cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
cost
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒst/
ipa: /ˈkɔst/
ipa: /ˈkɑst/
rhymes: -ɒst
rhymes: -ɔːst
Forms: form: costs
Etymology: From Middle English cost, coust, from costen (“to cost”), from the same source as above.
Senses: examples: text: The total cost of the new complex was an estimated $1.5 million.
text: We have to cut costs if we want to avoid bankruptcy.
text: The average cost of a new house is twice as much as it was 20 years ago.
text: According to this saga of intellectual-property misanthropy, these creatures [patent trolls] roam the business world, buying up patents and then using them to demand extravagant payouts from companies they accuse of infringing them. Often, their victims pay up rather than face the costs of a legal battle.
ref: 2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:
glosses: Amount of money, time, etc. that is required or used.
examples: text: Spending all your time working may earn you a lot of money at the cost of your health.
text: The army won the battle decisively, but at a cost of many lives.
text: We simply do not have the option to return to a lower economic level, at least not a rational option. Peer polity competition drives increased complexity and resource consumption regardless of costs, human or ecological.
ref: 1988, Joseph Tainter, “Summary and Implications”, in The Collapse of Complex Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 214:
glosses: A negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur.
Hyponyms: accounting cost
actual cost
after-cost
appraisal cost
at any cost
at the cost of
business cost
carbon cost
closing cost
come at a cost
contingency cost
cost-benefit analysis
cost-book
cost-conscious
cost dear
cost-effectiveness
cost mark
cost object
cost of goods sold
cost oil
cost plus
cost-push inflation
direct cost
dollar-cost averaging
dollar cost averaging
fixed cost
flotation cost
flyaway cost
historical cost
indirect cost
landed cost
low cost carrier
marginal cost
marginal cost of capital
menu cost
negative cost
operating cost
opportunity cost
prime cost
private cost
should-cost
sunk cost
ultra low cost carrier
unexpired cost
unit cost
variable cost
weighted-average cost of capital
wellhead cost
Derived terms: aftercost
costable
cost base
cost-benefit
cost-cutting
cost cutting
cost-effective
cost efficiency
cost-efficient
cost estimate
costful
cost function
costless
costly
cost-prohibitive
cost-push
cost-saving
cost saving
costware
costworthy
high-cost
isocost
low-cost
miscost
oncost
overcost
recost
transaction cost
Related terms: at cost
cost and freight
cost avoidance
cost benefit analysis
cost center
cost centre
cost containment
cost control
cost cutting
cost objective
cost of business
cost of doing business
cost of living
cost of money
cost of sales
cost overrun
cost per available seat mile
cost price
design to cost
cost
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒst/
ipa: /ˈkɔst/
ipa: /ˈkɑst/
rhymes: -ɒst
rhymes: -ɔːst
Forms: form: costs
Etymology: From Middle English cost, from Old English cost (“option, choice, possibility, manner, way, condition”), from Old Norse kostr (“choice, opportunity, chance, condition, state, quality”), from Proto-Germanic *kustuz (“choice, trial”) (or Proto-Germanic *kustiz (“choice, trial”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“to enjoy, taste”).
Cognate with Icelandic kostur, German dialectal Kust (“taste, flavour”), Dutch kust (“choice, choosing”), North Frisian kest (“choice, estimation, virtue”), West Frisian kêst (“article of law, statute”), Old English cyst (“free-will, choice, election, the best of anything, the choicest, picked host, moral excellence, virtue, goodness, generosity, munificence”), Latin gustus (“taste”). Related to choose. Doublet of gusto.
Senses: glosses: Manner; way; means; available course; contrivance.
glosses: Quality; condition; property; value; worth; a wont or habit; disposition; nature; kind; characteristic.
Derived terms: at all costs
Related terms: costen
costning
needs-cost
cost
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɒst/
ipa: /ˈkɔst/
ipa: /ˈkɑst/
rhymes: -ɒst
rhymes: -ɔːst
Forms: form: costs
Etymology: From Middle English coste, from Old French coste, from Latin costa. Doublet of coast and cuesta.
Senses: examples: text: betwixt the costs of a ship
ref: 1625 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, The Staple of Newes. […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Robert Allot […], published 1631, →OCLC, (please specify the page), (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):
glosses: A rib; a side.
topics: government
heraldry
hobbies
lifestyle
monarchy
nobility
politics
coordinate_terms: bendlet
garter
riband
glosses: A cottise.
crept
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkɹɛpt/
rhymes: -ɛpt
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of creep
cut
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /kʌt/
ipa: /kʊt/
rhymes: -ʌt
Forms: form: cut!
Etymology: From Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten (“to cut”) (compare Scots kut, kit (“to cut”)), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse *kytja, *kutta, from Proto-Germanic *kutjaną, *kuttaną (“to cut”), of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kwetwą (“meat, flesh”) (compare Old Norse kvett (“meat”)). Akin to Middle Swedish kotta (“to cut or carve with a knife”) (compare dialectal Swedish kåta, kuta (“to cut or chip with a knife”), Swedish kuta, kytti (“a knife”)), Norwegian Bokmål kutte (“to cut”), Norwegian Nynorsk kutte (“to cut”), Icelandic kuta (“to cut with a knife”), Old Norse kuti (“small knife”), Norwegian kyttel, kytel, kjutul (“pointed slip of wood used to strip bark”). Displaced native Middle English snithen (from Old English snīþan; compare German schneiden), which still survives in some dialects as snithe or snead. See snide. Adjective sense of "drunk" (now rare and now usually used in the originally jocular derivative form of half-cut) dates from the 17th century, from cut in the leg, to have cut your leg, euphemism for being very drunk.
Senses: examples: Near-synonym: scene!
topics: broadcasting
film
media
television
antonyms: action
glosses: An instruction to cease recording.
Related terms: english: probably etymologically unrelated?
translation: probably etymologically unrelated?
word: nut-cut
dealt
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɛlt/
rhymes: -ɛlt
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of deal
Derived terms: play the hand one is dealt
predealt
undealt
dig
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪɡ/
rhymes: -ɪɡ
rhymes: -ɪɡ
ipa: /dɪɡ/
rhymes: -ɪɡ
Forms: form: digs
form: digging
form: dug
form: dug
Etymology: From African American Vernacular English; due to lack of writing of slave speech, etymology is difficult to trace, but it has been suggested that it is from Wolof dëgg, dëgga (“to understand, to appreciate”). It has also been suggested that it is from Irish dtuig, thus being a Doublet of twig. Others do not propose a distinct etymology, instead considering this a semantic shift of the existing English term (compare dig in/dig into).
Senses: examples: text: You dig?
text: McCord has blown. Mitchell has blown. No tap on my telephone / Halderman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell, and Dean / It follows a pattern if you dig what I mean
ref: 1974, “H2Ogate Blues”, in Winter in America, performed by Gil Scott-Heron:
glosses: To understand.
examples: text: Baby, I dig you.
text: «And dig her!» yelled Dean, pointing at another woman. «Oh, I love, love, love women! I think women are wonderful! I love women!»
ref: 1957, Jack Kerouac, chapter 6, in On the Road, Viking Press, →OCLC, part 2:
text: Oh, but California / California, I'm coming home / I'm going to see the folks I dig
ref: 1971, Joni Mitchell, “California”, in Blue:
text: Louie said, "I dig this Theo. I'm gonna learn Swahili and rap with him."
ref: 1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 432:
glosses: To appreciate, or like.
Derived terms: dig on
dig
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪɡ/
rhymes: -ɪɡ
rhymes: -ɪɡ
ipa: /dɪd͡ʒ/
ipa: /dɪɡ/
rhymes: -ɪɡ
rhymes: -ɪɡ
Etymology: Shortening.
Senses: examples: text: dig toxicity
topics: medicine
sciences
glosses: Digoxin.
dig
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪɡ/
rhymes: -ɪɡ
rhymes: -ɪɡ
ipa: /dɪd͡ʒ/
Forms: form: digs
Etymology: Unknown. Compare Middle English digge.
Senses: examples: text: Powltrey, &c, &c.
Item ten turkeys …
Item three Digs [an old Cheshire word for duck] and a Drake …
Item ffower Capons …
[The word's gloss has been inserted by Earwaker]
ref: 10 March, 1616, excerpt from "A true and perfect Inventory of all the Goods &c. which late were of Philippe Oldfeid," reprinted in 1890, J.P. Earwaker (ed., compiler), "Badwall Township: Berington of Moorsbarrow and Bradwall, Pedigree" in [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_history_of_the_ancient_parish_of_San/kkMHAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach, Co. Chester. […] ]
text: dig, or digg, s.—A duck. A gentleman introduced a man to an old lady in America as an inhaitant of Cheshire, her old county. "I'll soon see," said she, "if he is reet Cheshire born. Tell me," said she to the man, "what a dig, a snig, a grig, a peckled poot, and a peannot are?" B. Kennett in his Glossary of the British Museum, has the word "dig." "As fierce as a dig," is a Lancashire and probably a Cheshire proverb, and reminds one of the Cloucestershire name for a sheep, viz.: "A Cotswold lion."
ref: 1877, Lieut.-Col. Egerton Leigh, M.P., A Glossary of Words Used in The Dialect of Cheshire., London: Hamilton, Adams, and Co., pages 61–62:
text: Smith's farm was near to Parrs; new buildings had been built in the Hemp Croft. He carried coals in his cart by an inside chest, and had three hives of bees and several spinning wheels; his poultry comprised four hens, two diggs or ducks, and one drake. His total estate was £66. 10s.
ref: 1953, John Lunn, “Beasts on the Common, 1613”, in A Short History of the Township of Tyldesley […] , Longsight, Manchester: Co-operative Wholesale Society Limited:
qualifier: Lancashire
glosses: A duck.
Related terms: english: etymologically unrelated
translation: etymologically unrelated
word: infra dig
dug
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭg
ipa: /dʌɡ/
rhymes: -ʌɡ
homophone: Doug
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of dig (replacing earlier digged)
Derived terms: dugway
undug
dug
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭg
ipa: /dʌɡ/
rhymes: -ʌɡ
homophone: Doug
Forms: form: dugs
Etymology: From earlier dugge ("pap, teat"; compare also English dialectal ducky, dukky (“the female breast”)), apparently connected to Danish dægge (“to suckle”), Swedish dägga (“to suck”), Old English dēon (“to suckle”). More at doe.
Compare also doug.
Senses: examples: text: Horatio: This Lapvving runs avvay vvith the ſshell on his head.
Hamlet: He did complie with his Dugge before hee ſuck't it: […]
ref: c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], page 280, column 1:
text: First Pig.
I suck, but no milk will come from the dug.
ref: 1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:
synonyms: udder
glosses: A mammary gland on a domestic mammal with more than two breasts.
examples: text: Ah! that Deceit ſhould ſteale ſuch gentle ſhape,
And vvith a vertuous Vizor hide deepe vice.
He is my ſonne, I, and therein my ſhame,
Yet from my dugges, he drew not this deceit
ref: c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 183, column 2:
synonyms: pap#Etymology 2
breast
;
teat
tit
nipple
glosses: A woman's breast or nipple.
dug
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭg
ipa: /dʌɡ/
rhymes: -ʌɡ
homophone: Doug
Forms: form: dugs
Senses: glosses: Pronunciation spelling of dog.
dive
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /daɪv/
rhymes: -aɪv
ipa: /ˈdiːveɪ/
ipa: /daɪv/
rhymes: -aɪv
Etymology: From Italian dive; see diva.
Senses: glosses: plural of diva
dive
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /daɪv/
rhymes: -aɪv
ipa: /ˈdiːveɪ/
Forms: form: dives
Senses: glosses: Obsolete form of daeva.
dived
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdaɪ̯vd/
rhymes: -aɪ̯vd
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of dive (scuba diving)
glosses: past participle of dive (jump head-first)
Synonyms: sense: scuba diving
word: dove
dove
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dʌv/
rhymes: -ʌv
enpr: dōv
ipa: /dəʊv/
enpr: dōv
ipa: /doʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
ipa: /dʌv/
rhymes: -ʌv
Etymology: A modern formation of the strong conjugation, by analogy with drive → drove and weave → wove.
Senses: examples: 2007: Bob Harris, Who Hates Whom: Well-Armed Fanatics, Intractable Conflicts, and Various Things Blowing up: A Woefully Incomplete Guide, §: Africa, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte d’Ivoire, page 80, ¶ 4 (first edition; Three Rivers Press; →ISBN
When coffee and cocoa prices unexpectedly dove, Côte d’Ivoire quickly went from Africa’s rich kid to crippling debtitude.
glosses: simple past of dive
raw_tags: in the UK
glosses: past participle of dive
lech
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɛt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɛtʃ
Forms: form: leches
form: letch
Etymology: Back-formation from lecher.
Senses: glosses: A strong, lecherous desire or craving.
glosses: A lecher.
Derived terms: lechfest
lechy
lech
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɛt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɛtʃ
Forms: form: leches
form: leching
form: leched
form: leched
form: letch
Etymology: Back-formation from lecher.
Senses: glosses: To behave lecherously.
lech
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /lɛt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɛtʃ
ipa: /lɛk/
rhymes: -ɛk
ipa: /lɛt͡ʃ/
rhymes: -ɛtʃ
Forms: form: lechs
Etymology: From Welsh llech (“slate, slab”).
Senses: glosses: The capstone of a cromlech.
did
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɪd/
rhymes: -ɪd
Senses: examples: text: Jeez, did I make a mistake!
text: I never did like her much.
text: What did happen when the principal found out?
text: Then ſhe with liquors ſtrong his eies did ſteepe, / That nothing ſhould him haſtily awake[…]
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 254:
text: Monsieur Thuran became a frequent visitor at the home of Hazel Strong’s uncle in Cape Town. His attentions were very marked, but they were so punctiliously arranged to meet the girl’s every wish that she came to depend upon him more and more. Did she or her mother or a cousin require an escort—was there a little friendly service to be rendered, the genial and ubiquitous Monsieur Thuran was always available.
ref: 1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 110:
glosses: simple past of do
examples: text: […]But I don't care, I mean I don't even care. She shouldn't have did that."
ref: 2008 March 1, Jody Miller, Getting Played: African American Girls, Urban Inequality, and Gendered Violence, NYU Press, →ISBN, page 140:
text: We have to take this brutality. We haven't did anything. Why?
ref: 2010 October 10, Jeanette R Davidson, quoting Bea Jenkins, African American Studies, Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 189:
text: I should've did[…]Should've turned down, now I'm really on it. Should've, could've did. Would've could've did[…]Ooh, I should've did em in.
ref: 2013 June 12, “Shoulda Woulda” (track 16), in Project Baby, performed by Kodak Black:
text: “Spanky—I mean, the exec, Mr. McFaarlane, say the number four gun has did for another cruiser, but they all gonna drown, aft, as much water as the screws is throwin' up!"
ref: 2014 May 6, Taylor Anderson, Deadly Shores, Penguin, →ISBN, page 288:
text: On my soul, this for my kids and the cold shit I done did
ref: 2022, Nas, “Legit”, in King's Disease III:
qualifier: African-American Vernacular
glosses: past participle of do; done
Derived terms: aliensdidit
evolutiondidit
flooddidit
FSMdidit
goddidit
Satandidit
done
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
Forms: form: dyun
Etymology: From Middle English don, idon, ydon, ȝedon, gedon, from Old English dōn, ġedōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dān, from Proto-Germanic *dēnaz (past participle of *dōną (“to do”)). Equivalent to do + -en (past participle ending). Cognate with Scots dune, deen, dene, dane (“done”), Saterland Frisian däin (“done”), West Frisian dien (“done”), Dutch gedaan (“done”), German Low German daan (“done”), German getan (“done”). More at do.
Senses: examples: text: There's nothing to be done.
glosses: past participle of do
examples: text: I knew I done the right thing and I'd do it all over again.
ref: 1985 December 14, Jack Leck, “Stick Together”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 22, page 4:
text: Be Still... and Know That I Am God: Devotions for Every Day of the Year
She opened it up to find a quarter and a note scrawled in childish letters that said, "I done it for love."
glosses: simple past of do; did.
examples: text: I woke up and found out she done left.
text: I done made some real bad choices with my life
ref: 2020, Moneybagg Yo, “Thug Cry”:
text: On my soul, this for my kids and the cold shit I done did
ref: 2022, Nas, “Legit”, in King's Disease III:
qualifier: African-American Vernacular; taking a past tense; African-American Vernacular; taking a past tense
glosses: Used in forming the perfective aspect; have.
done
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
Forms: form: dyun
Etymology: From Middle English don, idon, ydon, ȝedon, gedon, from Old English dōn, ġedōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dān, from Proto-Germanic *dēnaz (past participle of *dōną (“to do”)). Equivalent to do + -en (past participle ending). Cognate with Scots dune, deen, dene, dane (“done”), Saterland Frisian däin (“done”), West Frisian dien (“done”), Dutch gedaan (“done”), German Low German daan (“done”), German getan (“done”). More at do.
Senses: glosses: Expresses that a task has been completed.
examples: text: Riker: Would you be interested in selling me the ore you're carrying? / Yog: No. I have a buyer. / Riker: You haven't heard my offer. Half a gram of Anjoran biomimetic gel. / Yog: Done.
ref: 1994, René Echevarria, “Firstborn”, in Star Trek: The Next Generation, season 7, episode 21, Jonathan Frakes and Joel Swetow (actors):
glosses: Expresses agreement to and conclusion of a proposal, a set of terms, a sale, a request, etc.
Synonyms: sense: on finishing a task
word: all done
sense: on finishing a task
word: finished
sense: on finishing a task
word: there
sense: on finishing a task
word: voilà
sense: on agreeing to a deal
word: agreed
sense: on agreeing to a deal
word: done and done
sense: on agreeing to a deal
word: you have a deal
done
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
Etymology: From Middle English don; equivalent to do + -en (plural simple present ending).
Senses: examples: text: The while their Foes done eache of hem ſcoꝛne.
ref: 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “Maye. Ægloga Quinta.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 18, verso:
text: O you Cæleſtiall euer-liuing fires,
That done inflame our hearts with high deſires; […]
ref: 1606, N[athaniel] B[axter], Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia, That Is, Endimions Song and Tragedie, Containing All Philosophie, London: […] Ed. Allde, for Edward White, […], →OCLC, signature D2, recto:
text: The soul of Naboth lies to Ahab told,
As done the learnèd Hebrew Doctours write, […]
ref: 1647, Henry More, “[Philosophical Poems.] Antipsychopannychia or The Third Book of the Song of the Soul: Containing a Confutation of the Sleep of the Soul after Death. The Præexistency of the Soul, […].”, in Alexander B[alloch] Grosart, editor, The Complete Poems of Dr. Henry More (1614–1687) […] (Chertsey Worthies’ Library), [Edinburgh: […] Edinburgh University Press; Thomas and Archibald Constable, […]] for private circulation, published 1878, →OCLC, stanza 63, page 125, column 1:
glosses: plural simple present of do
done
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
ipa: /dəʊn/
enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
Forms: form: 'done
Senses: examples: on the done
glosses: Clipping of methadone.
done
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: dŭn
ipa: /dʌn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /dʊn/
ipa: /duːn/
rhymes: -ʌn
homophone: dun
homophone: Donn
homophone: Donne
homophone: Dunn
homophone: Dunne
ipa: /dəʊn/
Forms: form: dones
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of dhoni.
ductility
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dʌkˈtɪlɪdi/
rhymes: -ɪlɪti
Forms: form: ductilities
Etymology: From ductile + -ity.
Senses: qualifier: materials science
glosses: Ability of a material to be drawn out longitudinally to a reduced section without fracture under the action of a tensile force.
exeat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: exeats
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin exeat, third-person singular subjunctive of exeō (“depart”) used as an impersonal imperative, literally “let him go forth”.
Senses: coordinate_terms: absit
glosses: A license or permit for absence from a university or a religious house (such as a monastery).
glosses: A permission which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of his diocese.
examples: text: [I]t was impossible to imagine her doing anything except eating ice-cream and smoking, like a child on an exeat from school.
ref: 1984, Anita Brookner, Hotel du Lac, Penguin, published 2016, page 66:
glosses: Leave of absence from a public school or college.
topics: entertainment
lifestyle
theater
coordinate_terms: exeunt
glosses: A stage direction to leave the stage.
Related terms: ne exeat
fire
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ə/
ipa: [faɪ̯ə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfaːə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfaː]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfɑə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfɑːə]
enpr: fīʹər
enpr: fīr
ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ɚ/
ipa: [ˈfaɪ̯ɚ]
ipa: /ˈfaɪɹ/
ipa: [ˈfäːɚ]
ipa: [fʌɪ̯ɚ]
ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ə/
ipa: [ˈfɑe̯ə]
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfo̞ɪ.ɚ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfəɪ.ɚ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfo̞ɪ.ɐ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfəɪ.ɐ/
rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Forms: form: fye
form: fier
form: 🜂
Etymology: From Middle English fyr, from Old English fȳr (“fire”), from Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from *fuïr, a regularised form of Proto-Germanic *fōr (“fire”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.
See also Saterland Frisian Fjuur, West Frisian fjoer, Dutch vuur, Low German Füer, German Feuer, Danish fyr. Also, compare Hittite 𒉺𒄴𒄯 (paḫḫur), Umbrian pir, Tocharian A/B por/puwar, Czech pýř (“hot ashes”), Russian пуры́нь (purýnʹ), Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”), and Armenian հուր (hur, “fire”). This was an inanimate noun whose animate counterpart was Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnis (see ignite). Cognate to pyre.
Senses: examples: text: This is fire, keep up the amazing work!
glosses: Amazing; excellent.
fire
Language: English
Part of speech: intj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ə/
ipa: [faɪ̯ə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfaːə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfaː]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfɑə]
note: triphthong smoothing
ipa: [ˈfɑːə]
enpr: fīʹər
enpr: fīr
ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ɚ/
ipa: [ˈfaɪ̯ɚ]
ipa: /ˈfaɪɹ/
ipa: [ˈfäːɚ]
ipa: [fʌɪ̯ɚ]
ipa: /ˈfaɪ.ə/
ipa: [ˈfɑe̯ə]
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfo̞ɪ.ɚ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfəɪ.ɚ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfo̞ɪ.ɐ/
note: Dublin
ipa: /ˈfəɪ.ɐ/
rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Etymology: From Middle English firen, fyren, furen, from Old English fȳrian (“to make a fire”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian fioria (“to light a fire”), Saterland Frisian fjuurje (“to fire”), Middle Dutch vûren, vueren, vieren (“to set fire”), Dutch vuren (“to fire, shoot”), Old High German fiuren (“to ignite, set on fire”), German feuern (“to fire”).
Senses: glosses: Command to shoot with firearms.
drew
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: dro͞o
ipa: /dɹuː/
ipa: /dɹuʊ̯/
rhymes: -uː
Senses: examples: text: Mr. Banks’ panama hat was in one hand, while the other drew a handkerchief across his perspiring brow.
ref: 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:
text: Iron and coal were the magnets that drew railways to this land of lovely valleys and silent mountains—for such it was a century-and-a-half ago, before man blackened the valleys with the smoke of his forges, scarred the green hills with his shafts and waste-heaps, and drove the salmon from the quiet Rhondda and the murmuring Taff.
ref: 1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in Railway Magazine, page 157:
glosses: simple past of draw
glosses: past participle of draw
Related terms: drawn
drawn
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: drôn
ipa: /dɹɔːn/
ipa: /dɹɔn/
ipa: /dɹɑn/
rhymes: -ɔːn
Etymology: Morphologically draw + -n.
Senses: examples: text: The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read.
ref: 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:
glosses: past participle of draw
drawn
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: enpr: drôn
ipa: /dɹɔːn/
ipa: /dɹɔn/
ipa: /dɹɑn/
rhymes: -ɔːn
Forms: form: more drawn
form: most drawn
Etymology: Morphologically draw + -n.
Senses: glosses: Depleted.
glosses: Depleted.
Appearing tired and unwell, as from stress; haggard.
raw_tags: of a person or person's face
synonyms: tied#Adjective
glosses: undecided; having no definite winner and loser; at a draw.
raw_tags: of a game
examples: text: tractor-drawn implement
glosses: Pulled, towed, or extracted in the specified fashion.
Derived terms: airdrawn
drawn butter
drawnness
finedrawn
hand-drawn
indrawn
outdrawn
roughdrawn
undrawn
Related terms: drafted
draughted
dreamt
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛmt/
ipa: /dɹɛmpt/
rhymes: -ɛmt
Forms: form: dreamed
form: drempt
Etymology: From dream + -t.
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of dream
dreamt
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹɛmt/
ipa: /dɹɛmpt/
rhymes: -ɛmt
Forms: form: dreamed
form: drempt
Etymology: From dream + -t.
Senses: glosses: Imagined or only extant in a dream or dreams.
Derived terms: undreamt
dreamed
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɹiːmd/
rhymes: -iːmd
Forms: form: dreamt
Senses: examples: text: He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains.
ref: 1952, Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea:
text: [Charlie Brown:] Last night I dreamed about that little red-haired girl […]
ref: 1970 April 29, Charles M. Schulz, Peanuts:
glosses: simple past and past participle of dream
Derived terms: adreamed
undreamed
drank
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: drăngk
ipa: /dɹæŋk/
rhymes: -æŋk
Forms: form: dranks
Etymology: Pronunciation spelling of drink.
Senses: glosses: Dextromethorphan.
examples: text: You leave your drink around me, believe your drank going to get drunk up.
ref: 2005, “Stay Fly”, in Jordan Houston, Darnell Carlton, Paul Beauregard, Premro Smith, Marlon Goodwin, David Brown, Willie Hutchinson (lyrics), Most Known Unknown, performed by Three 6 Mafia (featuring Young Buck, 8 Ball, and MJG), Sony BMG:
glosses: A drink, usually alcoholic.
Derived terms: purple drank
drank
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: drăngk
ipa: /dɹæŋk/
rhymes: -æŋk
Etymology: From Middle English drank, from Old English dranc, from Proto-West Germanic *drank.
Senses: examples: text: He drank a lot last night.
glosses: simple past of drink
examples: text: He'd drank alcohol prior to driving off the road.
text: Tho’ the Barber had drank down this Story with greedy Ears, he was not yet ſatisfied.
ref: 1749, Henry Fielding, “A Dialogue between Mr. Jones and the Barber”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VIII, page 180:
text: Mr. Woodhouse was soon ready for his tea; and when he had drank his tea he was quite ready to go home; […]
ref: 1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter XV, in Emma: […], volume I, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 263:
glosses: past participle of drink
drunk
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: enpr: drŭngk
ipa: /dɹʌŋk/
rhymes: -ʌŋk
Forms: form: more drunk
form: most drunk
Etymology: From Middle English drunke, drunken, ydrunke, ydrunken, from Old English druncen, ġedruncen (“drunk”), from Proto-Germanic *drunkanaz, *gadrunkanaz (“drunk; drunken”), past participle of Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to drink”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian dronken, West Frisian dronken, Dutch dronken, gedronken, German Low German drunken, bedrunken, German trunken,
getrunken, betrunken, Swedish drucken, Icelandic drukkinn.
Senses: examples: text: He was arrested for driving drunk.
hypernyms: under the influence#Adverb
glosses: While drunk.
drunk
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: drŭngk
ipa: /dɹʌŋk/
rhymes: -ʌŋk
Forms: form: drunks
Etymology: From Middle English drunke, drunken, ydrunke, ydrunken, from Old English druncen, ġedruncen (“drunk”), from Proto-Germanic *drunkanaz, *gadrunkanaz (“drunk; drunken”), past participle of Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to drink”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian dronken, West Frisian dronken, Dutch dronken, gedronken, German Low German drunken, bedrunken, German trunken,
getrunken, betrunken, Swedish drucken, Icelandic drukkinn.
Senses: glosses: One who is intoxicated with alcohol.
examples: text: Another drunk is sleeping in dangerous proximity to a brush fire.
ref: 1971, William S. Burroughs, The Wild Boys: A Book of the Dead, page 10:
synonyms: word: alcoholic
word: drunkard
word: pisshead
word: piss artist
word: sot
word: alco
word: alcoholic
word: alkie
word: bacchanal
word: bacchant
word: barfly
word: bibber
word: booze artist
word: boozehound
word: boozer
word: borachio
word: bouser
word: carouser
word: cupster
word: dipso
word: dipsomaniac
word: drinker
word: drunk
word: drunkard
word: fuddlecap
word: fuddler
word: grog artist
word: guzzler
word: inebriate
word: juicehead
word: lick-wimble
word: lush
word: lusher
word: maltworm
word: pisshead
word: pisspot
word: plonko
word: reel-pot
word: rinse-pitcher
word: rumpot
word: shicker
word: slubberdegullion
word: soak
word: soaker
word: sot
word: souse
word: sponge
word: squeeze-grape
word: sucker
word: suck-pint
word: swill-belly
word: swill-bowl
word: swill-flagon
word: swill-pot
word: swill-tub
word: swillking
word: tippler
word: toper
word: tosspot
word: tun
word: winebibber
word: winesop
word: wino
glosses: A habitual drinker, especially one who is frequently intoxicated.
examples: text: Gen. G. had been on a long drunk from July last until Christmas.
ref: 1858 June 8, “A Scarcity of Jurors—Cangemi's Third Trial”, in New York Times, page 4:
text: Life probably would have continued in blissful ignorance if it had not been for Vito's occasional late-night drunks. Usually he got plastered and misplaced his keys […] and bellowed obscenities into our shared hallway.
ref: 1983 December 10, Veneita Porter, “A Little Help From Mom”, in Gay Community News, volume 11, number 21, page 14:
text: Now if you'll excuse me, I'm going to go on an overnight drunk, and in 10 days I'm going to set out to find the shark that ate my friend and destroy it. Anyone who wants to tag along is more than welcome.
ref: 2004, Wes Anderson, Noah Baumbach, The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, spoken by Steve Zissou (Bill Murray):
glosses: A drinking-bout; a period of drunkenness.
examples: text: Here – help yourself to another drop there, Redmond! By the time we've got a good drunk on us there'll be more crack in this valley than the night I pissed on the electric fence!
ref: 2006, Patrick McCabe, Winterwood, Bloomsbury, published 2007, page 10:
glosses: A drunken state.
Derived terms: cheap drunk
dry drunk
expensive drunk
good drunk
sad drunk
town drunk
drunk
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: enpr: drŭngk
ipa: /dɹʌŋk/
rhymes: -ʌŋk
Etymology: From Middle English drunke, drunken, ydrunke, ydrunken, from Old English druncen, ġedruncen (“drunk”), from Proto-Germanic *drunkanaz, *gadrunkanaz (“drunk; drunken”), past participle of Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to drink”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian dronken, West Frisian dronken, Dutch dronken, gedronken, German Low German drunken, bedrunken, German trunken,
getrunken, betrunken, Swedish drucken, Icelandic drukkinn.
Senses: glosses: past participle of drink
glosses: simple past of drink
drove
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹəʊv/
ipa: /dɹoʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
Forms: form: droves
Etymology: From Middle English drove, drof, draf, from Old English drāf (“action of driving; a driving out, expulsion; drove, herd, band; company, band; road along which cattle are driven”), from Proto-Germanic *draibō (“a drive, push, movement, drove”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”). Cognate with Scots drave, dreef (“drove, crowd”), Dutch dreef (“a walkway, wide road with trees, drove”), Middle High German treip (“a drove”), Swedish drev (“a drive, drove”), Icelandic dreif (“a scattering, distribution”). More at drive.
Senses: glosses: A cattle drive or the herd being driven by it; thus, a number of cattle driven to market or new pastures.
examples: text: in droves
glosses: A large number of people on the move.
glosses: A group of hares.
glosses: A road or track along which cattle are habitually, used to be or could be driven; a droveway.
glosses: A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land.
glosses: A broad chisel used to bring stone to a nearly smooth surface.
glosses: The grooved surface of stone finished by the drove chisel.
Derived terms: drover
drove road
droveway
in droves
Parson Drove
drove
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹəʊv/
ipa: /dɹoʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
Etymology: From earlier drave, from Middle English drave, draf, from Old English drāf, first and third person singular indicative preterite of drīfan (“to drive”).
Senses: examples: text: I had occasion […] to make a somewhat long business trip to Chicago, and on my return […] I found Farrar awaiting me in the railway station. He smiled his wonted fraction by way of greeting, […], and finally leading me to his buggy, turned and drove out of town.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
text: Iron and coal were the magnets that drew railways to this land of lovely valleys and silent mountains—for such it was a century-and-a-half ago, before man blackened the valleys with the smoke of his forges, scarred the green hills with his shafts and waste-heaps, and drove the salmon from the quiet Rhondda and the murmuring Taff.
ref: 1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in Railway Magazine, page 157:
glosses: simple past of drive
examples: text: Not the Horn-Plague, but something worse, Had drove the frighted Cucks from thence.
ref: 1706, Edward Ward, Hudibras redivivus, I.10:
text: Then, being on his knees between my thighs, he drew up his ſhirt, and bared all his hairy thighs, and ſtiff ſtaring truncheon, red-topt, and rooted into a thicket of curls, which cover’d his belly to his navel, and gave it the air of a fleſh-bruſh: and ſoon I felt it joining cloſe to mine, when he had drove the nail up to the head, and left no partition but the intermediate hair on both ſides.
ref: 1749, [John Cleland], “[Letter the First]”, in Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure [Fanny Hill], volume I, London: […] [Thomas Parker] for G. Fenton [i.e., Fenton and Ralph Griffiths] […], →OCLC, pages 165–166:
english: Fanny Hill
translation: Fanny Hill
text: We are appealing to any individuals who "have" drove that road who may well have [...]
ref: 2019 April 17, Ch Insp Lee, quotee, BBC News:
glosses: past participle of drive
drove
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dɹəʊv/
ipa: /dɹoʊv/
rhymes: -əʊv
Forms: form: droves
form: droving
form: droved
form: droved
Etymology: From earlier drave, from Middle English drave, draf, from Old English drāf, first and third person singular indicative preterite of drīfan (“to drive”).
Senses: examples: text: He's droving now with Conroy's sheep along the Castlereagh.
ref: 1890, Banjo Paterson, The Man from Snowy River:
synonyms: drive
glosses: To herd cattle; particularly over a long distance.
glosses: To finish (stone) with a drove chisel.
Derived terms: drover
driven
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɹɪvn̩/
rhymes: -ɪvən
Etymology: Morphologically drive + -n.
Senses: glosses: past participle of drive
driven
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdɹɪvn̩/
rhymes: -ɪvən
Forms: form: more driven
form: most driven
Etymology: Morphologically drive + -n.
Senses: glosses: Obsessed; passionately motivated to achieve goals.
glosses: Formed into snowdrifts by wind. (of snow)
Hyponyms: axle-driven
behavior-driven
behaviour-driven
belt-driven
chain-driven
community-driven
compiler-driven
data-driven
demand-driven
destination-driven
domain-driven
event-driven
fulldriven
model-driven
performance-driven
quote-driven
servo-driven
space-driven
test-driven
wind-driven
Derived terms: domain-driven design
drivenness
indriven
keyword-driven testing
message-driven architecture
model-driven architecture
model-driven testing
overdriven
resume-driven development
test-driven development
undriven
white as driven snow
white as the driven snow
dwell
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: dwĕl
ipa: /dwɛl/
rhymes: -ɛl
Forms: form: dwells
Etymology: From Middle English dwellen (“delay, live, remain, persist”), from Old English dwellan (“to mislead, deceive; be led into error, stray”), from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną (“to hold up, delay; hesitate”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwelH- (“to whirl, swirl, blur, obfuscate”), which is cognate with Old Norse dvelja and related to Proto-Germanic *dwelaną (“to go astray”), which underwent semantic change in its descendants. Cognates include Danish dvæle (“to linger, dwell”) and Swedish dväljas (“to dwell, reside”).
Senses: topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A period of time in which a system or component remains in a given state.
topics: engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
glosses: A brief pause in the motion of part of a mechanism to allow an operation to be completed.
topics: business
electrical
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
energy
engineering
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A planned delay in a timed control program.
topics: automotive
transport
vehicles
glosses: In a petrol engine, the period of time the ignition points are closed to let current flow through the ignition coil in between each spark. This is measured as an angle in degrees around the camshaft in the distributor which controls the points, for example in a 4-cylinder engine it might be 55° (spark at 90° intervals, points closed for 55° between each).
dwelt
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈdwɛlt/
rhymes: -ɛlt
Senses: examples: text: Unless the Lord had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in silence.
ref: 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 94:17:
glosses: simple past and past participle of dwell
dwelled
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /dwɛld/
rhymes: -ɛld
Senses: glosses: simple past and past participle of dwell
eat
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: enpr: ēt
ipa: /iːt/
enpr: ēt
ipa: /it/
rhymes: -iːt
Forms: form: eats
Etymology: From Middle English ete, ate, æte, from Old English ǣt (“food, eating”), from Proto-West Germanic *āt, from Proto-Germanic *ētą (“food, thing to eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognate with West Frisian iten (“food”), Saterland Frisian Íeten (“food”), German Aas (“carrion”), Vilamovian aosa (“food”), Icelandic át (“eating; solid food”).
Senses: examples: text: Eating a Picnic creates a flurry of wafer pieces, flying peanuts and chocolate crumbs. […] As well as being messy, Picnic happens to be a big eat – something of a consumption challenge in fact.
ref: 2011, William Chitty, Nigel Barker, Michael Valos, Integrated Marketing Communications, page 167:
glosses: Something to be eaten; a meal; a food item.
eaten
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈiːtn̩/
ipa: [ˈiːtn̩]
ipa: [ˈiːʔn̩]
homophone: Eaton
homophone: Eton
homophone: eating
rhymes: -iːtən
Forms: form: etten
Etymology: From Middle English eten, from Old English eten, from Proto-West Germanic *etan, from Proto-Germanic *etanaz; morphologically eat + -en.
Senses: glosses: past participle of eat
eaten
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈiːtn̩/
ipa: [ˈiːtn̩]
ipa: [ˈiːʔn̩]
homophone: Eaton
homophone: Eton
homophone: eating
rhymes: -iːtən
Forms: form: more eaten
form: most eaten
form: etten
Etymology: From Middle English eten, from Old English eten, from Proto-West Germanic *etan, from Proto-Germanic *etanaz; morphologically eat + -en.
Senses: glosses: Having been consumed by eating.
Derived terms: eaten bread is soon forgotten
half-eaten
moth-eaten
time-eaten
uneaten
fell
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɛl/
rhymes: -ɛl
Forms: form: fells
Etymology: From Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”), causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-.
Cognate with Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”), German fällen (“to fell”), Danish fælde (“to fell”), Norwegian felle (“to fell”).
Senses: glosses: A cutting-down of timber.
glosses: The stitching down of a fold of cloth; specifically, the portion of a kilt, from the waist to the seat, where the pleats are stitched down.
topics: business
manufacturing
textiles
glosses: The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft.
Derived terms: fell stitch
flat-fell seam
fell
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɛl/
rhymes: -ɛl
Forms: form: fells
Etymology: From Middle English fell, fel, vel, from Old English fel, fell (“hide, skin, pelt”), from Proto-West Germanic *fell, from Proto-Germanic *fellą, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-no- (“skin, animal hide”).
See also West Frisian fel, Dutch vel, German Fell, Latin pellis (“skin”), Lithuanian plėnė (“skin”), Russian плена́ (plená, “pelt”), Albanian plah (“to cover”), Ancient Greek πέλλᾱς (péllās, “skin”). Related to film, felt, pell, and pelt.
Senses: examples: text: Why, we are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy.
ref: c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], line 35:
glosses: An animal skin, hide, pelt.
examples: text: For he is fader of feith · fourmed ȝow alle / Bothe with fel and with face.
ref: c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:
glosses: Human skin (now only as a metaphorical use of previous sense).
Derived terms: bookfell
fellmaker
fellmonger
fellsman
felly
woolfell
fell
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /fɛl/
rhymes: -ɛl
Forms: form: feller
form: fellest
Etymology: From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), either from Old French fel or from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”) and Dutch fel (“fierce, feisty, bitter”). See felon.
Senses: examples: text: one fell swoop
text: […]While we devise fell tortures for thy faults.
ref: c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi]:
text: And many a serpent of fell kind, / With wings before, and stings behind
ref: 1662 (indicated as 1663), [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]. Canto II.”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC:
text: […] but if it be solitary with the position of an incisor, will it even then bear out Professor Owen's hypothesis, that Thylacoleo, which he infers to have been one of “the fellest and most destructive of predatory beasts, […]
ref: 1862, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London:
text: The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom. Whirling wreaths and columns of burning wind, rushed around and over them.
ref: 1892, James Yoxall, chapter 5, in The Lonely Pyramid:
text: No words had been exchanged between Upjohn and self on the journey out, but the glimpses I had caught of his face from the corner of the eyes had told me that he was grim and resolute, his supply of the milk of human kindness plainly short by several gallons. No hope, it seemed to me, of turning him from his fell purpose.
ref: 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIX, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:
glosses: Of a strong and cruel nature; eager and unsparing; grim; fierce; ruthless; savage.
glosses: Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent
glosses: Very large; huge.
examples: text: I am so fell to my business.
ref: 1667 January 25 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys, Mynors Bright, transcriber, “January 15th, 1666–1667”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume VI, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1895, →OCLC:
glosses: Eager; earnest; intent.