cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric eels use high-voltage to track fast-moving prey

Electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) are legendary for their ability to incapacitate fish, humans, and horses with hundreds of volts of electricity. The function of this output as a weapon has been obvious for centuries but its potential role for electroreception has been overlooked. Here it is shown that electric eels use high-voltage simultaneously as a weapon and for precise and rapid electrolocation of fast-moving prey and conductors. Their speed, accuracy, and high-frequency pulse rate are reminiscent of bats using a ‘terminal feeding buzz' to track insects. Eel's exhibit ‘sensory conflict' when mechanosensory and electrosensory cues are separated, striking first toward mechanosensory cues and later toward conductors. Strikes initiated in the absence of conductors are aborted. In addition to providing new insights into the evolution of strongly electric fish and showing electric eels to be far more sophisticated than previously described, these findings reveal a trait with markedly dichotomous functions.
Internationalisation without cultural diversity? Higher education in Korea

ABSTRACTThis article examines why universities in Korea champion internationalisation and aggressively recruit foreign students with diverse ethnic backgrounds, yet resist ideas of valorising diversity. Through a qualitative analysis of university curricula at three major Korean universities, ethnographic interviews with 50 foreign students and focus groups interviews with 30 Korean students, I find that despite recent internationalisation efforts, notions of ethnic nationalism remain firmly entrenched at the level of university curricula and also at the level of micro-level interactions between foreign and domestic students. I explain this as an instance of Korea's continued attempts to selectively adopt elements of globalisation for national interests, a familiar paradigm in Korea's historical legacy of social change. Such an instrumentalist approach to the internationalisation of higher education in Korea also confirms global cultural theory, especially the kinds of disjunctures that might result among...
Revised Algorithm for Water Depth of Constant Flow Bubbler Stage Sensor Output

With math derivation based on some basic physics law,the various factors that affected the precision of the water depth of constant flow bubbler stage sensor output are uncovered,especially pointed out the stage precision was mainly affected by the vertical drop between two ends of the tube,but not the gravity acceleration or water density. A more accurate formula for calculating the water depth of constant flow bubbler stage sensor output is given.
Populations and Interventions for Palliative and End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review

Abstract Importance: Evidence supports palliative care effectiveness. Given workforce constraints and the costs of new services, payers and providers need help to prioritize their investments. They need to know which patients to target, which personnel to hire, and which services best improve outcomes. Objective: To inform how payers and providers should identify patients with “advanced illness” and the specific interventions they should implement, we reviewed the evidence to identify (1) individuals appropriate for palliative care and (2) elements of health service interventions (personnel involved, use of multidisciplinary teams, and settings of care) effective in achieving better outcomes for patients, caregivers, and the healthcare system. Evidence Review: Systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases (1/1/2001-1/8/2015). Results: Randomized controlled trials (124) met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies in cancer (49%, ...
48 GHz AlInAs/GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

The authors report on the DC and RF performance of self-aligned Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As-Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The properties that make the AlInAs/GaInAs material system extremely attractive for HBTs are discussed The epitaxial layer structure was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on semi-insulating InP. The device structure is shown in cross section. A large variety of HBT devices with different emitter sizes and with different numbers of emitter fingers have been fabricated. The common emitter characteristics of a single 5- mu m*5 mu m emitter are reported. >
Abstract P100: (Pro)renin Receptor (PRR) Mediates Renal Inflammation in Renovascular Hypertension

We hypothesized that PRR plays a role in renal inflammation in 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) hypertension rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal sodium diet. BP was obtained before and 28 days after left renal artery clipping. Renal expressions of PRR, TNF-α and COX-2 were assessed in sham and 2K1C rats with or without left renal interstitial administration of scramble shRNA or PRR shRNA. At baseline there were no significant differences in BP between different animal groups. Compared to sham, mean arterial blood pressure significantly increased in 2K1C (2K1C 131.8 ± 3.09 mmHg, vs. sham 108 ± 1.9 mmHg, P<0.0.05) at day 28 and was not influenced by scramble shRNA or PRR shRNA treatment. Compared to sham and contra lateral (non-clipped) kidney, there were increases in mRNA and protein expressions of PRR (90% and 45%, P<0.01), TNF-α (72% and 50%, P<0.05), COX-2 (72% and 39%, P<0.05) in the clipped kidney. These expressions were not influenced by scramble shRNA treatment. Compared to 2K1C (no treatment) and scramble shRNA, PRR shRNA treatment in the clipped kidney caused significant reductions in mRNA and protein expressions of PRR (60% and 54%, P<0.01, shown in figure below), TNF-α (54% and 51%, P<0.05), COX-2 (51% and 53%, P<0.05). We conclude that PRR mediates renal inflammation in renovascular hypertension independent of blood pressure reduction. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Port Site Metastases: A Survey of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and Commentary on the Clinical Workup and Management of Port Site Metastases.

Abstract Study Objective Laparoscopic port site metastases (PSMs) have an incidence of .5% to 2%. The management of an isolated PSM (iPSM), without evidence of recurrence elsewhere, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate practices regarding iPSMs. Design A 23-item survey was created using commercially available survey software. Over the course of January 2016 the survey was e-mailed to the members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology with 2 follow-up reminder e-mails. (Canadian Task Force classification III.) Setting Online survey. Measurements and Main Results Of the 709 surveys sent, 132 were returned. Providers practicing for Conclusion After controlling for time in practice, we did not find a strong risk factor for iPSMs other than performing >75% of oncologic surgeries by MIS. Most respondents performed imaging when suspecting iPSMs and use systemic adjuvant therapy after confirming iPSMs.
The Link Between Inflammation and Thrombosis

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. This fact is now strongly supported by clinical, basic, and pathological research which has caused an evolution in thought concerning the evaluation and treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The initial insult is endothelial injury and subsequent dysfunction via the deleterious effects of the known cardiac risk factors such as oxidized LDL, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperhomocystinemia, and smoking. Irrespective of the cause of endothelial damage, the resultant activation and proliferation of inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and generation of cytokines and growth factors lead to the progression of atherosclerosis. The presence and extent of inflammation, procoagulant state and composition of the atherosclerotic plaque have been strongly associated with an increased risk of future cardiac events. Thus, the perpetuation of the inflammatory response likely plays a pivotal roIe in the pathobiology and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. Inflammatory markers once thought to be passive observers are now being investigated as active participants in the progression of atherosclerosis and therefore targets for future pharmacologic intervention.
FLVCR Deletion Does Not Impact Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function but Is Necessary for Erythroid and T-Cell Maturation and Enhances Platelet Formation

Abstract 2363 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are mainly in a quiescent state, but activate and proliferate in response to stress. To maintain quiescence, as well as respond to activation signals, HSCs must coordinately regulate cell cycle status versus metabolic demand. Mismatch in these pathways can lead to HSC exhaustion, failure or malignant transformation. One metabolic pathway that is essential to all cells is heme biosynthesis. Heme can act directly as a signaling molecule by modulating the function of transcriptional (Bach1) or translational (eIFa2 kinase) regulators. In addition, heme can act indirectly through the action of hemoproteins (hemoglobin, oxidases, peroxidases, cytochromes). However, excess free intracellular heme is toxic, therefore organisms have developed “safety valve” pathways to regulate intracellular heme concentrations. The most well studied mechanism is free heme degradation by the heme-oxygenase pathway. We have recently described a second pathway to prevent intracellular heme excess, namely heme export by the cytoplasmic transporter FLVCR. Previously we have shown that FLVCR is essential for erythropoiesis, as FLVCR−/− mice die of anemia (Keel et. al., Science 319: 825, 2008). FLVCR is expressed in many other tissues and blood cells, including HSCs (Lucas et. al., Blood 106:51, 2005). This suggests that FLVCR may be important in HSC function or the development of other lineages, besides red cells. We used a competitive transplantation model to determine the effect of FLVCR deletion on HSC function and lineage maturation. FLVCR−/− or wild type (WT) donor cells and equal numbers of competitor cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated, syngeneic recipients. FLVCR−/− marrow cells reconstitute the granulocyte compartment equally as well as WT cells in serial transplantation (up to tertiary transplants). Equal contributions also remain after myelotoxic stress (radiation or arsenic trioxide). Therefore, FLVCR may be dispensable for normal HSC function under steady-state and stress conditions. As anticipated, FLVCR is required for proerythroblast survival and maturation. Eight weeks after competitive transplantation with FLVCR−/− donor cells, 100% of red cells are derived from competitor cells. This is also seen when the ratio of FLVCR−/−:competitor cells is increased to 95:5 from 50:50. FLVCR−/− cells fail to mature past the proerythroblast stage (CD71 pos lin-Ter119 neg or lo ) and undergo significantly more apoptosis than WT donor cells (88% vs. 36%, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Synergistic engine-fuel technologies for light-duty vehicles: Fuel economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Abstract Advanced engine technologies will play a central role in achieving future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets for light-duty vehicles. However, these technologies will place greater emphasis on optimizing the engine and fuel as a synergistic system, since many technologies will require higher octane gasolines to realize their full social and environmental benefits. The most extreme example of a synergistic engine-fuel system is the Octane-on-Demand concept. This technology platform makes use of an oil-derived fuel at low and intermediate loads where the octane requirement of the engine is comparatively low, while a second high octane fuel is introduced at higher loads to suppress knock. This paper presents the first comprehensive study of vehicle fuel economy and well-to-wheel GHG emissions for the Octane-on-Demand concept with respect to a regular grade E10 gasoline (RON 93) and a high octane E30 gasoline (RON 101). Experimental fuel consumption maps are first used to evaluate the drive cycle fuel economy and GHG emissions for a light-duty vehicle equipped with two alternative powertrains. The upstream GHG emissions arising from the production of the fuels are then quantified, with consequent uncertainties assessed using Monte Carlo analysis based on probability distribution functions for critical input parameters. The results demonstrate that the Octane-on-Demand concept used in conjunction with either methanol or ethanol generally provides comparable well-to-wheel GHG emissions to the high octane E30 gasoline, with up to a 10% improvement in the vehicle fuel economy. The use of a non-traditional engine calibration strategy that maximizes the trade-off between thermal efficiency and fuel energy density also enables the amount of high octane fuel required to suppress knock to be reduced significantly. This increases the distance that the vehicle can be driven before the secondary tank requires refueling by a considerable margin, but comes at the expense of marginally higher well-to-wheel GHG emissions than could otherwise be achieved. These findings are shown to be largely insensitive to uncertainties in the upstream fuel production GHG emissions, with the exception of the land use change (LUC) for bioethanol. Overall, this study has implications for the design of engine-fuel systems for future light-duty vehicles.
Donald J. Trump: The Making of a Media Event

Bitecofer examines the role that Donald Trump’s manipulation of the media played in his success in the Republican primary. Via controversial statements and policy positions, Trump starved his competitors of earned media coverage. Trump dominated the 24-hour news cycle. In a cycle with twenty-one candidates, Donald Trump received more than 50% of all candidate mentions in eighty-nine days and exceeded 60% on twenty-one more. Every time attention waned, Donald Trump would say or do something to draw it back to himself; proving the adage that any attention is good attention, at least for Donald J. Trump.
Quantile Residual Life

As mentioned in Chapter 2, the mean residual life function is sensitive to outliers. In this chapter, as an alternative we consider the quantile residual life function, which is robust under any skewed distribution. We first review asymptotic theories of the quantile function and quantile residual life function, and derive the quantile residual life process as a Brownian bridge. We also discuss parametric and nonparametric inferences on the quantile residual life function for one-sample, two-sample, and regression settings.
An Introduction: On Symbolic Processing in Neural Networks

Various forms of life have been existing on earth for hundreds of millions of years, and the long history has seen the development of life from single cell organisms to invertebrates, to vertebrates, and to humans, the truly intelligent beings. The biological organizations of various species, from the lowest to the highest, differ in their complexities and sizes. Such differences in internal complexity manifest in the differences in overt behaviors and intelligence. Generally speaking, organizational complexities of various species are proportionate with capabilities displayed by respective species. However, a gap seems to exist when one goes from high vertebrate animals to humans, in that a conscious, rational capacity is readily available to human beings, that does not seem to be present in any other animals, no matter how high they are on the evolutionary hierarchy. There is a qualitative difference. Yet, strange enough, there is no known qualitative difference between the biological make-up of human brains and animal brains. So the questions are: Where does the difference lie? What is the key to the emergence of rational thinking and intelligence?
Radiology of the Female Bladder, Urethra, and Pelvic Floor

Female urology and urogynecology have become subspecialties in their respective disciplines due to the complexities of the pathology of the female bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor. This chapter complements previous chapters in Radiology of the Lower Urinary Tract (E.K. LANG, ed.), previously published by Springer-Verlag.
Trichloroethylene and Cancer

This chapter describes the process by which trichloroethylene (TCE) has now been characterized as “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.” It also summarizes the animal studies and human epidemiological results associated with TCE exposure and kidney cancer that have led to that conclusion. The contribution of TCE metabolism to kidney cancer etiology is discussed, as is some speculation concerning the mechanism of action.
Ten Eleven Translocation Enzymes and 5-Hydroxymethylation in Mammalian Development and Cancer

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an oxidative product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), catalyzed by the ten eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes. Although 5hmC was discovered several decades ago, it was only after its recent identification in murine brain and stem cell DNA that it has become a major focus of epigenomic research. Part of the reason for this delay is due to the difficulty in detecting both global and locus-specific 5hmC levels. Several studies have addressed this issue with the development of novel techniques to locate and measure 5hmC, which led to multiple reports detailing 5hmC patterns in stem cells and global 5hmC levels during embryogenesis. Based on these studies of 5hmC levels and reports of tissue-specific TET expression, these enzymes are thought to play a role in mammalian development and differentiation. In addition, the TET enzymes are mutated in several types of cancer, affecting their activity and likely altering genomic 5hmC and 5mC patterns. Furthermore, oxidation of 5mC appears to be a step in several active DNA demethylation pathways, which may be important for normal processes, as well as global hypomethylation during cancer development and progression. Much has been revealed about this interesting DNA modification in recent years, but more research is needed for understanding the role of TET proteins and 5hmC in gene regulation and disease.
Standardizing total kidney volume measurements for clinical trials of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Background The ability of unstandardized methods to track kidney growth in clinical trials for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has not been critically evaluated. Methods The Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety Management of ADPKD and its Outcomes (TEMPO) 3:4 study involved baseline and annual magnetic resonance follow-up imaging yearly for 3 years. Total kidney volume (TKV) measurements were performed on these four time points in addition to the baseline imaging in TEMPO 4:4, initially by Perceptive Informatics (Waltham, MA, USA) using planimetry (original dataset) and for this study by the Mayo Translational PKD Center using semiautomated and complementary automated methods (sequential dataset). In the original dataset, the same reader was assigned to all scans of individual patients in TEMPO 3:4, but readers were reassigned in TEMPO 4:4. Two placebo-treated cohorts were included. In the first (n = 158), intervals between the end of TEMPO 3:4 and the start of TEMPO 4:4 scan visits ranged from 12 to 403 days; in the second (n = 95), the same scan (measured twice) visit was used for both. Results Growth rates in TEMPO 3:4 were similar in the original and sequential datasets (5.5 and 5.9%/year). Growth rates during the TEMPO 3:4 to TEMPO 4:4 interval were higher in the original (13.7%/year) but were not different in the sequential dataset (4.0%/year). Comparing volumes from the same images, TKVs showed a bias of 2.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) -5.2-9.7] in the original and -0.16% (95% CI -1.91-1.58) in the sequential dataset. Conclusions Despite using the same software, TKV and growth rate changes were present, likely due to reader differences in the transition from TEMPO 3:4 to TEMPO 4:4 in the original but not in the sequential dataset. Robust, standardized methods are essential in ADPKD trials to minimize errors in serial TKV measurements.
‘We can act different from what we used to’: Findings from experiences of religious leader participants in an HIV-prevention intervention in Zambia

Faith-based organisations (FBOs) have long been part of the fight against HIV and AIDS. International bodies continue to collaborate with FBOs to implement HIV-prevention programmes with mixed success. Zambia has been a target of such programmes in part due to its high HIV prevalence. The Trusted Messenger approach to provide religious leader networks with biomedical, science-focused education about HIV and AIDS was piloted in 2006, but participant experiences of the intervention have not been explored qualitatively. In 2016, in-depth interviews were conducted of 34 randomly chosen individuals who attended Trusted Messenger workshops between 2006 and 2016 in Livingstone, Lusaka, and the Copperbelt region. Findings indicate that the religious leader attendees gained scientific insights about HIV which motivated their action in personal, social, and religious contexts. Participants found the science comprehensible and empowering and identified workshop frequency and language as challenging. Utilising science-focused education within contextual settings of religious leader networks can combat the spread of HIV and the mistreatment of people living with HIV and AIDS.
Generating amorphous target margins in radiation therapy to promote maximal target coverage with minimal target size.

Abstract Background and significance This work provides proof-of-principle for two versions of a heuristic approach that automatically creates amorphous radiation therapy planning target volume (PTV) margins considering local effects of tumor shape and motion to ensure adequate voxel coverage with while striving to minimize PTV size. The resulting target thereby promotes disease control while minimizing the risk of normal tissue toxicity. Methods This work describes the mixed-PDF algorithm and the independent-PDF algorithm which generate amorphous margins around a radiation therapy target by incorporating user-defined models of target motion. Both algorithms were applied to example targets – one circular and one “cashew-shaped.” Target motion was modeled by four probability density functions applied to the target quadrants. The spatially variant motion model illustrates the application of the algorithms even with tissue deformation. Performance of the margins was evaluated in silico with respect to voxelized target coverage and PTV size, and was compared to conventional techniques: a threshold-based probabilistic technique and an (an)isotropic expansion technique. To demonstrate the algorithm's clinical utility, a lung cancer patient was analyzed retrospectively. For this case, 4D CT measurements were combined with setup uncertainty to compare the PTV from the mixed-PDF algorithm with a PTV equivalent to the one used clinically. Results For both targets, the mixed-PDF algorithm performed best, followed by the independent-PDF algorithm, the threshold algorithm, and lastly, the (an)isotropic algorithm. Superior coverage was always achieved by the amorphous margin algorithms for a given PTV size. Alternatively, the margin required for a particular level of coverage was always smaller (8–15%) when created with the amorphous algorithms. For the lung cancer patient, the mixed-PDF algorithm resulted in a PTV that was 13% smaller than the clinical PTV while still achieving ≥99.9% coverage. Conclusions The amorphous margin algorithms are better suited for the local effects of target shape and positional uncertainties than conventional margins. As a result, they provide superior target coverage with smaller PTVs, ensuring dose delivered to the target while decreasing the risk of normal tissue toxicity.
Agonistic interactions and dominance establishment in three crayfish species non-native to Europe

Abstract Ecosystems increasingly face concurrent invasions by multiple species, but knowledge about relationships among invasive species is under studied. We examined agonistic encounters among signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis, and the common yabby Cherax destructor, none native to Europe, to assess the influence of aggression on their success in a sympatric environment. In interspecific interactions, similar-sized signal crayfish were significantly more likely to initiate aggressive encounters and won significantly more fights against similar-sized opponents. The marbled crayfish was the least aggressive and least successful in agonistic interactions. The mean number of fights, fight duration, and number and duration of low and high intensity fights varied significantly between intra- and inter-specific interactions, tending to be more pronounced in conspecific encounters. We concluded that crayfish species differ in fighting strategies employed during intra- and inter-specific interactions. Of the species evaluated, the signal crayfish shows the highest potential to establish dominance. However, factors such as growth rate, reproductive potential, ecosystem variables, and temperature of habitat may alter the competitiveness of an invader.
Association between pre-diagnosis BMI, physical activity, pathologic complete response, and chemotherapy completion in women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Physical activity and lower BMI have shown benefit for breast cancer survival, but the association between these factors, pathologic complete response (pCR), and chemotherapy completion is not clear. We evaluated whether BMI and physical activity are associated with pCR and chemotherapy completion during neoadjuvant breast cancer treatment. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of women given neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage I–III breast cancer between 2010 and 2016. A medical record review provided pCR, chemotherapy completion, and patient characteristics. A telephone survey assessed physical activity 1 year before diagnosis. Unconditional logistic regression models identified factors associated with pCR and chemotherapy completion. In our cohort (n = 243), the average age was 52.9 years (SD 13.0) and mean BMI was 29.5 kg/m2 (SD 7.0). Seventy-five (31%) patients had pCR and 168 (69%) had residual disease. Patients with pCR had lower mean BMI than those with residual disease (28.2 (SD) vs. 30.1 (SD), P = 0.04). Exercise was associated with completion of chemotherapy (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.4–41.2, P = 0.02). Pathologic complete response was associated with lower BMI; chemotherapy completion was associated with exercising at CDC-recommended levels prior to breast cancer diagnosis.
Assessing Software Understandability in Systems by Leveraging Fuzzy Method and Linguistic Analysis

Abstract Many if not most software-intensive systems have their mission-critical software modified by people other than its developers. The resulting misunderstandings often seriously compromise the missions the system is supporting (over 80% of the functionality in most current ground, sea, air, and space vehicles depends on software). There is a major need for models, methods, processes, and tools for identifying sources and effects of software misunderstandings, both in preparation for the system’s software use and evolution, and in evaluating modified software to avoid further examples of misunderstanding. Emphasizing high software understandability enables system maintainers to avoid these misunderstandings as they modify existing software systems. However, while many metrics for understandability have been developed, with the majority of them being source code based, little to no correlation has been found for these metrics with actual software understandability. In this paper, we instead focus on issue summaries as a non-source code alternative for measuring understandability. We generate fuzzy rules and linguistic patterns using a sample of issue summaries from the Mozilla community and evaluate 1416 issue summaries from two other software systems to measure the performance of our model. Our results suggest that this is a viable method to measure understandability and has the potential to be extended to other software maintainability qualities.
The Use of Hairy Roots Transformed by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes for the Production of Plant Secondary Products in Vitro

The study of plant secondary metabolism, with the aim of bio-technological exploitation using tissues grown in vitro, has traditionally tended to use dispersed cell cultures or callus. The cultures usually have a strong tendency to be genetically and biochemically unstable and often synthesize very low levels of secondary products. Recently we have begun to study the potential of “hairy root” cultures, resulting from the infection of dicotyledonous plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, for the production of secondary products in vitro. We have found that such cultures produce the secondary products synthesized in the roots of the plant species in question in qualitative proportions typical of the parent plant and in quantitative levels at least as high as those found in the plant. Such cultures grow very rapidly in vitroin simple media devoid of phytohormones. They are biochemically stable and we have evidence that their chromosome number remains stable for at least a year in culture.
The Bakken Blind Field: Investigating Planetary Urbanization and Opaqueness in the Oil and Gas Fields of Eastern Montana, USA.

This work advances the critical urban studies literature on “planetary urbanization” by emphasizing the everyday struggles experienced by the people who live in and through planetary transformation...
Transitive Credit as a Means to Address Social and Technological Concerns Stemming from Citation and Attribution of Digital Products

The pursuit of science and engineering research increasingly relies on activities that facilitate research but are not currently rewarded or recognized, such as development of products and infrastructure. In research publications, citations are used to credit previous works. This paper suggests that a modified citation system that includes the technological idea of transient credit could be used to recognize the developers of products other than research publications and that if this were done in a systematic manner, it would lead to social and cultural changes that would provide incentives for the further development of such products, accelerating overall scientific and engineering advances.
Similarities and Differences in Clutter Detection Between Electronic Scans and Mechanical Scans With a Polarimetric-Phased Array Radar

This article presents similarities and differences in clutter detection between electronic scans and mechanical scans with a cylindrical polarimetric-phased array radar (CPPAR). Theoretical explanations of clutter features in electronic scans that are different from those in mechanical scans are explored and verified by observations with the CPPAR. Clutter detection results with the CPPAR, based on the copolar correlation coefficient, dual-scan cross-correlation coefficient, power ratio, and their combinations in the electronic scan and mechanical scan modes are presented and compared.
Skin, Lung, Eyes, and Hair

The impact of aging on the integrity of the outermost layer of our tissue, the epithelium, predisposes the older adult to dysfunction in these tissues found in the skin, lungs, eyes, and hair. As the foundation of health, the health status of the gut lining directs the status of other epithelial tissues due to the impact of nutritional deficiencies from malabsorption as well as the impact of the microbiome that exists on all of these external-facing surfaces. Both environments, the skin and the gut, host microbiomes of immense and diverse proportions. On its own, the gut performs innumerable functions, including but not limited to vitamin production, immune regulation, protection from pathogens, serum lipid modulation, and metabolism of xenobiotics and food components (Ellis et al. Microorganisms 7:550, 2019). The skin serves to maintain the cutaneous immune system. (Ellis et al. Microorganisms 7:550, 2019). Although the mechanisms are not fully elucidated, there are a few prevailing theories. Changes in gut flora due to stress, injury, or inflammation increase epithelial permeability in the gut, which triggers T-cell activation, disrupts tolerance, and leads to systemic inflammation that disturbs cutaneous homeostasis (Arck et al. Exp Dermatol 19:401–5, 2010). Another theory suggests increased gut permeability allows for direct migration of inflammatory products into systemic circulation (Cani et al. Diabetes 56:1761–72, 2007). The connection warrants further research but is likely due to a combination of both neurologic and immunologic responses to environmental changes (Ellis et al. Microorganisms 7:550, 2019). In this chapter, we highlight the most common concerns related to the skin, lungs, eyes, and hair for the older adult: xerosis, psoriasis, eczema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, macular degeneration, and alopecia.
Invertebrate DNA methylation and gene regulation

As human activity alters the planet, there is a pressing need to understand how organisms adapt to environmental change. Of growing interest in this area is the role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, in tailoring gene expression to fit novel conditions. Here, we reanalyzed nine invertebrate (Anthozoa and Hexapoda) datasets to validate a key prediction of this hypothesis: changes in DNA methylation in response to some condition correlate with changes in gene expression. While we detected both differential methylation and differential expression, there was no simple relationship between these differences. Hence, if changes in DNA methylation regulate invertebrate transcription, the mechanism does not follow a simple linear relationship.
Police officers on two-officer units: A study of attitudinal responses towards a patrol experiment

Presents results of a study which examined 50 US police officers perceptions regarding performance, applicability, effectiveness and safety issues when assigned to two‐officer units, compared with a one‐officer unit, for patrol operations in an urban setting. Half the group comprised an experimental area’s two‐officer units and half comprised a control area’s one‐officer units. It was found that officers generally agreed they would perform the same whether they were in a one‐ or two‐officer patrol car; that two‐officer units should be used at night and in areas where people mistrust the police, that two‐officer units could observe more than a single officer and respond more quickly to calls. However, most officers disagreed that two one‐officer cars could accomplish twice as much as one two‐officer car and that officers are more likely to be injured in two‐officer cars then in one‐officer cars. Notes the possibility of distractions, misunderstandings or disagreements taking place between partners sharing a vehicle for eight hours, as well as intrusion of privacy into an officer’s role/duty as a police officer.
BUILDING EFFICIENT SIMULATIONS FROM HYBRID BOND GRAPH MODELS

Abstract Embedded systems and their corresponding hybrid models are pervasive in engineering applications, therefore, systematic mathematical analysis using these models has become an important research area. Our approach to hybrid modeling with Hybrid Bond Graphs allows for seamless integration of physical system principles with discrete computational structures, but simulating the hybrid behaviors can be difficult and computationally expensive. In this paper, we develop a methodology that transforms Hybrid Bond Graphs into computational block diagrams and incrementally modifies the block diagram when mode changes occur. This forms the basis for a computationally efficient hybrid simulation algorithm.
Fabrication development and usage of vanadium alloys in DIII-D

GA is procuring material, designing components, and developing fabrication techniques for use of V alloy into the DIII-D divertor as elements of the Radiative Divertor Project modification. This program was developed to assist in the development of low activation alloys for fusion use by demonstrating the fabrication and installation of V alloy components in an operating tokamak. Along with fabrication development, the program includes multiple steps starting with small coupons installed in DIII-D to measure the environmental effects on V. This is being done in collaboration with DOE Fusion Materials Program (particularly at ANL and ORNL). Procurement of the material has been completed; the world`s largest heat of V alloy (1200 kg V-4Cr-4Ti) was produced and converted into various products. Manufacturing process is described and chemistry results presented. Research into potential fabrication methods is being performed. Joining of V alloys was identified as the most critical fabrication issue for its use in the Radiative Divertor program. Successful welding trials were done using resistance, friction, and electron beam methods; metallography and mechanical tests were done to evaluate the welds.
A Review of “The Fate of Greenland: Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change”

Few places on Earth pair stunning beauty with global scientific and societal importance like the Greenland ice sheet. Covering an area some 1,000 miles long and 600 miles wide, it engulfs 90 percen...
Optimal power control and source-channel coding for delay constrained traffic over wireless channels

A novel dynamic programming formulation is proposed for computing optimal power control, source coding, and channel coding policies when the source traffic has tight delay constraints. Our solution minimizes power consumption subject to constraints on delay for all channel gains. This provides a much tighter delay bound than an average delay constraint, averaged over time varying channel gains. We present numerical results that show the tighter delay constraints come at a significant cost in terms of power consumption. However, we also show this power penalty can be greatly mitigated through optimal source-channel coding.
The Gender Dynamics of Educational Leadership Preparation: A Feminist Postmodern Critique of the Cohort Experience:

The purpose of this study was to examine gender dynamics in educational leadership doctoral cohorts and explore the propensity for educational leadership programs to unintentionally perpetuate ineq...
Topical Review: Resilience Resources and Mechanisms in Pediatric Chronic Pain

Objective To apply resilience theory and the extant literature to propose a resilience-risk model for pediatric chronic pain and provide an agenda for research and clinical practice in pediatric chronic pain resilience. Method Literature review to develop a resilience-risk model for pediatric chronic pain. Results The chronic pain literature has identified unique individual and social/environmental resilience resources and pain-related resilience mechanisms that promote pain adaptation. These data support our ecological resilience-risk model for pediatric chronic pain, and the model highlights novel directions for clinical and research efforts for youth with chronic pain. Conclusions The examination of pediatric chronic pain from a strengths-based approach might lead to novel clinical avenues to empower youth to positively adapt and live beyond their pain.
Methods in Nutrition Science

Functional genomics, commonly applied to the genes and enzymes involved in metabolism of chemicals, can also be applied to enzymes involved in the metabolism of nutrients. Although in its infancy, genomics can be used to determine relationships between nutrition and toxicology, drug metabolism, and cancer.
Electronic interactions in the rhodium/TiO2 system

Abstract A variety of electron spectroscopic techniques has been used with model catalysts fabricated on single-crystal substrates to study charge transfer in the Rh TiO 2 system. In order to avoid the morphological changes and encapsulation that occur when catalysts are reduced at high temperatures to induce SMSI, TiO2 substrates have been reduced by inert gas ion bombardment prior to Rh deposition. Comparison of model catalysts prepared on reduced supports with those prepared on fully oxidized supports indicates that electronic charge is transferred from reduced Ti cations to Rh particles, resulting in a partially ionic RhTi bond. The RhTi bonding may provide a driving force for encapsulation of the Rh but does not lead to a large-scale suppression of the capacity of the Rh to chemisorb CO. We also present the first direct evidence for modification of the valence levels of the Rh due to the presence of the encapsulating Ti suboxide moieties during SMSI.
Detection and correction of endotracheal-tube position in premature neonates.

Due to the short airways in premature children, an accurate position of the endotracheal tube (ETT) is crucial for adequate mechanical ventilation. Verification of ETT-position is done in chest radiographs. However, ETT-position varies substantially with head movement. When the head is flexed, the tube might appear too deeply inserted, and inadvertent extubation may occur in cases of retraction of ETT after radiography. Extension of the cervical spine will suggest an inappropriately high ETT-position, so that intended corrections can lead to main-stem intubation. Radiographic visible skeletal structures could serve as reference points to allow the detection of head declination and imperfect positioning of ETT. Ratios of anatomical landmarks were used to estimate head position. In this study, 111 radiographs of 24 preterm neonates with a gestational age of 24–29 weeks and weights of 500–1,000 g were analyzed. A mathematical algorithm for the detection and correction of ETT-positions, based on common chest radiographs, was developed. In 108 cases (97.3%), ETT-distance from the midtracheal level was less than 2 mm after use of the proposed correction. Thus, the suggested correction equation for head position enables verification of the actual ETT-position without requiring a defined placement of the head during radiography. Moreover, it can be helpful for estimating the depth of ETT-insertion in conditions when radiography is not available. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:455–461. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for cerebrospinal leak after endoscopic skull base reconstruction with nasoseptal flap.

ObjectiveThe use of expanded endonasal surgery (EES) in the treatment of skull base neoplasms has increased significantly in recent years. Since 2006, the nasoseptal flap (NSF) has become the workhorse for the closure of skull base defects involving the anterior and central skull base. We hypothesized that defect site impacts the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following EES.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting/Subjects/MethodsPatients who underwent skull base defect repair using a NSF at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) minimally invasive skull base center were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, disease, and defect location and size were recorded along with the presence of a postoperative CSF leak. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Ten patients had a NSF failure with CSF leakage, 2 in the anterior skull base (frontal sinus, ethmoid, cribriform, planum), and 8 in the central skul...
What does everybody know? Identifying event-specific sources from social media

Social media is increasingly becoming a popular platform for the public to voice their opinion and present them to a huge audience in the web. The year 2011 saw one of the greatest use of social media in the rise and spread of various events, and has been rightly defined as the year of “Social Media Democracy”, with “The Protester” being named as the TIME magazine's person of the year 2011. Due to the power law distribution of the Internet, it is highly likely that the social media sites are buried in the Long Tail. It is therefore, of utmost importance to identify quality social media sources from the Long Tail, for understanding and exploring the real-life events in depth. In this work, we propose a framework to distinguish the disparate sources from social media that provide extremely significant information about various events. Specifically, we propose information theoretic measures to identify “specific” sources for an event (often buried in the Long Tail) and “closer” entities (individuals, groups, organizations, places, etc.) for an event. We also introduce a novel evaluation strategy for validating the proposed measures. Data for the research is collected from various blogging platforms. Experiments demonstrate promising results with interesting findings.
A model for nucleation of nanocrystals in the soft magnetic alloy Fe73.5Nb3Cu1Si13.5B9

Abstract Melt-spun ribbons of the alloy Fe73.5Nb3Cu1Si13.5B9 are amorphous, but heat treating them at 550°C for one hour generates a microstructure which consists of DO3 structure FeSi crystallites about 10 nm in diameter which are separated from one another by remnant amorphous films that are enriched in B and Nb. Numerous investigators have proposed that nucleation on this exceedingly fine scale occurs at sites which are locally enriched in Fe, this enrichment being caused by partitioning of Cu during the heat treatment. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results show that Cu rich clusters with a near fcc structure form early in the precipitation process, and that the size of these clusters is influenced by the presence of Nb. These results, and an extensive transmission electron microscopy study, support an argument that the DO3 precipitates form in intimate contact with the Cu clusters, rather than at sites displaced from them. This model is consistent with results from other experimental studies and with theoretical analyses which show that the surface energy barrier to nucleation of subsequent phases is lowest at the first-formed precipitate.
Analysis of fluid storage tanks including foundation-superstructure interaction

Abstract An analytical formulation is developed to predict the flexural behavior of a cylindrical liquid storage tank resting on an isotropic elastic soil medium, which is modelled as a half space. The interface between the plate foundation and the soil medium is considered to be smooth and continuous. The plate deflection function is assumed in the form of a power series expansion in terms of the radial coordinate. The procedure accounts for the interactions between the tank wall and the plate foundation, and between the plate foundation and the soil medium. The principle of minimum potential energy is used to evaluate the unknown coefficients appearing in the assumed power series expansion and also the unknown interacting forces at the tank wall-plate foundation junction. Any number of terms can be considered in the assumed deflection function. Analytical expressions are obtained for the plate foundation deflections and radial moment, the contact stress distribution, the tank wall displacements, and the tank wall stress resultants. The results obtained compare well with the finite element analysis of a similar problem. Results of a parametric study are also presented to demonstrate the effect of the various geometric and material parameters on the flexural behavior of the system.