cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced immune-regulatory molecule expression on human colonic memory CD4 T cells in older adults

The etiology of the low-level chronic inflammatory state associated with aging is likely multifactorial, but a number of animal and human studies have implicated a functional decline of the gastrointestinal immune system as a potential driver. Gut tissue-resident memory T cells play critical roles in mediating protective immunity and in maintaining gut homeostasis, yet few studies have investigated the effect of aging on human gut T cell immunity. To determine if aging impacted CD4 T cell immunity in the human large intestine, we utilized multi-color flow cytometry to measure colonic lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cell frequencies and immune-modulatory marker expression in younger (mean ± SEM: 38 ± 1.5 yrs) and older (77 ± 1.6 yrs) adults. To determine cellular specificity, we evaluated colon LP CD8 T cell frequency and phenotype in the same donors. To probe tissue specificity, we evaluated the same panel of markers in peripheral blood (PB) CD4 T cells in a separate cohort of similarly aged persons. Frequencies of colonic CD4 T cells as a fraction of total LP mononuclear cells were higher in older persons whereas absolute numbers of colonic LP CD4 T cells per gram of tissue were similar in both age groups. LP CD4 T cells from older versus younger persons exhibited reduced CTLA-4, PD-1 and Ki67 expression. Levels of Bcl-2, CD57, CD25 and percentages of activated CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4 T cells were similar in both age groups. In memory PB CD4 T cells, older age was only associated with increased CD57 expression. Significant age effects for LP CD8 T cells were only observed for CTLA-4 expression, with lower levels of expression observed on cells from older adults. Greater age was associated with reduced expression of the co-inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 on LP CD4 T cells. Colonic LP CD8 T cells from older persons also displayed reduced CTLA-4 expression. These age-associated profiles were not observed in older PB memory CD4 T cells. The decline in co-inhibitory receptor expression on colonic LP T cells may contribute to local and systemic inflammation via a reduced ability to limit ongoing T cell responses to enteric microbial challenge.
A slippery reality: the epistemological shifting sands of tokogeny, phylogeny, lineages and species delimitation

This essay provides an alternative perspective on the history of classification, species and subspecies concepts to that presented in a recent review by Padial and de la Riva. Central points of dif...
Product Innovation with Industry Leaders and Consumer Switching Costs

We analyze firms’ investment in product innovation when there are heterogeneous consumer switching costs in markets with an industry leader. We show that higher switching costs require a successful entrant to charge a higher price and increase investment in product innovation to remain competitive, while an industry leader’s best strategy is to increase R&D, ensuring greater market share and profit. Alternatively, with relatively low switching costs, entry reduces an industry leader’s R&D investment. Our results provide evidence of a co-existence between “Arrowian” and “Schumpeterian” investment theories, which hinges on the magnitude of consumer switching costs. Overall, entry in an innovative industry may be socially undesirable due to switching costs. Our analysis suggests that an industrial policy designed to lower switching costs (such as product standardization) unambiguously increases consumer surplus and overall welfare but may affect product innovation negatively.
Medial femoral trochlea flap reconstruction versus proximal row carpectomy for Kienböck's disease: a morphometric comparison.

Surgical options for advanced Kienbock’s disease include proximal row carpectomy or lunate reconstruction with a medial femoral trochlea osteochondral flap. This study compares morphology of the pr...
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Pathology and Its Association With Amyloid-β PET Signal.

Background and Objectives To determine the contribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) to Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)–PET tracer retention. Methods Participants from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Mayo Clinic Alzheimer9s Disease Research Center with antemortem PiB-PET imaging for β-amyloid (Aβ) who later underwent autopsy were included in this study. Pathologic regional leptomeningeal, parenchymal, capillary CAA, and Aβ plaque burden were calculated from one hemisphere. Regional lobar amyloid standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) on PET was calculated from the same hemisphere sampled at autopsy. Single- and multiple-predictor linear regression models were used to evaluate the relative contributions of pathologically determined regional CAA and Aβ plaques to antemortem PiB-PET SUVR. Results Forty-one participants (30 male, 11 female) with a mean (SD) age at death of 75.7 (10.6) years were included. Twenty-seven (66%) had high PiB signal with a mean (SD) of 2.3 (1.2) years from time of PET scan to death; 24 (59%) had a pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. On multivariate analysis, CAA was not associated with PiB-PET SUVR, while plaques remained associated with PiB-PET SUVR in all regions (all p Discussion We did not find evidence that pathologically confirmed regional CAA burden contributes significantly to proximal antemortem regional PiB-PET signal, suggesting that amyloid PET imaging for measurement of cortical amyloid burden is unconfounded by CAA on a lobar level. Whether CAA burden contributes to PiB-PET signal in patients with severe CAA phenotypes, such as lobar hemorrhage, requires further investigation.
Finite group theory

1. Preliminary results 2. Permutation representations 3. Representation of groups on groups 4. Linear representations 5. Permutation groups 6. Extensions of groups and modules 7. Spaces with forms 8. p-groups 9. Change of field of a linear representation 10. Presentation of groups 11. The generalized Fitting subgroup 12. Linear representation of finite groups 13. Transfer and fusion 14. The geometry of groups of Lie type 15. Signalizer functors 16. Finite simple groups References List of symbols Index.
Development of remote-controlled laboratories for distance education

At Queensborough Community College, with the support of the National Science Foundation (Advanced Technological Education grant awards #DUE - 9752061 and DUE - 0402332), we have addressed the issues of distance learning in laboratory courses. We have adapted courses for our Laser and Fiber-Optics Engineering Technology Program for distance learning. The "problem" of the laboratory is solved by remote-controlled laboratory equipment. We have completed the work on course materials in physical optics, lasers and fiber optics and near completion on materials for our geometric optics course. Course materials include interactive multimedia textbooks and laboratory manuals along with the remote-controlled laboratory exercises. The remote-controlled exercises are "real" experiments with "real' data as opposed to simulations. The real nature of the exercises allows for the unexpected, which occurs in any laboratory situation. Remote-controlled laboratory exercises include many topics in optics, lasers and fibers optics. As course materials were developed they were tested at a remote site, Suffolk County Community College.
Tales From the Abyss: What Does It Take To Get Disbarred These Days?

As the behavior of attorneys appears to become more repugnant as the years pass, legal scholars continue to lament over the decline in civility and quality of attorneys in the profession. Not only does attorney conduct seem to be more reprehensible, or at least more visible these days, but the rules of professional conduct for many states require the lowest common denominator of behavior. An attorney need only conduct herself at the lowest levels of professionalism to avoid discipline. Based on the nauseating behavior by some attorneys these days, as well as the low standards of conduct required for an attorney, the question becomes: what does it actually take to get disbarred? This article examines several cases in several jurisdictions relating to disbarment. The cases do not involve conduct that would obviously warrant disbarment, such as embezzling thousands of dollars from the client, murder or arson; instead, the cases focus on other misconduct, including lack of diligence, dishonesty, supervising, payment arrangements with a client, and even failing to act properly as a juror, each of which can also lead to disbarment. This article discusses how a pattern of misconduct, plus prior disciplinary sanctions, failure to participate or participate truthfully in the disciplinary process, and lack of remorse are fatal combinations to a lawyer’s license. This article also demonstrates that attorneys need not break every rule, or break them repeatedly, to lose their licenses or suffer serious consequences. The article also provides practical tips to avoid disbarment and other sanctions.
A thin film technology eddy current microsensor

Summary form only given. Eddy current measurement for non-destructive testing excels due to its simplicity and reliability. While originally developed as an inspection technique for detecting large scale defects, there is a growing need to also identify micron scale cracks. This application necessitates smaller sensors with improved resolution and sensitivity. In this paper, the authors present an eddy current microsensor for the detection of surface microcracks in both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Role of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation and Intracardiac Echocardiography in the Treatment of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IAST) is an uncommon disorder that is characterized by an increased resting heart rate (>100 bpm) and/or an exaggerated heart rate response to minimal exertion (>100 bpm). The P wave axis and morphology during tachycardia are similar or identical to that during sinus rhythm. Secondary causes of sinus tachycardia should be carefully excluded before establishing the diagnosis. Symptoms of palpitations and/or syncope need to be clearly related to the sinus tachycardia.
Lipoxin B4 regulates human monocyte/neutrophil adherence and motility: design of stable lipoxin B4 analogs with increased biologic activity

Lipoxins are biologically active products of arachidonic acid that are formed via cell–cell interactions, particularly those involving leukocytes. Lipoxin A4 and lipoxin B4 (LXB4), within similar concentration ranges, each inhibit human neutrophil, activate monocyte adherence and motility, and are rapidly converted by initial dehydrogenation to other inactive metabolites by human monocytes. Here, we exposed LXB4 to isolated recombinant 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and found that it was a good substrate for the enzyme (Km=6.9 μM); we identified the major product as 5-oxo-LXB4 via physical methods including liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first evidence of 15-PGDH converting a substrate hydroxyl group at a position other than the ω-6 carbon. Based on these observations, several LXB4 analogs were designed and prepared by total organic synthesis to test as stable mimetics: 5(S)-methyl-LXB4-me, 5(R)-methyl-LXB4-me, and 15-epi-LXB4-me (the aspirin-triggered form of...
Adapting disease-specific isolation guidelines to a hospital information system

The authors modified the Centers for Disease Control's guideline for disease-specific isolation precautions to a hospital computerized information system. Entering a suspected diagnosis selected from the isolation option on computer terminals generated: a printout listing the isolation instructions, infective material(s), and persons who should avoid exposure; an order for the appropriate supplies; a patient charge based on the supplies required; and an option for stopping, changing, or listing the orders. In order to implement this system, both extensive in-service training for nurses and efforts to change ordering practices of physicians were necessary. Prevalence surveys before and after computerization were used to evaluate the new system. Combined surveys showed that isolation was ordered for only 21% of patients when indicated. Failure to isolate was identified as a significant problem. As a consequence, continuous surveillance and consultation of all infected patients were instituted, resulting in isolation orders for 81% when indicated. The computerized disease-specific system has resulted in better and more accurate use of isolation, probably due to in-service education and surveillance efforts.
Designing examples for semantically guided hierarchical deduction

Semantically guided hierarchical deduction prover is a resolution-based theorem-proving procedure which is capable of using the domain dependent knowledge presented in well designed examples. This paper gives an overview of the basic deduction components of the prover, investigates some rules for human design of examples, and demonstrates their usage in proving several non-trivial theorems.
Activation of Nonexpressed Endogenous Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus by Transfection of Genomic DNA into Embryo Cells

Abstract We studied the infectivity of endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus genomes contained in high-molecular-weight DNA prepared from virus-free cells of the AKR-2B line, and from RF, BALB/c, B6, and (BALB/c × B6)F1 mouse embryo cells. When DNA prepared from virus-free AKR-2B cells was transfected into NIH-3T3 cells, no virus-positive cultures were observed, a result consistent with previous reports. However, when DNAs from virus-free AKR-2B cells or virus-free cells containing the RF/J or BALB/c ecotropic proviruses were transfected into chicken embryo cells that were then cocultivated with SC-1 (mouse) cells, virus-positive cultures were recovered. The specific infectivities of the AKR provirus(es) contained in virus-free cells and the molecularly cloned Akv-1 provirus were similar when chicken embryo cells were used as primary recipients. Virus-positive cultures were also observed when secondary mouse embryo cells were used as recipients for DNA from virus-free AKR-2B and RF/J cells. The transfected chicken embryo-SC-1 cultures produced XC-positive murine leukemia virus that is N-tropic. Virus-positive recipient cultures were observed 10- to 100-fold more frequently when AKR-2B DNA was used than when BALB/c DNA was used as the donor DNA. Our studies indicate that some nonexpressed ecotropic murine leukemia virus proviruses are activated upon transfection into chicken embryo cells. Such studies suggest that there are different factors governing the expression of murine leukemia virus after transfection into established cell lines (NIH-3T3) and into nonestablished secondary cultures (chicken and mouse).
A novel approach to prevent post-operative ileus after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract Introduction Patients with postoperative ileus (POI), a common post-surgical event, experience intense discomfort. Various treatments targeting prevention of POI have shown to have an unpredictable effect. We introduced a novel postoperative bowel management protocol in patients implanted with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD). The effect of this protocol on POI was evaluated. Methods Patients receiving an old bowel management protocol (OBMP; 01/2007-03/2009) were compared with those receiving a new bowel management protocol (NBMP; 04/2009-12/2013). The OBMP consisted of advancing the diet as tolerated, bisacodyl suppositories and enemas with the goal of a bowel movement (BM) every 3 days. The NBMP consisted of clear liquids until first BM is achieved, then full liquids until the second BM, then advancing to goal diet. Docusate is given on postoperative day (POD) 1 and bisacodyl PR on POD2 with enemas if ileus develops. Enemas are added POD3 if no BM has occurred. Polyethylene glycol is considered daily for patients prone to constipation. The goal is a BM every 2 days. Patients were made nil per os (NPO) with any signs of ileus. Results One hundred eighteen patients were implanted with CF-LVADs during the study period. The incidence of ileus significantly decreased from 19% in the OBMP group to 4% percent in the NBMP group (p Conclusions A novel postoperative bowel management protocol successfully decreased the incidence of POI following CF-LVAD implant surgery at our institution.
Impact of anticholinergic load of medications on the length of stay of cancer patients in hospice care.

Objectives An important goal of hospice care is to relieve pain and suffering of terminal cancer patients. Anticholinergic medications are effective in the symptom palliation among terminal cancer patients. However, use of these medications has been associated with increased risk of side effects, which might lead to premature mortality. Short lengths of stay in hospice care leave patients with a higher level of unmet needs. The study was conducted to examine the effect of increasing anticholinergic load on the length of stay of cancer patients in hospice care in the USA. Methods The National Home and Hospice Care Survey 2007 was used as the data source. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the risk of death among users of moderate and high anticholinergic load compared with users of low anticholinergic load in presence of other prognostic factors. Key findings Cancer patients on a moderate anticholinergic load had a 12.7% lower hazard of death (P = 0.0244), while those on a high anticholinergic load had a 15.6% lower hazard of death (P = 0.0071) as compared with those patients on a low anticholinergic load. Among other prognostic factors, non-elderly age group, male gender, white race, metropolitan hospice agency, non-profit hospice agency, severe activities of daily living dependency and cognitive impairment were significantly associated with a higher probability of death. Conclusions These results provide no evidence for increasing anticholinergic load increasing mortality in cancer patients using hospice care. Thus, high anticholinergic load might have conferred a protective effect on the patients because of better symptom control.
Viscosity of Food: Measurement and Application

The measurement of viscosity and viscoelastic behavior of fluid foods are reviewed. The role of factors such as rate of shear, temperature, and concentration of soluble and insoluble solids on the viscosity of food is covered. Two important areas in food technology, sensory assessment of viscosity and role of viscosity in pipe flow, are discussed.
Configurations of nonlinear materials with electric fields that minimize Lp norms

Abstract A methodology is given for the construction of configurations of multi-phase nonlinear dielectric materials with electric fields that have the smallest L p norm among all configurations subject to a resource constraint. Examples are given for configurations of two isotropic linear and nonlinear dielectrics with electric fields minimizing the L 2 norm and L 4 norm, respectively.
Unsteady, three-dimensional fluid mechanic analysis of blood flow in plaque-narrowed and plaque-freed arteries

Fluid mechanic analysis is used to create and implement a metric to quantify the effectiveness of plaque removal (i.e., debulking) modalities in small arteries. The quantification is based on a three-dimensional, unsteady model of blood flow in complex tubular geometries which characterizes plaque-narrowed arteries. Blood flow unsteadiness is due to the heart-imposed temporal variations which occur during the cardiac cycle. The arterial geometries used for the analysis were determined by the reconstruction of ultrasonic images which were captured before and after debulking. Numerical simulation was used to implement the fluid mechanic model, and separate consideration is given to Newtonian and non-Newtonian constitutive equations. The results of the analysis indicates that the removal of the plaque led to an increase in the rate of blood flow of approximately 2.5, both during the systole and diastole portions of the cardiac cycle. This increase corresponds to the application of the same time-varying, end-to-end pressure difference across the artery segments. The shear stress on the artery wall, a major determinant of the buildup of plaque, is found to be higher for a debulked artery than for a plaque-narrowed artery. This outcome is favorable in that the higher the wall shear, the lower the rate of plaque formation.
Economic Grievance and the Severity of Civil War

This article examines the relationship between economic grievance and the severity of civil war. Theoretically, we create a testable micro-foundation for the association between economic grievance and conflict intensity. We argue that grievance does not lessen after the onset of civil war. Rather, pent-up grievance aggravates violence during the war. The more relative deprivation there is prior to the conflict, the more deadly and violently participants are expected to behave on the battlefield. This proposition is tested in a statistical analysis using the Armed Conflict Dataset (1960–92). Empirically, we demonstrate that economic grievance makes civil war more deadly. This effect is independent of the effect of ethnic grievance.
Soret effect in solids

Abstract Thermal diffusion in solids is studied for a one-component system by the path probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics based on the vacancy mechanism from the atomistic point of view. The treatment allows a microscopic description of so far controversial concepts such as the heat of transport and leads to analytical expressions of the Soret effect. Concentration gradient or thermoelectric effect (in ionic conductors) created as a response to the temperature gradient was found to be proportional to the energy minus enthalpy of transport ( E ∗ − H ∗ ) rather than to the heat of transport Q ∗ (=E ∗ − μ , where μ is the chemical potential). The results are applied to thermotransport problems of interstitial solutes and thermoelectric effects in superionic conductors. The results depend sensitively on the detailed model of the assembly of particles. The application of the Monte Carlo simulation to the same model is discussed.
The Turn of the Century North American Drought: Global Context, Dynamics, and Past Analogs

Abstract The causes and global context of the North American drought between 1998 and 2004 are examined using atmospheric reanalyses and ensembles of atmosphere model simulations variously forced by global SSTs or tropical Pacific SSTs alone. The drought divides into two distinct time intervals. Between 1998 and 2002 it coincided with a persistent La Nina–like state in the tropical Pacific, a cool tropical troposphere, poleward-shifted jet streams, and, in the zonal mean, eddy-driven descent in midlatitudes. During the winters reduced precipitation over North America in the climate models was sustained by anomalous subsidence and reductions of moisture convergence by the stationary flow and transient eddies. During the summers reductions of evaporation and mean flow moisture convergence drove the precipitation reduction, while transient eddies acted diffusively to oppose this. During these years the North American drought fitted into a global pattern of circulation and hydroclimate anomalies with noticeab...
Helix proximity and ligand-induced conformational changes in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli determined by site-directed chemical crosslinking.

Abstract N and C-terminal halves of lactose permease, each with a single-Cys residue, were co-expressed, and crosslinking was studied. Iodine or N , N ′- o -phenylenedimaleimide ( o -PDM; rigid 6 A), crosslinks Asn245→Cys (helix VII) and Ile52→Cys or Ser53→Cys (helix II). N , N ′- p -phenylenedimaleimide ( p -PDM; rigid 10 A) crosslinks the 245/53 Cys pair weakly, but does not crosslink 245/52, and 1,6- bis -maleimidohexane (BMH; flexible 16 A) crosslinks both pairs less effectively than o -PDM. Thus, 245 is almost equidistant from 52 and 53 by up to about 6 A. BMH or p -PDM crosslinks Gln242→Cys and Ser53→Cys, but o -PDM is ineffective, indicating that distance varies by up to 10 A. Ligand binding increases crosslinking of 245/53 with p -PDM or BMH, has little effect with o -PDM and decreases iodine crosslinking. Similar effects are observed with 245/52. Ligand increases 242/53 crosslinking with p -PDM or BMH, but no crosslinking is observed with o -PDM. Therefore, ligand induces a translational or scissors-like displacement of the helices by 3-4 A. Crosslinking 245/53 inhibits transport indicating that conformational flexibility is important for function.
The French Workers' Movement since 1945

That three books about the French labor movement in the 1970s and 1980s all have the word crisis in the title can hardly be a coincidence. The prolonged re cession, which began with the oil embargo of 1973 and shows no signs of abat ing, found the French labor movement ill-equipped in terms of strategy and unable to devise appropriate policies. The result has been the demobilization and disillusionment of the working class and the decline of trade union organi zations despite the victory of the left in the elections of 1981. There is a double irony in this outcome. Part of the failure of the French labor movement, as these books assert, was due to its excessive reliance on politics. French unions pursued a "maximalist" strategy, disdaining compromise and failing to devise a policy appropriate to the economy because they believed the crisis to be polit ical and its solution dependent upon radical change on the governmental level. Yet when radical political change appeared imminent in the elections of 1978 the French Communist party shrank back from the prospect of power and adopted tactics which resulted in the defeat of the left. Moreover, the PCF continued its divisive policies through the elections of 1981, weakening itself in the process and insuring that when the Socialists did win they would govern without needing the Communists, who were relegated to a subordinate role. Thus the unions failed their workers doubly, on the shop floor and, through
Pulsed-laser deposited TiC coatings for MEMS

Titanium carbide (TiC) thin films have very desirable properties that make them ideally suited for applications to MEMS devices. TiC has been one of the preferred coatings for improving the performance of macroscopic moving mechanical components due to its established wear-resistance. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been an excellent method for the deposition of TiC because unlike any other deposition process for TiC, PLD offers the capability of producing high-quality films even at room-temperature. Using a patented PLD technique, especially designed and optimized for the deposition of high-hardness, particulate-free films, we have deposited TiC coatings on a variety of surfaces, including Si and several MEMS compatible film-layers. Our results have demonstrated that TiC coatings also offer a high wear-resistance to Si surfaces. This, together with the excellent chemical and mechanical properties, and thermal stability of our PLD TiC coatings, has led to our application of TiC to moving MEMS devices fabricated from Si. The fabrication of Si MEMS devices is quite well established, however, the reliability and performance of MEMS devices such as microgears, micromotors and microactuators, which involve sliding Si surfaces, remain an open question. The short functional life of these devices is attributed to the excessive wear rate of Si induced by high friction. The work presented here describes a hybrid process whereby PLD is used in conjunction with the Aerospace MEMS fabrication process (AIMMOS) for inserting TiC coatings into critical interfaces in MEMS devices that would involve sliding contact between two Si surfaces. The PLD of TiC, the spectroscopy of the plume, and the properties and applications of PLD-TiC for MEMS will be discussed.
Morphology and Electrochemistry of Hydrothermally Prepared LiMnPO4

In this study, we explored the synthesis of LiMnPO4 through hydrothermal methods using urea as the hydroxide ion source. The hydrothermally prepared LiMnPO4 was examined through x, ray diffraction, microscopy, surface area and electrochemical measurements. Small crystallites were formed and significant agglomeration of particles was observed. The effect of additives to control nucleation and growth of the LiMnPO4 is reported. None of the attempted additives led to the desired morphology. At a C/5 discharge rate, a capacity of about 53 mAh/g was observed for a carbon coated sample of hydrothermally prepared LiMnPO4.
The Federalism Papers: Commentary on the History of Federalism

The articles in this special section address quite distinct aspects of the history of world federalism that, taken together, point to federalism (beyond an ideal, ideology, or social movement) as a process. It was one of many transnational social movements that can be understood as players in global politics. In this sense the federalist movement participated in the process it idealized—the creation of world governance beyond states.
A Theory of Conservatism

The conservative of today hardly knows what to conserve. His bargain with destiny seems broken, and instead of consciousness of achievement and contentment with what is, he is more likely to be filled with a sense of frustration. This frustration is an uncertain quantity with which to deal, since it is characteristically explosive and negative. Under its guidance, conservatism may become a driving force to suppress the inconsequential; it may be a force that is forgetful at the same time of fundamental changes that will undermine a way of political existence. The conservative is happiest when he is unconscious of politics, when the essential propositions of social organisation do not have to be defended. But the weakness of conservatism appears in not knowing always what are the fundamental propositions supporting its manner of living, and in inability to judge the consequences of political and economic mutation. Conservatism, however, is at least that body of social thought which does not have to be defended. Conflict, struggle, and protest must be conscious and filled with a sense of purpose. In conflict, there is always the conscious defense of what is presumed to be an interest, and there is an attack on what others deem to be their interest. Likewise, radicalism can never be unconscious or merely habitual, for it is a protest against something that is. But it must not be forgotten that in no state of society have all interests reached an equilibrium which permits of complete cooperation and no struggle. In this sense, conservatism represents a functional value in existence, since the stability of a conservative society is a situation in which the conflict of interests and wills is muted and restricted.
New methods for digital halftoning and inverse halftoning

Halftoning is the rendition of continuous-tone pictures on bi-level displays. Here we first review some of the halftoning algorithms which have a direct bearing on our paper and then describe some of the more recent advances in the field. Dot diffusion halftoning has the advantage of pixel-level parallelism, unlike the popular error diffusion halftoning method. We first review the dot diffusion algorithm and describe a recent method to improve its image quality by taking advantage of the Human Visual System function. Then we discuss the inverse halftoning problem: The reconstruction of a continuous tone image from its halftone. We briefly review the methods for inverse halftoning, and discuss the advantages of a recent algorithm, namely, the Look Up Table (LUT)Method. This method is extremely fast and achieves image quality comparable to that of the best known methods. It can be applied to any halftoning scheme. We then introduce LUT based halftoning and tree-structured LUT (TLUT)halftoning. We demonstrate how halftone image quality in between that of error diffusion and Direct Binary Search (DBS)can be achieved depending on the size of tree structure in TLUT algorithm while keeping the complexity of the algorithm much lower than that of DBS.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Convergent validity of the Child Behavior Checklist sleep items with validated sleep measures and sleep disorder diagnoses in children and adolescents referred to a sleep disorders center

Abstract Objective The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a commonly used measure of child and adolescent functioning, and a handful of items from the CBCL are often used to measure sleep functioning. The objective of this study was to examine the convergent, discriminant, and external validity of the individual CBCL sleep items and a CBCL sleep composite with validated measures of sleep functioning and youth adjustment as well as sleep disorder diagnoses. Methods The participants were 383 youths (ages 6–18 years; 52.5% male; 80% non-Hispanic White) evaluated in a behavioral sleep medicine clinic. A sleep psychologist diagnosed sleep disorders following a comprehensive evaluation. Parents completed the CBCL in addition to the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and the Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students (SDIS). Adolescents completed the Adolescent Sleep–Wake Scale (ASWS). Results Individual CBCL sleep items were generally associated with sleep scales on validated sleep measures and with sleep disorder diagnoses. The CBCL sleep composite was associated with total scores on each of the sleep-specific measures, as well as with the CBCL attention, social, internalizing, and externalizing problems scales. Conclusions Although the CBCL is inadequate for thoroughly assessing sleep problems and disorders, sleep items on the CBCL may be useful in epidemiological/archival studies that lack a more comprehensive sleep measure or to clinicians who do not use other validated sleep measures in their typical practice. Individual CBCL sleep items may be optimal when assessing specific facets of sleep functioning whereas the CBCL sleep composite may be optimal when examining overall sleep functioning and external correlates of sleep.
Growth and differentiation of callus cultures of Pinus

Segments of hypocotyl and cotyledons of aseptically-grown seedlings of Pinus strobus L. (white pine) and P. echinata Mill (shortleaf pine) were used as explants for establishing tissue cultures. Growth and differentiation of callus were studied on a modified Murashige and Skoog's medium containing nutrients and plant growth regulators. Meristems below the surface of callus tissue of P. strobus could be induced on media supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid alone or in combination with certain other plant growth regulators. Occasionally, differentiation of shoot buds also occurred on callus cultures. These shoot buds could be grown in vitro but roots did not develop.
MO-B-16A-01: Memorial to Donald D. Tolbert - Memorial Lecture

The Medical Physics community lost one of its prominent leaders in April, 2013 with the passing of Donald D. Tolbert, PhD. He received his Doctorate at the University of Kansas followed by post Doctoral training at Florida State University and the University of Wisconsin. He was Chief of Radiation Therapy Medical Physics at the University of Wisconsin Hospital for 7 years before relocating to Honolulu Hawaii, where he founded the consulting group Mid-Pacific Medical Physics. Don was a leader in both the AAPM and the ACR, chairing the Professional Council and the Commission on Medical Physics. He was active on the AAPM Board of Directors and a member of the ACR Board of Chancellors. Dr. Tolbert's approach to the difficult problems of the times was admired and respected by colleagues in Medical Physics, Radiation Oncology, and Diagnostic Radiology. He always rose above the heated political rhetoric and led the discussion to higher ground. His wisdom was continually sought to solve complicated problems. Following retirement, he returned to homes in Kansas and Colorado, devoting his time to writing about coping with diabetes and providing support for Seniors in Beloit Kansas. Don is survived by his wife, Mattie, his 3 children and 5 grandchildren. He will be greatly missed.
Eosinophilia in premature infants: Relationshipto weight gain

Serial eosinophil counts were determined in 38 hospitalized, appropriately grown premature infants whose gestational ages ranged from 27 to 35 weeks. Absolute eosinophilia (>700/mm 3 ) was documented in 76% (29/38). Eosinophilia was mild (700 to 999/mm 3 ) in 9, moderate (1,000 to 2,999/mm 3 ) in 17, and marked (≥3,000/mm 3 ) in 3 patients. The average time of onset was day 19. Peak eosinophilia was usually seen within one week of onset and lasted an average of 16 days. A consistent relationship (r=0.86) was found between the day of peak eosinophilia (x = day 27) and the day on which birthweight was regained (x = day 22). No association was apparent between the occurrence or degree of eosinophilia and gestational age, birth stress, presence of umbilical catheter, parenteral alimentation solution, and time of beginning or type of oral feeds. The data suggest that eosinophilia is strongly associated with the establishment of an anabolic state.
High temperature Ag-In joints between Si chips and aluminum

The operating temperature of packaged devices is often constrained by the melting temperature of the die-attach material. Taking the most popular lead-free solder SAC as an example, its melting temperature is 217°C. Using 80% of the homologous as a guideline of maximum operating temperature, it corresponds to 119°C. Many advanced semiconductor chips can operate at a much higher temperature. It is thus clear that high temperature die-attachment materials are in demand. The challenge is that typical bonding processes require the bonding temperature to be higher than the melting temperature. This temperature is often too high for the chips and other packaging materials to survive. In this research, we looked into the Ag-In system and developed a bonding process that needs only 190°C but produces joints that have melting temperature higher than 600°C at least. The process is entirely fluxless. To demonstrate this new process, silicon chips were bonded to aluminum (Al) substrates. Al was chosen as demonstration substrate because it has the highest CTE, 23×10-6/°C, among all substrate materials. The Si-Al pair provides the largest CTE mismatch among all electronic bonding structures. This large CTE mismatch allows us to show the strength and durability of the resulting Ag-In joints. Any weak joints would have broken as the samples cooled to room temperature as a result of the severe CTE mismatch. Many samples were produced. Despite the large CTE mismatch, no joint breaks. To evaluate the joint quality, composition and microstructure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used. Nearly perfect joints are produced. The joint consists of Ag, solid solution (Ag), and Ag2In in stack of Ag/(Ag)/Ag2In/(Ag)/Ag. The melting temperature is higher than 695°C. To determine the strength of the joints, six samples went through shear test. They all pass the 5kg requirement specified in MIL-STD-883H standard. The fracture force ranges from 17kg (6.7MPa) to 94kg (36.9MPa). There are two fracture types. One is fracture within Ag-In joint where it breaks along the Ag2In region in brittle mode. The other type is Si chip breakage. It is worthwhile to mention that Al is not solderable. A new process was developed to make Al bondable that results in high bonding strength as evidenced by the high shear strength measured.
Explaining the family conflict-glycemic control link through psychological variables in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

To examine whether individual psychological variables mediate the family conflict-glycemic control relationship. During three study visits spanning 9 months, 147 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed questionnaires measuring anxiety and depressive symptoms, and diabetes-specific worry. Caregivers similarly completed a measure of diabetes-specific family conflict. Blood glucose monitoring frequency and glycemic control were also obtained during study visits. Separate mediation analyses revealed that anxiety was the only individual psychological variable that mediated the caregiver-reported family conflict-glycemic control link. Anxiety accounted for 20% of the family conflict-glycemic control link, compared to 8.5% for depression and 6% for diabetes-specific worry. Results suggest that anxiety symptoms may be promoted in a family environment characterized by conflict and these symptoms have detrimental effects on glycemic control. Continued monitoring of family functioning and adolescents’ anxiety symptoms, as well as refinement of interventions, is needed to promote positive health outcomes.
Medical Technology: Assessment, Adoption, and Utilization

Promotion of appropriate diffusion of technology in medicine is handicapped by: (1) thorny conceptual, ethical, and methodological problems in technology assessment; (2) a lack of consistent findings on the factors affecting technology adoption and utilization; and (3) a disturbing lack of apparent connection between assessment, adoption, and utilization. This paper reviews published work in these areas of inquiry, highlights areas of needed research, and suggests areas in which the health system of the Veterans Administration could make particularly valuable contributions.
Coronary vasodilation induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in vivo: differential contribution of nitric oxide and bradykinin in conductance and resistance arteries

Background We studied in coronary conductance and resistance arteries the coronary vasodilator effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat and the contribution of nitric oxide, bradykinin, and prostaglandins to this vasodilation. Methods and Results In seven anesthetized dogs, a Doppler guidewire was placed in the circumflex coronary artery to measure coronary flow velocity, and an ultrasound imaging catheter was introduced over the Doppler wire to measure coronary cross-sectional area. Drugs were infused directly into the left main coronary artery to minimize systemic effects. Ramiprilat increased both epicardial cross-sectional area and coronary blood flow velocity, resulting in an increase in absolute coronary blood flow. Pretreatment with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μmol/L intracoronary) to block nitric oxide synthase attenuated ramiprilat-induced increase in epicardial coronary cross-sectional area (P<.05) but not in coronary flow velocity or coronary blood flow. In co...
Nonverbal Vocalic Communication and Perceptions Of A Speaker.

(1971). Nonverbal vocalic communication and perceptions of a speaker. Speech Monographs: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 235-241.
Oxidation Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Antioxidants

Inhibition of oil oxidation is the key to long life of synthetic lubricants operating in thermal stress and boundary lubrication environments [1]. Bench-scale tests to screen oil formulations provide a rapid means for optimizing formulations prior to longer running verification tests done with the oil in the end-use application [2]. The ultimate goal of accelerated oil life tests is to link the sample combustion temperature, or induction time, at a given heating rate, or temperature, to the estimated lifetime under normal use temperatures. A first order reaction model has recently been employed to derive kinetic parameters from the heating rate dependence of the combustion temperature in the non-isothermal pressure DSC (NIPDSC) test by Adhvaryu et al. [3]. The first order reaction model [4] is also employed here, but we show that a more detailed scheme is needed to fit the heat flow during the combustion exotherm. The detailed kinetic model also provides the link between the NIPDSC test and the isothermal pressure DSC test, as well lifetime estimation at temperatures closer to the end-use conditions. Although isothermal PDSC is useful on grease [5], it does not provide a sharp exotherm for the unthickened base oil [6]. The NIPDSC test provides a reasonably sharp exotherm for formulated base oil in a relatively short amount of time. In the NIPDSC test, 10–12 mg of oil is placed in an open DSC pan. The sample chamber is pressurized with oxygen. The sample temperature is linearly increased with time until the occurrence of the combustion exotherm. The exotherm peak temperature and total heat flow did not exhibit any regular dependence on oxygen pressure between 0.55 and 3.4 MPa. The base oil was an (average) C7 ester of pentaerythritol. Primary antioxidants were hindered phenol and aromatic amines, and Zn-dialkyldithiocarbamate (ZDTC) and Zn-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) were used as secondary antioxidants. For some of the tests, soluble catalyst [2] was incorporated as iron (III) 2-ethylhexanoate. The reduced heat flow thermograms during the NIPDSC test on the base oil are shown in Fig. 1. The curves are normalized by the peak heat flow rate as Q/Qp , and the symbols denote curves from the first order reaction model, discussed below. The exotherm temperature increases and the exotherm sharpens with increased heating rate. At the 20 °C/min heating rates, the internal heating upon combustion noticeably skews the shape of the exotherm.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Intravascular hemolysis associated with porcine mitral valve calcification in children

Intravascular hemolysis was present in 5 of 16 children who underwent porcine valve replacement. Each patient had an abnormal blood smear pattern and reticulocytosis and one or more biochemical changes indicative of hemolysis. In all five patients, the porcine valve was calcified. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe mitral stenosis and minimal mitral insufficiency in each of the patients with intravascular hemolysis. The presence of hemolysis is indicative of valve dysfunction.
A GENERAL THEORY OF CLUTCH SIZE.

It is possible to think of organisms as having a certain limited amount of time or energy available for expenditure, and of natural selection as that force which oper- ates in the allocation of this time or energy in a way which maximizes the contribution of a genotype to following generations. This manner of treatment of problems con- cerning the adaptation of phenotypes is called the "Principle of Allocation" (Levins and MacArthur, unpublished), and one of its applications might be the formulation of a general theory to account for clutch size in birds. At this stage we will assume that clutch size is a hereditary phenotypic characteristic which can be affected to a greater or lesser extent by the prevailing environmental conditions and which ex- hibits the normal variability of such char- acteristics. Lack (1954) discusses the validity of several hypotheses which' at- tempt to account for clutch size and its variation under different circumstances and conditions, all of which were rejected in favor of his now widely accepted theory that clutch size is adapted to a limited food supply. This paper is an attempt to show that this and other existing hypotheses when taken singly are inadequate in some respect to account for all the data, that each holds for some particular set of con- ditions, and that each is but a part of the complete explanation. The theories will be dealt with individually and it will be shown that as environment varies so will the fac- tors which determine clutch size. PRESENTATION OF THE THEORY