cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveying Grassland Islands: the genetics and performance of Appalachian switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) collections

The interior Southeastern United States could contain novel germplasm for the bioenergy crop switchgrass due to its diverse habitats and geographic location between genetic subpopulations (Atlantic, Midwest, and Gulf). Collections from this region could accelerate breeding progress, contribute to conservation efforts, and improve understanding of isolated grasslands in the region. This study located 22 sites in the Midsouth region and obtained 1,521,210 single nucleotide polymorphism markers of 202 individuals through genotype-by-sequencing. Individuals were evaluated for flowering time, winter survival and tiller number. Comparison to a national diversity panel revealed that branches of two major subpopulations occur in the region with two levels of polyploidy: Atlantic tetraploids and Midwest octoploids. Two locations contained admixed octoploid individuals with Midwest and Gulf genetics. Field performance of the Midwest octoploids conformed with prior reported performance of the Midwest subpopulation, although three sites contained promising late flowering traits. The Atlantic tetraploids had moderate winter survival, short stature, and anomalously early flowering. Atlantic populations mostly occurred in marginal sites and their morphological and flowering time adaptations may be a resource conservation strategy. Demographic inference of historical effective population size variation in a subset of tetraploid locations indicated a widespread recent decline in effective population size. This pattern is consistent with isolation of these switchgrass communities from larger populations and is further supported by evidence of inbreeding within the populations (FI = 0.18). The populations documented in this study contain novel genetic diversity and adaptations to a range of marginal habitats. Therefore, this study provides a new source of germplasm for future breeding and conservation programs.
Learning to Balance Grounding Rationales for Dialogue Systems

This paper reports on an experiment that investigates clarification subdialogues in intentionally noisy speech recognition. The architecture learns weights for mixtures of grounding strategies from examples provided by a human wizard embedded in the system. Results indicate that the architecture learns to eliminate misunderstandings reliably despite high word error rate.
Ninety Is Enough: A Portrait of My Father

MY FATHER WAS born in the small village of Tzum, near Franeker, Friesland, in The Netherlands, March 31, 1886. He was baptized Feike Feikes Feikema, VI, though he later was known as Frank Feikema. The first Feike back in the 1750's had been a man of property, owning a big farm called Groot Lankum near Franeker, but he'd lost it due to a pesti lence which wiped out his herd of Frisian-Holstein cattle. The once proud Feikemas fell into the labor market.
The nervous system modulates CD8+ T cell function through the beta2-adrenergic receptor (IRC2P.456)

There is growing evidence to suggest that various aspects of immune function are controlled by neural networks. Both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors are expressed by various major immune cell types. Specifically, expression of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) has been characterized in different cells of the immune system; however, our lab has demonstrated for the first time a differential expression of this receptor in subsets of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. We found that the ADRB2 is upregulated in human effector memory CD8+ T cells compared to central memory/naive counterparts. Further, human CD8+ T cells that are acutely activated in the presence of the ADRB2 natural ligand, nor-epinephrine (NE), secrete significantly less IFN-γ and TNF-α. Similarly, the cytolytic capacity of these cells is reduced when NE is present. This downregulation by NE was reversed in the presence of a ADRB2-specific antagonist, but not a pan α-adrenergic or β1-adrenergic receptor specific antagonists. Additionally, mouse CD8+ T cells behaved similarly to human cells to these antagonists, suggesting species conservation of this neural-immune network. Moreover, ADRB2-KO CD8+ T cells were completely resistant to the effects of NE. Current experiments using an adoptive transfer model will elucidate how ADRB2 signaling modulates CD8+ T cell function in vivo. These experiments will provide insight into how the nervous system controls CD8+ T cell function during the course of an infection.
An integrative exploratory analysis of –omics data from the ICGC cancer genomes lung adenocarcinoma study

It is known that all agents that cause cancer (carcinogens) also cause a change in the DNA sequence. In order to identify such often subtle changes, we attempt to integrate multiple molecular profile data sets released by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). The list of data sets includes matched gene and microRNA expression profiles, somatic copy number variation, DNA methylation, and protein expression profiles for lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving treatments. We consider both unsupervised and supervised learning techniques (clustering and penalized regression) to identify interesting molecular markers corresponding to each type of –omics profiles that can differentiate patients. Associations between important markers of 2 types have been studied. An adaptive ensemble binary regression model has been presented that uses the entirety of available –omics profiles leading to a more accurate clinical prognosis for the patients in the given sample. This integrated study provides a more com...
Tensegrity architecture and the mammalian cell cytoskeleton

Mechanotransduction the cellular response to mechanical stress is governed by the cytoskeleton (CSK), a molecular network composed of different types of biopolymers (microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments) that mechanically stabilizes the cell and actively generates contractile forces. To carry out certain behaviors (e.g., crawling, spreading, division, invasion), cells must modify their CSK to become highly deformable, whereas in order to maintain their structural integrity when mechanically stressed, the CSK must behave like an elastic solid. These responses are governed by the passive material properties of the CSK, as well as stress-induced changes in biochemistry that modify the structure of the CSK. Although the mechanical properties of cells govern their form and function, and when abnormal, lead to a wide range of diseases, little is known about the molecular and biophysical basis of cell mechanics. Most of the existing engineering models of cells are ad hoc descriptions based on measurements obtained under particular experimental conditions, and these continuum models usually ignore contributions of subcellular structures and molecular components. Over two decades ago, we introduced a model of the cell based on tensegrity architecture which proposes that preexisting tensile stress in the CSK is critical for cell shape stability. Key to this model is the concept that this stabilizing tensile “prestress” results from a complementary force balance between multiple, discrete, molecular support elements, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules in the CSK, as well as external adhesions to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to neighboring cells. In this chapter, we review progress in the area of cellular tensegrity, including the mechanistic basis of the tensegrity model, and development of theoretical formulations of this model that have led to multiple a priori predictions relating to cell mechanical behaviors which have been confirmed in experimental studies with living cells. We describe how the CSK and ECM form a single, tensionally-integrated, structural system and how distinct molecular biopolymers of the CSK may bear either tensile or compressive loads inside the cell. The tensegrity model is also compared and contrasted with other models of cell mechanics. Taken together, these recent theoretical and experimental studies confirm that the cellular tensegrity model is a useful model because it provides a mechanism to link mechanics to structure at the molecular level, in addition to helping to explain how mechanical signals are transduced into biochemical responses within living cells and tissues.
Transacting UNESCO World Heritage: gifts and exchanges on a global stage

With the burgeoning research into global heritage, particularly in the work of UNESCO, this paper discusses recent developments and implications of decisions taken by the World Heritage Committee in their implementation of the 1972 Convention. While the World Heritage programme is experiencing a fiscal crisis, significant challenges also stem from sovereign states, non-governmental agencies and other actors. This paper argues that World Heritage decision-making processes have transformed the inscription of sites into exchange values that mobilise ancillary effects in other domains driven by economic and political imperatives. The transactional nature of World Heritage is traced across three scales: the World Heritage process itself, the properties and the participants.
Location Effects on Entrepreneurial Ventures

The implications of location for a range of entrepreneurial decisions and outcomes are investigated. The tendency toward industry clustering is highlighted. Pros and cons of a clustering approach to location are identified, together with both positive and negative outcomes from clustering. A range of examples from different industries are cited. Priorities are established for future research in this area. Keywords: cluster connectedness; geographic clusters; knowledge spillovers; opportunity heterogeneity; star scientists
Tokamak ETR objectives, characteristics and critical issues

An initial identification of objectives and physical characteristics of a tokamak engineering test reactor is made, based upon the large body of work that has been devoted to the study of such devices over the past decade. The critical technical issues affecting the feasibility and the specification of design concept for a tokamak engineering test reactor are discussed.
Combining flexibility and scalability in a peer-to-peer publish/subscribe system

The content-based publish/subscribe model has been adopted by many services to deliver data between distributed users based on application-specific semantics. Two key issues in such systems, the semantic expressiveness of content matching and the scalability of the matching mechanism, are often found to be in conflict due to the complexity associated with content matching. In this paper, we present a novel content-based publish/subscribe architecture based on peer-to-peer matching trees. The system achieves scalability by partitioning the responsibility of event matching to self-organized peers while allowing customizable matching functionalities. Experimental results using a variety of real world datasets demonstrate the scalability and flexibility of the system.
Archeological evidence for the impact of mega-Niño events on Amazonia during the past two millennia

Recent recognition of teleconnections between El Nino and climatic anomalies elsewhere on the planet identify northern lowland South America as a region experiencing drought. Extensive archeological survey along the major tributaries of the Amazon during the past 15 years has defined the temporal and spatial distributions of numerous ceramic phases and traditions. An unexpected result has been identification of discontinuities in most local sequences. Large numbers of carbon-14 dates establish their contemporaneity ca. 1500, 1000, 700, and 400 B.P. These dates correlate closely with archeological evidence on the north coast of Peru for destructive mega-Nino events. Observations of the impact of milder recent episodes on the flora and fauna imply catastrophic deterioration in local subsistence resources during prehistoric events, forcing the repeated human dispersals reflected in the linguistic and genetic heterogeneity of surviving indigenous lowland South American populations.
Eimeria acervulina Infection in the Chicken: Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of the Chick During Acute Coccidiosis

Five assays were conducted to determine whether Eimeria acervulina infection would alter the chick's sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirement. Chicks were housed in heated starter batteries with raised wire floors and fed completely purified crystalline amino acid diets. With light to moderate E. acervulina infection, data were somewhat inconclusive. In Assay 1, infected birds responded to levels of SAA above those required by healthy birds; but in two subsequent assays no difference in SAA requirements due to infection could be detected. Therefore, two additional assays were conducted in birds inoculated with a heavy dose of E. acervulina oocysts. In neither of these assays did E. acervulina infection show any indication of altering SAA utilization. When data from the five studies are viewed together, it is clear that E. acervulina infection did not increase the chick's SAA requirement.
Neuroglial heterotopia causing neonatal airway obstruction: presentation, management, and literature review

Neuroglial heterotopias are rare congenital masses that are thought to represent encephaloceles that become sequestered on the extracranial side of the skull base. Although most often adjacent to bony skull base defects, they lack communication to the subarachnoid space. They contain mature neuroglial tissue and specialized central nervous system elements, such as a functioning choroid plexus. A case is presented of neonatal airway obstruction due to neuroglial heterotopia in the nasopharynx. The patient’s clinical course and treatment are discussed, along with their radiology and histology. The relevant scientific literature is reviewed.
The Developmental Sequence of Gene Expression Within the Rod Photoreceptor Lineage in Embryonic Zebrafish

In postembryonic zebrafish, rod photoreceptors are continuously generated from progenitors in the inner nuclear layer, which are derived from radial Muller glia that express the transcription factor pax6. We used BrdU incorporation, in combination with in situ hybridization for cell-specific transcription factors, to establish the patterns of gene expression during rod lineage maturation in the embryonic zebrafish. Downregulation of pax6 expression was accompanied by sporadic upregulation of expression of the transcription factors NeuroD/nrd, rx1, crx, and Nr2e3/pnr. As cells of the rod lineage entered the outer nuclear layer, they became homogeneous, coordinately expressing NeuroD, rx1, crx, and Nr2e3. Postmitotic, maturing rods also expressed nrl, rod opsin, and rod transducin/gnat1. The presence of rx1 within the rod lineage and in maturing rods indicates that rx1 is not cone-specific, as previously reported, and suggests a high degree of molecular similarity between rod and cone progenitor populations in the zebrafish.
500-V n-channel insulated-gate bipolar transistor with a trench gate structure

An improved insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with a trench gate structure that demonstrates a low forward voltage drop of 1.2 V at a forward conduction current density of 200 A/cm/sup 2/ is described. This device structure was fabricated using a self-aligned process that permits closely spaced vertical trench gates with a unit cell of 6 mu m. This allows for a fivefold increase of channel density and elimination of the parasitic JFET effect, thus reducing the forward voltage drop significantly. A static latching current density of 2700 A/cm/sup 2/ has been achieved in the UMOS-IGBT. Two-dimensional computer simulations of the UMOS-IGBT have been performed to identify the optimal cell design. This optimal design is predicted to increase the SOA current density by a factor of 2.9 over the state-of-the-art DMOS-IGBT. >
Particle size distributions in a region of coastal upwelling analyzed by characteristic vectors1

Particle size distributions (8-105qm diameter), chlorophyll a, and particulate carbon were measured off the Oregon coast during July 1973. The particle counts were transformed to volume concentration and then subjected to characteristic vector analysis. Ninety-two percent of the variance was accounted for by linear combinations of the first two characteristic vectors. Two weighting factors define the proportions of the two characteristic vectors which will, when added to the mean volume concentration curve, approximate the actual data for each sample. Variations in the first weighting factor correspond well with variations in total volume. Changes in the second weighting factor indicate which segment of the size range contains the largest proportion of the particulate volume. Comparison with temperature and salinity data indicated that the near surface water with proportionately large volumes of particles less than 20 ,um was warmer and less saline than the surface waters with large volumes between 20 and 50 ,um. High correlation with particulate carbon and chlorophyll suggests that in both cases a large proportion of the particles is phytoplankton. During
Electronic and vibrational modes on a Penrose lattice: Localized states and band structure.

We define a one-parameter family of hopping Hamiltonians with an on-site potential, for independent electrons on a two-dimensional quasiperiodic Penrose lattice. The resulting models include the vibrational modes of the lattice. This problem is then investigated numerically\char22{}exploiting the symmetries of the model including scale invariance, up to systems of 3126 sites\char22{}and for various boundary conditions. We find the following results for the density of states. (1) There is a peak of zero width at a known energy. (2) We calculate the fraction of states in this central peak, assuming point (5) below. (3) These states are strictly localized; we calculate the wave functions explicitly. (4) The remainder of the states lie in various bands separated by band gaps; this band structure is discussed in the limit of a large on-site potential. (5) There is strong numerical evidence that the energy eigenvalues do not cross, as the on-site potential strength is varied, in the thermodynamic limit.
PHYTOCHROME DISTRIBUTION IN ETIOLATED GRASS SEEDLINGS AS ASSAYED BY AN INDIRECT ANTIBODY‐LABELLING METHOD

A B S T R A C T The distribution of phytochrome in several etiolated grass seedlings (Avena sativa L., cvs. Garry and Newton; Secale cereale L., cv. Balbo; Hordeum vlulgare L., cv. Harrison; Oryza sativa L; Zea mays L., cv. Golden Cross) was determined, by an indirect antibody-labelling method employing peroxidase as the ultimate label. Although the pattern of phytochrome distribution in etiolated shoots varies widely, it is nevertheless clear that, with the exception of corn, in which phytochrome is relatively uniformly distributed, the distribution of phytochrome is highly specific with respect both to organs and to cell types within an organ for a given species. Oat, rye, barley, and rice shoots all have high concentrations of phytochrome near the tips of their coleoptiles, as well as near the shoot apex itself. Rice, barley, and rye also have high concentrations of phytochrome in their leaf bases, but oat leaves are almost totally devoid of measurable phytochrome. An association of phytochrome with vascular tissue often occurs and is most pronounced in the rice shoot. Dark-grown roots were found to have high levels of phytochrome only in the root caps, with lesser amounts, if any, observed in other parts of the root. BECAUSE OF the importance of phytochrome as the mediator of a wide range of photomorphogenic responses throughout the plant kingdom, the question of its distribution in seedlings commonly used for physiological studies has been of continuing interest. Since no enzymatic or other molecular activity is yet known for this chromoprotein, a quantitative assay for the pigment, based on its unique, photoreversible properties, has been until recently the only direct means for its detection. Using this dual wavelength spectrophotometric assay, Briggs and Siegelman (1965) have reported on the distribution of phytochrome in the shoots of several etiolated seedlings while Correll, Ed
Mirror mirror on the wall: the patients' view.

If you were a kid in the 1940s and 1950s and your parents really loved you, they took you to Mr. Glynn’s shoe store where you could stick your feet in a box and examine them in the ghostly light of a flouroscope. And if you were a good customer (quiet, cooperative, and calm), Mr. Glynn would let you stop off on the way home from Liberty Street School for an extra peek. This initial experience with a radiologist’s toolbox highlights many of the issues which consumers still assume: If it doesn’t hurt, it’s safe If it’s used routinely and often, it’s safe All X-ray, CT, and MRI machines are created equal All machines are accessible to everyone Turns out, those fluoroscopes in shoe stores were not such a good idea [1]. And subsequent events have shown that the rest of those assumptions are also questionable. This paper, written from the patient perspective, outlines both the promise of imaging for well-informed patients as well as documenting the dangers that arise when patients receive incomplete, biased, or inaccurate reports of radiologic findings, or when adequate technology is not available. Cases from one community demonstrate how the public learns and forms opinions about radiology facilities within their own communities. Suggestions on more efficient use of imaging reports and enhanced patient access to imaging reports are offered in the concluding section of the paper. Recommendations to increase public awareness of local imaging facilities are included.
Application of commerical enzymes to measure the activity of the arginine pathway-urea cycle in intact cells

The activity of the complete arginine pathway-urea cycle was assessed in intact plant cells by employing the commercial enzymes arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) to determine the amount of NaH14CO3 incorporated into [guanido-14C]arginine and/or into [14C]urea during a 3-h labeling period. Recovery of [guanido-14C]arginine was linear from 5 to 1000 nmol/g tissue and averaged 80 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE, N = 3). The procedure is reliable, inexpensive, well suited to the simultaneous analysis of numerous samples, and significantly more sensitive than existing methods. The method is ideally suited for assessing the activity of the complete arginine biosynthetic pathway in intact cells. In addition, the method has the distinct advantage of providing simultaneous measurement of the amount of NaH14CO3 accumulating in arginine relative to the amount accumulating as urea. Evidence is presented demonstrating that both the activity of the arginine pathway and the relative amounts of [guanido-14C]arginine and [14C]urea synthesized from NaH14CO3 were influenced by changes in the level of ornithine, NH+4, or phosphorus available to plant tissues.
Growth factor treated tensioned synoviocyte neotissues: towards meniscal bioscaffold tissue engineering.

Abstract Meniscal injury is a common cause of osteoarthritis, pain, and disability in dogs and humans, but tissue-engineered bioscaffolds could be a treatment option for meniscal deficiency. The objective of this study was to compare meniscus-like matrix histology, composition, and biomechanical properties of autologous tensioned synoviocyte neotissues (TSN) treated with fetal bovine serum (TSNfbs) or three chondrogenic growth factors (TSNgf). Fourth passage canine synoviocytes from 10 dogs were grown in hyperconfluent monolayer culture, formed into TSN, and then cultured for 3 weeks with 17.7% FBS or three human recombinant TSNgf (bFGF, TGF-β1, and IGF-1). Cell viability was determined with laser microscopy. Histological architecture and the composition of fibrocartilage matrix were evaluated in TSN by staining tissues for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen 1 and 2; quantifying the content of GAG, DNA, and hydroxyproline; and measuring the gene expression of collagens type 1α and 2α, the GAG aggrecan, and transcription factor Sry-type Homeobox Protein-9 (SOX9). Biomechanical properties were determined by materials testing force–deformation curves. The TSN contained components and histological features of mensical fibrocartilage extracellular matrix. Growth factor-treated TSN had higher DNA content but lower cell viability than TSNfbs. TSNgf had greater fibrocartilage-like matrix content (collagen 2 and GAG content with increased collagen 2α and SOX9 gene expression). Additionally, TSNgf collagen was more organized histologically and so had greater tensile biomechanical properties. The results indicate the potential of TSN when cultured with growth factors as implantable bioscaffolds for the treatment of canine meniscal deficiency.
Partition Density Functional Theory

Partition density functional theory is a formally exact procedure for calculating molecular properties from Kohn-Sham calculations on isolated fragments, interacting via a global partition potential that is a functional of the fragment densities. An example is given and consequences discussed.
The impact of internal clutter motion on a sample matrix inversion space-time adaptive processing algorithm and the GMTI minimum detectable velocity

A MATLAB simulation was constructed to better study the effects of internal clutter motion on a notional X band monostatic airborne radar employing a ground moving target indicator (GMTI) algorithm to detect slow velocity targets of low radar cross section. A sample matrix inversion (SMI) fully adapted post-Doppler space-time processor (tapered and untapered) was utilized and the internal clutter motion model of Ward [1] was applied to the overall simulation. As one would expect, the untapered version yielded slightly better results but in all cases final minimum detectable velocities of about 1.0 meter/second were obtained. By judicious choice and implementation of a reduced rank/dimension algorithm, it should be possible to obtain similar MDV results.
Passive transfer of human myasthenia gravis to rats 1. Electrophysiology of the developing neuromuscular block

Adult female Lewis rats were rendered immunologically tolerant to human gamma globulin, and were given a single intravenous injection of human myasthenic or normal control serum containing 7.5 to 12 mg of immunoglobulin G. The mean amplitude of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) in the forelimb flexor digitorum longus muscles from treated animals did not differ from control values during the first 24 hours after serum injection. Subsequently, MEPP amplitude was reduced in muscles from animals that had received myasthenic serum; maximum reduction was reached by 6 days after transfer. Mean MEPP amplitude at maximum reduction was 30 to 40% below the amplitude of controls and returned to control values 14 weeks after transfer. Similar reductions in endplate potential amplitudes were found in immunologically tolerant animals receiving myasthenic serum. No significant reduction of MEPP amplitude was seen in recipients that were not immunologically tolerant or that had received cobra venom factor to reduce complement activity.The delayed development of reduced MEPP amplitude indicated that the defect of neuromuscular transmission produced by myasthenic serum was not due entirely to a simple curare-like block of the acetylcholine receptor site by an IgG antibody.
Multicomponent Latent Trait Models for Ability Tests.

A major research direction for ability measurement has been to identify the information-processes that are involved in solving test items through mathematical modeling of item difficulty. However, this research has had limited impact on ability measurement, since person parameters are not included in the process models. The current paper presents some multicomponent latent trait models for reproducing test performance from both item and person parameters on processing components. Components are identified from item subtasks, in which performance is a logistic function (i.e., Rasch model) of person and item parameters, and then are combined according to a mathematical model of processing on the composite item.
Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Wurtzite ZnS Nanorods through Mild Thermolysis of a Covalent Organic−Inorganic Network

The high-temperature (over 1020 °C) polymorph of ZnS, wurtzite ZnS, has been successfully prepared through a low-temperature (180 °C) hydrothermal synthesis route in the presence of ethylenediamine (en). The effects of en concentrations, reactant concentrations, reaction temperatures, and reaction times on crystal structures and shapes of ZnS have been investigated. We have demonstrated that the wurtzite ZnS showing rodlike morphology can be kinetically stabilized in the presence of en, especially at a high reactant concentration under appropriate hydrothermal conditions. Besides phase evolution of ZnS from hexagonal to cubic, morphological transformation from nanorods to nanograins has also been observed in the present investigation. Nanograins of phase-pure cubic ZnS, the thermodynamically stable polymorph, are easily prepared, and no hexagonal ZnS nanorods are detected in “pure” water, i.e., in the absence of en molecules. The above investigations indicate that the controlled fabrication of wurtzite Zn...
An elasticity calculation of the interaction between a misfit defect and an extended dislocation in f.c.c. metals

Abstract A rigid dislocation model was used to calculate the effect of the extension of a dislocation on the yield stress in a f.c.c. metal. In this calculation a generalization was made to include all dislocation characters from pure edge to pure screw orientations. Three types of point defects were considered as obstacles to dislocation motion: two produce a 〈100〉 distortion and the third a spherical distortion of the lattice. The resistance to dislocation motion due to these obstacles was generally reduced as the width of the extended dislocation increased. The magnitude of the resistance for a widely extended dislocation was about 60% of that for a perfect (unextended) dislocation, which was expected considering the magnitude of Burgers vectors of the two cases. The effect of the extension on the resistance to dislocation motion saturated at a relatively small dislocation width (a few atomic distances). This means that, even in a metal like aluminum which possesses a high stacking fault energy, a dislocation cannot be treated as a perfect dislocation when the obstacles are atomistic point defects. For such a slightly extended dislocation, the maximum resistance due to a 〈100〉 defect was found near the screw orientation rather than the edge orientation. The resistance to dislocation motion due to a defect with spherical symmetry was as large as that due to a defect with 〈100〉 tetragonality.
Bisphosphonate therapy for chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.

This patient was diagnosed with chronic multifocal recurrent osteomyelitis of the ankle approximately 4 years prior to the presented images. Multiple treatments were administered, most notably monthly intravenous pamidronate, a therapy that was continued for 17 months, until recrudescent disease prompted a change in therapy. At the time of the presented images, the patient had not received bisphosphonate therapy for 2 years. Bisphosphonates are a class of medications used primarily in adult patients with decreased bone mineral density. When the drug is incorporated into the hydroxyapatite matrix of nascent bone, osteoclastic activity is inhibited, and as a result, bone mineral density increases. Also used in patients with expansile bone lesions, the decrease in osteoclastic activity serves to slow the progression of enlargement, demonstrating an analgesic effect. Finally, it is thought that bisphosphonates engender a direct anti-inflammatory response by altering the inflammatory cascade [1]. In children, bisphosphonates have been used for the treatment of conditions resulting in low bone mineral density, such as osteogenesis imperfecta [2]. Furthermore, several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy as a second-line treatment for CRMO-associated pain [3]. Most CRMO treatment regimens consist of daily infusions of IV pamidronate for 1–3 days, repeated every 3 months [1, 3, 4]. Pain relief is usually rapid, within days of initiation, and resolution of inflammation by MR imaging follows in up to 80 % of patients [2]. Radiologically, the cyclical inhibition of osteoclast activity in the skeletally immature patient gives rise to dense metaphyseal bands migrating longitudinally from the zone of provisional calcification into the diaphysis, as previously described [5, 6]. Additionally, undertubulation of the affected areas, as well a “bone within a bone” appearance can be seen [7]. The presence of metaphyseal bands engenders differential considerations such as lead poisoning and hypervitaminosis D, as well as causes of standard growth recovery lines (times of malnutrition, severe illness, etc.). As none of the causes of metaphyseal bands are common, the interpreting radiologist may be inspired to suggest further testing when confronted with this unusual finding. However, the recognition of focal undertubulation (most striking at the distal femur in this case) helps cinch the diagnosis. Recognition of these findings can be clinically important, as the abrupt change of bone mineral density at the dense bands has been implicated as a stress riser, similar to the interface between a prosthesis and native bone [8]. The potential increase in fracture risk presented by these bands may prompt a change in the duration of therapy.
Transgressive Segregation for Oleate Content in Three Soybean Populations

Increased oleate content of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil may be useful for food and industrial applications requiring increased oxidative stability. The objective of this study was to determine if transgressive segregates for oleate content could be found in crosses between three mid-oleate lines: FA22 from Iowa State University, N98-4445A from the USDA-ARS/North Carolina State University, and M23 from Saga University, Japan. Single-cross populations of FA22 x M23, FA22 x N98-4445A, and N98-4445A x M23 were developed. Plants with significantly greater oleate than the highest oleate parent were observed in the three populations in the F 2 and F 3 generations. For the F 3:4 lines grown in Puerto Rico, there were four lines with significantly greater oleate than the highest parent in the cross FA22 x M23, one line in FA22 x N98-4445A, and 27 lines in N98-4445A x M23. The F 3:4 line with the greatest oleate content had 689 g kg -1 in the population FA22 x M23, 672 g kg -1 in FA22 x N98-4445A, and 730 g kg -1 in N98-4445A × M23 compared with 542 g kg -1 for FA22, 589 g kg -1 for N98-4445A, and 583 g kg -1 for M23. Transgressive segregates from the populations should be useful as parents in a breeding program to develop cultivars with elevated oleate content.
Solid-phase microextraction using silica fibers coated with tenax-TA films

Abstract Silica fibers (125 μm×1 cm) were coated with 3 μm-thick Tenax-TA films and investigated for possible use in solid-phase microextraction. The performance of these fibers was evaluated by comparing them with commercially available polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) SPME fibers. Performance was evaluated using static headspace extraction of n-alkanes at 25 ∘ C. Results indicate the high performance of Tenax-TA coated fibers in terms of adsorption capacity and uptake saturation time. The PDMS/DVB fiber saturated after 25 minutes while Tenax-TA fiber saturated after 40 minutes. The uptake capacity of the Tenax-TA fibers was only half of what was retained with the 65 μm-thick PDMS/DVB fiber.
3387 Yield of panendoscopy and colonoscopy for iron deficiency in post-gastrectomy patients.

Intro: Iron (Fe) deficiency is a well documented late complication of partial gastrectomy (PG). The yield of endoscopy in the evaluation of Fe deficient PG patients is unknown. Aim: Determine the utility of panendoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy (CSP) in Fe deficient patients with prior Billroth I (B-I) or Billroth II (B-II) gastrectomy compared to non-PG patients. Methods: Patients with prior PG who had CSP and/or EGD for evaluation of Fe deficiency were identified and compared to a control (cont) group of Fe deficient patients without history of gastric surgery. The two groups were retrospectively identified using the CORI (Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative) database, between periods of 6/1/96 and 7/31/99 at Oregon Health Sciences University and the Portland VAMC. Patients with a ferritin ≤ 50 μg/L or a transferrin saturation (%sat) ≤ 20% were included and their records reviewed. Patients were excluded for prior gastric surgeries other than a B-I or B-II. Laboratory data included hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, and %sat. Colonoscopic findings of tumor, polyps ≥1 cm, angiodysplasia >5 in number, active colitis, or colonic ulceration were recorded. The presence of any adenomatous polyp (regardless of size) was also noted. EGD findings evaluated were ulcers, esophagitis, or esophageal/gastric varices (Vxs). Fisher's exact test and Student's T-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: 52 PG patients (35 CSP, 52 EGD) and 53 controls (44 CSP, 53 EGD) were studied. There were 13 BI and 39 BII patients. Mean interval between PG and endoscopy was 22 yr (range 4-46 yr). Demographics and laboratory values were not significantly different between PG and cont groups. Mean ferritin levels were similar (PG=20.6, cont=23.4 μg/L, p=0.3). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the proportion of patients with polyps ≥1 cm (PG=9%, cont=7%) or any adenomatous polyps (PG=29% vs 18%). No patient had malignant colonic tumors, active colitis, or significant colonic angiodysplasia. Two patients with PG had colonic ulcers, versus no control patients. Comparing EGD findings, there were no significant differences between groups for the presence of ulcers (PG=14% vs 23%), esophagitis (PG=12% vs 13%), Vxs (PG=4% vs 6%), or presence of any of these three lesions (PG=25% vs 38%). There were no upper GI malignancies. Conclusions: The yield of EGD and CSP is similar in PG and non-PG Fe deficient patients. The endoscopic evaluation of Fe deficiency should not differ in patients with PG.
EFFECTS OF SUBCUTANEOUS BETHANECHOL ON BLADDER SENSATION DURING CYSTOMETRY

Bethanechol has been shown to produce a pharmacologic effect on the urinary bladder, although the clinical efficacy of this response is controversial. The measured response has been an increase in detrusor pressure, although sensory effects may occur also. In this study, 10 neurologically intact men had cystometry before subcutaneous administration of 5 mg bethanechol chloride and thirty minutes after bethanechol. The sensation of desire to void and the maximum cystometric capacity occurred at a higher intravesical pressure and a smaller bladder capacity following bethanechol. Subcutaneous bethanechol appears to alter the bladder pressure and capacity at which the perception of desire to void and the sensation of maximum fullness occurs.
Federal provider conscience regulation: unconscionable

This paper argues that the provider conscience regulation recently put into place in the USA is misguided. The rule is too broad in the scope of protection it affords, and its conception of what constitutes assistance in the performance of an objectionable procedure reveals that it is unworkable in practice. Furthermore, the regulation wrongly treats refusal of other reproductive services as on a par with conscientious objection to participation in abortion. Finally, the rule allows providers to refuse even to discuss “objectionable” options with patients and serves to protect discriminatory refusals of medical care. For all of these reasons, this regulation is unwise.
Integrating Academic and Clinical Learning Using a Clinical Swallowing Assessment.

This article describes an experiential learning activity designed to integrate classroom knowledge and a clinical swallowing assessment. Twenty master’s-level graduate students in a dysphagia cours...
Isoforms of the CD45 common leukocyte antigen family: Markers for human T-cell differentiation

The diverse host defense and immunoregulatory functions of human T cells are performed by phenotypically heterogeneous subpopulations. Among the membrane antigens that are differentially expressed by reciprocal human T-cell subsets are the CD45RA and CD45RO isoforms of the common leukocyte antigen family, which have been hypothesized to identify "naive" and "memory" T cells, respectively. The CD45RA antigen is first expressed by T-lineage cells relatively late during their intrathymic maturation and continues to be expressed by most T cells in the immunologically naive neonate. With increasing age and antigenic exposure, however, CD45RA-/RO+ cells become more prevalent in the circulation and comprise the majority of cells in tissues. Analyses of the functional capabilities of CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ cells have shown that proliferative responses to "memory" recall antigens or the ability to provide help for antibody production are functions uniquely performed by CD4+CD45RA-/RO+ cells. The major immunoregulatory functions described for CD4+CD45RA+ cells involve suppression of immune responses, either directly or via the induction of suppressor activity by CD8+ cells. Two general models of differentiation have been proposed to describe the lineal relationship of these T-cell subsets. Although these subsets could represent mature, phenotypically and functionally stable progeny arising from separate differentiation pathways, there is considerable experimental support for the hypothesis that CD45RA-/RO+ cells are "memory" cells that derive from "naive" or "virgin" CD45RA+/RO- precursors via an activation-dependent postthymic differentiation pathway. Altered frequencies of CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells have been observed in a variety of different clinical conditions, particularly diseases manifesting altered immune function. These findings have contributed new information concerning the physiological events regulating the in vivo generation of these T-cell subsets. In addition, they may provide clues to the pathogenetic processes associated with certain diseases.
Operating Characteristics of Turbine Governors

Surging has occurred on power systems whose transmission distance is small and load density high. The Duquesne Light Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has experienced these surges. This paper outlines tests conducted to determine the influence the steam turbine governors have in starting or sustaining a surge condition. The conclusions assumed are: 1. The governor system installed at Colfax Power Station will not start system surging. 2. The governor system will not sustain load oscillations.
SOME CATEGORIES WHICH HAVE NO MINIMAL GENERATING CLASSES

Abstract A method is introduced or demonstrating that a category has no minimal generating class. This technique is then utilized to show that various categories have no minimal generating classes. These categories include the completely Hausdorff spaces and the regular completely Hausdorff spaces. They also include the categories of spaces which can be embedded in m-bounded Hausdorff spaces, in m-bounded T3 spaces, in m-bounded completely Hausdorff spaces, in regular m-bounded completely Hausdorff spaces and products of KC spaces.
Investigations of the nature of the 0.4K phase transition in YbBiPt

Abstract We report results of resistivity measurements at ambient and hydrostatic pressures of up to ≈ 6 kbar. Large resistivity anisotropy sets in below the phase-transition temperature of 0.4 K. In some directions the resistivity increases below 0.4 K, which we interpret as partial gapping of the Fermi surface. Hydrostatic pressure of less than 1 kbar suppresses the low-temperature phase entirely.
Further research in injuries from electric shock

With approximately 2,500 persons suffering from electric shock annually in the United States, fatally in about 50 per cent of the cases, the problem presented is one of increasing importance. In recognition of this fact, intensive experimental work has been under way at The Johns Hopkins University for some time, supported by funds made available through the generosity of the Committee on Physiology of the Conference on Electric Shock. The accompanying article discusses the effects of injuries produced by surge discharges, and summarizes some of the more important conclusions previously published in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Influence of surface cooling and rewarming on whole-body oxygen supply-demand balance.

The influence of moderate hypothermia induced by surface cooling was studied on haemodynamic variables and whole-body oxygen consumption in a 43-yr-old female undergoing clipping of multiple cerebral aneurysms. Decreasing oesophageal temperature to 32°C lowered the whole-body oxygen consumption by about 40%. The decrease in oxygen consumption was matched by a proportional decrease in cardiac output. During the rewarming phase, there was a progressive increase in oxygen consumption, which was matched by a proportional increase in cardiac output. This resulted in a constant oxygen extraction ratio, as evidenced by oxyhaemoglobin saturation which remained constant at different body temperatures. While the temperature-corrected P V ¯ o 2 decreased progressively with cooling, the temperature uncorrected P V ¯ o 2 remained constant at all body temperatures. Thus the use of temperature uncorrected P O 2 during hypothermia may simplify clinical interpretation because of our familiarity with normothermic P O 2 values and the normothermic oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.
Time-dependent effects in Faraday rotation in pulsed magnetic fields: an explanation.

Published measurements of Faraday rotation in a variety of materials in pulsed magnetic fields show a time-dependent or hysteresis effect in which the angle of rotation lags the magnetic field as a function of time. We show that this effect is an artifact introduced by using a passive resistance-capacitance circuit to integrate the induced electromotive force (EMF) from a pickup coil to obtain the magnetic field. By numerically integrating the sampled-induced EMF signal, the effect vanishes. However, we propose an experimental situation where such a time lag should appear, allowing measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation time of the ion responsible for the Faraday rotation.
Normal human aging and cerebral vasoconstrictive responses to hypocapnia

Cerebral vasoconstrictive capacitance was measured during voluntary hyperventilation hypocapnia in 22 healthly normal volunteers aged 21--65 years by serial 133Xe inhalation estimates of rCBF by the initial slope index method of Risberg (ISI2) in the steady state followed by the hypocapnic state. End-tidal PCO2 was monitored by a capnograph. There was significant linear correlation between reduction of PECO2 and the ISI2 values. Significant reduction of cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hypocapnia was found with normal advancing age which is attributed to (1) minor atherosclerosis or loss of elasticity of cerebral vessels with advancing age, (2) the presence of an ischemic threshold during hyperventilation at which CBF tends to stabilize.
Refractive Index of Potassium Bromide for Infrared Radiant Energy

The index of refraction of potassium bromide at 22°C has been measured for the infrared region from 1 micron to 25 microns by means of two methods on two different instruments. The two resulting sets of indexes agree to within the probable error of either one except at the two longest wavelengths. A five constant expression has been found that represents the index as a function of wavelength over the region from 0.4047 microns to 25 microns. Indexes were measured at several of the wavelengths at temperatures higher and lower than 22°C and thermal coefficients of index were computed.