cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
ferrite
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɛɹaɪt/
Forms: form: ferrites
Etymology: From New Latin, from Latin ferrum (“iron”) + -ite.
Senses: examples: text: Technical terms like ferrite, perlite, graphite, and hardenite were bandied to and fro, and when Paget glibly brought out such a rare exotic as ferro-molybdenum, Benson forgot that he was a master ship-builder, […]
ref: 1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 4, in Well Tackled!:
glosses: The interstitial solid solution of carbon in body-centered cubic iron.
examples: text: The actual hardware is obsolete; for example, the memories are of the old ferrite core type.
ref: 1986 June 6, Richard Feynman, “Personal observations on the reliability of the Shuttle”, in Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Report to the President:
glosses: Any of a class of metal oxides which show ferrimagnetism; used in transformers, inductors, antennas, recording heads, microwave devices, motors and loudspeakers.
topics: chemistry
inorganic-chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: The anion FeO₂²⁻, and any of the salts (formally derived from the unknown ferrous acid) derived from it.
Derived terms: aluminoferrite
bismutoferrite
calcioferrite
delta ferrite
ferrite bead
ferrite choke
ferrite core
ferritic
fibroferrite
hexaferrite
magnesioferrite
nanoferrite
orthoferrite
phosphoferrite
sodium ferrite
stibioferrite
titanoferrite
cofferdam
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɑ.fɚ.dæm/
ipa: /ˈkɒ.fə.dæm/
rhymes: -æm
Forms: form: cofferdams
form: coffer-dam
Etymology: From coffer + dam.
Senses: examples: text: He stood full six feet in height, with noble shoulders, and a chest like a coffer-dam.
ref: 1851, Herman Melville, Moby-Dick:
text: Downstream there was a small wooden cofferdam and when he woke there were naked children splashing in the pool there and he rose and wrapped his jacket about his waist and walked out along the bank where he could sit and watch them.
ref: 1992, Cormac McCarthy, All the Pretty Horses, →ISBN:
text: At fixed injection volume of PVC gels solution, the curvature of MLAs [(microlens arrays)] obtained with patterned electrode substrates at fixed sizes of cofferdam can be tuned by changing the preparation voltage.
ref: 2020, Peiwen Xu, Miao Xu, Hongbo Lu, Longzhen Qiu, “Polyvinyl chloride gels microlens array with a well-controlled curvature obtained by solvent evaporation under DC electric fields”, in Optics Express, volume 28, number 20, →DOI, pages 29285–29295:
text: Where the viaduct crosses the lake, the piles will be bored directly into the lakebed, using a cofferdam to hold back the water while the pier is built.
ref: 2022 January 12, “Network News: First pier cast for HS2's Colne Valley Viaduct”, in RAIL, number 948, page 10:
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A temporary watertight enclosure used to create a dry foundation for building bridges and other structures over water.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: An empty space that acts as a protective barrier between two floors or bulkheads on a ship.
examples: text: I refer to Dr. Barnum, who has given us the coffer-dam. I cannot detain you while I describe the immense benefit which his application of a very simple material has conferred on the public.
ref: 1874 March 2, Edwin Sercombe, Esq., “Dental News and Critical Reports. Odontological Society of Great Britain. General monthly meeting and conversazione.”, in British Journal of Dental Science, volume 17, page 166:
text: Dr. La Roche then first we are informed made the claim that he knew of and used rubber for a coffer dam prior to Barnum.
ref: 1884, “Barnum’s rubber dam”, in The New England Journal of Dentistry, volume 3, number 1, pages 27–28:
qualifier: but after his century maintained only in other languages than English
glosses: A rubber dam to keep the teeth dry when operating upon them.
raw_tags: in 1864
Coordinate terms: caisson
a similar structure
but permanent in nature
matted
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of mat
glosses: simple past and past participle of matt
glosses: simple past and past participle of matte
matted
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more matted
form: most matted
Senses: examples: text: The moon had spread over everything a thin layer of silver—over the rank grass, over the mud, upon the wall of matted vegetation standing higher than the wall of a temple […]
ref: 1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I:
text: As the warrior emerged from the forest, Tarzan caught a fleeting glimpse of a tawny hide worming its way through the matted jungle grasses in his wake—it was Numa, the lion. He, too, was stalking the black man.
ref: 1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantyine Books, published 1963, page 123:
glosses: Forming a thick tangled mess.
examples: text: The servant led us down a matted passage and showed us at the end into a great library […]
ref: 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:
glosses: Covered with mats or matting.
Derived terms: matted glass
mattedly
mattedness
nonmatted
prematted
unmatted
breadcrumb
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɹɛdˌkɹʌm/
Forms: form: breadcrumbs
form: bread crumb
Etymology: From bread + crumb. The computing and figurative senses allude to the German fairy tale Hansel and Gretel, where Hansel leaves a trail of breadcrumbs to find the way back home when venturing into the woods.
Senses: coordinate_terms: cracker meal#Noun
glosses: A tiny piece of bread, either one that falls from bread as it is cut or eaten, or one made deliberately by crumbling bread.
examples: text: Breadcrumbs usually look something like this: "Home > About Us > Staff" and are positioned near the top navigation. […] The words in the breadcrumbs are links to pages at higher levels of the website.
ref: 2010, Mark Stephenson, Web-Empower Your Church:
topics: computing
engineering
graphical-user-interface
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A single link in a chain indicating the hierarchical location of a directory, web page or similar, used as a navigation aid.
examples: text: If you believe the system can merrily proceed despite an assertion failure, code the exception handler to log the error, leaving debugging breadcrumbs behind, and return.
ref: 2004, Jack Ganssle, The Firmware Handbook, page 276:
text: […] track metrics used to improve performance, or log a series of breadcrumbs to track an application's progress, […]
ref: 2012, Wallace B. McClure, Nathan Blevins, John J. Croft IV, Wrox Cross Platform Android and iOS Mobile Development Three-Pack:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
programming
sciences
glosses: A fragment of data that serves to log the actions taken by a program, used in debugging.
examples: text: Before he died, James Halliday (Mark Rylance), the hermit-like, socially maladjusted tech genius who created The Oasis, hid an Easter egg somewhere in the circuitry, scattering bread crumbs that lead to its location. Find the egg, and the mogul’s fortune—along with total control of his digital fiefdom—is yours. It’s the ultimate capitalist scavenger hunt!
ref: 2018 March 26, A. A. Dowd, “Steven Spielberg Finds Fun, and maybe even a Soul, in the Pandering Pastiche of Ready Player One”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 31 May 2018:
glosses: One in a series of clues leading to a person or place.
Synonyms: sense: tiny piece of bread
word: crumb
Derived terms: breadcrumb sponge
breadcrumby
Related terms: sense: computing senses
english: element that helps track things digitally
translation: element that helps track things digitally
word: cookie
night watch
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: night watches
form: night-watch
form: nightwatch
Etymology: From Middle English nightwacche, nyȝt-wacche, nyghte wacche, nyȝt wacche, from Old English nihtwæċċe, a variant of nihtwacu (“nightwatch”), equivalent to night + watch. Cognate with West Frisian nachtwacht (“nightwatch”), Dutch nachtwacht, nachtwake (“nightwatch”), German Nachtwache (“nightwatch”) and Nachtwächter (“night watchman”), Swedish nattvakt (“nightwatch”), Icelandic næturvakt (“nightwatch”).
Senses: glosses: A watch kept on some premises, or on a town, by guards during the night.
glosses: One or more of the guards on such a watch.
coordinate_terms: first watch
graveyard watch
glosses: One of the watches kept on a marine vessel.
glosses: The sailors standing such a watch.
Synonyms: night watchman
invasive
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/
ipa: /-zɪv/
Forms: form: invasives
Etymology: PIE word
 *h₁én
The adjective is derived from Middle English invasif (“of a weapon: offensive”), from Middle French invasif, Old French invasif (“invasive”) (modern French invasif), from Medieval Latin invāsīvus, from Latin invāsus (“entered; invaded”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives). Invāsus is the perfect passive participle of invādō (“to enter; to invade”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside’) + vādō (“to go; to rush; to walk”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to go, proceed; to pass, traverse”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Senses: examples: text: Is there ever a time to plant invasives—plants that are known to spread—in the garden? I believe the answer is a qualified "yes." There is never a time to plant exotic, that is non-native, invasives. Exotic invasives such as pampas grass and French and Scottish broom were sold by local nurseries in the past, before their destructive nature was understood. […] Native invasive plants are another story: there are situations in which they can be both practical and desirable.
ref: 2005, Barbara J. Euser, “A Place for Invasives?”, in Barbara J. Euser, editor, Bay Area Gardening: 64 Practical Essays by Master Gardeners, Palo Alto, Calif.: Solas House, Travelers’ Tales, →ISBN, page 174:
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: An invasive organism, such as an animal or plant.
northern snakehead
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: northern snakeheads
Senses: glosses: A fish of species Channa argus, native to Russia, China and Korea; considered to be invasive in the United States.
productivity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/
ipa: /ˌpɹɑ.dʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
ipa: [ˌpɹɑ.dʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ɾi]
ipa: /ˌpɹoʊ.dʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
ipa: [ˌpɹoʊ.dʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ɾi]
ipa: /ˌpɹoʊdʌkˈtɪvɪti/
ipa: /ˌpɹɔd.ɐkˈtɪv.ə.ti/
ipa: [ˌpɹɔd.ɐkˈtɪv.ə.ɾi]
note: Indic
ipa: /prɵdəktɪˈvɪʈi/
Forms: form: productivities
Etymology: From productive + -ity.
Senses: synonyms: productiveness
glosses: The state of being productive, fertile, or efficient.
examples: text: You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.
text: Productivity growth has disappointed across the western world since the 2008 financial crisis. But the UK has notched a significantly worse performance than many of its peers on this metric of output for each hour of work – which is a vital driver of economic growth, wages and living standards.
ref: 2025 October 31, Richard Partington, “‘The money machine is misfiring’: City blames Brexit for UK’s £20bn productivity headache”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: The rate at which goods or services are produced by a standard population of workers; those workers' degree of efficiency.
glosses: The rate at which crops are grown on a standard area of land.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: The ability to form new words using established patterns and discrete linguistic elements, such as the derivational affixes -ness and -ity; the degree to which such formation happens.
Derived terms: bioproductivity
counterproductivity
nonproductivity
semiproductivity
underproductivity
treaties
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈtɹiːtiz/
Senses: glosses: plural of treaty
coldness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: kōldʹnəs
ipa: /ˈkoʊldnəs/
ipa: /ˈkəʊldnəs/
Forms: form: coldnesses
Etymology: From Middle English coldnesse, from Old English cealdness, cealdnys (“coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kaldanassī (“coldness”), equivalent to cold + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian kâldens (“coldness”), Middle Low German koldenisse, kōldenisse (“coldness”), Middle High German kaltnisse, keltnisse (“coldness”).
Senses: glosses: The relative lack of heat.
glosses: The sensation resulting from exposure to low temperatures.
glosses: Limited enthusiasm or affection; coolness.
examples: text: The coldness is the reciprocal of absolute temperature.
ref: 1969, W. A. Day, Morton E. Gurtin, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 33, number 1, Springer, pages 26–32:
text: (article title) The coldness, a universal function in thermoelastic bodies.
ref: 1971, Ingo Müller, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 41, number 5, Springer, pages 319–332:
text: This function will be called the coldness, its equilibrium value will be the reciprocal of absolute temperature.
ref: 1972, Ingo Müller, Entropy, Absolute Temperature, and Coldness in Thermodynamics: Boundary Conditions in Porous Materials Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Wein GMBH, page 3
text: (article title) Coldness and Temperature.
ref: 1975, J. Meixner, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 57, number 3, Springer, pages 281–290:
text: α is called the affinity, β the inverse temperature or coldness, and γ the free expansion coefficient.
ref: 1995, Claude Garrod, Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, page 111:
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The reciprocal of absolute temperature.
eikon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: eikons
form: eikones
Senses: examples: text: Not like the eikons of other gods were those of Zo-Kalar and Tamash and Lobon. For so close to life were they that one might swear the graceful bearded gods themselves sate on the ivory thrones.
ref: 1920, H. P. Lovecraft, The Doom that Came to Sarnath:
glosses: Alternative spelling of icon (“religious image”).
ops
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of op
ops
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Arbiter and I will guard the Ops Center.
ref: 2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, spoken by Avery Johnson (David Scully), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Crow's Nest:
text: They work in spec ops
glosses: operations
examples: text: Why don't I have ops in this channel any more?
text: Perhaps I might now add one more piece of etiquette advice, for which all chanops will thank me. If you want ops on a channel, don't beg for them […]
ref: 1995, Stuart H. Harris, The IRC Survival Guide, page 121:
topics: IRC
glosses: operator status
Derived terms: psyops
special ops
spec ops
ops
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of op
QO
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: business
glosses: Initialism of QuickOffice, enterprise-specific software for mobile applications (Google).
GMP
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: GMPs
Senses: glosses: Initialism of guanosine monophosphate (guanylic acid).
glosses: Initialism of good manufacturing practice.
qualifier: pensions
glosses: Initialism of Guaranteed Minimum Pension.
Related terms: dGMP
GLP
GSP
GMP
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: examples: text: Greater Manchester police (GMP) say they have launched an investigation into the alleged abduction of Batty, a 17-year-old who went missing while on holiday in Spain at the age of 11.
ref: 2023 December 23, “Alex Batty says worst thing about going missing was ‘not having a proper education’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: Initialism of Greater Manchester Police.
plebs
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /plɛbz/
rhymes: -ɛbz
Etymology: From Latin plēbs (“the plebeian class”), variant of earlier plēbēs. Later also understood as the plural of pleb.
Senses: glosses: plural of pleb
plebs
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /plɛbz/
rhymes: -ɛbz
Etymology: From Latin plēbs (“the plebeian class”), variant of earlier plēbēs. Later also understood as the plural of pleb.
Senses: examples: text: Why I am going with my pidgeons to the tribunall Plebs.
ref: c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], line 92:
synonyms: plebeiate
glosses: The plebeian class of Ancient Rome.
examples: text: For 'tis an Easier Thing
To make Trees Leape, and Stones selfe-burthens bring
(As once Amphion to the walls of Thæbes,)
ref: a. 1657, George Daniel, "The Author" in Poems, Vol. II, p. 131
roman: Then Stop the giddie Clamouring of Plebs...
text: 1993, Max Cavalera, "Refuse/Resist", Sepultura, Chaos A.D.
Chaos A.D. / Tanks On The Streets / Confronting Police / Bleeding The Plebs
text: The history of Palermo was punctuated by such uprisings; when they happened, the great barons simply fled to the safety of their country villas, leaving the urban plebs free to sack their palaces in the city.
ref: 2000, James Fentress, chapter 1, in Rebels & Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape:
text: The lesser plebs are not unscrupulous troublemakers.
ref: 2009, Erica Benner, chapter 8, in Machiavelli's Ethics:
synonyms: word: canaille
word: commonality
word: commonalty
word: crowd
word: demos
word: everyone
word: general public
word: great unhosed
word: great unwashed
word: herd
word: hoi polloi
word: lower class
word: many
word: masses
word: mob
word: multitude
word: odds and sods
word: peasantry
word: plebs
word: populace
word: proletariat
word: rabble
word: rank and file
word: riffraff
word: third estate
word: trash
word: unwashed
word: unwashed masses
word: working class
glosses: The common people, especially (derogatory) the mob.
Derived terms: plebiscite
tribune of the plebs
Related terms: plebeian
plebe
pleb
AAFA
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: Initialism of Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
speculum
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈspɛk.jʊ.ləm/
ipa: /ˈspɛk.jə.ləm/
Forms: form: specula
form: speculums
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin speculum.
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A medical instrument used during an examination to dilate an orifice.
glosses: A mirror, especially one used in a telescope.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
ornithology
synonyms: word: mirror
word: beauty spot
glosses: A bright, lustrous patch of colour found on the wings of ducks and some other birds, usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female.
glosses: A lookout place.
Derived terms: speculum metal
Related terms: speculum literature
complexional
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From complexion + -al.
Senses: glosses: Pertaining to one's physical composition; constitutional.
examples: text: From hence arises the complexional disposition of some of your guides to pull every thing in pieces.
ref: 1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France:
glosses: Pertaining to one's mental disposition; temperamental.
glosses: Pertaining to the complexion of the skin.
Derived terms: complexionally
merus
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: meri
Etymology: From Ancient Greek μηρός (mērós, “thigh”).
Senses: glosses: The thigh.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: The meropodite; the first segment of the raptorial appendage of a crustacean.
topics: architecture
glosses: The plane surface between the channels of a triglyph.
Derived terms: meral
meliorated
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: synonyms: word: ameliorated
word: ameliorated
word: bettered
word: enhanced
word: improved
word: meliorated
word: potentiated
glosses: Made better; improved.
Derived terms: unmeliorated
meliorated
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of meliorate
copes
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of cope
copes
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: third-person singular simple present indicative of cope
dure
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /djʊə/
ipa: /dʒʊə/
rhymes: -ʊə(ɹ)
Forms: form: dures
form: during
form: dured
form: dured
Etymology: From Middle English duren (“to last”), from Old French durer, from Latin durāre. Related to Dutch duren (“to last, dure”), German dauern (“to last, dure”). Doublet of endure.
Senses: examples: text: Soo on a tyme he told kynge Arthur that he sholde not dure longe […]
ref: 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “primum”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IV:
text: But he that was ſowne in the ſtony grũde ys he / which heareth the worde of God / and anon with ioye receaveth itt / yet hath he no rottꝭ in him ſelfe / And therefore he dureth but a ſeaſon[…].
ref: 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew xiij:[23], folio xviij, recto:
glosses: To last, continue, endure.
Derived terms: durative
dureful
everduring
outdure
dure
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /djʊə/
ipa: /dʒʊə/
rhymes: -ʊə(ɹ)
Forms: form: more dure
form: most dure
Etymology: From Latin dūrus. Doublet of dour.
Senses: examples: text: The winter is severe, and life is dure and rude.
ref: 1861, William Howard Russell, Leicester Chronicle:
glosses: hard; harsh; severe; rough
Derived terms: peine forte et dure
finches
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of finch
ravenously
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹævənəsli/
Forms: form: more ravenously
form: most ravenously
Etymology: From ravenous + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: Francesca marked with delight the eager manner in which Guido began his meal, and almost forgot her own hunger in the amusement of watching him eat so ravenously;...
ref: 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XVII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 195:
text: Our bread was baked for us by one of the Government cooks, and the scones and cakes which we consumed so ravenously were baked by my mother in a camp oven. This primitive but useful oven requires very little description. It is a round iron vessel, standing on three legs and covered with a dome-shaped tightly-fitting lid. Fire is placed above and below, and I know no more satisfactory mode of baking bread or cake.
ref: 1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 55:
glosses: In a ravenous manner; voraciously.
rockery
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹɒk.ə.ɹi/
ipa: /ˈɹɑk.ɚ.i/
Forms: form: rockeries
Etymology: From rock + -ery.
Senses: synonyms: rock garden
hyponyms: karesansui
Zen garden
glosses: A section of a garden made from decorative rocks and alpine plants.
glosses: A natural area where many seals breed.
Synonyms: sense: section of garden
word: rock garden
pallisander
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pallisanders
form: palissander
form: palisander
Etymology: French palissandre.
Senses: glosses: a dense, heavy wood, similar to teak or mahogany, mostly from species of Dalbergia and Pterocarpus, as well as Machaerium
Palaeozoic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more Palaeozoic
form: most Palaeozoic
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of Paleozoic.
Palaeozoic
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of Paleozoic.
Palæozoic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more Palæozoic
form: most Palæozoic
Senses: glosses: Archaic spelling of Paleozoic.
Derived terms: Lower Palæozoic Age
Palæozoic
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: examples: text: The whole history of the earth is divided into five eras, with corresponding rock-systems. These are: 1. Archæan or Eozoic¹ era, embodied in the Laurentian system; 2. Palæozoic² era, embodied in the Palæozoic or Primary system; 3. Mesozoic³ era, recorded in the Secondary system; 4. Cenozoic,⁴ recorded in the Tertiary and Quaternary systems; and, 5. The Psychozoic era, or era of Mind, recorded in the recent system.
ref: 1883, Joseph Le Conte, Elements of Geology: A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader, New York: D. Appleton and Company:
glosses: Archaic spelling of Paleozoic.
mellifulous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: Misspelling of mellifluous.
reassess
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɹiː.əˈsɛs/
Forms: form: reassesses
form: reassessing
form: reassessed
form: reassessed
form: re-assess
Etymology: From re- + assess.
Senses: glosses: To assess again; to revise an earlier assessment; to reevaluate.
rebar
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹiː.bɑː(ɹ)/
rhymes: -iːbɑː(ɹ)
Forms: form: rebars
Etymology: Blend of reinforcing + bar
Senses: examples: text: The floor and walls for Copthall tunnel have already been constructed using formwork into which rebar (reinforcing bar) was placed, and then concrete poured.
ref: 2023 August 23, Chris Howe, “Green screen: HS2's route through the shires”, in RAIL, number 990, page 35:
glosses: A steel reinforcing bar in a reinforced concrete structure.
examples: text: The hash mark of rebar or the curve of a hubcap will create curious shapes to be decoded; even, perhaps, entire subway trains and lengths of tracks will remain.
ref: 2020, David Farrier, “Thin Cities”, in Footprints, 4th Estate, →ISBN:
glosses: A grid-shaped system of such bars.
rebar
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹiː.bɑː(ɹ)/
rhymes: -iːbɑː(ɹ)
Forms: form: rebars
form: rebarring
form: rebarred
form: rebarred
Etymology: Blend of reinforcing + bar
Senses: glosses: To reinforce with bars of this kind.
rebar
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹiː.bɑː(ɹ)/
rhymes: -iːbɑː(ɹ)
ipa: /ɹiːˈbɑː(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈɹiː.bɑː(ɹ)/
rhymes: -iːbɑː(ɹ)
Forms: form: rebars
form: rebarring
form: rebarred
form: rebarred
Etymology: From re- + bar.
Senses: examples: text: After allowing the stranger to enter, she rebarred the door.
glosses: To bar again.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: To redistribute the notes of a musical score across the bars, e.g. when changing time signature.
bravado
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/
ipa: /bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/
rhymes: -ɑːdəʊ
Forms: form: bravados
form: bravadoes
form: bravade
Etymology: From French bravade (“bragging or boasting”), from Italian bravata, from verb bravare (“brag, boast”), from bravo. Compare bravura.
Senses: examples: text: The angry customer stood in the middle of the showroom and voiced his complaints with loud bravado.
text: For a bravado he had the organ taken down and conveyed to his father's house, where he had it put up in the chamber where it now stands. It was also for a bravado that he played on it every day. But, by−and−by, the amount of time which he spent at it daily began to increase rapidly.
ref: 1891, Rosa Mulholland, The Haunted Organist of Hurly Burly, page 12:
text: Rokoff assumed a truculent air, attempting by bravado to show how little he feared Tarzan’s threats.
ref: 1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 47:
text: 1990 Amy Longsdorf, K.T. Oslin: Personality, Wit and Style To Spare", The Morning Callhttp://articles.mcall.com/1990-08-11/entertainment/2758085_1_oslin-country-music-kt
Songs like "Hey Bobby", and "Do Ya" drip with innuendo and sexual bravado.
text: Stripped of all bravado, Cersei breaks, and shows the very scared, vulnerable woman who has kept her emotions at bay. “I don’t want to die,” she whimpers, “Not like this.” It’s all the more moving for coming from a character who built her identity on steely resolve and contempt for such hoary conceits as fear.
ref: 2019 May 12, Alex McLevy, “Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 15 May 2019:
text: The rise of SOS devices – satellite-synched gadgets that send a signal to rescue agencies when activated – give people bravado, Estrada says. “A lot of people carry these SOS devices and they think they can get into any trouble and they can get help,” he says, adding that he has seen more requests for assistance recently.
ref: 2023 February 11, Katharine Gammon, “A mountain of trouble? The draw – and danger – of California’s Mount Baldy”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
text: No doubt there is fear despite the bravado, but there is also no significant loss of Ukrainian military cohesion.
ref: 2023 April 2, Dan Sabbagh, Ed Ram, “Surrounded and outgunned, Ukraine’s tank crews prepare for battle of Bakhmut”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
text: Behind the display of bravado, Trump must surely have sensed that his approach to foreign policy was catching up with him.
ref: 2025 September 22, Vivek Viswanathan, “The Art of the Decline”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 22 Sep 2025:
glosses: A swaggering show of defiance or courage.
glosses: A superficial show of courage.
glosses: A swaggerer; a braggart.
bravado
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/
ipa: /bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/
rhymes: -ɑːdəʊ
Forms: form: bravados
form: bravadoing
form: bravadoed
form: bravadoed
form: bravade
Etymology: From French bravade (“bragging or boasting”), from Italian bravata, from verb bravare (“brag, boast”), from bravo. Compare bravura.
Senses: glosses: To swagger; to brag.
brandishing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of brandish
brandishing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: brandishings
Senses: examples: text: He stands there and launches into a tauparapara or traditional chant, accompanied by vigorous actions and defiant brandishings of his stick.
ref: 1989, Richard Bauman, Joel Sherzer, Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, page 195:
glosses: The action of the verb to brandish.
Lion of Judah
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Lion of Judah
Etymology: Calque of Hebrew אריה יהודה (Aryeh Yehudah).
Senses: glosses: A Jewish national and cultural symbol, traditionally regarded as a symbol of the tribe of Judah.
topics: Christianity
glosses: Jesus Christ.
glosses: A nickname for the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie (1892–1975).
Related terms: Jah
litchi
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈliːt͡ʃiː/
Forms: form: litchis
Etymology: From Chinese 荔枝 (lìzhī). Doublet of lychee.
Senses: glosses: Synonym of lychee.
synonyms: word: lychee
collisionless
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From collision + -less.
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
qualifier: or of the transfer of energy
glosses: That does not involve a collision between particles, bodies, plasmas or waves.
raw_tags: of an interaction
examples: text: A token ring network is collisionless, but an Ethernet network is not.
topics: computing
computing-theory
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Without the possibility of data packets colliding on the network.
examples: a collisionless hash
topics: computing
computing-theory
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Without the possibility of items having the same value, which would prevent reliable lookup.
Derived terms: collisionlessly
collisionlessness
collimation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: collimations
Senses: glosses: the act of collimating or something collimated
glosses: aligning lenses along line of sight to minimize aberrations
Derived terms: autocollimation
recollimation
supercollimation
Related terms: collimate
collimator
ferroalloy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: ferroalloys
form: ferro-alloy
Etymology: From ferro- + alloy.
Senses: glosses: Any alloy of iron and another metal, especially one of silicon, manganese, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, titanium and molybdenum; used in the production of specialist steels as they have a lower melting point than the pure metal.
Feynman diagram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfaɪnmən ˈdaɪəɡɹæm/
Forms: form: Feynman diagrams
Etymology: Named after its inventor, American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988).
Senses: examples: text: Feynman diagrams for the fourth-order radiative corrections to the scattering of an electron by an electromagnetic field.
ref: 1950 February 15, Robert Karplus, Norman M[yles] Kroll, “Fourth-order Corrections in Quantum Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron”, in Physical Review, volume 77, number 4, Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the American Physical Society by the American Institute of Physics, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 536:
text: The symbolic representation of Maxwell's equations is introduced to make it easier to survey the whole subject and to formulate the equations. The Feynman diagram method is applied to the computation of the correlation of the fields at different points in space to any order of approximation.
ref: 1967 April 3, Betty L. Oberholtzer, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards: Published by NBS July 1960 through June 1966; Published by Others 1960 through 1965 (with Subject and Authors Indexes) (National Bureau of Standards Supplement to Miscellaneous Publication; 240), [Washington, D.C.]: National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, →OCLC, page 145:
text: Among physicists, Feynman is probably best known for Feynman diagrams, the work that brought him his Nobel Prize in 1964. The diagrams constitute a computational tool kit that enables physicists to make sense of not only Quantum Electrodynamics, the theory that underpins electricity and magnetism, but also of the relativistic quantum field theories believed to describe the weak and strong interactions of elementary particles.
ref: 2015, Tony Hey, Gyuri Pápay, “Preface”, in The Computing University: A Journey through a Revolution, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page vii:
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A pictorial representation of the interactions of subatomic particles, showing their paths in space and time as lines, and their interactions as points where lines meet.
wikipedia: Bhabha scattering
Richard Feynman
field emission
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: field emissions
Senses: examples: text: Field emission was described for the first time at the end of the 19th century. Thorough experiments in the 1920s showed clearly that this emission occurred under high electric field and was not related to thermoelectronic emission.
ref: 2006, Annick Loiseau, Understanding Carbon Nanotubes: From Basics to Applications:
topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: The emission of electrons from a metal or semiconductor, under the influence of a strong electric field, by quantum tunnelling.
Synonyms: field electron emission
Derived terms: field emission microscope
field emission microscopy
field emission microscopy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: a technique that uses field emission of electrons or positive ions from the needle-shaped tip of an emitter to produce a magnified image of the emitter surface (showing each atom) on a fluorescent screen
Related terms: field emission microscope
field emission microscope
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: field emission microscopes
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: the instrument used in field emission microscopy
Fischer-Tropsch process
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: the Fischer-Tropsch process
Etymology: From Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, German chemists.
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: The synthesis of hydrocarbons by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.
Related terms: synthesis gas
toddle
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒdəl/
ipa: /ˈtɑdəl/
ipa: [ˈtʰɑɾɫ̩]
homophone: tottle (flapping)
rhymes: -ɒdəl
Forms: form: toddles
form: toddling
form: toddled
form: toddled
Etymology: Of unknown origin. Possibly a byform of totter.
Senses: glosses: To walk unsteadily, as a small child does.
examples: text: There he was, just toddling along.
text: So off we toddled, Marjorie, Holt, and I, in a growler, — spotted the crib in less than no time, — invited ourselves in by the kitchen window — house seemed empty.
ref: 1897, Richard Marsh, The Beetle:
glosses: To walk or travel in a carefree manner.
Synonyms: totter
Derived terms: toddler
toddle off
toddle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɒdəl/
ipa: /ˈtɑdəl/
ipa: [ˈtʰɑɾɫ̩]
homophone: tottle (flapping)
rhymes: -ɒdəl
Forms: form: toddles
Etymology: Of unknown origin. Possibly a byform of totter.
Senses: glosses: A carefree or aimless gait; a stroll.
fluxional compound
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: fluxional compounds
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: a compound whose molecule undergoes rapid intramolecular rearrangements among equivalent structures in which the component atoms are interchanged
flywheel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: flywheels
Etymology: From fly + wheel.
Senses: examples: text: They were fitted with flywheels 25 ft. in dia. and weighing 50 tons each. The energy stored in such flywheels is very great, and in this case was of the order of 7,000,000 lb./ft. each.
ref: 1955 January, Charles E. Lee, “The Glasgow Underground Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 24:
text: As on Nos. 20001-3, the motor and generator armature shafts of the new locomotive each carry a heavy flywheel to provide kinetic energy and help maintain the speed of the motor-generator set during interruptions of supply, as at breaks in the continuity of the conductor rail.
ref: 1959 March, “The 2,500 h.p. electric locomotives for the Kent Coast electrification”, in Trains Illustrated, page 123:
topics: engineering
mechanical
mechanical-engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A rotating mass used to maintain the speed of a machine within certain limits while the machine receives or releases energy at a varying rate, or as a form of energy storage.
Hypernyms: wheel
Hyponyms: reaction wheel
Related terms: angular momentum
Fraunhofer line
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: Fraunhofer lines
Senses: topics: natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: any of a series of dark lines in the solar spectrum; due to the absorption of light by atoms and molecules in the Sun's atmosphere
free radical
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: free radicals
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A molecule, ion or atom that has one or more unpaired electrons, and which is generally highly reactive (and therefore often occurs only as a transient species).
Related terms: •
frequency modulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: frequency modulations
Senses: topics: broadcasting
media
radio
synonyms: FM
qualifier: sound
glosses: the use of a modulating wave to vary the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave
Related terms: amplitude modulation
frequency-modulated
phase modulation
OWA
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Initialism of Outlook Web Access.
viscous damper
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: viscous dampers
Senses: topics: architecture
glosses: a form of shock absorber designed to reduce structural damage to buildings caused by earthquakes
DRM
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: The problem for e-marketing is that the use of DRM in its most restrictive manner limits the value and use of purchased goods (maximum numbers of reinstalls, limited numbers of redownloads of the software).
ref: 2011, Stephen Dann, Susan Dann, E-Marketing: Theory and Application:
topics: media
glosses: Initialism of digital rights management.
topics: media
glosses: Initialism of digital rights management.
Initialism of digital restrictions management (“digital handcuffs”) (seen as undesirably restrictive).
synonyms: DRR
glosses: Initialism of disaster risk management.
Derived terms: DRM-free
E-DRM
Loughborough
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: enpr: lŭfʹbərə
enpr: lŭfʹbrə
ipa: /ˈlʌfbəɹʌ/
ipa: /ˈlʌfbɹə/
Etymology: From Lough + -borough.
Senses: glosses: A town in Charnwood borough, Leicestershire, England (OS grid ref SK5319).
glosses: A surname.
marchpane
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmɑːtʃpeɪn/
ipa: /ˈmɑɹt͡ʃpeɪn/
Forms: form: marchpanes
Senses: glosses: Obsolete form of marzipan.
frequency multiplier
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: frequency multipliers
Senses: topics: business
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
electronics
energy
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: An electronic circuit that produces an output frequency that is an integral multiple of an input frequency.
judicature
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuːdɪkət͡ʃə/
ipa: /d͡ʒʊˈdɪkət͡ʃə/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒuːdɪˌkeɪt͡ʃɚ/
note: Indic
ipa: /dʒʊɖɪˈketʃə(r)/
note: Indic
ipa: /ˈdʒuɖɪketʃə(r)/
Forms: form: judicatures
Etymology: From Anglo-Norman judicature, Middle French judicature, and their source, post-classical Latin iudicatura (12th century), from the participle stem of classical Latin iūdicāre (“to judge”).
Senses: glosses: The administration of justice by judges and courts; judicial process.
glosses: The office or authority of a judge; jurisdiction.
examples: text: Such an independent judicature was ten time more necessary when a democracy became the absolute power of the country.
ref: 1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Oxford, published 2009, page 207:
glosses: Judges collectively; a court or group of courts; the judiciary.
Synonyms: sense: the position or status of a judge
word: judgeship
sense: court or other assembly
word: judiciary
Jonathon
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: A male given name from Hebrew, variant of Jonathan.
jocund
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɒkənd/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒəʊkənd/
enpr: jäkʹənd
enpr: jōʹkənd
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɑkənd/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒoʊkənd/
Forms: form: more jocund
form: most jocund
Etymology: From Old French jocond, from Latin iūcundus (“pleasant, agreeable”). Doublet of jucund.
Senses: examples: text: Nights candles are burnt out, and iocond Day / Stands tiptoes on the myſtie mountaine tops.
ref: c. 1591–1595 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] Romeo and Juliet. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Iohn Danter, published 1597, →OCLC, [Act III, scene v]:
text: Thou mak'ſt me merry: I am full of pleaſure, / Let vs be iocond. Will you troule the Catch / You taught me but whileare?
ref: 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 12, column 2:
text: There was once a widdow faire, young, free, rich, and withall very pleaſant and iocund, that fell in loue with a certaine round and well-ſet ſeruant of a Colledge: […]
ref: 1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], “Which Treates of the Strange Aduentures that Hapned to the Knight of the Mancha, in Sierra Morena: And of the Penance He Did there, in Imitation of Belti Nebros”, in Thomas Shelton, transl., The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 243:
text: First in his train is jocund Health,
Content, who o'er her distaff sings,
And from the plough that honest Wealth
Which scorns the tear-bought robe of kings.—
ref: 1827, Lydia Sigourney, Poems, Toil, page 107:
text: I was feeling blithe, almost jocund.
ref: 1876 June, Mark Twain, “The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut”, in The Atlantic:
glosses: Jovial; exuberant; lighthearted; merry and in high spirits; exhibiting happiness.
Derived terms: jocundly
jocundness
unjocund
Related terms: jocundity
intelligent design
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Became a standard and widely promoted term in the 1987 draft of Of Pandas and People by Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon, as a repackaging of creationism after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against its teaching in Edwards v. Aguillard (1987).
Senses: examples: text: Anaxagoras (500–428 B.C.) was the first of the Greeks "to attribute the adaptations of Nature to Intelligent Design, and was thus the founder of Teleology," an idea that has played a retarding function in the history of evolution.
ref: 1926, Horatio Hackett Newman, chapter 2, in Evolution, Genetics And Eugenics, page 13:
text: Of Pandas and People is not intended to be a balanced treatment by itself. We have given a favorable case for intelligent design and raised reasonable doubt about natural descent. But used together with your other text, it should help to balance the overall curriculum.
ref: 1993, Percival Davis, Dean H. Kenyon, “Introduction”, in Charles Thaxton, editor, Of Pandas and People, 2nd edition, Dallas, TX: Haughton Pub. Co., →ISBN, page ix:
text: Intelligent design means that the various forms of life began abruptly through the agency of an intelligent creator with their distinctive features already intact—fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, and wings, etc.
ref: 2006, Philip Clayton, Zachary R. Simpson, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, Oxford University Press,, →ISBN, page 735:
synonyms: ID
IDism
intelligent designism
neo-creationism
glosses: The belief that biological life on Earth, or more broadly, the universe as a whole, was created by an intelligent agent (specified or unspecified) rather than being the result of undirected natural processes.
wikipedia: Dean H. Kenyon
Edwards v. Aguillard
Of Pandas and People
Percival Davis
Hypernyms: creationism
Derived terms: word: intelligent designer
alt: IDist, designist
word: intelligent designist
Related terms: IDer
IDist
IDM
IDT
argument from design
design proponent
neo-creo
Occam's razor
Ockham's razor
physicotheology
superjumbo
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: superjumbos
Etymology: From super- + jumbo.
Senses: glosses: The largest passenger airliner, the Airbus A380.
Related terms: jumbo jet
psogos
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: psogoi
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ψόγος (psógos, “blame, censure”).
Senses: glosses: A speech that attempts to insult, degrade, or otherwise attack something.
Fergus
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɛɹɡəs/
ipa: /ˈfɜːɡəs/
ipa: /ˈfɝɡəs/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)ɡəs
Forms: form: Ferguses
form: Vargus
Etymology: From Irish or Scottish Gaelic Fearghas. The first element may be related to modern fìor (“true”) or fear (“man”) (cf. Fearchar). The second element has been understood to mean 'choice' (cf. Angus). Thus the name means either "most chosen one" or "chosen man".
Senses: glosses: A male given name from Scottish Gaelic.
glosses: A surname originating as a patronymic.
glosses: An unincorporated community in the township of Centre Wellington, Wellington County, Ontario, Canada.
Derived terms: Fergee
Fergie
Fergus County
Fergus Falls
Ferguson
Fergusson
Fergy
Related terms: Faries
Ferguses
Ferguson
Fergusson
Ferris
fructus
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: Unadapted borrowing from Latin frūctus.
Senses: topics: law
glosses: In Ancient Roman law, any product originating either from a natural source (such as fruits grown or animals bred) or from legal transactions (e.g. interest on a loan).