cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
decile
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: [ˈdɛsaɪɫ]
ipa: [ˈdiːsaɪɫ]
ipa: /ˈdɛs.əl/
ipa: /ˈdɛsˌaɪl/
rhymes: (US) -ɛsəl
Forms: form: deciles
Etymology: From Latin decilis.
Senses: examples: text: Although few people scored high marks, everyone did quite well—the lowest decile was over 50%.
topics: mathematics
sciences
statistics
glosses: Any of the values in a series that divides the distribution of individuals in that series into ten groups of equal frequency.
examples: text: Our school is in the top decile for exam results.
glosses: Any one of the ten subsets or groups so divided.
topics: astrology
human-sciences
mysticism
philosophy
sciences
glosses: An aspect or position of two planets when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac.
Hypernyms: quantile
Coordinate terms: word: median (2-quantile)
sense: An aspect or position of two planets when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac.
word: tercile
sense: An aspect or position of two planets when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac.
word: tertile
word: quartile
word: quintile
word: sextile
word: septile
word: octile
word: hexadecile
word: ventile
word: vigintile
word: centile
word: percentile (100)
word: millile (1000)
Derived terms: deciler
interdecile
low decile
dated
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdeɪtɪd/
rhymes: -eɪtɪd
Forms: form: more dated
form: most dated
Senses: examples: text: The first dated entry in the diary was from October 1922.
glosses: Marked with a date.
examples: text: "Omnibus" is a dated term for a bus.
glosses: Outdated.
examples: text: Calling a happy person gay seems awfully dated nowadays; people will assume you mean something else.
text: [She] changed the subject to Sex and the City reruns and how hopelessly dated they seem. “Miranda meets Steve at a bar,” she said, in a tone suggesting that the scenario might as well be out of a Jane Austen novel, for all the relevance it had to her life.
ref: 2018 November 13, Kate Julian, “Why Are Young People Having So Little Sex?”, in The Atlantic:
glosses: Anachronistic; being obviously inappropriate for its present context.
examples: text: Slang can become dated very quickly.
glosses: No longer fashionable.
examples: text: Then ſtrike vp Drum, and al the ſtarres that make
The loathſome Circle of my dated life,
Direct my weapon to his barbarous heart,
That thus oppoſeth him againſt the Gods,
And ſcornes the Powers that gouerne Perſea.
ref: c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene vi:
glosses: Alotted a span of days.
Synonyms: sense: out of date, old
word: outdated
word: old-fashioned
word: retro
word: obsolete
sense: anachronistic
word: anachronous
word: anachronistic
sense: no longer fashionable
word: démodé
word: old hat
word: unfashionable
Derived terms: afterdated
datedly
datedness
nondated
short-dated
dated
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdeɪtɪd/
rhymes: -eɪtɪd
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of date
pulchritudinous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌpʌlkɹɪˈtjuːdɪnəs/
Forms: form: more pulchritudinous
form: most pulchritudinous
Etymology: From pulchritude + -in- + -ous.
Senses: examples: text: But Shedemei had long since grown out of her adolescent jealousy of pulchritudinous girls.
ref: 1994, Orson Scott Card, The Ships of Earth:
text: “The first example in each series,” Mike offered, “would be, on the basis of my associational analyses of such data, of such pulchritudinous value as to please any healthy, mature human male.”
ref: 1966, Robert A. Heinlein, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress:
text: “I had standing instructions to let any pulchritudinous females into Mr. Cooke’s dressing room,” Mike admitted.
“Pulchritudinous? He really said that?”
“No, I said that.”
ref: 1998, Carole Nelson Douglas, Cat in a Flamingo Fedora:
glosses: Having great physical beauty.
glosses: That endows pulchritude; beautifying.
Synonyms: comely
Derived terms: pulchritudinously
Related terms: pulchritude
carburetor
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɑːb(j)əˌɹɛtə/
ipa: /ˈkɑɹb(j)əˌɹeɪtɚ/
Forms: form: carburetors
form: carbureter
form: carburetter
form: carburettor
Etymology: Attested from 1862, from carburet (“enrich an illuminating gas with carbon-rich fuel”) + -or. The motor vehicle sense is attested since 1896
Senses: examples: Near-synonym: gasifier
synonyms: carb
carby
coordinate_terms: fuel injection
injector
glosses: A device in an internal combustion engine where fuel is vaporized and mixed with air prior to ignition.
examples: Second, the employment of a current of air between the carburettor and the tube leading to the burner, is described.
The Mechanics' Magazine, July 25, 1862.
glosses: A device for enhancing illuminating gas by mixing in carbon-rich fuel.
examples: text: Variations on the bong included air-driven pipes, electric pipes, ice pipes (chillers), mask pipes, chamber pipes, and carburetor pipes.
ref: 1989, United States International Trade Commission, Importation of certain drug paraphernalia into the United States, page 8:
text: Some pipes feature a “carburetor,” which is a small hole in the air chamber located past the bowl. The carburetor is held shut while the bowl is being lit and the smoke drawn.
ref: 2008, Dale Gieringer, Ed Rosenthal, Gregory Carter, Marijuana Medical Handbook, page 172:
topics: drugs
medicine
pharmacology
sciences
glosses: A water pipe or bong; a device or contrivance for mixing air with burning cannabis or cocaine.
Related terms: carburetion
Meryam Mir
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /meriʌm ˈmɪə/
Forms: form: Meriam
form: Miriam
Senses: glosses: The Trans-Fly Papuan language spoken in the eastern Torres Strait Islands.
Related terms: Kala Lagaw Ya
Torres Strait Creole
Kala Lagaw Ya
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /kala(u)laɡau ja/
Senses: glosses: The Pama-Nyungan language spoken in the western Torres Strait Islands.
Related terms: Meryam Mir
Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait Creole
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɔːɹɛz stɹeɪt ˈkɹiːəʊl/
ipa: /ˈtɔːɹɛz stɹeɪt ˈkɹiːoʊl/
Etymology: From Torres Strait + Creole (“language formed from two parent languages”).
Senses: glosses: A creole spoken in the Torres Strait Islands.
Synonyms: Torres Strait Broken
Torres Strait Pidgin
Cape York Creole
Lockhart Creole
Related terms: creole
Kala Lagaw Ya
Kriol
Meriam Mir
Kriol
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹiɒl/
ipa: /ˈkɹiːəʊl/
ipa: /ˈkɹeɪəʊl/
ipa: /ˈkɹiːoʊl/
Etymology: From English creole.
Senses: glosses: A creole language widely spoken by Australian Aborigines in Arnhem Land; Roper River creole; Australian Kriol.
glosses: The Belizean Creole; descendants of African slaves who were brought primarily from Jamaica and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast to cut down mahogany trees in Belize.
glosses: A Portuguese-based creole spoken in Guinea-Bissau.
creole
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹi.əʊl/
enpr: krēʹōl
ipa: /ˈkɹioʊl/
rhymes: (UK) -iːəʊl
rhymes: (US) -ioʊl
Forms: form: creoles
Etymology: See Creole. Attested in English to refer to language from the 18th century.
Senses: examples: text: There are three orders of people: those who were alive when the French possessed the island: they understand the good French; those who were born in the heat of the Revolution, and who have arrived at maturity without instruction, these speak only Creole[…]
ref: 1818, The Methodist Magazine, page 317:
text: From the point of view of syntactic analysis, I have shown how transformational theory may be applied to the syntax of a Creole language.
ref: 1966, Beryl Loftman Bailey, Jamaican Creole Syntax, page 144:
text: To communicate, they evolve a creole called Belter, which becomes the lingua franca for what is essentially the solar system’s new proletariat. […] There is a simple, regular grammar that is typical of creoles.
ref: 2019 December 22, Annalee Newitz and Cyrus Farivar, “Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for The Expanse”, in Ars Technica:
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A language formed from two or more languages which has developed from a pidgin to become a first language.
examples: text: Some of the great merchants in the Indies were creoles, but the majority were peninsulares. These latter acted as effective intermediaries between Spain and the colonies.
ref: 1992, Edwin Williamson, The Penguin history of Latin America, London; New York: Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 131:
glosses: Alternative letter-case form of Creole (“person born in a colony”).
topics: jewelry
lifestyle
glosses: A style of hoop earrings with a hoop that has an inconsistent thickness and/or is elongated in shape.
Synonyms: word: creole
Hypernyms: word: language
Hyponyms: Antillean Creole
Cape Verdean Creole
Haitian Creole
Jamaican Creole
Louisiana Creole
Mauritian Creole
Roper River creole
Torres Strait Creole
Derived terms: anticreole
creolisation
creolization
creolise
creolize
creolism
creolist
creolistic
creolistics
creologenic
creology
creoloid
decreolize
decreolization
noncreole
postcreole
post-creole continuum
recreolize
recreolization
Related terms: word: :Category:en:Languages
curio
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkjʊə̯ɹiˌəʊ̯/
ipa: /ˈkjɜːɹiˌəʊ̯/
ipa: /ˈkjɔːɹiˌəʊ̯/
ipa: /ˈkjʊrioʊ/
ipa: /ˈkjə̯ɹiˌoʊ̯/
Forms: form: curios
Etymology: Clipping of curiosity, 1851. Compare cabinet of curiosities and French objet de curiosité.
Senses: examples: text: Staghorn ferns, with their antlerlike leaves, are really curios of ferndom and never fail to gain attention.
ref: 2013, Joan Lee Faust, The New York Times Garden Book, Revised:
text: Video telephony is just about the only new technology from that particular movie that has appeared—and it was technically possible when the movie was showing. 2001 can be seen as a curio, but what about Star Trek?
ref: 2012 March 24, David Graeber, “Of Flying Cars and the Declining Rate of Profit”, in The Baffler:
text: upon his arrival, Lewis discovers that his uncle’s place is no threadbare bachelor pad. It’s a creaky old Victorian mansion, full of overstuffed chairs, flocked wallpaper, stained glass, creepy carnival curios, and dozens and dozens of clocks.
ref: 2018 September 19, Katie Rife, “Eli Roth, of all directors, brings Amblin magic to the kid-lit horror of The House With A Clock In Its Walls”, in The Onion AV Club, archived from the original on 20 Sep 2018:
synonyms: knickknack
trinket
collectible
oddity
antiquity
glosses: A strange and interesting object; something that evokes curiosity.
wikipedia: cabinet of curiosities
Related terms: cabinet of curiosities
curiosity
curious
antique
trinket
meek
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /miːk/
ipa: /mik/
rhymes: -iːk
Forms: form: meeker
form: meekest
Etymology: From Middle English meek, meke, meoc, unknown origin, likely related to Old English smēag (“subtle, stealthy, etc.”) and smūgan and possibly a borrowing from Old Norse mjúkr (“soft; meek”), from Proto-Germanic *meukaz, *mūkaz (“soft; supple”), from Proto-Indo-European *mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery; to slip”).
Cognate with Swedish and Norwegian Nynorsk mjuk (“soft”), Norwegian Bokmål myk (“soft”), and Danish myg (“supple”), Dutch muik (“soft, overripe”), dialectal German mauch (“dry and decayed, rotten”), Mauche (“malanders”). Compare as well Welsh mwyth (“soft, weak”), Latin ēmungō (“to blow one's nose”), Tocharian A muk- (“to let go, give up”), Lithuanian mùkti (“to slip away from”), Proto-Slavic *mękъkъ (“soft”), Ancient Greek μύσσομαι (mússomai, “to blow the nose”), Sanskrit मुञ्चति (muñcati, “to release, let loose”).
Senses: examples: text: Blessed are the meeke: for they shall inherit the earth.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 5:5:
text: Mrs. Wickam was a meek woman...who was always ready to pity herself, or to be pitied, or to pity anybody else...
ref: 1846 October 1 – 1848 April 1, Charles Dickens, “Chapter 8”, in Dombey and Son, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1848, →OCLC:
glosses: Humble, non-boastful, modest, meager, or self-effacing.
examples: text: What if they were wolves instead of lambs? They'd eat her all the sooner if she was meek to them. Fight or be eaten.
ref: 1920, Sinclair Lewis, Main Street: The Story of Carol Kennicott, New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, →OCLC:
glosses: Submissive, dispirited, cowed.
Derived terms: meacock
meeken
meekful
meekhead
meekish
meekless
meekly
meekness
overmeek
unmeek
meek
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /miːk/
ipa: /mik/
rhymes: -iːk
Forms: form: meeks
form: meeking
form: meeked
form: meeked
Etymology: From Middle English meek, meke, meoc, unknown origin, likely related to Old English smēag (“subtle, stealthy, etc.”) and smūgan and possibly a borrowing from Old Norse mjúkr (“soft; meek”), from Proto-Germanic *meukaz, *mūkaz (“soft; supple”), from Proto-Indo-European *mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery; to slip”).
Cognate with Swedish and Norwegian Nynorsk mjuk (“soft”), Norwegian Bokmål myk (“soft”), and Danish myg (“supple”), Dutch muik (“soft, overripe”), dialectal German mauch (“dry and decayed, rotten”), Mauche (“malanders”). Compare as well Welsh mwyth (“soft, weak”), Latin ēmungō (“to blow one's nose”), Tocharian A muk- (“to let go, give up”), Lithuanian mùkti (“to slip away from”), Proto-Slavic *mękъkъ (“soft”), Ancient Greek μύσσομαι (mússomai, “to blow the nose”), Sanskrit मुञ्चति (muñcati, “to release, let loose”).
Senses: glosses: To tame; to break (a horse)
Bube
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: synonyms: Fernandian
glosses: A Bantu language spoken by the Bubi people.
aal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: aals
Etymology: Compare Sanskrit अलाक (alāka, “crown flower; kind of dye”).
Senses: glosses: The Indian mulberry or noni (Morinda citrifolia, Morinda tinctoria), a shrub found in Southeast Asia, the East Indies and the Pacific islands as far as French Polynesia.
glosses: A reddish dyestuff obtained from the roots of the East Indian shrubs Morinda citrifolia and Morinda tinctoria.
Synonyms: sense: Indian mulberry, noni
word: Morinda citrifolia
sense: Indian mulberry, noni
word: Morinda tinctoria
eerie
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪəɹi/
note: General American, mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈɪɹi/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈɪɚi/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈiɹi/
ipa: /ˈiɹɪ/
ipa: /ˈiɹe/
ipa: /ˈiəɹi/
note: East Anglia, cheer–chair merger
ipa: /ˈɛːɹi/
rhymes: -ɪəɹi
homophone: airy (cheer–chair merger)
Forms: form: eeries
Etymology: From Middle English eri (“fearful”), from Old English earg (“cowardly, fearful”), from Proto-West Germanic *arg, from Proto-Germanic *argaz. Akin to Scots ergh, argh from the same Old English source. Doublet of argh.
Senses: examples: text: Other of these terrible Eeries began now to congregate beneath the canoe, taking courage by the example of their cowardly companion, all alike curious about this charming visitant in the upper world.
ref: 1880, Charles Martin Newell, Kalani of Oahu: An Historical Romance of Hawaii, page 255:
text: I tell you it's weirdsville down there, a spaced-out botanical Twilight Zone of creepies, crawlies, eeries, and ghastlies.
ref: 2013, Robert Silverberg, “A Science-Fiction Garden”, in Reflections and Refractions:
text: Just a couple of eeries looking to get squamous, to swipe a little snatch of wholesome fun from the funktacular funerary fundament belonging to the Big Boss, a hit big enough to drop our brains out the bottoms of our various appendages and forget the essential, unalterable, sanity-shearing truth of our watery and unfleeling cosmos: R'lyeh sucks.
ref: 2017 September/October, Catherynne M. Valente, “Down and Out in R'lyeh”, in Uncanny Magazine, number 18, page 41:
text: If circumstances were even slightly different, I would allow my eeries to descend upon you and do as they pleased. After what your two friends caused here the last time, you're lucky I'm managing to hold them back at all.
ref: 2021, Steve Conoboy, Refrain Of The Fallen:
glosses: An eerie creature or thing.
eerie
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪəɹi/
note: General American, mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈɪɹi/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈɪɚi/
note: without the mirror–nearer merger
ipa: /ˈiɹi/
ipa: /ˈiɹɪ/
ipa: /ˈiɹe/
ipa: /ˈiəɹi/
note: East Anglia, cheer–chair merger
ipa: /ˈɛːɹi/
rhymes: -ɪəɹi
homophone: airy (cheer–chair merger)
Forms: form: eeries
Etymology: See eyrie.
Senses: examples: text: I'm not sure, indeed, that we didn't scare the eagles from their eeries; at all events we thought we did.
ref: 1884, Gordon Stables, O'er Many Lands, on Many Seas, page 114:
text: They hang suspended over precipices, these rocky eeries of grim birds of prey that bequeath their appetite for murder and loot to their brood.
ref: 1910, Hans Adolf Erwein Max graf von Königsmarck, P. H. Oakley Williams, A German Staff Officer in India:
text: Of the heavenly azure, and of the eeries suspended on the highest rocks they had indeed heard something, but they had never seen them, and in spite of their wishes it was no longer the old keen home-sickness of the old eagles.
ref: 1912 December, Joseph Stutzin, “The Children of the Eagle”, in Israel Goldberg, transl., The Maccabæan: A Magazine of Jewish Life and Letters, volume 22, number 6, page 184:
text: What was it that had driven them forth from their wooded mountain eeries to wait and watch for that one short moment, when the figure of an old man clad in a plain black military tunic would become visible at the saloon-window of a crawling train, to watch a wrinkled hand wave a fleeting greeting?
ref: 1914, Walter Bloem, The Iron Year, page 78:
text: But his army reached Buñola at the head of the pass, and at once, like a whirlwind, the Moors swept down from their eeries and gave battle.
ref: 1932, Nina Larrey Duryea, Mallorca the Magnificent, page 26:
glosses: Alternative spelling of eyrie.
earthworm
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɜː(ɹ)θˌwɜː(ɹ)m/
Forms: form: earthworms
Etymology: From Middle English erthe-worm, erþe-worm, erþe worm (also as worm of þe erthe, worm of þe erþe), equivalent to earth + worm. Compare Saterland Frisian Äidwurm (“earthworm”), West Frisian ierdwjirm (“earthworm”), Dutch aardworm (“earthworm”), less common German Erdwurm (“earthworm”).
Senses: examples: text: It does not, however, happen that the whole spermatosphere is converted into spermatoblasts; there remains a passive portion, which in the earthworm occupies a central position; this is the "sperm-blasophore," or "blastophoral cell."
ref: 1880, Journal of Microscopy, volume 3:
glosses: A worm that lives in the ground.
examples: text: Before the study was begun, the known oligochaete fauna of Tasmania consisted of six species of aquatic microdriles, twenty-three indigenous species of megascolecid earthworms, and introduced earthworms of the family Lumbricidae.
ref: 1975, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology, volume 26, page 205:
glosses: A worm of the family Lumbricidae, or, more generally, of the suborder Lumbricina.
glosses: A contemptible person; a groveller.
Synonyms: sense: a ground-living worm
word: rainworm
sense: a ground-living worm
word: groundworm
sense: a ground-living worm
word: wiggler
sense: a ground-living worm
word: red worm
sense: a ground-living worm
word: red wiggler
sense: a ground-living worm
word: nightwalker
sense: a ground-living worm
word: nightcrawler
sense: a ground-living worm
english: US Great Lakes region
translation: US Great Lakes region
word: dew worm
Hyponyms: sense: a ground-living worm
word: baitworm
sense: a ground-living worm
word: fishworm
sense: a ground-living worm
word: angleworm
sense: a ground-living worm
english: fish bait
translation: fish bait
word: fishing worm
Derived terms: earthworm eel
giant Gippsland earthworm
rex
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: rexes
form: reges
Etymology: From Latin rēx (“king”), referring originally to rabbits of the Belgian "castorrex" breed, so named because their fur was similar to that of beavers. Entered English around 1920. Doublet of rajah and roy.
Senses: examples: text: And though the sturdy patrician nobility had already gained ground, though the reges attempted gradually to enlarge the scope of their functions—all this does not change the elementary and fundamental character of the constitution, and this alone is essential.
ref: 1902, Frederick Engels, translated by Ernest Untermann, “Gens and State in Rome”, in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Chicago, Ill.: Charles H[ope] Kerr & Company, →OCLC, page 155:
glosses: A king, particularly in ancient Rome.
glosses: An animal which has a genetic recessive variation that causes the guard hairs to be very short or fully lacking.
Derived terms: Cornish Rex
Devon Rex
German Rex
Oregon Rex
Selkirk Rex
rex
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: rexes
form: rexing
form: rexed
form: rexed
Etymology: From Latin rēx (“king”), referring originally to rabbits of the Belgian "castorrex" breed, so named because their fur was similar to that of beavers. Entered English around 1920. Doublet of rajah and roy.
Senses: glosses: To breed (an animal) to have this kind of hair.
Related terms: Bantersaurus Rex
Rex
rex sacrorum
T. rex
Tyrannosaurus rex
rex-pat
pater
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpeɪtɚ/
ipa: /ˈpeɪtə/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: paters
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Italic *patēr
Latin paterbor.
English pater
Borrowed from Latin pater (“father”). Doublet of ayr, faeder, father, padre, and père.
Senses: examples: text: Burlington Bertie's the latest young jay
He rents a swell flat somewhere Kensington way
He spends the good oof that his pater has made
Along with the Brandy and Soda Brigade.
ref: 1900, Harry B. Norris, “Burlington Bertie”:
text: The pater is the kindest-hearted old soul, but there are times when he hates me. I'm a thing which every decent middle-class person hates, a problem, like the unemployed, you know, or the ex-soldier. We are always in such a hurry to forget uncomfortable things, and I'm an uncomfortable thing. Poor old dad; he gets me at breakfast; he gets me in the morning paper.
ref: 1923, Warwick Deeping, The Secret Sanctuary, e-artnow, published 2021:
text: Strangled by the wishes of pater / Hoping for the arms of mater / Get to me the sooner or later
ref: 1985, Mick Hucknall, Neil Moss, “Holding Back the Years”, in Picture Book, performed by Simply Red:
coordinate_terms: mater
glosses: Father.
Related terms: pater cove
pater familias
paternal
paternity
patriarch
patricide
patrifocality
patriline
patrilineage
patrilineal
patrilinear
patrilocality
patrimony
patripotestal
mater
padre
patrician
avis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From Middle English avys, from Old French avis.
Senses: glosses: advice; opinion; deliberation.
mater
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmeɪtə/
ipa: /ˈmeɪtɚ/
other: /ˈmɑtɚ/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: maters
form: matres
Etymology: From Latin māter (“mother”), partly via Late Middle English matere. Doublet of mata and mother. Ancestor of matrix.
Senses: examples: text: Their maters are all pals of my mater’s, and I don’t want to get them into trouble for aiding and abetting my little show, if you understand what I mean.
ref: 1919 June 14, Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, “A Damsel in Distress”, in George Horace Lorimer, editor, The Saturday Evening Post, volume 191, number 50, Philadelphia, Pa.: The Curtis Publishing Company, →ISSN, chapter XX, page 57, column 1:
text: “The mater will be delighted to see you again—after all those years,” he added.
ref: 1920, Agatha Christie, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published 1954, page 5:
text: And then there’s the mater! Poor old mater! She goes about on tiptoe; she’s always watching me and pretending she’s not watching me; I believe she would like to have everything padded with feather beds. All the while she has been wanting me to do the goody book thing, get down on my knees and put my head in her lap and blub.
ref: 1923, Warwick Deeping, “John Stretton”, in The Secret Sanctuary (The Scherz Phoenix Books), Berne: Alfred Scherz Publishers, published 1945, →OCLC, page 32:
text: Strangled by the wishes of pater / Hoping for the arms of mater / Get to me the sooner or later
ref: 1985, Mick Hucknall, Neil Moss, “Holding Back the Years”, in Picture Book, performed by Simply Red:
text: “Mater, you look well.” / “I am well. And you,” she said in that dryly prosaic deep voice of hers, “look healed.”
ref: 1997, Colleen McCullough, Caesar’s Women, page 17:
coordinate_terms: pater
glosses: Mother.
topics: anatomy
medicine
sciences
glosses: A meninx; the dura mater, arachnoid mater, or pia mater of the brain.
Related terms: alma mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
mater dolorosa
mater lectionis
matri-
matrix
pia mater
stabat mater
mater
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmeɪtə/
ipa: /ˈmeɪtɚ/
other: /ˈmɑtɚ/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
ipa: /ˈmeɪtə/
ipa: /ˈmeɪtɚ/
other: /ˈmɑtɚ/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: maters
Etymology: From mate + -er.
Senses: topics: biology
natural-sciences
glosses: Someone or something that mates.
mater
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmeɪtə/
ipa: /ˈmeɪtɚ/
other: /ˈmɑtɚ/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
ipa: /ˈmeɪtə/
ipa: /ˈmeɪtɚ/
other: /ˈmɑtɚ/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: maters
Etymology: See 'mater.
Senses: examples: text: "A mater sandwich would be better." Trixie said, "but I'll take it if that's all you got." As if we were woefully deprived of food. So Trixie had a tomato sandwich for lunch, carefully prepared by Lillian but for which she received no thanks.
ref: 2015, Ann B. Ross, Miss Julia's Marvelous Makeover, →ISBN, page 28:
glosses: Alternative form of 'mater (“tomato”).
Derived terms: mater sammich
frater
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfreɪtə(ɹ)/
rhymes: -eɪtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: fraters
Etymology: PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Learned borrowing from Latin frāter (“brother”). Doublet of bhai, brother, bru, friar, pal, and vai.
Senses: glosses: A monk.
glosses: A frater house.
glosses: A comrade.
Derived terms: frater house
fratery
fratress
Related terms: fraternal
fraternity
abbas
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /abəz/
Senses: glosses: plural of abba
examples: text: Abbot (Abbas) in French Abbè [abbé] […] him that in the convent or fellowſhip of Canons hath the rule and preheminence.
ref: 1607, Iohn Cowell, editor, The Interpreter: or Booke Containing the Signification of Words, Cambridge: Iohn Legate, page 18:
glosses: abbot
harmonia
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /hɑːˈməʊ.ni.ə/
ipa: /hɑɹˈmoʊ.ni.ə/
rhymes: -əʊniə
Forms: form: harmoniai
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā). Doublet of harmony.
Senses: examples: text: […]concerning the ancient Greek harmoniai, or modes, in the diatonic genus.[…]degree signify the harmonia in which it appears and what degree it represents; for instance, “D-2” means that this ratio—11/10—is the second degree (ascending) in the Dorian harmonia.
ref: 1949, Harry Partch, Genesis of a Music: Monophony: the Relation of Its Music to Historic and Contemporary Trends; Its Philosophy, Concepts, and Principles; Its Relation to Historic and Proposed Intonations; and Its Application to Musical Instruments, The University of Wisconsin Press, pages 320 and 323:
text: In the case of Mixolydian harmonia, the framework chord is ¹⁄₁, ¹⁴⁄₁₁, ¹⁴⁄₁₀, and ²⁄₁.[…]while the various diatonic harmoniai are modes of each other, this is not true of the other two genera, which are uniquely derived from their corresponding diatonic forms.
ref: 1991, 1/1: The Quarterly Journal of the Just Intonation Network, pages 4 and 5:
text: In 1935, Hamilton trained a chamber orchestra in Stuttgart to perform in the harmoniai.
ref: 1993, John H. Chalmers, Jr., Divisions of the Tetrachord: A Prolegomenon to the Construction of Musical Scales, →ISBN, page 146:
text: While Pollux attributed to Diodorus of Thebes the expansion of the aulos beyond four trupemata, Athenaeus and Pausanias refer to Pronomus of Thebes as the one who developed an aulos that was capable of playing aulema in Dorian, Phrygian, or Lydian harmoniai. In his description of a statue of Pronomus in Boeotia, Pausanias observes: For a time, auletes had three types of auloi. They played Dorian aulema on one, different auloi were made for pieces in the Phrygian harmonia, and the so-called Lydian aulema was played on other auloi.
ref: 1999, Thomas J. Mathiesen, Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Lincoln, Neb.; London: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, page 183:
text: That rhythm was somehow implicated in the identity of the harmoniai is suggested in Aristotle’s anecdote about the composer Philoxenus, who attempted to compose a dithyramb, The Mysians, in the Dorian harmonia, but was unable to do so.
ref: 2020, Edward Nowacki, Greek and Latin Music Theory: Principles and Challenges, University of Rochester Press, →ISBN, page 18:
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: A harmonic mode in ancient Greek music, characterized by a particular set of chords and rhythmic patterns.
examples: text: Socrates argued against the idea of the soul being a harmonia.
topics: human-sciences
philosophy
sciences
glosses: The soul regarded as a harmonious blend of the parts of the physical body.
rosarium
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɹəʊˈzɛəɹi.əm/
ipa: /ɹoʊˈzɛɹi.əm/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiəm
Forms: form: rosariums
form: rosaria
Etymology: From Latin rosārium. Doublet of rosary and Rosario.
Senses: glosses: A rose-garden.
rosetum
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: roseta
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin rosētum.
Senses: examples: text: The Weeping Rose should stand singly in the rosetum, or on the lawn.
ref: 1870, The Florist and Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine, page 169:
glosses: A rose garden.
navicula
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: naviculae
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin nāvicula.
Senses: topics: Christianity
glosses: A thurible in the shape of a boat.
Related terms: nef
nix
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /nɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
homophone: nicks
Etymology: From German nix, colloquial form of nichts (“nothing”). Compare also Dutch niks (“nothing”), informal for niets (“nothing”). More at naught.
Senses: examples: text: "That's a clean lift from Kipling—or is it Conan Doyle? Anyway, I've read something just like it before. Say, kid, guess what these magazine guys get for a full page ad.? Nix. That's just like a woman. Three thousand straight. Fact."
ref: 1912, Edna Ferber, “Maymeys from Cuba”, in Buttered Side Down:
text: "I can take you down, Miss Conover, but I cannot take Mr. Hawksley. When the boss gives me an order I obey it—if I possibly can. On the day the boss tells me you can go strolling, I'll give you the key to the city. Until then, nix! No use arguing, Mr. Hawksley."
ref: 1920, Harold MacGrath, chapter 26, in The Drums of Jeopardy:
synonyms: nada
zip
glosses: Nothing.
Derived terms: nixer
nix
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /nɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
homophone: nicks
Forms: form: nixes
form: nixing
form: nixed
form: nixed
Etymology: From German nix, colloquial form of nichts (“nothing”). Compare also Dutch niks (“nothing”), informal for niets (“nothing”). More at naught.
Senses: examples: text: Nix the last order – the customer walked out.
text: Sticks Nix Hick Pix [headline]
ref: 1935 July 17, “Sticks Nix Hick Pix”, in Variety, volume 119, number 5, page 1:
text: 1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
He said his roommate had reacted favorably & said he "wanted to share the bed" with him! So I figured that nixed me out of the picture at least for now.
text: The move came less than six months after Jobs had nixed the spin-off of Newton Inc. as an independent company and brought it back inside Apple (see “The Fallen Apple,” page 143).
ref: 1999, Owen W. Linzmayer, Apple Confidential, San Francisco: No Starch Press, →ISBN, page 242:
text: At work Mr. Burns spies Homer munching complacently on a donut and hisses that each donut Homer shoves into his fat face brings him one donut closer to the poisoned donut Mr. Burns has ordered thrown into the mix as a form of culinary Russian Roulette, only to learn from Smithers that the plant’s lawyers ultimately nixed the poisoned donut plan because “they consider it murder.”
ref: 2012 June 17, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Homer’s Triple Bypass” (season 4, episode 11; originally aired 12/17/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club, archived from the original on 20 Jun 2012:
synonyms: cancel
reject
glosses: To make something become nothing; to reject or cancel.
glosses: To destroy or eradicate.
nix
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /nɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
homophone: nicks
Etymology: From German nix, colloquial form of nichts (“nothing”). Compare also Dutch niks (“nothing”), informal for niets (“nothing”). More at naught.
Senses: examples: text: "Ugh! An inventor, eh?" "Nix! He's not an inventor himself, but he antes-up for 'em."
ref: 1916 January 24, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 472, column 2:
glosses: No! Not at all!
glosses: A warning cry when a policeman or schoolmaster etc. was seen approaching.
Related terms: 86
eighty-six
ixnay
mox nix
nix
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /nɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
homophone: nicks
Forms: form: nixes
Etymology: From German Nix, from Middle High German nickes, niches, from Old High German nichus, nihhus, from Proto-Germanic *nikwus (“water-spirit; nix”), from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”). Cognate with Old English nicor (“a water-monster; hippopotamus”).
Senses: examples: text: The beautiful Nix or Nixie who allures the young fisher or hunter to seek her embraces in the wave which brings his death, the Neck who seizes upon and drowns the maidens who sport upon his banks, the river-spirit who still yearly in some parts of Germany demands tribute of human life, are all forms of the ancient Nicor[.]
ref: 1876, John Mitchell Kemble, The Saxons in England: A History of the English Commonwealth Till the Period of the Norman Conquest, volume I, London: Bernard Quaritch, page 391:
glosses: A treacherous water-spirit
gast
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɑːst/
ipa: /ɡæst/
rhymes: -ɑːst
rhymes: -æst
Forms: form: gasts
form: gasting
form: gasted
form: gasted
Etymology: From Middle English gasten, from Old English gǣstan, from Proto-Germanic *gaistijaną. Also spelled ghast due to association with ghost.
Senses: examples: text: [H]ee charges home my vnprouided body, lancht mine arme, but when he ſaw my beſt alarumd ſpirits, bould in the quarrels, rights, rouſd to the encounter, or whether gaſted by the noyſe I made, but ſodainly he fled.
ref: c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], signature [D4], recto:
glosses: To frighten.
Derived terms: gastly
fewer
Language: English
Part of speech: det
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfjuː.ɚ/
rhymes: -uːə(ɹ)
Forms: form: fewest
Etymology: From Middle English fewere, equivalent to few + -er.
Senses: examples: text: Fewer women wear hats these days.
text: There are fewer tigers than there were a hundred years ago.
text: Construction of the station and approach line involved considerable engineering work and the demolition of no fewer than 540 houses and a church, […].
ref: 1957 August 24, “Notes and News; Tithebarn Street Station, Liverpool”, in Railway Magazine, page 589:
text: This hypothesis goes by many names, including group resistence, the threshold effect, and the gender paradox. Because the hypothesis holds such wide appeal, it is worth revisiting the logic behind it. The hypothesis is built on the factual observation that fewer females than males act antisocially.
ref: 2001 September 27, Terrie E. Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi, Michael Rutter, Phil A. Silva, Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151:
glosses: comparative degree of few; a smaller number.
Derived terms: could care fewer
the fewer the better fare
Related terms: less
fewest
Language: English
Part of speech: det
Senses: examples: text: On Sundays, the fewest cars use this street.
glosses: superlative degree of few; the smallest number.
Related terms: few
fewer
little
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈlɪ.tl̩/
ipa: [ˈlɪ.ɾɫ̩]
ipa: /ˈlɘ.tl̩/
note: Indic
ipa: /lɪʈl̩/
ipa: [lɪʈ.ɐl]
ipa: [lɪʈ.(ʈ)ɨɭ]
rhymes: -ɪtəl
homophone: Littell
Forms: form: less
form: lesser
form: least
Etymology: From Middle English litel, from Old English lyttel, lȳtel, from Proto-West Germanic *lūtil, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz (“tending to stoop, crouched, little”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to bend, bent, small”), equivalent to lout + -le. Cognate with Dutch luttel, regional German lütt and lützel, Saterland Frisian litje, West Frisian lyts, Low German lütt, lüttje. Related also to Old English lūtan (“to bow, bend low”); and perhaps to Old English lytiġ (“deceitful”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍄𐍃 (liuts, “deceitful”); compare also Icelandic lítill (“little”), Faroese lítil, Swedish liten, Danish liden, lille, Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils), which appear to have a different root vowel. More at lout.
Senses: examples: text: This is a little-known fact: the new model is little faster than the old one.
text: She spoke little and listened less.
text: We slept very little last night.
text: Little disappointed, then, she turned attention to “Chat of the Social World,” gossip which exercised potent fascination upon the girl’s intelligence. She devoured with more avidity than she had her food those pretentiously phrased chronicles of the snobocracy—[…]—distilling therefrom an acid envy that robbed her napoleon of all its flavor.
ref: 1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter I (Anarchy), page 373, column 2:
glosses: Not much.
examples: text: Little did he know she never did like him, did he? - Certainly, he little knew what awaited him.
text: But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection. ¶[…]The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window[…], and a ‘bead’ could be drawn upon Molly, the dairymaid, kissing the fogger behind the hedge, little dreaming that the deadly tube was levelled at them.
ref: 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:
glosses: Not at all.
little
Language: English
Part of speech: det
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈlɪ.tl̩/
ipa: [ˈlɪ.ɾɫ̩]
ipa: /ˈlɘ.tl̩/
note: Indic
ipa: /lɪʈl̩/
ipa: [lɪʈ.ɐl]
ipa: [lɪʈ.(ʈ)ɨɭ]
rhymes: -ɪtəl
homophone: Littell
Forms: form: less
form: least
Etymology: From Middle English litel, from Old English lyttel, lȳtel, from Proto-West Germanic *lūtil, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz (“tending to stoop, crouched, little”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to bend, bent, small”), equivalent to lout + -le. Cognate with Dutch luttel, regional German lütt and lützel, Saterland Frisian litje, West Frisian lyts, Low German lütt, lüttje. Related also to Old English lūtan (“to bow, bend low”); and perhaps to Old English lytiġ (“deceitful”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍄𐍃 (liuts, “deceitful”); compare also Icelandic lítill (“little”), Faroese lítil, Swedish liten, Danish liden, lille, Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils), which appear to have a different root vowel. More at lout.
Senses: examples: text: There is (very) little water left.
text: We had very little to do.
text: Across Japan, technology companies and private investors are racing to install devices that until recently they had little interest in: solar panels. Massive solar parks are popping up as part of a rapid build-up that one developer likened to an “explosion.”
ref: 2013 June 21, Chico Harlan, “Japan pockets the subsidy …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 30:
glosses: Not much, only a little: only a small amount (of).
Related terms: a little
little
Language: English
Part of speech: pron
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈlɪ.tl̩/
ipa: [ˈlɪ.ɾɫ̩]
ipa: /ˈlɘ.tl̩/
note: Indic
ipa: /lɪʈl̩/
ipa: [lɪʈ.ɐl]
ipa: [lɪʈ.(ʈ)ɨɭ]
rhymes: -ɪtəl
homophone: Littell
Etymology: From Middle English litel, from Old English lyttel, lȳtel, from Proto-West Germanic *lūtil, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz (“tending to stoop, crouched, little”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to bend, bent, small”), equivalent to lout + -le. Cognate with Dutch luttel, regional German lütt and lützel, Saterland Frisian litje, West Frisian lyts, Low German lütt, lüttje. Related also to Old English lūtan (“to bow, bend low”); and perhaps to Old English lytiġ (“deceitful”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍄𐍃 (liuts, “deceitful”); compare also Icelandic lítill (“little”), Faroese lítil, Swedish liten, Danish liden, lille, Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils), which appear to have a different root vowel. More at lout.
Senses: examples: text: Little is known about his early life.
glosses: Not much; not a large amount.
less
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɛs/
rhymes: -ɛs
Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).
Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).
Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.
Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.
Senses: examples: text: I slept even less last night than I did the night before.
text: I like him less each time I see him.
text: I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
glosses: comparative degree of little
examples: text: Randal is less welcome than Rachel but as her spouse we should invite them both.
text: This gadget is less useful than I expected.
text: I'm not any less happy for being on my own.
text: This section of space is much less empty than that between the stars, […]
ref: 1957, Lester Del Rey, Rockets Through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe:
text: That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.
ref: 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:
text: In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.
ref: 2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:
glosses: Used for constructing syntactic diminutive comparatives of adjectives and adverbs.
examples: text: The grammar book was less than (that is, not at all) helpful.
text: That this is a positive one makes it no less a stereotype, and therefore unacceptable.
glosses: To a smaller extent or degree.
less
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɛs/
rhymes: -ɛs
Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).
Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).
Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.
Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.
Senses: examples: text: It should then tax all of that as personal income, less the proportion of the car's annual mileage demonstrably clocked up on company business.
glosses: Minus; not including