cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
imprecation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪm.pɹɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪm.pɹəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: imprecations
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin imprecātiō (“calling down of curses”), from imprecor (“call down, invoke”).
Senses: examples: text: Hear then this dreadful imprecation; hear it: / 'Tis lay'd on all; not any one exempt: […]
ref: 1679, [John] Dryden, [Nathaniel] Lee, Oedipus: A Tragedy. […], London: […] R. Bentley and M. Magnes […], →OCLC, Act I, page 15:
text: Her son turned to look at her as she reeled and swayed in the middle of the room, her fierce face convulsed with passion, her blotched arms raised high in imprecation. "May Gawd curse her forever," she shrieked.
ref: 1893, Stephen Crane, chapter 10, in Maggie, Girl of the Streets:
glosses: The act of imprecating, or invoking evil upon someone; a prayer that a curse or calamity may befall someone.
examples: text: Mr. Gamfield growled a fierce imprecation on the donkey generally, but more particularly on his eyes; and, running after him, bestowed a blow on his head.
ref: 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], chapter III, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:
text: He drank the spirits and impatiently bade us go; terminating his command with a sequel of horrid imprecations too bad to repeat or remember.
ref: 1847 December, Ellis Bell [pseudonym; Emily Brontë], chapter V, in Wuthering Heights: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Thomas Cautley Newby, […], →OCLC:
text: All life had turned to rottenness and stench in them--love was a beastliness, joy was a snare, and God was an imprecation.
ref: 1905 April–October, Upton Sinclair, chapter XVII, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, →OCLC:
glosses: A curse.
Derived terms: imprecational
Related terms: deprecation
imprecate
imprecatory
precation
imprecate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪmpɹəkeɪt/
Forms: form: imprecates
form: imprecating
form: imprecated
form: imprecated
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin imprecātus, perfect active participle of imprecor (“to invoke (good or evil) upon, pray to, call upon”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from in- (“upon”) + precor (“to pray”).
Senses: examples: text: To sailors, oaths are household words; they will swear in the trance of the calm, and in the teeth of the tempest; they will imprecate curses from the topsail-yard-arms, when most they teeter over to a seething sea; [...]
ref: 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “chapter 119”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:
glosses: To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous.
Derived terms: imprecatingly
imprecator
Related terms: imprecation
imprecatory
impregnation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmpɹɛɡˈneɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: impregnations
Etymology: From Middle English impregnacioun, from Old French impregnacion, in turn from Late Latin impregnatio.
Senses: glosses: The act of making pregnant; fertilization.
glosses: The fact or process of imbuing or saturating with something; diffusion of some element, idea etc. through a medium or substance.
glosses: That with which anything is impregnated.
examples: text: Oil-shales are often the last relics of a former impregnation with petroleum; they are associated with phenomena—such as the intrusive asphaltites or manjacks—common to petroliferous regions, but in many cases the parent oilfields, the sources of the former impregnation, are things of the past.
ref: 1922, Intermountain Industry and Engineering: Official Publication: Utah Motor Transport Ass'n, volume 24:
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore.
Derived terms: reimpregnation
superimpregnation
impressive
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/
rhymes: -ɛsɪv
Forms: form: more impressive
form: most impressive
Etymology: impress + -ive
Senses: examples: text: an impressive speech
text: an impressive movie
synonyms: stupendous
glosses: Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
glosses: Capable of being impressed.
glosses: Appealing.
Derived terms: impressively
impressiveness
Related terms: impression
improper
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɒp.ə/
ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɔp.ə/
ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɑ.pɚ/
rhymes: -ɒpə(ɹ)
Forms: form: more improper
form: most improper
form: impropre
Etymology: From Middle French impropre, from Latin improprius (“not proper”), from in- + proprius (“proper”). By surface analysis, im- + proper.
Senses: glosses: Unsuitable to needs or circumstances; inappropriate; inapt.
examples: text: improper conduct
glosses: Not in keeping with conventional mores or good manners; indecent or immodest.
glosses: Not according to facts; inaccurate or erroneous.
glosses: Not consistent with established facts; incorrect.
glosses: Not properly named; See, for example, improper fraction.
examples: text: Not to be adorned with any art but such improper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and poetry.
ref: 1608, John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess:
glosses: Not specific or appropriate to individuals; general; common.
topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: Of a complex random variable, correlated with its conjugate.
Synonyms: word: unproper
Derived terms: improper divisor
improper face
improper fit
improper fraction
improper integral
improper motion
improperness
improper node
improper noun
improper orthogonal transformation
improper rotation
improper time
improper use
improper workmanship
improper
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɒp.ə/
ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɔp.ə/
ipa: /ɪmˈpɹɑ.pɚ/
rhymes: -ɒpə(ɹ)
Forms: form: impropers
form: impropering
form: impropered
form: impropered
form: impropre
Etymology: From Middle English empropren, perhaps from an unattested Anglo-Norman variant enproprier of Anglo-Norman apropr(i)er, approprier, related to modern French approprier.
Senses: examples: text: He would in like manner improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich and not the poor.
ref: 1565, John Jewel, letter to Thomas Harding:
text: For quotations using this term, see Citations:improper.
glosses: To appropriate; to assign (something, to someone) as a possession or prerogative.
impropriation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmpɹəʊpɹiˈeɪʃn̩/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: impropriations
Etymology: From impropri(ate) + -ation.
Senses: examples: text: […] this practice of impropriation, which was first set on foot by unjust and sacrilegious bulls from Rome, is justly offensive both to God and good men; as misderiving the well-meant devotions of charitable and pious souls into a wrong channel.
ref: 1649, Joseph Hall, Resolutions and Decisions of Divers Practicall cases of Conscience:
text: His first work […] attacked the impropriation of tithes by laymen and emphasised the divine punishments customarily inflicted upon the sacrilegious.
ref: 1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society, published 2012, page 95:
glosses: The act of impropriating; putting an ecclesiastical benefice or tithes in the hands of a layman, or lay corporation.
examples: text: Bishop Richard Watson's bag of some £2,200 a year was made up from […] five other impropriations to the Bishopric of Llandaff, and two to the Archdeacon of Ely.
ref: 1990, Roy Porter, English Society in the 18th Century, Penguin, published 1991, page 62:
glosses: A benefice, tithe etc. that has been put in lay hands.
improvisation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmpɹəvaɪˈzeɪʃən/
ipa: /ɪmˌpɹɑvəˈzeɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪm-/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: improvisations
Etymology: From French improvisation. Morphologically improvise + -ation.
Senses: examples: text: He played a quick improvisation on the keyboard.
glosses: The act or art of composing and making music, poetry, and the like, extemporaneously
glosses: That which is improvised; an impromptu.
glosses: Musical technique, characteristic of blues music.
examples: text: The Ivorian is a player with such a liking for improvisation it does not usually look like he has any more idea than anyone else what he is going to do next, so it was an interesting choice.
ref: 2012 September 15, Amy Lawrence, “Arsenal's Gervinho enjoys the joy of six against lowly Southampton”, in the Guardian:
glosses: The act of improvising, acting or going about something without planning ahead
Derived terms: improvisational
inadaptation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From in- + adaptation.
Senses: glosses: Lack of adaptation; unsuitableness.
inadequate
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈædəkwɪt/
Forms: form: more inadequate
form: most inadequate
form: inadæquate
Etymology: From in- + adequate.
Senses: examples: text: inadequate resources
text: inadequate representation
text: I had not yet seen Mrs. Kennedy. I wondered with what inadequate words I could try to console her.
ref: 1971, Lyndon Johnson, “The Beginning”, in The Vantage Point, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:
text: In a convulsion that has caught many in Brazil and beyond by surprise, waves of protesters denounced their leaders for dedicating so many resources to cultivating Brazil’s global image by building stadiums for international events, when basic services like education and health care remain woefully inadequate.
ref: 2013 June 18, Simon Romero, “Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 21 Jun 2013:
text: By the 21st century, the clearly inadequate facilities needed to be replaced, so the area was rebuilt and modernised between 2009-13 as part of regeneration efforts focused upon the wider area.
ref: 2022 January 12, Paul Bigland, “Fab Four: the nation's finest stations: Wakefield Kirkgate”, in RAIL, number 948, page 28:
text: “Russia is a terrorist country whose leader is an inadequate person”. Putin's failings are evident to the “entire world”, he said.
ref: 2023 June 29, Metro, London, page 13, column 5:
synonyms: insufficient
deficient
glosses: Not adequate; lacking in quality or quantity required; insufficient for a purpose.
Synonyms: word: awanting
word: deficient
word: dismal
word: exiguous
word: geason
word: inadequate
word: insufficient
word: lank
word: lean
word: meager
word: measly
word: paltry
word: raunchy
word: scant
word: scantling
word: scanty
word: scarce
word: skimpy
word: sleazy
word: slender
word: spare
word: sparse
word: threadbare
word: unsufficient
word: wanting
word: wanty
Derived terms: inadequately
inadequateness
Related terms: word: inadequacy
word: subminimal
inadequate
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈædəkwɪt/
Forms: form: inadequates
form: inadæquate
Etymology: From in- + adequate.
Senses: examples: text: Thus, at some critical level of unemployment, “the unemployed” becomes a negative reference group of inadequates, the hardcore unemployed […]
ref: 2012, Norman T. Feather, The Psychological Impact of Unemployment:
glosses: A person who is inadequate.
inalienable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˈneɪ.lɪ.ə.nə.bəl/
ipa: /ɪˈneɪ.li.ə.nə.bəl/
Etymology: Borrowed around 1645 from French inaliénable, from in- + aliénable (“alienable”), equivalent to in- + alienable.
Senses: examples: text: Near-synonyms: indelible, unsurrenderable, permanent
text: An inalienable right is a right that cannot be given away nor taken away.
text: "Know thy own worth, and reverence the lyre," is a line that should be as a fillet bound round the brow—a philactory embroidered on the garments of every son and daughter of Adam distinguished by the possession of that sacred gift, which, whether used or abused, applauded in itself or derided in its possessor, is the highest and the most inalienable distinction humanity ever has or ever can be gifted with, whether bestowed on the highest or the humblest being, in the great mass to which we all belong.
ref: 1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 252:
synonyms: unalienable
antonyms: alienable
coordinate_terms: nontransferable
glosses: Not subject to being alienated, that is, surrendered, taken away, or transferred to another.
examples: text: Just as some languages have a "be" for permanent states (which are essential) and a different "be" for temporary states (which are incidental), some languages have a "have" for unchangeable possession (which is inalienable) and a different "have" for changeable possession (which is alienable).
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: unalienable
antonyms: alienable
glosses: Of or pertaining to a noun belonging to a special class in which the possessive construction differs from the norm, especially for particular familial relationships and body parts, regarding permanence.
Derived terms: word: inalienableness
word: inalienably
word: inalienably
Related terms: unalienated
inanimation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Etymology: From in- + animation.
Senses: glosses: Lack of animation; lifeless; dullness.
inanimation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Etymology: From inanimate + -ion.
Senses: glosses: Infusion of life or vigor; animation; inspiration.
inarticulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.ɑː(ɹ).tɪk.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inarticulations
Etymology: From in- + articulation.
Senses: examples: text: "The inarticulation of a fond father in an undemonstrative family setting is brought out admirably..."
ref: 1976, Uma Parameswaran, A Study of Representative Indo-English Novelists, →ISBN, page 81:
glosses: The state of being inarticulate; inarticulateness.
examples: text: "Another traditional source of inarticulation is the requirement of an eighth-grade diploma for entrance to high school."
ref: 1937, Fred Engelhardt, Alfred Victor Overn, Secondary Education: Principles and Practices, page 124:
topics: education
glosses: Any point in the educational system in which the development of the individual is hindered.
examples: text: "There are some methods of jargonification that became established quite early... These include verb doubling, sound-alike slang, the '-P' convention, overgeneralization, spoken inarticulations, and anthropomorphization."
ref: 2002, Mad Macz, Internet Underground: The Way of the Hacker, page 111:
glosses: An inarticulate or underarticulated utterance.
Related terms: underarticulation
overarticulation
hyperarticulation
inauguration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪˌnɔːɡ(j)ʊˈɹeɪʃən/
note: without the lot–cloth split
ipa: /ɪˌnɔ.ɡjəˈɹeɪʃən/
note: without the lot–cloth split
ipa: /ɪˌnɔ.ɡəˈɹeɪʃən/
note: of Canada
ipa: /ɪˌnɑ.ɡjəˈɹeɪʃən/
note: of Canada
ipa: /ɪˌnɑ.ɡəˈɹeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inaugurations
Etymology: From Middle French inauguration.
Senses: glosses: The act of inaugurating, or inducting into office with solemnity; investiture by appropriate ceremonies.
examples: text: Near-synonym: dedication
text: The inauguration of the new bar was a success, with plenty of discounts.
glosses: The formal beginning, initiation, or entry into service of any movement, enterprise, building, event, etc.
Derived terms: preinauguration
reinauguration
inbred
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˌɪnˈbɹɛd/
rhymes: -ɛd
Forms: form: more inbred
form: most inbred
Etymology: From the past participle of inbreed, equivalent to in- + bred.
Senses: examples: text: We who from daily experience knew Miss Smedley like a book—were we not only too well aware that she had neither accomplishments nor charms—no characteristic, in fact, but an inbred viciousness of temper and disposition?
ref: 1899, Kenneth Grahame, The Golden Age/A White-washed Uncle:
text: His cold experience tempers all his heat, And inbred worth doth boasting valour slight.
ref: 1666, John Bryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders:
glosses: Bred within; innate.
glosses: Having an ancestry characterized by inbreeding.
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: Describing a strain produced through successive generations of inbreeding resulting in a population of genetically identical individuals which are homozygous at all genetic loci.
examples: text: The Lavender Quill Society, that group of in-bred Manhattan gay writers who believe that gay literature begins and ends in their clique (outsiders need not apply for membership).
ref: 1987 April 4, T.R. Witomski, “witomski responds to readers' response to witomski (letter)”, in Gay Community News, page 6:
text: The level of academic inbreeding differs between countries and continents. Macháček et al. (2022) reported that in North America only 31% of all researchers are inbred (based on 22 major fields of science), while in Asia, this proportion is 55%, in Western and Northern Europe 37% and in Central and Eastern Europe reaches nearly 79% which is the highest proportion of inbreeders on the global scale.
ref: 2024 July 16, Jana Růžičková, Zoltán Elek, “Academic inbreeding reduces the scientific performance of ecologists”, in Biologia, volume 79, →DOI, pages 2505–2513:
glosses: Insular or self-contained, primarily interacting with and drawing upon one another.
raw_tags: of a group
Synonyms: sense: bred within
word: inborn
word: indigenous
Derived terms: inbredness
noninbred
inbred
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˌɪnˈbɹɛd/
rhymes: -ɛd
Forms: form: inbreds
Etymology: From the past participle of inbreed, equivalent to in- + bred.
Senses: glosses: A plant or animal produced by inbreeding.
examples: text: Since you all marry your cousins I bet you're a bunch of inbreds.
glosses: A person born of incest.
inbred
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˈɪnˌbɹɛd/
ipa: /ˌɪnˈbɹɛd/
rhymes: -ɛd
Etymology: From inbreed.
Senses: examples: text: People discovered that the Belgian hare of those days was a very delicate animal and that it was subject to many diseases. It had been inbred so long in order to produce show animals that its vitality was nearly gone.
ref: 1920, Chesla Clella Sherlock, chapter 3, in Care and Management of Rabbits:
glosses: simple past and past participle of inbreed
inbreed
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: inbreeds
form: inbreeding
form: inbred
form: inbred
form: imbreed
Etymology: From in- + breed.
Senses: glosses: To breed or reproduce with those that are related.
glosses: To breed with those that share common traits or qualities.
glosses: To produce or generate within.
Related terms: inbred
incapacitation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.kəˌpæs.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incapacitations
Senses: examples: text: I dare not whisper to myself a pension on this side of absolute incapacitation and infirmity, till years have sucked me dry.
ref: 1822, Charles Lamb, The Best Letters of Charles Lamb, LXVIII. To Wordsworth. March 20
text: The incapacitation of South Dakota Senator Tim Johnson has put all eyes in Washington on what is normally a little-noticed Senate vote now scheduled for Jan. 4.
ref: 2006 December 14, Karen Tumulty, “Johnson's Illness Puts Control of the Senate in Doubt”, in Time:
glosses: The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification.
examples: text: Order-maintenance proponents affirmatively promote youth curfews, anti-gang loitering ordinances, and order-maintenance crackdowns as milder alternatives to the theory of incapacitation and increased incarceration.
ref: 2001, Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order:
topics: government
law-enforcement
glosses: The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification.
The imprisonment of a would-be offender, which prevents them from offending.
Synonyms: disablement
incarceration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪŋˌkɑː(ɹ)səˈɹeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incarcerations
Etymology: From Medieval Latin incarcerātiō.
Senses: examples: text: Perpetrated over time, better walk the narrow line / Never challenge what we say / In the darkness of our mind, never thought we'd be so blind / Let the nightmare get away / Isolation cannot be / The best, the best that we can do / Build a cage full of rage, inner demons call your name / Suicide, your only friend / Extermination of ourselves, mass incarceration / Termination of ourselves, mass incarcerate / In the cage, in the cage / You will remain
ref: 2020 February 7, “Isolation”, in Derrick Green (lyrics), Quadra, performed by Sepultura:
text: […]Syria reemerged indirectly, through Turkey's incarceration of Pastor Andrew Brunson.
ref: 2020 June 23, John Bolton, The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 183:
glosses: The act of confining, or the state of being confined; imprisonment.
topics: medicine
sciences
surgery
glosses: A strangulation, as in a hernia.
glosses: A constriction of the hernial sac, rendering it irreducible, but not great enough to cause strangulation.
Derived terms: decarceration
disincarceration
e-carceration
incarcerative
overincarceration
reincarceration
Related terms: incarcerate
incarnation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪŋ.kɑːˈneɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌɪŋ.kɑɹˈneɪ.ʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incarnations
Etymology: From Middle English incarnacion, borrowed from Old French incarnacion, from Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin incarnatio, from Late Latin incarnari (“to be made flesh”).
Senses: examples: text: She is a new incarnation of some of the illustrious dead.
ref: 1815, Francis Jeffrey, Wordsworth's White Doe (review)
text: She had cast off the terror of the leaping flame, the cold power of judgment that was even now being done, and the wise sadness of the tombs - cast them off and put them behind her, like the white shroud she wore, and now stood out the incarnation of lovely tempting womanhood, made more perfect - and in a way more spiritual - than ever woman was before.
ref: 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:
text: Robespierre, the very incarnation of lustful and deadly Vengeance, stands silently by..
ref: 1922, Baroness Orczy, The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel:
text: The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.
ref: 2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:
glosses: An incarnate being or form.
examples: text: It seems that they existed in some sort of previous incarnation of our universe, and use abstract terms to describe their existence, such as "feeding on concepts". They prepared for some sort of ascension, but then the Pattern came, which they describe at first as an all-consuming emptiness, elaborating by saying that anything that passed into it was torn asunder, subjected to a set of principles and order that grinds things down to nothing, in a process of which entropy is just one part.
ref: 2019 January 7, “Exploring the SCP Foundation: Pattern Screamers” (6:12 from the start), in The Exploring Series, archived from the original on 11 Jan 2023:
glosses: A version or iteration (of something).
synonyms: avatar
glosses: A living being embodying a deity or spirit.
glosses: An assumption of human form or nature.
examples: text: The leading dancer is the incarnation of grace.
synonyms: embodiment
instantiation
realization
glosses: A person or thing regarded as embodying or exhibiting some quality, idea, or the like.
glosses: The act of incarnating.
glosses: The state of being incarnated.
glosses: A rosy or red colour; flesh (the colour); carnation.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: The process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh; granulation.
Derived terms: disincarnation
incarnational
Related terms: carnal
incarnate
reincarnate
reincarnation
incineration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incinerations
Etymology: From incinerate + -ion.
Senses: glosses: The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation.
Derived terms: co-incineration
microincineration
incitation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnsɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incitations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French incitation.
Senses: glosses: The act of inciting or moving to action.
examples: text: A notable man, great in yeares, in name, in dignity and in learning, vaunted himselfe unto me, that he was induced to a certaine most important change of his religion, by a strange and fantastical incitation[…].
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 29, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
glosses: Something that incites to action; a stimulus or incentive.
incomplete
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪn.kəmˈpliːt/
rhymes: -iːt
Forms: form: more incomplete
form: most incomplete
Etymology: From Middle English incomplete, incompleet, from Late Latin incomplētus, from in- (“un-; not”) + complētus (“complete”), equivalent to in- (“not”) + complete.
Senses: examples: text: Stefania handed in her writing incomplete.
text: an incomplete jigsaw puzzle
text: My knowledge on the subject is incomplete.
text: He considers that his life would be incomplete if not for his children.
glosses: Not complete; not finished.
topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: Of a flower, wanting any of the usual floral organs.
Synonyms: sense: not complete
word: unwhole
sense: not complete
word: underdone
sense: not complete
word: unfinished
Derived terms: incomplete abortion
incomplete dominance
incomplete flower
incompleteness
incomplete sentence
subincomplete
Related terms: incompletely
incompletion
incomplete
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪn.kəmˈpliːt/
rhymes: -iːt
Forms: form: incompletes
Etymology: From Middle English incomplete, incompleet, from Late Latin incomplētus, from in- (“un-; not”) + complētus (“complete”), equivalent to in- (“not”) + complete.
Senses: glosses: Something incomplete.
A multipart file posted to a Usenet newsgroup that is incomplete and thus unusable.
topics: video-games
glosses: Something incomplete.
A multiplayer game that is abandoned because one player disconnects.
examples: text: He got four incompletes out of five courses last semester.
glosses: A designation of being incomplete.
inconsideration
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inconsiderations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French inconsideration and its source, Latin incōnsiderātiōnem.
Senses: examples: text: new trained Souldiers, and such as are but novices in the trade, doe often headlong, and hand over head cast themselves into dangers, with more inconsideration, than afterward when they have seene and endured the first shocke, and are better trained in the schoole of perils.
ref: , II.11
text: He had no leisure to explain himself further, nor Oriana, prepossessed as she was in favour of Philimore, to weigh the subject with that maturity it demanded:—fatal inconsideration, unbecoming Oriana! Her lover anxiously waiting her reply, she expressed her full consent, when her mother and sister joined her.
ref: 1838, [Letitia Elizabeth] Landon (indicated as editor), chapter XI, in Duty and Inclination: […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 158:
glosses: Lack of due consideration; inattention to consequences, thoughtlessness.
incoordination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incoordinations
Etymology: From in- + coordination.
Senses: examples: text: Charcot later gave the classical picture of incoordination, tremor and nystagmus.
ref: 1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 527:
topics: medicine
physiology
sciences
glosses: Lack of coordination, especially in terms of muscle control.
incorporation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪŋˌkɔːpəˈɹeɪʃən/
ipa: /ɪŋˌkɔɹpəˈɹeɪʃən/
ipa: /ɪŋˌkoːpəˈɹæɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incorporations
Etymology: From Middle English incorporacioun, from Old French incorporacion, from Late Latin incorporatio.
Senses: glosses: The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated.
glosses: The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis.
examples: text: After the city's incorporation into the capital district, the population rose.
glosses: The union of something with a body already existing; association; intimate union; assimilation.
glosses: The act of creating a corporation.
glosses: A body incorporated; a corporation.
examples: text: Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, Siberia and northern Australia.
topics: human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A phenomenon by which a grammatical category forms a compound with its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.
topics: law
glosses: A doctrine of constitutional law according to which certain parts of the Bill of Rights are extended to bind individual American states. ᵂᵖ
Derived terms: articles of incorporation
bioincorporation
coincorporation
disincorporation
misincorporation
municipal incorporation
photoincorporation
preincorporation
reincorporation
unincorporation
incrustation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnkɹʌsˈteɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incrustations
Etymology: From Latin incrustātiō.
Senses: glosses: The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted.
glosses: A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler.
glosses: A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement.
glosses: Anything inlaid or embedded.
examples: text: Her reception of her brother was most affectionate—there are times when the most artificial, by habit, become natural; when the early memories of the heart, for a short time at least, spring up as a fountain of living waters, overflowing the selfish vanities and conventional incrustations which the world has planted—giving honest smiles to the countenance; artless, yet loving words to the tongue; and the gratified heart seems restored to a new childhood.
ref: 1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 244:
glosses: An accumulated characteristic of a person that disguises their true nature.
incubation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnkjuːˈbeɪʃən/
ipa: /ɪnkjuˈbeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: incubations
Etymology: From Latin incubātiō, from incubō (“to lie on”).
Senses: glosses: Sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatching young; a brooding on, or keeping warm, to develop the life within, by any process.
examples: text: 1829, A Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases
The course of small-pox, whether distinct or confluent, may be divided into five stages, which are known under the names of incubation, invasion, eruption, suppuration, and desiccation. This division, founded on the most prominent symptoms that the disease presents, although it is an arbitrary one, still affords a facility in the study. The period of incubation comprises the interval of time that elapses from the infection to the beginning of the attack; its duration is from six to twenty days. It is not designated by any visible symptom, as the individual apparently continues in good health.
topics: medicine
pathology
sciences
glosses: The development of a disease from its causes, or the period of such development.
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A period of little reaction which is followed by more rapid reaction.
topics: human-sciences
psychology
sciences
glosses: One of the four proposed stages of creativity (preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification): the unconscious recombination of thought elements that were stimulated through conscious work at one point in time, resulting in novel ideas at a later point.
examples: text: Incubation in the vicinity of burial places, cremation grounds, holy wells and sacred streams was common. The ancient Hebrews visited vaults or slept among tombs to get meaningful dreams.
ref: 1978, Benjamin Walker, Encyclopedia of Metaphysical Medicine, Routledge, page 144:
glosses: Sleeping in a temple or other holy place in order to have oracular dreams or to receive healing.
Derived terms: coincubation
immunoincubation
incubational
incubation period
incubation time
microincubation
postincubation
preincubation
reincubation
Related terms: incubate
incubative
incubator
inculpation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: inculpations
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Late Latin inculpātiō.
Senses: glosses: Blame; censure; crimination.
Related terms: inculpate
inculpatory
incur
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈkɜː/
ipa: /ɪnˈkɝ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
Forms: form: incurs
form: incurring
form: incurred
form: incurred
form: encur
Etymology: From Middle English incurren, from Anglo-Norman encurir, Middle French encourir, from Old French encorre, from Latin incurrere.
Senses: examples: text: Near-synonym: contract (debts, etc.)
text: Cruelty incurs calamity.
text: VVherefore I beſeech every one vvhom it may concerne, to put on a ſerious diſplicence, upon theſe occaſions, that they may not incurre this menace of Chriſt, VVoe be unto you that laugh novv, but rather entitle themſelves to this promiſe of the Holy Ghoſt, They ſhall laugh in the latter day.
ref: 1648, Walter Montagu, “The Eleventh Treatise. Of Medisance or Detraction. §. II. Some Rules whereby to Square Our Discourse, and an Expedient Offered towards the Correction of Medisance.”, in Miscellanea Spiritualia: Or, Devout Essaies, London: […] W[illiam] Lee, D[aniel] Pakeman, and G[abriel] Bedell, […], →OCLC, page 135:
text: [T]he master in his wrath may easily incur worse evil himself than he inflicts—[...]
ref: 1891, “The Hellenica”, in Henry Graham Dakyns, transl., The works of Xenophon, Book 5, Chapter 3:
text: And here it is to be noted that hatred is incurred as well on account of good actions as of bad;
ref: 1910, Nicholas Machiavelli, translated by Ninian Hill Thomson, The Prince, Chapter XIX:
coordinate_terms: experience
encounter
sustain
glosses: To bring upon oneself or expose oneself to, especially something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to become liable or subject to.
examples: text: Near-synonyms: entail, invoke
text: The least neglect of duty will incur[...] the penalty of thirty-nine well laid on in the morning.
ref: 1861, Francis Colburn Adams, “Chapter VII”, in An Outcast:
text: Lest you incur me much more damage in my fame than you have done me pleasure in preserving my life.
ref: 1605 August (first performance), Geo[rge] Chapman, Ben Ionson, Ioh[n] Marston, Eastward Hoe. […], London: […] [George Eld] for William Aspley, published September 1605, →OCLC, (please specify the page):
topics: accounting
business
finance
law
coordinate_terms: experience
encounter
sustain
glosses: To bring upon oneself or expose oneself to, especially something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to become liable or subject to.
To render (somebody, or oneself) liable or subject to.
synonyms: occasion
glosses: To enter or pass into.
glosses: To fall within a period or scope; to occur; to run into danger.
Derived terms: incurrable
nonincurred
reincur
Related terms: incurrence
incursion
incursive
indefatigable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.dɪˈfæt.ɪ.ɡə.bəl/
ipa: /ˌɪn.dəˈfæt.ɪ.ɡə.bəl/
ipa: [ˌɪn.dəˈfæɾ.ɪ.ɡə.bəl]
ipa: /ˌɪn.dɪ.fəˈti.ɡə.bəl/
ipa: /ˌɪn.də-/
Forms: form: more indefatigable
form: most indefatigable
Etymology: From Middle French, from Latin indēfatīgābilis (“untiring”), from in- (“not”) + dēfatīgō (“to tire out”).
Senses: examples: text: [...] But he was at the ſame Time an excellent Scholar, and moſt indefatigable in teaching the two Lads.
ref: 1749, Henry Fielding, “Containing Two Letters in Very Different Stiles”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume VI, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book XVIII, page 196:
text: He was respected by all who knew him for his integrity and indefatigable attention to public business.
ref: 1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter I, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume I, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 39:
text: All night long the Martians were hammering and stirring, sleepless, indefatigable, at work upon the machines they were making ready, and ever and again a puff of greenish-white smoke whirled up to the starlit sky.
ref: 1895–1897, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, “Friday Night”, in The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, published 1898, →OCLC, book I (The Coming of the Martians), pages 54–55:
synonyms: inexhaustible
relentless
tireless
unflagging
unsinkable
untiring
unwearying
antonyms: word: defatigable
english: much less common
translation: much less common
glosses: Extremely persistent and untiring.
Derived terms: indefatigability
Indefatigable
indefatigableness
indefatigably
Related terms: indissuadable
indemnification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˌdɛmnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
ipa: /ənˌdɛmnəfəˈkeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: indemnifications
Senses: glosses: The act or process of indemnifying, preserving, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty.
glosses: A reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty.
glosses: The state of being indemnified.
glosses: That which indemnifies.
topics: law
glosses: indemnity
indent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪndɛnt/
ipa: /ɪnˈdɛnt/
ipa: /ɪnˈdɛnt/
rhymes: -ɛnt
Forms: form: indents
Etymology: Partly from Middle English indenten (“to dent in”), equivalent to in- + dent (see dent); partly from Middle English indenten, endenten, from Old French endenter (“to provide with teeth”), from en- (“in-, en-”) + dent (“tooth”), from Latin dēns.
Senses: glosses: A cut or notch in the margin of anything, or a recess like a notch.
glosses: A stamp; an impression.
glosses: A certificate, or intended certificate, issued by the government of the United States at the close of the Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt.
glosses: A requisition or order for supplies, sent to the commissariat of an army.
Derived terms: dedent
indentable
indentation
indenter
indentment
indentwise
indent
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪndɛnt/
ipa: /ɪnˈdɛnt/
ipa: /ɪnˈdɛnt/
rhymes: -ɛnt
Forms: form: indents
form: indenting
form: indented
form: indented
Etymology: Partly from Middle English indenten (“to dent in”), equivalent to in- + dent (see dent); partly from Middle English indenten, endenten, from Old French endenter (“to provide with teeth”), from en- (“in-, en-”) + dent (“tooth”), from Latin dēns.
Senses: examples: text: to indent the edge of paper
glosses: To notch; to jag; to cut into points like a row of teeth
glosses: To be cut, notched, or dented.
examples: text: indent a smooth surface with a hammer
text: to indent wax with a stamp
glosses: To dent; to stamp or to press in; to impress
glosses: To cut the two halves of a document in duplicate, using a jagged or wavy line so that each party could demonstrate that their copy was part of the original whole.
examples: text: The Polanders indented with Henry, Duke of Anjou, their new-chosen king, to bring with him an hundred families of artificers into Poland.
ref: , New York, 2001, p.91
text: And is this now the Person who is to oblige his Maker? to indent and drive bargains with the Almighty?
ref: 1698, Robert South, Twelve Sermons upon Several Subjects and Occasions, London: Thomas Bennet, page 28:
text: 1803, John Browne Cutting, “A Succinct History of Jamaica” in Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, pp. xlii-xliii,
[…] he accidentally met with the commander of a trading vessel bound to Barbadoes, and being actuated by an adventurous spirit, [he] bargained for a passage by indenting himself to serve a planter for four years after his arrival in that island.
glosses: To enter into a binding agreement by means of such documents; to formally commit (to doing something); to contract.
examples: text: to indent a young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant
glosses: To engage (someone), originally by means of indented contracts.
examples: text: to indent the first line of a paragraph one em
text: to indent the second paragraph two ems more than the first
topics: media
publishing
typography
glosses: To begin (a line or lines) at a greater or lesser distance from the margin. See indentation, and indention. Normal indent pushes in a line or paragraph. "Hanging indent" pulls the line out into the margin.
examples: text: Seeing Orlando, it vnlink'd it selfe,
And with indented glides, did slip away
ref: c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:
glosses: To crook or turn; to wind in and out; to zigzag.
examples: text: What is the rule observed in India in indenting upon England for military stores ?
ref: 1832 May 23, John Byng examining Jasper Nicolls in the House of Commons
topics: government
military
politics
war
qualifier: dated elsewhere
glosses: To make an order upon; to draw upon, as for military stores.
Derived terms: dedent
hanging indent
indentwise
indentation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪndɛnˈteɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: indentations
Etymology: From indent + -ation.
Senses: glosses: The act of indenting or state of being indented.
examples: text: the indentations of a leaf
text: indentations of the coast
glosses: A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything.
glosses: A recess or sharp depression in any surface.
examples: text: The resulting document does not contain the indentation and line breaks found in the original document.
ref: 2007, Robert Richards, Pro PHP XML and Web Services, Apress, →ISBN, page 502:
topics: media
publishing
typography
glosses: The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph.
examples: text: an indentation of one em
glosses: A measure of the distance from the flush line.
examples: text: The explanatory report acknowledges that the result of the rule under the second indentation can appear arbitrary.
ref: 2013, Jenny Papettas, The Law Applicable to Cross Border Road Traffic Accidents, Birmingham, page 204:
topics: law
synonyms: indent
glosses: A division unit of a piece of law distinguished by its indentation or by a dash.
Derived terms: dedentation
hanging indentation
indentational
macroindentation
microindentation
nanoindentation
picoindentation
reindentation
independence
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌɪn.dɪˈpɛn.dəns/
Forms: form: independences
form: independance
Etymology: From French indépendance. Analyzable as in- + de- + pend + -ence or in- + dependence.
Senses: examples: text: In 1947, India gained independence from the British Empire.
text: Bob the aforesaid, and his present chances of deriving a competent independence from the honourable profession to which he had devoted himself.
ref: 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Relates How Mr. Pickwick, with the Assistance of Samuel Weller, Essayed to Soften the Heart of Mr. Benjamin Allen, and to Mollify the Wrath of Mr. Robert Sawyer”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC, page 508:
text: […] I had achieved my own living, preserved my independence, and become indebted to no one.
ref: 1851, George Borrow, chapter XXXI, in Lavengro; the Scholar—the Gypsy—the Priest. […], volume II, London: John Murray […], →OCLC, pages 271–272:
text: And this year, some of the granite facades have a new addition - the blue and yellow of the flag of Ukraine. It's hardly surprising to see the Scots, a nation more attuned to independence than some, showing solidarity with a country brutally invaded by Russia.
ref: 2022 November 30, Paul Bigland, “Destination Oban: a Sunday in Scotland”, in RAIL, number 971, page 75:
glosses: The quality or state of being independent; lack of dependence; the state of not being reliant on, or controlled by, others.
glosses: The state of having sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood.
Derived terms: antiindependence
anti-independence
financial independence
Independence County
independence day
independence number
independence war
independency
independentism
independentist
linear independence
nonindependence
postindependence
preindependence
war of independence
indetermination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: indeterminations
Etymology: From in- + determination.
Senses: glosses: Lack of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind.
glosses: Lack of fixed or stated direction.
Hypernyms: determination
indiscreet
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: -iːt
Forms: form: indiscreeter
form: indiscreetest
Etymology: From in- + discreet.
Senses: examples: text: Haz sits in the trailer for 10 hours straight, eyes trained on the patrons. If he sees the makings of a drug deal or a fight, he notifies the club’s in-house security by walkie-talkie. It amazes him how indiscreet drug dealers can be—with the bulges in their socks and their melodramatic handovers—despite the presence of security guards.
ref: 2018 February, Robert Draper, “They are Watching You—and Everything Else on the Planet: Technology and Our Increasing Demand for Security have Put Us All under Surveillance. Is Privacy Becoming just a Memory?”, in National Geographic, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 Jun 2018:
glosses: Not discreet; lacking in discretion.
Derived terms: indiscreetly
indiscreetness
indiscrimination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: indiscriminations
Etymology: From in- + discrimination.
Senses: glosses: Lack of discrimination or distinction; impartiality.
individualization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: individualizations
form: individualisation
Etymology: From individual + -ization.
Senses: examples: text: “The individualization of systemic problems under late-stage capitalism is crazy,” Diacono later said.
ref: 2023 August 28, Michelle Lhooq, quoting Tommy Diacono, “Burning Man attendees roadblocked by climate activists: ‘They have a privileged mindset’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: The act of individualizing; the state of being individualized.
Derived terms: deindividualization
indoctrination
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˌdɒktrɪˈneɪʃn/
ipa: /ɪnˌdɑktrəˈneɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: indoctrinations
Etymology: First attested in 1646; from indoctrinate + -ion.
Senses: glosses: The act of indoctrinating, or the condition of being indoctrinated.
glosses: Instruction in the rudiments and principles of any science or belief system; information.
Derived terms: counterindoctrination
deindoctrination
indoctrinational