cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can lymphangiosarcoma be resurrected? A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of lymphatic differentiation in 49 angiosarcomas

Aims: The term lymphangiosarcoma has largely been abandoned in the current classification of endothelial neoplasms. Recently, a number of lymphatic-associated antibodies have been developed for immunohistochemistry, which frequently stain angiosarcomas, implying lymphatic or mixed lymphatic and blood vascular differentiation is common. The aim was to investigate further lymphatic antigen expression, and to explore the relation of immunohistochemistry to morphological and clinical findings. Methods and results: Forty-nine angiosarcomas in tissue microarrays were analysed with D2-40 and antibodies to Prox-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3. D2-40 was positive in 53%, Prox-1 in 76%, and VEGFR-3 in 57%. Tumours with features attributable to lymphatic differentiation such as hobnail and kaposiform morphologies were more often positive with these markers, including a statistical association between D2-40 and hobnailing. Ten tumours had features suggestive of lymphatic differentiation, namely well-differentiated histology, interanastomosing channels devoid of red cells, prominent hobnailing, lymphoid aggregates, and multi-antigen expression of D2-40 (100%), Prox-1 (100%) and VEGFR-3 (60%), which might be deserving of the appellation lymphangiosarcoma. Nine were cutaneous scalp ⁄ facial tumours in elderly patients and one arose within chronic lymphoedema. Conclusions: Lymphatic differentiation is common in angiosarcoma, certain subsets show greater lymphatic differentiation than others, and lymphangiosarcoma may be defined pathologically, rather than clinically.
Fabrication and characterization of (1-x)SrBi2Ta2O9 xBi3TaTiO9 layered structure solid solution thin films for ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) applications

Abstract We report on the properties of (1−x)SrBi2Ta2O9–xBi3TaTiO9 solid solution thin films for ferroelectric non-volatile memory applications. The solid solution thin films fabricated by modified metalorganic solution deposition technique showed much improved properties compared to SrBi2Ta2O9. A pyrochlore free crystalline phase was obtained at a low annealing temperature of 600°C and grain size was found to be considerably increased for the solid solution compositions. The film properties were found to be strongly dependent on the composition and annealing temperatures. The measured dielectric constant of the solid solution thin films was in the range 180–225 for films with 10–50% of Bi3TaTiO9 content in the solid solution. Ferroelectric properties of (1−x)SrBi2Ta2O9–xBi3TaTiO9 thin films were significantly improved compared to SrBi2Ta2O9. For example, the observed remanent polarization (2Pr) and coercive field (Ec) values for films with 0.7SrBi2Ta2O9–0.3Bi3TaTiO9 composition, annealed at 650°C, were 12.4 μC/cm2 and 80 kV/cm, respectively. The solid solution thin films showed less than 5% decay of the polarization charge after 1010 switching cycles and good memory retention characteristics after about 106 s of memory retention. The improved microstructural and ferroelectric properties of (1−x)SrBi2Ta2O9–xBi3TaTiO9 thin films compared to SrBi2Ta2O9, especially at lower annealing temperatures, suggest their suitability for high density FRAM applications.
Immunohistochemical localization of a ∼66 kD glycosylated phosphoprotein during development of the embryonic chick tibia

Localization of a ∼66 kD glycosylated phosphoprotein during morphogenesis of the embryonic chick tibia has been accomplished using immunohistochemistry. Although initial expression of the tibial osteoblast phenotype is detected as early as stage 28.5, with the deposition of osteoid matrix beginning at stage 30, little or no immunoreactivity against the ∼66 kD glycosylated phosphoprotein is observed in pre-osteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, or in the uncalcified osteoid matrix during the early events of tibia development. Immunoreactivity was first observed at stage 32 when mineralization of the osteoid matrix is initiated. At this and all later stages, the phosphoprotein is located almost exclusively in the extracellular matrix at the mineralization front with essentially no detectable staining in the adjacent unmineralized osteoid matrix. Similarly, no cellular staining is observed when even the lightly mineralized extracellular matrix is strongly immunoreactive. Only scant immunostaining is present over the heavily mineralized regions, although demineralization of these areas with EDTA exposes a low intensity, punctate staining pattern. Additionally, cryosections of developing calvaria stained with this antiserum only display reactivity in regions of bone matrix undergoing mineralization. These localization studies support the hypothesis that this phosphoprotein is intimately associated with the process of bone matrix mineralization in the developing chick long bone.
Biological vs. mechanical aortic root replacement.

Objectives: Although age and co-existing coronary disease are major determining factors when deciding valve choice (mechanical vs. biological) in simple aortic valve replacement, no studies have documented selection criterion for biological (BIO) vs. mechanical (MECH) aortic root prosthesis. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-one consecutive patients underwent elective aortic root replacement with either BIO (homograft, n ¼ 111, Freestyle w , n ¼ 25) or MECH composite grafts (n ¼ 85). Median age in BIO was 53 years and in MECH 54 years (P ¼ NS). Groups were similar in gender, NYHA class and ejection fraction (BIO, EF ¼ 59% vs. MECH, EF ¼ 55%), but the need for concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) did differ between groups (MECH ¼ 35% vs. BIO ¼ 17%, P ¼ 0:003). Mean followup was 42 ^ 28 months for mortality and 39 ^ 28 months for morbidity. Results: Full root replacement was performed in 213 patients (96%) and hemi-root in eight (4%). The most common underlying etiologies were annulo-aortic ectasia (n ¼ 82, 37%), calcified-degenerative (n ¼ 73, 33%) and bicuspid/congenital aortic valve disease (n ¼ 39, 18%). Operative mortality was 1.5% for BIO and 2.4% for MECH (P ¼ 0:5). By univariate analysis there was a trend towards greater 5-year survival in BIO (92.4% vs. 88.2%, P ¼ 0:068). By multivariate analysis, increasing age (HR ¼ 2:4, P ¼ 0:003), previous valve replacement (HR ¼ 4:7, P ¼ 0:024), concomitant CABG (HR ¼ 3:7, P ¼ 0:032), and perioperative stroke (HR ¼ 9:9, P ¼ 0:0005) were all independent predictors of late death. The 5-year freedom from valve-related complications was similar in both groups (BIO ¼ 93% vs. MECH ¼ 86%, P ¼ 0:5). Conclusions: Elective aortic root replacement is an exceedingly safe operation. At mean follow-up of 4 years, there is no meaningful difference in early or mid term valve-related results between BIO and MECH aortic root replacement. Continued evaluation for late valve-related complications in this cohort will be necessary to determine the advantages, if any, of one prosthesis over the other. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Reduced cocaine-seeking behavior in heterozygous BDNF knockout rats.

Cocaine generates drug-seeking behavior by creating long-lasting changes in the reward pathway. The role of the growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in facilitating these changes was investigated in the present report with a genetic rat model. Using conditioned place preference, the current study investigated the hypothesis that a partial knockout of the BDNF gene in rats (BDNF+/−) would attenuate the rewarding effects of cocaine. Wildtype rats exposed to cocaine exhibited normal cocaine-seeking responses one day after conditioning and cocaine-seeking behavior was reinstated with drug priming following drug abstinence. In contrast, BDNF+/− rats did not show cocaine-seeking behavior one day after conditioning, nor did they respond to drug priming. A median split of rats based on BDNF levels in sera collected prior to behavioral procedures revealed that wildtype rats with high BDNF levels showed stronger conditioned place preference and reinstatement to cocaine. Together, the results support the hypothesis that a partial knockout of the BDNF gene attenuates the rewarding properties of cocaine. Additionally, individual differences in BDNF levels may predict future cocaine-seeking behavior. An underlying mechanism of these effects may be a reduction of the amount of synaptic changes made in the reward pathway.
Intraoral titanium implants.

Abstract Titanium.—The importance of the relative abundance of this metal has been almost overshadowed by the problems associated with recovering it from its ore in a form of high enough purity to take advantage of its properties. Titanium is light in weight with a strength comparable to steel, giving a greater strength-to-weight ratio than any of the alloys (of cast form) now used in the field of dentistry. The low thermal conductivity of this metal is of such significance that further research of its potential uses in the dental and medical fields is warranted. It is economical to produce, with the cost factor decreasing with a constantly increasing production, and it is lower in cost than metals now used clinically. At present, the disadvantages of high melting point, the necessity for completing the casting procedures in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, the absorption of gas during processing with resultant brittleness, the obtaining of mold materials that will not react with molten titanium, and the care necessary in finishing are problems which need further study. (This is being continued by various manufacturers of titanium products and the United States Department of Interior Bureau of Mines.) Use of Titanium as an Intraoral Implant.—The results of the experiments in dogs A and B indicate that a better technique of surgical approach, protective mandibular stabilization, and construction of an appliance of different design may be necessary to permit tissue adaptation without the resultant tissue trauma and leverage action previously described. Since the titanium disk implant indicates acceptance by the palatal tissues and bone in dog C, and since previous investigations have proved the inertness and tissue tolerance of the metal, it is felt that further investigation would be of merit. Such is being continued.
Measurements Over a Film-Cooled, Contoured Endwall With Various Coolant Injection Rates

This paper presents the results of a study of film coverage for coolant injection through an axisymmetric, contoured endwall of a high-pressure turbine first stage vane row. Tests are done on a low speed, linear cascade. The injection is either through a single slot upstream of the leading edges of the vanes or through two slots, one upstream of the other. Because the contouring begins upstream of the leading edges, injection is in an accelerating flow region. The effects of such injection on the secondary flows within the vane cascade are inferred by means of contours of dimensionless temperature. These thermal measurements are made by slightly heating the injection stream above the main flow temperature and documenting the temperatures inside the coolant-mainstream mixing zone. The thermal results are complemented with three-component, hot-wire measurements taken near the exit plane. Performance with different injection rates is discussed. The secondary flow seems to affect the cooling flow strongly when the momentum of the injected flow is small, compared to the main flow momentum. As a result, coolant coverage is non-uniform, with most of the coolant accumulating near the suction side of the passage. As the injection momentum is increased, some pressure-side accumulation of coolant is observed. However, non-uniformity still exists, with a lesser amount of coolant in the central region and more near the suction and pressure surfaces. For the same ratio of coolant to mainstream mass flow rates, cooling through a single slot seems to give more cooling towards the pressure side than does cooling through two slots. With the same mass flow rate, the one-slot case has higher injection momentum than does the two-slot case. This indicates that momentum flux is an important parameter in establishing the distribution of the coolant within the passage.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Time-dependent actions of D2 family agonist quinpirole on spontaneous behavior in the rat: dissociation between sniffing and locomotion.

Rationale: Dopamine agonists elevate locomotion, sniffing, grooming, and a number of other behaviors. However, the D2 family (D2/D3/D4) agonist quinpirole, across a wide dose range, produces a period of locomotor inhibition that precedes the drug's locomotor excitatory effects. Objectives: The present study asked whether the suppressive actions of quinpirole also extend to other aspects of spontaneous behavior, such as sniffing, rearing and grooming, or whether this suppression of locomotion occurs while the frequency of other behaviors is increased or unaffected. Methods: Locomotion, sniffing, rearing and grooming were observed over a 150-min test session in rats treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg quinpirole. Results: At 0.1 mg/kg, quinpirole suppressed locomotion. Higher doses (0.5–10.0 mg/kg) produced locomotor suppression followed by locomotor excitation. During the period of locomotor suppression, quinpirole also reduced the frequency of rearing and grooming. However, animals under high doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) of quinpirole showed elevated sniffing during the period of locomotor, rear and groom suppression. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the well-documented locomotor suppression that precedes quinpirole's excitatory locomotor actions occurs in the midst of active sniffing. These results suggest that the suppressive effects of quinpirole on locomotion do not reflect a state of general behavioral suppression.
Targeting the fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) to understand the mechanisms linking fatty acid transport to metabolism

One principal process driving fatty acid transport is vectorial acylation, where fatty acids traverse the membrane concomitant with activation to CoA thioesters. Current evidence is consistent with the proposal that specific fatty acid transport (FATP) isoforms alone or in concert with specific long chain acyl CoA synthetase (Acsl) isoforms function to drive this energy-dependent process. Understanding the details of vectorial acylation is of particular importance as disturbances in lipid metabolism many times leads to elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids, which in turn increases fatty acid internalization and ectopic accumulation of triglycerides. This is associated with changes in fatty acid oxidation rates, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the synthesis of ceramide and ER stress. The correlation between chronically elevated plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides with the development of obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease has led to the hypothesis that decreases in pancreatic insulin production, cardiac failure, arrhythmias, and hypertrophy are due to aberrant accumulation of lipids in these tissues. To this end, a detailed understanding of how fatty acids traverse the plasma membrane, become activated and trafficked into downstream metabolic pools and the precise roles provided by the different FATP and Acsl isoforms are especially important questions. We review our current understanding of vectorial acylation and the contributions by specific FATP and Acsl isoforms and the identification of small molecule inhibitors from high throughput screens that inhibit this process and thus provide new insights into the underlying mechanistic basis of this process.
Vitamin D-resistant rickets associated withepidermal nevus syndrome: Demonstration of a phosphaturic substance in the dermal lesions

A 5-year-old boy was found to have severe rickets in association with hyperpigmented, linear, verrucous, epidermal tumors, typical of the epidermal nevus syndrome. Normocalcemia (9.6 mg/dl), hypophosphatemia (2.0 mg/dl), elevated serum alkaline phosphatase concentration (313 IU), decreased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (35%), radiologic evidence of rickets, and lack of response to usual therapeutic doses of vitamin D suggested hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. Therapy with vitamin D in doses to 750,000 IU and oral phosphate, 2.0 gm/day, failed to induce healing of the rickets. A subtotal parathyroidectomy performed when the patient was 9 years old was also without effect. When he was 12 years old several fibroangiomas on the face and left lower limb were excised. Within three months all biochemical abnormalities resolved and radiologic evidence of healing was observed. A portion of excised tissue was homogenized and injection of the supernate into a 6-week-old puppy induced excessive phosphaturia. The data suggest that the rickets was induced by a phosphaturic substance extractable from the tumors.
Effect of Pore Structure, Randomness and Size on Effective Mass Diffusivity

m coatings is analyzed using 2-D network models of connecting arms anderified experi- mentally for a multiple pore length scale coating layer. The network model includes ( effects ofariation in the lattice randomness Voronoi tessellation in the form of Delau- )( ) nay lattice triangulation , pore coordination number, pore size Knudsen effect , and : pore-size distribution on the predicted D. The effect of pore poisoning, resulting in a m pore blockage, is analyzed. Correlations for the porosity and pore-blockage dependency : () of D , as well as relationships for the pore size low-dimensionality and multiple m pore length scale effects, are also discussed. An experiment performed on a catalytic () conerter washcoat segment represented by three pore length scales placed on an oth- erwise impermeable wall of an electrochemical sensor shows a good agreement with the : predicted D based on a multiple pore length scale medium with parallel diffusion m paths.
Detecting Multiple Species of Phytophthora in Container Mixes from Ornamental Crop Nurseries.

A baiting bioassay was developed to detect species of Phytophthora, i.e., those typically associated with ornamental crops, in container mixes that are used routinely in producing container-grown landscape plants. Both fresh and air-dried subsamples of container mixes were baited to improve detection of species that persist as dormant propagules. Leaf disks of Camellia japonica detected Phytophthora spp. most frequently and consistently, but intact needles of shore juniper also were effective baits and less likely to become contaminated. Phytophthora spp. were detected at baiting durations of 24, 48, and 72 h; both detection and contamination were greatest at 72 h. To minimize problems from contamination and maximize detection, camellia leaf disks and shore juniper needles were used simultaneously; half of the baits were removed at 24 h and the other half were removed at 72 h. Baiting at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C did not have a dramatic effect on detection; however, Phytophthora spp. occasionally were detected more frequently at 20 and 25°C than at 15°C. Both camellia leaf disks and shore juniper needles were colonized readily by zoospores of P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae (= P. parasitica), P. cryptogea, and P. citricola but were not colonized as readily by zoospores of P. cactorum. Disks from leaves of C. sasanqua and six cultivars of C. japonica were effective as baits; however, some differences among camellia types occurred. P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, and P. cactorum have been detected in naturally infested container mixes using this baiting bioassay.
Switching of ferroelectric polarization in epitaxial BaTiO3 films on silicon without a conducting bottom electrode

Epitaxial growth of SrTiO₃ on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy has opened up the route to the integration of functional complex oxides on a silicon platform. Chief among them is ferroelectric functionality using perovskite oxides such as BaTiO₃. However, it has remained a challenge to achieve ferroelectricity in epitaxial BaTiO₃ films with a polarization pointing perpendicular to the silicon substrate without a conducting bottom electrode. Here, we demonstrate ferroelectricity in such stacks. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the presence of crystalline domains with the long axis of the tetragonal structure oriented perpendicular to the substrate. Using piezoforce microscopy, polar domains can be written and read and are reversibly switched with a phase change of 180°. Open, saturated hysteresis loops are recorded. Thus, ferroelectric switching of 8- to 40-nm-thick BaTiO₃ films in metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor structures is realized, and field-effect devices using this epitaxial oxide stack can be envisaged.
Bounds on efficiencies for some two-sample nonparametric statistics

Bounds on the Pitman efficiency for two-sample scale and loca-tion statistics are presented along with densities for which these bounds are sharp.
Completing the series of Group VI heterotrimetallic M2Cr(dpa)4Cl2 (M2 = Cr2, Mo2, MoW and W2) compounds and investigating their metal–metal interactions using density functional theory

Abstract Metalation of the quadruply bonded Mo2(dpa)4 and W2(dpa)4 (dpa = 2,2′-dipyridylamido) compounds with CrCl2 results in the formation of the new heterotrimetallic complexes Mo2Cr(dpa)4Cl2 (1) and W2Cr(dpa)4Cl2 (2). X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 reveal short Mo2⋯Cr and W2⋯Cr distances of 2.69 and 2.65 A, respectively. Electronic absorption spectra and electrochemical data for 1 and 2 are presented. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements establish the electronic spin states of 1 and 2, which are S = 2. Molecular orbital analysis by density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals a 3-center/3-electron sigma bonding configuration leading to a partial sigma type interaction between the M2 quadruply bonded unit and Cr in 1 and 2. Time-dependent DFT provides support for the assignment of the lowest energy feature in the electronic absorption spectra of 1 and 2 as a δ → δ∗ transition with M2-to-Cr charge transfer character.
Salmonella Require the Fatty Acid Regulator PPARδ for the Establishment of a Metabolic Environment Essential for Long-Term Persistence

Host-adapted Salmonella strains are responsible for a number of disease manifestations in mammals, including an asymptomatic chronic infection in which bacteria survive within macrophages located in systemic sites. However, the host cell physiology and metabolic requirements supporting bacterial persistence are poorly understood. In a mouse model of long-term infection, we found that S. typhimurium preferentially associates with anti-inflammatory/M2 macrophages at later stages of infection. Further, PPARδ, a eukaryotic transcription factor involved in sustaining fatty acid metabolism, is upregulated in Salmonella-infected macrophages. PPARδ deficiency dramatically inhibits Salmonella replication, which is linked to the metabolic state of macrophages and the level of intracellular glucose available to bacteria. Pharmacological activation of PPARδ increases glucose availability and enhances bacterial replication in macrophages and mice, while Salmonella fail to persist in Pparδ null mice. These data suggest that M2 macrophages represent a unique niche for long-term intracellular bacterial survival and link the PPARδ-regulated metabolic state of the host cell to persistent bacterial infection.
Longitudinal plasma amyloid beta as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects more than twenty-five million people worldwide and is the most common form of dementia. Symptomatic treatments have been developed, but effective intervention to alter disease progression is needed. Targets have been identified for disease-modifying drugs, but the results of clinical trials have been disappointing. Peripheral biomarkers of disease state may improve clinical trial design and analysis, increasing the likelihood of successful drug development. Amyloid-related measures, presumably reflecting principal pathology of AD, are among the leading cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers, and measurement of plasma levels of amyloid peptides has been the focus of much investigation. In this review, we discuss recent data on plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) and examine the issues that have arisen in establishing it as a reliable biomarker of AD.
The McNeill-Goldman Ring: A Combined Scleral Ring and Blepharostat

Reprint requests to Montefiore Hospital and Medi· cal Center, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467. (Dr Goldmanl. veloped at the University of Florida, not only supports the globe but also obviates the need for any additional means of eyelid separation. This eliminates the problem of excessive speculum bulk or weight which sometimes leads to cum bersome maneuvering or increased pressure on the globe. The ring is a modification of the Legrand double ring and includes extra struts between the anterior and posterior rings to insure no lid-to-globe contact, and the lid wings or stops, which provide lid separation with attendant excellent surgical field exposure (Fig 2). The small angle of the wings from the horizontal insures that any eyelid pressure or
On the Loss of Protective Scale Formation in Creep-Resistant, Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels at 900°C in Air

A family of creep-resistant, Al2O3-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels was recently developed. The alloys exhibit excellent oxidation resistance up to ∼800°C, but are susceptible to internal attack of Al at higher temperatures. In the present work, higher levels of Ni, Cr, Al, and Nb additions were found to correlate with improved oxidation behavior at 900°C in air. The alloys generally appeared to be initially capable of external Al2O3 scale formation, with a subsequent transition to internal attack of Al (internal oxidation and internal nitridation) that is dependent on alloy composition. Compositional profiles at the alloy/scale interface suggest that the transition to internal oxidation is preceded by subsurface depletion of Al in the lower-Al compositions. In higher Al-containing compositions, NiAl second-phase precipitates act as an Al reservoir, and Al depletion may not be a key factor. Alloy design directions to increase the upper-temperature limit of protective Al2O3 scale formation in these alloys are discussed.
Transition measurements near a multiple bifurcation point in a Taylor-Couette flow.

The transition to a wavy vortex state from the Taylor vortex state has been studied under a quasistatic ramping condition. Six different values of the radius ratio, \ensuremath{\eta} ranging between 0.7204 to 0.7399, were used. For \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\le}0.7248, the flow always evolves into an m=2 state, while for \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\ge}0.7260, the flow evolves into an m=3 state. (From an earlier study, it is known that the latter transition type\char22{}i.e., to an m=3 state\char22{}extends to values of \ensuremath{\eta} at least as great as 0.7767.) Therefore, the neutral stability curves for the m=2 and m=3 states must intersect somewhere within the narrow range 0.7248 l\ensuremath{\eta}l0.7260. The flow states near the intersection should exhibit behavior characteristics of a multiple bifurcation of codimension 2. No unusual transition behavior has yet been observed. Our results compare favorably with recent stability calculations by C. A. Jones.
An Indirect Estimation of Convective Boundary Layer Structure for Use in Pollution Dispersion Models

Abstract Dispersion models of the convectively driven atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) often require as input meteorological parameters that are not routinely measured. These parameters usually include the surface fluxes of heat and momentum ρCpw′θ′and ρu′w′, the height of the capping inversion Zi, the mean wind speed Ū(z), wind direction AZ(z) and potential temperature profiles θmacr;(z) up to Zi, and the profiles of the turbulent wind components σu(z), σv(z), and σw(z). Through use of a simple inversion rise model, surface layer flux-profile relationships, and similarity scaling laws for the convective ABL, we demonstrate the accuracy with which the required meteorological parameters can be deduced using much simpler and more readily available measurements. These measurements consist of an early morning temperature profile obtained from a radiosonde ascent; surface layer values of Ū, AZ, σu and σv at a single level; either two levels of mean temperature near the surface, or alternatively the incoming so...
The Influence of Material Models on Finite Element Simulation of Machining

In literature, four models incorporating strain rate and temperature effects are able to generalize material test results of HY-100 steel. This study compares the four models, namely, Litonski-Batra, power law, Johnson-Cook, and Bodner-Partom, in finite element modeling of orthogonal machining of this material. Consistency is found in cutting forces, as well as in stress and temperature patterns in all but the Litonski-Batra model. However, the predicted chip curls are inconsistent among the four models. Furthermore, the predicted residual stresses are substantially sensitive to the selection of material models. The magnitudes, and even the sign of the residual stresses in machined surfaces, vary with different models.
Commonality of functional annotation: a method for prioritization of candidate genes from genome-wide linkage studies

Linkage studies of complex traits frequently yield multiple linkage regions covering hundreds of genes. Testing each candidate gene from every region is prohibitively expensive and computational methods that simplify this process would benefit genetic research. We present a new method based on commonality of functional annotation (CFA) that aids dissection of complex traits for which multiple causal genes act in a single pathway or process. CFA works by testing individual Gene Ontology (GO) terms for enrichment among candidate gene pools, performs multiple hypothesis testing adjustment using an estimate of independent tests based on correlation of GO terms, and then scores and ranks genes annotated with significantly-enriched terms based on the number of quantitative trait loci regions in which genes bearing those annotations appear. We evaluate CFA using simulated linkage data and show that CFA has good power despite being conservative. We apply CFA to published linkage studies investigating age-of-onset of Alzheimer's disease and body mass index and obtain previously known and new candidate genes. CFA provides a new tool for studies in which causal genes are expected to participate in a common pathway or process and can easily be extended to utilize annotation schemes in addition to the GO.
THE ISOLATION OF TWO CORTICOSTEROIDS FROM CATTLE BILE1

THE presence of metabolites of adrenal cortical steroids in bile has been demonstrated in studies utilizing steroids labeled with tritium (1) or with C14 (2-10). In the rodent, excretion of isotopic metabolites by the biliary route was predominant (1-5), while in man, only a small percentage of the administered radioactivity was excreted by this pathway (6–8) or detected in the feces (7–10). In the present paper, the isolation and identification of tetrahydrocortisol (THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE) from cattle bile are described. These steroids, probably metabolites of adrenal cortical steroids in this species, were obtained from bile that had been treated with a culture fluid containing bacterial β-glucuronidase.
Bovine γδ T cells express high levels of functional peripheral lymph node homing receptor (L-selectin)

Lymphocyte migration from the blood into specific tissues is directed by their expression of adhesion molecules referred to as homing receptors. The homing receptor L-selectin, for example, directs the migration of lymphocytes into peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). Since bovine gamma delta T cells, a major lymphocyte subset in peripheral blood (25-50%), represent only a minor subset in PLN, we examined whether these cells lack expression or function of L-selectin. We found that bovine gamma delta T cells expressed L-selectin at levels higher (2- to 5-fold) than alpha beta T cells and B cells. Furthermore, gamma delta T cells accumulated along the vascular wall of venules that support lymphocyte extravasation into PLN (MECA-79+ venules) in vivo and bound mouse PLN high endothelial cell venules in an ex vivo binding assay. In contrast to this primary adhesive event, we directly demonstrate that gamma delta T cells in vivo do not appreciably extravasate from the blood into the parenchyma of lymph nodes. Since the lack of functional L-selectin expression could not account for the inability of gamma delta T cells to enter PLN, we tested for other differences between gamma delta T cells and PLN homing lymphocytes related to the processes following primary adhesion; for instance, the down-regulation of L-selectin expression following short-term activation and the expression of accessory adhesion molecules necessary for transendothelial migration. We found that gamma delta and alpha beta T cells demonstrate differential down-regulation of L-selectin after PMA activation. Kinetic analysis revealed that, at all time points after PMA treatment, L-selectin expression remained significantly higher on gamma delta T cells and was down-regulated at a slower rate compared with alpha beta T cells. However, the expression levels of CD44 and CD18 on gamma delta and alpha beta T cells were found to be equivalent. This study is the first to demonstrate for lymphocytes that the expression of L-selectin alone does not predict a PLN homing capacity. Our results suggest that the gamma delta T cells' reduced ability to enter PLN may be due to inefficient down-regulation of L-selectin compared with non-gamma delta lymphocytes, thus potentially disrupting the dynamics of the extravasation event.
EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON JUDGMENTS OF RELATIVE MASS

Research indicates that people can accurately judge the relative mass of colliding objects, i.e., which is heavier, if the collisions viewed involve actual physical objects. This study explored whether such judgements are affected by the image velocity of the colliding objects. Videotaped collisions involving different screen velocities were shown to observers. The accuracy of judgments of collision decreased significantly at slower velocities. A velocity-threshold hypothesis is offered as a possible account for this finding.
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (tween 40) as a vehicle for oil red O fat stain.

An oil red O fat stain is prepared by dissolving 250 mg of the dye in 100 ml of a 1% Tween 40 solution in 30% alcohol, and incubating the mixture at 60°C for 24 hr. The solution is then filtered at room temperature under vacuum through medium porosity frittedglass. Frozen sections cut from material fixed in CaCl2-CdCl2-formalin (1%:1%:10%) are placed in the stain for not less than 4 hr. After washing in the alcoholic-Tween solvent, they are mounted on glass slides from distilled water with Farrants' medium. The resulting preparations appear to be permanent, for in a 2-yr test they have remained free from stain crystalization and the fat particles are still discrete and dark red.
Japanese Criminal Justice

Preface Crime and Criminal Justice in Japan: An Overview Law Enforcement Legal Education in Japan Prosecution Defense The Judiciary Corrections Crime and Criminal Justice Bibliography Index
Inferences on a life distribution by sampling from the ages or the ages at death

Consider a system where units having independent and identically distributed lifetimes enter according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. After the unit’s life in the system, the unit departs the system. For a fixed system time, this paper relates the units’ common underlying life distribution with the distribution of the ages of units in the system, the distribution for the system life of units that departed the system and the distribution for the system life of units that have recently departed the system. Results can be used to estimate the underlying life distribution or a truncated version of that distribution based on the ages and/or most recent ages at death in both one sample and two sample situations. Results include a complete characterization of the possible distribution of the ages of those units in the system, how to estimate the underlying life distribution from the most recent ages at death, and how to test for an underlying monotone failure rate function based on independent samples from the ages and most recent ages at death. Two sample inferences that involve a likelihood ratio ordering make use of the results in Dykstra et al. (1995, J Amer Statisc Assoc 90(431):1030–1040), which provides the maximum likelihood estimators and a likelihood ratio test when the two distributions satisfy a likelihood ratio ordering. For the ages of the active units and the ages at death among the departed units, limits for their distributions and strong limiting results for their empirical distributions will be provided.
Laminar Heat Transfer in Tubes Under Slip-Flow Conditions

The effects of low-density phenomena on the fully developed heat- transfer characteristics for laminar flow in tubes was studied analytically. Consideration is given to the slip-flow regime wherein the major rarefaction effects are manifested as velocity and temperature jumps at the tube wall. The analysis is carried out for both uniform wall temperature and uniform wall heat flux. In both cases, the slip-flow Nusselt numbers are lower than those for continuum flow and decrease with increasing mean free path. Extension of the results is made to include the effects of shear work at the wall, temperature jump modifications for a moving fluid, and thermal creep.
Calorimetric determination of the enthalpies of complexation of thorium(IV) with amine-N-polycarboxylic acids

Abstract The enthalpies of complexation of a number of thorium complexes with amine-N-polycarboxylic acids have been measured using titration calorimetry. Values of Δ H 101 and Δ S 101 were thus determined for nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenedinitrilo-N,N′,N′-triacetic acid (HEDTA), ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetrinitrilopentaacetic acid (DTPA). A protonated species, ThHL, was necessary to interpret heats measured for EDTA and DTPA in low-pH solution, and thermodynamic parameters are reported for these complexes as well. Although the stability of these complexes is the result of strong entropy effects, the enthalpy values show important trends in the coordinate bonding of these species.
Plasma Cortisol, Blood Glucose, and Marketability of Koi Transported with Metomidate Hydrochloride

Abstract The transportation of fish is stressful and may negatively affect their health, appearance, and marketability (i.e., their appearance, behavior, and activity level). The objective of this study was to determine whether sedation with metomidate hydrochloride during transportation would inhibit elevation of the plasma cortisol and blood glucose levels of koi, a strain of common carp Cyprinus carpio, and improve their marketability relative to that of transported control fish. The metomidate concentrations tested were 0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L. The fish were transported for approximately 24 h via truck and domestic airline under typical shipping conditions. Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 6, and 12 h posttransportation, and appearance and behavior were observed at 0, 1, 4, 8, and 12 h and 7 d posttransportation. Immediately after transport, the plasma cortisol levels of koi in metomidate concentrations of 3.0 and 4.0 mg/L were significantly lower than those of the controls, but no differen...
Hypoglycemia associated with neoplasia

Abstract Approximately fifty-seven cases in which a malignant lesion was associated with hypoglycemia in man have been reported. In thirty-two cases the lesions were of mesodermal origin and in twenty-five of epithelial origin. Fibrosarcoma was the most frequent mesodermal tumor, hepatoma the most frequent epithelial lesion in the series. In at least four instances an experimental neoplasm has been associated with hypoglycemia in animals. Of the theories offered to explain the mechanism of hypoglycemia associated with malignant lesions, the following may be mentioned: (1) abnormally increased storage and utilization of glucose by tumor, (2) secretion of an insulin-like substance or a beta-cell stimulating hormone by the tumor, (3) secretion of an insulinase inhibitor by the tumor, (4) neurogenic manifestations due to pressure secondary to the large size of the tumor, (5) metastasis of islet cell tumor as the source of the hypoglycemia-producing tumors, and (6) metastatic invasion of the liver or adrenal glands by tumor, leading to hepatogenic or "hypoadrenal" hypoglycemia. We have observed hypoglycemia in A.K.R. mice transplanted with the experimental lymphatic neoplasm B.W. 5147. It is our impression that the two most important mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemia associated with this experimental tumor have to do with (1) the large size of the tumor and (2) secretion of a hypoglycemic factor by the tumor. The findings suggest a link between this experimental lymphatic neoplasm and the human mesodermal tumors associated with hypoglycemia.
Non-Traditional Assessments for New Learning Approaches: Competency Evaluation in Project-Based Introductory Materials Science

Over the last twenty years, NSF and the engineering community have called for systemic changes in engineering education, including an emphasis on contextual understanding; increased teaming skills, including collaborative, active learning; and an improved capacity for life-long, self-directed learning. In addition, ABET has called for engineering graduates that demonstrate an ability to apply science and engineering, and ABET requires assessment processes designed to measure student achievement of learning outcomes. Olin College has responded to these calls for change by embracing new learning approaches and assessment techniques, and by developing project-based courses that encourage experiential understanding of content and aid the development of life-long learning skills. To address the assessment needs of new pedagogical approaches, Olin recently instituted a competency based assessment system to accompany the traditional course grading system already in place. The thread of competency assessments provides grading coherency for both faculty and students, and it provides students with valuable information concerning their development of nontraditional skills that they could use to identify shortcomings and further their learning. In this paper, we describe the new pedagogical approaches in Olin’s introductory materials science course, and we explain our implementation of the competency assessment system to measure student attainment of both materials science knowledge and broader skills such as teaming, communication, and experimental inquiry.
Kusterer or Manwaring and Wood on the High-Tech Labor Process? Analyzing the Nature of Skill, Deskilling and Managerial Control of Labor in a U.S. Medical Electronics Factory

Since Braverman’s (1974) work revived interest and research in labor process theory, labor process theorists have developed differing conceptions of the nature of skill, deskilling and the managerial control of labor in the capitalist work organization. In this article, I examine two labor process theories, K. Kusterer’s (1978) theory of working knowledge and Manwaring and Wood’s (1985) theory of tacit skills, with regards to the nature of skill, deskilling and the managerial control of labor and test these two theories with respect to data obtained on unskilled and semiskilled production work at a high-tech medical electronics factory. I conclude that there is more support for Manwaring and Woods’ (1985) theory of tacit skills than for Kusterer’s (1978) theory of working knowledge for high-tech production work.
Solitary Orbital Plasmacytoma Associated with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Case Report

Purpose: To report a rare case of solitary orbital plasmacytoma associtated with chronic hepatitis C. Methods: We have reviewed the case of a man who presented with soft tissue mass in the superolateral orbit. Biopsy demonstrated immunohistochemical positivity of plasma cells for lambda light chains and CD56. Systemic evaluation was negative for multiple myeloma, and the diagnosis of solitary orbital plasmacytoma was made. Results: We comment on the rarity of the case according to the reviewed literature.Conclusions: Given the correlation between hepatitis C and other lymphoproliferative disorders, we conclude hepatitis C may also be associated with solitary plasmacytomas.
Technology of the LSST focal plane

Abstract The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, now in the research and development phase, will undertake a wide angle, deep survey of the entire southern sky starting in 2014. The survey database will support a wide variety of astrophysical investigations, with particular emphasis on elucidating the nature of dark energy. To achieve its science goals, LSST will incorporate a silicon-based focal plane with unprecedented size (3 Gpixel), speed (2 s readout), and sensitivity (high QE over 350–1000 nm wavelength). The technologies to be used in the LSST camera are described, with an emphasis on the silicon sensors and readout electronics.
Is the endogenous antipyretic neuropeptide α-MSH responsible for reduced fever in aged rabbits?

Abstract The reduced febrile response in aged man has been noted since the beginning of clinical thermometry. Our previous research on aged rabbits and squirrel monkeys disclosed a similar reduced fever, presumably due to a decrease in central receptors for endogenous pyrogen. However, because central α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) appears to have a potent role in physiological control of fever, it may be that increased release of the peptide is responsible for the reduced febrile response in aged animals. To test this idea, antiserum specific to MSH was administered intracerebroventricularly to rabbits of known age. The antiserum given according to three schedules of treatment augmented fever caused by IV injections of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in young (
Effects of Agricultural Drainage Development on Benthic Invertebrates in Undisturbed Downstream Reaches

Abstract The downstream effects of channelization and agricultural drainage development were evaluated in southwestern Minnesota by comparing benthic invertebrate populations in streams heavily modified by channelization and agricultural drainage development in upstream areas with those not so modified. Physicochemical characteristics, as well as invertebrate populations, were observed in relatively undisturbed downstream reaches. Turbidity, total alkalinity, and timing of discharge were similar in all streams. Species compositions of benthic invertebrates were similar in all streams, and there were no significant differences in total, seasonal, or monthly levels of standing stock in either numbers or biomass between modified and unmodified streams. Invertebrate drift, both insects and total invertebrates, was similar in all streams. Some differences in individual taxa were observed, but these were related to localized differences between streams, rather than to drainage development. Specific differences ...