cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
TTG
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: TTGs
Senses: topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: Initialism of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite.
DNZ
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: qualifier: acoustics
glosses: Abbreviation of density-near-zero.
DIBs
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of DIB
groundfisherman
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: groundfishermen
Senses: examples: text: As his crew hoisted buckets of gray sole and monkfish onto the docks at the Portland Fish Exchange on a recent morning, Mr. Alexander, the groundfisherman, said he never thought he would sell his catch outside the state where his father and grandfather had fished.
ref: 2007 February 28, Ariel Sabar, “Battle in Maine Pits Lobstermen Against Fishermen”, in New York Times:
glosses: A person who fishes for groundfish
groundfishermen
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: “They ruined their fishery totally,” David Cousens, president of the Maine Lobstermen’s Association, said of the groundfishermen.
ref: 2007 February 28, Ariel Sabar, “Battle in Maine Pits Lobstermen Against Fishermen”, in New York Times:
glosses: plural of groundfisherman
chajangmyon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Those remaining were effectively restricted to running Chinese restaurants, especially those that served chajangmyon, a popular noodle dish with a black-bean sauce.
ref: 2007 March 2, Norimitsu Onishi, “South Korea’s Main Chinatown Lacks Only the Chinese”, in New York Times:
glosses: Alternative form of chajangmyun.
chajangmyun
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of jjajangmyeon.
jjajangmyeon
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: jajangmyeon
Etymology: Borrowed from Korean 짜장면 (jjajangmyeon).
Senses: examples: text: It would not be an understatement to say Korean diets would not be the same without this dish – most Koreans eat it regularly, and have their favorite jjajangmyeon delivery shop on speed dial.
ref: 2023 June 29, Violet Kim, “Korean food: 39 dishes we can’t live without”, in CNN:
glosses: A Korean dish of noodles with a sauce made from black beans.
Derived terms: jjapaguri
kadayif
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kadayifs
Senses: examples: text: You can go here for Turkish coffee and terrific desserts — the kadayif, a crisp, syrupy shredded-wheat cake, is incredible — or for a good complete meal.
ref: 2007 March 4, “Winter Warmers”, in New York Times:
glosses: Alternative form of kataifi.
‘ ’
Language: English
Part of speech: punct
Senses: examples: See " " for a fuller list of usage.
glosses: Encloses a quotation, title, ironic comment (scare quotes), nickname, gloss, or the mention of a word (e.g. ‘cheese’ derives from Old English ċīese.).
raw_tags: punctuation
kadaifi
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: kadaifis
Senses: examples: text: Long, thinly shredded kadaifi dough comes boxed like filo sheets, but alas, it is not as easy to find. Most specialty Greek and Middle Eastern groceries carry it. If you can't find kadaifi, you can shred filo dough very, very thin yourself, being careful to keep the shreds straight for ease in working.
ref: 2004, Susanna Hoffman, The Olive and the Caper: Adventures in Greek Cooking, Hachette, →ISBN:
glosses: Alternative form of kataifi.
panchan
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: There are also a dizzying array of panchan, great side dishes; sesame-flavored boiled potatoes; kimchi; seaweed salad with cucumber and carrots; and tiny dried fish.
ref: 2007 March 4, “Winter Warmers”, in New York Times:
glosses: Misspelling of banchan.
acetamiprid
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: We consider in the discussion that reduced opportunities for foraging in July and August because of bad weather may have added substantially to the adverse effects of acetamiprid and thiacloprid.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Observational Study of Honey Bee Colony Winter Losses and Their Association with Varroa destructor, Neonicotinoids and Other Risk Factors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A particular neonicotinoid insecticide, N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N'-cyano-N-methyl-acetamidine
anthropometrics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: In the datasets with these imputed values (10 for the anthropometrics data and 8 for the questionnaire data), we then used the same mixed models.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Replacing Non-Active Video Gaming by Active Video Gaming to Prevent Excessive Weight Gain in Adolescents”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Synonym of anthropometry.
synonyms: word: anthropometry
antifeeding
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From anti- + feeding.
Senses: examples: text: This has also been shown in a freshwater macrophyte, where induced antifeeding defense was accompanied by an induction of antimicrobial defense [42 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: That prevents (a pest) from feeding
autoapomorphic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: Musculature and nervous system organisation resemble the usual macrodasyidan plan; however, the somatic circular muscles of the intestinal region surround all other muscular components and a third FMRFamide-IR commissure ventral to the pharyngo-intestinal junction appear to be an autoapomorphic traits of the new species.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach to the Description and Systematisation of a Novel Genus and Species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Alternative form of autapomorphic.
deidentification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: de-identification
Etymology: From de- + identification.
Senses: examples: text: They asked respondents who they thought owned the samples involved in these projects, with 44% stating the institution, 26% the donor, and 23% the researcher. 58% preferred deidentification to anonymization, and 53% thought donors had a continuing right to make decisions regarding the use of their samples. 72% of Caulfield et al.’s respondents preferred that participants have the right to withdraw at any time.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Fair Shares and Sharing Fairly: A Survey of Public Views on Open Science, Informed Consent and Participatory Research in Biobanking”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The removal of personal identifying information from data
examples: text: Thus, there seem to be normal and pathological forms of sibling deidentification with important implications for those who work with troubled children.
ref: 1987, Frances Fuchs Schachter, Richard K. Stone, Practical Concerns about Siblings: Bridging the Research-practice Gap, Psychology Press, →ISBN, page 56:
text: Later on in life, Regina's mother filled her in on particular incidents that resulted in deidentification with their religion; for example, […]
ref: 2016, Mark Nickerson, LICSW, Cultural Competence and Healing Culturally Based Trauma with EMDR Therapy: Innovative Strategies and Protocols, Springer Publishing Company, page 239
glosses: Cessation or lack of identifying (with something).
Related terms: deidentify
desnitro
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From des- + nitro.
Senses: examples: text: The odds of colony loss in the group of colonies (n = 37) in which the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, imidacloprid (or imidacloprid desnitro) or thiacloprid were present in one or more matrices (bee bread, honey and/or bees), were significantly higher (p = 0.014) compared with colonies (n = 49) without the presence of any neonicotinoids.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Observational Study of Honey Bee Colony Winter Losses and Their Association with Varroa destructor, Neonicotinoids and Other Risk Factors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: From which a nitro group has been removed
Mecklenburgish
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Etymology: From Mecklenburg + -ish, possible after German mecklenburgisch/Mecklenburgisch.
Senses: examples: text: It has various local dialects, as Mecklenburgish, East-Frisian, etc.
ref: 1891, Alden's Manifold Cyclopedia of Knowledge and Language, volume 29, entry "PLATT"
text: In spite of the uniformity of Mecklenburgish, regional differences also occur, such as those between east and west. Here the differences point to a two-part structural division of Mecklenburgish, which in former times was much stronger. In the east, the vowel series MLG […]
ref: 2013, Charles Russ, The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Routledge, →ISBN, page 98:
text: The first is a large area in Low Saxon and Mecklenburgish in northern Low German, while the second is a smaller one in Ripuarian and bordering Mosel Franconian.
ref: 2018, Kurt Goblirsch, Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: Volume 157: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 7:
synonyms: Mecklenburg dialect
glosses: The variety of Low German which is spoken in Mecklenburg.
Mecklenburgish
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From Mecklenburg + -ish, possible after German mecklenburgisch/Mecklenburgisch.
Senses: examples: text: The we take the Russians, Prussians, Danish, … the Hanse Towns, Hanoverians, Oldenburgish, Mecklenburgish, and Lubeckish ships, together, which cleared and entered the United States in 1848 to 1852
ref: 1853 September 22, C. Hansen of Brooklyn, New York, in a letter published in 1854 in the Congressional Edition, volume 692 / 712, page 762
text: He is nothing if he is not Mecklenburgish; a son of the soil, he has remained true to the soil, whose very aroma he reproduces in his works.
ref: 1882, Edmund Hodgson Yates, Time, page 736:
glosses: From or pertaining to Mecklenburg, its inhabitants, or their dialect.
PBC
Language: English
Part of speech: phrase
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
philately
glosses: Initialism of passed by censor.
PBC
Language: English
Part of speech: name
Senses: topics: business
finance
glosses: Initialism of People's Bank of China.
PBC
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: PBCs
Senses: topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Initialism of primary biliary cholangitis.
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Initialism of primary biliary cirrhosis.
examples: text: […] A PBC legally has to try to make profits for shareholders alongside pursuing a designated “public benefit” (in this case, building “safe” and “beneficial” AI as outlined in OpenAI’s founding mission).
ref: 2025 May 30, Matteo Wong, “OpenAI Can Stop Pretending”, in The Atlantic:
topics: business
law
glosses: Initialism of public benefit corporation.
careerwoman
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: careerwomen
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of career woman.
careerman
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: careermen
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of career man.
careerwomen
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of careerwoman
careermen
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of careerman
helicopter mom
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: helicopter moms
Etymology: See the etymology section of helicopter parent
Senses: glosses: A mother who is overly protective of her children; especially if she is constantly monitoring or following them.
Synonyms: mama bear
tiger mom
tiger mother
Hypernyms: helicopter parent
mother hen
Coordinate terms: helicopter dad
subextremal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: sub-extremal
Etymology: From sub- + extremal.
Senses: topics: mathematics
sciences
glosses: numerically less than a maximum or minimum
Related terms: extremal
near-extremal
superextremal
electroclinical
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From electro- + clinical.
Senses: examples: text: Thirty out of 68 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and finally 21 were selected for the current EEG-fMRI analysis on the basis of the recording of GSWD discharges with similar duration and EEG morphology respect with electroclinical AS recorded during routine EEG. Out of 21 patients, three subjects were discarded due to movement artifacts.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An EEG-fMRI Study on the Termination of Generalized Spike-And-Wave Discharges in Absence Epilepsy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Describing clinical symptoms that are associated with specific electrical activity in the brain
epimarginal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From epi- + marginal.
Senses: examples: text: Centrosaurines are characterized by short parietosquamosal frills with short squamosals and typically ornate parietals, while chasmosaurines have longer frills with elongate, triangular-shaped squamosals and relatively simple epimarginal ornamentation [1 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Situated above a margin or edge
epiossification
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: -eɪʃən
Forms: form: epiossifications
Etymology: From epi- + ossification.
Senses: glosses: A bony extension (of a dinosaur's frill).
epiossifications
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Preliminary homology assessments of the epiossifications that occupy the periphery of the parietosquamosal frill follow the original analysis [11 ], which is discussed in Loewen et al.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of epiossification
family physician
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: family physicians
Senses: glosses: A family doctor.
family physicians
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of family physician.
epiparietal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From epi- + parietal.
Senses: examples: text: Of these, all of the bones (n = 27) identifiable to lower taxonomic levels pertain to Centrosaurinae, and nine parietal specimens can be attributed to the new taxon based on diagnostic features of the epiparietal ornamentation.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Situated above the parietal bone.
Derived terms: epiparietosquamosal
epiparietal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: epiparietals
Etymology: From epi- + parietal.
Senses: glosses: An ossification situated above the parietal bone, typically those forming "hornlets" on the frills of ceratopsid dinosaurs.
epiparietals
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: The new taxon is apomorphic in having epiparietals at loci 2 and 3 developed as broad-based, pachyostotic processes that are strongly procurved anterodorsally to overhang the posterior and lateral parietal rami, and an ischium with a broad, rectangular distal terminus.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of epiparietal
episquamosal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From epi- + squamosal.
Senses: examples: text: The posterior margin of TMP 2011.051.0001 has four episquamosal loci, all of which are occupied by well-fused episquamosals.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Situated above the squamosal bone
episquamosal
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: episquamosals
Etymology: From epi- + squamosal.
Senses: glosses: An ossification situated above the squamosal bone
episquamosals
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: The posterior margin of TMP 2011.051.0001 has four episquamosal loci, all of which are occupied by well-fused episquamosals.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of episquamosal
exhaustivity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: exhaustivities
Etymology: From exhaustive + -ity.
Senses: examples: text: Still, those constraints need to be considered and discussed explicitly for the sake of clarity and exhaustivity when reporting results.
ref: 2015 July 9, “From Peer-Reviewed to Peer-Reproduced in Scholarly Publishing: The Complementary Roles of Data Models and Workflows in Bioinformatics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The condition of being exhaustive
exteroreception
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Specifically, because shoes slow the rate of impact loading, limit exteroreception, and mitigate the effects of substrate variations on the foot and the rest of the body, H1a predicts that individuals who are barefoot will use more varied foot strike patterns than individuals who are shod.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Variation in Foot Strike Patterns among Habitually Barefoot and Shod Runners in Kenya”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Alternative form of exteroception.
Related terms: exteroreceptor
frugivory
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Intake of dry matter, fibers, fat, protein and the majority of minerals and phenols decreased with increased frugivory and there was some indication of seasonal variation in intake of energy (KCal/g OM), tannins, protein/fiber ratio, and iron.
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Influence of Seasonal Frugivory on Nutrient and Energy Intake in Wild Western Gorillas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The condition of being frugivorous
hardbottom
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: hardbottoms
Etymology: From hard + bottom.
Senses: examples: text: Measures of seafloor topographic complexity were used as a proxy for the availability of hardbottom, since a comprehensive map of hard and soft seafloor sediments was also not readily available.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Identifying Suitable Locations for Mesophotic Hard Corals Offshore of Maui, Hawai‘i”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A hard seafloor, typically a layer of sand covering rock.
Related terms: softbottom
helicoidally
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Etymology: From helicoidal + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: Two helicoidally arranged muscles insert in the mouth rim (1 μm width; Figs 6B and 7A, 7B ) and surround the longitudinal fibres along the pharynx, up to the pharyngo-intestinal junction crossing seven times; no helicoidal muscles are seen in the intestine region (Fig 6A and 6B ).
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach to the Description and Systematisation of a Novel Genus and Species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: In the form of a helicoid
heterodisomy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: heterodisomies
Etymology: From hetero- + disomy.
Senses: examples: text: Both of isodisomy and heterodisomy can cause genome imprinting disorders, but only uniparental isodisomy can cause recessive disorders if the chromosome harbors a disease-causing mutation.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Detection of Hereditary 1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Caused by Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 12 Using Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes from one parent
Related terms: isodisomy
isodisomy
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: isodisomies
Etymology: From iso- + disomy.
Senses: examples: text: Genome-wide SNP array of the family (the patient and her parents) showed complete maternal isodisomy of chromosome 12.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Detection of Hereditary 1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Caused by Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 12 Using Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The duplication of a single chromosome inherited from one parent
Derived terms: isodisomic
Related terms: heterodisomy
heteromerized
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of heteromerize
heteromerized
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: This negative binding cooperativity between heteromerized chemokine receptors is not limited to the cognate chemokines of both receptors but extends to synthetic allosteric antagonists of these receptors [36 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Effects of the Recombinant CCR5 T4 Lysozyme Fusion Protein on HIV-1 Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: That has been made heteromeric
Related terms: heteromerization
horncore
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: horncores
Etymology: From horn + core.
Senses: examples: text: We also modified Character 25 from a binary to a multistate character by adding the primitive condition of lacking a distinct postorbital horncore.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The bony central part of an animal's horn
horncores
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: In addition, we modified Characters 59 and 61, which describe the epiparietal (ep) morphology at loci ep 2 and ep 3, to include a state that differentiates between rugose, tongue-shaped horncores and greatly elongate, spike-like horncores that, for example, characterize the ep 3 locus in pachyrhinosaurins and some other taxa (e.g., Styracosaurus).
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of horncore
hydroethanolic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From hydro- + ethanolic.
Senses: examples: text: However, previous in vitro data revealed that the hydroethanolic extract of U.
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Quinovic Acid Glycosides Purified Fraction from Uncaria tomentosa Protects against Hemorrhagic Cystitis Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Relating to a mixture of water and ethanol
Related terms: hydromethanolic
hyperdispersed
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From hyper- + dispersed.
Senses: examples: text: When collaborating, resources were mostly hidden in clumpy distributions, but when competing, resources were hidden in more dispersed (random or hyperdispersed) patterns to increase the searching difficulty for the other player.
ref: 2015 July 9, “A Game of Hide and Seek: Expectations of Clumpy Resources Influence Hiding and Searching Patterns”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: dispersed with greater distances between individuals than would be expected if random
Related terms: hyperdispersion
hypoactivation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: hypoactivations
Etymology: From hypo- + activation.
Senses: examples: text: As indicated by fMRI, during facial emotional categorization young females with major depressive disorder, MDD, exhibit hyperactivation, whereas young males display hypoactivation in the precuneous brain area [65 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Face-n-Food: Gender Differences in Tuning to Faces”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Less than normal activation
informativity
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From informative + -ity.
Senses: examples: text: Indeed, SNPs diversity may cover various level of informativity, which remains for the time-being poorly explored at the statistical level, in particular concerning epistatic mutations significance.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Genomics and Machine Learning for Taxonomy Consensus: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Paradigm”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The condition of being informative
interbirth
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From inter- + birth.
Senses: examples: text: Differences in caloric intake by adult females and immatures could be due to the proposed larger cost of reproduction and growth (e.g., later age at weaning, longer interbirth interval and age to sexual maturity) for western gorillas than mountain gorillas, since they inhabit a more seasonal and unpredictable environment [79, 80 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Influence of Seasonal Frugivory on Nutrient and Energy Intake in Wild Western Gorillas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Between births.
isoparaffinic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: -ɪnɪk
Etymology: From isoparaffin + -ic.
Senses: examples: text: The cause for mortality (and its differences between populations) in the control vials might be the isoparaffinic oils used in the spore and control solutions.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Survival Rate and Transcriptional Response upon Infection with the Generalist Parasite Beauveria bassiana in a World-Wide Sample of Drosophila melanogaster”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Relating to, or containing an isoparaffin
loureirin
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: loureirins
Etymology: From Loureiro + -in.
Senses: examples: text: Bai et al. found that loureirin B could inhibit scar fibroblast proliferation through the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway.
ref: 2015 July 9, “MicroRNA-23b Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Heat-Denatured Fibroblasts by Targeting Smad3”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: Any of a group of isomeric aromatic ketones, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propanone, found in dragon's blood.
macropredator
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: macropredators
Etymology: From macro- + predator.
Senses: glosses: A relatively large predator (large enough to be seen with the naked eye)
glosses: An apex predator
macropredators
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Given the example of sponges, macropredators are capable to consume large amounts of sponge biomass in short time periods and are fast moving animals that do not spend much time at one prey individual.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of macropredator
macrosimulation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: macrosimulations
Etymology: From macro- + simulation.
Senses: examples: text: The macrosimulation model employed has been used previously to undertake similar analyses for the UK [26 ,37 –39 ], Ireland [40 ], France [41 ] and Canada [42 ], and the relative risks to parameterise changes in nutritional risk factors and mortality as a result of changes in diet were sourced from high quality meta-analyses [29 –36 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Effects of Health-Related Food Taxes and Subsidies on Mortality from Diet-Related Disease in New Zealand: An Econometric-Epidemiologic Modelling Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: simulation of a system as a whole, without simulating the behaviour of its individual components
mainstem
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: mainstems
Etymology: From main + stem.
Senses: examples: text: Piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) make up a second large export fishery and are found almost exclusively in the Amazon River mainstem, whitewater tributaries, and the estuary [30 –32 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Diverse Early Life-History Strategies in Migratory Amazonian Catfish: Implications for Conservation and Management”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The principal watercourse of a river that has multiple streams
metabarcoding
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From meta- + barcoding.
Senses: examples: text: We developed and tested a DNA metabarcoding protocol that utilises the standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding fragment to detect freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: A method of DNA barcoding that uses universal PCR primers to identify DNA from a mixture of organisms
Related terms: metabarcode
metabarcoder
microbiocidal
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From micro- + biocidal.
Senses: examples: text: Concentrations of 70-500 ppm HSP had a pronounced effect on metabolic activity while the equivalent concentrations of ionic silver (50- 375 ppb) had a negligible effect, demonstrating that the microbiocidal activity of HSP was due to peroxide rather than silver.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Antibacterial Properties and Mechanism of Activity of a Novel Silver-Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: biocidal towards microbes
Derived terms: nonmicrobiocidal
microgravette
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: microgravettes
Etymology: From micro- + gravette.
Senses: examples: text: These bags contain a number of robust microgravette points (or fragments thereof) that are more likely to belong in these periods than in the Romanellian, diagnostics of which (very small thumbnail scrapers, very narrow backed bladelets) are mostly to be found in bags with a “B-I” label.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: archaeology
history
human-sciences
sciences
glosses: A small projectile point (from the Stone Age)
microhemodynamic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From micro- + hemodynamic.
Senses: examples: text: This allowed us to analyze the architecture of the tumor microvasculature as well as microhemodynamic parameters.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Geraniol Suppresses Angiogenesis by Downregulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)/VEGFR-2 Signaling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Relating to microhemodynamics
microhemodynamics
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: microhaemodynamics
Etymology: From micro- + hemodynamics.
Senses: glosses: The study of blood flow at the microscopic level
Related terms: microhemodynamic
muscularised
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more muscularised
form: most muscularised
Senses: examples: text: The structure is ventral to the intestine, tube-like, up to 76 μm in length and 24 μm in width, with a strongly muscularised wall and a throughout canal, 6–8 μm in diameter; it is interpreted as the caudal organ.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach to the Description and Systematisation of a Novel Genus and Species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Alternative form of muscularized.
doby
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: dobies
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of dhobi.
nanopublication
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: nanopublications
Etymology: From nano- + publication.
Senses: examples: text: The statements were processed with the NanoMaton software component, which converted the OntoMaton templates to RDF. A conceptual overview of how ISA and a nanopublication are related is presented in Fig 1 and Fig 2, while a detailed view, rendered as a graph, is available in Fig 3 .
ref: 2015 July 9, “From Peer-Reviewed to Peer-Reproduced in Scholarly Publishing: The Complementary Roles of Data Models and Workflows in Bioinformatics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A very small publication, typically containing a single scientific article
nanopublications
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: We chose the former, owing to familiarity with OBI procedures, thus ensuring rapid processing and the completion of nanopublications seamlessly consistent with the linkedISA RDF representation.
ref: 2015 July 9, “From Peer-Reviewed to Peer-Reproduced in Scholarly Publishing: The Complementary Roles of Data Models and Workflows in Bioinformatics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of nanopublication
neofunctionalization
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: neofunctionalizations
Etymology: From neo- + functionalization.
Senses: examples: text: Therefore, BcMF26a/b may be the result of neofunctionalization during evolution.
ref: 2015 July 9, “BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: biology
genetics
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The development of a new function of an existing group of genes by means of mutation
Related terms: neofunctionalize
neurogaming
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From neuro- + gaming.
Senses: examples: text: Also EEG is expanding into uses outside the laboratory ([6 –10 ]) through therapeutic neurofeedback interventions and BCI technology (e.g. [11 –15 ]) as well as in consumer products such as wearable devices for neurogaming, self-monitoring and self-optimization.
ref: 2015 July 9, “‘My Virtual Dream’: Collective Neurofeedback in an Immersive Art Environment”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A proposed form of technology-assisted gaming in which thought alone is used to play the game
noncolinear
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From non- + colinear.
Senses: examples: text: The black solid lines indicate noncolinear chromosome fragments.
ref: 2015 July 9, “BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Not colinear
pachyrhinosaurin
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pachyrhinosaurins
Senses: examples: text: In addition, we modified Characters 59 and 61, which describe the epiparietal (ep) morphology at loci ep 2 and ep 3, to include a state that differentiates between rugose, tongue-shaped horncores and greatly elongate, spike-like horncores that, for example, characterize the ep 3 locus in pachyrhinosaurins and some other taxa (e.g., Styracosaurus).
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Any of the dinosaurs of the tribe †Pachyrhinosaurini, a clade of centrosaurine ceratopsids.
pachyrhinosaurins
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: plural of pachyrhinosaurin
pachyrostran
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: pachyrostrans
Etymology: Pachyrostra + -an
Senses: glosses: Any ceratopsid dinosaur of the clade Pachyrostra
pachyrostrans
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Interestingly, the transition sequence of nasal horn evolution is partially recapitulated in the ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus and presumably other pachyrostrans, in which the nasal horn is first developed as a simple undulating ridge, which transforms into a relatively taller, yet broad-based horn-like structure that is subsequently remodeled into a low, rugose nasal boss [33 ].
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of pachyrostran
paleosurface
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: paleosurfaces
Etymology: From paleo- + surface.
Senses: glosses: A surface (of the Earth) as it existed in prehistoric times.
paleosurfaces
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: It is easy to see how such a modus operandi would not have been very effective in detecting disturbance features during the course of excavation, especially ones as large as the Cavallo pit; this is something that can only be adequately done in the framework of the décapage (i.e., synchronic area excavation) of extensive paleosurfaces.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of paleosurface
perykarya
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Still, the new species does show FMRFamide and serotonin in perykarya along the nerve cords.
ref: 2015 July 9, “An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach to the Description and Systematisation of a Novel Genus and Species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Misspelling of perikarya.
postpetiole
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: postpetioles
Etymology: From post- + petiole.
Senses: examples: text: Moreover, the beetle uses a row of scrapers (placed on the proximal abdominal segment) (Fig 1, 1B3 and 1B4 ) rather than the single scraper (placed on the postpetiole, i.e. the third abdominal tergite) used by the ant (Fig 1, 1A3 and 1A4 ).
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: anatomy
biology
entomology
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
glosses: The second segment of the pedicel of some ants.
Derived terms: postpetiolar
procurved
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Forms: form: more procurved
form: most procurved
Etymology: From pro- + curved.
Senses: examples: text: The new taxon is apomorphic in having epiparietals at loci 2 and 3 developed as broad-based, pachyostotic processes that are strongly procurved anterodorsally to overhang the posterior and lateral parietal rami, and an ischium with a broad, rectangular distal terminus.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: curved forward
protocolary
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: The rules of conduct of a diplomat.
protocolary
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: This minor protocolary modification in a well established flow has, nonetheless, a substantial effect on the fluid dynamics as we describe below.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Geometric Mixing, Peristalsis, and the Geometric Phase of the Stomach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Relating to (a specific) protocol.
psammaplin
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: psammaplins
Senses: examples: text: Psammaplins, in particular psammaplin A have demonstrated cytotoxic properties.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Any of a group of cytotoxic bromotyrosine phenols (e.g. N,N"-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis[3-bromo-4-hydroxy-a-(hydroxyimino)-benzenepropanamide) found in some marine sponges
rearfoot
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From rear + foot.
Senses: examples: text: Although runners tend to be characterized as either rearfoot, midfoot or forefoot strikers, it is likely that most use all three kinds of strikes but in different proportions and contexts.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Variation in Foot Strike Patterns among Habitually Barefoot and Shod Runners in Kenya”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The rear of the foot (especially the side of the heel)
reconsent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From re- + consent.
Senses: examples: text: Another approach, called the selective, repeated, or reconsent model, requires that participants consent to each individual future study that wishes to use their data.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Fair Shares and Sharing Fairly: A Survey of Public Views on Open Science, Informed Consent and Participatory Research in Biobanking”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A second or subsequent consent.
reconsent
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: reconsents
form: reconsenting
form: reconsented
form: reconsented
Etymology: From re- + consent.
Senses: glosses: To consent again.
glosses: To obtain the consent of (a participant in a study, etc.) again.
refutational
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From refutation + -al.
Senses: examples: text: Meta-synthesis involves systematic study selection and quality appraisal, the identification of initial concepts (from individual study findings), and a protracted process of reciprocal translation (comparison of accounts directly comparable) and refutational translation (comparison of accounts directly oppositional) in the development of a new, distinct line of argument with an emergent hypothesis that fits all the studies.
ref: 2015 July 9, “The Role of Healthcare Professionals in Encouraging Parents to See and Hold Their Stillborn Baby: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Related to, or characteristic of refutation
sceptrin
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Induced antimicrobial defense was found in the sponge Agelas conifera, where wounding induced an increase of the antimicrobial compounds sceptrin and oroidin.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
glosses: A cyclobutane alkaloid found in some marine sponges
sidescraper
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: sidescrapers
form: side-scraper
form: side scraper
Etymology: From side + scraper.
Senses: topics: archaeology
history
human-sciences
sciences
glosses: A Paleolithic stone tool used for scraping.
sidescrapers
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: For instance, bag No. 386, labeled “Must” and “F,” contains 120 flakes, sidescrapers and fragments thereof, all made on lastrine and all ink-marked “1U53A,” while bag No. 396, labeled “F-II/I,” contains 52 such items all ink-marked “1U57A” (S1 Appendix ).
ref: 2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of sidescraper
skeletochronology
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Etymology: From skeleto- + chronology.
Senses: examples: text: Minimum age of Maiasaura individuals was determined by counting the number of annually deposited lines of arrested growth (see [10 –12 ] for descriptions of skeletochronology methods).
ref: 2015 July 9, “First Reported Cases of Biomechanically Adaptive Bone Modeling in Non-Avian Dinosaurs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: The estimation of the age of skeletal remains by observation of growth rings in bones
Related terms: skeletochronological
softbottom
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: softbottoms
Etymology: From soft + bottom.
Senses: examples: text: Including acoustic backscatter and/or an accurate map denoting hardbottom and softbottom locations may help capture additional, low-relief hardbottom areas, and help improve future Leptoseris predictions.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Identifying Suitable Locations for Mesophotic Hard Corals Offshore of Maui, Hawai‘i”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: A soft seafloor, typically composed of muddy sediment.
Related terms: hardbottom
soyhull
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: soyhulls
Etymology: From soy + hull.
Senses: glosses: The hull of a soybean used as fodder
soyhulls
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: Medium plane of nutrition cow diet ( MPN ) was achieved by grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue/red clover pastures supplemented daily with 2.3 kg of dried distiller’s grains with solubles and soyhulls (70% DDGS/30% soyhulls).
ref: 2015 July 9, “Maternal Plane of Nutrition during Late Gestation and Weaning Age Alter Angus × Simmental Offspring Longissimus Muscle Transcriptome and Intramuscular Fat”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of soyhull
spongivorous
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: examples: text: After both experiments, feeding assays with two spongivorous species were conducted.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: That feeds on sponges
Related terms: spongivore
spongivore
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: spongivores
Etymology: From sponge + -vore.
Senses: glosses: Any organism that feeds on sponges
Related terms: spongivorous
subnarial
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /sʌbˈnɛəɹi.əl/
ipa: /sʌbˈnɛɹi.əl/
rhymes: -ɛəɹiəl
Etymology: From sub- + narial.
Senses: examples: text: Both the dorsal and subnarial processes are incomplete.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: Located under the nares (nostrils)
subprismatic
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Etymology: From sub- + prismatic.
Senses: examples: text: Prismatic or subprismatic blade and bladelet cores are extremely rare.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: flattened, with a tapered base
raw_tags: of a stone age tool
technocomplexes
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: examples: text: As many of these innovations are widely acknowledged to represent reliable material cultural proxies for symbolic thinking, the authorship—Neandertal, or modern human—of the transitional technocomplexes in which they are observed for the first time in Europe has been the matter of much controversy ([1 ] and references therein).
ref: 2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
glosses: plural of technocomplex
tetrachoric
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˌtɛtrəˈkɔːɹɪk/
Etymology: From tetra- + Ancient Greek χῶρος (khôros) + -ic. First used in statistical theory in the early 20th century.
Senses: examples: text: Each rho (ρ) represents the conditional tetrachoric correlation for each pair of outcomes, measuring the extent to which the two outcomes would covary if unobserved characteristics of an individual were indeed observed.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Social Participation and Disaster Risk Reduction Behaviors in Tsunami Prone Areas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: mathematics
sciences
statistics
glosses: Between two dichotomous variables
raw_tags: of a correlation
Related terms: polychoric
toothrow
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: toothrows
Etymology: From tooth + row.
Senses: examples: text: The maxilla lacks an accessory antorbital fenestra and the toothrow is ventrally offset relative to the anterior edentulous process.
ref: 2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:
topics: sciences
glosses: A row of teeth.