cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PARACRYSTALLINE INCLUSION IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA : Induction by Ethidium and Acridine, Isolation, and Characterization

A paracrystal indistinguishable from the one which occurs in the mitochondrial mutant abnormal-1 can be induced in wild-type Neurospora crassa after growth in either ethidium or euflavine. This paracrystal has been isolated and partially characterized. It appears to be composed of a single polypeptide (mol wt 68,000) which can be reversibly crystallized and dissociated by changes in the pH and ionic strength. When aggregated, the polypeptide forms oligomers which are arranged end-to-end into fibers. During the characterization of the polypeptide, it was found that the polypeptide's electrophoretic and immunological properties could be used as assays. Using these methods it was found that the polypeptide normally accumulates in a soluble form in the cytoplasm of wild-type Neurospora at the end of the log-phase of growth.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation, Boning Time and Cooking Method on Beef Roasts

Sixteen steer carcasses were selected to study effects of electrical stimulation, boning time and cooking methods on palatability traits, cooking loss and chemical composition of beef biceps femoris muscle. Eight carcasses were electrically stimulated and eight carcasses served as controls. The biceps femoris muscle was removed from one side of each carcass within 2 hr of exsanguination and from the remaining side following a 48-hr chill. Muscles were subdivided and cooked in either a convectional electric or a microwave oven. Electrical stimulation resulted in longer (P < 0.01) sarcomeres for cooked product but did not affect palatability traits, cooking loss or chemical content. Hot boning reduced (P < 0.01) cooking loss and tenderness, resulted in less (P < 0.05) total, soluble and insoluble collagen and increased the juiciness score and moisture percentage when compared with 48-hr boning. Microwave cooking produced a greater (P < 0.01) cooking loss and a higher shear force value than convectional electric cooking.
Satellite image processing using a hammering neural network

It is shown that images with missing pixels can be approximately and usefully reconstructed using an interpolation function derived from as few as 10% of the original pixels in the image. The interpolation procedure uses Gaussian radial basis functions to `hammer' a plane to the given data points, where the basis function widths are calculated according to diagonal dominance criteria. In this paper the effectiveness of the reconstruction technique is investigated as a function of the degree of diagonal dominance.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Breast Cancer Risk by Combined Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status

Studies have suggested that breast cancer risk factor profiles may vary according to joint estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) tumor status. Most of the published literature to date which has investigated the association between exposure to organochlorine compounds and breast cancer has reported null or weak associations. If, indeed, the classification by hormonal receptor status identifies different forms of breast cancer, then assessing the risk of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on breast cancer as one disease or stratifying based on ER or PR status alone may obscure the association between PCBs and breast cancer. A hospital-based case-control study of 266 cases and 347 benign breast disease controls was conducted to examine the association of blood serum and adipose tissue concentrations of PCBs with breast cancer by joint ER/PR status. Total PCBs were measured in blood serum, and the following PCB congeners were measured in breast adipose tissue: 74, 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183, 187. We did not detect any clear relationship or change in breast cancer risk based on joint ER/PR tumor status for body burden of PCBs, whether measured in blood serum or breast adipose tissue, by total PCBs or for specific congeners. These results confirm previous findings in the literature of no positive association between environmental exposure to PCBs and risk of breast cancer.
Drug insight: emerging new drugs in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes.

Although the current classification schemes and prognostic algorithms for defining myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are valid for defining disease subgroups, they do not take into consideration the significant biological diversity of MDS. Numerous pathophysiological pathways involved in MDS are being unraveled, and new molecular targets are being identified. This review provides a concise update of some of the most up-to-date targeted agents being investigated in MDS that may offer durable benefits to patients with MDS. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders. Although the currently used classification schemes and prognostic algorithms, which are based predominantly on morphologic assessment of blood and marrow smears, have been shown to be valid for defining disease subgroups, they do not take into consideration the significant biological diversity of MDS. As the numerous pathophysiologic pathways that are involved in MDS are being unraveled, new molecular targets are being identified. Novel and targeted therapeutic agents, including inhibitors of farnesyltransferases and receptor tyrosine kinases, more potent thalidomide analogs and epigenetic therapies, have produced encouraging results and might offer durable benefits to patients with MDS. This review intends to provide a concise report on some of the most up-to-date therapies being investigated in MDS.
Nb3Sn research and development in the USA – Wires and cables

Abstract We summarize the status of Nb 3 Sn development in the USA. The US conductor development program (CDP), initiated in 1999, has resulted in commercial wires that carry more than 3 kAmm −2 at 12 T and 4.2 K. These high current Nb 3 Sn wires have successfully been cabled and used in accelerator magnets that achieved record magnetic fields. This article describes the CDP, its achievements, and the manufacturers involved. We discuss low magnetic field instability in magnets that re-emerged through the use of very high current density Nb 3 Sn wires, and solutions that address these stability problems. It is shown how cabling of high current wires is a balance between edge deformation and mechanical stability of the cable, and an empirical cable recipe is described. The article concludes with an outlook for possible future methods to optimize, and further increase, the current carrying capacity in Nb 3 Sn at medium magnetic fields. The article describes how record current density Nb 3 Sn wires have to be implemented in accelerator type magnets, to achieve magnetic fields that approach the performance limitations of Nb 3 Sn.
The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) presentation within fibrin matrices on endothelial cell branching.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been extensively investigated to promote vascularization at damaged or diseased sites and in tissue implants. Here we are interested in determining if the manner in which VEGF is presented from a scaffold to endothelial cells influences the architecture of the blood vessels formed. We bound VEGF to nanoparticles and placed these nanoparticles inside fibrin hydrogels, which contained human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) bound to cytodex beads. Fibroblast cells are plated on top of the fibrin gel to further mimic a physiologic environment. In addition, we used a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to determine the role of VEGF presentation on angiogenesis in vivo. We tested VEGF bound in high density and low density to study differences between growth factor presentation in heterogeneous nanodomains and homogenous distribution. VEGF covalently bound to nanoparticles at high density led to an increase in HUVEC tube branching, thickness, and total vessel network length compared to soluble VEGF. While VEGF bound electrostatically exhibited no significant difference with covalently bound VEGF in the tube formation assay, this method failed to promote host vessel infiltration into the fibrin implant on the CAM. Together our data suggest that the mode of VEGF presentation to endothelial cells influences the vessel architecture and vascularization of implants in vivo.
In-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity of graphene: applications in thermal interface materials

Heat removal became crucial issue for continuing progress in electronic, optoelectronic and photonic industries. Carbon allotropes and derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials spans an extraordinary large range from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene. I review thermal properties of graphene, discuss distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic thermal conductivity and describe prospects of graphene applications for thermal management in electronics and optoelectronics.ý
Breast Conservation Therapy and the Role of the Surgical Pathologist

Pathologists play an increasingly important role in the decision-making process when considering a patient for breast conservation therapy. The handling of the specimen and the information conveyed in the pathology report should emphasize the findings that will impact the therapy of these patients. It is expected that, in the future, additional prognostic markers will aid in better understanding breast cancer and will therefore help tailor therapy for each individual patient.
Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Intracranial Targets

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a technique for treating intracranial lesions with a high dose of ionizing radiation, usually in a single session, using a stereotactic apparatus for accurate localization and patient immobilization. This article describes several modalities of SRS and some of its applications, particularly for intracranial lesions.
Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed

Douglass North and Barry Weingast's seminal account of the Glorious Revolution argued that specific constitutional reforms enhanced the credibility of the English Crown, leading to much stronger public finances. Critics have argued that the most important reforms occurred incrementally before the Revolution; and that neither interest rates on sovereign debt nor enforcement of property rights improved sharply after the Revolution. In this article, I identify a different set of constitutional reforms, explain why precedents for these reforms did not lessen their revolutionary impact, and show that the evidence, properly evaluated, supports a view of the Revolution as a watershed.
Prediction of boiling, scaling and formation conditions in geothermal reservoirs using computer programs tequil and geofluids

Predictions of boiling, scaling, and solubility of gases are important to the exploitation of geothermal resources. These chemical phenomena are strong functions of the composition, temperature and pressure of the working fluid and are therefore difficult to predict from prior experience or tabulated data. Thermodynamic models of geothermal brine behavior recently developed by the authors are introduced and used to study various problems involved in geothermal energy production. The models have been extensively tested. Results of comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate that predictions are very close to experimental data for a wide range of conditions. Comparisons with field data also show remarkable agreement. Here the models are also applied to the prediction of breakout and scale formation in geothermal wells. Good agreement is obtained with actual well performance.
Momentum squeezing of quantum optical pulses

We propose a technique for generating momentum-squeezed states of optical pulses with a simple apparatus. An initial coherent state is launched into a dispersion-decreasing fiber, leading to pulse compression. The compressed pulse has a broader spectrum, but the average frequency of the pulse is fundamentally conserved by the Kerr effect. Although the momentum, or frequency, uncertainty of the pulse is not reduced, the final momentum uncertainty is below the coherent-state level with respect to the broadened output spectrum. The observable momentum uncertainty reflects photon correlations generated during the Kerr-effect scattering events. We discuss the basic characteristics of squeezing as well as the possibility of generating interesting quantum superposition states in an ideal lossless device.
Inertia effects in thin film flow with a corrugated boundary

An analytical solution is presented for two-dimensional, incompressible film flow between a sinusoidally grooved (or rough) surface and a flat-surface. The upper grooved surface is stationary whereas the lower, smooth surface moves with a constant speed. The Navier-Stokes equations were solved employing both mapping techniques and perturbation expansions. Due to the inclusion of the inertia effects, a different pressure distribution is obtained than predicted by the classical lubrication theory. In particular, the amplitude of the pressure distribution of the classical lubrication theory is found to be in error by over 100 perent (for modified Reynolds number of 3-4).
Choice of health insurance by families of the mentally ill

This paper investigates whether choice of health insurance is influenced by the perceived mental and physical health of family members among a sample of policy-holders with private health insurance. A multinomial probit model of the choice among major medical coverage only, traditional full coverage, and coverage through a health maintenance organization is estimated. Results indicate that the presence of at least one family member who rates his or her general health as poor does not affect the policy-holder's choice of health insurance. However, the presence of at least one family member considered at risk of mental illness does in some instances affect the policy-holder's choice of health insurance: We observe significant effects for policy-holders who are female, black, have some college education, work for a large firm, and live in an urban area. These findings suggest that adverse selection may arise when individuals are able to choose between health insurance policies with different degrees of coverage for mental health care and that such effects are far more pronounced for those people who consider themselves at risk for mental illness than physical illness.
Trace element interactions affecting pulmonary macrophage cytotoxicity

Effluents from the smokestacks of powerplants contain respirable particles that are enriched with a variety of biologically active trace elements. To determine the relative toxicity of trace elements in coal fly ash, the effects of selected compounds, alone and in combination, were evaluated in cultures of pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The inorganic compounds studied were ZnO, Na2SeO3, V2O5, NaAsO2, Mn3O4, and Ni3S2. Vanadium pentoxide was the most cytotoxic compound while selenium was the least toxic (approximately 100-fold less toxic than vanadium). After dose-response curves for each element were established, interactions between various compounds were studied by coexposure to trace elements at different concentrations. Selenium was completely antagonistic to the toxic effects of vanadium and slightly antagonistic to arsenic. In contrast to selenite, sulfite, a moiety with a similar redox potential, was not antagonistic to vanadium toxicity. Zinc was weakly antagonistic to the in vitro effects of nickel. No other chemical combinations displayed antagonistic, synergistic or additive effects on the function of the cultured macrophages.
Kidney Biopsy in HIV: Beyond HIV-Associated Nephropathy

A 57-year-old African-American woman with human unodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for 18 years epatitis C presents with an acute decrease in glome ltration rate (GFR) and nephrotic-range proteinuria sup mposed on chronic kidney disease (CKD). She was no ntiretroviral therapy because of nonadherence, and her v oad was 138,000 copies/mL, with a CD4 count of 365 L. he had a remote history of intravenous cocaine and h buse. Serum creatinine levels until 14 months earlier anged from 0.9 to 1.0 mg/dL (80 to 88.4 mol/L; estimated FR [eGFR] using the Modification of Diet in Renal ase Study equation 60 mL/min/1.73 m [ 1 mL/s/1.73 ]). One year before presentation, serum creatinine l as 1.2 mg/dL (106 mol/L; eGFR, 58 mL/min/1.73 m 2
Development of a bond-valence based interatomic potential for BiFeO3 for accurate molecular dynamics simulations

We present an atomistic potential for BiFeO3 based on the principles of bond-valence (BV) and bond-valence vector (BVV) conservation. The validity of this model potential is tested for both canonical ensemble (NVT) and isobaric–isothermal ensemble (NPT) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The model reproduces the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition in both NVT and NPT MD simulations and the temperature dependence of the local structure in BiFeO3. The calculated domain wall energies for 71°, 109°and 180° walls agree well with density functional theory results. The success of our simple model potential for BiFeO3 indicates that BV and BVV conservation provides a firm basis for the development of accurate atomistic potentials for complex oxides.
Analysis of an ICRF waveguide launcher for CIT

Abstract We study the effects of an L-to H-mode transition in a tokamak on the loading of fast wave launchers in the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies. For analytical simplicity, a dielectric-filled waveguide is chosen for analysis. However, other apertures or coils can readily be accommodated within the formalism. The H-mode density at the edge is modeled as a pedestal followed by a region of Gaussian variation. We calculate the waveguide reflection coefficient, the equivalent surface plasma impedance and the electric field profile at the aperture, for conditions appropriate to CIT (Compact Ignition Torus). It is concluded that an L- to H-mode transition can impose substantial loading variations on the launcher system. These variations can be matched by appropriate fast response tuner systems, similar to those used for coil antennas.
Risk factors of severe hand, foot and mouth disease complicated with cardiopulmonary collapse.

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) complicated with cardiopulmonary collapse in children. Methods: In total, 176 children aged 6–45 months with severe HFMD from March 2013 to May 2014 were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups, one with cardiopulmonary collapse and the other without. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors for severe HFMD complicated with cardiopulmonary collapse. Results: The univariate analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between age, body temperature, consciousness disorders, blood glucose level and severe HFMD complicated with cardiopulmonary collapse. The multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that vomiting, circulatory disturbance, enterovirus 71 infection, dysfunction of respiratory rhythm and high level of brain natriuretic peptide were five independent risk factors for severe HFMD complic...
α Domain Deletion Converts Streptokinase into a Fibrin-dependent Plasminogen Activator through Mechanisms Akin to Staphylokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Abstract The mechanism of action of plasminogen (Pg) activators may affect their therapeutic properties in humans. Streptokinase (SK) is a robust Pg activator in physiologic fluids in the absence of fibrin. Deletion of a “catalytic switch” (SK residues 1–59), alters the conformation of the SK α domain and converts SKΔ59 into a fibrin-dependent Pg activator through unknown mechanisms. We show that the SK α domain binds avidly to the Pg kringle domains that maintain Glu-Pg in a tightly folded conformation. By virtue of deletion of SK residues 1–59, SKΔ59 loses the ability to unfold Glu-Pg during complex formation and becomes incapable of nonproteolytic active site formation. In this manner, SKΔ59 behaves more like staphylokinase than like SK; it requires plasmin to form a functional activator complex, and in this complex SKΔ59 does not protect plasmin from inhibition by α2-antiplasmin. At the same time, SKΔ59 is unlike staphylokinase or SK and is more like tissue Pg activator, because it is a poor activator of the tightly folded form of Glu-Pg in physiologic solutions. SKΔ59 can only activate Glu-Pg when it was unfolded by fibrin interactions or by Cl–-deficient buffers. Taken together, these studies indicate that an intact α domain confers on SK the ability to nonproteolytically activate Glu-Pg, to unfold and process Glu-Pg substrate in physiologic solutions, and to alter the substrate-inhibitor interactions of plasmin in the activator complex. The loss of an intact α domain makes SKΔ59 activate Pg through classical “fibrin-dependent mechanisms” (akin to both staphylokinase and tissue Pg activator) that include: 1) a marked preference for a fibrin-bound or unfolded Glu-Pg substrate, 2) a requirement for plasmin in the activator complex, and 3) the creation of an activator complex with plasmin that is readily inhibited by α2-antiplasmin.
Receiving the Editor Baton: Transition Time

The first order of business must be to thank the previous editors of the CoFT, Dorothy Becvar (2007–2011), Bill Nichols (1987–2007) and Gerald Zuk (founding editor, 1979–1985) who are truly the giants whose shoulders we will stand upon. It is a massive task to found, develop, and maintain a journal that is not financially or intellectually supported by a large professional organization for nearly 35 years. In addition, it is important to recognize the role of our publisher Springer (http:// www.springer.com) and their capable staff who support the journal with advanced technology that manages the entire publication process from initial submission through to on-line and then paper publication. No journal can succeed without the trust placed in the journal by those who submit manuscripts for consideration. As any author will attest, the review process is daunting and fraught with some peril. Having one’s intellectual work peer-reviewed is not for the faint of heart. However, the reviews that have come from the CoFT have been primarily helpful and instructive. I expect that tone of respect and advice giving will continue through my time as editor of the journal. Note: Persons wishing to submit a manuscript for consideration should do so electronically via the ‘‘Editorial Manager’’ software (http://www.editorialmanager.com/coft/) that we use for handling all manuscripts, reviewers, and production of both the early view for accepted manuscripts and the final production process for paper issues of the journal. Note: Also, persons who would like to receive free regular updates of the journal’s table of contents can sign up to do so on the link ‘‘ALERTS FOR THIS JOURNAL’’ button on the journals home page (http://www.springer.com/psychology/journal/10591). In observing what is being published by the journal, authors can get a reasonably good idea of the fit of their material to what the journal publishes. I also need to thank those individuals who have volunteered their time to serve as reviewers and editorial board members. There is little benefit to those who do this work. However, a number of reviewers have expressed an appreciation for their role because they
Measuring the impact of medical care on children.

Abstract To assess the impact of medical care on children we have developed a conceptual model based on both theoretical considerations and empirical research. Child health is viewed as the ability to participate fully in developmentally appropriate activities and requires physical, psychological, and social energy. The medical system influences health through interventions addressing these domains. Many methodologie issues are unique to the measurement of medical care processes and outcomes for children. Problems in measuring the process of medical interviews include developing systems that capture the dynamics of interactions, assess the cognitive appropriateness and metaphorical interpretation of language, and reflect the emotional impact of certain incidents. Issues that confound measurement of children's views include position bias, acquiescence response bias, and limited understanding of negatively worded items. Further, the concordance between parent and children reports or health constructs varies widely, which suggests the need to include children's reports to obtain a comprehensive view of their health.
A matricial corona theorem II

We extend the "matricial corona theorem" of M. Andersson to general algebras of functions which satisfy a corona theorem.
Optically pumped caesium-freon laser

A Cs vapour laser using Freon-14 as the buffer gas has been demonstrated. All operating parameters of this laser (threshold, output power, slope efficiency) are similar to a Cs laser operating with an ethane buffer gas. No contamination of the gain medium was observed at operating temperatures below 100°C, while at higher temperatures such contamination appears and leads to lasing degradation.
The indusium griseum and anterior hippocampal continuation in the rat

The morphology and connections of the indusium griseum (IG) and anterior hippocampal continuation (AHC) suggest that this cortex contains analogues to several portions of the hippocampal formation. Whereas the outer neuronal layer of this cortex is made up of cells which are similar in structure to the neurons of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, the three successively deeper layers contain morphological analogues to the neurons of the dentate hilus, Ammon's horn, and the subiculum, respectively. The neurons within each of these four layers of the AHC and IG have afferent and efferent connections which are quite similar to the connections of their hippocampal counterparts. Thus, the granule cells of the IG and AHC receive laminar inputs from the entorhinal cortex, the IG-AHC itself, and the supramammillary region. Each of these three classes of inputs ends at successively more proximal positions on the dendritic tree of these granule cells. Other inputs to this region include those from the septal nuclei and the olfactory bulb. The deeper layers of the IG and AHC receive several inputs, including those from the thalamic and septal nuclei and the entorhinal cortex. The efferent cell bodies of the IG and AHC are segregated in such a way that the granule cells appear to give rise to only short connections, while the hilar cells project to the granule cells, the intermediate pyramidal neurons project to other portions of the IG and AHC and to the olfactory bulb, and the deep pyramidal neurons project to the diencephalon. These results demonstrate that the IG-AHC is a continuation of the hippocampal formation.
Converting pine sawdust to advanced biofuel over HZSM-5 using a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis reactor.

Abstract In this study, the pine sawdust thermal conversions over HZSM-5 catalyst were carried out under different reaction temperatures in a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis reactor. Higher temperatures in the catalytic reactor tended to decrease the yield of bio-oil and change the component of bio-oil. The results from the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the pyrolysis reaction at 500 °C and catalytic reaction at 500 °C treatment obtained the highest hydrocarbon content (58.63%) and the highest C 8 –C 12 content (48.03%) in the oil phase of the bio-oil. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected-area-electron-diffraction (SEAD) characterization showed that the distortion of the ZSM-5 zeolite lattice occurred before and after use. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) characterization indicated that the formation of coke increased as the catalytic temperature rose. The physical characterization of bio-oils, such as water content, density, viscosity, pH, and higher heating value (HHV) further demonstrated that HZSM-5 catalyst was beneficial in achieving low viscosity and higher HHV bio-oils. All the results suggest that the two-stage catalytic pyrolysis reactor with HZSM-5 catalyst has a great potential for achieving advanced biofuel.
Pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy increases left-to-right ventricular systolic interaction.

BACKGROUNDThe right ventricle (RV) receives part of its systolic pumping force from the left ventricle through systolic ventricular interaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dilated cardiomyopathy on left ventricular to right ventricular (LV-to-RV) systolic interaction.METHODS AND RESULTSStudies were performed in six normal pigs and in six pigs in which dilated cardiomyopathy resulting in congestive heart failure (CHF) was produced with rapid ventricular pacing at 230 beats per minute for 1 week. In all pigs, we rapidly withdrew blood from the LV apex into a prosthetic ventricle in a single beat, which reduced LV systolic pressure without changing RV or LV end-diastolic pressure, and the resultant instantaneous changes in RV systolic pressure and pulmonary artery flow were determined. The LV-to-RV mean systolic interaction gain was calculated as the change from a normal beat to the instantaneous unloaded beat in mean RV systolic pressure divided by the change in mean LV systol...
From Scientism to Science: How Contemporary Epistemology Can Inform Practice Research

Fifty years ago, social work understood research as depicted by logical positivism and its successors, and an obsolete scientism still held sway. This paper will briefly trace the history of the epistemological debate that has taken place in social work in the last 30 years, which is directly related to the credibility of agency-based research and of qualitative methods as well as to issues in knowledge development about oppressed groups. Contemporary epistemologies--realism and pragmatism--offer frameworks that are compatible with what is needed for practice-relevant research and knowledge development: firm grounding for methodological pluralism, attention to the social and political nature of science, the embrace of theory, and an end to scientism without resort to relativism. If these changes in epistemological thinking can be fully embraced, the twentyfirst century can be a very productive one for agency-based and practice-relevant social work research.
Review article: pain and chronic pancreatitis.

Summary Background Pain in chronic pancreatitis chronic pancreatitis is a frustrating and challenging symptom for both the patient and clinician. It is the most frequent and most significant symptom. Many patients fail the currently available conservative options and require opiates or endoscopic/surgical therapy. Aim To highlight the pathophysiology and management of chronic pancreatitis pain, with an emphasis on recent developments and future directions. Methods Expert review, utilizing in addition a comprehensive search of PubMed utilizing the search terms chronic pancreatitis and pain, treatment or management and a manual search of recent conference abstracts for articles describing pain and chronic pancreatitis. Results Pancreatic pain is heterogenous in its manifestations and pathophysiology. First-line medical options include abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, pancreatic enzymes, adjunctive agents, antioxidants, and non-opiate or low potency opiate analgesics. Failure of these options is not unusual. More potent opiates, neurolysis and endoscopic and surgical options can be considered in selected patients, but this requires appropriate expertise. New and better options are needed. Future options could include new types of pancreatic enzymes, novel antinociceptive agents nerve growth factors, mast cell-directed therapy, treatments to limit fibrinogenesis and therapies directed at the central component of pain. Conclusions Chronic pancreatitis pain remains difficult to treat. An approach utilizing conservative medical therapies is appropriate, with more invasive therapies reserved for failure of this conservative approach. Treatment options will continue to improve with new and novel therapies on the horizon.
The rôle of ecdysone in pupation of Manduca sexta

Abstract Slow infusions of β-ecdysone are more effective in eliciting a normal physiological response than are discrete injections of the hormone. Infusion of β-ecdysone into final instar larvae in the presence of juvenile hormone (JH) induces apolysis and the deposition of a normal larval cuticle. In the absence of JH larvae display the prodromal symptoms of pupation (exposure of the heart, purging of the gut, etc.) in response to a β-ecdysone infusion. The occurrence of certain covert physiological events that accompany the exposure of the heart are evidently necessary to prepare a larva for pupation. An infusion of β-ecdysone can induce apolysis and pupal cuticle deposition only after the prodromal signs of pupation have become evident. Of the two pulses of ecdysone that normally precede pupation in Manduca , the first is apparently responsible for the genetic switchover from larval to pupal development whereas the second one triggers apolysis and the subsequent events that lead to pupation. Results obtained from infusion experiments in which the dose and exposure time were varied independently are consistent with the idea that ecdysone has to be present for a certain minimum time above a threshold concentration to induce a physiological response. The requisite exposure time is apparently not dose-dependent.
Unidirectional solidification of eutectic and eutectoid alloys

Abstract Recent advances and trends in directional solidification of eutectic and eutectoid alloys are briefly reviewed. Aligned eutectic and eutectoid microstructures in Co-Si alloys are compared.
Comment on "Average Relative Velocity of Sporadic Meteoroids in Interplanetary Space"

I a recent Technical Note, Kessler derived an expression for the mass-cumulative influx of meteoroids which was proportional to m-^-^ from the expression cc/"for the intensity-cumulative distribution of meteors, representing Hawkins and UptonV results from the statistical analysis of meteor magnitude. The 10% disparity in the exponents of meteoroid mass m and meteor standardized maximum luminous I resulted from KesslerV use of the result of a least squares analysis of meteor data by Jacchia, Verniani, and Briggs, showing I <* m-^^-. But the values for mass m for those results presupposed that meteor luminous efficiency was a Vm and functionally independent of meteoroid mass m. The indicated disparity in the exponents of I and m in the corresponding cumulative distributions actually vanishes when mass m is recomputed with the luminous efficiency from the 1958 physical theory of meteors by Opik. Because the product of luminous efficiency and kinetic energy is ccfldt invariantly between alternative theory for "photometric" mass, the above results support the substitution m <xmB&BVm~ where TUB and fa are, respectively, mass and luminous efficiency by Opik's theory. Therefore, if &B is such a function of m^ that, at constant velocity, it has roughly the effect of an exponential role fa «niB, then the exponent of mB in the mass-cumulative distribution is 0.9(1 + aO(-1.34) instead of 0.9(-1.34). The effective value of x can be approximated by the partial derivative of log fa with respect to log m&. Opik gave a table of values to illustrate his 1958 theory given in Ref. 4 and Dalton approximated them by a mathematical model which is easier to program than the theory directly. For dustball meteoroids in the mass interval 0.1 ^ mB
Amine Vapor Sensing with Silver Mesowires

Silver mesowires with diameters ranging from 150 to 950 nm and lengths of 100 μm or more were prepared by electrochemical step edge decoration. Upon exposure to ammonia (NH3) vapor, ensembles of these mesowires showed a resistance increase, ΔR/Ro, that was large (up to 10,000%), fast (<5 s), and reversible. The vapor of liquid amines, including pyridine and trimethylamine, produced a similar but slower (1 min) response. Hydrogen sulfide caused a large, irreversible resistance increase and carbon monoxide, dioxygen, hydrocarbons, argon, and water, caused no change in resistance for exposures of up to 10 seconds. Exposure to NH3 also induced unexpectedly large resistance increases for mesowires of copper and platinum but metal films showed a maximum ΔR/Ro of < 5%, just as reported previously. Atomic force microscopy analysis of individual silver wires suggests that the increased resistance induced by NH3 exposure was concentrated at a minority (<10%) of the interparticle boundaries present along the axes of...
Comparative global albedo and color maps of the Uranian satellites

The surfaces of the Uranian satellites Ariel, Miranda, Oberon, Titania, and Umbriel are characterized on the basis of Voyager observations. Tables of spectrophotometric data and maps of normal reflectances, green/violet ratios, and possible geological formations are presented and discussed in detail. Variations in albedo are found to be associated with impact features, and it is inferred from color differences that the upper surface of Ariel contains a higher proportion of redder material (tentatively identified as accreted low-albedo meteoritic dust) than those of the other moons.
Retinal Phlebitis with Chorioretinal Emboli

Emboli to the eye may cause retinal vascular occlusive disease with a wide range of clinicopathologic manifestations including arteriolar occlusion, retinal ischemia and infarction, and retinal neovascularization. Clinical observations of a progressive obliterative arteriolitis in patients with systemic embolic disease have led to the speculation that retinal vasculitis may be a feature of ocular embolic disease. A postmortem examination of the enucleated eyes of two elderly female patients disclosed gross and histopathologic features of retinal periphlebitis associated with many chorioretinal calcific emboli. These patients also had premortem and postmortem manifestations of systemic thromboembolic disease originating from the heart and great vessels. One patient had a progressive decrease in visual acuity, paracentral scotoma, and midperipheral perivascular sheathing. These findings suggest that ocular embolism may sometimes be a factor in the development of retinal phlebitis.
Identifying Pretreatment Change.

In this article the author addresses the possibility of pretreatment change as a viable first intervention for solution-oriented counseling approaches. Using the interview questions and format of Weiner-Davis, de Shazer, and Gingerich (1987), 82 clients were surveyed to ascertain if a change in their problem context had occurred between the time an appointment was made for counseling and the time they come to the first session. The results indicate that most of the clients can identify desirable pretreatment change with the assistance of a counselor. Bateson's (1979) “difference that makes a difference” and client expectancy are posited as explanations for the client's perceiving pretreatment change as significant.
Exile and the Creative Imagination

'Exile and the Creative Imagination' is a personal meditation on the pain and productive potential of exile from one of Nigeria's most internationally renowned artists, poets, and cultural critics. The text explores the genesis and development of the exile theme in Oguibe's poetry and visual art production.
COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIATOM SILICON TRANSPORTERS: TOWARD A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SILICON TRANSPORT†

Silicon is an important element in biology, for organisms ranging from unicellular algae to humans. It acts as a structural material for both plants and animals, but can also function as a metabolite or regulator of gene expression, affecting a wide range of cellular processes. Molecular details of biological interaction with silicon are poorly understood. Diatoms, the largest group of silicifying organisms, are a good model system for studying this interaction. The first proteins shown to directly interact with silicon were diatom silicon transporters (SITs). Because the basis for substrate recognition lies within the primary sequence of a protein, identification of conserved amino acid residues would provide insight into the mechanism of SIT function. Lack of SIT sequences from a diversity of diatoms and high sequence conservation in known SITs has precluded identification of such residues. In this study, PCR was used to amplify partial SIT sequences from eight diverse diatom species. Multiple gene copies were prevalent in each species, and phylogenetic analysis showed that SITs generally group according to species. In addition to partial SIT sequences, full-length SIT genes were identified from the pennate diatom, Nitzschia alba (Lewin and Lewin), and the centric diatom Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. Comparing these SITs with previously identified SITs showed structural differences between SITs of centrics and pennates, suggesting differences in transport mechanism or regulation. Comparative amino acid analysis identified conserved regions that may be important for silicon transport, including repeats of the motif GXQ. A model for silicon uptake and efflux is presented that is consistent with known aspects of transport.
Double Injection Synthesis and Dispersion of Submicrometer Barium Titanyl Oxalate Tetrahydrate

A modified Clabaugh method has been used to produce a well-dispersed barium titanyl oxalate tetrahydrate (BTO) powder with a particle size of less than 0.2 μm. Production of the BTO powder is based on a double injection system, with reactants rapidly mixed using pressurized gas. The mixture resulting from the double injection of the reactants was subsequently quenched into a solution containing polyethyleneimine as a dispersant. The resulting dispersed BTO powder forms a suspension that is stable against coarsening or aggregation for greater than 1400 h. The dispersed BTO powder was also shown to produce BaTiO3 with a particle size of 0.25 μm or less after calcination.
Neural Network Controller for an Upper Extremity Neuroprosthesis

The long term goal of this project is to develop a controller for an upper extremity neuroprosthesis targeted for people with C5/C6 spinal cord injury (SCI). The challenge is to determine how to simultaneously stimulate different paralyzed muscles based on the EMG activity of muscles under retained voluntary control. The proposed controller extracts information from the recorded EMG signals and processes this information to generate the appropriate stimulation levels to activate the paralyzed muscles. The goal of this project was to design and evaluate this controller using a dynamic, three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the arm. Different arm movements were recorded from able bodied subjects and these kinematics served as input to the model. The model was modified to reflect C5/C6 SCI, and inverse simulations were run to provide muscle activation patterns corresponding to the movements recorded. A set of "voluntary" and "paralyzed" muscles was selected for the controller based on each muscle's relevance as suggested by the simulations. Activation patterns were then used to train a dynamic neural network that predicts "paralyzed" muscle activations from "voluntary" muscle activations. The neural network controller was able to predict the activation level of three paralyzed muscles with less than 2% average prediction error, using four input muscles as inputs
Soil Factors in Three Populations of Endangered Golden Sedge (Carex lutea LeBlond)

Three sites with populations of federally endangered golden sedge (Carex lutea LeBlond) were sampled to investigate whether circumneutral soil conditions were associated with a species distribution restricted to 208 km 2 within two adjacent counties of the lower North Carolina Coastal Plain. Populations were selected to include different soil series found in a state- owned natural area. Observed golden sedge rhizome and root depths among three specimens, one per site, ranged from 6 to 8 cm below the soil surface, which suggested primarily topsoil influence. A total of 96 soil samples, 48 topsoil and 48 subsoil, were collected in transects and analyzed. Mean pH values within populations were very strongly (4.7) to moderately (5.7) acid for topsoils and moderately (5.8) to slightly (6.5) acid for subsoils. These values did not differ significantly inside versus immediately outside each population, but varied among topsoils and subsoils between populations. Other soil variables associated with marl and limestone parent material influence (i.e., cation exchange capacity, base saturation, calcium, and magnesium) did not exhibit any consistent trends either inside versus outside, or between populations. A prior study found a mean soil pH of 6.7 within golden sedge populations, but choices of sample sites and analysis techniques were questionable. Lack of soil specificity for this species encourages both searches for golden sedge populations outside the known range and
Ultrastructure of Feline Mammary Hypertrophy

The ultrastructure of feline mammary hypertrophy was studied in a five-month-old female which had aborted recently, a ten-year-old female which was one month postestrus, and a four-year-old progest...
Integrable systems associated to curves in flat Galilean and Minkowski spaces

This article examines the relationship between geometric Poisson brackets and integrable systems in flat Galilean and Minkowski spaces. First, moving frames are used to calculate differential invariants of curves and to write invariant evolution equations. The Galilean moving frame is the limit of the Minkowski one as c → ∞. Then, associated integrable evolutions and their bi-Hamiltonian structures are found, using the parallelism of Euclidean and Minkowski cases. The Galilean case is significant because its group is not semisimple, yet it can be considered as a limit of the (semisimple) Minkowski case. The Galilean integrable systems and Hamiltonian structures are compared to the c → ∞ limit of the Minkowski ones.
Catch-As-Catch-Can: A case note on Grokster

In summer 2005, the United States Supreme Court issued a decision which is surely destined to play a significant role in the interrelation between law and technology in the coming years. The case, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., et al. v. Grokster, Ltd., et al., pitted copyright holders against the operators of certain peer-to-peer online file-sharing services and was awaited by many in both the legal and technology communities as a referendum on the landmark legal precedent set in the "Sony-Betamax" case. The Sony case came to represent the legal standard for determining when manufacturers of "dual-use technology" - technology capable of both legally noninfringing and infringing uses - should be given a safe harbor from liability for acts on the part of their consumers which violated copyright law. Surprisingly, the Supreme Court's decision did not center around an affirmation or rejection of the Sony ruling; rather the Court based their opinion on a common law principle which, they held, was not preempted by the holding in Sony. The "inducement" to infringe copyright, although not a completely novel cause of action, has been perceived by some commentators to introduce a change in the legal landscape of secondary liability for copyright infringement. In this article, we provide a brief exposition of the Court's decision and discuss the disposition of the decision including the implication of the two concurring opinions. We also speculate on the impact that the Court's decision will have on the technology sector and on technological innovation in particular. Ultimately, we grapple with new questions which the decision has presented for industry and the continued existence of peer-to-peer file-sharing.