philip Haigh, “Landslips: NR strives to turn back the tide”, in RAIL, number 985, page 32:
glosses: The application of mechanics (especially fluid mechanics) to soils, especially as a basis for the design and construction of building foundations and earthworks.
examples: text: The plan to build a dam just downriver from Fooville was foiled by unsatisfactory soil mechanics.
glosses: The mechanical behavior and performance of a soil.
Related terms: materials science
soil science
Kulturträger
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /kʊlˈtuːɹtɹɛːɡəɹ/
Forms: form: Kulturträgers
form: kulturtraeger
form: Kulturtraeger
Etymology: From German Kulturträger.
Senses: examples: text: She knew she was accepted in the world of culture and of intellect. She was a Kulturträger, a medium for the culture of ideas.
ref: 1920, D.H. Lawrence, chapter 1, in Women in Love:
text: All this was demoralising enough for an intelligentsia that, whatever its internal disputes, had always taken its role as Kulturträger for granted.
ref: 2007, Perry Anderson, “Russia's Managed Democracy”, in London Review of Books, 29:2, page 8:
glosses: Someone or something that transmits cultural ideals, especially from one generation to the next.
wave mechanics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
sciences
glosses: The mathematical basis for quantum mechanics in which light and subatomic particles have the characteristics of both waves and particles.
gene silencing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
coordinate_terms: gene expression
glosses: Any mechanism or technique, either in nature or by human agency, by which the expression of a gene is either fully or almost fully prevented.
Related terms: epigenetics
silencing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of silence
silencing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: silencings
Senses: examples: text: But these harmonies can be distinguished from silencings in which the content of certain interpretations requires or advocates obliterating the voice of another.
ref: 2003, Charles Guignon, David R. Hiley, Richard Rorty, page 119:
glosses: The act by which something is silenced.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The prevention of the expression of a gene
Derived terms: gene silencing
nonprofit
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: non-profit
Etymology: From non- + profit.
Senses: examples: text: Here in New York, plush rehabilitation centers literally canvass for big-paying clients whose insurance will cover the average $11,000 to $14,000 cost for a month's treatment. Meanwhile, there are only 12,000 non-profit treatment beds in the state for a conservatively estimated 350,000 addicts.
ref: 1990 February 4, Leonard Tirado, “Privatized 'Recovery' Versus Collective Action”, in Gay Community News, volume 17, number 29, page 5:
text: The site's infrastructure (but not its content) is now run by the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), which will be described in depth in Chapter 17.
ref: 2008, Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, Ben Yates, How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It, No Starch Press, →ISBN, page 47:
glosses: Not seeking to produce a profit (a financial gain).
Synonyms: not-for-profit
non-profit-making
Derived terms: nonprofitization
nonprofit
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: nonprofits
form: non-profit
Etymology: From non- + profit.
Senses: examples: text: Historically, companies have viewed nonprofits primarily as recipients of their philanthropy – usually in the form of cash and product donations, as well as employee volunteers, in exchange for a boost to their reputations or stronger relationships with local stakeholders.
ref: 2014 February 27, Adeeb Mahmud, “Beyond charity: three innovative types of business partnerships for nonprofits”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
text: The people who made millions or billions from these companies are now changing yet another sector of the American economy: philanthropy. They’re forcing nonprofits to become incubators and disruptors, rather than just service providers, and to think about how they sell themselves, how they measure what they do, and what programs will attract money.
ref: 2018 July 25, Alana Semuels, “How Silicon Valley Has Disrupted Philanthropy”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 15 Dec 2020:
text: They make up one of three community outreach teams employed by OnPoint, a New York City nonprofit that provides services for people who use drugs.
ref: 2023 February 22, Jeneen Interlandi, Donavon Smallwood, “One Year Inside a Radical New Approach to America’s Overdose Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 22 Feb 2023:
text: The shelter, an independent nonprofit, was originally a pilot project of Trinity Lutheran Church of Manhattan, and still occupies its basement on the Upper West Side.
ref: 2023 March 18, Jane Margolies, “How the Head of a Shelter for Young L.G.B.T.Q. Adults Spends Sundays”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 18 Mar 2023:
glosses: Ellipsis of nonprofit organization (“an organization that exists for reasons other than to make a profit, such as a charitable, educational or service organization”).
Synonyms: word: not-for-profit
word: NPO
word: nonprofit
Hypernyms: word: organization
Hyponyms: word: NGO
word: non-governmental organization
Related terms: word: charity
word: enterprise
word: :Category:en:Organizations
charge nurse
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: charge nurses
Senses: glosses: A supervisory nurse, usually assigned for a shift.
superlattice
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: superlattices
Etymology: From super- + lattice.
Senses: glosses: A material, especially a semiconductor, with periodically alternating layers of several crystalline substances.
Related terms: superlatticed
Kaden
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: -eɪdən
Etymology: A spelling variant of Caden.
Senses: glosses: A male given name originating as a coinage, variant of Caden.
Kaden
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: -eɪdən
Forms: form: Kadens
Etymology: Borrowed from German Kaden.
Senses: glosses: A surname from German.
morphogen
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: morphogens
Etymology: From morpho- + -gen.
Senses: glosses: Any substance that governs the movement and development of cells during morphogenesis by forming a concentration gradient in the developing tissue.
Related terms: morphogenic
morphogene
morphostat
tu quoque
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /tuːˈkwoʊkwiː/
/tuːˈkwoʊkweɪ/
Forms: form: tu quoques
Etymology: From Latin tu (“you”) quoque (“also”).
Senses: examples: text: And then they meet us with miserable tu quoques—tu quoques, gentlemen, which are the meanest form of logic, and, in my opinion, the most contemptible development of statesmanship.
ref: 1890, National Liberal Federation. Proceedings in Connection with the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Federation Held in Sheffield, on Thursday & Friday, November 20th & 21st, 1890. With the Annual Report, and the Speeches Delivered by the Right Hon. Sir W. Harcourt, M.P. and the Right Hon. John Morley, M.P., page 104:
text: In the long run, the facile tu quoque arguments, such as those offered by Massu on the Alleg case, can only lead to an endless escalation of horror and degradation.
ref: 1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York: Review Books, published 2006, page 205:
text: Not all tu quoques, of course, are countercritical. For example the anti–logical-positivist and antirelativist tu quoques encountered in Chapter Three purport to discover a “reflexive weakness” in the positive arguments of their opponents such that when such arguments are turned back on themselves the result is an absurdity.
ref: 1989, Malcolm Ashmore, The Reflexive Thesis: Wrighting Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 171:
text: Tu quoques shift the attention away from the weakness of one’s own argument. Political platforms are rife with tu quoques: each political party accuses the other of some atrocity or oversight wihout responding to any of the charges laid against them.
ref: 2005, Robert Malcolm Murray, Nebojsa Kujundzic, Critical Reflection: A Textbook for Critical Thinking, McGill-Queen’s University Press, →ISBN, page 418:
text: The idealising side of Furman's construction exposes itself to the tu quoque retorts with which Putin and his aides now relish silencing criticism by the West.
ref: 2007, Perry Anderson, “Russia's Managed Democracy”, in London Review of Books, number 29:2, page 10:
glosses: An argument whereby an accusation or insult is turned back on the accuser; same to you
examples: text: I presented the mouth of the bottle in a slanting direction toward her. In an instant, she with her fingers contracted the lips of her tu quoque so as to produce a narrow curved stream, so correctly aimed that at least one-third actually entered the bottle.
ref: 1808–10, William Hickey, Memoirs of a Georgian Rake, Folio Society 1995, p. 309
glosses: The vulva or vagina.
Related terms: argumentum ad hominem
ditto, brother smut
pot calling the kettle black
two wrongs don't make a right
whataboutism
humanitarianism
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: humanitarianisms
Etymology: From humanitarian + -ism.
Senses: glosses: A humanitarian philosophy or practice.
bicoid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: bicoids
Senses: topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A gene, in Drosophila and related flies, that specifies which end of an egg will be the anterior and become the fly's head by setting up a concentration gradient of the Bicoid protein.
Bicoid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Bicoids
Senses: topics: biochemistry
biology
chemistry
microbiology
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A protein, in Drosophila and related flies, specified by the bicoid gene, the concentration gradient of which serves to specify which end of the egg will become the head of the fly.
meristemoid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: meristemoids
Etymology: From meristem + -oid.
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: A small, triangular stomatal precursor cell that functions temporarily as a stem cell in a meristem.
meristemoid
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From meristem + -oid.
Senses: glosses: Of, pertaining to, or resembling a meristem.
stomatal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: Relating to, or containing, a stoma
Synonyms: stomatic
Too Many Mouths
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: TMM
Senses: topics: biochemistry
biology
chemistry
genetics
medicine
microbiology
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata
biofilm
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: biofilms
Etymology: From bio- + film. First used in the early 1970s in the context of wastewater treatment.
Senses: examples: text: The differences in biofilm penetration patterns of both tested photosensitisers and the light source could have played an important role for the survival of microorganisms after the application of aPDT. In a recent own study, we showed that the deepest layers of the oral biofilm were not affected by the aPDT [4 ].
ref: 2015 November 7, “Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) Alters In Situ Oral Biofilms”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
text: These interactions are essential for the assembly of an exopolysaccharides-rich matrix and the development of cospecies biofilms.
ref: 2016 March 3, “Streptococcus mutans Can Modulate Biofilm Formation and Attenuate the Virulence of Candida albicans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms.
Derived terms: antibiofilm
stirabout
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈstɜːɹəˌbaʊt/
Forms: form: stirabouts
Etymology: Deverbal from stir about.
Senses: examples: text: He's really an awful bother, what with green shades for Tom's eyes at night and making him do the dumb-bells, and forcing Eva to eat the stirabout.
ref: 1904–1907 (date written), James Joyce, “The Dead”, in Dubliners, London: Grant Richards, published June 1914, →OCLC, page 222:
glosses: Porridge.
glosses: A commotion.
standing joke
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: standing jokes
Senses: examples: text: The two aunts laughed heartily, too, for Gabriel's solicitude was a standing joke with them.
ref: 1904–1907 (date written), James Joyce, “The Dead”, in Dubliners, London: Grant Richards, published June 1914, →OCLC, page 223:
glosses: A customary laughing matter amongst a group of people.
Related terms: inside joke
noddle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: noddles
Senses: examples: text: But being restored to the open aire, the cafe with him was little altred; for no roofe had he to hide his noddle in, or whither he might go to set up his rest, but in the streets under a bulk he should have been constrainted to have kenneld […]
ref: 1596, Tho[mas] Nashe, “Dialogus”, in Haue with You to Saffron-Walden. Or, Gabriell Harveys Hunt is Up. […], London: […] John Danter, →OCLC; republished as J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier], editor, Have with You to Saffron-Walden (Miscellaneous Tracts; Temp. Eliz. and Jac. I), [London: s.n., 1870], →OCLC, page 111:
glosses: The head; the part of the body of an animal or human which contains the brain, mouth and main sense organs.
examples: text: No doubt (said the Barber) but I wonder not so much at the Knights madnesse, as the Squires simplicity, that beleeves so in the Islands, and I think all the Art in the world will not drive that out of his noddle.
ref: 1612–1620, [Miguel de Cervantes], translated by Thomas Shelton, The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, page 123:
text: Thus far the Poet; but his brains grow Addle, / And all the reſt is purely from this Noddle.
ref: 1690, [John] Dryden, “[https://archive.org/details/donsebastianking00dryd/page/n20/mode/1up Prologue to Don Sebastian King of Portugal. […]]”, in Don Sebastian, King of Portugal: […], London: […] Jo. Hindmarsh, […], →OCLC, (please specify |act=I or II), page 20:
text: Novv vvhat can have got into that precious noddle of thine, my dear brother Toby? cried my father, mentally.
ref: 1762, [Laurence Sterne], chapter XXXVII, in The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, volume V, London: […] T. Becket and P. A. Dehondt, […], →OCLC, page 128:
glosses: The head as the seat of mental capacity or intellect.
examples: text: They muste absteine from ouer much slepe, and not to slepe in the day time, nor [upon] the noddle of the head […]
ref: 1562, Guglielmo Gratarolo, translated by William Fulwood, The Castel of Memorie, volume I:
glosses: The back of the head; nape.
Related terms: noodle
noddle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: noddles
form: noddling
form: noddled
form: noddled
Senses: glosses: To nod repeatedly.
Derived terms: niddle-noddle
noddle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: noddles
form: noddling
form: noddled
form: noddled
Senses: examples: text: […] a rolling bass figure in 2/4 over which two semi-tuned electric guitars are noddling rhythm and blues.
ref: 1977, Musician, Player and Listener, number 9, page 4:
text: The album is almost ruined by some muzak-style noddling for strings and keyboards.
ref: 1987, John Schaefer, New sounds: a listener's guide to new music, page 89:
glosses: Alternative form of noodle (“improvise musically”).
cartology
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cartologies
Senses: glosses: The creation of charts and maps based on the layout of a territory's geography.
Synonyms: cartography
Related terms: cartological
cartologist
intuitionist
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: intuitionists
Etymology: From intuition + -ist.
Senses: glosses: A person who studies intuitionistic mathematics
solitariness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɒlɪt(ə)ɹɪnəs/
Forms: form: solitarinesses
Etymology: From solitary + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: In both a mazefull ſolitarineſſe: / In night of ſprites the gaſtly powers to ſtur, / In thee or ſprites or ſprited gaſtlineſſe: […]
ref: c. 1580s, Philip Sidney, “Astrophel and Stella”, in [Mary Sidney], editor, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia […] [The New Arcadia], 3rd edition, London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1598, →OCLC, sonnet 96, page 564:
english: The New Arcadia
translation: The New Arcadia
text: I saw a Deane of S. Hillarie of Poictiers, reduced by reason and the incommoditie of his melancholy to such a continuall solitarinesse, that when I entered into his chamber he had never removed one step out of it in two and twenty yeares before[…].
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 8, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
text: So much as doing good is better than not doing evil, will I account Christian good fellowship better than an eremitish and melancholy solitariness.
ref: 1646, Jos[eph] Hall, The Balme of Gilead: Or, Comforts for the Distressed, both Morall and Divine. […], London: […] M[iles] Flesher, for Nat[haniel] Butter, →OCLC:
synonyms: word: aloneness
word: isolation
word: aloneness
word: isolation
word: loneliness
word: loneness
word: onehead
word: oneship
word: onlyhood
word: onliness
word: seclusion
word: solitariness
word: solitude
glosses: The state or quality of being solitary.
intuitionistic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From intuition + -istic.
Senses: examples: Intuitionistic type theory is based on a certain analogy or isomorphism between propositions and types: a proposition is identified with the type of its proofs. This identification is usually called the Curry–Howard isomorphism, which was originally formulated for intuitionistic logic and simply typed lambda calculus. Type Theory extends this identification to predicate logic by introducing dependent types, that is types which contain values. Type Theory internalizes the interpretation of intuitionistic logic proposed by Brouwer, Heyting and Kolmogorov, the so called BHK interpretation. The types of Type Theory play a similar role to sets in set theory but functions definable in Type Theory are always computable.ᵂᴾ
The system, which has come to be known as IZF, or Intuitionistic Zermelo–Fraenkel (ZF refers to ZFC without the axiom of choice), has the usual axioms of extensionality, pairing, union, infinity, separation and power set. The axiom of regularity is stated in the form of an axiom schema of set induction. Also, while Myhill used the axiom schema of replacement in his system, IZF usually stands for the version with collection.ᵂᴾ
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
glosses: Dealing strictly in constructive proofs, abstaining from proof by contradiction
Derived terms: intuitionistically
intuitionistic logic
nonintuitionistic
superintuitionistic
Related terms: intuitionism
intuition
sophistical
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more sophistical
form: most sophistical
Etymology: From Middle English sophistical, sophisticale, sophisticall, from Anglo-Latin sophisticālis, equivalent to sophist + -ical.
Senses: glosses: Pertaining to a sophist or sophistry.
examples: text: This is, we believe, a fair summary of Mr. Lamb's doctrine. We are sure that we do not wish to represent him unfairly. […] But we must plainly say that his argument, though ingenious, is altogether sophistical.
ref: 1841, Thomas Macaulay, Lord Byron and The Comic Dramatists of the Restoration:
glosses: Fallacious, misleading or incorrect in logic or reasoning, especially intentionally.
Synonyms: sophistic
Derived terms: sophistically
sophisticalness
speediness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈspiːdinəs/
rhymes: -iːdinəs
Etymology: From Middle English spedines, from Old English spēdiġnes (“opulence, wealth”), equivalent to speedy + -ness.
Senses: glosses: The property of being fast; swiftness.
speeder
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: speeders
Etymology: From speed + -er.
Senses: glosses: One who speeds: one who exceeds the maximum legal speed limit.
glosses: A machine for drawing and twisting slivers to form rovings, in spinning.
topics: rail-transport
railways
transport
coordinate_terms: handcar
glosses: A motorized railroad track crew cart.
examples: text: As a series of WTUL, Socialist, and garment union speakers illuminate the oppression of her life, including her misperception that because she is a "speeder," or quick worker, she profits accordingly, she eagerly receives the new truths.
ref: 2001, Laura Hapke, Labor's Text: The Worker in American Fiction, page 63:
synonyms: bell-horse
qualifier: industrial relations
glosses: A fast worker selected by a company to exemplify the rate of work generally expected; a pacesetter.
Related terms: speeding
speed loader