cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad

The spatial resolution of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is considered to be relatively diffuse owing to skull dispersion. However, we show that electric fields may be clustered at distinct gyri/sulci sites because of details in tissue architecture/conductivity, notably cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We calculated the cortical electric field/current density magnitude induced during tDCS using a high spatial resolution (1 mm3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived finite element human head model; cortical gyri/sulci were resolved. The spatial focality of conventional rectangular-pad (7 x 5 cm2) and the ring (4 x 1) electrode configurations were compared. The rectangular-pad configuration resulted in diffuse (unfocal) modulation, with discrete clusters of electric field magnitude maxima. Peak-induced electric field magnitude was not observed directly underneath the pads, but at an intermediate lobe. The 4 x 1 ring resulted in enhanced spatial focality, with peak-induced electric field magnitude at the sulcus and adjacent gyri directly underneath the active electrode. Cortical structures may be focally targeted by using ring configurations. Anatomically accurate high-resolution MRI-based forward-models may guide the "rational" clinical design and optimization of tDCS.
Hierarchical video summarization for medical data

To provide users with an overview of medical video content at various levels of abstraction which can be used for more efficient database browsing and access, a hierarchical video summarization strategy has been developed and is presented in this paper. To generate an overview, the key frames of a video are preprocessed to extract special frames (black frames, slides, clip art, sketch drawings) and special regions (faces, skin or blood-red areas). A shot grouping method is then applied to merge the spatially or temporally related shots into groups. The visual features and knowledge from the video shots are integrated to assign the groups into predefined semantic categories. Based on the video groups and their semantic categories, video summaries for different levels are constructed by group merging, hierarchical group clustering and semantic category selection. Based on this strategy, a user can select the layer of the summary to access. The higher the layer, the more concise the video summary; the lower the layer, the greater the detail contained in the summary.
Designer Ecosystems: Incorporating Design Approaches into Applied Ecology

To satisfy a growing population, much of Earth's surface has been designed to suit humanity's needs. Although these ecosystem designs have improved human welfare, they have also produced significant negative environmental impacts, which applied ecology as a field has attempted to address and solve. Many of the failures in applied ecology to achieve this goal of reducing negative environmental impacts are design failures, not failures in the science. Here, we review (a) how humans have designed much of Earth's surface, (b) the history of design ideas in ecology and the philosophical and practical critiques of these ideas, (c) design as a conceptual process, (d) how changing approaches and goals in subfields of applied ecology reflect changes and failures in design, and (e) why it is important not only for ecologists to encourage design fields to incorporate ecology into their practice but also for design to be more thoroughly incorporated into ours.
Texture and Storage Stability of Processed Beefsticks as Affected by Glycerol and Moisture Levels

Ground beef-based beefsticks were produced with glycerol levels of 0, 2, and 4%, and dried to water activity levels of 0.90 and 0.85. Samples were analyzed by uniaxial compression and colorimetry after production and after 52°C storage for 1, 2, 3 or 4 wk. Deformability modulus, percent recoverable work, relaxation properties, and relative lightness were calculated. Glycerol, as well as water, acted as an effective textural plasticizer. Reductions in modulus and relaxation parameters due to glycerol addition were in the range of 30‐ 40%. Glycerol can thus effectively be used to adjust physical properties without compromising stability. Higher moisture samples were relatively more elastic, as determined by recoverable work. High temperature storage reduced modulus, solidity and percent recoverable work (20‐70%) in all samples.
Potent virucidal activity in larval Heliothis virescens plasma against Helicoverpa zea single capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus

Lepidopteran larvae resist baculovirus infection by selective apoptosis of infected midgut epithelial cells and by sloughing off infected cells from the midgut. Once the infection breaches the midgut epithelial barrier and propagates from infective foci to the haemocoel, however, there are few mechanisms known to account for the resistance and clearance of infection observed in some virus–host combinations. The hypothesis that factors present in the plasma of infected pest larvae act to limit the spread of virus from initial infective foci within the haemocoel was tested. An in vitro bioassay was developed in which Helicoverpa zea single capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) was incubated with plasma collected from uninfected Heliothis virescens larvae. Infectious HzSNPV particles were then titrated on HzAM1 cells. Diluted plasma from larval Heliothis virescens exhibited a virucidal effect against HzSNPV in vitro, reducing the TCID50 ml−1 by more than 64-fold (from 4·3±3·6×105 to 6·7±0·6×103). The antiviral activity was heat-labile but was unaffected by freezing. In addition, protease inhibitors and specific chemical inhibitors of phenol oxidase or prophenol oxidase activation added to diluted plasma eliminated the virucidal activity. Thus, in the plasma of larval lepidopterans, the enzyme phenol oxidase may act as a constitutive, humoral innate antiviral immune response.
A Comparison of Antarctic Sea Ice Data Sets and Inferred Trends in Ice Area

Abstract A comparison is made of seven Antarctic sea ice data sets developed since 1980, on the basis of techniques of analysis and inferred temporal variations. Navy-NOAA Joint Ice Center sea ice charts are the basic data for all seven studies, but techniques used to derive ice areas vary significantly between studies. Sources of variation include the choice of a single week to represent a month, the characteristic measured (i.e., latitude of ice edge or actual ice area—with or without polynya), and the sea ice concentration used to determine the ice edge. The resulting data sets tend to indicate similar long term trends between 1973 and 1982. However, the estimates of mean annual and mean monthly ice areas vary distinctly between studies. This variability is often explainable in terms of the different techniques of analysis, but in some cases is not (e.g., Chiu's apparent overestimation of ice areas). The differences identified between these analyses suggest that caution should be taken in applying or e...
Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film growth optimization and post rapid thermal annealing of solar cells and its influence on device performance

We investigated the synthesis of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films using thermal evaporation from copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and tin (Sn) pellets and post-annealing in a sulfur atmosphere. Two different metal precursor stacking orders (Cu/Sn/Zn/Cu and Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn) have been tested and experimental results prove that a layer of Cu on the top provides higher compositional uniformity and fewer secondary phases. CZTS thin films produced by a Cu/Sn/Zn/Cu precursor stacking order was used to study post rapid thermal annealing (RTA) influence on solar cell performance. The best performing solar cell using the CZTS thin film mentioned above with composition ratio Cu/(Zn+Sn) = 0.82, and Zn/Sn = 1.35 exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 433 mV, a short-circuit current of 7.78 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 46.23 % and a conversion efficiency of 1.56 %. Post RTA was conducted and an increase of device performance was observed. The solar cell which shows 1.56 % at room temperature shows 2.72 % efficiency after RTA at 350 °C for 30 seconds. The cell performance improvement mechanism was studied.
Modern-Hebrew lama-še Interrogatives and Their Judeo-Spanish Origins

This article describes a Modern Hebrew interrogative construction, not found in earlier varieties of the language, in which a wh -word is followed by a clause headed by the complementizer se ‘that.’ When that clause contains negation, the resulting sentence has the illocutionary force of a suggestion, with the opposite polarity to that of the complementizer clause. In this case, negation fails to license negative concord and negative polarity items. The main properties of the construction are described, an analysis is sketched, and evidence is given indicating Judeo-Spanish as the probable source for the construction.
Comparison of Methods for Determining Coliform and Escherichia coli Levels in Apple Cider

The main objective of this research was to determine the easiest and most reliable media for enumerating coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli levels in apple cider. During the autumn of 1994 a total of 59 apple cider samples were collected directly from 12 cider producers and were assessed for bacterial levels and pH. Plate count agar was used to determine heterotrophic bacteria levels. Coliform levels were determined using three different media: violet red bile agar (VRBA), Petrifilm High Sensitivity Coliform Count Plates (PHSCCP), and Trypticase soy agar with a VRBA overlay (TSA/VRBA) for attempted recovery of coliforms injured by the low pH of the apple cider. Eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA) and Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates were used to screen cider samples for E. coli . Apple cider had an average pH of 3.34 ± 0.08. Heterotrophic bacterial levels ranged from 2.30 to 7.11 log CFU/ml. All cider samples contained coliform bacteria with levels varying greatly; on the different media, we found the following: on VRBA, <1.00 to 4.37 log CFU/ml; on TSA/VRBA, 1.20 to 4.40 log CFU/ml; and on PHSCCP, < 1.00 to 4.56 log CFU/ml. Coliform levels were most easily determined in apple cider by using PHSCCP. However TSA/VRBA proved to be more reliable; coliform detection was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. EMBA was ineffective for screening apple cider for E. coli , with the low pH of the cider producing many false-positive results. E. coli was only recovered by using Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates with one of the 59 samples positive for E. coli (non-O157:H7) at a level of 10 CFU/ml.
DD50: „Zeitschriften auf Papier?“ (Oktober 2007)

„Auf Papier? Ja, sicher – der Mensch will aus biologischen Grunden immer lesen wollen und nicht in die Glotze schauen! Das ist erwiesen.“ So beruhigen sich die mit Zeitschriften und Buchern befassten Unternehmen. Kongresse daruber finden heute extra zu dieser besagten Grosen Rhetorischen Frage statt und bejahen sie stramm und tapfer. Ich habe bei so einem Kongress Leute erschreckt, glaube ich. Papier stirbt namlich.
Constraining consolidation: military politics and democracy in Pakistan (2007–2013)

Why do some militaries retain high authoritarian prerogatives during transitions from militarized authoritarian rule? The Pakistan military's 2007 extrication shows that an important part of the answer lies in the level of structural differentiation between the “military government” and the “military institution”. Despite sustained contentious opposition to military rule, the high level of separation between these two military dimensions of the state allowed the institutional military to delink itself from the discredited dictatorship and exit on its own terms. In the post-authoritarian context, the military has preserved its expansive prerogatives by using a variety of adaptive contestation mechanisms – including the mobilization of the media and the judiciary – that act as a continuing source of political instability and uncertainty.
Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women's Welfare Activism, 1890–1945

One of the pleasures of historical scholarship is that it may lead into unexpected paths, and what begins as a frustration-say, from an apparent shortage of sources-may end as a new opening. This essay began as an attempt to examine gender differences in visions of public welfare among reformers. Having compiled material about women welfare activists who were mainly white, I found I could not distinguish the influence of gender from that of race in their perspectives. (Indeed, to many white historians, the racial characteristics of the white people we studied were invisible until we began to learn from minority historians to ask the right questions.) So I set up a comparison between black and white women welfare activists, with results that were illuminating about both groups. Three major areas of difference between black and white women's ideas emerged: first, about the nature of entitlement, between a black orientation toward universal programs, and a white orientation toward supervised, means-tested ones; second, in attitude toward mothers' employment; third, in strategies for protecting women from sexual exploitation. In what follows I want both to show how those differences were manifest and to suggest their roots in historical experience.' Several historians have recently studied black women's civic contributions, but black women's reform campaigns have not usually been seen as part of welfare history. How many discussions of settlement houses include Victoria Earle Matthews's White Rose Mission of New York City, or Margaret Murray Washington's Elizabeth Russell Settlement at Tuskegee, Alabama, orJanie Porter Barrett's Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, Virginia, or Lugenia Burns Hope's Neighborhood
Progress in pediatric vasculitis.

Purpose of review To examine recent advances in the pathophysiology and therapy of pediatric vasculitis. Recent findings The past 2 years have been marked by significant progress in extending novel techniques to the investigation of the two most common pediatric vasculitis syndromes, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease. Study of other vasculitides, such as Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and microscopic polyangiitis, is impeded by the small number of pediatric patients. Nonetheless, national and international registries are beginning to provide the foundation for generation of testable hypotheses regarding pathogenesis and optimal treatment. Thus, recent data from the study of children suggest that disorders in the control of inflammation, such as those that underlie familial Mediterranean fever and other autoinflammatory diseases, may predispose to vasculitis. Improved knowledge of mechanisms of disease, in turn, should pave the way for more targeted, effective, and tolerable therapies for children with systemic vasculitis. Summary International collaboration to study rare disorders such as pediatric vasculitis are demonstrating disorders of inflammatory regulation that predispose to these diseases and may point toward new treatment approaches.
Role of the Pituitary and Adrenals in Cold and Restraint Induced Liver Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Depletion.

SummaryA significant decrease in liver nonprotein sulfhydryl levels (LNPSH) was demonstrated in intact, hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized female rats in response to cold and restraint. A similar response was demonstrated following epinephrine injection. Neither ACTH nor cortisol replacement was necessary for this response. It is concluded that maximum LNPSH depletion during cold and restraint can be effected through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system although other mechanisms are operative in intact animals.
Studies on Marrow Histogenesis I. The Site of Choice for Extramedullary Marrow Implants

SummaryExtramedullary marrow transplantation results in the formation of a nodule of hematopoietically active marrow encapsulated by a shell of bone. The site of choice for such implants is the loose subcutaneous tissue such as that of the abdominal wall; the high rate of success and the easy accessibility makes these implants a useful model for the study of the histophysiology of the marrow.
Modulation of Sustained and Transient Lateral Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Mudpuppy Retina During Light Adaptation

Cook, Paul B. and John S. McReynolds. Modulation of sustained and transient lateral inhibitory mechanisms in the mudpuppy retina during light adaptation. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 197–204, 1998. Two fun...
Genomic conservation of erythropoietic microRNAs (erythromiRs) in white-blooded Antarctic icefish

White-blooded Antarctic crocodile icefish are the only vertebrates known to lack functional hemoglobin genes and red blood cells throughout their lives. We do not yet know, however, whether extinction of hemoglobin genes preceded loss of red blood cells or vice versa, nor whether erythropoiesis regulators disappeared along with hemoglobin genes in this erythrocyte-null clade. Several microRNAs, which we here call erythromiRs, are expressed primarily in developing red blood cells in zebrafish, mouse, and humans. Abrogating some erythromiRs, like mir144 and mir451a, leads to profound anemia, demonstrating a functional role in erythropoiesis. Here, we tested two not mutually exclusive hypotheses: 1) that the loss of one or more erythromiR genes extinguished the erythropoietic program of icefish and/or led to the loss of globin gene expression through pseudogenization; and 2) that some erythromiR genes were secondarily lost after the loss of functional hemoglobin and red blood cells in icefish. We explored small RNA transcriptomes generated from the hematopoietic kidney marrow of four Antarctic notothenioids: two red-blooded species (bullhead notothen Notothenia coriiceps and emerald notothen Trematomus bernacchii) and two white-blooded icefish (blackfin icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus and hooknose icefish Chionodraco hamatus). The N. coriiceps genome assembly anchored analyses. Results showed that, like the two red-blooded species, the blackfin icefish genome possessed and the marrow expressed all known erythromiRs. This result indicates that loss of hemoglobin and red blood cells in icefish was not caused by loss of known erythromiR genes. Furthermore, expression of only one erythromiR, mir96, appears to have been lost after the loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin-expression was not detected in the erythropoietic organ of hooknose icefish but was present in blackfin icefish. All other erythromiRs investigated, including mir144 and mir451a, were expressed by all four species and thus are present in the genomes of at least the two white-blooded icefish. Our results rule out the hypothesis that genomic loss of any known erythromiRs extinguished erythropoiesis in icefish, and suggest that after the loss of red blood cells, few erythromiRs experienced secondary loss. Results suggest that functions independent of erythropoiesis maintained erythromiRs, thereby highlighting the evolutionary resilience of miRNA genes in vertebrate genomes.
The role of deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, uracil-DNA glycosylase, and DNA polymerase alpha in the metabolism of FUdR in human tumor cells.

The lack of evidence demonstrating FdUMP residues in DNA or FdUTP in cells after exposure to FUdR could be due either to the breakdown of FdUTP by dUTP nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) precluding incorporation of FdUTP into DNA via DNA polymerase or to the action of uracil-DNA glycosylase which would remove fluorouracil from DNA. Evidence presented indicates that the human cell has the capacity to form FdUTP and that FdUTP, once formed, will act as a substrate for dUTPase as well as α DNA polymerase. In addition, if FdUTP escapes hydrolysis and is incorporated into DNA, uracil-DNA glycosylase is capable of removing the FU moiety from DNA, creating an apyrimidinic site which conceivably would undergo repair synthesis. Various cultured cell lines and cells obtained from patients with different forms of leukemia were analyzed for dUTPase and glycosylase activity. The specific activity for dUTPase ranged from 0.5 to 14 nmol dUMP formed/min/mg protein. For the glycosylase, the activity ranged from 0.3 to 42 nmol uracil released/min/mg protein. Cytosols prepared from cultured HeLa S3 and KB cells were used to show that FdUTP can be formed, however, only in the presence of high concentrations of dUTP (1 mM), which presumably slows down the hydrolysis of FdUTP by dUTPase. Enzymatic studies utilizing partially purified nucleoside monophosphate kinase and highly purified thymidylate kinase illustrate that both of these enzyme species have the capability of phosphorylating FdUMP to FdUDP. NDP kinase is in turn responsible for the conversion of FdUDP to FdUTP. The Km value of FdUMP for the partially purified HeLa S3 CMP kinase (species having a pI value of 4.8) is 4 mM. The Km value of FdUMP for the highly purified TMP kinase is 225 µM. FdUTP is a substrate for the purified human dUTPase (Km of 1.2 µM) which catalyzes the conversion of FdUTP to FdUMP. Purified HeLa α DNA polymerase will catalyze the incorporation of FdUTP into DNA. The Km of FdUTP for α DNA polymerase is 4.8 µM. In turn the incorporated fluorouracil will act as a substrate for uracil-DNA glycosylase, having a Km value of 1.4 µM.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans post basal cell carcinoma excision: A case report.

Introduction Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, malignant, soft tissue neoplasm of the dermis. Tumor recurrence is common following resection, and can be locally devastating if not identified in a timely manner. We report a unique case of this rare tumor. This case poses the question of an association between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and DFSP, and presents the possible need for increased awareness of DFSP for healthcare providers and patients with a history of non-melanoma skin cancers as well as surgical or burn scars.
Resource management with anti-jamming capability for cognitive space communication systems

In this paper, we develop an efficient design for a decision engine (DE) with anti-jamming (AJ) capability for advanced wideband satellite communication (SATCOM) systems. Our goal is to design a decision engine that evaluates the statistical observations of spectrum and link metrics provided by the co-located dynamic spectrum access (DSA) components. Upon the evaluation of the observations provided by the DSA and based on the jamming scenario, the DE provides the best AJ tactics and sends the selected radio policy to DSA for execution. We propose an AJ mechanism that uses one or multiple tactics to provide the system with an optimal defense strategy. These tactics include adaptation in frequency and adaptation in power. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed AJ decision engine design.
Efficient Presentation of Multiple Endogenous Epitopes to Both CD4+ and CD8+ Diabetogenic T Cells for Tolerance

Antigen-specific immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes, typically via delivery of a single native β cell antigen, has had little clinical benefit to date. With increasing evidence that diabetogenic T cells react against multiple β cell antigens, including previously unappreciated neo-antigens that can be emulated by mimotopes, a shift from protein- to epitope-based therapy is warranted. To this end, we aimed to achieve efficient co-presentation of multiple major epitopes targeting both CD4+ and CD8+ diabetogenic T cells. We have compared native epitopes versus mimotopes as well as various targeting signals in an effort to optimize recognition by both types of T cells in vitro. Optimal engagement of all T cells was achieved with segregation of CD8 and CD4 epitopes, the latter containing mimotopes and driven by endosome-targeting signals, after delivery into either dendritic or stromal cells. The CD4+ T cell responses elicited by the endogenously delivered epitopes were comparable with high concentrations of soluble peptide and included functional regulatory T cells. This work has important implications for the improvement of antigen-specific therapies using an epitope-based approach to restore tolerance in type 1 diabetes and in a variety of other diseases requiring concomitant targeting of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Diffuse correlation tomography reveals spatial and temporal difference in blood flow changes among murine femoral grafts

Diffuse correlation tomography was utilized to noninvasively monitor 3D blood flow changes in three types of healing mouse femoral grafts. Results reveal the spatial and temporal difference among the groups.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOREACTOR PROCESS FOR RECOMBINANT CELL LINES

ABSTRACT BHK21 cells expressing a recombinant antibody were grown in a fixed bed bioreactor (FBR) containing Siran beads. The contribution of five process variables (bead and inoculum sizes; circulation and dilution rates; feed glutamine concentration) to process productivity were investigated in a partial factorial experiment. Individually, none of the variables tested had a significant affect upon productivity. The combination of smaller bead and inoculum sizes, higher circulation and dilution rates, plus higher feed glutamine concentration gave a markedly higher productivity than any other combination of variables tested. The data show the advantage of immobilisation culture over conventional low density batch techniques (e.g. microcarriers) for increasing specific and volumetric productivity.
Sleep Disorders in Childhood Neurological Diseases

Sleep problems are frequently addressed as a primary or secondary concern during the visit to the pediatric neurology clinic. Sleep disorders can mimic other neurologic diseases (e.g., epilepsy and movement disorders), and this adds challenges to the diagnostic process. Sleep disorders can significantly affect the quality of life and functionality of children in general and those with comorbid neurological diseases in particular. Understanding the pathophysiology of sleep disorders, recognizing the implications of sleep disorder in children with neurologic diseases and behavioral difficulties, and early intervention continue to evolve resulting in better neurocognitive outcomes.
Bacterial Subversion of COG-Dependent Membrane Traffic

Intracellular bacterial pathogens thrive within eukaryotic cells by interacting with a range of organelles to establish a replicative niche. In a new study in Cell Host and Microbe, Miller et al. identify a Brucella abortus effector that subverts membrane and protein transport to the Golgi apparatus to promote bacterial replication.
Vygotsky and moral education: A response to and expansion of Tappan

Despite increasing studies and applications of Vygotsky’s theory of learning and development, little has been written connecting Vygotsky specifically to moral education. The most comprehensive att...
Self-esteem and Perceived Stress in Young Adolescents with Chronic Disease Unexpected Findings

This pilot study was designed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress, self-esteem and "functional" pain in young adolescents with and without chronic disease. Twenty children with chronic disease and 15 without who were seen in a pediatric outpatient clinic completed a symptom survey, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Survey, and Lewis's Feel-Bad Scale. Adolescents with significant self-reported complaints of abdominal pain, chest pain, and headaches (without documented organic cause) scored higher on the Feel-Bad scale (p less than 0.002) and lower on the self-concept scale (p less than 0.02) than those without functional complaints. Patients with chronic disease scored higher on the self-esteem measure (61 +/- 14 versus 48 +/- 14, p less than 0.01) and lower on the stress measure (80 +/- 40 versus 120 +/- 54, p less than 0.02) than those without a chronic disease. These findings of lower stress and higher self-esteem in adolescents with chronic illness were unexpected. Possible explanations are discussed.
Assessing the removal potential of soil-aquifer treatment systems for bulk organic matter

The fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) during groundwater recharge was investigated by studying the removal behavior of four bulk organic carbon fractions isolated from a secondary effluent: Hydrophilic organic matter (HPI), hydrophobic acids (HPO-A), colloidal organic matter (OM), and soluble microbial products (SMPs). Short-term removal of the bulk organic fractions during soil infiltration was simulated in biologically active soil columns. Results revealed that the four organic fractions showed a significantly different behavior with respect to biological removal. HPI and colloidal OM were prone to biological removal during initial soil infiltration (0-30 cm) and supported soil microbial biomass growth in the infiltrative surface. Additionally, colloidal OM was partly removed by physical adsorption or filtration. HPO-A and SMPs reacted recalcitrant towards biological degradation as indicated by low soil biomass activity responses. Adsorbability assessment of the biologically refractory portions of the fractions onto powered activated carbon (PAC) indicated that physical removal is not likely to play a significantly role in further diminishing recalcitrant HPO-A, HPI and SMPs during longer travel times in the subsurface.
Preserving consistency across abstraction mappings

An abstraction mapping over clausal form theories in first-order predicate calculus is presented that involves the renaming of predicate symbols. This renaming is not 1-1, in the sense that several predicate symbols Ri,..., Rn from the original theory are all replaced by a single symbol R in the abstract theory. In order to preserve consistency, however, the clauses that distinguish the Ri's must be discarded in the abstract theory. This leads to a simple semantics; the union of the extensions of each of the Ri's in any model of the original theory forms the extension of R in a model of the abstract theory.
Electrotonic Coupling in the Nervous System

The topic of cell-to-cell communication in the nervous system primarily concerns the electrotonic synapse. This is a low-resistance intercellular pathway that permits the direct flow of electrical current between coupled cells, thus obviating the need for a neurochemically mediated step. The first description of a definitive electrotonic synapse, the crayfish motor giant synapse, appeared in 1957 (Furshpan and Potter, 1957) and numerous other examples from nervous systems of many phyla have since been demonstrated. By definitive we mean a specific synaptic structure mediating neurotransmission, as opposed to a fusion or close apposition of neighboring cells. Several lines of anatomical and pharmacological evidence have shown that this structure is the gap junction intercellular channel (see Section 4).
Substrate Proteins Take Shape at an Improved Bacterial Translocon.

ABSTRACT Characterization of Sec-dependent bacterial protein transport has often relied on an in vitro protein translocation system comprised in part of Escherichia coli inverted inner membrane vesicles or, more recently, purified SecYEG translocons reconstituted into liposomes using mostly a single substrate (proOmpA). A paper published in this issue (P. Bariya and L. Randall, J Bacteriol 201:e00493-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00493-18) finds that inclusion of SecA protein during SecYEG proteoliposome reconstitution dramatically improves the number of active translocons. This experimentally useful and intriguing result that may arise from SecA membrane integration properties is discussed here. Furthermore, determination of the rate-limiting transport step for nine different substrates implicates the mature region distal to the signal peptide in the observed rate constant differences, indicating that more nuanced transport models that respond to differences in protein sequence and structure are needed.
Preparation and Properties of Pseudo-boehmite Obtained from High-Alumina Fly Ash by a Sintering–CO 2 Decomposition Process

A sintering–CO2 decomposition process for preparation of pseudo-boehmite is proposed for clean valorization of high-alumina fly ash. The effects of different synthesis conditions on the crystal structure and textual properties of the pseudo-boehmite were studied systematically. The results showed that the main product was NaAlCO3(OH)2 when the decomposition terminal pH was below 9.5, and the optimal terminal pH for the pseudo-boehmite (PB) product was 10.5. The optimal aging time was 4 h, and the peptization ratio of PB reached 97.5% when the aging temperature was 90°C. Under decomposition conditions of 30 g/L initial alumina concentration in liquid phase and temperature of 40°C, followed by 4 h of aging treatment, the specific surface area of PB was 425 m2/g. The pore volume of PB product reached 0.6920 cm3/g at decomposition conditions of 40 g/L and 30°C.
Solution of Nonlinear Equations

Solving linear and nonlinear equations is a major preoccupation of applied mathematics and statistics. For nonlinear equations, closed-form solutions are the exception rather than the rule. Here we will concentrate on three simple techniques—bisection, functional iteration, and Newton’s method— for solving equations in one variable. Insight into how these methods operate can be gained by a combination of theory and examples. Since functional iteration and Newton’s method generalize to higher-dimensional problems, it is particularly important to develop intuition about their strengths and weaknesses. Equipped with this intuition, we can tackle harder problems with more confidence and understanding.
Damping of Thermocapillary Destabilization of a Liquid Film in Zero Gravity Through the Use of an Isothermal Porous Substrate

Thin liquid films on isothermal substrates, where the film is flat and parallel to the substrate, succumb to thermocapillary instabilities and rupture, forming local hot-spots. These long wavelength instabilities are specific to aspect ratios where the liquid film mean thickness is several orders of magnitude less than the substrate characteristic dimension. Absent stabilizing gravitational acceleration, the growth rate of thermocapillary instabilities is further intensified, driving the film to rupture even earlier. Numerical simulations of zero gravity dynamics of Newtonian liquid films on a solid, horizontal, isothermal substrate were conducted. When the solid, isothermal substrate was replaced with a one-dimensionally porous substrate, was fully saturated with the same fluid as the liquid film, and was deep enough to accommodate all the liquid on it, we observed that destabilizing spatial modes were damped thereby preventing rupture and prolonging the film lifespan. This nonlinear evolution was visualized and quantified using recurrence plots.
Environmentality by the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change: Neoliberal ethos and the production of environmental subjects in Acre and Mozambique:

As part of the transnational governance of the environment, platforms like the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) have created a regime that seeks to reinforce and repr...
Self-assembly of tensile-strained Ge quantum dots on InAlAs(111)A

Abstract A recently developed growth technique enables the self-assembly of defect-free quantum dots on (111) surfaces under large tensile strains. We demonstrate the use of this approach to synthesize germanium (Ge) quantum dots on In0.52Al0.48As(111)A with >3% residual tensile strain. We show that the size and areal density of the tensile-strained Ge quantum dots are readily tunable with growth conditions. We also present evidence for an unusual transition in the quantum dot growth mode from Stranski-Krastanov to Volmer-Weber as we adjust the substrate temperature. This work positions Ge quantum dots as a promising starting point for exploring the effects of tensile strain on Ge’s band structure.
Bilateral Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy after Occipitocervical Fusion

A 63-year-old man sustained a Jefferson fracture and was treated nonoperatively by a separate treating surgeon. Because of the symptomatic malalignment and nonunion after 6 months of nonsurgical management, the patient was seen for a second opinion. Occiput to C3 arthrodesis was performed. Postoperatively, the patient was diagnosed with a bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy. Hypoglossal nerve injuries after cervical spine fractures and posterior cervical procedures are a very rare occurrence. This is the first case report of a bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy following occipitocervical arthrodesis.
Respiratory hospitalizations and wildfire smoke: a spatiotemporal analysis of an extreme firestorm in San Diego County, California.

Wildfire smoke adversely impacts respiratory health as fine particles can penetrate deeply into the lungs. Epidemiological studies of differential impacts typically target population subgroups in terms of vulnerability to wildfire smoke. Such information is useful to customize smoke warnings and mitigation actions for specific groups of individuals. In addition to individual vulnerability, it is also important to assess spatial patterns of health impacts to identify vulnerable communities and tailor public health actions during wildfire smoke events. Methods We assess the spatiotemporal variation in respiratory hospitalizations in San Diego County during a set of major wildfires in 2007, which led to a substantial public health burden. We propose a spatial within-community matched design analysis, adapted to the study of wildfire impacts, coupled with a Bayesian Hierarchical Model, that explicitly considers the spatial variation of respiratory health associated with smoke exposure, compared to reference periods before and after wildfires. We estimate the signal-to-noise ratio to ultimately gauge the precision of the Bayesian model output. Results We find the highest excess hospitalizations in areas covered by smoke, mainly ZIP codes contained by and immediately downwind of wildfire perimeters, and that excess hospitalizations tend to follow the distribution of smoke plumes across space (ZIP codes) and time (days). Conclusions Analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution of exposure to wildfire smoke is necessary due to variations in smoke plume extent, particularly in this region where the most damaging wildfires are associated with strong wind conditions.
Ubiquitination is essential for recovery of cellular activities after heat shock.

Tailoring stress responsesWhen faced with environmental stress, cells respond by shutting down cellular processes such as translation and nucleocytoplasmic transport. At the same time, cells preserve cytoplasmic messenger RNAs in structures known as stress granules, and many cellular proteins are modified by the covalent addition of ubiquitin, which has long been presumed to reflect degradation of stress-damaged proteins (see the Perspective by Dormann). Maxwell et al. show that cells generate distinct patterns of ubiquitination in response to different stressors. Rather than reflecting the degradation of stress-damaged proteins, this ubiquitination primes cells to dismantle stress granules and reinitiate normal cellular activities once the stress is removed. Gwon et al. show that persistent stress granules are degraded by autophagy, whereas short-lived granules undergo a process of disassembly that is autophagy independent. The mechanism of this disassembly depends on the initiating stress.Science, abc3593 and abf6548, this issue p. eabc3593 and p. eabf6548; see also abj2400, p. 1393.
Toward Formal Methods for Smart Cities

How can the advantages of formal methods be brought to emerging smart cities? We discuss several core challenges and our recent efforts as the first step toward developing novel formal methods to ensure safety and performance in smart cities.
CEO Power and Risk Taking: Evidence from the Subprime Lending Industry

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: There is a general consensus that the lack of restraint by US financial firm executives to engage in risky subprime mortgage lending practices played a contributing role in both the inflation and deflation of the housing bubble at the heart of the global financial crisis. Evidence is less clear on what influenced the managerial proclivity to ignore warning signs and take on more and more risk to the detriment of numerous firm stakeholders. Our study examines the effects of power on Managerial Risk Taking in the context of the subprime mortgage industry. Research Findings/Insights: We hypothesize that a CEO's power is positively related to excessive risk taking. We find general support for these hypotheses in a matched pair sample of 74 firms and 344 firm years, where half the firms specialized in subprime lending and the other did not from 1997 to 2005. Theoretical/Academic Implications: We take a novel theoretical approach to our research by drawing from the social psychology literature to employ the approach/inhibition theory of power. The use of this theoretical perspective affords the opportunity to contribute a nuanced understanding of how managerial power within an agency-based governance framework propels managers from taking reasonable risks to engaging in excessive risk taking. Practitioner/Policy Implications: By presenting evidence of the role that CEO power had in promoting excessive risky lending practices, corporate directors and policy makers will be empowered and more capable of designing and enacting governance and regulatory frameworks that result in not only profitable but prudent risk taking.
A novel reactor system for studying the kinetics of coal liquefaction and related processes at very short reaction times

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reactor system for studying the kinetics of coal liquefaction. Direct-coal liquefaction is generally run in the range of 350–450 °C at over 7 MPa. The heat capacity of experimental equipment is large compared to that of the sample being studied. This heats up and cools down the reactor system compared to the actual reaction times for many reactions. A number of workers are not able to follow the reactions at sufficiently short reaction times, or the equipment required is complicated and expensive, so it was not practical to run experiments to screen many important variables. A simple reactor system is devised to conveniently operate in the laboratory on a small scale at elevated temperatures and pressures so that many experiments can be run quickly and at relatively low cost.
Intersectionality as the “New” Critical Approach in Feminist Family Studies: Evolving Racial/Ethnic Feminisms and Critical Race Theories

This article presents one of the first comprehensive reviews of intersectionality literature for a family studies audience. The purpose of this article is manifold: (1) to review the interdisciplinary scholarship on intersectionality as a theoretical approach, paradigm, or method; (2) to review methodological considerations using intersectionality as a theoretical guide to conduct research; and (3) to examine how contemporary family scholars are utilizing an intersectional approach to examine the complexities of identity, relational process, and social interactions with larger institutional forces. I conclude with an evaluation of the benefits and challenges of using an intersectional approach to the study of contemporary families.
A Sampler of Riemann-Finsler Geometry

Finsler geometry generalizes Riemannian geometry in the same sense that Banach spaces generalize Hilbert spaces. This book presents an expository account of seven important topics in Riemann�Finsler geometry, which have recently undergone significant development but have not had a detailed pedagogical treatment elsewhere. Each article will open the door to an active area of research and is suitable for a special topics course in graduate-level differential geometry.
Material property correlations for uranium mononitride: IV. Thermodynamic properties

Abstract The experimental data for the specific heat (CP), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibbs free energy (G) and the free energy function (FEF), nitrogen and uranium vapor pressures (PN2,U), and melting point (Tm) of uranium mononitride (UN) have been collected and reviewed. Empirical correlations for these properties as functions of temperature (T, in K) or nitrogen pressure (Pn2, in atm) were developed and are given as: C p ( J/mol K )=51.14(Θ/T) exp (Θ/T) [ exp (Θ/T)−1] 2 +9.491×10 −3 (T)+ 2.642×10 11 T 2 exp {−18081/T} , H(T)−H(298 K)( J/mol )= 51.14Θ exp (Θ/T)−1 +4.746×10 −3 (T) 2 −8148.34+1.461×10 7 exp {−18081/T} , S( J/mol K )= 51.14(Θ/T) exp (Θ/T)−1 −51.14 ln {1− exp (−Theta;/T)}+9.491×10 −3 (T)+16.31, G( J/mol ) = 51.14(T) ln {1− exp ( −Θ T )} −4.746×10 −3 (T) 2 −16.31 + 1.461 × 10 7 exp { −18081 T } , FEF(J/mol K) = −51.14 ln {1− exp (−Θ/T)}+4.746×10 −3 (T)+ 8148.34 T +16.31− 1.461×10 7 T exp {−18081/T} , log 10 (P N 2 , atm) = 1.822 + 1.882×10 −3 (T)−23543.4/T , log 10 (P U , atm) = 6.965 − 5.137×10 −4 (T)−26616.1/T T m (K) = 3035.0(P N 2 ) 0.02832 , where Θ is the empirically determined Einstein temperature of UN, 365.7 K. The specific heat correlation was constructed from experimental data in the range of 298 ≤T ≤ 2628 K. The enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and free energy function correlations were derived from the specific heat correlation and are therefore only strictly applicable over the same temperature range. The nitrogen and uranium vapor pressure correlations are valid for 1400 ≤ T ≤ 3107 K and 1400 ≤ T ≤ 2400 K, respectively, and the melting point correlation is valid for 10−13 ≤ PN2 ≤ 7.5 atm. However, all of the correlation forms employed are very stable; thus, application of these correlations to temperatures above the experimental limits should yield reasonable estimates for these properties.
The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye

Human colour vision depends on three classes of receptor, the short- (S), medium- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones. These cone classes are interleaved in a single mosaic so that, at each point in the retina, only a single class of cone samples the retinal image. As a consequence, observers with normal trichromatic colour vision are necessarily colour blind on a local spatial scale1. The limits this places on vision depend on the relative numbers and arrangement of cones. Although the topography of human S cones is known2,3, the human L- and M-cone submosaics have resisted analysis. Adaptive optics, a technique used to overcome blur in ground-based telescopes4, can also overcome blur in the eye, allowing the sharpest images ever taken of the living retina5. Here we combine adaptive optics and retinal densitometry6 to obtain what are, to our knowledge, the first images of the arrangement of S, M and L cones in the living human eye. The proportion of L to M cones is strikingly different in two male subjects, each of whom has normal colour vision. The mosaics of both subjects have large patches in which either M or L cones are missing. This arrangement reduces the eye's ability to recover colour variations of high spatial frequency in the environment but may improve the recovery of luminance variations of high spatial frequency.
Monolithic integration of III-V optical interconnects on Si using SiGe virtual substrates

Working optical links epitaxially grown by atmospheric MOCVD and fabricated on Si via SiGe virtual substrates are demonstrated for the first time. The SiGe virtual substrates are graded from Si substrates to 100% Ge. Because of the 0.07% lattice mismatch between GaAs and Ge, high-quality GaAs-based thin films with threading dislocation densities <3×106 cm−2 were realized. The optical link consists of a GaAs PIN-LED and a GaAs PIN detector diode. A vertical-coupling scheme was utilized to couple devices with a Al0.15Ga0.85As waveguide. Waveguides of varying length, Y-junctions, and bends were fabricated. The straight waveguides exhibited loss of approximately 144 dB cm−1.