cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
on spec
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Etymology: Clipping of on speculation.
Senses: examples: text: I had written him a letter which I had, for want of better
Knowledge, sent to where I met him down the Lachlan, years ago,
He was shearing when I knew him, so I sent the letter to him,
Just on spec, addressed as follows, “Clancy, of The Overflow”.
ref: 1889, Banjo Paterson, Clancy of the Overflow:
glosses: In hope of success, using one's best guess.
examples: text: I'm writing an article on spec. I hope some magazine will buy it.
text: He bought the land on spec — he thinks it's likely to be rezoned commercial and subdivided.
text: "Why doubt his guilt?"
Wolfe's shoulders went up a fraction of an inch, and down again. "Divination. Contrariety."
"I see." Unger pursed his midget mouth, which didn't need pursing. "You're shooting at it on spec."
ref: 1955 October, Rex Stout, “The Next Witness”, in Three Witnesses, Bantam, published 1994, →ISBN, page 36:
topics: business
glosses: With the hope of selling it, as opposed to on commission (for hire) or with some other likewise assured outlet for getting paid or reselling.
Related terms: spec home
spec script
specifications
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of specification
specifications
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: synonyms: specs
glosses: A set of requirements defining an exact description of an object or a process.
couturier
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: couturiers
Etymology: Borrowed from French couturier.
Senses: glosses: A person who designs haute couture (high fashion).
glosses: A company that is owned by or employs such a person; a fashion house.
Related terms: couture
haute couture
dilation and curettage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet.
Derived terms: word: D and C
genrelization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: genrelizations
Etymology: Blend of genre + generalization
Senses: glosses: The pigeonholing of people as a result of the genre of music, fashion, or lifestyle that they adhere to.
glosses: The over-categorization of existing genres into subgenres.
Related terms: typecast
pigeonholing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of pigeonhole
pigeonholing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pigeonholings
Senses: glosses: The classification of disparate entities into categories, not always for the right reason.
categorization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkæt.ə.ɡɚ.əˈzeɪ.ʃən/
ipa: /ˌkæt.ə.ɡər.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Forms: form: categorizations
form: categorisation
Etymology: From categorize + -ation.
Senses: synonyms: classification
glosses: A group of things arranged by category.
examples: text: It’s fair to say that Wikipedia has spent far more time considering the philosophical ramifications of categorization than Aristotle and Kant ever did.
ref: 2013 April 29, James Gleick, “Wikipedia's Women Problem”, in New York Review of Books:
synonyms: classification
typing#Noun
glosses: The process of sorting or arranging things into categories or classes.
Derived terms: autocategorization
decategorization
miscategorization
overcategorization
recategorization
subcategorization
supercategorization
Related terms: categorically
categorize
category
category theory
subgenre
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: subgenres
form: sub-genre
Etymology: From sub- + genre.
Senses: examples: text: You have to give director Colm McCarthy, a Scottish TV veteran making his feature film debut, and writer Mike Carey, adapting his own novel, credit for attempting the seemingly impossible task of doing something new with the zombie subgenre.
ref: 2017 February 23, Katie Rife, “The Girl With All The Gifts tries to put a fresh spin on overripe zombie clichés”, in The Onion AV Club, archived from the original on 25 Feb 2017:
text: Black metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music that typically takes on anti-Christian, satanic and pagan themes.
ref: 2019 April 12, Paul P. Murphy and Samira Said, “Louisiana arson suspect expressed disgust with Baptist churches on Facebook”, in CNN:
glosses: One of several categories within a particular genre.
Gilgamesh
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɪl.ɡə.mɛʃ/
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒄑𒂆𒈦 (Gilgāmeš), from Sumerian 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌 (ᵈgilgameš₂ /⁠Gilgameš⁠/)
Senses: glosses: A semi-legendary king of Uruk, who is the hero of the Babylonian poem Epic of Gilgamesh.
beer parlour
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: beer parlours
form: beer parlor
Senses: glosses: A bar, selling beer, that has tables where customers may congregate socially.
Synonyms: beer bar
alehouse
brewpub
pub
saloon
beer parlor
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: beer parlors
Senses: examples: text: Observational study of alcohol consumption in natural settings: The Vancouver beer parlor.
ref: 1994, Clement Vonnie V, Research and Intervention: Preventing Substance Abuse in Higher Education:
text: You go to the beer parlor, you know everybody.
ref: 1998, Antonio Azuela, Emilio Duhau, Evictions and the Right to Housing:
text: At UBC Canada, the student center also houses an auditorium and a beer parlor for students called the Pit, as well as a bowling alley on the lower ground floor.
ref: 2006, Ashok Malhotra, Fundamentals of Excellence in Technical and other Universities:
glosses: Alternative spelling of beer parlour.
senile
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsiːnaɪl/
ipa: /ˈsinaɪl/
rhymes: -aɪl
Forms: form: more senile
form: most senile
Etymology: 1660s; borrowed from French sénile, from Middle French senile, from Old French senile, from Latin senīlis (“of or pertaining to old age”), from senex (“old man”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sénos (“old”).
Senses: examples: text: Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.
ref: 2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:
glosses: Of, or relating to old age.
examples: text: Her mother was senile, but they called it dementia now.
ref: 2019, Colson Whitehead, The Nickel Boys, Fleet, page 183:
glosses: Exhibiting the deterioration in mind and body often accompanying old age; doddering.
Derived terms: Cnile
nonsenile
presenile
senile angioma
senile gangrene
senilely
senile wart
senility
senilize
Related terms: senate
senator
senescence
senior
seniority
senile
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsiːnaɪl/
ipa: /ˈsinaɪl/
rhymes: -aɪl
Forms: form: seniles
Etymology: 1660s; borrowed from French sénile, from Middle French senile, from Old French senile, from Latin senīlis (“of or pertaining to old age”), from senex (“old man”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sénos (“old”).
Senses: examples: text: Seniles differ markedly in their early adult intelligence level, and in their social, vocational, and educational histories.
ref: 1979, Oscar J. Kaplan, Psychopathology of Aging, page 54:
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: A person who is senile.
parlour
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈpɑːlə/
ipa: /ˈpɑɹlɚ/
ipa: /ˈpaːlɔː/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)lə(ɹ)
Forms: form: parlours
Senses: examples: text: Will you walk into my parlour, said a Spider to a Fly; / 'Tis the prettiest little parlour that ever you did spy.
ref: 1829, Mary Howitt, The Spider and the Fly, published 1853:
text: At half-past nine on this Saturday evening, the parlour of the Salutation Inn, High Holborn, contained most of its customary visitors.[…]In former days every tavern of repute kept such a room for its own select circle, a club, or society, of habitués, who met every evening, for a pipe and a cheerful glass.
ref: 1892, Walter Besant, chapter III, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:
glosses: Commonwealth standard spelling of parlor.
Derived terms: parlourless
parlourmaid
parlour pink
doddering
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: You great fat, blasted, blear-eyed, blundering, thundering, brainless, God-forsaken, doddering, damned fool!
ref: 1908, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare, Bristol: J[ames] W[illiams] Arrowsmith, […]; London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company, →OCLC, page 212:
text: Treat the doddering old fool with sympathy.
ref: 1963, Thomas Pynchon, V., J. B. Lippincott & Co., →LCCN, →OCLC, page 241:
text: She treats him not as a doddering old fool but as a man hampered in his movements by injury.
ref: 2005, J. M. Coetzee, “Four”, in Slow Man, New York: Viking, →ISBN, page 28:
glosses: mentally or physically infirm due to old age; senile
Derived terms: dodderingly
doddering
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of dodder
doddering
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: dodderings
Senses: examples: text: Now that he was next in line to the minister of state security himself, an 82 year old man whose dodderings Fang graciously covered up to save everyone's face, Fang had a huge problem.
ref: 2001, Seth Kohn, Escape on the Silk Road, page 7:
glosses: A shaking or trembling movement, as of old age.
gladius
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈɡlæd.i.əs/
Forms: form: gladiuses
form: gladii
Etymology: From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”). Doublet of glaive.
Senses: examples: text: Finally, the Romans made the gladius—sharp, of highly-tempered steel, and strongly piercing—the first real sword (Figs. 17, 18, 19), of which only five specimens are now known to exist.
ref: 1882, “The Genesis of the Sword”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 21, page 81:
text: The gladius was effective either for cutting or for thrusting and was used by legionaries and auxiliaries.
ref: 2007, Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, page 212:
glosses: A Roman sword roughly two feet long.
examples: text: From the Cretaceous of North America fossilised gladii in the enigmatic genus Tusoteuthis have been estimated to give a mantle length (body size) of 1.8m, just less than that of the giant squid’s.
ref: 2017 October 31, Mark Carnall, The Guardian:
topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
glosses: A pen, a hard internal bodypart of certain cephalopods, made of chitin-like material.
incwala
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: incwalas
Senses: glosses: A Swazi ceremony that marks the first fruits of the harvest
AOB
Language: English
Part of speech: phrase
Senses: glosses: Any other business.
glosses: Away on break.
amputation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌæmpjʊˈteɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌæmpjʊˈteɪʃən/
ipa: [ˌɛəmpjʊˈteɪʃən]
ipa: /ˌæmpjʊˈtæɪʃən/
ipa: /ˌɛmpjʊˈtæɪʃən/
rhymes: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: amputations
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French amputation, borrowed from Latin amputātiō (“pruning (of a tree)”).
Senses: glosses: surgical removal of all or part of a limb, etc.
glosses: the loss of a limb, etc. through trauma
Derived terms: Ewing amputation
Related terms: acrotomophilia
apotemnophilia
apotemnophobia
dismemberment
back formation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: back formations
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of back-formation.
rose geranium
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: rose geraniums
Senses: glosses: Any of several pelargoniums having leaves with a rose scent, including important sources of rosewater and of rose fragrances. Although said to be the species Pelargonium graveolens, Pelargonium capitatum and Pelargonium radens, the rose geraniums in cultivation are pretty much all hybrids, with those species among the parents.
flowering plant
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: flowering plants
Senses: topics: biology
botany
natural-sciences
glosses: Any plant that produces flowers and fruit; an angiosperm.
Hyponyms: forb
Related terms: Magnoliophyta
turtledove
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: turtledoves
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of turtle dove.
woodpigeon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: woodpigeons
Senses: glosses: Alternative spelling of wood pigeon.
collared dove
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌkɒ.ləd ˈdʌv/
ipa: /ˌkɑ.lɚd ˈdʌv/
Forms: form: collared doves
Etymology: From the fact that the species is a dove with a black collar around its neck.
Senses: glosses: A bird of the species Streptopelia decaocto.
Synonyms: Eurasian collared dove
Derived terms: taxonomic: Streptopelia decipiens
word: mourning collared dove
passenger pigeon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: passenger pigeons
Senses: examples: text: Martha was a remnant of a species that had once dominated North America; it is estimated that there were as many as four billion – yes, billion – passenger pigeons when the Europeans arrived.
ref: 2012 June 27, Helen Lewis, “Sense of an endling”, in New Statesman, archived from the original on 11 Jul 2012:
text: Revive & Restore, a branch of the Long Now Foundation, is currently attempting to de-extinct the passenger pigeon in a project called The Great Comeback.
ref: 2020, “Life Finds A Way”, in Jonathan Elmore, editor, Fiction and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN:
glosses: A bird of the extinct species †Ectopistes migratorius, formerly endemic to North America.
wikipedia: Martha (passenger pigeon)
crowned pigeon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: crowned pigeons
Senses: glosses: Any bird of the genus Goura.
Derived terms: taxonomic: Goura cristata
word: western crowned pigeon
taxonomic: Goura scheepmakeri
word: Scheepmaker's crowned pigeon
taxonomic: Goura sclaterii
word: Sclater's crowned pigeon
taxonomic: Goura victoria
word: Victoria crowned pigeon
arson
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑɹsən/
ipa: /ˈɑːsən/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)sən
Forms: form: arsons
Etymology: From Anglo-Norman and Old French arson, from the verb ardoir, from Latin ardeō (“to burn”). Compare ardent.
Senses: examples: text: Arson, like we thought. three punks doused a car, lit it, and took off.
ref: 2006, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: Killer Smile, Part two, p.34:
glosses: The crime of deliberately starting a fire with intent to cause damage.
Derived terms: antiarson
arson dog
arsonical
arsonism
arsonist
arsonite
arsonous
arsonphobia
arsonry
climate arson
Related terms: incendiary
incendiarism
arson
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑɹsən/
ipa: /ˈɑːsən/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)sən
Forms: form: arsons
form: arsoning
form: arsoned
form: arsoned
Etymology: From Anglo-Norman and Old French arson, from the verb ardoir, from Latin ardeō (“to burn”). Compare ardent.
Senses: glosses: To illegally set fire to; to burn down in a criminal manner.
arson
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɑɹsən/
ipa: /ˈɑːsən/
rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)sən
Forms: form: arsons
Etymology: From Middle English arsoun, from Old French arçon, from Vulgar Latin *arciō (“saddlebow”), from Latin arcus (“bow”); compare Italian arcione, Portuguese arção, and Spanish arzón.
Senses: examples: text: The kyng of Englande mounted on a freſhe courſer, the trapper of clothe of golde, of Tiſſue, the Arſon mantell wiſe[…]
ref: 1550, Edward Halle, “The xij. yere of King Henry the viij.”, in The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illuſtre Famelies of Lancaſtre and Yoꝛke, folio 78, recto:
text: Arcione, the arſon or ſaddle bowe.
ref: 1598, John Florio, “Arcione”, in A Worlde of Words, or Most Copious, and Exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield for Edw[ard] Blount, →OCLC, page 25, column 1:
text: […]And putting vp good ſtore of gold and Iewels for that iourney, and taking with him a good horſe, that was browne Bay, with a Petronell hanging at the arſon of his Saddle[…]
ref: 1634, Matheo Aleman, “Wherein Guzman de Alfarache relateth the Story of thoſe two Louers, Ozmin and Daraxa”, in Don Diego Puede-Ser, transl., The rogue: or The life of Guzman de Alfarache, volume 1, pages 68–69:
glosses: A saddlebow.
Messer
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Forms: form: Messers
Etymology: Two main origins:
* Borrowed from German Messer (“knife”), a metonymic occupational surname for a cutler.
* An English occupational surname for someone who kept watch over harvested crops, from Old French messier (“harvest warden”).
Senses: glosses: A surname.
ginseng
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɪnsɛŋ/
ipa: /ˈd͡ʒɪnsɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɪnsɛŋ
Forms: form: ginsengs
form: genseng
form: gingseng
form: ginsing
form: jinseng
form: jin-seng
Etymology: Borrowed from Hokkien 人參 /人参 (jîn-sim, “ginseng”). Doublet of ninzin.
Senses: glosses: Any plant of two species of the genus Panax (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius), having forked roots supposed to have medicinal and aphrodisiac properties.
examples: text: When the Afghan princes find it necessary to employ Chob-Chini, (the Jin-seng, or China root so celebrated as a purifier, tonic, and aphrodisiac) they choose the spring season.
ref: 1855, Sir Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Dover, published 1964, pages 56–7:
text: Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.
ref: 2013 March 24, David S. Senchina, “Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 16 May 2013, page 134:
glosses: The root of such a plant, or an extract of these roots.
Derived terms: Alaskan ginseng
American ginseng
Asian ginseng
Asiatic ginseng
Brazilian ginseng
Chinese ginseng
dwarf ginseng
eastern ginseng
female ginseng
five-leaf ginseng
ginsenoside
Himalayan ginseng
Indian ginseng
Korean ginseng
notoginseng
Oriental ginseng
Peruvian ginseng
poor man's ginseng
prince ginseng
red ginseng
Siberian ginseng
southern ginseng
tienchi ginseng
Vietnamese ginseng
western ginseng
moonquake
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: rhymes: -eɪk
Forms: form: moonquakes
form: moon-quake
Etymology: From moon + quake, after the pattern of earthquake.
Senses: examples: text: Moonquakes and meteorite strikes could damage a reactor, but the chances are slim.
ref: 2025 August 8, Chandelis Duster, Geoff Brumfiel, “NASA plans to put a nuclear reactor on the moon. Here's what that means”, in NPR:
glosses: A seismic event occurring on the moon; the lunar equivalent of an earthquake.
Hypernyms: planetquake
sycamore maple
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: sycamore maples
Senses: synonyms: word: sycamore
glosses: The British and European sycamore tree, Acer pseudoplatanus.
glosses: An American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis)
acer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈeɪsə/
ipa: /ˈeɪsɚ/
ipa: /ˈɑkɛɚ/
Forms: form: acers
Etymology: From the genus name.
Senses: examples: text: In the plantations to which we allude, there were also some American acers and the Norway maple, exhibiting dark reds and rich yellows.
ref: 1842, The Gardener's Magazine, page 611:
glosses: A plant of the genus Acer; a maple.
acer
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈeɪsə/
ipa: /ˈeɪsɚ/
ipa: /ˈɑkɛɚ/
Forms: form: acers
Senses: glosses: Obsolete spelling of acre.
fyrst
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: glosses: Obsolete spelling of first.
vika
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: vikas
Etymology: Borrowed from Pijin vika, from Vangunu [Term?], a Solomon Islands language.
Senses: synonyms: Vangunu giant rat
glosses: A large, tree-dwelling rodent (Uromys vika) found in the Solomon Islands
which's
Language: English
Part of speech: pron
Etymology: From which + -'s (possessive clitic).
Senses: examples: text: Do you happen to know if - gosh, I've forgotten his name - from the zoo film unit is still operating at that little film studio which's name I've also forgot?
ref: 2001, Jane Goodall, Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters : the Later Years, page 116:
glosses: Of which; alternative to inanimate sense of “whose”.
examples: text: Whereas we are informed that the small pox prevails at New York, Connecticut, &c, the preventing of which’s coming into this place is of the utmost consequence, all persons are hereby notified that orders are given by us for all vessells coming into this port to hoist a jack at the main topmast head, […]
ref: 1899, Minisink Valley Historical Society, Collections, Connecticut Historical Society, page 86
text: The yield is comparable to the best corporate securities, each of which’s principal is relatively safe.
ref: 1992, Jack Rabin, Handbook of Public Budgeting, CRC Press, page 476:
text: The discovery of the Indianapolis Times was serendipitous since his two favorite teams were the Indiana Hoosiers and the Indianapolis Colts, the latter of which’s move from Baltimore prompted Poe’s lugubrious novel The Fall of the House of Irsay.
ref: 2004, Mark Axelrod, Borges' Travel, Hemingway's Garage: Secret Histories, page 74:
glosses: Of or pertaining to [some noun phrase ending with] which.
Synonyms: sense: whose
word: of which
sense: whose
word: whose
which's
Language: English
Part of speech: contraction
Etymology: From which + is.
Senses: examples: text: I didn’t ask for installation but they still charge me the installation which’s fine for me.
text: “Which’s the best man?” continued the young lady with the dark blue eyes.
ref: 1873, William Henry Thomes, The Bushrangers, page 38:
text: He’s the one that gits the full good ’f a clock, which’s the comp’ny they are.
ref: 1922, Marion Ames Taggart, Who is Sylvia?, Page & Company Doubleday, Country Life Press, page 267
text: To the best of my knowledge... which’s not a great deal... the Peraltas weren't here until late in the ’thirties.
ref: 1996, Nelson C. Nye, The White Chip, →ISBN, page 140:
glosses: contraction of which is
justiciability
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: topics: law
glosses: The ability (of a subject matter) to be evaluated and resolved by the courts.
Related terms: justiciable
nonjusticiable
non-justiciable
justiciable
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more justiciable
form: most justiciable
Etymology: From Middle French justiciable.
Senses: topics: law
glosses: Of or pertaining to justiciability; able to be evaluated and resolved by the courts; that can be adjudicated.
Synonyms: actionable
litigable
triable
Derived terms: justiciability
invariably
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪnˈvɛɹ.i.ə.bli/
ipa: /ɪnˈvɛə.ɹi.ə.bli/
ipa: /ɪnˈvɛ(ə).ɹə.bli/
Etymology: From invariable + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: He is invariably late for meetings.
text: “A tight little craft,” was Austin’s invariable comment on the matron;[…]. ¶ Near her wandered her husband, orientally bland, invariably affable, and from time to time squinting sideways, as usual, in the ever-renewed expectation that he might catch a glimpse of his stiff, retroussé moustache.
ref: 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter IX, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
text: In common with most Swiss Railways the standard of equipment and of operating efficiency is high, and stations and trains are invariably clean and well maintained.
ref: 1950 November, H. P. White, “The Furka-Oberalp Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 770:
text: As a consequence of the previous rules, each of the sixty-four squares is invariably indicated by a unique combination of a letter and a number.
ref: 2022, “2023 Laws of Chess”, in FIDE, page 21:
glosses: Every time; always, without change.
Synonyms: invariously
uniformly
violently
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvaɪ(ə)ləntli/
Forms: form: more violently
form: most violently
Etymology: From Middle English violently; equivalent to violent + -ly.
Senses: glosses: In a violent manner.
examples: text: I found myself violently disagreeing with him.
text: Arthur started to choke violently on his drink.
ref: 1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 112:
text: Those who believe in the blackpill tend to adopt violently misogynistic beliefs about the nature of women, particularly with regard to their sexual behaviour.
ref: 2023 January 24, Meg Roser, Charlotte Chalker and Tim Squirrell, “Spitting out the blackpill: Evaluating how incels present themselves in their own words on the incel Wiki”, in Institute for Strategic Dialogue, page 5:
glosses: To an intense degree; extremely; strongly; intensely.
specially
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈspɛʃəli/
Etymology: From Middle English specialli, specially, equivalent to special + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: We had this cake made specially for your birthday.
text: The train is waiting specially for a high-ranking diplomat.
text: The school is specially for any child whose schooling was disrupted by illness.
text: I had my insoles specially made.
glosses: For a special purpose, person, or occasion.
examples: text: She's specially good at running.
glosses: extremely
examples: text: I love all animals, specially cute furry ones.
glosses: in particular
Synonyms: word: for a special purpose
sense: extremely
word: exceedingly
word: passing
word: quite
word: very
sense: in particular
word: specifically
Related terms: especially
faithfully
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfeɪθfəli/
Forms: form: more faithfully
form: most faithfully
Etymology: From Middle English feithfulli, equivalent to faithful + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The CD reproduces music faithfully.
text: I have been faithfully married for the past twenty years.
text: You'll see your problems multiplied / if you continually decide / to faithfully pursue / the policy of truth.
ref: 1990, “Policy of Truth”, in Violator, performed by Depeche Mode:
glosses: In a faithful manner.
glosses: A conventional formula for ending a letter, used when the salutation addresses the person for whom the letter is intended using an honorific.
Synonyms: sense: formula for ending correspondence
word: yours faithfully
Derived terms: faithfully flat
yours faithfully
Related terms: sincerely
truly
frankly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɹæŋkli/
Forms: form: franklier
form: more frankly
form: frankliest
form: most frankly
Etymology: From frank + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: to speak frankly
text: He spoke frankly about the economy.
text: She was frankly disappointed. For some reason she had expected to discover a burglar of one or another accepted type—either a dashing cracksman in full-blown evening dress, lithe, polished, pantherish, or a common yegg, a red-eyed, unshaven, burly brute in the rags and tatters of a tramp.
ref: 1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 2:
text: Musk’s Israel tour was transparently transactional and frankly insulting. The antisemitic sentiment Musk endorsed had nothing to do with Israel; “replacement theory” is generally an unsupported allegation that Jews and other immigrants in the US and Europe are destroying Western civilization.
ref: 2023 November 28, Jill Filipovic, “Opinion: Elon Musk’s Israel tour was transparently transactional and insulting”, in CNN:
synonyms: word: candidly
word: forthcomingly
word: honestly
word: truthfully
word: bluntly
word: candidly
word: earnestly
word: for real
word: for realsies
word: forthcomingly
word: frankly
word: genuinely
word: honestly
word: no cap
word: openly
word: simply
word: sincerely
word: singly
word: straight up
word: truly
word: truthfully
glosses: In a frank or candid manner, especially in a way that may seem too open, excessively honest, or slightly blunt.
examples: text: Most of what they said was, frankly, a pack of lies.
text: Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.
ref: 1939, Gone with the Wind, spoken by Rhett Butler (Clark Gable):
synonyms: word: as a matter of fact
word: to be frank
word: truth to tell
word: actually
word: all things considered
word: as a matter of fact
word: by right
word: come to think of it
word: fact is
word: forsooth
word: frankly
word: honestly
word: in actuality
word: in fact
word: in faith
word: in point of fact
word: in reality
word: in truth
word: indeed
word: literally
word: properly
word: really
word: right
word: simply
word: soothfast
word: soothly
word: to tell the truth
word: truly
word: truthfully
word: verily
word: wis
qualifier: sentence adverb
glosses: In truth, to tell the truth.
examples: text: frankly septic
text: frankly psychotic
topics: medicine
sciences
coordinate_terms: evidently
obviously
apparently
macroscopically
grossly
greatly
palpably
glosses: To a degree large enough as to be plainly evident.
infinitely
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɪnfɪnɪtli/
Forms: form: more infinitely
form: most infinitely
Etymology: From infinite + -ly.
Senses: glosses: In an infinite manner; as of anything growing without bounds; endlessly.
examples: text: He is infinitely more capable than John.
text: Today, computer databases and corpora infinitely increase the ease of this type of research, but the collecting process remains essentially the same.
ref: 2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 4:
glosses: To a surpassingly large extent.
Synonyms: sense: infinite manner
word: ceaselessly
word: incessantly
word: nonstop
word: continuously
sense: surpassingly large extent
word: extremely
word: utterly
word: completely
Derived terms: infinitely many
curiously
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkjɝi.əsli/
ipa: /ˈkjʊɹi.əsli/
ipa: /ˈkjʊəɹi.əsli/
ipa: /ˈkjɔːɹi.əsli/
Forms: form: more curiously
form: most curiously
Etymology: From Middle English curiusly, curyously, curiosly, curiouseliche, curyouslyche, equivalent to curious + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The children peeped curiously into the attic room.
glosses: In a curious manner; with curiosity; inquisitively.
examples: text: Curiously, when I arrived home, the front door was standing ajar.
text: Performing a curiously melancholy, undulating developpe, the dancers point their legs at each other like accusing fingers.
ref: 1988 October 7, Laura Molzahn, “Between Heaven and the Gargabe Can”, in Chicago Reader, archived from the original on 06 Mar 2016:
glosses: Oddly; in a strange or unexpected way.
Derived terms: curiously recurring template pattern
overcuriously
tenderly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈtɛn.dɚ.li/
ipa: /ˈtɛn.də.li/
Forms: form: more tenderly
form: most tenderly
Etymology: From tender + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: and the hour striking at which I was oblig'd to dispatch my young man, I tenderly advised him of the necessity there was for parting
ref: 1749, [John Cleland], “(Please specify the letter or volume)”, in Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure [Fanny Hill], London: […] [Thomas Parker] for G. Fenton [i.e., Fenton and Ralph Griffiths] […], →OCLC:
english: Fanny Hill
translation: Fanny Hill
text: After a moment of comfortable silence, with Ben tenderly rubbing his thumb gently over the back of her hand, he asked, “So what do you want to do now that you’re all stuffed full of waffley goodness?”
ref: 2013, Victoria J. Hyla, Running in the Mists (Hearts Drawn Wyld Trilogy; 2), Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN, page 300:
text: Outside is getting colder
Why does it feel like I'm older than I asked to be?
But when you say my name
It all falls away so tenderly
ref: 2019, “Sinking”, performed by Clairo:
glosses: In a tender manner; gently; sweetly.
wonderfully
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /wʌn.də(ɹ).fli/
Forms: form: more wonderfully
form: most wonderfully
Etymology: From Middle English wonderfully, wunderfullie, wonderfulliche, equivalent to wonderful + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: He entertained us wonderfully.
text: By freeing statisticians from dealing with complicated calculations, the statistical aspects of a problem can become the main focus. This point is wonderfully illustrated by Smith and Gelfand (1992).
ref: 1992, Casella and George, Explaining the Gibbs Sampler, in: The American Statistician 46(3) 167–174
glosses: In a wonderful manner.
In an excellent manner.
examples: text: On a clear night, the Montana sky is wonderfully vast and full of stars.
text: It was wonderfully stormy and dark on the night when the ship went down.
glosses: In a wonderful manner.
To an extent inspiring wonder.
synonyms: wondrously
beautifully
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: enpr: byo͞oʹtĭf(ə)lē
ipa: /ˈbjuːtɪf(ə)li/
Forms: form: more beautifully
form: most beautifully
Etymology: From beautiful + -ly, circa 17th century.
Senses: examples: text: The intercom system worked beautifully, despite the fact that the ear plugs were designed for human rather than kzinti ears.
ref: 1970, Larry Niven, Ringworld, page 276:
text: Tom Cleverley had one of his better games, the highlight being a beautifully weighted pass to send Walcott away for his goal, and Rooney probably did as well as might have been anticipated given this was his first start in a competitive match since April.
ref: 2013 August 14, Daniel Taylor, The Guardian:
glosses: In a beautiful manner.
honestly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɒn.ɪst.li/
ipa: /ˈɑ.nɪst.li/
Forms: form: more honestly
form: most honestly
Etymology: From Middle English honestly, honestlyche, honestliche, equivalent to honest + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: He answered the questions honestly.
text: You honestly quit your tools; quit a most muddy confused coil of sore work, short rations, of sorrows, dispiritments and contradictions, having now honestly done with it all; — and await, not entirely in a distracted manner, what the Supreme Powers, and the Silences and the Eternities may have to say to you.
ref: 1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “chapter XIII, Democracy”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book III (The Modern Worker):
text: I can't honestly say that I feel any elatement at the prospect.
ref: 1896, Elsa d'Esterre Keeling, Old Maids and Young, volume 1, page 220:
text: Nevertheless, you must know (if I am to speak honestly to you) that I do not repent me those dallyings in enchanted fields.
ref: 1902, J. M. Barrie, The Little White Bird:
topics: manner
synonyms: candidly
sincerely
truthfully
antonyms: dishonestly
glosses: In an honest manner.
examples: text: Honestly, I didn't believe a word she said.
synonyms: word: as a matter of fact
word: in all honesty
word: in point of fact
word: in truth
word: actually
word: all things considered
word: as a matter of fact
word: by right
word: come to think of it
word: fact is
word: forsooth
word: frankly
word: honestly
word: in actuality
word: in fact
word: in faith
word: in point of fact
word: in reality
word: in truth
word: indeed
word: literally
word: properly
word: really
word: right
word: simply
word: soothfast
word: soothly
word: to tell the truth
word: truly
word: truthfully
word: verily
word: wis
qualifier: sentence adverb
glosses: Frankly, to be honest.
Synonyms: word: candidly
word: earnestly
word: for real
word: for realsies
word: forthcomingly
word: frankly
word: genuinely
word: honestly
word: no cap
word: openly
word: simply
word: sincerely
word: singly
word: straight up
word: truly
word: truthfully
Derived terms: unhonestly
Related terms: word: accurately
word: dependably
word: ethically
word: honorably
word: reliably
word: responsibly
word: righteously
word: scrupulously
word: actually
word: honest
honestly
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɒn.ɪst.li/
ipa: /ˈɑ.nɪst.li/
Etymology: From Middle English honestly, honestlyche, honestliche, equivalent to honest + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: Honestly! I want to finish this work and you keep interrupting.
glosses: Used to express exasperation, dismay, etc.
Synonyms: really
fiercely
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɪɹsli/
ipa: /ˈfɪəsli/
Forms: form: fiercelier
form: more fiercely
form: fierceliest
form: most fiercely
Etymology: From Middle English fersly; equivalent to fierce + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The wind blew fiercely and the rain fell heavily.
text: They burned the old gun that used to stand in the dark corner up in the garret, close to the stuffed fox that always grinned so fiercely. Perhaps the reason why he seemed in such a ghastly rage was that he did not come by his death fairly. And why else was he put away up there out of sight?—and so magnificent a brush as he had too.
ref: 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:
text: He helped himself to a cigar and leaned back with a fiercely critical pair of eyes, taking note of the effect which this document would produce.
ref: 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:
glosses: In a fierce manner.
examples: text: fiercely competitive
text: a fiercely loved woman
text: a fiercely proud father
text: fiercely disappointed
text: fiercely loyal
text: fiercely independent
text: Tuchel made it three out of three against Guardiola by producing a fiercely disciplined, positive Chelsea performance that has brought a season that was shrouded in uncertainty to the most glorious conclusion.
ref: 2021 May 29, Phil McNulty, “Manchester City 0-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:
glosses: extremely; to a large degree
principally
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Etymology: From Middle English principaly. By surface analysis, principal + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The game principally consists in taking and carrying off the ball from the opposite party, after being hurled into the air midway between two high pillars, which are the goasl, and the party who bears off the ball to their pillar, wins the game[…]
ref: 1828, Elizabeth Elkins Sanders, Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America, Salem: W. and S. B. Ives, page 65:
text: Timber, hides, furs, and minerals from the north, and grain and other products from the south and the immediate vicinity of the town itself are brought, principally by river, to this point, where the railway cuts the great central waterway of Siberia.
ref: 1916 May 24, M[aria] A[ntonina] Czaplicka, “A Year in Arctic Sibera”, in The Wide World Magazine, volume 37, number 217, page 54:
text: When asked to guess whether champagnes they were drinking was made principally from white or black grapes, most tasters including wine writers and journalists were unable to tell the difference.
ref: 2013 November 29, Nick Collins, “Even Champagne experts blind to grape varieties”, in The Telegraph:
text: Pollination by animals, principally insects and birds, is widespread among plants.
ref: 2019 March 13, “Nature Talk looks at avian pollinators”, in New Zealand Herald, archived from the original on 14 Mar 2019:
glosses: In a primary manner; pertaining to the principal of a matter.
Synonyms: chiefly
mainly
mostly
usually
hurriedly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈhɝɪdli/
ipa: /ˈhʌɹɪdli/
Forms: form: more hurriedly
form: most hurriedly
Etymology: From hurried + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.
ref: 1917, Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories, Project Gutenberg, published 9 September 2004, →ISBN, page 71:
text: “In a moment, he has torn the letter into long thin strips, and rolling them up into spills he thrusts them hurriedly in amongst the other spills in the vase on the mantle-piece.”
ref: 1920, Agatha Christie, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published 1954, page 182:
text: If the kind of network we envisage is to be established, it would be unwise to begin any of its services hurriedly with older stock, which, however admirable in its day, now has an air of faded Edwardian splendour that is out of joint with the times.
ref: 1962 December, “A new Pullman era?”, in Modern Railways, page 362:
text: But Johnson [...] hurriedly [c]hanged his plea to guilty.
ref: 1965, James Holledge, What Makes a Call Girl?, London: Horwitz Publications, page 96:
text: The result was that trains ran as normal on November 7 and 9, although there was still disruption on Saturday November 5, owing to the short notice as rosters were hurriedly rewritten. Rosters are typically agreed a week in advance.
ref: 2022 November 16, Mel Holley, “Network News: Rail strikes halted to allow for "intensive negotiations"”, in RAIL, number 970, page 8:
glosses: In a hurried manner.
decidedly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪˈsaɪdɪdli/
Forms: form: more decidedly
form: most decidedly
Etymology: From decided + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: In a decidedly petulant manner she sat with crossed arms and a frown.
text: "We progress," said he. "Decidedly we progress."
ref: 1913, Arthur Conan Doyle, “(please specify the page)”, in The Poison Belt […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:
text: 'I understand it was the big American man with a decidedly unpleasant face.'
ref: 1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 7, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 121:
text: The long-closed G.W.R. station alongside has a decidedly derelict-looking frontage, with eight gargoyles or figureheads still clinging to the portico.
ref: 1952 February, R. A. H. Weight, “A Railway Recorder in Wessex”, in Railway Magazine, page 131:
text: In time The Simpsons would, indeed, resort to spoofing such decidedly non-spooktacular fare like E.T and Mr. And Mrs. Smith (both in “Treehouse Of Horror XVIII”) but in 1992 the field was wide-open and the show could cherry-pick the most iconic and beloved fright fare of all time.
ref: 2012 April 29, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Treehouse of Horror III” (season 4, episode 5; originally aired 10/29/1992)”, in AV Club:
glosses: In a manner which leaves little question; definitely, clearly.
examples: text: ‘We can't,’ said Vera decidedly, ‘we haven't any boats and we're cut off by a raging torrent from any human habitation.’
ref: 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
glosses: In a decided or final manner; resolutely.
singularly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɪŋɡjəlɚli/
ipa: /ˈsɪŋɡjʊləli/
Forms: form: more singularly
form: most singularly
Etymology: From Middle English singulerly; equivalent to singular + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: He behaved most singularly when we met him last night.
glosses: Strangely; oddly.
examples: text: I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.
ref: 1895 May 29, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine: An Invention, London: William Heinemann, →OCLC:
text: "There were scraps of verse. I do not profess to be a judge of such things, but they appeared to me to be singularly wanting in merit."
ref: 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:
glosses: Extremely; remarkably.
glosses: In the singular number; in terms of a single thing.
examples: text: A vast number of Iranians will singularly hold Ayatollah Khamenei, who first became leader in 1989, responsible for setting Iran on a collision course with Israel and the US that ultimately brought considerable ruin to his country and people.
ref: 2025 June 26, Kasra Naji, “When Iran's supreme leader emerges from hiding he will find a very different nation”, in BBC:
glosses: solely; only; uniquely
wildly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: enpr: wīldʹlē
ipa: /ˈwaɪldli/
Forms: form: more wildly
form: most wildly
Etymology: From Middle English wildely, wijldeli, wildeliche, equivalent to wild + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: He swung wildly at the guy's head, but ended up on the floor.
text: Steve Bruce's side have swung from highs to lows in what has been at best a wildly inconsistent start to the season. They experienced a microcosm of this within the opening 45 minutes at the Stadium of Light.
ref: 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2 - 2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:
text: "From behind the counter of this provincial train station coffee shop, Joanna was barista and unofficial shrink to wildly varied London-bound travellers," writes author Laline Paull. Confessions of a Barista on Platform 1 was published on February 9 by The Firle Press [...].
ref: 2021 March 10, “Stop & Examine”, in RAIL, number 926, page 70:
glosses: In a wild, uncontrolled manner.
examples: text: wildly exagerrated
glosses: To a ridiculous or extreme degree; extremely.
lessen
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: lěʹsən
ipa: /ˈlɛsən/
homophone: lesson
rhymes: -ɛsən
note: Indic
ipa: /lɛsˈsɛn/
Forms: form: lessens
form: lessening
form: lessened
form: lessened
Etymology: From Middle English lessenen, lasnen, equivalent to less + -en (verbal suffix).
Senses: examples: text: a. 1686, Benjamin Calamy, a sermon
Charity […] shall lessen his punishment.
text: December 6, 1709, Francis Atterbury, a sermon preach'd before the sons of the clergy at their anniversary-meeting in the Church of St. Paul
St. Paul chose to magnify his office when ill men conspired to lessen it.
text: The thin glass that makes mirror tiles light in weight also tends to lessen their reflective quality.
ref: 1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 44:
text: Many hospitals have not taken simple steps to lessen the distress and confusion which dementia sufferers' often feel on being somewhere so unfamiliar – such as making signs large and easy to read, using colour schemes to help patients find their way around unfamiliar wards and not putting family mementoes such as photographs nearby.
ref: 2011 December 16, Denis Campbell, “Hospital staff 'lack skills to cope with dementia patients'”, in Guardian:
glosses: To make less; to diminish; to reduce.
glosses: To become less.
Derived terms: lessenable
lessener
unlessening
lessen
Language: English
Part of speech: conj
Pronunciation: enpr: lěʹsən
ipa: /ˈlɛsən/
homophone: lesson
rhymes: -ɛsən
note: Indic
ipa: /lɛsˈsɛn/
Etymology: From Middle English lessenen, lasnen, equivalent to less + -en (verbal suffix).
Senses: examples: text: Ober closed his encomium with the serious statement that “Lessen he could marry Miss Jennie he would be a bachelor the balance of his life," to which the drayman replied that " If Oi were Miss Janie Oi'd black yer oi the minute ye thought of such a thing. The oidee."
ref: 1895, Book-keeper (Detroit, Mich. : 1888). - Volume 8, Issue 6, page 10:
text: She was fine-looking; he couldn't find a fault with her 'lessen he made it up.
ref: 2011, Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom, page 107:
text: No more work outta them lessen they paid now.
ref: 2011, J. California Cooper, Family:
text: That usually all they need fuh go that straight and narrow path, lessen they got that real badness or foolishness in them.
ref: 2013, Lornabelle Gethers, Honey Bea's Everlasting Gift, page 88:
glosses: unless.