cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
-in
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Forms: form: -in’
Etymology: Clipping of -ing.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of -ing.
-in
Language: English
Part of speech: suffix
Senses: examples: text: elf + -in → elfin
glosses: Alternative form of -en.
boiler
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɔɪlə/
ipa: /ˈbɔɪlɚ/
rhymes: -ɔɪlə(ɹ)
Forms: form: boilers
Etymology: From boil + -er.
Senses: glosses: A person who boils something.
glosses: A steam boiler.
glosses: An apparatus for heating circulating water or other heat transferring liquid.
glosses: A device consisting of a heat source and a tank for storing hot water, typically for space heating, domestic hot water etc., disregarding the source of heat.
glosses: A kitchen vessel for steaming, boiling or heating food.
glosses: A sunken reef, especially a coral reef, on which the sea breaks heavily.
glosses: A tough old chicken only suitable for cooking by boiling.
glosses: An old woman.
Derived terms: back boiler
Benghazi boiler
boil
boiled
boiler cupboard
boilerful
boilerhouse
boilerless
boilermaker
boilermaking
boilerman
boilerplate
boiler room
boiler shop
boilersmith
boiler suit
boiler ticket
boiler tube
boiling
boiling plate
Brompton boiler
bunny boiler
bunny-boiler
Cornish boiler
donkey boiler
double boiler
flash boiler
Galloway boiler
glue boiler
glue-boiler
hand boiler
Lancashire boiler
pot-boiler
pot boiler
reboiler
recovery boiler
Scotch boiler
Scotch marine boiler
steam boiler
water boiler
water-tube boiler
Related terms: boilery
steam generator
water heater
boiler
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbɔɪlə/
ipa: /ˈbɔɪlɚ/
rhymes: -ɔɪlə(ɹ)
Etymology: Shortening of boilerplate
Senses: examples: text: While it appears the FRM40_TEXT table is the answer, saving a form with boiler text does not seem to insert into this table.
ref: 1994 May 4, Glenn Nicholas, “Re: Forms4 boilerplate accessible?”, in comp.databases.oracle (Usenet):
text: Note that Stuart Grey makes the assertion: "I think rationally on all subjects.", and then proceeds to use the standard boiler tactics and phrases of the people WHO instigate conflict and war.
ref: 2003 December 7, Tom Potter, "Re: Why don't more people hate Bush?", in alt.politics.democrats and other newsgroups, Usenet
text: Nearly every employer in my field has similar terms (they all come out of a legal boiler mill somewhere).
ref: 2007, Jim Casey, “Re: NRA vs Bar Assoc over guns in cars”, in tx.guns (Usenet):
text: Just aligning all the paragraphs of 'boiler text' is tedious but trying to insert values in alignment is impossible!
ref: 2009 March 30, hughess7, “Re: Mail merge to PDF”, in microsoft.public.access (Usenet):
glosses: Boilerplate.
fireplace
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfaɪəpleɪs/
ipa: /ˈfaɪɹpleɪs/
Forms: form: fireplaces
form: fire-place
Etymology: From fire + place.
Senses: examples: text: Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.
ref: 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 3, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:
text: Opposite the old church is a Tudor black-and-white cottage, flanked at one end by the Brocket Arms, a splendid 400-year-old pub with stone-flagged floors, a vast inglenook fireplace and a garden full of oak tables and benches for summer evening meditation.
ref: 1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 45:
glosses: An open hearth for holding a fire at the base of a chimney.
Synonyms: hearthstead
Derived terms: fireplaced
fireplace match
fireplace poker
chimney
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈt͡ʃɪmni/
ipa: /ˈt͡ʃɪməni/
Forms: form: chimneys
form: chimnies
form: chimley
form: chimbley
Etymology: From Middle English chymeney, chymney, chymne, from Old French cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta, from Latin camīnus, from Ancient Greek κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”). Doublet of chimenea.
Senses: examples: text: Our chimney was a square hole in the roof: it was but a little part of the smoke that found its way out, and the rest eddied about the house, and kept us coughing and piping the eye.
ref: 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:
text: The external aspect of the oficina was not unlike that of a north-country coal or iron mine—tall chimneys and machinery, corrugated iron buildings, offices and houses, the shanties of workmen, a high bank of refuse.
ref: 1890, William Howard Russell, “Iquique to the Pampas”, in A Visit to Chile and the Nitrate Fields of Tarapacá, Etc., London: J[ames] S[prent] Virtue & Co., […], page 171:
text: Witches always anointed themselves with ointments before departing up the chimney to their Sabbaths.
ref: 1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 112:
synonyms: word: lum
glosses: A vertical tube or hollow column used to emit environmentally polluting gaseous and solid matter (including but not limited to by-products of burning carbon- or hydrocarbon-based fuels); a flue.
examples: text: By next winter he was spending every evening poring over the work of Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné on the French Reformation by the light of a little oil lamp, with a tiny cistern the size of an orange and no chimney[.]
ref: 1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 22:
glosses: The glass flue surrounding the flame of an oil lamp.
glosses: The smokestack of a steam locomotive.
glosses: A narrow cleft in a rock face; a narrow vertical cave passage.
glosses: A vagina.
glosses: A black eye; a shiner.
Derived terms: chimney balloon
chimney board
chimney breast
chimney-breast
chimney cake
chimney campanula
chimney can
chimney cap
chimney corner
chimney-corner
chimney-duty
chimney effect
chimney fire
chimney flashing
chimney flute
chimneyful
chimney-glass
chimney hook
chimneyless
chimneylike
chimney money
chimney-money
chimney piece
chimneypiece
chimney-piece
chimney pot
chimney-pot hat
Chimney Rock
chimneyscape
chimney stack
chimney stalk
chimney swallow
chimney-sweep
chimney sweep
chimney-sweeper
chimney sweeper
chimney sweep's cancer
chimney sweep's carcinoma
chimney swift
fairy chimney
pie chimney
smoke like a chimney
sweep-chimney
Welsh chimney
chimney
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈt͡ʃɪmni/
ipa: /ˈt͡ʃɪməni/
Forms: form: chimneys
form: chimneying
form: chimneyed
form: chimneyed
form: chimley
form: chimbley
Etymology: From Middle English chymeney, chymney, chymne, from Old French cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta, from Latin camīnus, from Ancient Greek κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”). Doublet of chimenea.
Senses: topics: climbing
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: To negotiate a chimney (narrow vertical cave passage) by pushing against the sides with back, feet, hands, etc.
Related terms: cowl
fireplace
flaunching
flue
smokestack
stove
descendant
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈsɛndənt/
ipa: /dɪˈsendənt/
rhymes: -ɛndənt
Forms: form: descendent
Etymology: From Middle English dessendaunte, borrowed from Middle French, from Latin dēscendēns, present participle of descendere, from dē + scandere (“to climb, ascend”).
Senses: examples: text: The elevator resumed its descendant trajectory.
text: Eagle descendant, or descending. See DESCENDANT, and Pl. 22, fig. 6. Eagle descendant, displayed. See Pl. 22, fig. 7. Eagle displayed, recursant. See DISPLAYED RECURSANT, and Pl. 22, […]
ref: 1830, Thomas Robson (engraver.), The British herald, or Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility & gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, page 14:
text: Azure, surmounting a cloud argent, an American eagle descendant, wings endorsed proper, between his beak four lightning streaks, […]
ref: 1984, Charles A. Ravenstein, Air Force combat wings: lineage and honors histories 1947-1977, DIANE Publishing, →ISBN, page 259:
glosses: Descending; going down.
examples: text: Power in the kingdom is transferred in a descendant manner.
text: Pitiable sportster, / To choose thy prey so humbly, to seduce / A beggar wench who hath not the high pride / Descendant still from kingly ancestors, / To keep her royal place.
ref: 1892, Arthur Dillon, Gods and Men, page 214:
glosses: Descending from a biological ancestor.
glosses: Proceeding from a figurative ancestor or source.
Related terms: descendancy
descendant
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈsɛndənt/
ipa: /dɪˈsendənt/
rhymes: -ɛndənt
Forms: form: descendants
Etymology: From Middle English dessendaunte, borrowed from Middle French, from Latin dēscendēns, present participle of descendere, from dē + scandere (“to climb, ascend”).
Senses: examples: text: Meronyms: issue, line, progeny; family; clan
text: The patriarch survived many descendants: five children, a dozen grandchildren, even a great grandchild.
antonyms: ancestor
progenitor
;
forefather
foremother
hypernyms: successor
glosses: One of the progeny of a specified person, at any distance of time or through any number of generations.
examples: text: This famous medieval manuscript has many descendants.
glosses: A thing that derives directly from a given precursor or source.
examples: text: Dogs evolved as descendants of early wolves.
topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: A later evolutionary type.
examples: text: English and Scots are the descendants of Old English.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A language that is descended from another.
examples: text: The direct descendant of this form is the Slavic aorist: Sb.-Cr. nȍsī, dȍnosī.
ref: 1993, Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, “The Slavic i-verbs with an excursus on the Indo-European ē-verbs”, in Bela Brogyanyi, Reiner Lipp, editors, Comparative-Historical Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 479:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: reflex
derivative
antonyms: etymon
coordinate_terms: cognate
glosses: A word or form in one language that is descended from a counterpart in an ancestor language.
topics: astrology
human-sciences
mysticism
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The intersection of the western (setting) horizon and the ecliptic, its ecliptical longitude; the astrological sign it corresponds to.
Synonyms: sense: offspring
word: afterbear
word: offspring
word: scion
word: and see Thesaurus:child & relative
Derived terms: Afrodescendant
descendantless
direct descendant
indirect descendant
nondescendant
Related terms: offspring
offshoot
progeny
smokestack
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsmoʊkˌstæk/
Forms: form: smokestacks
Etymology: From smoke + stack.
Senses: examples: text: With its long tapered cowcatcher, massive headlamp and enormous diamond smokestack behind, wagon-top boiler, high running-plate above the driving-wheels reached from a front door in the square side-window cab, cylinders with slide valves mounted on top, and double bogie tender, General in its present form is typical of much earlier American locomotive practice.
ref: 1942 February 24, “Notes and News: An Historic American Locomotive”, in Railway Magazine, page 56:
text: One of those areas can be found at the city’s northern edge, where the towering smokestacks of Wuhan Iron and Steel loom behind bent-backed farmers tending vegetable patches. Today Qingshan district is a patchwork of tiny fields, polluted streams and roadside markets selling building materials. But the city government is in the process of transforming this no-man’s-land into a sparkling new suburb. Between the steelworks and the mighty Yangtze River, demolished buildings and hoardings advertise a new logistics centre. Down the road, a giant railway station (Wuhan’s third) and a 6-kilometre bridge (the city’s fifth to cross the Yangtze) were completed in 2010.
ref: 2012, Tom Miller, “The Construction Orgy: Paving the Fields”, in China's Urban Billion: The Story Behind the Biggest Migration in Human History, Zed Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 137:
glosses: A conduit or group of conduits atop a structure allowing smoke to flow out, as on a steam locomotive, ship, factory, or power plant using fossil fuels.
Derived terms: smokestack industry
Related terms: chimney
flue
chimenea
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /tʃɪməˈneɪ.ə/
Forms: form: chimeneas
form: chiminea
Etymology: From Spanish chimenea, from French cheminée. Doublet of chimney.
Senses: examples: text: Time was when every smart urban patio was equipped with one of those gas-burning heaters of the type found outside London cafés. In this age of sensitivity to global warming we've come to be wary of them […], but somehow those strange little chimineas seem to have warmed the hearts of the nation. I've always found them a bit odd looking – like something from The Hobbit – and you do need to position them where they can do their job without endangering life, limb and property.
ref: 2015 April 3, Alan Titchmarsh, “Why you should get outdoors this Easter: A garden should be a joy so embrace guilty pleasures from hot tubs to fire pits this spring [print version: Guilty pleasures of outdoor living, 4 April 2015, p. G3]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):
glosses: A Mexican outdoor oven with bulbous body and usually a vertical smoke vent or chimney.
hearth
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /hɑːθ/
ipa: /hɑɹθ/
ipa: /hɜːɹθ/
ipa: /hæθ/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)θ
Forms: form: hearths
Etymology: From Middle English herth, herthe, from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ, from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat; fire”). Cognate with West Frisian hurd, Dutch haard, German Herd, Swedish härd.
Senses: examples: text: For by the hearth the children sit
⁠Cold in that atmosphere of Death,
⁠And scarce endure to draw the breath,
Or like to noiseless phantoms flit: […]
ref: 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Canto XX”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 33:
glosses: The place in a home where a fire is or was traditionally kept for home heating and for cooking, usually constituted by at least a hearthstone and often enclosed to varying degrees by any combination of reredos, fireplace, oven, smoke hood, or chimney.
examples: text: cooking on an open hearth
text: When the flames at last began to flicker and subside, his lids fluttered, then drooped ; but he had lost all reckoning of time when he opened them again to find Miss Erroll in furs kneeling on the hearth and heaping kindling on the coals, and her pretty little Alsatian maid beside her, laying a log across the andirons.
ref: 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter III, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
glosses: A hearthstone, either as standalone or as the floor of an enclosed fireplace or oven.
glosses: A fireplace: an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire may be built.
glosses: The lowest part of a metallurgical furnace.
glosses: A brazier, chafing dish, or firebox.
examples: text: To put it simply, he seems to me to be starting out to harm the city, from its very hearth, by setting out to wrong you.
ref: 2010, Plato, “Euthyphro”, in Christopher Rowe, transl., The Last Days of Socrates, Penguin Books Ltd., →ISBN, line 3a:
glosses: Home or family life.
examples: text: Asatru is practised all over Northern Europe and also in North America. Like Druidry, it is organized into bodies with sub-groups, the hearths.
ref: 1996, Vivianne Crowley, Thorsons principles of paganism, page 50:
text: Smaller localized groups known as 'hearths' meet regularly, and are comparable, in size and function, with a Wiccan 'Coven' or Druidic 'Grove'.
ref: 2003 December 8, Robert J. Wallis, Shamans/neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies, and Contemporary Pagans, page 102:
text: Neopagan groups take many forms, from Wiccan covens to Druid groves, from Heathen hearths to magical lodges[…]
ref: 2004 March 1, Peter Clarke, editor, Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, Routledge, page 768:
topics: lifestyle
paganism
religion
glosses: A household or group in some forms of the modern pagan faith Heathenry.
Derived terms: forehearth
hearth and home
hearth board
hearthflame
hearthful
hearthless
hearthlike
hearth-penny
hearthplace
hearthrug
hearthside
hearthstead
hearthstone
hearth tax
hearthward
hearthwards
multihearth
open hearth
open-hearth
ore hearth
rivet hearth
Scotch hearth
foyer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɔɪ.eɪ/
ipa: /ˈfɔɪ.ɝ/
ipa: /ˈfɔɪ.eɪ/
ipa: /fɔɪˈeɪ/
ipa: /ˈfoɪ.ə/
rhymes: -ɔɪ.ə(ɹ)
Forms: form: foyers
Etymology: Borrowed from French foyer (“hearth, lobby”), in turn from Vulgar Latin *focārium, from Late Latin focārius, from Latin focus (“hearth”). Cognate with Spanish hogar (“home”).
Senses: examples: text: We had a drink in the foyer waiting for the play to start.
text: Now it's big black cars and Riviera views / And your lover in the foyer doesn't even know you / And your secrets end up splashed on the news front page
ref: 2012, Taylor Swift, “The Lucky One”, in Red (Taylor's Version), published 2021:
text: "He's been waiting to jump my brain-bones since I left R&E. I could feel him hammering on the door." She trotted to the nearest wall and knocked on it for emphasis. "But whatever it is that makes us remember the good old days, it also makes us impossible to possess now. That's why Willie and I both woke up, and why Noè never got taken out by Mukami. So all I had to do was open my mind up to the guy, invite him in, then... gas the foyer, as it were."
ref: 2023 October 14, HarryBlank, “Face Time”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 23 May 2024:
synonyms: entrance hall
glosses: A lobby, corridor, or waiting room, used in a hotel, theater, etc.
glosses: The crucible or basin in a furnace which receives the molten metal.
glosses: A hostel offering accommodation and work opportunities to homeless young people.
Derived terms: foyered
foyerlike
lawyer foyer
geta
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: getas
form: geta
Etymology: Borrowed from Japanese 下駄 (geta).
Senses: examples: text: Because of August he wears shorts and sandals, the Japanese geta sort called thongs.
ref: 1963 March 16, Hal Porter, “Little old lady passing by”, in The Bulletin, page 22, column 3:
text: The Japanese geta or wooden sandal is a superb, though little-utilized, tool for training in the martial arts.[…]The geta are flat, wooden sandals raised on vertical slats.
ref: 1982 July 24, Robert Dillon, “Geta As A Karate Training Tool”, in Black Belt, page 70:
glosses: A Japanese raised wooden clog, worn with traditional Japanese garments such as the kimono.
qualifier: go
glosses: A technique for capturing stones by enclosing them in a “net” preventing them from escaping in any direction.
Synonyms: sense: capturing technique in Go
word: net
Derived terms: geta mark
Related terms: zori
life-time
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: life-times
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of lifetime.
dimple
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɪmpəl/
rhymes: -ɪmpəl
Forms: form: dimples
Etymology: From Middle English dimpel, dimpil, dympull, from Old English *dympel, from Proto-West Germanic *dumpil, from Proto-Germanic *dumpilaz (“sink-hole, dimple”), from Proto-Germanic *dumpaz (“hole, hollow, pit”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb- (“deep, hollow”), equivalent to dialectal dump (“deep hole or pool”) + -le (diminutive suffix).
Akin to German Low German Dümpel, German Tümpel (“pond, pool”). Related also to Old English dyppan (“to dip”).
Senses: examples: text: The accident created a dimple in the hood of the car.
text: The garden pool's dark surface […] breaks into dimples small and bright.
ref: 1815, William Wordsworth, The White Doe of Rylstone; or, The Fate of the Nortons:
glosses: A small depression or indentation in a surface.
examples: text: You have very cute dimples.
glosses: Specifically, a small natural depression on the skin, especially on the face near the corners of the mouth.
glosses: A small depression, made with a punch on a metal object, as a guide for further drilling.
Synonyms: sense: depression in a surface
word: dent
Derived terms: bedimple
chin dimple
dimplement
dimpleplasty
dimples of Venus
dimply
dimple
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɪmpəl/
rhymes: -ɪmpəl
Forms: form: dimples
form: dimpling
form: dimpled
form: dimpled
Etymology: From Middle English dimpel, dimpil, dympull, from Old English *dympel, from Proto-West Germanic *dumpil, from Proto-Germanic *dumpilaz (“sink-hole, dimple”), from Proto-Germanic *dumpaz (“hole, hollow, pit”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb- (“deep, hollow”), equivalent to dialectal dump (“deep hole or pool”) + -le (diminutive suffix).
Akin to German Low German Dümpel, German Tümpel (“pond, pool”). Related also to Old English dyppan (“to dip”).
Senses: examples: text: The hailstorm dimpled the roof of our car.
glosses: To create a dimple in.
examples: text: The young girl dimpled in glee as she was handed a cupcake.
glosses: To create a dimple in one's face by smiling.
examples: text: And smiling eddies dimpled o'er the main.
ref: 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders, 1666. […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], →OCLC, (please specify the stanza number):
glosses: To form dimples; to sink into depressions or little inequalities.
Synonyms: sense: create a dimple in
word: dent
sense: create a dimple in
word: mar
cleft
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /klɛft/
rhymes: -ɛft
Forms: form: clefts
Etymology: From Middle English clift, from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-West Germanic *klufti, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz, equivalent to cleave + -t (“-th”). Compare Dutch klucht (“coarse comedy”), Swedish klyft (“cave, den”), German Kluft. See cleave.
Senses: examples: text: The river flows through a cleft in the mountains.
text: Then came some palsied oak, a cleft in him / Like a distorted mouth that splits its rim / Gaping at death, and dies while it recoils.
ref: 1855, Robert Browning, Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, section XXVI:
glosses: An opening, fissure, or V-shaped indentation made by or as if by splitting.
examples: text: a cleft of wood
glosses: A piece made by splitting.
glosses: A disease of horses; a crack on the band of the pastern.
Derived terms: anal cleft
cleft chin
cleft foot
cleftgraft
cleft grafting
cleft habitus
cleft lip
cleft of Venus
cleft palate
cleft sentence
cleft stick
gluteal cleft
intergluteal cleft
natal cleft
noncleft
pseudocleft
pudendal cleft
Rathke's cleft
synaptic cleft
uncleft
watercleft
Related terms: cleavage
cleave
cleaver
cloven
dimple
cleft
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /klɛft/
rhymes: -ɛft
Forms: form: clefts
form: clefting
form: clefted
form: clefted
Etymology: From Middle English clift, from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-West Germanic *klufti, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz, equivalent to cleave + -t (“-th”). Compare Dutch klucht (“coarse comedy”), Swedish klyft (“cave, den”), German Kluft. See cleave.
Senses: examples: text: This may be so because in most languages the most natural clefting involves NP's, and it is in fact hard in most languages to cleft the verb, although some — notably Kwa languages in West-Africa — allow such clefting.
ref: 1983, John Haiman, Pamela Munro, editors, Switch-reference and Universal Grammar: Proceedings of a Symposium on Switch Reference and Universal Grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981:
text: When the affected object is clefted, the clefted constituent may be assigned a contrastive reading on the event denoted by the clause, as is shown in (62).
ref: 2002, Claire Lefebvre, A Grammar of Fongbe, page 521:
text: The strategy the language employs is to cleft the clause containing the wh-phrase, as exemplified in (3) […]
ref: 2013, Katharina Hartmann, Cleft Structures, page 270:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: To syntactically separate a prominent constituent from the rest of the clause that concerns it, such as threat in "The threat which I saw but which he didn't see, was his downfall."
Related terms: clefting
cleft sentence
cleft
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /klɛft/
rhymes: -ɛft
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of cleave
cleft
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /klɛft/
rhymes: -ɛft
Senses: synonyms: cloven
glosses: split, divided, or partially divided into two.
Derived terms: in a cleft stick
cleaver
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈklivɚ/
rhymes: -iːvə(ɹ)
Forms: form: cleavers
Etymology: From Middle English clevere, equivalent to cleave + -er.
Senses: examples: text: When he came to Nottingham, he entered that part of the market where butchers stood, and took up his inn in the best place he could find. Next, he opened his stall and spread his meat upon the bench, then, taking his cleaver and steel and clattering them together, he trolled aloud in merry tones:...
ref: 1883, Howard Pyle, chapter V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:
text: Concurrently with Flay's visualization of the cleaver falling—the cleaver fell.
ref: 1946, Mervyn Peake, Titus Groan:
glosses: A squarish, heavy knife used by butchers for hacking through bones, etc.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A type of clave, or rhythm stick, a concussive musical instrument used in traditional Bahamian music.
examples: text: Conte has broken the mould further with the suggestion he might escape the Abramovich cleaver, becoming the first of his line to leave by his own volition.
ref: 2017 May 13, Barney Ronay, “Antonio Conte’s brilliance has turned Chelsea’s pop-up team into champions”, in the Guardian:
synonyms: axe
glosses: The act of eliminating someone or something, especially when done by someone with a history of other eliminations; a dismissal, rejection, or removal.
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
rowing
sports
glosses: A type of oar blade with an asymmetric, mostly rectangular shape that resembles a cleaving knife.
topics: geometry
mathematics
sciences
coordinate_terms: splitter
glosses: A line segment that bisects the perimeter of a triangle and has one endpoint at the midpoint of one of the triangle's three sides.
Related terms: cleave
pole cleaver
aquatic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈkwɑ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwæ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwæ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwɒ.tɪk/
ipa: /ɘˈkwɔ.tɘk/
rhymes: -ɒtɪk
other: /w/
Forms: form: more aquatic
form: most aquatic
form: aquatick
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French aquatique (“living in water”), from Latin aquaticus (“relating to water”), from aqua (“water”).
Senses: glosses: Relating to water; living in or near water, taking place in water.
Synonyms: waterly
Hyponyms: marine
freshwater
limnic
Coordinate terms: terrestrial
Derived terms: antiaquatic
aquacise
aquatically
aquatic ape hypothesis
aquatic ape theory
aquatic centre
aquatic fitness
aquatic warbler
nonaquatic
periaquatic
semiaquatic
subaquatic
Related terms: english: obscure
translation: obscure
word: aquativeness
aquatic
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈkwɑ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwæ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwæ.tɪk/
ipa: /əˈkwɒ.tɪk/
ipa: /ɘˈkwɔ.tɘk/
rhymes: -ɒtɪk
other: /w/
Forms: form: aquatics
form: aquatick
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French aquatique (“living in water”), from Latin aquaticus (“relating to water”), from aqua (“water”).
Senses: examples: text: In such a cistern the present and other hardy aquatics may be grown with success.
ref: 1835, Benjamin Maund, The Botanic Garden:
glosses: Any aquatic plant.
prison
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɪzn̩/
ipa: [pʰɹ̠̊ɪzn̩]
rhymes: -ɪzən
Forms: form: prisons
Etymology: From Middle English prisoun, prison, a borrowing from Old French prison, from Latin prehensiōnem, accusative singular of prehensiō, from the verb prehendō. Doublet of prehension.
Senses: examples: text: The cold stone walls of the prison had stood for over a century.
synonyms: bridewell
big house
hypernyms: correctional facility
correctional institution
coordinate_terms: gaol
jail
slammer
hoosegow
glosses: A place or institution where people are held against their will, in the US especially for long-term confinement, as of those convicted of serious crimes or otherwise considered undesirable by the government.
examples: text: Prison was a harrowing experience for him.
synonyms: imprisonment
glosses: Confinement in prison.
examples: text: The academy was a prison for many of its students because of its strict teachers.
glosses: Any restrictive environment, such as a harsh academy or home.
Derived terms: antiprison
cryoprison
debtors' prison
dispersal prison
disprison
emprison
enprison
imprison
in prison
megaprison
military prison
nonprison
open prison
passport prison
post prison
postprison
Prislam
Prisneyland
prisonable
prison bars
prison base
prison bitch
prison-bound
prison break
prison breaker
prison breaking
prison camp
prison cell
prison chaser
prisondom
prisoner
prison farm
prison fever
prison flower
prisonful
prison gay
prison governor
prisonguard
prison guard
prison hooch
prison house
prisonhouse
prison-industrial complex
prisonization
prison labor
prisonless
prisonlike
prisonment
prison officer
prisonous
prison pocket
prison psychosis
prison purse
prison record
prison ring
prison sentence
prison state
prison wall
prison wallet
prison warden
prisonwear
prison wife
prison wine
stateprison
unprison
prison
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹɪzn̩/
ipa: [pʰɹ̠̊ɪzn̩]
rhymes: -ɪzən
Forms: form: prisons
form: prisoning
form: prisoned
form: prisoned
Etymology: From Middle English prisoun, prison, a borrowing from Old French prison, from Latin prehensiōnem, accusative singular of prehensiō, from the verb prehendō. Doublet of prehension.
Senses: glosses: To imprison.
strand
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: [stɹɛənd]
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: strands
form: strond
Etymology: * From Middle English strand, strond, from Old English strand (“strand, sea-shore, shore”), from Proto-West Germanic *strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō (“edge, rim, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)trAnt- (“strand, border, field”), from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”). Cognate with West Frisian strân, Dutch strand, German Strand, Danish strand, Swedish strand, Norwegian Bokmål strand, Icelandic strönd.
* (street): Perhaps from the similarity of shape.
Senses: examples: text: Grand Strand
text: A woman that wandring in our coaſtes hath bought / A plot for price: where ſhe a citie ſet: / To whom we gaue the ſtrond for to manure.
ref: 1557 July 1, Virgil, “The Second Boke of Virgiles Aenæis”, in Henry [Howard, Earl] of Surrey, transl., edited by William Bolland, Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenaeis, Turned into English Meter ([Roxburghe Club Publications; I]), London: […] A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], published 1814, →OCLC:
text: They rowed about a League; and then ſet me down on a Strand.
ref: 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author Sets out as Captain of a Ship. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume II, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part IV (A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms), page 159:
glosses: The shore or beach of the sea or ocean.
glosses: The shore or beach of a lake or river.
glosses: A small brook or rivulet.
glosses: A passage for water; gutter.
glosses: A street.
Derived terms: Rosslare Strand
strand
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: [stɹɛənd]
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: strands
form: stranding
form: stranded
form: stranded
Etymology: * From Middle English strand, strond, from Old English strand (“strand, sea-shore, shore”), from Proto-West Germanic *strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō (“edge, rim, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)trAnt- (“strand, border, field”), from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”). Cognate with West Frisian strân, Dutch strand, German Strand, Danish strand, Swedish strand, Norwegian Bokmål strand, Icelandic strönd.
* (street): Perhaps from the similarity of shape.
Senses: topics: nautical
transport
glosses: To run aground; to beach.
glosses: To leave (someone) in a difficult situation; to abandon or desert.
examples: text: Jones pops up; that's going to strand a pair.
topics: ball-games
baseball
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: To cause the third out of an inning to be made, leaving a runner on base.
examples: text: We first note that wh-movement can freely strand prepositions in Icelandic, as in the other Scandinavian languages.
ref: 1985, Joan Maling, Annie Zaenen, “Preposition-Stranding and Passive”, in Nordic Journal of Linguistics, volume 8, number 2, →DOI, page 199:
text: In her dissertation, Goldberg (2005) offers a review of diagnostics used to identify verb-stranding VPE to that point, including tests which link the characteristics of English-style VPE (which strands an auxiliary verb) to verb-stranding VPE in languages like Hebrew and Irish.
ref: 2021, Emily Manetta, “Verb-second and the verb-stranding verb phrase ellipsis debate”, in Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, volume 6, number 1, →DOI, page 6:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: To leave an element (e.g., an adposition) without its complement adjacent to it.
Synonyms: sense: run aground
word: beach
sense: leave someone in a difficult situation
word: abandon
sense: leave someone in a difficult situation
word: desert
strand
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: [stɹɛənd]
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: strands
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streng (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).
Senses: glosses: Each of the strings which, twisted together, make up a yarn, rope or cord.
glosses: A string.
examples: text: strand of spaghetti
text: strand of hair
glosses: An individual length of any fine, string-like substance.
topics: business
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
electronics
energy
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A group of wires, usually twisted or braided.
examples: text: By 1985, the children's strand had been renamed Children's BBC (CBBC by the mid-1990s), which continued to show animation among other programming in a dedicated time slot.
ref: 2020, Nichola Dobson, Historical Dictionary of Animation and Cartoons, page 45:
topics: broadcasting
media
glosses: A series of programmes on a particular theme or linked subject.
examples: text: strand of truth
text: The explanation draws equally from other contemporary strands of political and social theory.
ref: 2001, Bernard E. Harcourt, chapter 6, in Illusion of Order:
text: She responds to both questions in writing and checks her answer on the fact question. Her suspicions confirmed about the importance of the two names, Miranda vows to pay close attention to this strand of the story as she continues to read.
ref: 2004, David Wray, Literacy: Major Themes in Education, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 78:
text: The concept of a combined authority headed by an elected Mayor is a key strand in current transport development, and is driving a new generation of projects such as bringing rail connectivity to Portishead and stations served by the Mid-Cornwall Metro.
ref: 2024 August 21, 'Industry Insider', “The value of rail reopenings”, in RAIL, number 1016, page 68:
glosses: An element in a composite whole; a sequence of linked events or facts; a logical thread.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A nucleotide chain.
topics: education
glosses: A specialization of a senior high school track.
topics: education
glosses: Synonym of track.
synonyms: word: track
Derived terms: beta strand
do the strand
Hechtian strand
lagging strand
leading strand
sense strand
single-strand binding protein
slut strand
strand line
template strand
strand
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: /stɹænd/
ipa: [stɹɛənd]
rhymes: -ænd
Forms: form: strands
form: stranding
form: stranded
form: stranded
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streng (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).
Senses: glosses: To break a strand of (a rope).
glosses: To form by uniting strands.
record
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: rĕkʹôrd
ipa: /ˈɹɛk.ɔːd/
enpr: rĕkʹərd
enpr: rĕkʹôrd
ipa: /ˈɹɛk.ɚd/
ipa: /ˈɹɛk.ɔɹd/
rhymes: -ɛkɔː(ɹ)d
rhymes: -ɛkə(ɹ)d
Etymology: From Middle English recorde, borrowed from Old French record, from recorder. See record (verb).
Senses: examples: text: "But it's far worse for me," said Edmund, "because you'll at least have a room of your own and I shall have to share a bedroom with that record stinker, Eustace."
ref: 1952, C. S. Lewis, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader:
synonyms: record-breaking
record-setting
glosses: Enough to break previous records and set a new one; world-class; historic.
strife
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /stɹaɪf/
rhymes: -aɪf
Forms: form: strifes
Etymology: From Middle English strif, stryf, striffe, from Old French estrif, noun derived from estriver, from Frankish *strīban; compare Dutch strijven. More at strive.
Senses: glosses: Striving; earnest endeavor; hard work.
examples: text: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;
Whose misadventured piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents' strife.
ref: c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):
text: Hee is proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions, and ſtrifes of wordes,[…]
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Timothy 6:4:
glosses: Exertion or contention for superiority, either by physical or intellectual means.
examples: text: A few observations about the interpretation of vows or pledges may not be out of place here. Interpretation of pledges has been a fruitful source of strife all the world over. No matter how explicit the pledge, people will turn and twist the text to suit their own purposes.
ref: 1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xvii
synonyms: altercation
contention
discord
wrangle
glosses: Bitter conflict, sometimes violent.
glosses: A trouble of any kind.
examples: text: He ſpide lamenting her unlucky ſtrife,
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
glosses: That which is contended against; occasion of contest.
Synonyms: conflict
contention
discord
dissension
struggle
Derived terms: strifeful
strifeless
strife-ridden
trouble and strife
Related terms: strive
col legno
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒl ˈlɛnjəʊ/
ipa: /ˌkoʊl ˈleɪnjoʊ/
rhymes: -ɛnjəʊ
rhymes: -eɪnjəʊ
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian col legno (literally “with the wood”).
Senses: examples: text: Webern took particular care with the col legno passages. In the quiet ostinatos of the first and third pieces (which can be seen as parallel in many ways), he added weich gezogen (gently drawn) to the col legno indications.
ref: 1996, Kathryn Bailey, editor, Webern Studies, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 156:
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A musical notation indicating that the strings of an instrument are to be struck with the wooden part of the bow.
martellato
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˌmɑː(ɹ)təˈlɑːtəʊ/
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian martellato (“hammered”), from martellare (“to hammer, throb”), from martello (“hammer”), related to Latin martulus, marculus (“small hammer”), diminutive of marcus (“hammer”).
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: Strongly accented, or hammered out; used of notes played on bowed string instruments, handbells, or the piano.
martellato
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˌmɑː(ɹ)təˈlɑːtəʊ/
Forms: form: martellatos
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian martellato (“hammered”), from martellare (“to hammer, throb”), from martello (“hammer”), related to Latin martulus, marculus (“small hammer”), diminutive of marcus (“hammer”).
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A passage played with a strong accent, or hammered out.
gratuity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹəˈtjuːətɪ/
ipa: /ɡɹəˈtuːətɪ/
Forms: form: gratuities
Etymology: From Middle French gratuité (from Old French gratuite) or directly from Medieval Latin gratuitas (“a free gift”), from Latin gratuitus (“freely given, free”); see gratuitous.
Senses: examples: text: service gratuity
text: cash gratuity
text: leave with a gratuity
text: The waiter received a generous gratuity.
text: The company gave each employee a retirement gratuity.
glosses: An additional payment given freely as thanks for service.
glosses: Euphemistic form of fee, in contexts where such additional payments have been made obligatory.
glosses: Euphemistic form of bribe.
Synonyms: sense: additional payment offered in thanks
word: douceur
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
word: grace
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
word: pourboire
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
word: tip
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
english: Turkish and Middle Eastern contexts
translation: Turkish and Middle Eastern contexts
word: baksheesh
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
english: SE Chinese contexts; archaic
translation: SE Chinese contexts; archaic
word: cumshaw
sense: additional payment offered in thanks
word: gift
sense: obligatory fee
word: service charge
sense: obligatory fee
word: douceur
sense: obligatory fee
word: tip
sense: bribe
word: bribe
sense: additional gift from a vendor
word: lagniappe
Derived terms: autograt
Related terms: gratis
gratuitous
gratuitously
adagietto
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˌdæ(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
ipa: /əˌdɑː(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
Forms: form: adagiettos
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian adagietto, a diminutive of adagio.
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A tempo mark directing that a passage is to be played slightly faster than adagio.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A passage having this mark.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A short adagio movement
adagietto
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˌdæ(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
ipa: /əˌdɑː(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian adagietto, a diminutive of adagio.
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: More lighthearted than adagio.
adagietto
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˌdæ(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
ipa: /əˌdɑː(d)ʒiːˈɛtəʊ/
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian adagietto, a diminutive of adagio.
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: Describing a passage having this mark.
precipitato
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Etymology: Borrowed from Italian precipitato, masculine past participle of precipitare (“to precipitate”). Doublet of precipitate.
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: precipitately
burel
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: burels
Etymology: From Middle English burel, burrel, borel, from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure (compare Middle French bure (“coarse woolen cloth”), French bourre (“hair, fluff”)), from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric”). Doublet of bureau, which was taken from later (early modern) French.
Senses: examples: text: Burels at this time seem to have been made in lengths of 20 ells and sold at 8d. the ell, while the better quality cloths - browns, plunkets, blues, and greens - were nearly twice the length, and cost about 22d. the ell.
ref: 1964, L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, page 199:
glosses: A coarse woolen cloth.
Derived terms: burlap
chanlon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: chanlons
Senses: examples: text: Winchester itself was an early centre of the manufacture of chanlons, which were rugs used for coverlets or counterpanes, and in the consuetudinary of the city, which dates back at least to the early years of the thirteenth century, the looms are divided into two classes, the 'great looms' used for burel weaving paying 5s. per year, and the 'little looms' for chanlons paying 6d. or 12d., according to their size.
ref: 1964, L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, page 200:
glosses: A type of cloth of the 13th century.
consuetudinary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: consuetudinaries
Etymology: From Medieval Latin cōnsuetudinārius, from Latin cōnsuetudō. By surface analysis, consuetude + -in- + -ary.
Senses: examples: text: Winchester itself was an early centre of the manufacture of chanlons, which were rugs used for coverlets or counterpanes, and in the consuetudinary of the city, which dates back at least to the early years of the thirteenth century, the looms are divided into two classes, the 'great looms' used for burel weaving paying 5s. per year, and the 'little looms' for chanlons paying 6d. or 12d., according to their size.
ref: 1964, L.F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, page 200:
glosses: A ritual book containing the forms and ceremonies used in the services of a particular monastery, cathedral or religious order.
glosses: An unwritten law established by usage, derived by immemorial custom from antiquity.
consuetudinary
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From Medieval Latin cōnsuetudinārius, from Latin cōnsuetudō. By surface analysis, consuetude + -in- + -ary.
Senses: topics: law
glosses: Customary; considered law by virtue of the fact that it is generally observed.
Derived terms: consuetudinarily
Related terms: Consuetudinous
Consuetudinary in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)
cogware
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cogwares
Senses: examples: text: The better quality was used for ordinary cloths, and the worst was made up into coarse cloth known as cogware and Kendal cloth, three quarters of a yard broad, and worth from 40d. to 5s. the piece. The term cogware seems to have sprung from its being sold to cogmen, the crews of the ships called cogs; but whether for their own use, or for export is not quite clear.
ref: 1964, L.F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, page 207:
glosses: A coarse cloth of the 14th century.
glosses: A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the 16th century.