against
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Pronunciation: ipa: /əˈɡɛnst/
ipa: /əˈɡeɪnst/
ipa: /əˈɡɛnst/
ipa: /əˈɡɛnst/
ipa: /əˈɡeɪnst/
ipa: [əˈɡeə̯nst]
ipa: [əˈɡɛːnst]
rhymes: -ɛnst
rhymes: -eɪnst
Forms: form: againest
form: agaynest
form: agaynst
form: ageinest
form: ageinst
form: agenest
form: agenst
form: ageynest
form: ageynst
form: agin
form: 'gainst
form: gainst
Etymology: Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. By surface analysis, again + -st (excrescent ending).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian juun (“against”), West Frisian tsjin (“against”), Dutch tegen (“against”), German Low German gegen (“against”), German gegen (“against”), Icelandic gegn (“against”).
Senses: examples: text: It is hard work to swim against the current.
glosses: In a contrary direction to.
examples: text: The rain pounds against the window.
text: Ivor had acquired more than a mile of fishing rights with the house ; he was not at all a good fisherman, but one must do something ; one generally, however, banged a ball with a squash-racket against a wall.
ref: 1922, Michael Arlen, “3/19/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:
glosses: In physical opposition to; in collision with.
examples: text: The ladder was leaning against the wall.
text: The puppy rested its head against a paw.
text: The kennel was put against the back wall.
glosses: In physical contact with, so as to abut or be supported by.
examples: text: A row of trees stood against a fence.
text: We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine.[…]As we reached the lodge we heard the whistle, and we backed up against one side of the platform as the train pulled up at the other.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
glosses: Close to, alongside.
examples: text: The giant was silhouetted against the door.
glosses: In front of; before (a background).
examples: text: There is an awesome authenticity in Barrus's voice which, I imagine, is frightening to those who must evaluate art against a one-dimensional standard of political rectitude.
ref: 1986 February 15, Lars Eighner, “A Homosexual Norman Mailer?”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 31, page 5:
text: He stands out against his classmates.
text: This report sets out the risks against the benefits.
glosses: In contrast or comparison with.
examples: text: The Tigers will play against the Bears this weekend.
text: “[…] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”
ref: 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
text: The breakthrough came through Torres who, pilloried for his miss against Manchester United a week earlier, scored his second goal of the season.
ref: 2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4-1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport:
glosses: In competition with, versus.
examples: text: Doing this is against my principles.
text: It is against the law to smoke on these premises.
text: There was no car in sight so we crossed against the red light.
glosses: Contrary to; in conflict with.
examples: text: Are you against freedom of choice?
text: He waged a ten-year campaign against the company that was polluting the river.
text: I'd bet against his succeeding.
text: (with implied object) Ten voted for, and three voted against.
text: Mr. Cooke at once began a tirade against the residents of Asquith for permitting a sandy and generally disgraceful condition of the roads. So roundly did he vituperate the inn management in particular, and with such a loud flow of words, that I trembled lest he should be heard on the veranda.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
text: Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation,[…]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.
ref: 2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:
antonyms: for
glosses: In opposition to.
examples: text: That horse is fifty-to-one against, so it has virtually no chance of winning.
antonyms: on
glosses: Of betting odds, denoting a worse-than-even chance.
examples: text: The vouchers are redeemable against West End shows and theatre breaks.
glosses: In exchange for.
glosses: As counterbalance to.
examples: text: Tax is levied against income from sales.
glosses: As a charge on.
examples: text: He turned the umbrella against the wind.
text: Beautie alone is a ſoveraigne remedy againſt feare,griefe,and all melancholy fits; a charm,as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme,a banquet it ſelfe;he gives inſtance in diſcontented Menelaus that was ſo often freed by Helenas faire face: and ʰTully, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chiefe patron of this Tenent.
ref: 1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv, page 298:
text: Monoclonal antibodies were raised against these proteins: IN-1 and IN-2 bound both to the 35 kd and 250 kd inhibitors and to the surface of differentiated cultured oligodendrocytes.
ref: 1988 March 1, Pico Caroni with Martin E. Schwab, “Antibody against myelin associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS white matter”, in Neuron, →DOI, page 85:
glosses: As protection from.
examples: text: The stores are kept well stocked against a time of need.
text: He wrote to a friend of his, that he lived but with browne bread and water, and entreated him to send him a piece of cheese, against [translating pour] the time he was to make a solemne feast.
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 11, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
text: "And now leave me, I pray thee, and thou too, my own Kallikrates, for I would get me ready against our journey, and so must ye both, and your servant also."
ref: 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:
text: A quarter of a mile inland we came upon the holluschickie -- sleek young bulls, living out the loneliness of their bachelorhood and gathering strength against the day when they would fight their way into the ranks of the benedicts
ref: 1904, Jack London, chapter 30, in The Sea-Wolf (Macmillan’s Standard Library), New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:
text: Of the two fried chops served him for breakfast he ate one and gave Edmund the other, and put a buttered sandwich of bread in his pocket against the accidents of travel.
ref: 1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 18:
text: Rod, who always distrusted such methods, was forced to accept the new way but had begun to stash away large amounts of cash against the day that the system might be sabotaged or failed entirely.
ref: 2003, Rodger J. Bille, A Few of the Chosen: Survivors of Terrorism, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN, page 8:
glosses: In anticipation of; in preparation for (a particular time, event etc.).
examples: text: The studio weren't sure the movie would ever get made, so they only paid $50,000 against $200,000. That way they wouldn't be out very much if filming never began.
text: “Hollywood noises” yielded an early $35,000 option against $100,000 if the movie was made.
ref: 2011, Charles Foran, Mordecai: The Life & Times:
qualifier: Hollywood
glosses: To be paid now in contrast to the following amount to be paid later under specified circumstances, usually that a movie is made or has started filming.
glosses: Exposed to.
Synonyms: sense: in competition with
word: versus
Derived terms: against all odds
againster
againstism
against nature
againstness
against one's better judgment
against someone's will
against the clock
against the collar
against the grain
against the hair
against the law
against the run of play
against the world
against time
a house divided against itself cannot stand
as against
as much sinning as sinned against
back against the wall
bang one's head against a brick wall
bear against
beat one's head against a stone wall
brief against
bring up against
chalk against
come up against
count against
crime against humanity
crime against nature
criminal against humanity
dead against
dead set against
death against
discriminated-against
give against
go against
go against the grain
go up against
guard against
have against
hereagainst
hit up against
hold against
hope against hope
kick against
kick against the pricks
make against
make head against
over against
pit against
play against type
play both ends against the middle
play both sides against the middle
play one against another
push against an open door
push up against
race against the clock
race against time
rub up against
rule against perpetuities
run against
run up against
sell against the box
set against
set one's face against
side against
stand up against
stumble against
take against
talk against time
tell against
thereagainst
turn against
up against
up against it
up against the wall
weigh against
whereagainst
work both ends against the middle
work both sides against the middle