cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
chemosynthesis
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: chemosyntheses
Etymology: From chemo- + synthesis.
Senses: glosses: the production of carbohydrates and other compounds from simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, using the oxidation of chemical nutrients as a source of energy rather than sunlight; it is limited to certain bacteria and fungi
Related terms: photosynthesis
gyre
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /d͡ʒaɪ.ə/
enpr: jīər
ipa: /d͡ʒaɪ.ɚ/
rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Forms: form: gyres
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin gȳrus (“circle; circular motion”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “circle; ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”). The English word is a doublet of gyro and gyrus.
Senses: glosses: A swirling vortex.
examples: text: Quick, and more quick he ſpins in giddy Gires, / Then falls, and in much Foam his Soul expires.
ref: 1700, [John] Dryden, “Meleager and Atalanta, out of the Eighth Book of Ovid’s Metamorphosis”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 112:
text: What is art, / But life upon the larger scale, the higher, / When, graduating up in a spiral line / Of still expanding and ascending gyres, / It pushes toward the intense significance / Of all things, hungry for the Infinite? / Art's life,—and where we live, we suffer and toil.
ref: 1856, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Fourth Book”, in Aurora Leigh, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1857, →OCLC, pages 176–177:
text: Turning and turning in the widening gyre / The falcon cannot hear the falconer; / Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, […]
ref: 1920, William Butler Yeats, “The Second Coming”, in Michael Robartes and the Dancer, Churchtown, Dundrum [Dublin]: The Cuala Press, →OCLC, page 19:
synonyms: circuit
whirl
glosses: A circular or spiral motion; also, a circle described by a moving body; a revolution, a turn.
topics: anatomy
biology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
zootomy
glosses: Synonym of gyrus (“a fold or ridge on the cerebral cortex of the brain”).
synonyms: word: gyrus
extra: a fold or ridge on the cerebral cortex of the brain
examples: text: Most ships that tried to cross the Pacific in the past would get stuck in the gyres and never make it out.
topics: geography
natural-sciences
oceanography
glosses: An ocean current caused by wind which moves in a circular manner, especially one that is large-scale and observed in a major ocean.
Derived terms: word: gyral
word: gyrally
word: gyreful
word: gyrose
word: isogyre
word: polygyrous
Related terms: word: gyrant
word: gyrate
word: gyration
word: gyrator
word: gyratory
word: gyrectomy
word: gyrencephalate
word: gyro
word: gyrus
gyre
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /d͡ʒaɪ.ə/
enpr: jīər
ipa: /d͡ʒaɪ.ɚ/
rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Forms: form: gyres
form: gyring
form: gyred
form: gyred
Etymology: From Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”), from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion”) (see etymology 1) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).
Senses: examples: text: The host of heauenly beautyes moue, / Depainted in their proper stories, / As well the fixd as wandring glories, / Which from their proper orbes not goe, / Whether they gyre swift or slowe: […]
ref: 1605, Michael Drayton, “[Songs from the ‘Shepherd’s Garland’.] From Eclogue ij.”, in Cyril Brett, editor, Minor Poems of Michael Drayton, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1907, →OCLC, pages 240–241, lines 4–8:
text: Jabberwocky. / 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves / Did gyre and gimble in the wa[b]e; / All mimsy were the borogoves, / And the mome raths outgrabe.
ref: 1871 December 27 (indicated as 1872), Lewis Carroll [pseudonym; Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], “Looking-Glass House”, in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 21:
synonyms: revolve
rotate
glosses: To spin around; to gyrate, to whirl.
glosses: To make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl.
Derived terms: word: gyring
word: gyringly
Related terms: english: etymologically unrelated
translation: etymologically unrelated
word: gyre-carlin
MOR
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ɛm əʊ ˈɑː(ɹ)/
Forms: form: MORs
Senses: glosses: A mid-ocean ridge: a submarine volcanic mountain range.
MOR
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: /ɛm əʊ ˈɑː(ɹ)/
Senses: glosses: Abbreviation of Morelos: a state of Mexico.
MOR
Language: English
Part of speech: phrase
Pronunciation: /ɛm əʊ ˈɑː(ɹ)/
Senses: examples: text: But MOR as a programming powerhouse began to lose strength as the radio industry evolved during those decades.
ref: 2003, Christopher H. Sterling, Encyclopedia of Radio, page 1575:
text: At a hip grocery store, Maggie meets David (Kelvin Harrison Jr., from “Waves”), a handsome singer-songwriter with a rockin’ MOR vibe, and the two have a “High Fidelity” music-geek convo that dances on the edge of cringey-ness.
ref: 2020 May 25, Owen Gleiberman, “‘The High Note’: Film Review”, in Claudia Eller, editor, Variety, Los Angeles, Calif.: Variety Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 25 May 2020:
topics: broadcasting
media
radio
glosses: Initialism of middle of the road.
seafloor
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: seafloors
form: sea floor
Etymology: From sea + floor.
Senses: examples: text: The seafloor is often covered with sediment.
glosses: Synonym of seabed.
synonyms: word: seabed
Derived terms: seafloor spreading
Related terms: benthos
upwelling
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: upwellings
Etymology: From up- + welling.
Senses: examples: text: Rather separate from the abolitionist campaign, although likewise led by anglophone Evangelicals, was a sudden upwelling of commitment to worldwide mission.
ref: 2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, page 873:
glosses: An upward movement from a lower source.
glosses: the oceanographic phenomenon that occurs when strong, usually seasonal, winds push water away from the coast, bringing cold, nutrient-rich deep waters up to the surface
upwelling
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Etymology: From up- + welling.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of upwell
rate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: rāt
ipa: /ɹeɪt/
rhymes: -eɪt
Forms: form: rates
form: rating
form: rated
form: rated
Etymology: From Middle English rate, from Old French rate, from Medieval Latin rata, from Latin prō ratā parte (“according to a fixed part”), from ratus (“fixed”), from rērī (“think, deem, judge, estimate", originally "reckon, calculate”).
Senses: examples: text: She is rated fourth in the country.
glosses: To assign or be assigned a particular rank or level.
examples: text: They rate his talents highly.
text: To rate a man by the nature of his companions is a rule frequent indeed, but not infallible.
ref: 1661, Robert South, False Foundations Removed (sermon)
glosses: To evaluate or estimate the value of.
examples: text: He rated this book brilliant.
glosses: To consider or regard.
examples: text: The view here hardly rates a mention in the travel guide.
text: Only two assistant district attorneys rate corner offices, and Mandelbaum wasn't one of them.
ref: 1955, Rex Stout, "When a Man Murders...", in Three Witnesses, October 1994 Bantam edition, page 101
text: A few things DO work in Too Outrageous!, though I am not sure they rate the price of admission.
ref: 1987 December 6, Paul Vincent Leone, “Too, Too Outrageous!”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 21, page 7:
glosses: To deserve; to be worth.
examples: text: The transformer is rated at 10 watts.
glosses: To determine the limits of safe functioning for a machine or electrical device.
glosses: To evaluate a property's value for the purposes of local taxation.
examples: text: The customers don't rate the new burgers.
glosses: To like; to think highly of.
examples: text: Throughout the first turn is where the jockey rates the horse if the need arises. Rating a horse is where you keep it from putting out too much too soon.
ref: 2019, Jay Cronley, Good Vibes:
topics: hobbies
horse-racing
horseracing
horses
lifestyle
pets
racing
sports
glosses: To take action to slow down the pace of the horse one is riding.
examples: text: She rates among the most excellent chefs in the world.
text: He rates as the best cyclist in the country.
glosses: To have position (in a certain class).
examples: text: This last performance of hers didn't rate very high with the judges.
glosses: To have value or standing.
examples: text: to rate the truce
ref: [1611?], Homer, “(please specify |book=I to XXIV)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume (please specify the book number), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC:
glosses: To ratify.
glosses: To ascertain the exact rate of the gain or loss of (a chronometer) as compared with true time.
Synonyms: sense: have position in a certain class
word: rank
Derived terms: rating
rate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: rāt
ipa: /ɹeɪt/
rhymes: -eɪt
Forms: form: rates
form: rating
form: rated
form: rated
Etymology: Related to, or a variant of, ret. (Found dialectally also as rait.)
Senses: examples: text: From the "line pit" it [flax] is carried to the “RATING GROUND;" - a piece of unbroken aftergrass, where the sheaflets are untied, and the flax spread thin upon the grass. It is calculated, that a full crop ought to cover as much ground as it grew upon. Here it lies until it be sufficiently "rated;" namely, until the more woodlike substance of the stems will separate […]
ref: 1796, Mr. Marshall (William), The Rural Economy of Yorkshire: Compromising the Management of Landed Estates and the Present Practice of Husbandry in the Agricultural Districts of that County, page 70:
text: […] hay when it is cocked either wette or greene, for then sure it is to be rated, and beinge rated looseth both the goode smell and goode taste; and likewise the colour, as yow may perceive by the blackenesse of the cocke on the outside; for if the[…]
ref: 1857, Henry Best, Surtees Society (Durham, City of), Rural Economy in Yorkshire in 1641, Being the Farming and Account Books of Henry Best, of Elmsworth, in the East Riding of the County of York, page 34:
text: "Frodingham of Roberte Westabie, for rateing hempe in Skinner Beck, contrairie to paine." - Kirton-in-Lindsey Fine Roll, 1630.
ref: 1889, Edward Peacock, A Glossary of Words Used in the Wapentakes of Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire, page 433:
glosses: To cause (hay, hemp, flax, etc) to decay (whether in an injurious way, or—as retting—in a useful way) by exposure to weather, particularly wetness.
settle
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɛ.təl/
ipa: [ˈsɛtəɫ]
ipa: [ˈsɛtɫ̩]
enpr: sĕtʹəl
ipa: /ˈsɛtəl/
rhymes: -ɛtəl
Forms: form: settles
Etymology: From Middle English settle, setle, setel, setil, seotel, from Old English setl (“that upon which one sits, a seat, a settle, a place to sit”), from Proto-Germanic *setlaz (“a seat; arm-chair”), representing Proto-Indo-European *sed-lo-, from *sed- (“sit”). Cognate with Dutch zetel, German Sessel, Latin sella.
Senses: examples: text: sit on a settle of joy with angels
ref: c. 1348, Richard Rolle, The Form of Living:
text: If hunger drive the Pagans from their dens,
One, 'gainst a settle breaketh both his shins;
ref: 1608, Joshua Sylvester, “The Law”, in Du Bartas his divine weekes and workes:
text: "The gloom of those failing embers," exclaimed Francesca, "Has infected us both!" and, rising from the low settle, she lighted the lamp, and flung some smaller wood on the hearth, and a cheerful blaze kindled at once.
ref: 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter X, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 110:
text: [The] Queen or eorl's wife, with a train of maidens, bore ale-bowl or mead-bowl round the hall, from the high settle of king or ealdorman in the midst to the mead benches ranged around its walls, while the gleeman sang the hero-songs
ref: 1878–1880, John Richard Green, A History of the English People
glosses: A seat of any kind.
examples: text: Beneath its shade, the place of state, / On oaken settle Marmion sate, / And viewed around the blazing hearth.
ref: 1808 February 22, Walter Scott, “Canto Third. The Hostel, or Inn.”, in Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field, Edinburgh: […] J[ames] Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: William Miller, and John Murray, →OCLC, stanza III, page 103:
text: Let us return now to the little girl we left feigning to sleep soundly upon a settle in the kitchen.
ref: 1880, Ellen Murray Beam, English translation of Captain Fracasse by Théophile Gautier
text: Nineteen persons were gathered here. Of these, […] John Pitcher, a neighbouring dairyman, the shepherd's father-in-law, lolled in the settle; […]
ref: 1883 March, Thomas Hardy, “The Three Strangers”, in Wessex Tales: Strange, Lively, and Commonplace […], volume I, London; New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., published 1888, →OCLC, page 7:
text: By the fireside, the big arm-chair […] fondly cronied with two venerable settles within the chimney corner.
ref: 1886, John Williamson Palmer, After His Kind:
glosses: A long bench with a high back and arms, often with chest or storage space underneath.
examples: text: And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 43:14:
glosses: A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part. (Compare a depression.)
syn
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From Ancient Greek συν- (sun-, “with, together”), having the same function as co- (“synthesis, synoptic”).
Senses: topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: That has a torsion angle between 0° and 90°.
Coordinate terms: topics: chemistry
physical-sciences
natural-sciences
word: anti
syn
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: syns
form: syn.
Etymology: Clipping of synonym.
Senses: glosses: Abbreviation of synonym.
syn
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more syn
form: most syn
form: synth
Etymology: Clipping of synthetic.
Senses: glosses: Abbreviation of synthetic.
MoS
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: I just thought others on this list might be as happy as I am to learn that as of September, the Chicago Manual of Style is going to be available online for a subscription fee of $25 introductory price, $30 regular fee.
ref: 2006 July 6, Janice Gelb, “Chicago MoS Online At Last”, in bit.listserv.techwr-l (Usenet), archived from the original on 22 Apr 2025:
text: The Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (MoS), for example, outlines several requirements that journals could implement to prevent bias and COI from undermining the credibility of reports containing original data (Fontanarosa et al., 2011; MoS, 2007). […] For example, the MoS states that if there is an error in a published paper that can be proved with data, a correction should be published and attached to the original article in PubMed. […] MoS (Manual of Style). 2007. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors, 10th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
ref: 2012, “Responsible Parties”, in Christine M. Micheel, Sharly J. Nass, Gilbert S. Omenn, editors, Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, →ISBN, pages 140, 148 (Journals), and 159 (References):
text: Wikipedia’s Manual of Style (MoS) provides information on a variety of aspects regarding Wikipedia articles, reaching from regulating the overall article structure to the visual presentation of information (such as the italicisation of words) to aspects of formality and register (Wikipedia:Manual of Style, Wikipedia, 2021). […] Still, she also identified similarities that suggest alignment with the MoS, for instance, both Wikipedia and the Encyclopaedia Britannica exhibit similar frequency in terms of impersonal pronoun usage (Elia, 2006).
ref: 2022, Susanne Kopf, “The Article Page”, in A Discursive Perspective on Wikipedia: More than an Encyclopaedia?, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, chapter 2 (Wikipedia’s Architecture and Modus Operandi), section 1 (Wikipedia Site Structure), pages 33–34:
text: Frey T, Young RK, Committee A. MoS. 505Correct and preferred usage. In: JAMA Network Editors (ed.), AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, 505–50.
ref: 2024 December 20, Chokan Baimukhamedov, Marina Baimukhamedova, “Late-onset rheumatoid arthritis: Justifying the need for international practice guidelines and classification criteria”, in Modern Rheumatology, volume 35, number 3 (May 2025), Tokyo: Japan College of Rheumatology, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, reference 3, page 598, column 1:
glosses: Alternative letter-case form of MOS (“manual of style”).
powder
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpaʊ.də(ɹ)/
ipa: /ˈpaʊ.dɚ/
rhymes: -aʊdə(ɹ)
Forms: form: powders
form: powdering
form: powdered
form: powdered
form: powdre
Etymology: From Middle English poudre, pouder, pouldre, borrowed from Old French poudre, poldre, puldre, from Latin pulverem, accusative singular of Latin pulvis (“dust, powder”). Doublet of pulver. Compare pollen (“fine flour”), polverine, pulverize.
Senses: examples: 25 October 2016, Bettina Elias Siegel writing in New York Times, Should the Food Industry Sneak Vegetables Into Food?
In desperation, they dried fruits and vegetables in an old food dehydrator they had, then used their coffee grinder to powder the produce...
glosses: To reduce to fine particles; to pound, grind, or rub into a powder.
examples: text: to powder one's hair
text: 23 March 2016, Seth Augenstein in Laboratory Equipment, FDA Proposes Ban on Powdered Surgical Gloves, Decades after Documenting Health Dangers
Gloves were powdered for more than a century to allow doctors and surgeons to slip them on more easily.
text: A circling zone thou seest / Powdered with stars.
ref: 1667, John Milton, “(please specify the page number)”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
glosses: To sprinkle with powder, or as if with powder.
examples: 1778-1787, Frances Burney, The Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay
If she is grave, and reads steadily on, she dismisses me, whether I am dressed or not; but at all times she never forgets to send me away while she is powdering, with a consideration not to spoil my clothes
glosses: To use powder on the hair or skin.
examples: text: Ample evidence is brought forward to show that the higher incidence of chronic interstitial nephritis in Queensland is due to lead paint on the verandahs and railings of the houses, which powders easily during the long Australian summer.
ref: 1934, Edward Knight, The Clinical Journal, volume 63:
glosses: To turn into powder; to become powdery.
glosses: To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat.
examples: text: Miss Gibson appeared in the empty hall, her eyes wide and shocked. The little man who had started all the trouble with his singing telegram had powdered.
ref: 1980, Stephen King, The Wedding Gig:
glosses: To depart suddenly; to "take a powder".
Synonyms: sense: to reduce to fine particles
word: pound
sense: to reduce to fine particles
word: grind
sense: to reduce to fine particles
word: comminute
sense: to reduce to fine particles
word: pulverize
sense: to reduce to fine particles
word: triturate
Derived terms: overpowder
powderable
powderer
repowder
imp.
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
Forms: form: more imp.
form: most imp.
Etymology: Abbreviations.
Senses: examples: notā, sg. imp. form of notō, “I mark”
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: imper.
glosses: Abbreviation of imperative.
examples: sate, obs. imp. form of to sit
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: imperf.
impf.
impft
glosses: Abbreviation of imperfect.
examples: rain: in imp. constr., “It’s raining.”
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: impers.
glosses: Abbreviation of impersonal.
examples: 1 metric kg ≅ 2·2 imp. ℔
glosses: Abbreviation of imperial.
examples: text: V. imp. — remember!
synonyms: impt
glosses: Abbreviation of important.
examples: imp.–dom. ratio is now ~3:1
synonyms: imptd
glosses: Abbreviation of imported.
examples: text: New 2.16β, much imp. on v.2.1.
glosses: Abbreviation of improved.
Derived terms: sense: imperial
word: imp. gal.
imp.
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
Forms: form: imp.
form: imps.
form: impp.
Etymology: Abbreviations.
Senses: examples: week 31 imp. gross: $20·6M
glosses: Abbreviation of import.
examples: USA now top imp. of goods
synonyms: imptr
glosses: Abbreviation of importer.
examples: 2ⁿᵈ ed., 11 ᵗʰ imp., 1907
glosses: Abbreviation of impression.
examples: imp. non obst.
glosses: Abbreviation of imprimatur.
examples: text: Inc. imp. on 3ʳᵈ flyl.
glosses: Abbreviation of imprint.
examples: forecast sce. shows much imp.
glosses: Abbreviation of improvement.
imp.
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
Etymology: Abbreviations.
Senses: examples: text: Imp. new tech at 19:00.
glosses: Abbreviation of implement.
imp.
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
enpr: ĕɴp
ipa: /ɛ̃p/
enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
Etymology: Abbreviation of French imprimé (“printed”) and imprimeur (“printer”).
Senses: glosses: Printed.
imp.
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
enpr: ĕɴp
ipa: /ɛ̃p/
enpr: ĭmp
ipa: /ɪmp/
rhymes: -ɪmp
Forms: form: imp.
Etymology: Abbreviation of French imprimé (“printed”) and imprimeur (“printer”).
Senses: glosses: Printer.
impersonal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmˈpɝsənəl/
note: Northern England English, Syllabic post-schwa consonants
ipa: /ɪmˈpɜː.sn̩.ɫ̩/
Forms: form: more impersonal
form: most impersonal
Etymology: From French impersonnel, from Latin impersōnālis, from im- (“not”) + persōnālis (“personal”), equivalent to im- + personal.
Senses: examples: text: The great tragedians of Greece reveal to us their people's exquisite sense of beauty, and their faith in an awful, an almighty, but an impersonal power, called Fate
ref: 1853, James Stephen, On Desultory and Systematic Reading: A Lecture:
glosses: Not personal; not representing a person; not having personality.
examples: text: She sounded impersonal as she gave her report of the Nazi death camps.
text: And now it appeared that there was a mysterious Queen clothed by rumour with dread and wonderful attributes, and commonly known by the impersonal, but, to my mind, rather awesome title of She.
ref: 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:
glosses: Lacking warmth or emotion; cold.
examples: text: The verb “rain” is impersonal in sentences like “It’s raining.”
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
synonyms: monopersonal
unipersonal
glosses: Not having a subject, or having a third person pronoun without an antecedent.
raw_tags: of a verb or other word
Derived terms: impersonalise
impersonalism
impersonalist
impersonality
impersonalization
impersonalize
impersonally
impersonalness
impersonal passive
impersonal subject
impersonal verb
ultraimpersonal
Related terms: personal
impersonal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪmˈpɝsənəl/
note: Northern England English, Syllabic post-schwa consonants
ipa: /ɪmˈpɜː.sn̩.ɫ̩/
Forms: form: impersonals
Etymology: From French impersonnel, from Latin impersōnālis, from im- (“not”) + persōnālis (“personal”), equivalent to im- + personal.
Senses: topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistics
sciences
glosses: An impersonal word or construct.
gram.
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: Abbreviation of grammar.
cf.
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /kəmˈpɛɚ ˌwɪθ/
ipa: /siːˈɛf/
rhymes: -ɛf
Forms: form: cf
Etymology: Abbreviation of Latin cōnfer (“compare”), imperative of cōnferō (“I compare”).
Senses: glosses: Compare; compare to; compare with.
glosses: See; see also.
Related terms: collate
confer
prefix
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹiːfɪks/
ipa: /pɹɛˈfɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
Forms: form: prefixes
form: præfix
form: prefixe
raw_tags: for the verb
Etymology: Borrowed from Late Latin praefīxum, from Latin praefīxus, past participle of praefīgō (“I (fix, fasten, set up) in front”, “I fix on the (end, extremity)”) (from prae- (“before”) + fīgō (“I fix”, “I fasten”, “I affix”)), equivalent to pre- + -fix. Doublet of the archaic synonym prefixum.
Senses: examples: text: The chosen prefixes won the vote in part because they start with the only two letters left in the alphabet that are not already used in measurement. The b for “bronto” is already used for bytes and h for “hella” is used for hecto, the prefix for 100.
ref: 2022 November 18, Ian Sample, “Earth weighs in at six ronnagrams as new prefixes picked for big and small”, in The Guardian:
topics: grammar
human-sciences
linguistic-morphology
linguistics
morphology
sciences
glosses: Something placed before another
A morpheme added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning, for example as, pre- in prefix, con- in conjure, re- in reheat, etc.
synonyms: word: foresyllable
word: prefixum
antonyms: suffix
hypernyms: word: affix
word: morpheme
examples: text: in the UK, a number with an 0800 prefix is a toll-free number.
text: Add the prefix +34 to dial a Spanish number from abroad
topics: communications
electrical-engineering
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
telecommunications
glosses: Something placed before another
A set of digits placed before a telephone number, to indicate where the number is based, what type of phone number it is (landline, mobile, toll-free, premium rate etc.)
glosses: Something placed before another
A title added to a person's name, such as Mr. or Dr.
examples: text: The string "abra" is both a prefix and a suffix of the string "abracadabra".
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: Something placed before another
An initial segment of a string of characters.
Synonyms: word: forefix
Derived terms: word: metric prefix
word: null prefix
word: prefixal
word: prefixhood
word: prefixing
word: prefixless
word: ~ness
word: prefixlike
word: prefixness
word: prefixoid
word: pseudoprefix
word: SI prefix
word: zero prefix
sense: Expressions
word: international call prefix
sense: Expressions
word: prefix code
sense: Expressions
word: prefix coding
sense: Expressions
word: prefix notation
sense: Expressions
word: prefix tree
sense: Expressions
word: separable prefix
sense: Expressions
word: ship prefix
prefix
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɹiːfɪks/
ipa: /pɹɛˈfɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
ipa: /pɹiːˈfɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
ipa: /ˈpɹiːfɪks/
ipa: /pɹɛˈfɪks/
rhymes: -ɪks
Forms: form: prefixes
form: prefixing
form: prefixed
form: prefixed
form: præfix
form: prefixe
raw_tags: for the verb
Etymology: From Middle English prefixen, from Middle French prefixer, from Latin praefīxus, past participle of praefīgō (“I (fix, fasten, set up) in front”, “I fix on the (end, extremity)”) (from prae- (“before”) + fīgō (“I fix”, “I fasten”, “I affix”)), equivalent to pre- + -fix.
Senses: examples: text: But the danger was, that a man can hardly prefix any certaine limits unto his desire[…].
ref: 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 40, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
text: It is important to realize that pregivenness or prefixing is a kind of anteriority that does its work in the present; subjects and meanings in part emerge in enuciative co-constitutive moments.
ref: 2002, Thomas R. West, Signs of Struggle, page 23:
glosses: To determine beforehand; to set in advance.
glosses: To put or fix before, or at the beginning of something; to place at the start.
Derived terms: prefixable
prefixation
prefixed
unprefixed
prefixer
auto~
Related terms: word: fix
word: pre-
word: prefixion
word: prepend
word: coverb
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramme
Etymology: From French gramme, from Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “a small weight, a scruple”). Doublet of gramma.
Senses: examples: Holonyms: kilogram < megagram < gigagram
Meronyms: picogram < nanogram < microgram < milligram
glosses: A unit of mass equal to one-thousandth of a kilogram. Symbol: g.
Derived terms: attogram
centimeter-gram-second
Christogram
connectogram
corrgram
erythrogram
exagram
femtogram
gigagram
gram atom
gram calorie
gram degree
gram equivalent
grammage
gram-molecular weight
gram molecule
hectokilogram
kinetogram
megagram
metergram
multigram
myriagram
petagram
picogram
quectogram
quettagram
ronnagram
rontogram
stereogram
subgram
syllectogram
teragram
yoctogram
yottagram
zeptogram
zettagram
Related terms: kilogram
milligram
List of SI units
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramme
Etymology: From obsolete Portuguese gram (modern Portuguese grão), from Latin grānum. Doublet of corn, grain, granum, and grao.
Senses: examples: text: The next class of farinaceous foods are the Pulses, as peas, beans, and lentils of this country, and the dholls and grams of India.
ref: 1870, Henry Letheby, On Food, page 22:
glosses: A leguminous plant grown for its seeds, especially the chickpea.
glosses: The seeds of these plants.
Derived terms: Bengal gram
black gram
gram flour
green gram
horse gram
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramme
Etymology: Clipping of gramma.
Senses: glosses: Grandmother.
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramme
Etymology: Clipping of gramophone.
Senses: topics: broadcasting
media
glosses: A gramophone recording.
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: gramme
Etymology: Clipping of Instagram.
Senses: examples: text: Keep my business off the gram / Switch my style like I switch hands / Going to war, on foreign land / Fuck out the way bitch back it up / Shit better get played in a palace
ref: 2020, Barrington DeVaughn Hendricks, “BALD!”, performed by JPEGMAFIA, Tiny Lil God Publishing, ISWC T9325823390:
glosses: Alternative form of 'gram (“Instagram”)
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramme
Etymology: Clipping of Instagram.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of 'gram (“Instagram”)
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: grams
form: gramming
form: grammed
form: grammed
form: gramme
Etymology: Clipping of Instagram.
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of 'gram (“Instagram”)
Derived terms: regram
gram
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɡɹæm/
rhymes: -æm
homophone: graham stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn
Forms: form: gramme
Senses: glosses: Misspelling of graham.
Related terms: sense: etymologically unrelated terms
word: gram-negative
sense: etymologically unrelated terms
word: gram panchayat
sense: etymologically unrelated terms
word: gram-positive
sense: etymologically unrelated terms
word: gram sansad
selenoid
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more selenoid
form: most selenoid
Etymology: From seleno- + -oid.
Senses: glosses: crescent-shaped
selenoid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: selenoids
Etymology: From seleno- + -oid.
Senses: glosses: any satellite of the Earth's moon (none of which are known)
Related terms: selenic
solenoid
flash
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: flăsh
ipa: /flæʃ/
rhymes: -æʃ
Forms: form: more flash
form: most flash
Etymology: In some senses, from Middle English flasshen, a variant of flasken, flaskien (“to sprinkle, splash”), which was likely of imitative origin; in other senses probably of North Germanic origin akin to Swedish dialectal flasa (“to burn brightly, blaze”), related to flare. Compare also Icelandic flasa (“to rush, go hastily”).
Senses: examples: text: The barber man was small and flash, as barbers mostly are,
He wore a strike-your-fancy sash, he smoked a huge cigar;
ref: 1892, Banjo Paterson, The Man from Ironbark:
glosses: Expensive-looking and demanding attention; stylish; showy.
glosses: Having plenty of ready money.
raw_tags: of a person
examples: text: Bit of a flash git, don't you think?
ref: 1990, House of Cards, season 1, episode 1:
glosses: Liable to show off expensive possessions or money.
raw_tags: of a person
glosses: Occurring very rapidly, almost instantaneously.
examples: text: the flash language: thieves' cant or slang
text: flash notes: counterfeit banknotes
text: Why, you would not be boosing till lightman's in a square crib like mine, as if you were in a flash panny?
ref: 1828, Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton, Pelham, Or, Adventures of a Gentleman:
glosses: Relating to thieves and vagabonds.
flash
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: flăsh
ipa: /flæʃ/
rhymes: -æʃ
Forms: form: flashes
Etymology: From Middle English flashe, flaske, also found as flosche and flushe (whence modern English flosh and flush), used in Middle and modern English for bodies of water with varying emphasis on them being "pools" or "marshes". It is not entirely clear whether these constitute a single term with varied spellings, or have distinct etymologies. The form flash, flashe is often suggested to be from Old French flache, French flaque, which is of Germanic origin, akin to Middle Dutch vlacke (“an estuary, flats with stagnant pools”). See flush for more on that form.
Senses: examples: text: their hearts lie lumpish as a Log that lies in a flash of water seven years together
ref: a. 1646, Jeremiah Burroughs, The Excellency of Holy Courage in Evil Times:
text: The […] woods, commons, ponds, 'flashes,' bogs, 'damp spots,' and ditches are, when the number and rarity of some of the species are taken into account, the richest botanical ground in Lincolnshire;
ref: 1895, The Naturalist, , page 232:
text: It includes deep holes, wet and dry, and the hill-and-dale formations left by the mechanical excavation of sand, gravel, clay, ironstone and other surface-worked minerals; the heaps of shale, waste products and fuel ash resulting from deep mining, manufacturing and the generation of electric power; the flashes, swamps and hollows caused by mining subsidence; the hill-side scars made by chalk, limestone and hardrock quarrying; and the ruins of abandoned industrial buildings.
ref: 1967, R. E. Bevan, Notes on the Science and Practice of the Controlled Tipping ..., page 40:
text: In breeding season the important [...] sites are distributed along the Dearne and Don on the flashes, marshes, ponds and oxbows, in the carrs around Doncaster, and the flooded gravel pits at Blaxton, Finningley, Sutton and Lound (see fig. 3).
ref: 1972, The Naturalist, numbers 920-935, page 127:
text: A saline coastal lagoon, up to 3m deep, behind a sand bar, with brackish marshes (flashes) and mangrove swamps. The lagoon has now been permanently opened to the sea.
ref: 1986, A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands, page 544:
text: Spring waders passed through on migration, joining the fen to other flashes, marshes, rivers, seas and oceans, flying from Africa to Siberia and landing en route only where their feet might be covered with water.
ref: 2016, Tim Dee, Four Fields, page 47:
glosses: A pool of water, in some areas especially one that is marshy, and/or one formed by subsidence of the ground due to mining. (Compare flush (“marsh; pool”).)
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A reservoir and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a shoal, so that the stream may pour in water as boats pass, and thus bear them over the shoal.
Derived terms: flash wheel
crankcase
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: crankcases
Etymology: From crank + case.
Senses: examples: text: The crankcase itself is in one piece, in the form of a tunnel into which the crankshaft is introduced from one end.
ref: 1960 January, “The Swindon Type "4" diesel-hydraulic units”, in Trains Illustrated, page 41:
glosses: The part of an engine that contains the crankshaft.
pass
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /pɑːs/
ipa: [pʰɑːs]
ipa: [pʰäːs]
ipa: [pʰɐːs]
ipa: [pʰaːs]
ipa: /pæs/
ipa: [pʰæs]
ipa: [pʰɛəs]
ipa: [pʰeəs]
ipa: [pʰas]
ipa: [pʰæs]
ipa: [pʰäs]
ipa: [pʰeə̯s]
rhymes: -æs
rhymes: -ɑːs
Forms: form: passes
Etymology: Short for password.
Senses: examples: text: Anyone want to trade passes?
text: If you don't have your password set within a week I'll remove you from the userlist and I'll add you again next time I see you in the chan and make sure you set a pass.
ref: 1999, Jonny Durango, “IMPORTANT NEWS FOR AHM IRC CHAN!!!”, in alt.hackers.malicious (Usenet):
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A password (especially one for a restricted-access website).
Related terms: pass-agg
pass-dice
dew
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: note: yod-coalescence
ipa: /d͡ʒuː/
note: without the yod-coalescence
ipa: /djuː/
note: yod-dropping
ipa: /duː/
ipa: /dɪu̯/
homophone: due
homophone: do
homophone: doo (yod-dropping)
homophone: Jew (yod-coalescence)
Forms: form: dews
form: dewing
form: dewed
form: dewed
Etymology: From Middle English dewe, dewen, from Old English *dēawian, from Proto-West Germanic *dauwēn, from Proto-Germanic *dawwāną. Cognates include Saterland Frisian daue, German tauen and Dutch dauwen.
Senses: examples: text: The grasses grew / A little ranker since they dewed them so.
ref: 1887, Andrew B. Saxton, “Sunken Graves”, in The Century:
glosses: To wet with, or as if with, dew; to moisten.
examples: text: The former [substances extremely attentuated, or in a filamentous and downly state] collect dew copiously, while the latter [solids] so rarely indicate its presence, even when it is dewing freely on contiguous substances, that some observers have doubted whether it ever happened, and have been disposed to believe that they repel it.
ref: 1831, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for ..., page 80:
text: Yesterday she tied Kenneth to a tree and left him there for hours when it was dewing.
ref: 1929, Cecily Sidgwick, Six of Them, page 118:
text: Withdraw heat from a gas, and it will dew into a liquid. Subtract more heat, and a solid forms.
ref: 2017, Sam Kean, Caesar's Last Breath: Decoding the Secrets of the Air Around Us:
glosses: To deposit dew.
Related terms: bedew
blower
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈbləʊɚ/
rhymes: -əʊɚ
Forms: form: blowers
Etymology: From Middle English blowere, blower, from Old English blāwere; equivalent to blow + -er.
Senses: glosses: A person who blows.
examples: text: The great sources of fire-damp in coal mines are blowers or fissures from which currents of this inflammable gas issue in considerable quantities and for a long series of years
ref: 1843, Humphry Davy, “On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, number 31 December 1833 volume 2, republished online 1 January 1997:
topics: business
mining
synonyms: feeder
glosses: A fissure from which firedamp issues, often in quantity for many years.
examples: text: The locomotive […] was quietly "blowing off" on one Ross "pop" valve, whilst the rhythmic clanging of the fireman's shovel, the black smoke pouring from her chimney, and the harsh sound of the blower told of the proximity of departure time.
ref: 1942 July–August, Philip Spencer, “On the Footplate in Egypt”, in Railway Magazine, page 208:
glosses: Any device that blows; often, especially, a furnace component or a supercharger.
glosses: Any device that blows; often, especially, a furnace component or a supercharger.
A ducted fan, usually part of a heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning system.
examples: text: Get on the blower and call headquarters right away!
text: I got off the blower oozing no confidence at all.
ref: 1995, Paul Vautin, Turn It Up!, Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, page 144:
qualifier: usually preceded by the
glosses: Telephone.
qualifier: usually preceded by the
glosses: Telephone.
A telephone service providing betting odds and commentary, relayed to customers in a bookmaker's shop via loudspeaker.
examples: text: There hangs something majestic about a man who has borne his part in battles, especially if he is very quiet regarding it when you desire him to unbosom. I am continually lost at the absence of blowing and blowers among these old-young American militaires.
ref: 1999, John Harmon McElroy, editor, The Sacrificial Years: A Chronicle of Walt Whitman's Experiences in the Civil War, page 29:
glosses: A braggart, or loud talker.
topics: nautical
transport
glosses: The whale; so called from its habit of spouting up a column of water.
glosses: A small fish of the Atlantic coast, Sphoeroides maculatus; the puffer.
glosses: A gun.
Derived terms: blower door
chunk-blower
hornblower
Hornblower
mindblower
safeblower
smoke-blower
smoke blower
snowblower
stoneblower
whistle-blower
Related terms: sense: equipment blowing air to fire
word: blowpipe
muffler
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈmʌflɚ/
rhymes: -ʌflə(ɹ)
Forms: form: mufflers
Etymology: From muffle + -er.
Senses: examples: Holonym: exhaust system
topics: automotive
transport
vehicles
glosses: Something or someone that muffles.
A part of the exhaust pipe of a car that dampens the noise the engine produces.
synonyms: silencer
related: word: catalytic converter
word: exhaust pipe
word: tailpipe
word: sidepipe
word: manifold
word: header
glosses: Something or someone that muffles.
An accessory for a firearm that lessens the noise at the muzzle.
synonyms: silencer
suppressor
examples: text: The newcomer took off his cap and his big woollen muffler. His nose was pointed and red.
ref: 1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, chapter 8, in Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC:
text: He was wearing a maroon cashmere muffler which had hiked up on his neck, giving him next to no protection against the cold. Abruptly, and rather absently, he took his right hand out of his coat pocket and started to adjust the muffler, but before it was adjusted, he changed his mind […]
ref: 1955, J. D. Salinger, “Franny”, in Franny and Zooey, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, published 1991, →ISBN, page 4:
glosses: Something or someone that muffles.
A type of scarf.
hypernyms: scarf
<
garment
topics: government
military
politics
war
glosses: Something or someone that muffles.
A gas mask.
Derived terms: muffler bearing
mufflered
muffler furnace
mufflerless
green-backed firecrown
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: green-backed firecrowns
Senses: glosses: A South American hummingbird, Sephanoides sephaniodes.
exhaust
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪɡˈzɔːst/
ipa: /ɪɡˈzɔst/
ipa: /ɪɡˈzɑst/
rhymes: -ɔːst
Forms: form: exhausts
form: exhausting
form: exhausted
form: exhausted
Etymology: From Latin exhaustus, past participle of exhaurīre (“to draw out, drink up, empty, exhaust”), from ex (“out”) + haurīre (“to draw (especially water), drain”).
Senses: examples: text: The water was exhausted out of the well.
text: Moisture of the earth is exhausted by evaporation.
glosses: To draw or let out wholly; to drain completely.
examples: text: to exhaust a well
text: to exhaust a treasury
text: It takes approximately 8 to 9 minutes to exhaust the tank of air and fill it with water.
ref: 1922, Municipal Engineering and the Sanitary Record, page 68:
glosses: To empty by drawing or letting out the contents.
examples: text: My grandfather seemingly never exhausts his supply of bad jokes.
text: to exhaust one's resources
text: to exhaust all possibilities
text: You're exhausting my patience.
text: I exhausted my strength walking up the hill.
glosses: To use up; to deplete, drain or expend wholly, or use until the supply comes to an end.
examples: text: The marathon exhausted me.
text: It is a branch that climbs for 11½ miles into the picturesque Wealden hills until, apparently exhausted by the effort, it terminates a mile short of the village of Hawkhurst.
ref: 1960 March, H. P. White, “The Hawkhurst branch of the Southern Region”, in Trains Illustrated, page 170:
glosses: To tire out; to wear out; to cause to be without any energy.
examples: text: That subject has already been exhausted.
glosses: To discuss thoroughly or completely.
examples: text: to exhaust a drug successively with water, alcohol, and ether
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: To subject to the action of various solvents in order to remove all soluble substances or extractives.
examples: text: Infections can be reduced further if outside air is exhausted after a single use, rather than re-circulated.
ref: 2013 November 18, Michael Phiri, Bing Chen, Sustainability and Evidence-Based Design in the Healthcare Estate, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 141:
text: They [the doors between two clean rooms] get connected, and then high-pressure air blasts out anything in between: all the outside atmosphere is exhausted by fresh, clean air.
ref: 2023 May 8, Tom Scott, The world's cleanest railway:
glosses: To expel (as exhaust).
examples: text: Steam from both high pressure cylinders exhausts through the respective receiver pipes into cylinders.
ref: 1910, Walter Mason Camp, The Railway and Engineering Review, page 609:
text: Figure 7.13e shows a 4/2 valve that normally has the pressure applied to output 4 while output 3 exhausts through the exhaust port. When activated, the pressure switches to output 3 while output 4 exhausts through the exhaust port.
ref: 2022 July 13, Alan Darbyshire, Charles Gibson, Mechanical Engineering, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 16:
glosses: To discharge or escape (as exhaust).
Synonyms: spend
consume
tire out
weary
tucker
Related terms: exhausted
exhaustible
exhausting
exhaustion
exhaustive