cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
census
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɛnsəs/
Forms: form: censuses
form: censusses
form: censusing
form: censussing
form: censused
form: censused
form: censussed
form: censussed
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin cēnsus, from cēnseō. See censor.
Senses: examples: text: Each page of the schedule was crossruled with 8 lines, capable of censussing 8 individuals.
ref: 1893, Census of India, 1891, volume 23, page 347:
text: Indeed, none of the recorded characteristics of buildings nor their location affected our counts of breeding Sparrows, which appeared to be distributed rather homogeneously across the urban areas we censused.
ref: 2008, Pierandrea Brichetti et al., “Recent declines in urban Italian Sparrow Passer (domesticus) italiae populations in northern Italy”, in Ibis, page 179, column 2:
glosses: To conduct a census on.
examples: text: My initiation to waterfowl censussing took place in the early days of the A.W.E., as it is familiarly known, when I served as a junior to one of the ablest of the Witwatersrand pioneers, Royce Reed. The method used must remain one of the three basic methods of Transvaal waterfowl censussing, although it has certain inherent limitations.
ref: 1965, Fauna & Flora, page 46:
text: For 14 individuals, eight censusses per daily period were performed within two weeks (32 censusses per individual), each time recording the coordinates of location. The territories of the individuals were defined as the area defended successfully against conspecifics by agonistic and/or non-agonistic behaviour, as described by Wickler (1969) and Nelissen (1976). The locations of the territories were determined from censussing; their sizes were estimated by behavioural observations.
ref: 1995, Netherlands Journal of Zoology, volume 45, page 390:
glosses: To collect a census.
housing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈhaʊsɪŋ/
rhymes: -aʊzɪŋ
rhymes: -aʊsɪŋ
Forms: form: housings
Etymology: From Middle English housynge, housinge, from housen (“to house, shelter; receive into one's house”), equivalent to house + -ing. Cognate with Scots housing (“housing”), Old Frisian hūsinge (whence Saterland Frisian Huzenge); compare also Dutch huizing, behuizing (“housing”), Low German husing, hüsing (“housing”), German Behausung (“housing”), Swedish inhysing (“housing”).
Senses: glosses: The activity of enclosing something or providing a residence for someone.
examples: text: She lives in low-income housing.
glosses: Residences, collectively.
examples: text: The gears were grinding against their housing.
glosses: A mechanical component's container or covering.
glosses: A cover or cloth for a horse's saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings.
glosses: An appendage to the harness or collar of a harness.
topics: architecture
glosses: The space taken out of one solid to admit the insertion of part of another, such as the end of one timber in the side of another.
glosses: A niche for a statue.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: A houseline.
Derived terms: affordable housing
bell housing
bellhousing
cohousing
council housing
ecohousing
housing bubble
housing commission
housing estate
housing project
housing stock
housing unit
houso
inclusionary housing
microhousing
nonhousing
open housing
public housing
security housing unit
social housing
subsidized housing
tract housing
housing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈhaʊsɪŋ/
rhymes: -aʊzɪŋ
rhymes: -aʊsɪŋ
Etymology: From house + -ing.
Senses: examples: text: We are housing the company's servers in Florida.
glosses: present participle and gerund of house
Synonyms: sense: houses
word: accommodation
sense: houses
word: lodging
sense: mechanical component's container
word: case
sense: mechanical component's container
word: casing
sense: mechanical component's container
word: cover
sense: mechanical component's container
word: covering
sense: mechanical component's container
word: lid
Related terms: house
confusion
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kənˈfjuːʒən/
rhymes: -uːʒən
Forms: form: confusions
Etymology: From Middle English confusioun, from Old French confusion, from Latin confusio, confusionem.
Morphologically confuse + -ion.
Senses: examples: text: But much of the federal workforce is located outside the nation’s capital, and Trump’s offer was met with confusion and skepticism in many of those offices.
ref: 2025 February 1, Tami Luhby, Eric Bradner and Rene Marsh, “Federal employees confused, angered by Trump’s offer to quit”, in CNN:
glosses: A lack of clarity or order.
examples: text: Forgive these wild and wandering cries,
⁠Confusions of a wasted youth;
⁠Forgive them where they fail in truth,
And in thy wisdom make me wise.
ref: 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Prologue”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:
glosses: The state of being confused; misunderstanding.
examples: text: The confusion of sexual orientation and gender identity leads to discrimination and stereotyping.
text: Now (exc. in Nautical language, see b) it is only dialectal or an illiterate substitute for lie, its identity of form with the past tense of the latter no doubt accounting largely for the confusion.
ref: 1908, “lay v.¹”, in James A. H. Murray et al., editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume VI, Part 1, London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 128:
glosses: The act of mistaking one thing for another or conflating distinct things.
glosses: Lack of understanding due to dementia.
examples: text: Lady Bellaston fixed her eyes on Sophia whilst she spoke these words. To which that poor young lady, having her face overspread with blushes and confusion, answered, in a stammering voice […]
ref: 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:
glosses: A state of shame or embarrassment.
examples: text: A group of wildebeest is called a confusion.
ref: 2019 June 6, “A gaggle, a confusion and a conspiracy - bizarre animal collective group names”, in BBC:
glosses: A group of wildebeest.
Synonyms: sense: lack of clarity or order
word: discombobulation
sense: state of being confused
word: bewilderment
sense: state of being confused
word: disarray
word: bafflement
word: bemusement
word: confusion
word: flabbergast
word: flabbergastation
word: flabbergastment
word: misunderstanding
word: muddle
word: mix-up
word: noncomputation
word: quagmire
Derived terms: compfusion
cone of confusion
confusional
confusionism
confusionist
deconfusion
minim confusion
muscle confusion
nipple confusion
reverse confusion
Related terms: word: confuse
word: confusing
word: commotion
word: disorder
mitt
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /mɪt/
rhymes: -ɪt
Forms: form: mitts
Etymology: Clipping of mitten.
Senses: glosses: A mitten
glosses: An oversized, protective glove such as an oven mitt or a baseball mitt.
examples: text: Hey, get your cotton-picking mitts off my sandwich!
glosses: A hand.
Derived terms: baseball mitt
big mitt man
catcher's mitt
garbage mitt
mitted
mittful
mittless
oven mitt
washing mitt
Related terms: glove
indict
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈdaɪt/
homophone: indite
rhymes: -aɪt
Forms: form: indicts
form: indicting
form: indicted
form: indicted
Etymology: From Middle English enditen, endyten (“to accuse”), from Old French enditer (“to dictate, indite”), from Late Latin indictāre, frequentative of Latin indicere (“to proclaim”), from in- + dicere (“to say”), or from in- + dictāre (“to say often, to dictate”). Doublet of indite.
The irregular spelling is due to the word having been borrowed into Middle English from Old French, and not from Latin as was the case with most other descendants of dictāre (but see dight). The borrowed /iː/ regularly shifted to /aɪ/ in the course of the Great Vowel Shift; the ⟨c⟩ represents a later attempt at graphic Latinisation.
Senses: examples: text: a book that indicts modern values
text: Co-writer Jonathan Keasey has said the film will aim to indict “our nonstop, 24-7 media cycle that convicts and ruins the lives of so many people without any due process”.
ref: 2023 September 29, Benjamin Lee, quoting Jonathan Keasey, “OceanGate Titan sub disaster movie in the offing”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
glosses: To accuse of wrongdoing; charge.
examples: text: his former manager was indicted for fraud
text: “Now, let’s consider what our competition did in the same six-week period,” wrote Betsy Ankney, Haley’s campaign manager. “Donald Trump had a good Q1, if you count being indicted as ‘good.'"
ref: 2023 April 11 [2023 April 10], Sarah Elbeshbishi, quoting Betsy Ankney, “Former South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley slams Donald Trump, Ron DeSantis in campaign letter”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 12 Apr 2023:
topics: law
glosses: To make a formal accusation or indictment for a crime against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.
Derived terms: indictability
indictable
indict a ham sandwich
indictee
indicter
indictment
indictor
reindict
unindicted
Related terms: word: indite
word: endict
word: induct
measly
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmiːzli/
ipa: /ˈmizli/
rhymes: -iːzli
Forms: form: measlier
form: measliest
form: measley
Etymology: From measle (“singular of measles”) + -y; the word measle is either from Middle Dutch masel (“a blister filled with blood; a pustule, a skin blemish”), or Middle Low German masel (“a red skin blemish”), from Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“a knot or scar in wood; a knarl”), from *mas-, *mēs- (“a spot; a sore; a scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“a skin sore”).
Senses: examples: text: Then take five or six apples, pick out the cores and fill up the holes thus made with flour of brimstone; stop up the holes and cast in the apples to the measly hog.
ref: 1847, William Youatt, The Pig: A Treatise on the Breeds, Management, Feeding, and Medical Treatment, of Swine; with Directions for Salting Pork, and Curing Bacon and Hams, page 113:
glosses: Particularly of pigs or pork: infected with larval tapeworms or trichinae (parasitic roundworms).
examples: text: A measly boy, he looked like a tramp, probably one of the street boys from the village, just walked up here and made himself at home, and when I told him to leave, he wouldn't.
ref: 1902, The Epworth Herald:
glosses: Of a person: infected with measles.
examples: text: For one whole day's work all I was given was twenty measly pounds.
text: The visiting tourists eagerly forked over a measly two dollars per group to their guides as payment for their services. This amount was measly sum to the givers, but a princely sum to the takers.
ref: 2004, Richard Rizun, Ora, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN:
text: So it wasn't a hotel, as I said in my novel, just a measly motel. But to me it was like the First measly motel, and I remember laughing about the things I was saying straight from my unconscious to both his and God's ear.
ref: 2010, Marylee Daniel Mitcham, Blacktime Song by Rosalie Wolfe, Strategic Book Publishing, →ISBN, page 127:
synonyms: miserable
paltry
trifling
glosses: Small (especially contemptibly small) in amount.
Derived terms: measliness
utter
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʌtə/
ipa: [ˈɐtə]
ipa: /ˈʌtəɹ/
ipa: [ˈʌɾəɹ]
homophone: udder (flapping)
homophone: other (th-stopping + flapping)
rhymes: -ʌtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: the utter
Etymology: PIE word
 *úd
The adjective is derived from Middle English outre, utter, uttre (“situated on the outside of, exterior, external, outer; more advanced, further; farthest, outermost; complete, utter; of a person: inferior; not mental or spiritual, bodily, physical”), from Old English ūtera (“exterior, outer”, literally “more out”), the comparative form of ūt (“out”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“away; out, outward; upwards”). Piecewise doublet of outer.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Senses: examples: text: I take my leave, readie to countervaile all your courtesies to the utter of my power.
ref: 1584 August 5 (date written; Gregorian calendar), John Aubrey, quoting Walter Raleigh, “Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618)”, in Andrew Clark, editor, ‘Brief Lives,’ Chiefly of Contemporaries, […], volume II (I–Y), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1898, →OCLC, page 192:
glosses: The thing which is most utter (adjective sense) or extreme.
utter
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈʌtə/
ipa: [ˈɐtə]
ipa: /ˈʌtəɹ/
ipa: [ˈʌɾəɹ]
homophone: udder (flapping)
homophone: other (th-stopping + flapping)
rhymes: -ʌtə(ɹ)
Etymology: PIE word
 *úd
From Middle English outre, utter (“away, out; further away or out; out in the open; outside, without; to a greater extent”), partly:
* from outre, utter (adjective) (see etymology 1); and
* from Old English ūtor, the comparative form of ūt (“out; outdoors, outside”, adverb), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“away; out, outward; upwards”).
Senses: examples: text: A strawe, sayde Bele, stande vtter, / For we haue egges and butter, / And of pygeons a payre.
ref: c. 1517 (date written; published c. 1545), John Skelton, “Here after Foloweth the Booke Called Elynour Rummynge. The Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng per Skelton Laureat.”, in Alexander Dyce, editor, The Poetical Works of John Skelton: […], volume I, London: Thomas Rodd, […], published 1843, →OCLC, page 112, lines 535–537:
text: Gyue this gentylman rome, syrs, stonde vtter!
ref: a. 1530 (date written), John Skelton, “Magnyfycence, a Goodly Interlude and a Mery, […]”, in Alexander Dyce, editor, The Poetical Works of John Skelton: […], volume I, London: Thomas Rodd, […], published 1843, →OCLC, page 249, line 763:
glosses: Further apart, away, or out; outside, without.
examples: text: I knovv they vvill deny me gracious Madame, / Being a ſtranger, and ſo little fam'd / So vtter emptie of theſe excellencies / That tame authority; […]
ref: 1612 January 5 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Francis Beaumont, Iohn Fletcher, A King and No King. […], London: […] [John Beale] for Thomas Walkley, […], published 1619, →OCLC, Act IV, page [53]:
glosses: To an extreme extent; altogether, quite.
Derived terms: word: utterward
frottage
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfrɒtɑːʒ/
Forms: form: frottages
form: frottaging
form: frottaged
form: frottaged
Etymology: From French frottage (“rubbing”), from frotter (“to rub”) + -age (suffix forming nouns).
Senses: glosses: To rub, especially to rub onto one surface placed upon another surface that is textured, in order to create a mottled or patterned area on the first surface.
topics: lifestyle
sexuality
glosses: To rub parts of the body against those of another person for sexual stimulation.
frottage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfrɒtɑːʒ/
Forms: form: frottages
Etymology: From French frottage (“rubbing”), from frotter (“to rub”) + -age (suffix forming nouns).
Senses: topics: art
arts
glosses: A method of making an image by placing a piece of paper against an object and then rubbing over it, usually with a pencil or charcoal.
topics: art
arts
glosses: An illustration made by means of frottage.
topics: lifestyle
sexuality
coordinate_terms: frotteurism
glosses: The practice of rubbing parts of the body against those of another person for sexual stimulation.
Related terms: friction
frot
frotteurism
rubbing
household
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhaʊshəʊld/
enpr: housʹhōld
ipa: /ˈhaʊshoʊld/
ipa: /ˈhaʊshəʊld/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈhɛʊshʌo̞lt/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈhæʊshʌo̞lt/
Forms: form: households
Etymology: From Middle English houshold. By surface analysis, house + hold.
Cognate with Scots houshald, housald, housell, howsell (“household”), Dutch huishouden (“household”) (earlier huishoud), German Low German Huushollen (“household”) (Middle Low German hūsholt), German Haushalt (“household”), Swedish hushåll (“household, family”), Norwegian husholdning (“household”).
Senses: examples: text: And calls, without affecting airs, / His household twice a day to prayers.
ref: 1732, Jonathan Swift, The Beasts' Confession to the Priest:
text: Shih Hung-pi was born a pauper at a poor household in Suichung County, Liaoning. He suffered untold misery in the old society. Then he joined the PLA.
ref: 1975 March 13 [1975 March 7], “Chief of Staff of PLA Air Unit Dies in Training Exercise”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 50, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page E 6:
text: Although I was a member of the royal household, I was not among the privileged few who were trained for rule.
ref: 1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Abacus, published 2010, page 5:
text: Nearly half of all renter households in the US were cost-burdened in 2023, meaning they paid more than 30% of their income towards housing costs, according to new government data.
ref: 2024 September 12, Samantha Delouya, “Nearly half of US renters spend more than 30% of their income on housing costs”, in CNN Business:
glosses: Collectively, all the persons who live in a given house; a family including attendants, servants etc.; a domestic or family establishment.
glosses: Entirety of work and management required to sustain the household.
glosses: Legal or culturally determined unit of people living together.
examples: text: In thee thy mother dies, our household's name, / My death's revenge, thy youth, and England's fame.
ref: 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vi], line 39:
glosses: A line of ancestry; a race or house.
Derived terms: extended household
head of household
household appliance
household art
household arts
household bread
Household Cavalry
household deity
household-dwelling
household effect
household effects
householder
household god
household goods
household help
household income
householding
household name
householdry
householdship
household soap
household word
interhousehold
intrahousehold
joint household
multihousehold
nonhousehold
put one's household in order
royal household
household
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhaʊshəʊld/
enpr: housʹhōld
ipa: /ˈhaʊshoʊld/
ipa: /ˈhaʊshəʊld/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈhɛʊshʌo̞lt/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈhæʊshʌo̞lt/
Etymology: From Middle English houshold. By surface analysis, house + hold.
Cognate with Scots houshald, housald, housell, howsell (“household”), Dutch huishouden (“household”) (earlier huishoud), German Low German Huushollen (“household”) (Middle Low German hūsholt), German Haushalt (“household”), Swedish hushåll (“household, family”), Norwegian husholdning (“household”).
Senses: glosses: Belonging to the same house and family.
examples: text: Whether boarding an airplane with underwear on your face to protest mask requirements, injecting yourself with horse dewormer instead of a safe and effective vaccine or swallowing household disinfectants because the President of the United States unironically suggested that it might help, the pandemic has amplified the frequency and tenor of ridiculous and sometimes alarming behavior.
ref: 2022 February 10, Abdul El-Sayed, “Canadian trucker protests are the latest example of Covid-19 absurdity”, in CNN, archived from the original on 22 Apr 2022:
glosses: Found in or having its origin in a home.
examples: text: a household word; a household name
text: Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot,
But he’ll remember with advantages
What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,
Familiar in his mouth as household words,
Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter,
Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered.
ref: 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:
glosses: Widely known to the public; familiar.
purification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌpjʊəɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: purifications
Etymology: From Old French purificacion, from Latin pūrificātiō.
Senses: examples: text: air purification
text: purification of water
glosses: The act or process of purifying; the removal of impurities.
examples: text: purification of the soul
glosses: A religious act or rite in which a defiled person is made clean or free from sin.
topics: Christianity
glosses: The pouring of wine into the chalice to rinse it after communion, the wine being then drunk by the priest.
Derived terms: autopurification
biopurification
copurification
immunopurification
micropurification
nonpurification
phosphopurification
prepurification
repurification
ultrapurification
Related terms: purificative
purificational
purificatory
versus
Language: English
Part of speech: prep
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɜːsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɜːsɪz/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəz/
ipa: /ˈvɝs/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)səs
homophone: verses
Etymology: From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).
Senses: examples: text: It is the Packers versus the Steelers in the Super Bowl.
synonyms: word: vs
word: vs.
word: v
glosses: Against; in opposition to.
examples: text: In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.
ref: 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:
text: If, for example, we select random people entering a workout gym, versus if we pick random people entering a hospital, we will get very different samples.
ref: 2005, Robert E. Weiss, Modeling Longitudinal Data, Springer, →ISBN, page 104:
glosses: Compared with, as opposed to.
examples: text: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.
topics: law
synonyms: word: v
word: v.
glosses: Bringing a legal action against, as used in the title of a court case in which the first party indicates the plaintiff (or appellant or the like), and the second indicates the defendant (or respondent or the like).
glosses: Interacting with, especially to record reactions
examples: text: Kiss Me Thru The Phone vs. Last Friday Night
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: Mashed up with.
Derived terms: graft-versus-host disease
man versus time
nature versus nurture
offer versus serve
player versus environment
player versus player
punctus versus
save versus
us versus them
Related terms: convert
evert
invert
subvert
verse
vertex
versus
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɜːsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɜːsɪz/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəz/
ipa: /ˈvɝs/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)səs
homophone: verses
homophone: verse
ipa: /ˈvɜːsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɜːsɪz/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəs/
ipa: /ˈvɝsəz/
ipa: /ˈvɝs/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)səs
homophone: verses
Forms: form: versuses
form: versusing
form: versused
form: versused
Etymology: From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).
Senses: glosses: To face in competition
glosses: To fight
nominal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈnɒm.ɪ.nəl/
ipa: [ˈnɒm.ɪ.nl̩]
ipa: /ˈnɑ.mɪ.nəl/
ipa: [ˈnɑ.mɪ.nl̩]
Forms: form: nominals
Etymology: PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).
Senses: examples: text: This sentence contains two nominals.
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A noun or word group that functions as part of a noun phrase.
examples: text: A considerable number of derived nominals, especially thematic nouns, also exhibited o-grade roots.
ref: 2006, Donald Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 12:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: A part of speech that shares features with nouns and adjectives. (Depending on the language, it may comprise nouns, adjectives, possibly numerals, pronouns, and participles.)
examples: text: Numeric codes of characters used in programming are nominals.
glosses: A number (usually natural) used like a name; a numeric code or identifier. (See nominal number on Wikipedia.)
topics: law-enforcement
police
glosses: A person listed in the Police National Computer database as having been convicted, cautioned or recently arrested.
Hyponyms: topics: grammar
linguistics
human-sciences
sciences
word: noun
word: pronoun
inverted comma
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: inverted commas
Etymology: From the appearance of an inverted comma.
In lead type, an opening quote is not a separate casting. It is the result of rotating a comma 180°, inverting the comma. It is used singly or as double quotes.
Similarly, the closing quotation mark is the apostrophe. Also used singly or as double quotes.
Senses: examples: text: The paſſage quoted in the text is at the latter part of the following letter, and is put between inverted commas.
ref: 1789, Frederick II, King of Prussia, Correspondence. Letters between Frederic II. and M. de Voltaire. Translated from the French by Thomas Holcroft. 1789: Vol 8:
text: Some of the papers, with questionable taste, present Mrs. [Alice Roosevelt] Longworth to their readers as the American “Princess.” There is nothing in her ways, bearing, or appearance to warrant the epithet which I give, as printed, in inverted commas.
ref: 1906 July 11, Truth: A Weekly Journal, volume LX, number 1541, London: “Truth” Buildings, […], published 1907, page 88, column 1:
text: The following paradigm will serve to illustrate what we mean by this term:
 (37) (a) ‘Will I get a degree?ʼ John wondered
 (37) (b) John wondered whether he would get a degree
 (37) (c) John wondered would he get a degree
 The italicised sequence in (37) (a) is said to be an instance of direct speech: John's exact words are recorded verbatim, and are bounded in the spelling by a question mark and inverted commas; points to note here include the use of the present tense Auxiliary will, the inversion of the Auxiliary, and the use of the first person pronoun I to represent the speaker.
ref: 1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 6, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 299:
glosses: A type of paired quotation mark: ‘ or “ (beginning the quoted material) and ’ or ” (ending it).
Synonyms: quotation mark
Hypernyms: punctuation
Related terms: guillemet
quotation dash
Anurag
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From Sanskrit अनुराग (anurāga, “a higher love, as of music or art”).
Senses: glosses: A male given name from Sanskrit used mainly in India.
defensive
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfɛn.sɪv/
ipa: /dɪˈfen.sɪv/
ipa: /dəˈfen.səv/
Forms: form: more defensive
form: most defensive
Etymology: From Middle French défensif. Morphologically defense + -ive.
Senses: examples: text: a defensive perimeter
glosses: Intended for defence; protective.
examples: text: a defensive missile system
glosses: Intended to deter attack.
examples: text: defensive driving
glosses: Performed so as to minimise risk.
glosses: Displaying an inordinate sensitivity to criticism or intrusion; oversensitive; thin-skinned.
topics: ball-games
cricket
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: Of a bowling or fielding tactic designed to prevent the other side from scoring runs; of a batting tactic designed to prevent being out.
examples: text: The victim held up his hand to repel the attacker and received a defensive knife wound.
text: The Italian opted for Bolton's Cahill alongside captain John Terry - and his decision was rewarded with a goal after only 13 minutes. Bulgaria gave a hint of defensive frailties to come when they failed to clear Young's corner, and when Gareth Barry found Cahill in the box he applied the finish past Nikolay Mihaylov.
ref: 2011 September 2, Phil McNulty, “Bulgaria 0-3 England”, in BBC:
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: Pertaining to defense, as opposed to attack.
examples: text: […]Once join'd, the contrary ſhe proves, a thorn
Inteſtin, far within defenſive arms[…]
ref: 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, pages 63–64, lines 48–49:
glosses: In a state or posture of defense.
Derived terms: counterdefensive
cyberdefensive
defensive back
defensive copy
defensive copying
defensive design
defensive field
defensive halfback
defensive indifference
defensive line
defensive lineman
defensive line of scrimmage
defensively
defensive medicine
defensive midfielder
defensiveness
defensive programming
defensive spiral
defensive tackle
defensive wound
defensive zone
hyperdefensive
immunodefensive
indefensive
nondefensive
offensive and defensive alliance
overdefensive
self-defensive
undefensive
defensive
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈfɛn.sɪv/
ipa: /dɪˈfen.sɪv/
ipa: /dəˈfen.səv/
Forms: form: defensives
Etymology: From Middle French défensif. Morphologically defense + -ive.
Senses: examples: text: Such kinds of defensives are really rather protecting the local companies than the consumers.
ref: 2007 May 26, Julia Werdigier, “Consolidating the Banks of Europe”, in New York Times:
glosses: A means, attitude or position of defense.
Related terms: defensive industry
on the defensive
defensive field
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: defensive fields
Senses: topics: ball-games
cricket
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: A field set with fielders in positions designed to prevent runs rather than take wickets.
dismissal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: [dɪsˈmɪsəɫ]
ipa: [dɪzˈmɪsəɫ]
Forms: form: dismissals
Etymology: From dismiss + -al. A nineteenth-century coinage (modelled on committal etc.), replacing the regular form dismission.
Senses: glosses: The act of sending someone away.
examples: text: No one, however, would have anything to do with him, as Mr. Keeson's orders in those respects were very strict ; he had often threatened any one of his employés with instant dismissal if he found him in company with one of these touts.
ref: 1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Hocussing of Cigarette”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:
glosses: Deprivation of office; the fact or process of being fired from employment or stripped of rank.
glosses: A written or spoken statement of such an act.
glosses: Release from confinement; liberation.
glosses: Removal from consideration; putting something out of one's mind, mentally disregarding something or someone.
topics: law
glosses: The rejection of a legal proceeding, or a claim or charge made therein.
topics: ball-games
cricket
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: The event of a batsman getting out; a wicket.
topics: Christianity
glosses: The final blessing said by a priest or minister at the end of a religious service.
Derived terms: antidismissal
constructive dismissal
letter of dismissal
nondismissal
predismissal
summary dismissal
unfair dismissal
wrongful dismissal
balder
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /bɔːld.ə/
ipa: /bɔld.ɚ/
ipa: /bɑld.ɚ/
Senses: glosses: comparative form of bald: more bald
teleconference
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈtɛləˌkɒnfəɹəns/
Forms: form: teleconferences
Etymology: A contraction of the English: telephone conference. Or, from the Greek tele- (distance) and conference.
Senses: examples: text: The four of us should have a teleconference next week.
glosses: A telephone conference, an arranged phone call between more than two parties.
glosses: More generally, the live exchange of information among persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a telecommunications system, over telephone, video or other means.
teleconference
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: /ˈtɛləˌkɒnfəɹəns/
Forms: form: teleconferences
form: teleconferencing
form: teleconferenced
form: teleconferenced
Etymology: A contraction of the English: telephone conference. Or, from the Greek tele- (distance) and conference.
Senses: examples: text: I teleconferenced with marketing and engineering.
text: Will demand be in the same form as pre-COVID? Some will argue that now people have learned to teleconference, the creative joy of home-based working won't be given up lightly. Newton developed his Laws while self-isolating from plague.
ref: 2020 May 6, Prof. Andrew McNaughton, “Time to challenge some sacred philosophies of recent years”, in Rail, page 32:
glosses: To take part in a teleconference.
telephone conference
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: telephone conferences
Senses: examples: text: The four of us should hold a telephone conference next week.
glosses: A conference held by telephone. An arranged phone call between more than two parties.
glosses: Any multi-party telephone call.
Synonyms: teleconference
Related terms: video conference
videoconference
video conference
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɪdiəʊ ˌkɒnfəɹəns/
ipa: /- ˌkɒnfɹəns/
Forms: form: video conferences
form: videoconference
form: video-conference
Etymology: From video + conference.
Senses: examples: text: The four of us should hold a video conference next week.
topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
synonyms: videoteleconference
glosses: A conference held by video link; an arranged video phone call between more than two parties.
video conference
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɪdiəʊ ˌkɒnfəɹəns/
ipa: /- ˌkɒnfɹəns/
Forms: form: video conferences
form: video conferencing
form: video conferenced
form: video conferenced
form: videoconference
form: video-conference
Etymology: From video + conference.
Senses: examples: text: I video conferenced with the client this morning.
topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
glosses: To hold or take part in a video conference.
examples: text: The academic meeting will be video conferenced.
topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
glosses: To broadcast by means of a video conference.
Related terms: telephone conference
teleconference
videoconference
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: videoconferences
Senses: examples: text: When news of the cuts first surfaced Tuesday, dozens of grantees gathered on a videoconference to discuss their options, including whether to take legal action.
ref: 2025 April 24, Hannah Rabinowitz and Danny Freeman, “Justice Department axes hundreds of grants that help crime victims and fight opioid abuse”, in CNN:
glosses: Alternative form of video conference.
videoconference
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: videoconferences
form: videoconferencing
form: videoconferenced
form: videoconferenced
Senses: examples: text: I videoconferenced with the client this morning.
glosses: Alternative form of video conference.
Kevlar
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɛvlɑɹ/
ipa: /ˈkɛvlɑː/
Forms: form: kevlar
Senses: glosses: A brand name for a para-aramid fiber Alternative letter-case form of kevlar.
Hypernyms: aramid
Foulness
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /faʊlˈnɛs/
rhymes: -ɛs
Forms: form: Foulness Island
Senses: glosses: An island off the east coast of Essex where the Thames estuary joins the North Sea.
Isle of Sheppey
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: An island off the north coast of Kent, England, in the Thames estuary.
Bishop Rock
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: A rock at the most westerly tip of the Isles of Scilly facing the Atlantic Ocean and housing a lighthouse; supposedly the smallest island in the world.
Tresco
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: The second largest of the Isles of Scilly.
St Mary's
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: The largest of the Isles of Scilly.
glosses: A village on south-east Mainland, Orkney Islands council area, Scotland (OS grid ref HY4701).
qualifier: Durham University
glosses: Ellipsis of St Mary's College, Durham.
Croydon
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹɔɪdən/
Etymology: From Old English Crogedene ("saffron valley"), from Old English croh (“saffron”) (< Latin crocus (“saffron”)) + Old English denu (“valley”).
Senses: glosses: A large town in the south of Greater London, England, historically in the county of Surrey.
A London borough of Greater London.
glosses: A large town in the south of Greater London, England, historically in the county of Surrey.
A former airport in Croydon.
glosses: A village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire district, Cambridgeshire, England (OS grid ref TL3149).
glosses: A hamlet in Stone Mills township, Lennox and Addington County, Ontario, Canada.
glosses: A place in the United States:
A town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire.
glosses: A place in the United States:
A census-designated place in Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
glosses: A place in the United States:
An unincorporated community in Morgan County, Utah.
glosses: A suburb of Kempton Park, Gauteng province, South Africa.
glosses: A place in Australia:
A suburb of Sydney in the Municipality of Burwood and Inner West council area, New South Wales.
glosses: A place in Australia:
A town and local government area (the Shire of Croydon) in northern Queensland.
glosses: A place in Australia:
A suburb of Adelaide in the City of Charles Sturt, South Australia.
glosses: A place in Australia:
An eastern suburb of Melbourne in the City of Maroondah, Victoria.
Derived terms: Croydonian
Croydon facelift
South Croydon
Croydon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹɔɪdən/
Forms: form: Croydons
Etymology: From Old English Crogedene ("saffron valley"), from Old English croh (“saffron”) (< Latin crocus (“saffron”)) + Old English denu (“valley”).
Senses: glosses: A kind of carriage like a gig, originally of wickerwork.
Weston-super-Mare
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɛstən suːpə mɛːə/
other: /--mɛːɹ̠/
Etymology: Latin, meaning "Weston-upon-Sea". See super, mare.
Senses: glosses: A seaside town and civil parish with a town council, on the Bristol Channel coast of North Somerset district, Somerset, England (OS grid ref ST3261).
North Somerset
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: glosses: A unitary authority in Somerset, England, previously named Woodspring as part of the short-lived county of Avon.
Stevenage
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /ˈstiːvənɪd͡ʒ/
Senses: glosses: A new town and borough in north Hertfordshire, England, part of London’s commuter belt (OS grid ref TL2324).
commuter belt
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: commuter belts
Senses: examples: text: Whitney is absorbed especially by Dublin's unglamorous interstitial zones: the new housing estates and labyrinths of roads, watercourses and railways where the city peters into its commuter belt.
ref: 2014 August 23, Neil Hegarty, “Hidden City: Adventures and Explorations in Dublin by Karl Whitney, review: 'a necessary corrective' [print version: Re-Joycing in Dublin, p. R25]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review):
text: More money for the NHS; vaccines will save us; life in commuter-belt England will continue much as it always has.
ref: 2021 September 16, Gaby Hinsliff, “Johnson is reshuffling away from culture wars to firm up the commuter belt”, in The Guardian:
glosses: A zone surrounding a metropolitan area or city from which commuters travel to the area or city to work.
commuter
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəˈmjuːtɚ/
rhymes: -uːtə(ɹ)
Forms: form: commuters
Etymology: From commute + -er.
Senses: glosses: One who commutes (etymology 1).
examples: text: How can an operator be, at the same time, top for overall satisfaction and bottom for value for money? I turned to Anthony Smith for the answer, leaning on his 20 years running Transport Focus and its predecessors.
It's commuters, he explained. "You can't please commuters, you can only not displease them."
ref: 2024 October 2, Philip Haigh, “Different types of passengers require different types of fare”, in RAIL, number 1019, page 54:
topics: transport
glosses: A person who regularly travels between two places.
To and from work and home.
topics: transport
glosses: A person who regularly travels between two places.
Using public transport.
examples: text: He takes the commuter to headquarters at least once a week.
topics: transport
glosses: Normally a short form of commuter rail, commuter train or commuter bus; A transport system or a vehicle in such systems used to transport commuters (#2)
Derived terms: commuter belt
commuter bus
commuterdom
commuterliner
commuter marriage
commuter rail
commuter town
cybercommuter
megacommuter
noncommuter
reverse commuter
supercommuter
telecommuter
uncommuted
Related terms: word: commuting
vigilance
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɪd͡ʒɪlɪns/
note: weak vowel merger
ipa: /ˈvɪd͡ʒɪləns/
Forms: form: vigilances
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French vigilance, from Latin vigilantia.
Senses: examples: text: To-night she took her accustomed place; for, during the night, no vigilance could satisfy her but her own: any eye but hers might close in momentary forgetfulness.
ref: 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 153–154:
text: I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
glosses: Alert watchfulness.
examples: text: But you must remember, my fellow-citizens, that eternal vigilance by the people is the price of liberty, and that you must pay the price if you wish to secure the blessing.
ref: 1837 March 4, Andrew Jackson, Farewell Address:
glosses: Close and continuous attention.
glosses: A guard; a person set to watch.
Derived terms: addictovigilance
biovigilance
haemovigilance
hemovigilance
hypervigilance
in vigilance
invigilance
pharmacovigilance
toxicovigilance
vigilance committee
vigilance man
Related terms: vigilant
cypher
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: cyphers
Senses: examples: text: Lady Bertram seems more of a cypher now than when he is at home; […]
ref: 1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter XVII, in Mansfield Park: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 337:
text: I have been critical of the RDG in the past for merely being a cypher for government announcements, but the failure of its members to make a stand on this issue and not be complicit in the Government's subterfuge is a shocking indictment of their failure to protect the industry.
ref: 2023 July 26, Christian Wolmar, “Closing ticket offices to lead to 'catch-22' for passengers”, in RAIL, number 988, page 42:
glosses: Alternative spelling of cipher.
cypher
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: cyphers
form: cyphering
form: cyphered
form: cyphered
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of cipher.
Derived terms: cyphertext
uncypher
prong
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɹɒŋ/
ipa: /pɹɔŋ/
ipa: /pɹɑŋ/
rhymes: -ɒŋ
Forms: form: prongs
Etymology: From Middle English pronge, perhaps from Middle Low German prange (“stick, restraining device”), from prangen (“to press, pinch”), from Old Saxon *prangan, from Proto-West Germanic *prangan, from Proto-Germanic *pranganą (“to press”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)preng- (“to wrap up, constrict”).
Akin to Lithuanian spriñgti (“to choke, become choked or obstructed”), Latvian sprañgât (“cord, constrict”), Ancient Greek σπαργανόω (sparganóō, “to swaddle”), σπάργανον (spárganon, “swaddling cloth”). See also prank, prance, prink.
Senses: examples: text: a pitchfork with four prongs
glosses: A thin, pointed, projecting part, as of an antler or a fork or similar tool. A tine.
examples: text: the two prongs of a river
text: the second prong of the argument
glosses: A branch; a fork.
examples: text: One look at that lifeguard's prong gave me a throbber like a baseball bat — not quite that big, of course, but at least that hard!
ref: 1977, John Ironstone, Orphan, page 102:
text: 2008, Andy Zaltzman on The Bugle podcast, episode 34, You Will Know Us By Our Knobbly Fruit.
Hang on... That looks like... No, it can't be. Is that my wang!? Micky Paintbrush, have you painted my papal prong on that nudy man!?
glosses: The penis.
Derived terms: prong-billed barbet
pronghorn
prong-set
Related terms: tine
tooth
prong
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɹɒŋ/
ipa: /pɹɔŋ/
ipa: /pɹɑŋ/
rhymes: -ɒŋ
Forms: form: prongs
form: pronging
form: pronged
form: pronged
Etymology: From Middle English pronge, perhaps from Middle Low German prange (“stick, restraining device”), from prangen (“to press, pinch”), from Old Saxon *prangan, from Proto-West Germanic *prangan, from Proto-Germanic *pranganą (“to press”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)preng- (“to wrap up, constrict”).
Akin to Lithuanian spriñgti (“to choke, become choked or obstructed”), Latvian sprañgât (“cord, constrict”), Ancient Greek σπαργανόω (sparganóō, “to swaddle”), σπάργανον (spárganon, “swaddling cloth”). See also prank, prance, prink.
Senses: examples: text: He uncovered the fragrant eggs and b., and I pronged a moody forkful.
ref: 1926 December, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “Jeeves and the Impending Doom”, in Very Good, Jeeves!, London: Herbert Jenkins Limited […], published 20 June 1930, →OCLC, page 15:
glosses: To pierce or poke with, or as if with, a prong.
raging
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹeɪd͡ʒɪŋ/
rhymes: -eɪd͡ʒɪŋ
Senses: examples: text: Athelstan Arundel walked home all the way, foaming and raging. No omnibus, cab, or conveyance ever built could contain a young man in such a rage. His mother lived at Pembridge Square, which is four good measured miles from Lincoln's Inn.
ref: 1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 16:
glosses: present participle and gerund of rage
raging
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹeɪd͡ʒɪŋ/
rhymes: -eɪd͡ʒɪŋ
Forms: form: more raging
form: most raging
Senses: examples: text: A raging storm kept us indoors.
glosses: Volatile, very active or unpredictable.
examples: text: a raging father shouting at us
glosses: In a state of rage; in a state of extreme, often uncontrollable, anger.
raw_tags: of a person
examples: text: raging success
text: a raging lesbian
text: Oh, and a minifridge full of Smirnoff. Yeah, you should totally come by. It's gonna be raging.
ref: 2021 September 7, Charlie Berens ft. Taylor Calmus, Guys Trip: 20’s vs 30’s:
glosses: Extreme; intense.
raging
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɹeɪd͡ʒɪŋ/
rhymes: -eɪd͡ʒɪŋ
Forms: form: ragings
Senses: examples: text: To quell the ragings of his Father's ire, / And save a guilty world from quenchless fire!
ref: 1813, Patrick Brontë, The Rural Minstrel:
glosses: A display of rage.