cstr/en-wiktionary-extracted-all huggingface dataset:
closely
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈkləʊsliː/
Forms: form: closelier
form: more closely
form: closeliest
form: most closely
Etymology: From close + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: Finnish and Estonian are closely related languages.
text: The borderline between East and West Berlin was very closely guarded.
text: The chairs are too closely spaced; could you move them apart?
text: Test large, cylindrical, early portion closely coiled and always completely involute, later and larger portion uncoiled[…]
ref: 1946, Joseph Augustine Cushman, The larger fossil Foraminifera of the Panama Canal Zone:
text: “King Homer” follows the story of King Kong closely, with Mr. Burns taking the freakishly over-sized King Homer from his native Africa, where he lives proud as a simian god, to the United States, where he is an initially impressive but ultimately rather limited Broadway attraction.
ref: 2012 April 29, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Treehouse of Horror III” (season 4, episode 5; originally aired 10/29/1992)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):
glosses: In a close manner.
examples: text: That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe / Her dainty couch with tears which closely she did weepe.
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 28:
glosses: secretly; privately
Derived terms: closely held
growing
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹoʊɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈɡɹəʊɪŋ/
rhymes: -əʊɪŋ
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of grow
growing
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɡɹoʊɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈɡɹəʊɪŋ/
rhymes: -əʊɪŋ
Forms: form: growings
Senses: examples: text: Some of these unhappy emigrants felt a general sinking of all their mental and bodily energies, without, however, experiencing the growings of hunger.
ref: 1852, Henry Howe, Historical Collections of the Great West:
glosses: growth; increase
examples: text: The growing season here begins in March.
glosses: The raising of plants.
Derived terms: coffeegrowing
evergrowing
fastgrowing
fruitgrowing
fruit-growing
growingly
growing pains
growing season
ingrowing
nongrowing
olivegrowing
peagrowing
rice growing
silkgrowing
vine-growing
winegrowing
woolgrowing
pedaliter
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Senses: topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
glosses: Of organ music requiring the use of both the manuals and the pedals
Related terms: manualiter
strongly
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈstɹɔŋli/
ipa: /ˈstɹɒŋli/
ipa: /ˈstɹɑŋli/
Forms: form: stronglier
form: more strongly
form: strongliest
form: most strongly
Etymology: From Middle English strongliche, strangliche, from Old English stranglīċe (“strongly”), equivalent to strong + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: In the third race, Renowned Blaze finished strongly to win, paying sixteen dollars.
glosses: In a strong or powerful manner.
examples: text: His reply was strongly suggestive of a forthcoming challenge to the governor.
text: The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been jilted by him remained.
ref: 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
text: As Denmark takes over the presidency of the European Union, Danes are more strongly pro-European than at any time in the past two decades – a shift in sentiment that can at least partly be attributed to US President Donald Trump.
ref: 2025 July 5, Sebastian Shukla, “Denmark has long been Euroskeptic. Donald Trump helped change that”, in CNN:
glosses: Very much.
Derived terms: strongly connected
strongly connected component
strongly interacting massive particle
strongly symmetric matter
strongly-typed
terakihi
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: terakihis
Senses: glosses: Alternative form of tarakihi.
figured
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɪɡəd/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ(j)ɚd/
rhymes: (UK) -ɪɡəd
Etymology: From figure + -ed.
Senses: examples: I had him figured for a lawyer or even a judge.
glosses: simple past and past participle of figure
figured
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɪɡəd/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ(j)ɚd/
rhymes: (UK) -ɪɡəd
Forms: form: more figured
form: most figured
Etymology: From figure + -ed.
Senses: examples: text: Figured wood is especially sought after for its distinctive texture.
glosses: Having a pattern considered attractive appearing on a section.
raw_tags: of a natural material
examples: text: It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street. He wore shepherd's plaid trousers and the swallow-tail coat of the day, with a figured muslin cravat wound about his wide-spread collar.
ref: 1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., →OCLC, page 01:
text: Some of these mosaics have been carefully altered to replaced figured by non-figured designs.
ref: 2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, page 446:
glosses: Adorned with a figure or figures.
Derived terms: figured bass
full-figured
multifigured
unfigured
figuring
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.ə.ɹɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.jɚ.ɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.ɚ.ɪŋ/
Forms: form: figurings
Senses: examples: text: Alternative figurings may be available for interpreting the everyday, and alternative ways of figuring systems of privilege may be developed in contestations over social arrangements.
ref: 2008, Patricia Murphy, Kathy Hall, Learning and Practice: Agency and Identities, →ISBN, page 157:
text: By my figuring, he couldn't have been much over forty, but sagging, bleached-out skin and a gray to balding head made him look sixty.
ref: 2011, Tim Sandlin, Western Swing: A Novel, →ISBN, page 270:
glosses: Calculation.
examples: text: We must remember, however, that all these figurings are written with reference to the tonic signature.
ref: 1863, Herrman S. Saroni, Musical Grammar:
text: These webbings are made in innumerable fine patternings, with silk mixtures in the design, in narrow stripings and small figurings.
ref: 1894, The Clothier and Furnisher - Volume 23, page 60:
glosses: Structure, design, or arrangement; figure.
examples: text: Yet when we examine how Mendes's film figures the behind, as it were, behind the father, when we look closely at the film's figurings of anality in the father/son relation, we do not see an insistence that traces of a radical Otherness emerge in figurings of archaic relations and in turn challenge problematic, idealized claims that relations between men can transcend Symbolic mediation.
ref: 2011, Vincent J. Hausmann, Cinema, Technologies of Visibility, and the Reanimation of Desire, →ISBN, page 35:
glosses: Representation.
Related terms: figuring out
figuring
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.ə.ɹɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.jɚ.ɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈfɪɡ.ɚ.ɪŋ/
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of figure
subsequently
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
Etymology: From subsequent + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: It will be recollected that the ill-fated Halloway...distinctly stated the voice of the individual who had approached his post...to have been that of a female, and that the language in which they subsequently conversed was that of the Ottawa Indians.
ref: 1832, John Richardson, chapter 7, in Wacousta, volume II:
text: “There the cause of death was soon ascertained ; the victim of this daring outrage had been stabbed to death from ear to ear with a long, sharp instrument, in shape like an antique stiletto, which […] was subsequently found under the cushions of the hansom.[…]”
ref: 1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Tremarn Case”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:
glosses: Following, afterwards in either time or place.
glosses: Accordingly, therefore (implying a logical connection or deduction), consequently.
Synonyms: sense: afterwards in time
word: afterwards
word: yet
sense: afterwards in sequence
word: ensuingly
word: followingly
word: then
sense: accordingly
word: as a result
word: whence
word: therefore
word: after
word: afterhand
word: afterward
word: hereafter
word: later
word: sithence
word: subsequently
Hyponyms: word: soon
word: eventually
word: henceforth
word: thereafter
word: after-morn
word: tomorrow
word: overmorrow
Related terms: word: then
notably
Language: English
Part of speech: adv
Forms: form: more notably
form: most notably
Etymology: From Middle English notably, notabili, notablelyche, equivalent to notable + -ly.
Senses: examples: text: “Earth Two,” a new series by writer James Robinson and artist Nicola Scott, reintroduces the concept by putting a new spin on the original versions of characters like the Green Lantern, the Flash and Superman that diverges notably from the past several decades of DC lore.
ref: 2012 June 1, Matthew Perpetua, “Original Green Lantern comes out as gay in DC Comics’ ‘Earth Two’”, in CNN:
text: Allport's decision in 1872 to abolish Second Class on the Midland and effectively upgrade Third Class to the standards of Second, most notably with upholstered seating, sent shockwaves through the Victorian railway.
ref: 2023 February 8, Conrad Landin, “Bon appetit: 150 years of railway dining”, in RAIL, number 976, page 47:
glosses: As a pointed example; in a notable manner.
subsequent
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
ipa: /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French subséquent, from Latin subsequentis, form of subsequēns, present participle of
subsequor (“I follow, I succeed”).
Senses: examples: text: Growth was dampened by a softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years due to strong growth in China.
text: In a thread called “Calm Before the Storm”, and in subsequent posts, Q established his legend as a government insider with top security clearance who knew the truth about a secret struggle for power involving Donald Trump, the “deep state”, Robert Mueller, the Clintons, pedophile rings, and other stuff.
ref: 2018 July 31, Julia Carrie Wong, “What is QAnon? Explaining the bizarre rightwing conspiracy theory”, in The Guardian:
glosses: Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely.
glosses: Following in order of place; succeeding.
examples: text: The peculiar position of the subsequent Derwent, close to the sea, suggests some glacial interference with normal adjustments, and calls for special explanation.
ref: 1895, William Morris Davis, “The Development of Certain English Rivers”, in The Geographical Journal, page 131:
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: Following a line in the earth that is more easily eroded.
raw_tags: of a stream or faultline
Synonyms: sense: following in order
word: next
word: following
word: subsequent
word: posterior
word: succeeding
word: successor
word: ulterior
Hyponyms: word: future
Derived terms: condition subsequent
fee simple subject to condition subsequent
subsequently
subsequent
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
ipa: /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/
Forms: form: subsequents
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French subséquent, from Latin subsequentis, form of subsequēns, present participle of
subsequor (“I follow, I succeed”).
Senses: examples: text: When the Middle Wye was turned into the Severn system it still continued the northward subsequent, which of course may have been initiated as a tributary when the Middle Wye belonged to the Thames system.
ref: 1899, Sydney Savory Buckman, “The Development of Rivers”, in Natural Science, page 285:
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
glosses: A subsequent stream or faultline.
regurgitate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɹɪˈɡɝ.d͡ʒəˌteɪt/
enpr: rĭ-gərˈ-jə-tāt
Forms: form: regurgitates
form: regurgitating
form: regurgitated
form: regurgitated
Etymology: From Late Latin regurgitātus, past participle of regurgitāre, combined form of re- (“back”) + gurgitāre (“to engulf, flood”), from gurges (“whirlpool, gulf, sea, abyss”).
Senses: examples: text: […] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.
ref: 2014 December 23, Olivia Judson, “The hemiparasite season [print version: 'Under the hemiparasite', International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 23 Dec 2014:
glosses: To throw up or vomit; to eject what has previously been swallowed.
examples: text: The young gulls were fed by their mother’s regurgitated food.
glosses: To cough up from the gut to feed its young, as an animal or bird does.
examples: text: The fact that ChatGPT rephrases material from the Web instead of quoting it word for word makes it seem like a student expressing ideas in her own words, rather than simply regurgitating what she’s read[…]
ref: 2023 February 9, Ted Chiang, “ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web”, in The New Yorker:
glosses: To repeat (information) verbatim or by rote, typically after learning it without actual comprehension.
examples: text: Food may regurgitate from the stomach into the mouth.
glosses: To be thrown or poured back; to rush or surge back.
Synonyms: sense: to throw up or vomit
word: vomit
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: throw up
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: cast
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: disgorge
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: retch
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: puke
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: barf
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: spew
sense: to throw up or vomit
word: upchuck
word: bait
word: be sick
word: blow chunks
word: boak
word: boke
word: boot
word: bork
word: bow down before the porcelain god
word: cast up one's accounts
word: chuck
word: chuck up
word: chunder
word: drive the porcelain bus
word: erupt
word: gag
word: get sick
word: heave
word: honk
word: hurl
word: launch one's lunch
word: lose one's lunch
word: pray to the porcelain god
word: puke up
word: purge
word: ralph
word: regurge
word: regurgitate
word: shoot the cat
word: sick
word: sick up
word: talk to God on the big white telephone
word: talk to Ralph on the big white telephone
word: toss
word: toss one's cookies
word: woof one's cookies
word: whoops
word: worship the porcelain god
word: worship the porcelain goddess
word: yak
Related terms: word: nauseated
regurgitate
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɹɪˈɡɝ.d͡ʒəˌteɪt/
enpr: rĭ-gərˈ-jə-tāt
Forms: form: regurgitates
Etymology: From Late Latin regurgitātus, past participle of regurgitāre, combined form of re- (“back”) + gurgitāre (“to engulf, flood”), from gurges (“whirlpool, gulf, sea, abyss”).
Senses: examples: text: However, the growing prevalence of plastics in some areas means these can be difficult for albatrosses to distinguish, leading to accidental ingestion. These may then accumulate in the gut or be passed to offspring through regurgitates.
ref: 2021, Alice A. Horton, Isobelle Blissett, Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Freshwater Aquatic, Terrestrial and Avian Migratory Species in the Asia and Pacific Region, Convention on Migratory Species, page 22:
glosses: Something regurgitated; regurgitated matter.
Related terms: regurgitation
regurgitative
winning
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɪnɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɪnɪŋ
Senses: examples: text: Our horse was winning the race, but fell back just before the finish line.
glosses: present participle and gerund of win
Derived terms: winnings
winning
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɪnɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɪnɪŋ
Forms: form: more winning
form: winninger
form: most winning
form: winningest
Senses: examples: the winning entry in the competition
the winning lotto numbers
glosses: That constitutes a win.
examples: a winning formula, strategy, etc.
glosses: That leads to success.
examples: a winning smile
glosses: Attractive.
Derived terms: don't change a winning team
prize-winning
sand winning
winning hand
winning hazard
winning is a great deodorant
winning post
winning streak
winning ways
winning
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɪnɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɪnɪŋ
Forms: form: winnings
Senses: glosses: The act of obtaining something, as in a contest or by competition.
examples: text: Ye seeke land and sea for your winnings.
ref: 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:
glosses: The money, etc., gained by success in competition or contest, especially in gambling.
examples: text: The train proceeded to North Pittington Colliery, 600 yd. away, where the Duke viewed the new winning, examined the pumping and drawing engines, and saw how pitmen descended and ascended the shaft.
ref: 1948 January and February, “Notes and News: Duke of Wellington's Early Railway Journey”, in Railway Magazine, page 55:
topics: business
mining
glosses: A new opening.
glosses: The portion of a coalfield out for working.
Related terms: award-winning
multi-award-winning
win
winner
winninger
winningest
winning mentality
winnings
winnings
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɪnɪŋz/
rhymes: -ɪnɪŋz
Senses: glosses: plural of winning
winnings
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈwɪnɪŋz/
rhymes: -ɪnɪŋz
Senses: glosses: The spoils of a win; something, usually money, that has been won, usually by gambling.
vaccinate
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvæksɪneɪt/
Forms: form: vaccinates
form: vaccinating
form: vaccinated
form: vaccinated
Etymology: From vaccine + -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Senses: examples: text: You haven't stopped talking since I came here! You must have been vaccinated with a phonograph needle!
ref: 1933, Groucho Marx, Duck Soup (movie)
text: The county Health Department will provide free tetanus shots from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. today in Turtle Creek for flood victims and cleanup workers who haven't been vaccinated against the disease in the past 10 years.
ref: 1997 July 8, “Tetanus shots for flood workers”, in Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, page D.3:
text: Within weeks, Britain had vaccinated more people than France, Germany, Italy and Spain combined, a stunning achievement.
ref: 2021 February 24, Nigel Harris, “Comment: Vaccines and railways”, in RAIL, number 925, page 3:
synonyms: word: vaccine
word: vax
glosses: To treat (a person or an animal) with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease.
Derived terms: hypervaccinate
vaccinator
Related terms: unvaccinated
vaccinated
vaccination
vaccinationist
vaccine
vainglory
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: [veɪnˈɡlɔː.ɹi]
ipa: [ˈveɪnˌɡlɔɚ.i]
Forms: form: vainglories
Etymology: From Middle English waynglori (“worthless glory”), from Old French vaine glorie, from Medieval Latin vāna glōria, from Latin vāna (“empty, groundless, boastful”) + glōria (“fame, ambition, boasting”), apparently modelled after similar terms in Germanic languages. Compare Old English īdel wuldor (“vain glory”) and īdelġielp (“vainglory”).
Senses: glosses: Excessive vanity.
examples: text: Then he reasoned, as he had in the days past, that the course of human history had shown national pride—the inflexible kind—to be mankind’s worst enemy, and ordinary people paid the price in suffering. Nations had gone down because of vainglory, when moderation might have civilized and saved them.
ref: 1962, Arthur Hailey, “Chapter Eleven: The White House”, in In High Places (fiction):
glosses: Boastful, unwarranted pride in one's accomplishments or qualities.
examples: text: The pew would soon want new flooring, Mr. Dangerfield thought, and the Castlemallard arms and supporters, a rather dingy piece of vainglory, overhanging the main seat on the wall, would be nothing the worse of a little fresh gilding and paint.
ref: 1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:
glosses: Vain, ostentatious display.
glosses: A regarding of oneself with undue favor.
Derived terms: vaingloriness
vainglorious
vainglory
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: [veɪnˈɡlɔː.ɹi]
ipa: [ˈveɪnˌɡlɔɚ.i]
Forms: form: vainglories
form: vainglorying
form: vaingloried
form: vaingloried
Etymology: From Middle English waynglori (“worthless glory”), from Old French vaine glorie, from Medieval Latin vāna glōria, from Latin vāna (“empty, groundless, boastful”) + glōria (“fame, ambition, boasting”), apparently modelled after similar terms in Germanic languages. Compare Old English īdel wuldor (“vain glory”) and īdelġielp (“vainglory”).
Senses: glosses: To boast; to act in a vain manner.
vainglorious
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌveɪnˈɡlɔː.ɹi.əs/
rhymes: -ɔːɹiəs
Forms: form: more vainglorious
form: most vainglorious
Etymology: From Middle English veinglorious, from Old French vain glorios, from Latin vānus (“empty”) + glōriōsus.
Senses: examples: text: And the Apoſtle [Paul] ſeems here moſt peculiarly to have directed this Encomium of the Gospel, as a Defiance to the Philoſophers of his Time, the Fluſtring Vain-glorious Greeks, vvho pretended ſo much to magnify, and even Adore the VViſdom they profeſſed, […]
ref: 1694 May 9 (date delivered; Gregorian calendar); first published 1698, Robert South, “Christianity Mysterious, and the Wisdom of God in Making it so, Proved in a Sermon Preached at Westminster-Abbey, April 29. 1694.”, in Twelve Sermons upon Several Subjects and Occasions, volume III, London: […] Tho[mas] Warren for Thomas Bennet […], →OCLC, page 263:
text: I sat in the sun on a bench; the animal within me licking the chops of memory; the spiritual side a little drowsed, promising subsequent penitence, but not yet moved to begin. After all, I reflected, I was like my neighbours; and then I smiled, comparing myself with other men, comparing my active good-will with the lazy cruelty of their neglect. And at the very moment of that vainglorious thought, a qualm came over me, a horrid nausea and the most deadly shuddering.
ref: 1886, Robert Louis Stevensony, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde:
text: "So kindly keep the vainglorious enumeration of your pots for the benefit of those village idiots who compose your particular set of boozing companions."
ref: 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, →OCLC, page 85:
text: Railway engines have been attacked with gunfire by raiding aircraft on both sides of the Channel and the impression has grown up that they are defenceless monsters to be pestered with impunity. The first engine to disprove this vainglorious theory was, we are glad to note, a British one. [The locomotive boiler exploded, causing the aircraft to crash.]
ref: 1943 March and April, “Notes and News: Southern Locomotive Destroys Raider”, in Railway Magazine, page 119:
glosses: Possessing excessive vanity or unwarranted pride.
Related terms: vainglory
vagueness
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: vaguenesses
Etymology: From vague + -ness.
Senses: examples: text: Near-synonyms: ambiguousness, ambiguity
text: On Wednesday night, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction against a new California law that makes physicians subject to professional discipline for sharing COVID-19 "misinformation" with their patients. U.S. District Judge William B. Shubb concluded that California's definition of misinformation is unconstitutionally vague, failing to give doctors fair notice of which conduct the statute covers, which is a basic requirement of due process. That vagueness is especially problematic in this context, Shubb said, because it is apt to have a chilling effect on speech protected by the First Amendment.
ref: 2023 January 26, Jacob Sullum, “A Federal Judge Blocks California's Ban on Medical Advice That Promotes COVID-19 'Misinformation'”, in Reason:
hypernyms: colexification
glosses: The condition of being imprecise or unclear in meaning: vague.
examples: text: If a man's deep and conscientious regard for the truth be such that he cannot, consistently with the requisitions of his moral nature, repeat to others mere vaguenesses and uncertainties, he will naturally give such strict and serious attention to the present objects of inquiry and knowledge, that they will remain in his memory afterward with remarkable distinctness and permanency.
ref: 1857, Thomas Cogswell Upham, Elements of Mental Philosophy, page 329:
glosses: Something which is vague, or an instance or example of vagueness.
valuation
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˌvæ.ljuːˈeɪ.ʃən/
Forms: form: valuations
Etymology: From Middle French valuation, noun of action from valuer, from Old French valoir.
Senses: glosses: An estimation of something's worth.
examples: text: The tax assessor put them in fourteen valuation groups ranging from one two-story brick house and two one-and-a-half-story houses to the largest groups of eighteen two-story houses and twenty-four one-story bungalows.
ref: 1993, Historic American Building Survey, Town of Clayburg: Refractories Company Town, National Park Service, page 4
text: Reddit's (RDDT.N) initial public offering is currently between four and five times oversubscribed, people familiar with the matter said on Sunday, making it more likely the social media platform will attain the $6.5 billion valuation it seeks.
ref: 2024 March 17, Echo Wang, “Exclusive: Reddit's IPO as much as five times oversubscribed, sources say”, in Reuters:
topics: business
finance
insurance
glosses: The process of estimating the value of a financial asset or liability.
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
qualifier: propositional logic; model theory; propositional logic; model theory
glosses: An assignment of truth values to propositional variables, with a corresponding assignment of truth values to all propositional formulas with those variables (obtained through the recursive application of truth-valued functions corresponding to the logical connectives making up those formulas).
topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
qualifier: first-order logic; model theory; first-order logic; model theory
glosses: A structure, and the corresponding assignment of a truth value to each sentence in the language for that structure.
topics: algebra
mathematics
sciences
glosses: A measure of size or multiplicity.
topics: mathematics
measure-theory
sciences
qualifier: domain theory
glosses: A map from the class of open sets of a topological space to the set of positive real numbers including infinity.
Derived terms: contingent valuation
discrete valuation
discrete valuation ring
evaluation
revaluation
second-gear valuation
transvaluation
valuation function
valuation ring
Related terms: topics: logic
mathematics
philosophy
human-sciences
sciences
word: interpretation
valuables
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Senses: glosses: valuable items collectively.
in silico
Language: English
Part of speech: prep_phrase
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɪn ˈsɪlɪkəʊ/
ipa: /ɪn ˈsɪlɪkoʊ/
Etymology: From in and silicon (from Latin silex (“flint, pebble, stone; crag, rock”)) + Latin -ō, by analogy with English in vitro (“in glass, referring to an experiment conducted in a test tube”). The silico component refers to silicon chips which were used for computing at the time when the term was coined.
Senses: examples: text: He was able to dissect the frog in silico.
text: In the future, computers can be used as experimental tools, generating a new source of investigation of living organisms, their study in silico (in contrast to in vivo or in vitro).
ref: 1996, Antoine Danchin, “On Genomes and Cosmologies”, in Julio Collado-Vides, Boris Magasanik, Temple F[erris] Smith, editors, Integrative Approaches to Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press, →ISBN, page 92:
text: The term "virtual screening" (or in silico screening) was first reported in the scientific literature in 1997[…]; it can be defined as a set of computer methods that analyzes large databases or collections of compounds in order to identify and prioritize likely hit candidates[…]. In silico screening search can be performed on libraries that contain physically existing compounds or on virtual libraries, and thus on compounds that are not yet synthesized. […] [I]t should be noted that in silico screening goes much beyond number crunching, it helps to generate ideas, to reduce the cost and to gain knowledge.
ref: 2016, Bruno O. Villotriex, Melaine A. Kuenemann, David Lagorce, Olivier Sperandio, Maria A. Miteva, “In Silico Approaches Assisting the Rational Design of Low Molecular Weight Protein–Protein Interaction Modulators”, in Claudio N. Cavasotto, editor, In Silico Drug Discovery and Design: Theory, Methods, Challenges, and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 460:
text: There is an increasing number of in silico models for toxicological endpoints. Some of these models offer significant benefits over existing in vivo or in vitro models. First, they require no materials and will make a prediction from the chemical structure alone. Once the models are built, they are usually fast and cheap to run. […]
ref: [2017], D. Bower, K. P. Cross, S. Escher, G. J. Myatt, D. P. Quigley, “In Silico Toxicology: An Overview of Toxicity Databases, Prediction Methodologies, and Expert Review”, in Dale E. Johnson, Rudy J. Richardson, editors, Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology (Issues in Toxicology; no. 31), London: Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 213:
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: In computer simulation or in virtual reality.
wikipedia: Capcom
Coordinate terms: in situ
in vivo
in vitro
Related terms: silex
silico-
silicon
surrounding
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /səˈɹaʊndɪŋ/
rhymes: -aʊndɪŋ
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of surround
surrounding
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /səˈɹaʊndɪŋ/
rhymes: -aʊndɪŋ
surrounding
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /səˈɹaʊndɪŋ/
rhymes: -aʊndɪŋ
Forms: form: surroundings
Senses: glosses: An outlying area; area in proximity to something.
examples: text: They require a surrounding which keeps them from sinking into apathy through tasks which they are able to solve and duties they can carry out.
ref: 1994, Kraft Eberhard Von Maltzahn, Nature as Landscape: Dwelling and Understanding, page 50:
glosses: An environment.
Synonyms: periphery
serving
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɜːvɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈsɝvɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)vɪŋ
Forms: form: servings
Etymology: By surface analysis, serve + -ing.
Senses: glosses: The act or process of serving.
glosses: An instance of that act or process.
synonyms: helping
glosses: The quantity of food or drink intended for one person in a single sitting; especially in relation to a meal.
examples: text: Very few Latino rock and roll bands, in the days before Santana, managed to successfully steal even a slight serving of the nation's auditory attention.
ref: 1990, Wayne Jancik, The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, →ISBN, page 154:
glosses: A fraction or share.
coordinate_terms: insulation
sheath
sheathing#Noun
glosses: A layer added to the outside of an electrical cable to protect it.
Derived terms: process-serving
serving dish
serving girl
serving hatch
servingmaid
serving mallet
servingman
serving pantry
serving spoon
serving suggestion
servingwoman
serving
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈsɜːvɪŋ/
ipa: /ˈsɝvɪŋ/
rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)vɪŋ
Etymology: By surface analysis, serve + -ing.
Senses: glosses: present participle and gerund of serve
kongsi
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: /ˈkɔŋ.si/
Forms: form: kongsis
form: kongsi
Etymology: Borrowed from Hokkien 公司 (kong-si, “company”). See also Hokkien 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê), English British East India Company, Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (“Dutch East India Company”, literally “United East India Company”).
Senses: examples: text: By 1970, for instance, the state authorities considered these kongsi to be unfit and unhygienic for living, and they were ordered to be dismantled.
ref: 1998, Zawawi Ibrahim, The Malay Labourer:
text: The term kongsi loosely referred to any association of the Chinese, ranging from a business partnership to governments in West Borneo, secret societies and clan associations.
ref: 2003, Wu Xiao An, Chinese Business in the Making of a Malay State, 1882-1941:
text: A kongsi is a clan house, a building that’s partly a temple and partly a meeting hall for Chinese of the same clan or surname.
ref: 2004, Simon Richmond, Marie Cambon, Damian Harper, Richard Watkins, Lonely Planet: Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei:
synonyms: association
glosses: A benevolent organization of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname.
wikipedia: Dutch East India Company
manualiter
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: /ˌmænjuˈælɪtə(ɹ)/
Etymology: From Latin manuāliter (“manually”), from manuālis (“manual, hand”).
Senses: glosses: Of organ music requiring the use of the manuals only.
Related terms: pedaliter
requirement
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ɹɪˈkwʌɪəm(ə)nt/
ipa: /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/
ipa: /ɹɪˈkwɑɹmənt/
Forms: form: requirements
Etymology: From require + -ment.
Senses: examples: text: Near-synonyms: necessity, prerequisite, requisite, condition, rule
text: The requirements of life as we know it include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, water, and energy.
glosses: A necessity or prerequisite; something required or obligatory. Its adpositions are generally of in relation to who or what has given it, on in relation to whom or what it is given to, and for in relation to what is required.
examples: Near-synonym: request
glosses: Something asked.
examples: text: Near-synonyms: specification, rule
text: System requirements not met. Go to Settings to learn more.
topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A statement (in domain specific terms) which specifies a verifiable constraint on an implementation that it shall undeniably meet or (a) be deemed unacceptable, or (b) result in implementation failure, or (c) result in system failure.
Hyponyms: functional requirement
quality requirement
Derived terms: non-functional requirement
non-quality requirement
peak vehicle requirement
requirements analysis
requirements engineering
special service requirement
working capital requirement
temerarious
Language: English
Part of speech: adj
Pronunciation: ipa: /tɛməˈɹɛəɹi.əs/
rhymes: -ɛəɹi.əs
Forms: form: more temerarious
form: most temerarious
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin temerārius (“accidental, casual, rash, reckless”), from temerē (“by chance, at random, rashly”). Doublet of tenebrous.
Senses: examples: text: […] he furthwith by thinſtinct of yͤ ſpirite of god, in repꝛoche of all ſuch temerarious bold & blind iudgement, geuē vpon a mā whoſe inward mind and ſodain change they cannot ſee, ſhoꝛtly proued thē al deceiued, […]
ref: 1534 (date written; published 1553), Thomas More, “A Dyalogue of Comforte agaynste Tribulacyon, […]. Chapter XVII.”, in Wyllyam Rastell [i.e., William Rastell], editor, The Workes of Sir Thomas More Knyght, […], London: […] Iohn Cawod, Iohn Waly, and Richarde Tottell, published 30 April 1557, →OCLC, book II, page 1206, column 2:
text: To look back upon the past year, and see how little we have striven and to what small purpose; and how often we have been cowardly and hung back, or temerarious and rushed unwisely in; and how every day and all day long we have transgressed the law of kindness;—it may seem a paradox, but in the bitterness of these discoveries, a certain consolation resides.
ref: 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson, “A Christmas Sermon”, in Across the Plains: With Other Memories and Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, […], published 1892, →OCLC, part IV, pages 314–315:
text: It was a very bright, hot winter's day, and try as I might, I could not bring myself to think of any danger. I believe that in this way most temerarious deeds are done; the doer has become insensible to danger, and his imagination is clouded with some engrossing purpose.
ref: 1910, John Buchan, “A Great Peril and A Great Salvation”, in Prester John, London; Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, →OCLC, page 361:
text: With a vicious lunge the elephant swerved to the right to dispose of this temerarious foeman who dared intervene between himself and his intended victim; but he had not reckoned on the lightning quickness that could galvanize those steel muscles into action so marvelously swift as to baffle even a keener eyesight than Tantor’s.
ref: 1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 132:
text: Primarily and supremely man is always the pioneer of life, adventuring onward into the unknown, alone with his own temerarious, dauntless soul.
ref: 1922, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “The Birth of Sex”, in Fantasia of the Unconscious, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Seltzer, →OCLC, page 152:
synonyms: audacious
brash
foolhardy
reckless
daredevil
madcap
antonyms: timorous
glosses: Characterized by temerity; recklessly daring or bold.
Derived terms: temerariously
temerariousness
Related terms: temeritous
temerity
temerous
epicentre
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛpɪˌsɛntɚ/
ipa: /ˈɛpɪˌsɛntə/
Forms: form: epicentres
form: epicenter
Etymology: From epi- (“over, on top”) + centre, from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “centre”).
Sense of “center of an activity (particularly a disaster)” (1908) by generalization from earthquakes, possibly influenced by epidemic.
Senses: examples: text: The epicentre isn't always the point of heaviest damage. Faults can be many kilometres long and seismic waves shake areas all along the fault.
ref: 2008, Michael Woods, Mary B. Woods, Earthquakes, Lerner Books, →ISBN, page 18:
topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
seismology
glosses: The point on the land or water surface directly above the focus, or hypocentre, of an earthquake.
topics: government
military
politics
war
synonyms: ground zero
glosses: The point on the surface of the earth directly above an underground explosion.
examples: text: Eleven months after Moscow launched its full-scale invasion, Bakhmut and surrounding areas have become an epicenter of fighting, their importance growing as both sides have added forces to the battle.
ref: 2023 January 31, Matthew Mpoke Bigg, “Russia-Ukraine War: Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 19 Mar 2023:
glosses: The focal point of any activity, especially if dangerous or destructive.
examples: text: Yan Cheng had cerebral palsy and died on January 29 while in the care of officials in Huajiahe township, Hongan county, more than 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Wuhan, the epicentre of the outbreak.
ref: 2020 February 6, Laurie Chen, “Communist officials fired after disabled Chinese boy died when relatives were put in coronavirus quarantine”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 06 Feb 2020, Society:
glosses: The geographical area in which an ongoing disaster, illness, crisis, or other destructive event is currently most severe.
Derived terms: antiepicentre
Related terms: epicentral
epicentre
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈɛpɪˌsɛntɚ/
ipa: /ˈɛpɪˌsɛntə/
Forms: form: epicentres
form: epicentring
form: epicentred
form: epicentred
form: epicenter
Etymology: From epi- (“over, on top”) + centre, from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “centre”).
Sense of “center of an activity (particularly a disaster)” (1908) by generalization from earthquakes, possibly influenced by epidemic.
Senses: examples: text: The records of disturbances epicentering closer to the station, notably those of 1914 in Los Santos Province of the Republic of Panama, about 120 miles from Balboa Heights, have usually been less satisfactory than this record […]
ref: 1916, Canal Record, volume 9, page 28:
glosses: Of an earthquake: to have its epicentre (at a specified location).
focal point
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈfoʊkəl ˌpɔɪnt/
Forms: form: focal points
Senses: topics: engineering
natural-sciences
optics
physical-sciences
physics
glosses: A focus; a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.
examples: text: Swansea's attack lacked its focal point with top scorer Fernando Llorente injured, while Boro seldom looked like scoring their first away league goal of 2017.
ref: 2017 April 2, Dafydd Pritchard, “Swansea City 0-0 Middlesbrough”, in BBC Sport, London:
text: Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.
ref: 2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:
glosses: The centre of any activity.
topics: art
arts
glosses: A feature that attracts particular attention.
topics: computing
engineering
game-theory
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
glosses: A solution that people will tend to use in the absence of communication, because it seems natural, special, or relevant.
vantage
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɑːntɪd͡ʒ/
ipa: /ˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/
Forms: form: vantages
form: vauntage
Etymology: From Middle English vantage, by apheresis from advantage; see advantage.
Senses: examples: text: The Londoners seeing that they could get no vantage against the duke, who was without their reach, to bewreak their anger they took his arms, which in most despiteful wise they hanged up in the open places of the city in sign of reproach, as for a traitor; […]
ref: 1841, John Foxe, The History of John Wickliffe, page 21:
glosses: An advantage.
examples: text: From this point of vantage, we were able to gain an impression of the massive outlines of the main structure, and its intricate maze of girders.
ref: 1950 March, H. A. Vallance, “On Foot Across the Forth Bridge”, in Railway Magazine, page 149:
glosses: A place or position affording a good view; a vantage point.
examples: text: O happy vantage of a kneeling knee!
ref: 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:
glosses: A superior or more favorable situation or opportunity; gain; profit; advantage.
topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
tennis
glosses: Alternative form of advantage (score after deuce)
Derived terms: coigne of vantage
coign of vantage
vantage game
vantage
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɑːntɪd͡ʒ/
ipa: /ˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/
Forms: form: vantages
form: vantaging
form: vantaged
form: vantaged
form: vauntage
Etymology: From Middle English vantage, by apheresis from advantage; see advantage.
Senses: examples: text: needlesse feare did never vantage none
ref: 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
glosses: To profit; to aid.
vantage point
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Pronunciation: ipa: /ˈvɑːn.tɪd͡ʒ ˌpɔɪnt/
ipa: /ˈvæn.tɪd͡ʒ ˌpɔɪnt/
Forms: form: vantage points
Senses: examples: text: The hill provided the troops an excellent vantage point to scout for the enemy.
text: The chants drifting down from the hillside came from a position among the trees from where half the pitch could be seen. That apart, however, the only other vantage point came from the balconies of high-rise flats next door.
ref: 2018 October 12, Daniel Taylor, “Marcus Rashford fluffs his lines in England’s eerie draw with Croatia”, in The Guardian (London):
glosses: A place or position affording a good view.
examples: text: It may be difficult for us to understand the motivations of these people from our 21st century vantage point.
text: Infinite guilt can be seen as a reaction to compensate for the inability to recognize deceit or because of illogical or irrational behavior when the autistic person is not aware of his own frame of reference and is also not aware of the fact that others have a different neural frame of reference. Thus these infinite feelings of guilt are triggered to compensate for fight and flight primary emotions which makes the autistic person really miserable which forces him to look for some form of cognitive release or outlet. That will ultimately culminate in meek, apologetic and docile behavioral reactions or sometimes in aggressive behavior. As a result the guilt stems also from Kafka’s interest in tracing the human reasoning process in great detail up to the point where it fails. His protagonists are desperately trying to comprehend the world by following the ‘normal’ way which is obviously doomed to fail since they encounter the world from a different vantage point.
ref: 2017 May 16, Jerry Stuger, “Kafka and Autism. The Undisclosed Logic Behind Kafka’s Work”, in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, volume 47, →DOI, pages 2336–2347:
glosses: A point of view; viewpoint; perspective; outlook; standpoint.
topics: arts
hobbies
lifestyle
photography
glosses: A camera angle.
Synonyms: coign of vantage
vaporize
Language: English
Part of speech: verb
Forms: form: vaporizes
form: vaporizing
form: vaporized
form: vaporized
form: vaporise
form: vapourize
Etymology: From vapor + -ize.
Senses: examples: text: PFC vaporizes when hit with an ultrasound pulse, producing rapidly expanding gas bubbles that "fire" the nanobullets out of the microcannons at speeds on the order of meters per second -- and the fluorescent microbullets light up to show exactly where they landed in the tissue target.
ref: 2016 January 14, Jessica Hall, “Nanoengineers build 'microcannons' that fire light-up bullets filled with drugs”, in ExtremeTech:
glosses: To turn into vapor.
Derived terms: vaporizable
vaporization
vaporizer
Related terms: nebulize
pulverize
half volley
Language: English
Part of speech: noun
Forms: form: half volleys
form: half-volley
Senses: topics: hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: A stroke, in ball sports, in which the ball is hit immediately after it bounces off the ground
topics: ball-games
cricket
games
hobbies
lifestyle
sports
glosses: A delivery that bounces just short of the blockhole