cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Consistent Theory of Second-Order Elastic Constants with an Application to Noble-Gas Crystals

Formal expressions for the first two strain derivatives of the first-order self-consistent free-energy density are rederived, and presented in a form suitable for numerical computation. The first strain derivative is the first-order self-consistent stress tensor and the second derivatives are the corresponding elastic constants. Because of the self-consistency condition, these elastic constants contain thermally averaged third-and fourth-order force constants. Special reference is made to an approximation first introduced by Horner in 1967. The expressions are applied to solid Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe using a (12-6) Mie-Lennard-Jones potential. Calculations are carried out for the temperature range 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to their respective melting points at zero pressure. The calculations are presented for the 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K volume, the experimental volume at zero pressure, and the volume produced by first-order self-consistent theory (SC). The volume effect is often large. However, at the same volume, the bulk moduli derived from ${F}_{\mathrm{ISC}}$ and ${F}_{\mathrm{SC}}$ differ by at most a few percent. This is taken to indicate the probable accuracy of our results.
THE TOUCH OF HUMILITY: AN INVITATION TO CREATURELINESS

Humility has been much maligned and misunderstood in recent thought. An authentic sense of humility, however, is borne out of a deep appreciation for human creatureliness, and is concretely worked out in the grateful acceptance of our interdependent need. The phenomenological studies of Jean-Louis Chretien, particularly his analyses of touch and the “call-response” structure to human life, are enlisted to show our true life as lived in humble reception and responsible engagement with the gifts of God. Far from being a debasement of humanity, humility—which finds its practical patterns in the divine life—is the core of our identity and vocation.
Vaccines for the Third World

New vaccines, developed through genetic engineering, can make immunization an even more effective weapon for tackling disease in developing countries. So what is preventing progress?
Pavlov and appetite

Before working on conditioned reflexes, Pavlov completed a research program designed to investigate the physiological controls of salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions. The originality and significance of this work resulted in a Nobel Prize in 1904, the first awarded to a physiologist. The first part of this manuscript focuses on the experimental analysis of the controls of gastric secretion. This demonstrates Pavlov's experimental skill and his ability to draw strong inferences about how a psychic factor like appetite grew into a physiological effect, such as gastric secretion. The second part of the manuscript reviews Pavlov's ideas about the central neural mechanism for appetite and its stimulatory effect on gastric secretion, and demonstrates that Pavlov's "conceptual nervous system" is very similar to our own.
The Prevalence of Using Iodine-Containing Supplements Is Low among Reproductive-Age Women, NHANES 1999–2006

During pregnancy, the iodine requirement rises to meet demands for neurological development and fetal growth. If these requirements are not met, irreversible pathological cognitive and behavioral changes to the fetus may ensue. This study estimated the prevalence of iodine-containing dietary supplement (DS) use and intakes of iodine from DSs among pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (15–39 y) who were interviewed and examined in NHANES 1999–2006 (n = 6404). Although 77.5% of pregnant women reported taking one or more DSs in the past 30 d, only 22.3% consumed an iodine-containing supplement. Most pregnant women reported using one DS and reported taking this product daily. The vast majority of iodine-containing DSs reported by pregnant women claimed an iodine content of 150 μg iodine/serving on the label. Pregnant women using at least one DS containing iodine had a mean daily iodine intake of 122 μg/d from supplements; the median value was 144 μg/d. Median urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were similar for pregnant and nonpregnant women in the population aged 15–39 y. The median UIC was 148 μg/L for pregnant women and 133 μg/L for nonpregnant women. The WHO has established a cutoff for insufficient iodine intake at <150 μg/L for pregnant women and <100 mg/L for those who are not pregnant. This suggests that as a population, we may not be meeting adequate intakes of iodine for pregnant women. More research is needed on the iodine intakes of pregnant women and women of reproductive age on their total iodine intake from all sources, not just DSs.
Twenty years after Gilmore: Who is being executed?

This research profiles the 432 felons executed between 1977, the first execution in the post-Gregg era, and 1997. The 432 death row inmates executed during this period were males (with one exception), convicted of murder under at least one aggravating circumstance, and had extensive criminal histories. Most held low-prestige jobs prior to their last arrest, achieved less than a high school education, and had serious mental or emotional problems. Only a handful of these executions generated any publicity. Those who were executed were lower class individuals unlikely to arouse any public sympathy.
A procedure manual for the threat index

Abstract Several of the foregoing papers have used versions of the Threat Index (1) as a means of exploring the personal meanings that individuals attribute to their own mortality. For the convenience of the interested clinician and researcher, the procedures for administering and scoring the most commonly used forms of the instrument are presented here. A detailed review of studies examining the psychometric properties of the TI has been provided elsewhere (2). Several additional publications (noted below) address the theoretical rationale underpinning the instrument, guidelines for interpretation of the scores derivable from it, and examples of the instrument's application.
Key issues in telecommunications planning

Abstract Telecommunications has emerged as a critical function playing a vital role in the business strategy of the organization. The deregulation of the industry, evolution of new technologies, rapid growth in the telecommunications market and use of telecommunications for competitive advantage have increased the uncertainty in the telecommunications environment. Strategic telecommunication planning has become a necessity in responding effectively to this dynamic and complex environment. A conceptual model of strategic telecommunications planning is proposed and, based on this model the various planning parameters are identified. An empirical survey of practicing telecommunications managers is carried out to determine the key issues in telecommunications planning, and the differences in planning characteristics across different groups. The results of the study indicate that planning managers mainly concentrate on factors related to “technology” and “cost” and place very little emphasis on “business” oriented factors. The results also indicate that significant planning gap exist for most of the planning items.
Changes in drilling density and discovery rates through time

An alternative to time sequence evaluation of field size distributions is presented. Oil fields are ranked in relation to level of prior exploration in the vicinity of discovery wells. Field size distribution patterns for discoveries at sequential levels of prior exploration are evaluated independently from the time sequence of discoveries within the region. Interregional comparisons are made in terms of field discoveries at equivalent levels of prior exploration. The study area covers a large region (approximately 78,000 Km 2 ) of central and northwest Kansas.
A comparison of bicortical and intramedullary screw fixations of jones' fractures

Two different fixations for treatment of Jones' fracture were tested in bone models and cadaveric specimens to determine the differences in the stability of the constructs. A bicortical 3.5-mm cannulated cortical screw and an intramedullary 4.0-mm partially threaded cancellous screw were tested using physiologic loads with an Instron ® 8500 servohydraulic tensiometer (Instron Corporation, Canton, MA). In bone models, the bicortical construct (n = 5, 87 ± 23N) showed superior fixation strength (p = .0009) when compared to the intramedullary screw fixation (n = 5, 25 ± 13 N). Cadaveric testing showed similar statistical significance (p = .0124) with the bicortical construct (n = 5, 152 ± 71 N) having greater load resistance than the intramedullary screw fixation (n = 4, 29 ± 20 N). In bone models, the bicortical constructs (23 ± 9 N/mm) showed over twice the elastic modulus than the intramedullary screw fixations (9 ± 4 N/mm) with statistical significance (p = .0115). The elastic modulus in the cadaveric group showed a similar pattern between the bicortical (19 ± 17 N/mm) and intramedullary (9 ± 6 N/mm) screw constructs. Analysis of the bicortical screw failure patterns revealed that screw orientation had a critical impact on fixation stability. The more distal the exit site of the bicortical screw was from the fracture site, the greater the load needed to displace the fixation.
Late results after triple-valve replacement with various substitute valves

The purpose of this study was to determine what influence various combinations of mechanical and bioprosthetic valves in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid positions had on late morbidity and mortality of 40 hospital survivors of triple-valve replacement. At operation the patients ranged in age from 27 to 69 years; 73% were women. The mean postoperative follow-up interval was 8.3 years, with a total follow-up of 331 years (100% complete). At 12 months after operation, functional class decreased from 3.3 to 1.6 (p < 0.05), cardiac index increased from 2.0 to 2.6 L.min-1 x m-2 (p < 0.05), and pulmonary artery pressures decreased from 59/27 to 40/17 mm Hg (p < 0.05). There were no differences in preoperative variables between groups. Actuarial survival for the 40 patients (exclusive of 30-day or in-hospital mortality, which was 31%) was 78% and 74% at 5 and 10 years. At the same milestones, freedom from reoperation was 96% and 54%, freedom from combined thromboembolism and anticoagulant-related hemorrhage was 68% and 56%, and freedom from all late valve-related morbidity and mortality was 64% and 25%. Comparison of the patients with two or more mechanical prostheses with the patients having two or more bioprostheses indicated no significant differences in actuarial freedom from late death, thromboembolic events, or anticoagulant-related hemorrhage. However the actuarial freedom from reoperation in the groups with two or more mechanical valves was lower than that of the groups with two or more bioprosthetic valves (0/10 versus 13/30; p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Alaskan Arctic Lake Sediment

Abstract A 30−cm sediment core dating back about 300 years was collected from Lake Schrader in Alaska. The core was segmented, dated, and analyzed for three- to six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The PAHs analyzed were found to be distinctively different in composition from PAHs in environmental samples contaminated by anthropogenic activities. The major PAHs in polluted samples consist of over a dozen parental PAHs with typical composition profiles indicating combustion origins. In the Lake Schrader sediment, the presence of combustion derived PAHs is overwhelmed by the presence of a number of biogenic PAHs. The major biogenic PAHs found to be present are phenanthrene, alkylated phenanthrenes, alkylated tetra- and octa-hydrochrysenes, and perylene from diagenesis of natural biological products. Their original biological precursors were traced by their preserved carbon skeletons, and their depth profiles reflected the rate of the diagenetic pr...
Use of a clinical accelerator in spectroscopic studies of the decay of 197Ir.

The 40-MeV direct beam bremsstrahlung irradiation facility of the Sagittaire clinical electron accelerator was used to produce /sup 197/Ir via the reaction /sup 198/Pt(..gamma..,p)/sup 197/Ir. Gamma emitted in the Ir decay were detected with an intrinsic germanium system and multichannel analyzer. 106 of the spectrum peaks could be analyzed for energy, relative intensity, and half-life. Half-line results indicate that /sup 197/Ir decays from two isomers, one with half-life 6.1 +- 0.1 min and another with half-life 8.9 +- 0.1 min.
“President-elect Obama: His Symbolic Importance in His Own Words”

President-elect Barack Hussein Obama has become a symbol of many things to many people. To Black America, he represents a “dream deferred,” now realized. To Americans, more generally, he symbolizes confession, repentance and atonement. And to those onlookers, well-wishers, and supporters around the globe, Presidentelect Obama symbolizes that old American promise, the great Horatio Alger myth, that no matter how humble the beginnings, or how tattered the overcoat, once washed up on America’s shores anyone can attain anything. The problem with sweeping symbolism, a la Clifford Geertz, is that the symbols can become so malleable as to seem devoid of roots, authenticity, and genuine referents. Indeed, during this historical presidential campaign, newspapers, commentators, and pundits routinely rehearsed the “Who is Barack Obama” line. I would quizzically listen as they suggested that he was unknowable, distant, and elusive. Did they read Dreams from my Father and the Audacity of Hope or just skim them for talking points? I had to assume the latter. J Afr Am St (2009) 13:187–189 DOI 10.1007/s12111-008-9078-x
Direct solution calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of proton and electron transfer reactions for transition metal complexes : thermochemical study of metal-hydride and metal-metal bond energies

Abstract Enthalpies of reaction with sodium amalgam, sodium benzophenone ketyl, and metal carbonyl anions of organometallic complexes in THF solution have been measured. Relative to reduction with Na metal, the following enthalpies of reduction (kcal mol −1 ) are reported: benzophenone = −38.5, Cr(CO) 2 (PEt 3 )C 5 H 5 = −54.3, Cr(CO) 2 (PPh 3 )C 5 H 5 = −59.8, 1/2[Mo(CO) 3 C 5 Me 5 ] 2 = −59.9, 1/2[W(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 = −61.7, 1/2[Mo(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 = −63.5, Cr(CO) 2 (P(OMe) 3 )C 5 H 5 = −64.4, 1/2[C 5 H 5 (CO) 3 Mo-Cr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] = −66.1, 1/2[Cr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 = −68.2, Cr(CO) 3 C 5 Me 5 = −72.3, Cr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 = −75.6, 1/2Co 2 (CO) 8 = −77.9. The value for the enthalpy of reduction of benzophenone is 14.5 kcal mol −1 more exothermic than recent literature data. The enthalpies of electron transfer and proton transfer between NaCr(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 and other chromium radicals and hydrides have been measured and span about 20 kcal mol −1 . These measurements are used in thermochemical cycles to calculate enthalpies of H atom transfer. The role of substituents in determining enthalpies of reaction relevant to electrochemical and p K a measurement enthalpies of reaction is discussed. The heat of hydrogenation of Mn 2 (CO) 10 has been determined using calorimetrically determined enthalpies of H atom transfer. The heat of hydrogenation, +4 kcal mol −1 in THF, allows estimation of the MnH bond strength = 68 kcal mol −1 .
Enterostatin inhibition of dietary fat intake is modulated through the melanocortin system

Enterostatin injected into the amygdala selectively reduces dietary fat intake by an action that involves a serotonergic component in the paraventricular nucleus. We have investigated the role of melanocortin signaling in the response to enterostatin by studies in melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) knockout mice and by the use of the MC4R and MC3R antagonist SHU9119, and by neurochemical phenotyping of enterostatin activated cells. We also determined the effect of enterostatin in vivo on the expression of AgRP in the hypothalamus and amygdala of rats and in culture on a GT1-7 neuronal cell line. Enterostatin had no effect on food intake in MC4R knock out mice. SHU9119 icv blocked the feeding response to amygdala enterostatin in rats. Amygdala enterostatin induced fos activation in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Enterostatin also reduced the expression of AgRP in the hypothalamus and amygdala and in GT1-7 cells. These data suggest enterostatin inhibits dietary fat intake through a melanocortin signaling pathway.
Information systems implementation within US agribusiness: an applications approach

The complexity and sophistication of information system depends upon the information processing needs at the firm level. Agribusinesses tend to be heterogeneous in terms of firm size, operator characteristics, and opportunities for strategic behavior. Thus, information system hardware and software sophistication is expected to differ significantly even within similar industries. This study employs survey data from US agribusiness firms in order to determine the factors that contribute to hardware and software sophistication. Sophistication levels relative to hardware and software many times are a function of firm size and sales. It is also shown that a manager needs to recognize the level of sophistication in order to gauge competitive positioning against firm rivals. To be competitive within specific agribusiness sectors a firm must maintain or acquire the requisite information technology of its rivals.
Probing large conformational rearrangements in wild-type and mutant spectrin using structural mass spectrometry

Conformational changes of macromolecular complexes play key mechanistic roles in many biological processes, but large, highly flexible proteins and protein complexes usually cannot be analyzed by crystallography or NMR. Here, structures and conformational changes of the highly flexible, dynamic red cell spectrin and effects of a common mutation that disrupts red cell membranes were elucidated using chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry. Interconversion of spectrin between closed dimers, open dimers, and tetramers plays a key role in maintaining red cell shape and membrane integrity, and spectrins in other cell types serve these as well as more diverse functions. Using a minispectrin construct, experimentally verified structures of closed dimers and tetramers were determined by combining distance constraints from zero-length cross-links with molecular models and biophysical data. Subsequent biophysical and structural mass spectrometry characterization of a common hereditary elliptocytosis-related mutation of α-spectrin, L207P, showed that cell membranes were destabilized by a shift of the dimer–tetramer equilibrium toward closed dimers. The structure of αL207P mutant closed dimers provided previously unidentified mechanistic insight into how this mutation, which is located a large distance from the tetramerization site, destabilizes spectrin tetramers and cell membrane integrity.
Therapeutic application of calcium-channel antagonists for pulmonary hypertension

Calcium-channel antagonists may provide an effective approach to the treatment of pulmonary hypertensive disorders. Biochemical evidence suggests that pulmonary vasoconstriction results from the transmembrane flux of calcium into vascular smooth muscle; accordingly, the pulmonary pressor responses in experimental hypoxic pulmonary hypertension can be attenuated by verapamil and nifedipine. In patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, nifedipine decreases pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance in proportion to the severity of hypoxemia before treatment. However, little pulmonary vasodilator effect is seen when hypoxemia is corrected by inhalation of oxygen, and systemic arterial oxygen desaturation can occur after nifedipine in patients breathing room air; most importantly, long-term studies in patients with chronic lung disease are lacking. In selected patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and other obliterative diseases of the pulmonary vasculature, nifedipine produces short- and long-term hemodynamic improvement at rest and during exercise, and these benefits are frequently paralleled by amelioration of dyspnea and fatigue. However, in patients in whom right ventricular function has been severely compromised by chronic pressure overload, both verapamil and nifedipine may exert notable depressant effects on right ventricular performance, despite the decrease in right ventricular afterload that would be expected to accompany a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. These negative inotropic actions may result in serious deleterious clinical reactions. Although calcium-channel antagonists represent a promising approach to the management of patients with pulmonary hypertension, the long-term efficacy and safety of these drugs in this disorder remain to be established.
The properties of mnemiopsin, a bioluminescent and light sensitive protein purified by hollow fiber techniques.

A calcium activated photoprotein, termed mnemiopsin, which emits bioluminescence upon the addition of calcium ion, has been isolated from the Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, and purified by hollow fiber techniques. The system is similar to aequorin, from the jellyfish Aequorea, except that mnemiopsin can be light-inactivated. Separation of mnemiopsin from the dilute and large volume animal homogenate proved difficult with conventional biochemical techniques. A continuous flow process utilizing large surface area hollow fibers for filtration, concentration, and dialysis was developed which may also be applicable to the purification of other proteins. The resulting mnemiopsin concentrate, after further purification, was judged to be about 90% pure by its gel electrophoretic profile. Estimates by molecular sieve chromatography and SDS gel electrophoresis gave a molecular weight of about 23,000 daltons. The calcium specificity for triggering light emission was studied by comparison of triggering with a variety of cations and anions and by investigating the effects of calcium ionophores and antagonists. The activity of mnemiopsin was characterized with respect to pH, temperature and ionic strength. The stability of mnemiopsin activity after exposure to proteases, denaturants, protein group-specific reagents, detergents, elevated temperatures and light was determined.
Must we always respect religious belief

In her interesting and suggestive article, "Tales Publicly Allowed: Competence, Capacity, and Religious Belief," Adrienne Martin begins with a case that Tom Beauchamp and I discuss in Principles of Biomedical Ethics. The case involves a person she calls "Ray," who generally acts normally but who has been "involuntarily committed to a mental institution as the result of bizarre self-destructive behavior (pulling out an eye and cutting off a hand) [because of] his unusual religious beliefs." Martin argues toward two conclusions: "that capacity and competence come apart, and that there may in some circumstances be reasons to allow an incapacitated person to make her own treatment decisions," including, but not limited to, religiously based decisions. Martin raises important questions about capacity and competence and how to view and treat religiously based beliefs and practices in health care. Her arguments merit close attention; ultimately, though, I find them unconvincing. Her second conclusion involves an argument that some religiously based decisions are "incapacitated," but that our sociocultural respect for religious beliefs and practices leads many bioethicists to view decision-makers as both capacitated and competent to make their own decisions. Martin's otherwise valuable contribution to this important topic is marred by unnecessary and unwise conceptual gymnastics and by serious misinterpretations both of Principles of Biomedical Ethics and of the broader bioethical discussion. Martin insists on a sharp distinction between capacity and competence, the former having to do with rational capabilities and the latter with moral status as a decision-maker. She writes that "Beauchamp and Childress exemplify the common view that capacity is both necessary and sufficient for having the status of a competent decision-maker." While capacity and competence are closely intertwined in our analysis, we do not hold that capacity is necessary and sufficient for competence in her sense of the term. There may be reasons for allowing a person of diminished capacity to make decisions in some cases and for not allowing a person with full capacity to make decisions in other cases. If a person has the specific capacity to make a decision, then according to our conception, that person is competent to make that decision. However, such a person does not have an absolute right to make that decision, and others do not have an absolute duty to respect that decision. …
Examination of survival, proliferation and cell surface antigen expression of human monocytes exposed to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).

The effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF-1) on the survival, proliferation, maturation and activation of human blood monocytes were examined. M-CSF (100-1,000 U/ml) doubled the number of monocytes surviving after eight days in culture and accelerated the usual increase in cell volume. Antiserum to M-CSF abolished both of these effects. There was no sizable increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation in monocytes over this time period. Of various factors tested, including gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), interleukin (IL) 1 alpha, granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), only granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) could also enhance survival and augment cell volume. While antiserum to human M-CSF eliminated the increase in survival induced by GM-CSF, it could not ablate the GM-CSF-stimulated increase in monocyte cell volume. Monocyte cell surface markers that increase with maturation (i.e., Fc gamma RIII) or with activation (i.e., Fc gamma RI) were unaffected by incubation with M-CSF.
Measurement of excretion characteristics of theophylline and its major metabolites

Analysis of urinary excretion after administration of 320 mg of theophylline to six normal volunteers appears to indicate the occurrence of capacity limited formation of most of the theophylline metabolites and non-linear renal excretion of theophylline. The renal clearance is elevated at high concentrations where the metabolic clearance is reduced. Even though the individual process of elimination is non-linear, the compensating relationship appears to yield a constant total elimination clearance. The implication of these results in chronic therapy and dose adjustment is discussed.
Urban Sprawl Leaves Its PAH Signature

The increasing vehicle traffic associated with urban sprawl in the United States is frequently linked to degradation of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This...
Vision 2020 Measures University of New Mexico's Success by Health of Its State

The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (UNMHSC) adopted a new Vision to work with community partners to help New Mexico make more progress in health and health equity than any other state by 2020. UNMHSC recognized it would be more successful in meeting communities' health priorities if it better aligned its own educational, research, and clinical missions with their needs. National measures that compare states on the basis of health determinants and outcomes were adopted in 2013 as part of Vision 2020 target measures for gauging progress toward improved health and health care in New Mexico. The Vision focused the institution's resources on strengthening community capacity and responding to community priorities via pipeline education, workforce development programs, community-driven and community-focused research, and community-based clinical service innovations, such as telehealth and "health extension." Initiatives with the greatest impact often cut across institutional silos in colleges, departments, and programs, yielding measurable community health benefits. Community leaders also facilitated collaboration by enlisting University of New Mexico educational and clinical resources to better respond to their local priorities. Early progress in New Mexico's health outcomes measures and state health ranking is a promising sign of movement toward Vision 2020.
Profinite higher algebraic K -theory of twisted flag varieties

Let G be an algebraic group over a field F. In this paper, we study profinite equivariant higher algebraic K-theory for the actions of G leading to computations of profinite higher algebraic K-theory of twisted flag varieties. More precisely, let \({_{\gamma}\mathcal{F}}\) be a twisted flag variety (see 1.2.3), B a finite dimensional separable F-algebra, and l an odd rational prime. When F is a number field, we prove that for all \({n\,{\ge}\,1,\;K_{2n}^{\rm pr} ( {({{_{\gamma}\mathcal{F},B}}),{\hat{{Z}}}_{\ell}})}\) is an l-complete Abelian group and \({{{\rm div}}\, K_{2n}^{\rm pr} ( {( {_\gamma{\mathcal{F},B}}),{\hat{{Z}}}_\ell})=0}\). If F is a p-adic field, we prove that for \({n\ge 1\;K_n^{\rm pr} ( {( {_\gamma{\mathcal{F},B}}),{\hat{{Z}}}_\ell})\approx K_{n}( {({_\gamma {\mathcal{F},B}}), {\hat{{Z}}}_\ell})}\) are l-complete profinite Abelian groups and \({{{\rm div}}\,K_{n}^{\rm pr} ( {( {_\gamma{\mathcal{F},B}}),{\hat{{Z}}}_\ell})=0}\). As preliminary results, we prove that when F is a number field, then for the ordinary higher K-theories, we have \({K_{2n+1}( {_{\gamma}\mathcal{F},B})}\) are finitely generated Abelian group and \({K_{2n}( {_\gamma \mathcal{F},B})}\) are torsion while if F is a p-adic field, then for all \({n\ge 2,K_n( {_{\gamma}\mathcal{F},B})_{\ell}}\) are finite groups.
X-RAY EMISSION AND CORONA OF THE YOUNG INTERMEDIATE-MASS BINARY θ1 Ori E

theta{sup 1} Ori E is a young, moderate mass binary system, a rarely observed case of spectral-type G-giants of about 3 solar masses, which are still collapsing toward the main sequence, where they presumably become X-ray faint. We have obtained high-resolution X-ray spectra with Chandra and find that the system is very active and similar to coronal sources, having emission typical of magnetically confined plasma. It has a broad temperature distribution with a hot component and significant high energy continuum; narrow emission lines from H- and He-like ions, as well as a range of Fe ions, and relative luminosity, L{sub x} /L{sub bol} = 10{sup -3}, at the saturation limit. Density, while poorly constrained, is consistent with the low density limits, our upper limits being n{sub e} < 10{sup 13} cm{sup -3} for Mg XI and n{sub e} < 10{sup 12} cm{sup -3} for Ne IX. Coronal elemental abundances are sub-solar, with Ne being the highest at about 0.4 times solar. We find a possible trend in Trapezium hot plasmas toward low relative abundances of Fe, O, and Ne, which is hard to explain in terms of the dust depletion scenarios of low-mass young stars. Variability was unusually low duringmore » our observations relative to other coronally active stars. Qualitatively, the emission is similar to post-main-sequence G-stars. Coronal structures could be compact or comparable to the dimensions of the stellar radii. From comparison to X-ray emission from similar mass stars at various evolutionary epochs, we conclude that the X-rays in theta{sup 1} Ori E are generated by a convective dynamo, present during contraction, but which will vanish during the main-sequence epoch possibly to be resurrected during post-main-sequence evolution.« less
Influence of dietary pectin on intestinal microfloral metabolism and toxicity of nitrobenzene.

Intestinal microfloral metabolism of nitrobenzene is essential for the production of methemoglobin. Since dietary pectin alters intestinal microflora, these studies were designed to examine the effects of dietary pectin on nitrobenzene-induced methemoglobinemia. Male Fischer-344 rats were fed either AIN-76A (purified diet containing 5% cellulose), AIN-76A with 5% pectin replacing the cellulose, or NIH-07 (cereal-based diet containing 8.4% pectin) for 28 days. Following this period, nitrobenzene (200 mg/kg) was administered by gastric intubation, and methemoglobin concentrations were determined after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr. Nitrobenzene-induced methemoglobinemia was evident as early as 1 hr, peaked at 4 hr, and diminished thereafter in rats fed NIH-07 diet. In contrast, nitrobenzene-induced methemoglobinemia was not detectable in rats fed AIN-76A; however, inclusion of 5% pectin in this diet resulted in methemoglobinemia comparable to that of NIH-07-fed animals at 4, 8, and 24 hr. Administration of 400 or 600 mg/kg nitrobenzene resulted in significant diet-related differences in methemoglobinemia. Administration of 600 mg/kg nitrobenzene to animals fed NIH-07 resulted in the highest methemoglobin concentrations (64 ± 1%); those fed AIN-76A had the lowest (20 ± 5%), and those fed AIN-76A containing pectin had intermediate methemoglobin concentrations (44 ± 6%). No diet-related differences in the microbial population of the stomach or small intestine were observed. However, the number of anaerobes present in the ceca of rats fed AIN-76A containing pectin was 2 to 2.5 times greater than that of rats fed AIN-76A. In vitro reductive metabolism of [14C]nitrobenzene was significantly greater in the cecal contents of rats fed NIH-07 than that in the cecal contents of either of the groups fed the AIN-76A-based diets. These studies indicate that intestinal microfloral metabolism and red blood cell toxicity of nitrobenzene is markedly different in animals fed cereal-based versus purified diets. Furthermore, since inclusion of pectin into the purified diet diminishes the magnitude of these effects, differences in dietary composition of fermentable carbohydrates in cereal-based and purified diets may mediate differences in metabolism and toxicity of nitrobenzene.
At-sea determination of female American lobster (Homarus americanus) mating activity: Patterns vs. expectations

Abstract We examined female American lobsters (Homarus americanus) for evidence of mating activity in selected regions within Gulf of Maine (GOM) and Southern New England (SNE) waters. The presence of a spermatophore in their seminal receptacles was used as an indication of mating activity (spermatophore positive, “SP”). To determine if all presumably-mature females had mated, the proportion of females that were SP was compared to the size-at-maturity data used in the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) American Lobster Stock Assessment. A total of 1696 females were examined, and in all regions >75% of these females were SP. In most regions, more presumably-immature females (based on pre-existing maturity data) were SP than expected, while in the two SNE regions (Rhode Island) there were more presumably-mature females lacking sperm than expected. We suggest that due to the depleted condition of the SNE lobster stock, the discrepancy between expected maturity and mating activity in SNE females warrants further attention. Additionally, our data suggest that there is a need to re-examine lobster size-at-maturity throughout the GOM lobster stock. It appears as if either the maturity schedules have recently shifted, or sexually immature females are regularly mating in many regions.
CBGA package design for C4 PowerPC microprocessor chips: trade-off between substrate routability and performance

Electrical performance and printed circuit board routability tradeoff are studied in ceramic ball grid array packages (CBGAs). CBGA package design is described for a high speed chip with peripheral drivers. Three general types of array patterns are compared. First, the best routability design, where all the power and ground balls on the CBGA are routed in the center area. Second, a design with four pairs of P/G balls moved to the corners of the CBGA is evaluated, resulting in improvement of electrical performance by 50%, as measured by SSN reduction. The reasons for this improvement are analyzed. Third, even more P/G balls are moved closer to the onchip drivers, achieving an additional 30% reduction in SSN. In each case, the implications on board routability and simultaneous switching noise are assessed. >
A receding horizon control approach to portfolio optimization using a risk-minimax objective for wealth tracking

In this paper, we consider the problem of financial portfolio optimization. A hierarchical framework is used, and receding horizon control (RHC) ideas are exploited to pose and solve two relevant constrained optimization problems. We first present the classic problem of wealth maximization subject to risk constraints. We also formulate a new approach to portfolio optimization which attempts to minimize the peak risk over the prediction horizon, while trying to track a wealth objective. This approach is designed to assist investors that might be unable to precisely specify their risk tolerance. We compare this methodology with the classical approach. It is concluded that this approach may be particularly beneficial during downturns — appreciably limiting losses during downturns while providing most of the upturn benefits.
The role of 12-lipoxygenase in pancreatic -cells (Review).

Leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4) to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) and linoleic acid (LA; C18:2) to 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE). Previous studies have demonstrated that 12-LO, but not 5- or 15-lipoxygenase (5-LO, 15-LO respectively), is specifically expressed in pancreatic -cells and is involved in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Lipoxygenase products also have been linked with inflammatory pathways in endothelial cells, kidney mesangial cells, inflammatory bowel disease, and corneal epithelial cells. Therefore, 12-LO may play a role in cytokine mediated inflammation in pancreatic beta-cells (i.e. beta -cell dysfunction and cytotoxicity). Cytokines such as IL-1 stimulate both de novo 12-LO protein synthesis and enzyme activity in pancreatic beta-cells. The products generated by 12-LO may ultimately be involved in cellular events that lead to lipid peroxidation. Hydroperoxide and free radical production in beta-cells can activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to cell death or may directly damage mitochondrial and plasma membranes. Increased 12-LO expression has also been found in islets from prediabetic Zucker fatty rats, a model that demonstrates insulin secretory defects similar to human type 2 diabetes. In this review, we present an overview of the 12-LO pathway in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta-cells as well as more recent data which supports the hypothesis that the 12-LO pathway participates in cytokine mediated beta-cell dysfunction and cytotoxicity.
Perceptions of the Nature of Science by Geoscience Students Experiencing Two Different Courses of Study

Student knowledge of the Nature of Science (NOS) is critical to their understanding of science. NOS encapsulates the tenets of how science is regarded and the heuristics by which science is judged to be valid and appropriate. The importance of NOS to science education has lead to curricular and policy development that mandate the construct be taught throughout the K-12 science curriculum. If this curriculum is effective there is an expectation that students would enter post-secondary with foundational knowledge of NOS. Our research examined the perspectives of NOS among two different cohorts of undergraduate geoscience students, one of lower division students beginning their study of geoscience and a second of upper division students nearing the completion of their degree. We assessed their intellectual and emotional perceptions of NOS at the beginning of the semester. At the end of the semester we again assessed their perceptions of NOS and their conceptual understanding of geoscience. Our results indica...
Effects of Long-Term Dynamic Loading and Fluctuating Water Table on Helical Anchor Performance for Small Wind Tower Foundations

The application of this study is to use helical anchors as a foundation system for small wind tower (1–10 kW) guyed cables. Helical anchors are currently used to anchor guyed cables of cell or transmission towers. However, the increased dynamic vibrations a wind turbine adds to the tower and foundation system under working loads, as well as extreme environmental conditions (e.g., straight line winds, ice load, or sudden furling shocks), require additional knowledge about the behavior of helical anchors. These field conditions were simulated in this study from tower-instrumented field data on wind speed and tower response. These tower responses were then transmitted to the helical anchors through an extensive, large-scale testing program that included monitoring the performance of the helical anchor foundation under dynamic loads, subject to natural variations in both wind regimes, precipitation (water level) and variations in helical anchor geometry. This paper compares the uplift prediction methods used in helical anchor design as well as discusses the effects of long-term dynamic loading and fluctuating water table on helical anchor performance.
How Communist Cadres Persuaded Romanian Peasants to Give Up Their Land

The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet bloc caused millions of peasants to sign away their rights to land and join collective farms. How did Party cadres accomplish this extraordinary change? In this article, drawn from a large collaborative project, the authors present examples from Romania to describe one of the central techniques used: “persuasion work.” The authors focus on how the persuaders sought to create their authority with villagers, peasants’ and cadres’ reciprocal manipulations of kinship and gender, cadres’ disruptions of the accustomed spatial and temporal organization of village life and peasant responses to them, bargaining and negotiations between cadres and villagers, and more overt forms of “persuasive” coercion. Although persuasion was ostensibly about creating an inner state of belief—convincing peasants of the superiority of collective agriculture—the authors argue that it is more appropriately seen as a performative matter, in which peasants learned to perform the consen...
Persistence, Parts, and Presentism

Analyse des modes de presence que sont l'endurance et la perdurance des objets dans le temps, l'un se caracterisant par la tri-dimensionnalite et l'absence de parties temporelles, l'autre se caracterisant par la quadri-dimensionnalite et la possession de parties de temporelles. Dans le cadre du debat sur la reconciliation presentiste et non-presentiste de l'endurance et du changement, l'A. montre que sa definition de l'endurance en termes d'identite dans le temps et de presence complete a un moment donne, implique la these du presentisme et autorise une taxonomie des autres modes de la permanence (qui ne sont ni de l'endurance, ni de la perdurance)
Solid phase graft copolymerization. I. Effect of initiator and catalyst

Polypropylene–maleic anhydride (PP–MA) graft copolymers were produced from isotactic homopolymer polypropylene (molecular weight > 150,000) utilizing the technique of solid phase graft copolymerization. A high degree of graft (about 8–10%) was achieved on 150 mesh (U.S. Standard Sieve) samples using this process. This free-radical-initiated, catalyst-aided grafting process was effective at low temperatures (100–120°C), atmospheric pressure, and low residence times (60 min). The powder was mixed in a low shear, fixed speed, continuous mixer where the ingredients were added in stages to effect the reaction. The interfacial agent was used to etch the polymer to provide sites for the reaction. The powder was removed from the reactor on completion of the reaction. This process can be further applied to graft other reactive monomers on polypropylene (PP).
Finite strip elastic buckling solutions for thin-walled metal columns with perforation patterns

Abstract Approximate finite strip eigen-buckling solutions are introduced for local, distortional, flexural, and flexural-torsional elastic buckling of a thin-walled metal column with perforation patterns. These methods are developed to support a calculation-based strength prediction approach for steel pallet rack columns employing the American Iron and Steel Institute׳s Direct Strength Method, however they are generally posed and could also be useful in structural studies of thin-walled thermal or acoustical members made of steel, aluminum, or other metals. The critical elastic global buckling load including perforations is calculated by reducing the finite strip buckling load of the cross-section without perforations using the weighted average of the net and gross cross-sectional moment of inertia along the length of the member for flexural (Euler) buckling, and for flexural-torsional buckling, using the weighted average of both the torsional warping and St. Venant torsional constants. For local buckling, a Rayleigh–Ritz energy solution leads to a reduced thickness stiffened element equation that simulates the influence of decreased longitudinal and transverse plate bending stiffness caused by perforation patterns. The cross-section with these reduced thicknesses is input into a finite strip analysis program to calculate the critical elastic local buckling load. Local buckling at a perforation is also treated with a net section finite strip analysis. For distortional buckling, a reduced thickness equation is derived for the web of an open cross-section to simulate the reduction in its transverse bending stiffness caused by perforation patterns. The approximate elastic buckling methods are validated with a database of 1282 thin shell finite element eigen-buckling models considering five common pallet rack cross-sections featuring web perforations that include 36 perforation dimension combinations and twelve perforation spacing combinations.
Broadband source detection and range/depth localization via full-wavefield (matched field) processing

The use of full wavefield (matched field) processing techniques in a multipath environment is illustrated. Experimental data consist of the arrivals at a hydrophone array from an explosive source in shallow water. A coherent recombination of the multipath arrivals is performed in order to provide enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for source detection and range/depth localization. Thus, signal-to-noise ratio is enhanced. Range/depth localization information is made available by searching for a peak in the surface formed by plotting beamformer output at all range/depth cells of interest. The results are compared to theoretical predictions of range/depth localization resolution based on the characteristics of the oceanic waveguide. >
Parallel Discrete Event Simulation of Molecular Dynamics Through Event-Based Decomposition

Molecular dynamics simulation based on discrete event simulation (DMD) is emerging as an alternative to time-step driven molecular dynamics (MD). DMD uses simplified discretized models, enabling simulations to be advanced by event, with a resulting performance increase of several orders of magnitude. Even so, DMD is compute bound. Moreover, unlike MD, causality issues make DMD difficult to scale. Here we present a microarchitecture-inspired parallel algorithm for DMD: speculative execution enables multithreading, while in-order commitment ensures correctness. Our initial not-yet optimized implementation obtains scalability for a multicore processor when running realistic simulation models.
An approach to accelerate scan testing in IEEE 1149.1 architectures

This paper describes an approach which can accelerate scan testing of combinational and sequential circuits within IEEE 1149.1 architectures. The approach can be used at both IC and system test levels, however most of the test time reduction benefits of this approach are seen at the system level.