cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of (0001) sapphire recession in high-temperature high-velocity steamjet exposures

Abstract High-temperature high-velocity steam exposures of (0001) sapphire coupons were performed at temperatures of 1200 °C–1450 °C to determine the quantitative capability of the steamjet apparatus. Recession results were compared to calculated values of Al(OH)3 (g) mass transfer rates based on laminar flow models and available thermodynamic data for Al(OH)3 (g). Linear material volatilization rates and a strong gas velocity dependence on the reaction depth confirmed that the Al2O3 reaction was controlled by a gas-phase diffusion process. The temperature dependence for the steam reaction agreed with thermodynamic calculations and with the literature, confirming that Al(OH)3 (g) transport through a gas boundary layer represents the rate-limiting step for Al2O3 volatilization in steam. The steamjet experimental setup can thus be utilized for determination of steam-oxide reaction thermodynamics given known steam flow conditions. Steamjet test recession results for simple oxides are discussed for comparison with behavior of complex oxides that form porous product layers, which are not yet well understood.
Native Bicuspid Pulmonary Valve in D-Loop Transposition of the Great Arteries: Outcomes of the Neo-Aortic Valve Function and Root Dilation After Arterial Switch Operation.

Background Neo‐aortic root dilation and neo‐aortic regurgitation (AR) are common after arterial switch operation for D‐loop transposition of the great arteries. We sought to evaluate these outcomes...
2012 Industry Leader Award: Larry A. Silverstein

Excerpt] Each year, the Baker Program in Real Estate, in conjunction with the Cornell Real Estate Review (CRER), awards the Industry Leader Award which recognizes transformational leadership in the real estate industry. Formerly known as the “Executive Profile” appearing in the Cornell Real Estate Review, this award is a top honor given to those with the influence and integrity to have created a lasting legacy within the industry. Past recipients include: Robert Duncan, chairman, co-founder, and managing principal of Transwestern Investment Company; Art Gensler, founder and CEO, Gensler, a global architecture firm; Andrew Florance, founder and CEO, Costar, the commericial real estate information company; Samuel Zell, chairman and president, Equity Group Investments, a major Chicago-based private real estate investment firm; and William Sanders, chairman, Verde Realty, a leading developer, owner and operator of corporate facilities on the U.S.Mexico border.
Solvent Extraction of Metals - Metal Transfer Rates and Contactor Design

Solvent extraction of a metal usually occurs by means of a reversible, heterogeneous reaction. The rate of metal transfer may be determined by either intraphase mass-transfer rates or reaction kinetics. The nature of the rate-controlling step determines equipment design criteria, especially when several metals can be extracted and selectivity is a concern.
A High Fat Diet Reduces Dopamine Terminal Function and Increases Behavioral Sensitization to Amphetamine in C57BL/6 Mice

High fat (HF) diet-induced obesity has been shown to have a profound impact on neurobiological health, and has been associated with neurodegenerative and addictive disorders involving the mesolimbi...
Metabolic Therapy for Hypothyroid and Euthyroid Fibromyalgia

ABSTRACT Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by widespread pain and abnormal tenderness. The pain must be above and below the waist, on the right and left sides of the body, and in some axial region, all for longer than 3 months. 1 report the successful metabolic treatment of a hypothyroid FMS patient and a euthyroid FMS patient. Before beginning treatment, both patients met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for FMS. By the 8th week of treatment, the euthyroid patient no longer met the ACR criteria; by the 14th week of treatment, the hypothyroid patient no longer met the criteria. The treatment protocol is multidisciplinary. Recovery of these two patients, managed at an independent clinical site, supports the effectiveness of the treatment itself for both hypothyroid and euthyroid FMS. The outcomes of the two cases are consistent with those reported in 3 systematic open trials and 3 double-blind trials. The metabolic therapy protocol developed by researchers at the Fibromyalgia ...
Analysis of Cellular Senescence in Culture In Vivo: The Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase Assay

Replicative senescence, a process first described almost 40 years ago, entails irreversible growth arrest with sustained metabolic functions, and it is also associated with increased resistance to apoptotic signals. Interest in this process has increased greatly over the last 10 years, as it has been demonstrated that senescence can function as a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. Although mounting evidence suggests that the senescent phenotype is associated with an extraordinarily complex array of gene expression patterns and interactions with the microenvironment, there is only one widely accepted marker for distinguishing such cells in vitro and in vivo. This marker is the senescence-associated expression of a pH 6 beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal). Here, a method for analyzing SA-beta-gal expression in cultured cells and in human and animal tissues is described, and important parameters to consider when performing such assays are also highlighted.
Teaching on Industry-Oriented Software Engineering Course

Single project courses with a large number of participants are an excellent vehicle for teaching undergraduate students the problems of producing complex software systems. The emphasis placed on realistic development and delivery of a finalized product enables the students to appreciate software development as an engineering activity where cost/benefit decisions have to be made. In addition, students learn communication and project management techniques that are needed in many industrial settings.
Absorption and secretion by the colon

Summary It appears that the large bowel functions very effectively as an absorbing surface for sodium, chloride, and water but bicarbonate and, under certain circumstances, potassium are secreted. The transport processes for sodium, chloride, and water are more efficient here than in other segments of the alimentary canal. It therefore is not surprising that surgical removal or disease of the colon results in significant disturbances in the metabolism of these substances. Exudative or hemorrhagic disease of the colon may be expected to be accompanied by diarrhea but recent evidence suggests that functional alterations in colonic absorptive capacity also contribute to the pathogenesis of diarrhea and disturbances of water and electrolyte metabolism.
Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium

Human genetics is now at a critical juncture. The molecular methods used successfully to identify the genes underlying rare mendelian syndromes are failing to find the numerous genes causing more common, familial, non-mendelian diseases. With the human genome sequence nearing completion, new opportunities are being presented for unravelling the complex genetic basis of non-mendelian disorders based on large-scale genome-wide studies. Considerable debate has arisen regarding the best approach to take. In this review I discuss these issues, together with suggestions for optimal post-genome strategies.
Relationships Among Ozone Exposure Indicators in the United States

Abstract The paper presents results of extensive descriptive statistical analyses of ambient ozone data in United States metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The analyses utilize data from the 1982 to 1986 time period in 216 MSAs. Functional mathematical relationships were fitted to cumulative frequency data in order to make inferences regarding what exposure regime (with respect to concentration level and averaging time)would result from alternative national ambient air quality standards (NAAQSs) just being attained in the MSAs. The mathematical relationships used include logistic and negative exponential functions.
Institutional Review, Protecting Human Subjects, and Running User Studies: What Law Librarians Need to Know About IRBs

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the arbiters of human subjects research, yet many law librarians lack experience and familiarity with the IRB application and review process. This article presents IRBs in their historical and legal context, describes what IRBs expect to find in an approvable application, and concludes with a description of the authors’ experience with their IRB.
Control of a robot manipulator with neuromuscular-like actuation

A neuromuscular-like model with nonlinear damping was developed in previous work. To explore possible robotic applications, the controllability of the model is demonstrated through movements of a two-link arm. To command the neuromuscular-driven manipulator, patterns of motor commands for coordinating multiple joints are studied under both Cartesian space and joint space. Under the assumption of minimum-jerk, motor commands generated from the desired Cartesian positions or joint angular positions are treated as equilibrium positions driving the neuromuscular model. Different reaching and whipping movements on a horizontal or vertical plane involving coupling dynamics and gravity are simulated by the model. In comparison with a linear damping control through a constrained movement of hitting and moving along a wall, the neuromuscular model demonstrates the superior compliant capability by adapting to the constraint. This dual property of controlling free and constrained movements makes the neuromuscular model a good mechanism for robotic control. >
Thermodynamic characterization of viral procapsid expansion into a functional capsid shell.

Abstract The assembly of “complex” DNA viruses such as the herpesviruses and many tailed bacteriophages includes a DNA packaging step where the viral genome is inserted into a preformed procapsid shell. Packaging triggers a remarkable capsid expansion transition that results in thinning of the shell and an increase in capsid volume to accept the full-length genome. This transition is considered irreversible; however, here we demonstrate that the phage λ procapsid can be expanded with urea in vitro and that the transition is fully reversible. This provides an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the thermodynamic features of this fascinating and essential step in virus assembly. We show that urea-triggered expansion is highly cooperative and strongly temperature dependent. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the free energy of expansion is influenced by magnesium concentration (3–13 kcal/mol in the presence of 0.2–10 mM Mg 2+ ) and that significant hydrophobic surface area is exposed in the expanded shell. Conversely, Mg 2+ drives the expanded shell back to the procapsid conformation in a highly cooperative transition that is also temperature dependent and strongly influenced by urea. We demonstrate that the gpD decoration protein adds to the urea-expanded capsid, presumably at hydrophobic patches exposed at the 3-fold axes of the expanded capsid lattice. The decorated capsid is biologically active and sponsors packaging of the viral genome in vitro . The roles of divalent metal and hydrophobic interactions in controlling packaging-triggered expansion of the procapsid shell are discussed in relation to a general mechanism for DNA-triggered procapsid expansion in the complex double-stranded DNA viruses.
Erratum: “The effect of signal-temporal uncertainty on detection in bursts of noise or a random-frequency complex” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124(5), EL321–EL327 (2008)]

Several programming errors were discovered subsequent to publication. These errors were the authors' mistake and resulted in discrepancies between the reported and actual duration of stimuli and the timing of stimulus presentations. The signal was 125 ms, including a 5-ms, linear onset/offset ramps. Each masker burst was 125 ms in duration, including a 5-ms, linear onset/offset ramps. One masker component was selected from the uniform distribution of 300 to 920 Hz and the other component from the distribution of 1080 to 3100 Hz. A 5-ms period of silence occurred after each burst of the continuous masker. When a signal was present, it was played 80 ms after the onset of the fourth masker burst, from when the trial was initiated. Results from three trained listeners, who were not in the original data set, indicate that these programming errors did not change the size of the effect of signal-temporal uncertainty in the broadband noise condition for any of the listeners nor in the random-frequency, two-tone masker condition for one of the listeners. In the latter condition, the effect size was 4 and 6 dB larger for two of the listeners when the errors were corrected compared to when they were not.
Brief Report: Symptom Onset Patterns and Functional Outcomes in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study examined the relationship between onset status and current functioning using a recently proposed onset classification system in 272 young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants were classified into one of the following groups, based on parent report using the Autism Diagnostic Interview--Revised: Early Onset (symptoms by 12 months, no loss), Delay + Regression (symptoms by 12 months plus loss), Plateau (no early symptoms or loss), and Regression (no early symptoms, followed by loss). Findings indicate that current functioning does not differ according to onset pattern, calling into question the use of onset categorizations for prognostic purposes in children with ASD.
Over-the-counter sleep aids: Widely used but rarely studied

Over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids are used in greater proportions than benzodiazepines for the treatment of sleep problems, yet limited research has focused on these nonprescription drugs. This article reports the results of two studies that examined the use of OTC sleep aids and alcohol for sleep problems by university students. Of those subjects in both studies who reported sleep problems 1 day per month or more, 6.4% of men and 11.4% of women reported using OTC sleep aids, however, a significantly greater percentage of men reported using alcohol to induce sleep (23.4% vs. 10.9%, p < .008). Future studies on OTC sleep aids are recommended to address a broader range of issues such as potential side effects and at-risk populations, tolerance effects, and individual differences in responsiveness and sensitivity to these drugs.
Observing cluster galaxies and their progenitors with JDEM

Abstract The Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) is expected to have a field-of-view that is several orders of magnitude larger than that of current instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope, with only slightly reduced sensitivity and resolution. This contribution gives a brief discussion of the impact that JDEM would have on studies of galaxies in clusters at 0.5 z
Androgen and Pituitary Control of Penile Nitric Oxide Synthase and Erectile Function in the Rat

Castration of adult male rats reduces by half the penile erectile response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the cavernosal nerve, and the activity of penile nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Both changes are prevented by androgen administration. We have now investigated whether other strategies of androgen ablation or competition may act as stronger inhibitors, and, if so, whether the stronger inhibition is due to the depletion of penile NOS content. Rats were castrated or left intact and were treated daily as follows: 1) intact, with the antiandrogen flutamide (25 mg/kg/day, i.p.); 2) castrated, with similar treatment; 3) castrated, with 17 beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (estradiol; via silastic tubing, s.c.). Additional groups of intact rats received injections of a GnRH antagonist (GnRHA, 1.25 mg/kg, s.c.), or were hypophysectomized and left untreated. Controls were untreated intact and castrated animals. After 7 days, rats were subjected to EFS, and the ratios between maximal intracavernosal pressure (MIP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured. Penile NOS activity and the contents of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) were determined. Castration reduced the MIP:MAP ratio and penile NOS activity. Androgen receptor blockade with flutamide induced a similar response in intact rats. When flutamide treatment was combined with castration, the erectile response was nearly abolished, but NOS activity was not decreased below the values in castrated rats. Estradiol given to castrated rats and hypophysectomy or GnRHA treatment in intact rats diminished the erectile response below the level in castrated animals. In hypophysectomized rats, penile NOS activity fell below levels in castrated animals. contents of nNOS and eNOS were not significantly reduced by any treatment. These data suggest that penile erection in the rat is completely dependent on androgens, presumably because of their role in the maintenance of penile NOS activity and of other ancillary factors. However, only the complete blockade of residual androgen effects at the tissue level or a total androgen depletion can abolish the erectile response.
An Exact Probability Program for Comparing Ratings in Several Samples

Difsim, a BASIC and FORTRAN program for computing and determining the statistical significance of difference and similarity indexes computed on several independent or dependent samples of ratings, is described. The procedures employed in the program are exact probability analogs of the randomized groups and repeated measures analyses of variance for small samples.
Electro-optic polymer prism beam deflector

We report on an optical beam deflector capable of achieving a large beam deflection using a planar thermoplastic-based electro-optic (EO) polymer prism. By optimizing the prism's geometry, relative position, and incident angle of the input beam, the device shows that a large deflection angle can be achieved through a relatively small index change from a single EO polymer prism stage. In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of the deflector using a simple hot-embossing technique. Beam deflection experiments were conducted, and a maximum deflection angle of 5.6 deg was observed, in agreement with our predicted value.
Mechanistic analysis of hydroarylation catalysts.

Recently, two organometallic systems ([Ir(μ-acac-O)(acac-O,O)(acac-C3)]2 and (Tp)Ru(CO)(Ph)(NCCH3)) have been discovered that catalyze hydroarylation of unactivated olefins. Herein, we use density functional theory (B3LYP) to study the factors underlying this class of catalysts. In addition, we calculate the key steps for Rh, Pd, Os, and Pt with similar ligand sets. We previously showed there to be two key steps in the process: (i) insertion of a phenyl into the π bond of a coordinating olefin, and (ii) C−H activation/hydrogen transfer of an unactivated benzene. An important discovery in these studies is that the barriers for these two steps are inversely correlated, complicating optimization of the overall process. However, herein we elucidate the causes of this inverse correlation, laying the foundation for the rational design of improved catalysts. Both steps are directly influenced by the accessibility of the higher 2-electron oxidation state, Mn → Mn+2. Systems with an easily accessible Mn+2 state a...
The Gyroscopic Effect on Dynamic Characteristics of Dual- Disk Rotor System

Although the gyroscopic effect on rotor system has been noticed for decades, it is often underestimated and even ignored in the simplified model; moreover the comparing analyses of it on dynamics of rotor system with distributed masses are rarely performed. In this paper, a model of dual-disk rotor system with 8 degree-of-freedoms is developed to show the gyroscopic effects, especially on asymmetric rotor system, in which the polar and transversal moments of inertia of the disks are incorporated. The critical speeds and unbalance responses of such a rotor system are simulated numerically and compared respectively in 4 different asymmetric cases, including 2 cases of position asymmetry and another 2 cases of support stiffness asymmetry. The analysis results clearly show that the gyroscopic effect has obvious influence on the critical speeds and unbalance responses under different asymmetry conditions.
Induced Enzyme Synthesis in the Phytoflagellate, Polytoma

SUMMARY. The enzymatic induction of fatty acid oxidase activity in Polytoma can be characterized as follows: (1) the preferential synthesis of oxidase activity can be induced in non-proliferating cells, (2) the rate of induction is dependent upon the concentration of exogenous nitrogen, (3) the rate of induction is also dependent upon the age of the cells, (4) with log-phase cells, the rate of synthesis is highest and the kinetics of synthesis, linear; the rate of synthesis by older cells is low and variable in form, (5) ultraviolet irradiation selectively inhibits induction at doses which do not inhibit respiratory activity, oxidative assimilation or nitrogen utilization.
The Expression of Third Person in Older and Contemporary Varieties of English

Contemporary varieties of English display word-initial th- across grammatical forms: definite articles (the), demonstratives (that, this), pronouns (them, they), existential subjects (there), relat...
Switching induced oscillations in the logistic map

In ecological modeling, seasonality can be represented as a switching between different environmental conditions. This switching strategy can be related to the so-called Parrondian games, where the alternation of two losing games yield a winning game. Hence we can consider two dynamics that, by themselves, yield undesirable behaviors, but when alternated yield a desirable oscillatory behavior. In this case, we also consider a noisy switching strategy and find that the desirable oscillatory behavior prevails.
Iris abscess as an unusual presentation of endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with bacterial endocarditis.

Abstract Purpose To report the clinical findings and management of a case of endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with bacterial endocarditis presenting with a septic metastasis to the iris. Design Observational case report. Methods Review of clinical findings and treatment. Results A 37-year-old intravenous drug user hospitalized with bacterial endocarditis secondary to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia presented with a painful red left eye, hypopyon, and iris abscess. Roth spots were noted in the fundus of the right eye. Aqueous culture was positive for methicillin-sensitive S aureus . The patient was treated with intravitreal, topical, and intravenous antibiotics. The hypopyon and iris abscess resolved within 2 weeks, and the patient achieved a final visual acuity of 20/25 in the left eye. Conclusions Septic metastasis to the iris is a rare occurrence. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of an iris abscess secondary to bacterial endocarditis.
Effect of compression ratio on NOx production by gas turbines

Some recently established correlations of mass fraction of NO/sub x/ in the exhaust gases of modern aircraft gas turbines with compression ratio or with maximum combustion temperature do not necessarily imply that a higher NO/sub x/ fraction in the exhaust must be accepted as a result of increased compression ratio and turbine inlet temperature. These data correlations imply near constancy of the residence times in the primary zones of the burners. It is shown that it is possible to decrease residence time while holding the combustor efficiency constant such that for a given combustor design, NO/sub x/ is nearly independent of combustor inlet temperature. Since the requirement for low CO and hydrocarbon efflux at part throttle conditions dictates high combustion efficiency at these conditions, and since combustion efficiency tends to decrease with decreased throttle setting for fixed-geometry combustors, it is suggested that high-pressure ratio engines be designed for minimum primary zone residence time consistent with combustion efficiency at full power, and that satisfactory part throttle combustion efficiency be achieved by either compressor outlet bleed or combustor bypass.
Growth, liver lipid and blood amino acids in rats fed ethanol with an adequate diet*

Abstract The weight, histology and RNA, DNA, protein and lipid content of the liver and arterial and portal plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in male Sprague—Dawley rats fed a liquid diet which met AIN-76A standards with 36% of the calories supplied by ethanol. The dietary components of the dry mixture in percentages by weight included 20% casein, 22% sucrose, 43% dextrin, 5% corn oil, vitamins, minerals and other dietary factors. For feeding these were suspended in distilled water containing 2.5% xanthan gum with or without ethanol to supply 1 kcal/ml. The feeding method employed perforated neoprene discs floated on top of the suspended diet to control evaporative losses. Animals were pair fed or ad libitum fed for 8–10 weeks. Gain/feed ratios were virtually identical for ethanol-fed rats and their pair-fed controls. Ethanol intake of ad libitum fed rats averaged 14.8, 10.3 and 7.4 g/kg BW/day after 1, 5 and 10 weeks, respectively. No chemical or histological evidence of liver fat accumulation or significant differences in arterial or portal amino acid concentrations were detected in animals fed ethanol. The lack of apparent ethanol toxicity is discussed in relation to the results of others and to our earlier report of increased orotic acid excretion by ethanol-fedrats.
Estimation of Reach in Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Space: A Developmental View

This study explored the developmental nature of action processing via estimation of reach in peripersonal and extrapersonal space. Children 5 to 11 years of age and adults were tested for estimates of reach to targets presented randomly at seven midline locations. Target distances were scaled to the individual based on absolute maximum reach. While there was no difference between age groups for total error, a significant distinction emerged in reference to space. With children, significantly more error was exhibited in extrapersonal space; no difference was found with adults. The groups did not differ in peripersonal space; however, adults were substantially more accurate with extrapersonal targets. Furthermore, children displayed a greater tendency to overestimate. In essence, these data reveal a body-scaling problem in children in estimating reach in extrapersonal space. Future work should focus on possible developmental differences in use of visual information and state of confidence.
Sperm Motility and Multiciliary Beating: An Integrative Mechanical Model

The motility of sperm flagella and cilia are based on a common axonemal structure. In this article, we describe a fluid-mechanical model for the ciliary and sperm axoneme. This fluid-mechanical model, based on the immersed boundary method, couples the internal force generation of dynein molecular motors through the passive elastic axonemal structure with the external fluid mechanics governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. We show recent numerical simulation results for sperm motility and multiciliary interaction.
Validation of a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Identification of Meloidogyne arenaria

Abstract Meloidogyne arenaria is an economically important parasite of many crops worldwide. Identification and detection of this species in soil samples is necessary for the design of crop rotation systems, selection of resistant cultivars, and potential use of biological control options. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, using species-specific primers and SYBR Green I Dye, for identification of M. arenaria. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by testing for amplification of DNA from other Meloidogyne spp. and from M. arenaria populations of different geographic origins. Field soil samples containing a mixture of M. arenaria and M. incognita were used to compare identification by the real-time PCR assay with identification by esterase phenotype analysis of mature females and by morphometrics of juveniles. The real-time PCR assay provided an accurate and sensitive means for the identification of single juveniles from soil samples.
Increasing frequencies of warm and humid air masses over the conterminous United States from 1948 to 2005

Time series of individual climate variables, such as air temperature and precipitation, have been thoroughly examined to evaluate climate change, but few studies have evaluated how air masses have varied over time. We use the Spatial Synoptic Classification air mass approach to classify multivariate meteorological surface variables into discrete groups and examine trends in air mass frequencies over the period 1948-2005 for the continental United States. We observe increases in warm, moist air masses at the expense of cold, dry air masses, consistent with expectations in an atmosphere with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Temporal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern, Arctic Oscillation, and El Nino-Southern Oscillation partially explain some of these observed trends in winter.
Feeding ecology of benthic mobile predators: experimental analyses of their influence in rocky subtidal communities of the Gulf of Maine

Abstract The feeding ecology of mobile predators and their impact on benthic organisms inhabiting the rocky shallow subtidal zone off the coast of Maine, USA, was investigated. To determine diets and degree of prey selection we analyzed gut contents of lobsters ( Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards), two species of crabs ( Cancer irroratus Say and C. borealis Stimpson) and 13 fish species of which pollock ( Pollachius virens (Linnaeus)), cunners ( Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum)), and sculpins (several species) were the most conspicuous species of this assemblage. Dietary data were compared with those on benthic prey availability. In the laboratory, we conducted experiments to test whether there is prey selection in relation to their energetic value. In the field, we conducted two experiments: (1) to test whether fish predators move into the intertidal zone during high tide for feeding purposes; and (2) to test the impact of increased predator abundance in these communities using artificial reefs made of concrete blocks. Large fish and crustacean predators foraged both benthic (mainly invertebrates) and pelagic (mostly fishes) prey. Juveniles or small individuals of crustaceans, mollusks and fish were the most heavily preyed, crabs ( Cancer spp.), mussels ( Mytilus edulis Linnaeus), and herring ( Clupea harengus Linnaeus) being the most common items. Juvenile sea urchins ( Stronglocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller)) were important prey of cunners. In the laboratory, lobsters, cunners and sculpins exhibited strong preference for small crabs and mussels but not for echinoderms. These results were consistent with those obtained with a prey selection index, and were closely related to the energy value of prey, suggesting that these predators behave as energy maximizers. 13 pollock and four cunners were caught in the mid-intertidal zone. These specimens contained a variety of undigested benthic intertidal organisms indicating that they utilize intertidal zones as feeding grounds. These results suggest that fishes may play an important role on the structure and organization of intertidal sessile communities. A significant number of predators colonized the artificial reefs, indicating that the availability of living space is an important factor affecting the distribution and abundance of large mobile predators. These predators reduced the abundance of juvenile or small benthic species, particularly of green sea urchins, in the area surrounding the reefs, suggesting that size-selective predation is presumably the mechanism by which predators influence the structure and organization of benthic communities in these environments.
Reinvestigation of SmCo(CN)6 · 4H2O and SmFe(CN)6 · 4H2O

The crystal structures of SmCo(CN){sub 6} {times} 4H{sub 2}O and SmFe(CN){sub 6} {times} 4H{sub 2}O have been determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffractometry. both compounds refine equally well in orthorhombic Cmcm (No. 63) and monoclinic P2{sub 1}/m (No. 11). Since this is the case, the higher symmetry space group should be the preferred choice.
Low-power resource binding by postsilicon customization

This article proposes the first postsilicon customization method for resource binding to achieve power reduction application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) design. Instead of committing to one configuration of resource binding during synthesis, our new synthesis method produces a diverse set of candidate bindings for the design. To ensure diversity of the resource usage patterns, we introduce a binding candidate formation method based on the orthogonal arrays. Additional control components are added to enable post manufacturing selection of one of the binding candidates. The resource binding candidate that minimizes the power consumption is selected by considering the specific power characteristics of each chip. An efficient methodology for embedding several binding candidates in one design is developed. Evaluations on benchmark designs show the low overhead and the effectiveness of the proposed methods. As an example, applying our method results in an average of 14.2p (up to 24.0p) power savings on benchmark circuits for a variation model in 45nm CMOS technology. The power efficiency of our customized postsilicon binding is expected to improve with scaling of the technology and the likely resulting higher process variations.
Lobbying Congress to make cancer funding a priority: what scientists can do.

I never thought that one day I would go to Washington, D.C. and lobby for increased NIH funding and for the importance of cancer research, but that’s exactly what I did on April 25 and 26, 2006. I always assumed someone else would do it if it was necessary or that things would just get better on their own. Well, I’ve been waiting about 3 years for the funding situation to improve and it just hasn’t happened and so it is clear more efforts are needed by many more people. With a flat budget that is not even keeping up with inflation, and with very few grants currently being renewed or funded at a time when so many promising breakthroughs are occurring, scientists need to get actively involved in reaching out to those that make the decisions that will ultimately affect us for years to come. I always assumed that because cancer is so deadly and so prevalent that it is obvious funding is needed and should be sustained until impact on the long-term survival of most patients is achieved. I had the opportunity as...
Parental Control and Affect as Predictors of Children's Display Rule Use and Social Competence with Peers

Seventy-six fourth-grade children and their parents participated in a study of the linkages among parental control and positive affect, children's display rule use, and children's social competence with peers. Using observational measures of parental behavior and children's display rule use, it was found that parental positive affect and control were related to children's display rule use (including both positive and negative responses). Moreover, the links between parental affect and control and children's social competence one year later (as rated by teachers and peers) were found to be mediated by children's display rule use. Finally, fathers’ behavior was found to be particularly important in the prediction of children's display rule use. The importance of fathers in children's social and emotional development and the importance of examining multiple parental behaviors are discussed.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis by concanavalin A in cultures of embryonic neural retina cells

Summary Stimulation of DNA synthesis by lectins has been previously described only in lymphocytes. We report here that Concanavalin A (Con A) enhances DNA synthesis in cultures of neural retina cells from 9–12 day chick embryos. In 10-day cells, treatment with Con A (10 μg/ml) for 15 hrs resulted in a 3-fold increase in incorporation of 3 H-thymidine or 3 H-deoxyadenosine. This increase reflected a higher proportion of DNA-synthesizing cells, not just a faster rate of uptake of the labeled precursors. Differences are described between retina cells and lymphocytes with respect to the time course of the lectin effect and the sensitivity to different lectins. The results demonstrate the potential of this system for analysis of the role of the cell surface in regulating DNA synthesis in embryonic cells.
Microorganisms and Characteristics of Laban

Laban had a titratable acidity of about 1.0%, a pH of 4.25, an ethanol content of 1.25%, and contained 4.2 mug acetaldehyde and 34 mug acetoin/ml. There was no diacetyl. Five microorganisms, classified as Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Leuconostoc lactis, Kluyveromyces fragilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were responsible for the fermentation. Streptococcus thermophilus and L. acidophilus were responsible for acid production with S. thermophilus producing acid more rapidly. Most of the acetaldehyde was produced by K. fragilis, little ethanol was found in absence of S. cerevisiae, and the acetoin was producted by S. thermophilus.
The early proteins of the nondefective Ad2-SV40 hybrid viruses: the 19K glycoprotein is coded by Ad2 early region 3.

Abstract To determine which proteins are coded by early region 3 of Ad2, we compared Ad2-infected HeLa cells to cells infected with a series of nondefective Ad2-SV40 hybrid viruses (Ad2+ND) with progressively larger deletions of region 3. Both Ad2- and Ad2+ND-infected cells synthesized early proteins with apparent molecular weights of 72K, 16.5K, and 11K on sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gels. Ad2-infected cells contained, in addition, a 19K and a 17K glycoprotein and a 14K protein. None of the Ad2+ND-infected cells synthesized the 14K protein. Ad2+ND-infected cells also did not synthesize the 19K and 17K proteins, but cells infected with Ad2+ND4, the ND with the smallest deletion in region 3, synthesized an 18K glycoprotein which had several methionine-containing peptides in common with the 19K and 17K proteins. We have, therefore, placed the genes for the 19K, 17K, and 14K proteins in early region 3. Two previous studies had assigned the 19K protein to early region 4 when in vitro translation of mRNA selected with restriction fragments from region 4 yielded a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 19K. However, our search of the literature revealed that the translation system used in those studies does not glycosylate proteins. Therefore, the 19K protein made in vitro was not glycosylated and could only have been the same protein as the 19K protein from infected cells if the glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of the protein had the same molecular weight. By treating Ad2-infected cells with glucosamine or deoxyglucose we have determined that the nonglycosylated form of the 19K protein is a 15.5K protein.
Phase-Function Normalization in the 3-D Discrete-Ordinates Solution of Radiative Transfer—PART II: Benchmark Comparisons

Radiative transfer in a cubic enclosure, subject to varying conditions, is determined using the discrete-ordinates method (DOM) with the two normalization techniques introduced in Part I of this study. Their predictions are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. For all cases, false scattering due to directional discretization cannot be corrected when the old technique, which solely conserves scattered energy, is implemented; and thus, significant discrepancies exist when compared to Monte Carlo results. The new technique, which conserves both scattered energy and the asymmetry factor, is able to retain original scattering properties after directional discretization, leading to improved accuracy when compared to Monte Carlo. In addition, a parametric study is presented to gauge the impact of asymmetry-factor conservation on media with various optical properties. Finally, the impact of normalization is investigated for both ultrafast radiative transfer and ballistic incidence with varying incident angle.
Faculty Evaluations of Graduate Students

EEG indexes, ratings of research potential, and ratings of research attainment 10 years later, were obtained for 30 graduate students. Ratings of potential correlated .50 with attainment of the Ph.D. and .58 with ratings of subsequent research attainment. EEG indexes were unrelated to either set of ratings.
Expert Systems Applications For The Electric Power Industry

Technology, tools and methods nuclear power plant applications electrical systems applications poster presentations fossil power plant applications nuclear performance applications methodologies computer demonstration.
Nonstationary Kanai-Tajimi models for El Centro 1940 and Mexico City 1985 earthquakes

Abstract An efficient and simple method for generating synthetic accelerograms is presented. The approach is based on extending the site-dependent Kanai-Tajimi model to include the nonstationary nature of amplitude and frequency content of earthquake ground accelerations. The N00W component of El Centro 1940 and the N90W component of Mexico City 1985 accelerograms are analyzed and specific stochastic models for these earthquakes are developed. It is shown that the simulated records preserve the significant properties of the original accelerograms. The statistically evaluated velocity response spectra curves for the simulated ground motions are also evaluated and compared with those for the actual records.
Drug-use profiles, race, age, and risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users in San Francisco.

We examined the relationship of HIV serostatus to drug use profile, high risk behavior, drug treatment status, and demographic characteristics of 505 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in San Francisco. We found five identifiable drug-injection profiles described as Omnijector, Primarily Heroin, Primarily Heroin/Cocaine, Primarily Cocaine, and Primarily Speed which fell into “higher risk” and “lower risk” categories in relation to HIV seroprevalence of members (17.0 and 9.8%), respectively. This difference was not significant when effects of race were held constant (adjusted OR = 1.66,95% CI - 0.91,3.01). In logistic regression analysis, only Black race and age under 30 were significant predictors of HIV seropositivity (OR = 2.95,95% CI = 1.57,5.52 and OR = 2.05,95% CI = 1.01, 4.13, respectively). Neither membership in higher risk profile nor frequency of injection (including daily or greater injection of cocaine) contributed to the model. We conclude that Black IVDUs under 30 are at greatest risk of HIV infe...
Alumni Effects and Relational Advantage: The Impact on Outsourcing When a Buyer Hires Employees from a Supplier's Competitors

Research examining the impacts of employee mobility on interfirm relationships suggests that firms earn positive "relational spillovers" when their former employees, or alumni, depart to join other organizations. Drawing on the theory of relational advantage, we extend this line of work by examining how a supplier firm is affected when a buyer hires alumni from the supplier's competitors. Using detailed data on mobility involving patent law firms and their Fortune 500 clients, we find that supplier firms receive less outsourced business when buyers hire employees from the focal supplier's competitors. Further, this negative effect decreases when the focal supplier has its own alumni already working for the buyer firm and increases when the buyer firm has higher turnover or hires locally from competing suppliers. The article thus underscores the importance of firm alumni in the competition for valuable business relationships and highlights a form of "talent war" waged through the placement of and relationships with former employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Condensed thiophenes from sulfur bridging. II. Catalyzed reaction of azabiaryls with hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur bridging inlo the phenylpyridines, 2- and 3-phenylquinolines, and the symmetric bi-pyridines was effected by means of hydrogen sulfide and an alumina catalyst at 630° to give [1]benzothienopyridines, [1]benzothienoquinolines, and thienodipyridines, respectively. Structures of products were assigned on the bases of spectral and chromatographic studies, as well as of separate syntheses. Relative yields of the various products are rationalized in terms of a model for interaction between a chemisorbed sulfur atom and the substrate molecule.
Guidelines for implementation of population-based newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a Primary Immune Deficiency that is under consideration for population-based newborn screening (NBS) by many NBS programs, and has recently been recommended for inclusion in the US uniform panel of newborn screening conditions. A marker of SCID, the T cell receptor excision circle (TREC), is detectable in the newborn dried blood spot using a unique molecular assay as a primary screen. The New England Newborn Screening Program developed and validated a multiplex TREC assay in which both the TREC analyte and an internal control are acquired from a single punch and run in the same reaction. Massachusetts then implemented a statewide pilot SCID NBS program. The authors describe the rationale for a pilot SCID NBS program, a comprehensive strategy for successful implementation, the screening test algorithm, the screening follow-up algorithm and preliminary experience based on statewide screening in the first year. The Massachusetts experience demonstrates that SCID NBS is a program that can be implemented on a population basis with reasonable rates of false positives.
Free radical theory of aging: Beneficial effect of antioxidants on the life span of male NZB mice; role of free radical reactions in the deterioration of the immune system with age and in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Autoimmune manifestations increase with age. Tolerance to self-antigens appears to be actively maintained mainly by T-suppressor cells derived from radio-sensitive precursors. Since endogenous free radical reactions seem to increase with age the associated increase in autoimmunity could be due, at least in part, to a disproportionate decrease in suppressor cell function, as compared to the other cells of the immune system. This possibility was evaluated using New Zealand black (NZB) mice; this strain loses T-cell suppressor function early in life and develops autoimmune manifestations which mimic those seen in old mice of normal strains. Addition of 0.25%w (percent by weight) α-tocopheral acetate, 0.25%w Santoquin (a quinoline derivative), or 1.0%w NaH2PO2 to the diet of NZB male mice, starting shortly after weaning, increased the average life span by 7.1, 32.1 and 1.2 percent, respectively, by comparison with the control life span of 16.8 months. These data support the above-suggested explanation for the rise in autoimmunity with age. The NZB mouse serves as a model for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The present study led to the suggestion that the basic defect in SLE is an abnormality(s) which enhances the tendency for nuclear antigens to be formed from nuclear components by a free radical pathway. The nuclear antigens in turn give rise to immune complex disease. Thus the beneficial effect of antioxidants in the present study can be attributed to a decrease in the rate of: 1) formation of nuclear antigens, 2) free radical damage initiated by aggregating neutrophils, and 3) free radical reaction-induced loss of T-suppressor cell function with age owing to a reduction in damage from both “normal” endogenous free radicals and those of neutrophil origin.