cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The English Legal Inheritance

We present an overview of the English legal inheritance from the Anglo-Saxons to the twenty-first century. Common law is an example of the inductive English mind-set, which originated in the Germanic tribes relatively free of Roman domination, and the ‘rule of law’ evolved within it. There is an ongoing tension between the role of legislation and the role of adjudication. We discuss major figures such as Bacon, Coke, Hobbes, Hale, Blackstone, Bentham, Austin, Maitland, and Pollock. This is sharply contrasted with the Continental legal tradition rooted in the Greek intellectual heritage of deduction, canon law, secularized natural law, and the rediscovery of Justinian and Aristotle. We stress the extent to which the Continental tradition emphasizes a collective good and the ‘rule thru law.’
Control of the phoBR Regulon in Escherichia coli .

Phosphorus is required for many biological molecules and essential functions, including DNA replication, transcription of RNA, protein translation, posttranslational modifications, and numerous facets of metabolism. In order to maintain the proper level of phosphate for these processes, many bacteria adapt to changes in environmental phosphate levels. The mechanisms for sensing phosphate levels and adapting to changes have been extensively studied for multiple organisms. The phosphate response of Escherichia coli alters the expression of numerous genes, many of which are involved in the acquisition and scavenging of phosphate more efficiently. This review shares findings on the mechanisms by which E. coli cells sense and respond to changes in environmental inorganic phosphate concentrations by reviewing the genes and proteins that regulate this response. The PhoR/PhoB two-component signal transduction system is central to this process and works in association with the high-affinity phosphate transporter encoded by the pstSCAB genes and the PhoU protein. Multiple models to explain how this process is regulated are discussed.
A Quantitative Approach to Architecting All-Flash Lustre File Systems

New experimental and AI-driven workloads are moving into the realm of extreme-scale HPC systems at the same time that high-performance flash is becoming cost-effective to deploy at scale. This confluence poses a number of new technical and economic challenges and opportunities in designing the next generation of HPC storage and I/O subsystems to achieve the right balance of bandwidth, latency, endurance, and cost. In this work, we present quantitative models that use workload data from existing, disk-based file systems to project the architectural requirements of all-flash Lustre file systems. Using data from NERSC’s Cori I/O subsystem, we then demonstrate the minimum required capacity for data, capacity for metadata and data-on-MDT, and SSD endurance for a future all-flash Lustre file system.
Advanced cardiac life support certification for student pharmacists improves simulated patient survival

Abstract Background and purpose Basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) skills performance, as well as simulated patient survival, were compared for student pharmacist teams with and without at least one member with American Heart Association (AHA) ACLS certification. Educational activity and setting Doctor of pharmacy students in their third professional year completed a high-fidelity mannequin simulation. Within the previous year, 30 of 184 students (16%) completed ACLS certification. Rapid response teams (n = 31) of five to six members were formed through random student assignment. Two AHA instructors recorded and assessed performance using a checklist adapted from the AHA's standardized forms for BLS and ACLS assessment. Teams with and without ACLS certified members were compared for skills performance and simulated patient survival (i.e. correct performance of all BLS and ACLS skills). Findings Teams with ACLS certified members (n = 21) were superior to teams without certified members (n = 10) for correct performance of all observed BLS and ACLS skills, including pulse assessment and medication selection for cardiovascular support. For teams who had ACLS certified members, simulated patient survival was 86% higher. The study groups did not differ in their ability to calculate a correct vasopressor infusion rate if warranted. Summary BLS and ACLS skills performance were improved by AHA ACLS certification. Additionally, simulated patient survival was improved for teams with students who had at least one ACLS certified member.
Further Examples Related to Correlations Between Variables and Ranks

Rank statistics { R 1 , … , R n } of actual variates { X 1 , … , X n } play an important role in university undergraduate nonparametric statistics courses. This article derives explicit expressions...
Investigating Engagement and Flow with a Placed-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Game

An immersive virtual reality (iVR) game for high school students to learn about locations in their watershed with a primary focus on their city was designed and developed, employing a design model that focuses on flow. An exploratory study with the iVR game was conducted in an urban school in the eastern USA with 57 adolescents ages 16–18 from a population that is economically disadvantaged and includes students who are typically unengaged in traditional school-based learning environments. After game completion, the participants completed a 10-item survey measuring elements of flow and a 12-item survey designed to measure perceptions toward learning with VR games, immersion and presence. Participant focus groups were conducted with an emphasis on features that promoted engagement, learning, immersion, and presence. The findings revealed that all students experienced a flow state when they played the iVR learning game. Almost all users (98.1%) had positive attitudes towards using the iVR game. Students experienced high immersion and presence. In addition, students had favorable attitudes towards learning with iVR games in school environments.
GSDMD Deficiency Protects Against Aortic Rupture

Objective: Aortic ruptures are fatal consequences of aortic aneurysms with macrophage accumulation being a hallmark at the site of ruptures. Pyroptosis is critical in macrophage-mediated inflammation. This study determined effects of pyroptosis on aortic dilation and rupture using GSDMD deficient mice. Approach and Results: In an initial study, male Gsdmd+/+ and Gsdmd-/- mice in C57BL/6J background (8 to 10 weeks old) were infected with adeno-associated viral vectors encoding mouse PCSK9D377Y gain-of-function mutation and fed a Western diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. After two weeks of AAV infection, angiotensin II (AngII, 1,000 ng/kg/min) was infused. During the 4 weeks of AngII infusion, 5 of 13 Gsdmd+/+ mice died of aortic rupture, whereas no aortic rupture occurred in Gsdmd-/- mice. In surviving mice, no differences in either ascending or abdominal aortic dilation were observed between Gsdmd+/+ and Gsdmd-/- mice. To determine whether protection of GSDMD deficiency against aortic rupture is specific to AngII infusion, we subsequently examined aortic pathologies in mice administered beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). BAPN (0.5% wt/vol) was administered in drinking water to male Gsdmd+/+ and Gsdmd-/- mice (4 weeks old) for 4 weeks. Six of 13 Gsdmd+/+ mice died of aortic rupture, whereas no aortic rupture occurred in Gsdmd-/- mice. In mice survived, no differences of diameters in the ascending, arch, or abdominal aortic regions were observed between Gsdmd+/+ and Gsdmd-/- mice. Conclusions: GSDMD deficiency protects against AngII or BAPN-induced aortic ruptures in mice.
A Study of Criminal Defendants Adjudicated Non-Restorable to Competency to Stand Trial

This study examines the demographic, clinical, and criminal characteristics of ninety-nine felony defendants in a primarily rural county in Arizona who were referred for clinical evaluation for competency to stand trial. Ninety-two of these people had their competency status adjudicated during the time period relevant to the study, sixty of whom were ultimately restored to competency and thirty-two of whom were determined to be non-restorable to competency. Of those in the latter group, most had serious mental illnesses or intellectual disabilities. Additionally, nineteen (59.4%) of the non-restorable defendants were referred for civil commitment proceedings, all but seven of whom were ultimately ordered into involuntary treatment. Only three (3) of the ninety-nine defendants in the study re-offended and were referred back into a restoration of competency program during a five-year period.
Toxic SOD1 trimers are off-pathway in the formation of amyloid-like fibrils in ALS

Accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils is widely studied as a critical factor in the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Misfolded Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was the first protein linked to ALS, and non-native SOD1 trimeric oligomers were recently linked to cytotoxicity, while larger oligomers were protective to cells. The balance between trimers and larger aggregates in the process of SOD1 aggregation is, thus, a critical determinant of potential therapeutic approaches to treat ALS. Yet, it is unknown whether these trimeric oligomers are a necessary intermediate for larger aggregate formation or a distinct off-pathway species competing with fibril formation. Depending on the on- or off-pathway scenario of trimer formation, we expect drastically different therapeutic approaches. Here, we show that the toxic SOD1 trimer is an off-pathway intermediate competing with protective fibril formation. We design mutant SOD1 constructs that remain in a trimeric state (super stable trimers) and show that stabilizing the trimeric SOD1 prevents formation of fibrils in vitro and in a motor neuron like cell model (NSC-34). Using size exclusion chromatography we track the aggregation kinetics of purified SOD1 and show direct competition of trimeric SOD1 with larger oligomer and fibril formation. Finally, we show the trimer is structurally independent of both larger soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils using circular dichroism spectroscopy and limited proteolysis. Significance StatementProtein aggregation into large insoluble species is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, but recent evidence suggests that smaller soluble aggregates are responsible for neuronal death. Depending on whether these toxic oligomers appear on- or off-pathway to larger aggregates, which is currently unknown, the strategies for pharmaceutic intervention would be drastically different. Here, we determine that stabilizing the trimeric form of SOD1 reduces larger aggregate formation while increasing toxicity to cells. Trimeric and larger aggregate concentrations have a strong negative correlation over time, and the structure of the trimer is significantly different from larger soluble and insoluble aggregates. Our findings show that formation of trimeric SOD1 is directly competing with that of larger aggregates.
Organometallic Chemistry: A Historical Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses organometallic chemistry, which is the border area between the classic subdivisions of organic and inorganic chemistry. It is true that any compound containing carbon may properly be termed an organic compound, but it does not necessarily follow that all the reactions of such compounds are properly classed as organic reactions. The first organometal to be reported was cacodyl [tetramethyldiarsine, (CH 3 ) 4 As 2 ]. Cadet was working on cobalt solutions for use as invisible inks. Cacodyl, and its derivatives are now mostly of historical interest. The conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea led to a rapid development of organic chemistry. Alkyl compounds were isolated first for the less active metals. Isolation of alkyl metals for elements, such as sodium or potassium required the development of chemical techniques. The catalyst must be prepared in a certain way, and the reaction actually yields many products containing one or more silicon atoms. Also during this period, the role of organometals in the formation of free radicals came under study. By the latter part of the 19 th century, the Solvay process for the production of sodium bicarbonate had become very important commercially. The first olefin–metal complex to be isolated had the formula K + [C 2 H 4 PtC1 3 ] - . Atoxyl was very effective against various microorganisms; unfortunately, it was very toxic. Organomercury compounds are the other class of widely used medicinal organometals. Organoarsenicals were used as poison gases in World War I.
Autonomic Evaluation Is Independent of Somatic Evaluation for Small Fiber Neuropathy (S26.002)

OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between different diagnostic tests for small fiber neuropathy (SFN): quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), quantitative sensory testing (QST) and skin biopsy (IENFD). BACKGROUND: In a prior study, adding QSART (autonomic evaluation) to a combination of clinical examination, QST and IENFD (somatic evaluation) significantly increased diagnostic sensitivity for SFN. These findings suggested that autonomic and somatic assessment for SFN may be complementary. To support this hypothesis, it is important to demonstrate that 9autonomic9 and 9somatic9 evaluation of SFN are independent of each other. DESIGN/METHODS: 73 patients with clinically suspected sensory neuropathy without motor weakness but normal nerve conduction studies underwent blinded QSART, QST and skin biopsy for diagnosis of SFN. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the values of QSART (uL/cm2), QST (JND) and IENFD (fibers/mm). For QST, the comparison was done separately between vibration JND, cooling JND, HP 0.5 JND, HP 5.0-0.5 JND and HP 5.0 JND. RESULTS: There was a linear but inverse correlation between vibration JND and ankle IENFD (r = -0.37; p=0.018) and cooling JND and ankle IENFD (r = -0.30; p=0.03). However, there was no association between HP 0.5, HP 5.0-0.5 or HP 5.0 and ankle IENFD. There was also no correlation between foot QSART and ankle IENFD, leg QSART and thigh IENFD or foot QSART and heat pain measures. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association between 9autonomic9 and 9somatic9 components of small nerve fibers. This supports the concept that assessment of autonomic and somatic functions of SFN is complementary and should be done concurrently. However, various modalities of 9somatic9 functions are not independent. Disclosure: Dr. Thaisetthawatkul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fernandes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Herrmann has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc as an consultant.
Drift and selection influence geographic variation at immune loci of prairie‐chickens

Previous studies of immunity in wild populations have focused primarily on genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, studies of model species have identified additional immune-related genes that also affect fitness. In this study, we sequenced five non-MHC immune genes in six greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) populations that have experienced varying degrees of genetic drift as a consequence of population bottlenecks and fragmentation. We compared patterns of geographic variation at the immune genes with six neutral microsatellite markers to investigate the relative effects of selection and genetic drift. Global FST outlier tests identified positive selection on just one of five immune genes (IAP-1) in one population. In contrast, at other immune genes, standardized G′ST values were lower than those at microsatellites for a majority of pairwise population comparisons, consistent with balancing selection or with species-wide positive or purifying selection resulting in similar haplotype frequencies across populations. The effects of genetic drift were also evident as summary statistics (e.g., Tajima’s D) did not differ from neutrality for the majority of cases, and immune gene diversity (number of haplotypes per gene) was correlated positively with population size. In summary, we found that both genetic drift and selection shaped variation at the five immune genes, and the strength and type of selection varied among genes. Our results caution that neutral forces, such as drift, can make it difficult to detect current selection on genes.
100 Gb/s per-channel free-space optical transmission with coherent detection and MIMO processing

We experimentally demonstrate the first 100 Gb/s per-channel free-space optical transmission using polarization-multiplexed QPSK, coherent detection, and MIMO processing. This is the highest per-channel FSO rate yet reported, highly-suitable for short-distance 100 Gb/s fiber backhaul.
Racial Disparities in Community Outcomes Among Individuals with Schizophrenia and Cooccurring Substance Use Disorders

Few studies have examined the effects of race on community outcomes in cooccurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Such effects were examined among 1,370 Black and White persons classified as having schizophrenia; schizophrenia and alcohol use disorders; schizophrenia and drug use disorders; or schizophrenia, alcohol, and drug use disorders. Results revealed that Black individuals with schizophrenia, alcohol, and drug use disorders demonstrated the greatest psychosocial deficits compared to all other groups observed. These findings underscore the need for social workers to optimize community services for this population, paying particular attention to the effects of race and its impact on recovery.
Creating Analytic Online Homework for Digital Signal Processing [sp Education]

An article by W.L. Everitt in the 1962 50th anniversary issue of Proceedings of the IEEE, ?Engineering Education?Circa 2012 A.D.,? was one of many predictive articles that appeared in that issue [1]. One of Everitt?s observations was the distinction between training and education. He then predicted that, in the future, training will be done primarily with computers, remarking, ?Relieved of the necessity of spending most of their time on the training function, devoted teachers will be able to concentrate their efforts on ?education?.?
A Cost Allocation Model for Shared District Resources: A Means for Comparing Spending Across Schools

To improve our understanding of school spending, a model to fully account for shared resources at the school level is developed here. The model both accounts for resources by schools and classifies resources according to type of students served. The model repairs outdated budgeting and accounting practices, bringing them into alignment with new policies where schools, not districts, are the focus.
PERFORIN-DEPENDENT NEUROLOGIC INJURY IN A VIRAL MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

In this study we demonstrate perforin-mediated cytotoxic effector function is necessary for viral clearance and may directly contribute to the development of neurologic deficits after demyelination in the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis. We previously demonstrated major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I-deficient (β2m-deficient) mice with an otherwise resistant genotype develop severe demyelination with minimal neurologic disease when chronically infected with TMEV. These studies implicate CD8+ T cells as the pathogenic cell in the induction of neurologic disease after demyelination. To determine which effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells, granule exocytosis or Fas ligand expression, play a role in the development of demyelination and clinical disease, we infected perforin-deficient,lpr (Fas mutation), and gld (Fas ligand mutation) mice with TMEV. Perforin-deficient mice showed viral persistence in the CNS, chronic brain pathology, and demyelination in the spinal cord white matter. Perforin-deficient mice demonstrated severely impaired MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity against viral epitopes, but normal MHC class II-restricted delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to virus antigen. Despite demyelination, virus-infected perforin-deficient mice showed only minimal neurologic deficits as indicated by clinical disease score, activity monitoring, and footprint analysis. Perforin- and MHC class II-deficient mice (with functional CD8+ T cells and perforin molecules and an H-2b haplotype) had comparable demyelination and genotype, however, only the latter showed severe clinical disease.Gld and lpr mice demonstrated normal TMEV-specific cytotoxicity and maintained resistance to TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. These studies implicate perforin release by CD8+ T cells as a potential mechanism by which neurologic deficits are induced after demyelination.
eWOM Watchdogs: Ego-threatening Product Domains and the Policing of Online Product Reviews

Suspicion regarding dishonest electronic word-of-mouth is a growing concern for consumers online. Individual consumers are occasionally seen acting as product review forum “watchdogs” within the websites they visit, posting vigilante comments against reviews they perceive to be fraudulent. This multimethod set of studies investigates consumer “watchdog comments,” and the way in which ego-threatening product categories themselves may actually induce a prosecutorial mindset, leading to greater levels of suspicion toward positive online product reviews and the impulse to prosecute potential fraudsters. In Study 1, laboratory-induced ego threat increased punitive severity against the act of falsifying online product reviews. In Study 2, a content analysis of actual Amazon.com reviews and consumer commentary indicates that the occurrence of watchdog comments is more common within ego-threatening product categories.
Low-thermal-budget process modeling with the PREDICT computer program

Low-thermal-budget processing models have been developed that are applicable to a broad range of ion-implantation and annealing conditions. The cases discussed here include low-temperature furnace annealing of B implants, preamorphization or postamorphization using Si/sup +/ or Ge/sup +/ implants, and rapid thermal annealing of low-dose and high-dose implants. Annihilation of implant damage is accounted for through activated annealing models. Damage type and location in depth are important in understanding enhanced or retarded diffusion of dopants. Damage and diffusion models have been incorporated in the PREDICT program, and example calculations are compared with measurements. >
An X-ray survey of hot white dwarf stars - Evidence for a m(He)/n(H) versus Teff correlation

Observations of 13 white dwarf and subdwarf stars using the Einstein Observatory High Resolution Image are reported. Included are stars of classes DA, DB, DAV, sDO, and sDB, with optically determined effective temperatures in the range 10,000-60,000 K. X-ray emission was detected from two of the 13: the very hot (55,000 K) DA1 star WD 2309 + 105 (= EG 233), with a count rate one-fifth that of HZ 43, and the relatively cool (26,000 K) DA3 star WD 1052 - 273 (=GD 125). The effective temperatures determined from ultraviolet and optical observations were used to place limits on the He content of the white dwarf photospheres, presuming that trace photospheric He is the missing opacity source which quenches the thermal X-rays in these stars. When presently obtained results were combined with those available from the literature evidence was found for a correlation between Teff and n(He)/n(H), in which HZ 43 is a conspicuous exception to the general trend. Both this correlation and the exceptional behavior of HZ 43 are qualitatively accounted for by a radiative acceleration model, in which the rate of upward movement of the He is a function of temperature and surface gravity
Specificity of Cerebellar Vermian Abnormalities in Autism: A Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

To gain insight into the specificity of cerebellar vermian abnormalities reported in autism, we conducted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of boys with either of two conditions associated with autism, Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome, compared with boys with idiopathic autism and controls. The subjects, ranging in age from 3 to 9 years, included 16 boys with Down syndrome + autism and 11 boys with Down syndrome only; 13 boys with fragile X syndrome + autism and 9 boys with fragile X syndrome only; 10 boys with idiopathic autism; and 22 controls. Diagnosis of autism was based on DSM-IV criteria, confirmed primarily by the Autism Diagnostic Interview. T1-weighted midsagittal MRIs were used to measure midline structures. Intracranial area, reflecting brain size, was significantly smaller in subjects with Down syndrome. Therefore, all vermian measures were expressed as ratios to intracranial area. Analysis of covariance (covarying for age and IQ) demonstrated that posterior vermi (lobules VI—VII a...
Cost analyses of adjunct colony stimulating factors for older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia : can they improve clinical decision making?

Colony stimulating factors (CSF) have been shown to reduce the duration of neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy in a variety of settings, with many of these studies targeting older patients with leukaemia. We review the clinical and economic findings for use of growth factors for older adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). The cost analyses were based on the perspective of the third party payer. One study, conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) randomised 207 AML patients to receive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or placebo and found no significant difference in number of infections and in days of hospitalisation, 3 fewer days with an absolute neutrophil count <500 cells/μL with G-CSF, and an estimated incremental cost of only $US120 with G-CSF over placebo (1997 costs). A second study, conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), randomised 119 AML patients to receive granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or placebo and found a reduction in severe infections, 4 fewer days with an absolute neutrophil count <500 cells/μL, no significant difference in the duration of hospitalisation, and estimated cost savings of $US2310 with GM-CSF (1997 costs). These data may be useful to physicians faced with concerns over clinical and economic factors associated with CSF use as adjunct therapy for older persons with AML.
One-Dimensional Equation for a Two-Dimensional Bloch Electron in a Magnetic Field

The properties of the symmetry-adapted functions for the irreducible representations of the magnetic translation group are used to derive a one-dimensional difference-differential equation for a two-dimensional Bloch electron in a constant magnetic field.
Bone quality assessment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Summary The increased risk for fractures in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) despite higher average bone density is unexplained. This study assessed trabecular bone quality in T2DM using the trabecular bone score (TBS). The salient findings are that TBS is decreased in T2DM and low TBS associates with worse glycemic control.
Risk Factors and Interventions for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading nosocomial infection in pediatrics. Little research has investigated the risk factors or effectiveness of interventions for pediatric VAP prevention. The purposes of this study were to identify the risk factors associated with VAP in pediatric patients and describe current VAP prevention practices. Data were gathered retrospectively on ventilated patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit over 12 months. No variables were found to be predictive of VAP. Review of practices indicates that better documentation is needed of all interventions. Findings provide information to guide the implementation of VAP bundles. Implementation should focus on adequate documentation of VAP prevention efforts.
Growth of Bulk GaN with Low Dislocation Density by the Ammonothermal Method Using Polycrystalline GaN Nutrient

A bulk GaN crystal with improved structural quality was grown via ammonthermal growth with polycrystalline GaN nutrient and a sodium amide mineralizer. The threading dislocation density estimated by plan-view transmission electron microscopy observations was less than 1×106 cm-2 for the Ga-face and 1×107 cm-2 for the N-face. There was no dislocation generation observed at the interface on the Ga-face although a few defects were generated at the interface on the N-face. The chemical etching revealed macroscopic grains on the N-face.
Approximate inverses of operators

Inverting a nonlinear operator is usually a difficult problem. Consequently, approximation methods are useful. In this paper, we study the relationship between the set of approximate inverses of a given operator N and the invertibility of N.
Peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of solid-supported ortho-methoxyphenols

Enzyme-catalyzed C-C bond formation has been performed on solid-supported phenols, thereby expanding the repertoire of enzymatic catalysis on resin-bound substrates. In the presence of hydroquinone bound to various commercial resins, soybean peroxidase catalyzed the coupling of apocynin (acetovanillone) to give dimers, trimers, and oligomers with structures similar to what is obtained in solution-phase reactions. In addition to phenolic coupling, peroxidase catalyzed a Fries rearrangement presumably due to rearrangement of the acyl phenolic radicals generated on the solid phase through peroxidase catalysis. This represents the first enzymatic Fries rearrangement reported to date. Together with the solid-phase biocatalytic phenolic coupling, these results provide a route to the further expansion of enzymatic catalysis in combinatorial library synthesis.
Leakage and Reliability Characteristics of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin‐Film Capacitors

Resistance degradation in lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, PZT) thin-film capacitors has been studied as a function of applied voltage, temperature, and film composition. The mean time-to-failure (lifetime, or tf) of the capacitors shows a power-law dependence on voltage of the form tf∝V−n (n similar/congruent 4-5). The capacitor lifetime also exhibits a temperature dependence of the form tf∝ exp[Ea/(kT)], with an activation energy of 0.6-1.0 eV. The steady-state leakage current in these samples seems to be bulk controlled. The voltage V, temperature T, and polarity dependence of the leakage current collectively suggest a leakage-current mechanism that is most similar to a Frenkel-Poole process. The tf value and the leakage current of niobium-doped PZT films are superior to those of undoped PZT films. This result can be explained on the basis of the point-defect chemistry of the PZT system. Finally, the results indicate that the niobium-doped PZT films meet essential tf requirements for decoupling-capacitor applications.
Dichotic ear difference is a poor index for the functional asymmetry between the cerebral hemispheres

Abstract Dichotic ear difference reflects not only an “ability asymmetry” between the two hemispheres, but also an “input asymmetry” between the contralateral and the ipsilateral ear-to-hemisphere projection. Between-individual variations in ear differences may be attributable more to variations in input asymmetry than to those in hemispheric asymmetry. Within-individual fluctuations in ear difference scores are also too large for practical purposes.
Is there a hierarchy of survival reflexes

A hierarchy of survival reflexes for prioritising assessment and treatment in patients with pain of insidious onset is hypothesised. The hierarchy asserts that some systems are more vital than others and that the central nervous system (CNS) prioritises systems based on their significance to survival. The hypothesis suggests that dysfunction in more important systems will cause compensation in less important systems. This paper presents studies examining these effects for each system, arguing that each section of the hierarchy may have effects on other systems within the hierarchy. This concept is untested empirically, highly speculative and substantial research is required to validate the suggested hierarchical prioritisation by the CNS. Nonetheless, the hierarchy does provide a theoretical framework to use to exclude contributing systems in patients with pain of insidious onset.
Diagnosis and Correction of Occlusal Disharmonies in Preparation for Fixed Restorations

The need for an adequate diagnosis has always existed in dentistry. Admitting that operations by the early dentists were generally limited to those services which attempted to relieve pain, it was necessary for them to locate the involved tooth or teeth. The crude appliances constructed for the replacement of teeth likewise re­ quired diagnostic considerations. As den­ tal treatment evolved from a secret art to a more scientific procedure the im­ portance of a background in the biolog­ ical sciences was realized. Although the early textbooks and the literature stressed the mechanical aspects and were con­ cerned largely with methods of rendering dental services, the biological considera­ tions were not totally overlooked. At the beginning o f the twentieth century George Evans, Prothero and Goslee pointed out the importance of consider­ ing physiological factors, occlusion and the distribution of forces o f mastication in diagnosing conditions requiring crown and bridge prosthesis. This appreciation of the importance of diagnosis by many members of the pro­ fession undoubtedly was responsible for the advancement in diagnostic procedure and the development of diagnostic aids. It is certain that the present concept is the result of an evolutionary process and is in no sense new. Therefore, the failure to diagnose dental conditions properly is probably owing to the fact that it is time consuming and appears to be relatively nonprofitable. It may also be pointed out that too many dental services probably are influenced greatly by preconceived opinions of the operator and the patient. For example, if a tooth is carious and not extremely important esthetically it is re­ moved regardless of its possible impor­ tance in the dental arch. The results of such treatment frequently complicate restorative procedures and the extraction is regretted later by both the dentist and the patient. The time required to estab­ lish a mutual understanding of the den­ tal problem is surely justified if the pri­ mary objective of oral health is to be achieved. The value of any dental service de­ pends on the accuracy of the diagnosis and the therapeutic quality of the treat­ ment. This is especially true in fixed den­ tal restorations which are mechanically constructed, yet must be compatible with the biologic limitations of the tissues in­ volved. Fixed dental restorations include all of the curative remedies employed in
The mission configuration process for the Spartan attitude control system

The Spartan attitude control system (ACS) control electronics assembly cold plate has a standard connector interface to the rest of the Spartan payload and ground equipment. The connectors carry gyro signals, optical sensor signals, the experiment interface, the gas command decoder interface, and a pneumatics interface. Different flights can employ different optical sensor complements; the ACS engineer must accordingly connect the sensor error signals to the proper pins and connectors on the ACS electronics.
Discriminator-Stabilizer with Internal Compensation for External Gain Shifts

A counting system stabilizer, which provides two gain-stabilized data channels without requiring an external gain-controllable element, is described. Measurements show that in a typical NaI photomultiplier system subjected to normal environmental perturbations, net gain fluctuations were reduced to about 0.05%.
Distribution of radioactivity in the tissues of rats after oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(A)anthracene-3H.

Abstract Tritium-labeled 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), prepared by the method of acid-catalyzed exchange, was found to accumulate in adipose tissue of perirenal fat and mammary gland in vivo and is present mainly as the parent hydrocarbon. In liver, most of the hydrocarbon has been transformed into highly polar metabolites. From these observations, it appears that fatty tissues are able to take up and retain the parent hydrocarbon, thereby retarding its metabolism and prolonging its duration of action. Radioactivity present in protein and nucleic acid fractions apparently represents a bound form of the hydrocarbon to these cellular components. Pretreatment of animals with estradiol and progesterone alters the susceptibility of the mammary gland to tumor formation by DMBA without changing the amount of radioactivity present or the degree of binding to nucleic acids and proteins.
The Development of Turbo and LDPC Codes for Deep-Space Applications

The development of error-correcting codes has been closely coupled with deep-space exploration since the early days of both. Since the discovery of turbo codes in 1993, the research community has invested a great deal of work on modern iteratively decoded codes, and naturally NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been very much involved. This paper describes the research, design, implementation, and standardization work that has taken place at JPL for both turbo and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Turbo code development proceeded from theoretical analyses of polynomial selection, weight distributions imposed by interleaver designs, decoder error floors, and iterative decoding thresholds. A family of turbo codes was standardized and implemented and is currently in use by several spacecraft. JPL's LDPC codes are built from protographs and circulants, selected by analyses of decoding thresholds and methods to avoid loops in the code graph. LDPC encoders and decoders have been implemented in hardware for planned spacecraft, and standardization is under way.
Parameter estimations for generalized exponential distribution under progressive type-I interval censoring

The estimates, via maximum likelihood, moment method and probability plot, of the parameters in the generalized exponential distribution under progressive type-I interval censoring are studied. A simulation is conducted to compare these estimates in terms of mean squared errors and biases. Finally, these estimate methods are applied to a real data set based on patients with plasma cell myeloma in order to demonstrate the applicabilities.
Enhanced Text Retrieval Using Natural Language Processing

Etat actuel de cette methode. Quelques ameliorations basees sur l'emploi du traitement du langage naturel ont atteint finalement les moteurs de recherche du commmerce, mais il n'y a pas d'usage normalise en terminologie pour decrire leur processus
RISING AUTISM PREVALENCE: REAL OR DISPLACING OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS? EVIDENCE FROM DEMAND FOR AUXILIARY HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN CALIFORNIA

Autism is a development disorder that has increased in prevalence from 0.5 to 14.7 per 1,000 children over 1970–2010. Using annual wages and provider counts from the American Community Survey and information from 21 regional development centers in California, we estimate the labor demand for auxiliary health providers. We focus on this subset of providers because, unlike physicians and psychologists who can diagnose autism, these workers cannot induce their own demand. If the incidence of autism is increasing independently of other mental disorders, then the demand for auxiliary health providers should increase, leading to higher wages and labor supply. Otherwise, the increase in autism diagnosis is merely displacing other mental disorders. We find that a 100% increase in autism cases increases the wages of auxiliary health workers over non-autism health occupations by 8–11% and the number of providers by 9–14%. Furthermore, we find that one of every three new autism diagnoses is merely supplanting mental retardation diagnoses, but does not displace other mental disorders. These estimates suggest that at least part of the increase in autism diagnoses, about 50–65%, reflects an increase in the true prevalence of the disorder. (JEL L11, J2, J3)
Renal function of Sphenodon punctatum

Abstract 1. 1. Sphenodon punctatum has a typical reptilian excretory system. The ureters open into the cloaca and urine is stored and modified, partly in the bladder (a diverticulum to the cloaca) and partly in the cloaca, before it is voided. 2. 2. Sphenodon is urico- and ureo-ammonotelic. Plasma urea concentrations averaged 6 mM. Net tubular secretion of urea was observed. Urea clearance exceeded glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 24–48 per cent during the normal and waterloaded condition but was lower than GFR during dehydration. Urea was not passively or actively resorbed from the bladder. Net tubular secretion of ammonia was observed under all conditions. 3. 3. GFR was constant (4·43 ml/kg body wt. per hr) and unchanged by the state of hydration. The resorption of water by the renal tubules was significantly decreased during waterloading compared to normal while fractional Na resorption was unchanged by waterloading (78 and 75 per cent during normal and waterloaded condition, respectively). Net tubular secretion of K was found only during dehydration. In the bladder no further water resorption takes place but Na is resorbed from the bladder, resulting in decreased osmolality of the bladder urine.
Undesigned: A Study in Sustainable Design of Apparel Using Post-Consumer Recycled Clothing:

This article provides a summary of a study exploring sustainable apparel design methods incorporating the use of post-consumer recycled clothing and materials in the design of new products. The nam...
Carboplatin, etoposide, and radiotherapy, followed by surgery, for the treatment of marginally resectable non-small cell lung cancer

The present study was undertaken in order to determine the feasibility and efficacy of induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide, followed by weekly carboplatin and full-course radiotherapy as pre-operative therapy for marginally resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Twenty-eight patients with good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ratings and stage IIIA NSCLC received induction chemotherapy with carboplatin (dose computed with the Egorin formula, days 1 and 29) and etoposide (100 mg/m2/day, days 1 through 3 and 29 through 31). This was followed by 100 mg/m2 weekly carboplatin given over 6 weeks, concurrently with 60 Gy radiotherapy. Patients with either responsive or stable disease underwent thoracotomy 4 weeks after the completion of combined-modality therapy. All 28 patients received the first chemotherapy cycle (average carboplatin dose, 407 mg/m2; range, 195 to 586 mg/m2). World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 53 and 34% of patients, respectively. There were three febrile neutropenic episodes, but no septic deaths. Five patients (18%) required dose reductions prior to the second chemotherapy cycle, but the dose intensity of carboplatin was maintained (average dose, 390 mg/m2; range, 195 to 586 mg/m2). In all, 82% of patients received full-dose radiotherapy, and 73% received at least five of six planned concurrent weekly carboplatin doses. Carboplatin doses were most frequently delayed for thrombocytopenia and/or leukopenia. Carboplatin did not increase the incidence of radiation-induced esophagitis. Only three patients required interruption of radiotherapy, for esophagitis (two patients) and persistent thrombocytopenia (one patient). The response rate to pre-operative therapy was 64%. In this study, we demonstrated the ability to deliver escalated doses of carboplatin with standard-dose etoposide as induction chemotherapy with reasonable myelotoxicity. The combined-modality therapy was well tolerated, and the addition of weekly carboplatin did not result in increased radiation-related toxicity. This neoadjuvant regimen is active in the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC, and compares favorably to other cisplatin-based regimens.
Reversibility of the effects of dietary fish oil on the fatty acid composition of the brain and retina of growing chicks.

Dietary fish oil increases levels of (n − 3) fatty acids in the brain and retina of younger animals but has less effect in adults. The duration of the effects of fish oil in young animals, as well as the extent of reversibility of the effects, are unknown. Laying hens were fed either a fish oil diet or a soybean oil-based control diet. Resulting chicks were assigned to three diet groups: chicks from fish oil and soybean oil hens were continued on fish oil and soybean oil diets, respectively, for 0, 3, 6 or 9 weeks, and additional chicks from the fish oil hens were fed the fish oil diet for 0, 3, or 6 weeks and then reversed to the soybean oil diet for a period of 3 weeks. The fatty acid composition of the brain, retina, liver, and serum of the reversal chicks was compared with chicks fed the fish oil diet only or the soybean oil diet only. Brain levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:5(n − 3)) decreased substantially when reversal from the fish oil diet to the control diet was begun at hatching, but did not decrease when reversal was begun at later times. Other (n − 3) fatty acids in the brain, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5(n − 3)) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n − 3)), decreased substantially at all ages, and to a greater extent than 22:6(n − 3). Brain arachidonic acid (20:4(n − 6)), which was low in fish oil chicks, rose to control after reversal at hatching, but recovered only partially when reversal was begun at later times. A similar pattern was observed in the retina. Serum and liver (n − 3) fatty acids fell to control in all reversal chicks, and (n − 6) fatty acids increased to control, except in chicks reversed at 6 weeks. This study demonstrates that by 3 weeks of age the chick brain strongly resists diet-induced lowering of high levels of 22:6(n − 3).
QD co-sensitized and nitrogen doped TiO 2 nanocomposite for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation

ABSTRACT Metal oxides are promising for solar energy conversion applications since they are less expensive and easier to produce than conventional single crystal silicon. In this paper we focused on CdSe and CdS quantum dot (QD) co-sensitized and nitrogen doped TiO 2 (N:TiO 2 ) nanocomposite photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen generation. PEC, UV-vis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations of the nanostructured films were carried out. The QD co-sensitized and N-doped TiO 2 photoanodes exhibits increased photocurrent compared to co-sensitized TiO 2 without N-doping This is tentativel y attributed to enhanced hole transp ort by oxygen vacancy states that are increased upon nitrogen doping. The enhanced hole transport facilitates overall charge transfer and transport and thereby results in improved photocurrent. Keywords: Hydrogen generation, quantum dot sensitization, nitrogen doping, TiO 2 , photoelectrochemistry, electron-hole recombination, solar energy