cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will She Stay or Will She Go? Career Ceilings and Women's Retirement from the U.S. Congress

This article offers the first broad-based, systematic, times-series assessment of the gender dynamics underlying congressional retirement. We extend the body of work on gender and representation by using the congressional retirement literature to develop an argument that accounts for the gender gap in the average length of congressional service. Our results indicate that women are less willing than men to remain in Congress when their ability to influence the legislative agenda stalls. Because of women's relatively early departures from the House of Representatives, our analysis suggests that prospects for women's representation are less promising than the conventional wisdom suggests.
Letter to the Editor: Response to Tumlin Review

Mr. Markel Tumlin's self-assured and peppy put-down of my book Whither the Postmodern Library?11 William H. Wisner, Whither the Postmodern Library? (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, 2...
"We're All in it Together": AIDS Prevention in Urban Senegal

Located on the westernmost tip of Africa, Senegal has had the good fortune of being forewarned about the AIDS virus before the disease has reached epidemic proportions. It has become obvious in the last decade, however, that knowledge is only the first step in AIDS prevention. Understanding the complicated process of translating knowledge into behavior change is one of the primary ways in which anthropologists can contribute to efforts to stem the spread of HIV.
A combined transcriptome and proteome survey of malaria parasite liver stages.

For 50 years since their discovery, the malaria parasite liver stages (LS) have been difficult to analyze, impeding their utilization as a critical target for antiinfection vaccines and drugs. We have undertaken a comprehensive transcriptome analysis in combination with a proteomic survey of LS. Green fluorescent protein-tagged Plasmodium yoelii (PyGFP) was used to efficiently isolate LS-infected hepatocytes from the rodent host. Genome-wide LS gene expression was profiled and compared with other parasite life cycle stages. The analysis revealed ≈2,000 genes active during LS development, and proteomic analysis identified 816 proteins. A subset of proteins appeared to be expressed in LS only. The data revealed exported parasite proteins and LS metabolic pathways including expression of FASII pathway enzymes. The FASII inhibitor hexachlorophene and the antibiotics, tetracycline and rifampicin, that target the apicoplast inhibited LS development, identifying FASII and other pathways localized in the apicoplast as potential drug targets to prevent malaria infection.
Culture Evolution and the Process of Economic Evolution

Essays a conceptural clarification and theory of the process of economic evolution. Using the Veblenian matrix, conceptualizes the economic process in the framework of culture and its evolution. Economic evolution, as a gestalt, comprises the processes of both economic growth (quantitative statics) and development (qualitative dynamics). The dynamics of culture evolution is founded on the advance of technology which constitutes the “core of culture”. The essence of the process of culture evolution is contained in the dichotomy of useful knowledge. The advance of useful knowledge appears in its application as technology and in its store as culture. The process of economic evolution increases the capacity of culture and thereby enables humankind to take bigger and bigger bites of the infinity of knowledge. Culture evolution, fed by the dynamics of the economic process, offers the potential for an enhanced “consciousness of the cosmos” and as such a conception of human progress.
Band Structure of SiGe: Coherent-Potential Approximation

The band structure of SiGe has been calculated using the coherent-potential approximation in conjunction with a realistic but local pseudopotential model. The effects of alloy disorder manifest themselves in complex band energies, each with an imaginary part inversely proportional to the electron lifetime. Spectral functions and the alloy denisty of states are also computed. The damping proves to be small, though it is not always given accurately by low-order-perturbation theory about the virtual crystal. Moreover, within the present local pseudopotential approximation, it affects only $s$ electrons capable of penetrating the ionic cores, since outside the core region the alloy pseudopotential is like that of either limiting pure crystal. The effect of the damping on experimental quantities such as the optical absorption and electrical resistivity is very small.
Five- and Six-Coordinate 2-Methyl-2-propanethiolato Complexes of Zirconium(IV): Synthesis and Structures of [Li(DME)(3)][Zr(SCMe(3))(5)] and [(THF)Li](2)Zr(SCMe(3))(6).

Five-coordinate and six-coordinate 2-methyl-2-propanethiolato complexes of zirconium, [Li(DME)3][Zr(SCMe3)5] (1) and [(THF)Li]2Zr(SCMe3)6 (2), were obtained from the ZrCl4/LiSCMe3 reaction system. The control of the Zr coordination number, by the ether ligands, THF or DME, bound to Li, is demonstrated by the conversion of 2 into 1 upon dissolution in DME. 1 and 2 were crystallographically characterized. The structures are extensively disordered. Crystal data follow: 1, hexagonal P63/m, a = b = 12.496(3) A, c = 17.561(9) A, Z = 2, V = 2375(1) A3, R = 5.0%, Rw = 6.8%; 2, trigonal R32, a = b = 11.813(3) A, c = 28.37(1) A, Z = 3, V = 3428(1) A3, R = 5.2%, Rw = 6.4%.
Stable embedded solitons.

Stable embedded solitons are discovered in the generalized third-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation. When this equation can be reduced to a perturbed complex modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, we developed a soliton perturbation theory which shows that a continuous family of sech-shaped embedded solitons exist and are nonlinearly stable. These analytical results are confirmed by our numerical simulations. These results establish that, contrary to previous beliefs, embedded solitons can be robust despite being in resonance with the linear spectrum.
Selection of the Best Subset in Regression Analysis

The problem of selecting the best subset or subsets of independent variables in a multiple linear regression analysis is two-fold. The first, and most important problem is the development of criterion for choosing between two contending subsets. Applying these criteria to all possible subsets, if the number of independent variables is large, may not be economically feasible and so the second problem is concerned with decreasing the computational effort. This paper is concerned with the second question using the C p -statistic of Mallows as the basic criterion for comparing two regressions. A procedure is developed which will indicate ‘good’ regressions with B minimum of computation.
Intravenous lipid emulsions and human neutrophil function

THE BENEFHS to be gained by adequate nutri t ion in host defense are well recognized? ~ Although the use of fat emulsions has been of value to increase nutrient intake, these emulsions have been noted to markedly impair neutrophil function as judged by in vitro chemotaxis and bactericidal assays? " Consequently, the use of alternate means of supplementing nutri t ion has been suggested. 7 To better define the legitimate place for lipid emulsions in parenteral nutr i t ion therapy, we assessed the effect of two commonly used preparations on several neutrophil functions and addressed the mechanism by which the emulsions interfere with cell function.
Localization of the Enzymatic Block in Kidneys of Rats Treated with Fluoroacetate

Summary1. Oxidation of citrate was markedly depressed in bomogenates of kidneys from rats treated with fluoroacetate; oxidation of other substrates of the Krebs cycle, including cis-aconitate, was depressed only to a relatively small extent. 2. No inhibition of aconitase was found in these preparations when cis-aeonitate was the substrate. 3. The evidence indicated that the conversion of cis-aconitate to citrate was relatively unaffected under conditions in which the reverse reaction was strongly inhibited.
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2): a sensitive marker of seizure-related brain damage

We have assessed the efficacy of MAP-2 immunohistochemistry as a marker of seizure-related brain damage and its suitability for quantitation of the damage using densitometric and morphometric image analysis. Seizures were produced in rats by administration of 1.5 LD50 soman, an irreversible AChE inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that neuronal damage, assessed using hematoxylin and eosin, and cresyl violet staining, was colocalized on adjacent serial sections with clearly demarcated reductions in MAP-2 staining. The most severely damaged brain regions were devoid of MAP-2 staining. Reductions in MAP-2 immunostaining were found to be exceptionally well suited for quantitation using densitometric and morphometric image analysis. This study represents the first demonstration of seizure-induced excitotoxic alterations in MAP-2.
Thermal stress analyses of multilayered films on substrates and cantilever beams for micro sensors and actuators

Thermal stress-induced damage in multilayered films formed on substrates and cantilever beams is a major reliability issue for the fabrication and application of micro sensors and actuators. Using closed-form predictive solutions for thermal stresses in multilayered systems, specific results are calculated for the thermal stresses in PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si3N4/SiO2 film layers on Si substrates and PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2 film layers on Si3N4 cantilever beams. When the thickness of the film layer is negligible compared to the substrate, thermal stresses in each film layer are controlled by the thermomechanical mismatch between the individual film layer and the substrate, and the modification of thermal stresses in each film layer by the presence of other film layers is insignificant. On the other hand, when the thickness of the film layer is not negligible compared to the cantilever beam, thermal stresses in each film layer can be controlled by adjusting the properties and thickness of each layer. The closed-form solutions provide guidelines for designing multilayered systems with improved reliability.
Does Quality of Life Differ Among Headache Diagnoses? Analysis Using the Medical Outcomes Study Instrument

SYNOPSIS Background: To analyze the differences in quality of life associated with headache diagnoses using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-20). Methods: A patient interview survey using the SF-20 Short Form Health Survey was conducted in a headache clinic within a multi-specialty group practice. All six health components of the SF-20 were included in the study, Headache diagnoses were made using IHS criteria. Results: 208 consecutive headache patients were studied. Patients with cluster headache had a significantly higher (worse) pain score (P<0.018) and higher percentage of patients with poor health due to pain (P<0.005) than patients with migraine headache. There were fewer cluster patients with poor health associated with physical functioning than tension-type (P<0.020) or mixed headache (P<0.022) patients. Poor health associated with social functioning was greater for cluster (P<0.011) and tension-type headache (P<0.015) than for migraine. There was a significantly higher percentage of tension-type headache patients with poor health associated with mental health (P<0.002) than patients with migraine. Conclusions: The SF-20 is a reliable and valid measure of quality of life for patients with different headache diagnoses. Distinct headache diagnoses are marked by unique patterns of impairment and quality of life.
HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION OF NECK DISSECTION SPECIMENS

Head and neck cancers, with the exception of early and asymptomatic lesions, generally metastasize to cervical lymph nodes in a predictive and orderly course. 10,46,47 The extent and distribution invariably correlate with the site and size, including depth of infiltration of the primary tumor. 10,12,13,33,51 It is not uncommon that the location of the metastatic lymph node in the neck has called attention to a potential occult carcinoma reflecting the predictive metastatic pattern of these tumors. The current modification in neck dissection techniques developed following understanding of this sequential progression. The extent of nodal disease occasionally will not correlate with the size of the primary tumor in cases of occult primary or when an obvious but early lesion coexists with an elusive and advanced second lung or aerodigestive primary. Previous irradiation and surgery may be responsible also for "skip" and erratic patterns of metastasis. Clinical assessment of nodal disease can have pitfalls. The incidence of carcinoma in clinically negative nodes varies from 15% to 38%, and the number of clinically involved nodes that were negative on histologic examination can be as high as 33%. 9,16,22,27,29,45,50 Cases with clinical node fixation without extracapsular spread have been histologically documented. 50 A small but significant number of small (less than 10 mm) N1 cervical nodes also have been found to histologically demonstrate extracapsular spread. 14,50 Because imaging techniques and the radiological criteria for assessing cervical lymph node status are based largely on size, this modality too has limitations in detecting nodal disease, especially in nodes less than 10 mm. 14 A careful gross examination followed by meticulous histologic examination of the entire neck dissection still remains the definitive standard procedure for documenting nodal disease in head and neck cancers. Surgeons have to be aware, however, that histologic evaluation of lymph nodes is not without its shortcomings. The routine use of conventional histopathologic examination of lymph node in head and neck cancer may sometimes miss occult micrometastases, resulting in false negative pathologic N0 necks, the reported incidence varying from 2.2% to 7.9% of nodes in retrospective studies. 1,5
Soil nitrogen and plant cover of an old‐field on the shortgrass steppe in southeastern Colorado

Croplands of the Colorado shortgrass steppe abandoned from cultivation in the 1930s are in a midseral successional stage and may take an additional 20–50 years to become dominated by late‐seral species. In some disturbed ecosystems, an enhancement of soil nitrogen (N) resulted in a retention of early‐seral plants, whereas a limitation of soil N encouraged an increase in midseral to late‐seral species. An understanding of the role of soil N on old‐field succession could lead to better management practices of these areas to help advance them to a later seral stage. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an increase or a reduction in soil N on plant species composition of a midseral old‐field in southeastern Colorado. Enhancement of soil N resulted in an increase in cover of Sporobolus crypt‐andrus and a decline in cover of Schedonnardus paniculatus, Sitanion hystrix, and legumes. Limitation of available soil NO3 ‐ ‐N resulted in a decline in cover of Sche‐donnardus paniculatus and Sitanion hystr...
Characterization of folding mechanisms of Trp-cage and WW-domain by network analysis of simulations with a hybrid-resolution model.

In this study, we apply a hybrid-resolution model, namely, PACE, to characterize the free energy surfaces (FESs) of Trp-cage and a WW-domain variant along with the respective folding mechanisms. Unbiased, independent simulations with PACE are found to achieve together multiple folding and unfolding events for both proteins, allowing us to perform network analysis of the FESs to identify folding pathways. PACE reproduces for both proteins expected complexity hidden in the folding FESs, in particular metastable non-native intermediates. Pathway analysis shows that some of these intermediates are, actually, on-pathway folding intermediates and that intermediates kinetically closest to the native states can be either critical on-pathway or off-pathway intermediates, depending on the protein. Apart from general insights into folding, specific folding mechanisms of the proteins are resolved. We find that Trp-cage folds via a dominant pathway in which hydrophobic collapse occurs before the N-terminal helix forms...
Trophoblasts are the preferential target for human papilloma virus infection in spontaneously aborted products of conception

In a recent study it has been shown that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was threefold more prevalent in spontaneous abortion specimens compared with elective specimens (60% [15 of 25] v 20% [3 of 15], respectively) as analyzed by broad-spectrum HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and dot-blot hybridization with an HPV-16 probe. In this study, archival paraffin-embedded tissue from a subset of previously analyzed spontaneous abortion cases were reanalyzed by in situ PCR amplification so that the specific cells infected by HPV could be identified. In the current study, using a new PCR primer set for HPV-16 E6, the status of six previously analyzed cases were verified (five HPV-positive and one negative). Furthermore, syncytiotrophoblasts were identified as the predominant cellular target of HPV (HPV-16 or a related type). Finally, four of four third-trimester placentas similarly analyzed gave no HPV-positive signal. Trophoblasts are the cell type that maintains placental contact with maternal tissue and through which nutrient exchange occurs. This knowledge prompts the hypothesis that HPV-infected trophoblasts may have altered characteristics, which may lead to a compromised gestation.
Trichoepithelioma Papulosum Multiplex

Trichoepithelioma papulosum multiplex is an uncommon autosomal dominant disorder in which multiple trichoepitheliomas are seen. Its cause may be a defective tumor suppressor gene. Studies have mapped this gene to the 9p21 locus. However, there is a parallel or identical syndrome of multiple trichoepitheliomas and cylindromas. Within a given family, some members may have cyclindromas whereas others may have trichoepitheliomas or a combination of both. Although preliminary evidence suggests a different gene is responsible, it is possible that TPM may be caused by more than two independent genes, with some cases of TPM due to impairment of the gene for cylindromatosis. This entity, as well as other disorders with multiple appendageal tumors, may require clarification and distinction from TPM.
Finger coordination in persons with Down syndrome: atypical patterns of coordination and the effects of practice

The study addresses an issue of possible relations between the apparent “clumsiness” of persons with Down syndrome (DS) and changes in indices of finger coordination. We hypothesized that persons with DS would prefer less challenging, safer motor strategies reflected in finger coordination patterns. Maximal single and multi-finger force production (MVC) tasks and multifinger tasks that required the production of a controlled time pattern (ramp) of total force were studied. As compared to typical persons, persons with DS showed lower peak forces, lower force deficit (loss of finger force in multi-finger tasks as compared to single-finger tasks), and higher enslaving (involuntary force production by fingers that are not required to produce force). They showed higher variance of total force computed across several trials for ramp tasks. Their total force variance was higher than the sum of the variances of individual finger forces over the ramp duration, while in control participants the relation was opposite during the middle and late thirds of the ramp. Persons with DS practiced force production tasks over 3 days, one group practicing only one of the tasks (the ramp task with all four fingers acting together) while the other group practiced MVC and ramp tasks (variable practice). Practice led to an increase in MVC, force deficit, and enslaving. The relation between the total force variance and the sum of the variances of individual finger forces became closer to the one observed in typical persons. The effects of practice were more pronounced in the variable practice group. We conclude that persons with DS have a deficit in control of both single fingers and multi-finger groups. They use a less challenging, suboptimal strategy of multi-finger coordination which does not take advantage of the possibility of error compensation among the fingers. Practice is an effective way of improving finger coordination in DS, particularly when using variable tasks.
Cloning and integration of DNA fragments in human cells via the inverted terminal repeats of the adeno-associated virus 2 genome

In current systems for molecular cloning of eukaryotic genes, bacterial cells are routinely utilized as intermediate hosts. We investigated the possibility of using a viral system for cloning DNA fragments independent of bacterial cell usage. In this report, we provide an alternative approach for molecular cloning of DNA fragments in eukaryotic cells by utilizing the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of the genome of a nonpathogenic human parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV). We constructed a series of chimeric linear duplex DNA molecules, ranging in length from 1.8 to 7.2 kb, containing the cruciform structures of AAV-ITRs at both ends. These 'no-end' (NE) DNA structures, when transfected into adenovirus-infected human cells in the presence of AAV replication proteins (Rep), underwent DNA replication. Furthermore, in the presence of AAV capsid proteins (Cap), all replicated DNA molecules of less than 5.0 kb were packaged into mature, biologically active AAV progeny virions. When a chimeric NE DNA (NE-neo) containing a gene (neo) encoding resistance to neomycin was transfected into human cells, neoR clones could be readily isolated in the presence of G418 (Geneticin). Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of several independently isolated neoR clones suggested stable integration of the NE-neo DNA into the host chromosomal DNA. AAV-ITRs, therefore, offer an alternative system for molecular cloning, as well as packaging of DNA fragments in mammalian cells independent of bacterial cell usage.
ACLS Humanities E-book : an examination

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to inform the reader about the collection development principles, the use of technology, the history, and usefulness of ACLS Humanities E‐book.Design/methodology/approach – The approach adopted is a brief history, overview, and review of ACLS Humanities E‐book.Findings – ACLS Humanities E‐book combines a carefully selected collection of academic monographs related to the humanities with a straightforward user‐interface.Originality/value – The paper offers information about the collection, most important, its collection development model and the considerable value and utility of ACLS Humanities E‐book for researchers and libraries.
Non-coaxial experimental deformation of olivine

Abstract Dunite samples have been deformed non-coaxially at high temperatures and pressures. In samples which were deformed by translation glide on {Okl}[100], olivine [100] = Z- axes rotated toward the maximum extensile-strain axis. In samples which were partly or completely recrystallized syntectonically the new olivine grains attained preferred orientations with [010] = X and [100] = Z parallel to the maximum and least principal compressive stress axes, respectively. These results may be used for kinematic and dynamic analysis of naturally deformed dunites and peridotites.
Centroamericanidades: Imaginative Reformulation and New Configurations of Central Americanness

The principal question posed in this special issue is: Where is Central America? At a primary level this would appear to be a simple geographical question, even if it were to offer a topology of a qualitatively distinct
Dynamics of Silica Colloid Deposition and Release in Packed Beds of Aminosilane-Modified Glass Beads

The transport and deposition dynamics of colloidal particles in packed porous media were investigated. The colloids were negatively charged silica particles (0.1 and 0.3 μm in diameter), and the packed-bed columns comprised aminosilane-modified glass beads. The glass beads acquired a positive surface charge by anhydrous chemical reaction with aminoethyl(N-aminopropyl)dimethoxymethylsilane. Maximum attainable surface-coverage (θmax) and excluded-area-parameter (β) values were determined for particle deposition experiments under various physicochemical conditions, namely, solution ionic strength, flow velocity, and particle size. The results demonstrated that excluded-area-parameter values increased with decreasing ionic strength and increasing flow velocity and particle size. Observed excluded-area-parameter values smaller than 1.83, the hard-sphere jamming limit according to random-sequential-adsorption (RSA) mechanics, alluded to the occurrence of multilayer deposition. The release of deposited particles...
A Solvent Elimination Interface for Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Using an Infrared Microscope

Technique permettant des sensibilites de l'ordre du nanogramme, grâce au faible volume de l'echantillon aspire sur une fenetre de ZnSe a la sortie du restricteur
Fatalism and cancer risk knowledge among a sample of highly acculturated Latinas

Fatalistic beliefs about cancer are associated with decreased likelihood of knowing about cancer risk factors and engaging in cancer prevention and screening behaviors. Research suggests that Latinas are especially likely to hold fatalistic beliefs. However, this research has been in less-acculturated, high-poverty convenience samples. This study examined cancer knowledge, cancer fatalism, and the association between fatalism and knowledge in a national sample of highly acculturated, middle-income Latinas (N = 715). Results indicate that cancer fatalism is pervasive, and knowledge about cancer risk factors is lacking among this population. Fatalistic beliefs are paradoxically associated with cancer knowledge. Opportunities for tailored communications to improve health behaviors and additional research to understand causes/effects of these findings are discussed in the context of a growing body of research about how to communicate health information to more-acculturated Latinos.
Psychological features of Huntington's disease and the problem of early detection

Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic degenerative neurologic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Symptom onset typically occurs at about age 40, and considerable effort has been expended in attempts to diagnose the disorder prior to the childbearing years. We review attempts to use psychological tests in early diagnosis. Specifically, we identify variables that show promise as early markers of the disorder, review evidence that a prodromal phase may exist, analyze the few prospective studies of persons at risk for HD, and consider the logical and methodological problems involved in early detection research.
Objective evaluation of binocular function using the pattern reversal visual evoked response. II. Effect of mean luminosity.

The effect of mean luminosity change on pattern reversal visual evoked response (VER), especially monocular VER, binocular VER and binocular summation, was studied. The mean luminosity level was changed with the use of neutral density filters. When mean luminosity level was decreased binocularly, binocular and monocular VER amplitudes decreased and binocular summation increased, reaching its peak at a luminosity of -0.3 log foot-lambert. When mean luminosity was changed monocularly and the interocular luminosity difference was larger than 0.6 log unit, the binocular VER became almost equal to or smaller than the monocular VER. In dim luminosity, the binocular system functioned better than the monocular system. Even a slight luminositv difference between the two eyes could disturb the binocular system.
Do I really have to? User acceptance of mandated technology

Extensive research supports the notion that usefulness and ease of use are primary drivers of user intentions to adopt new technology. However, this research has been conducted primarily in environ...
Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Abstract The expression of GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells was analyzed by RNA blot hybridization and cDNA amplification. Both adult and fetal human RPE cells contain mRNA for multiple G protein alpha subunits (G alpha) including Gs alpha, Gi-1 alpha, Gi-2 alpha, Gi-3 alpha, and Gz alpha (or Gx alpha), where Gs and Gi are proteins that stimulate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase, respectively, and Gz is a protein that may mediate pertussis toxin-insensitive events. Other G alpha-related mRNA transcripts were detected in fetal RPE cells by low-stringency hybridization to Gi-2 alpha and Gs alpha protein-coding cDNA probes. The diversity of G proteins in RPE cells was further studied by cDNA amplification with reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction. This approach revealed that, besides the above mentioned members of the G alpha gene family, at least two other G alpha subunits are expressed in RPE cells. Human retinal cDNA clones that encode one of the additional G alpha subunits were isolated and characterized. The results indicate that this G alpha subunit belongs to a separate subfamily of G proteins that may be insensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin.
Nutrient Regeneration by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

ABSTRACT Changes in suspended seston and soluble nutrients were examined as a function of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) density in flow-through sediment-water microcosms to determine impacts on nutrient recycling. Overall, zebra mussels removed > 70% of the suspended seston and > 80% of the total chlorophyll a input to the microcosms. Declines in organic nitrogen in microcosms were accompanied by density-dependent increases in nitrate-nitrite nitrogen. We suggest that micro flora associated with the sediments in the microcosms were transforming ammonium nitrogen, which is an excretory product of zebra mussels, into nitrate nitrogen. Declines in total phosphorus in the microcosms also coincided with density-dependent increases in the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus and its rate of regeneration, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling via excretion. Calculated rates of soluble phosphorus regeneration due to zebra mussel activity ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 mg m−2 d−1 at mussel densities ranging b...
Analogical versus rule-based classification

Sensitivity to feature co-occurrences was investigated as a function of analytic and analogical transfer. Participants memorized descriptions of hypothetical people and were then induced either to make transfer decisions by analogy to the descriptions (analogical transfer) or to search for and apply rules (analytic transfer). Across three experiments, analogical transfer was found to be more effective than analytic transfer for preserving co-occurring features in classification judgments. This result held for a variety of category structures and stimulus materials. It was difficult for subjects who adopted an analytic-transfer strategy to identify regularities that were embedded in stored instances. Alternatively, subjects who adopted an analogical-transfer strategy preserved feature co-occurrences as an indirect result of similarity-based retrieval and comparison processes. The effectiveness of analytic and analogical transfer is discussed.
Inactivation of Lipid-Containing Viruses by Long-Chain Alcohols

This report describes the inactivation of lipid-containing viruses by several long-chain alcohols. A striking peak in antiviral activity was found for saturated alcohols having chain lengths from 10 to 14 carbons. Viruses having different membrane structure showed different susceptibilities to alcohols having different chain lengths and structural features. Decanol, dodecanol, and tetradecanol readily inactivated herpes simplex virus and the enveloped bacterial virus phi6. The lipid-containing virus PM2 was susceptible to decanol and dodecanol but comparatively unsusceptible to tetradecanol. The branched-chain alcohol phytol, a naturally occurring component of chlorophyll, was active against phi6 and herpes simplex virus but not against PM2. Polyoma virus and the bacteriophage phi23-1-a, which do not contain lipids, were not susceptible to inactivation by any of the alcohols tested. Experiments were also carried out to determine the effects of these compounds on cells. At 0.5 mM, decanol lysed human embryonic lung cells, erythrocytes, and the bacterial hosts for phi6 and PM2. Dodecanol, tetradecanol, and phytol at this concentration were less damaging to cells. At 0.05 mM, none of the alcohols caused observable cytopathic effects on human embryonic lung cells, although several of the alcohols at this concentration were active against herpes simplex virus. Our findings suggest that dodecanol, tetradecanol, and phytol may warrant further studies as potential antiviral agents, particularly for topical application to virus-infected areas of the skin.
Combined bacillus Calmette-Guerin and interferon use in superficial bladder cancer.

Due to its high rate of local recurrence after transurethral surgery, superficial bladder cancer is often treated with adjuvant topical intravesical chemotherapy or biological agents, such as bacillus Calmette–Guerin or interferon-α. Recent laboratory testing has revealed that combination interferon-α with bacillus Calmette–Guerin results in remarkable synergy, affecting not only bladder tumors directly but also enhancing the immune response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin by orders of magnitude. Clinical studies are now demonstrating lower toxicity with combination low-dose bacillus Calmette– Guerin/interferon regimens, while providing a much needed salvage option for previous bacillus Calmette–Guerin failures.
Opinion and special articles: An interdisciplinary neuroinfectious diseases clinic to improve patient care and training.

Neuroinfectious diseases is an emerging subspecialty of neurology.1 We are seeing an increasingly immunocompromised patient population due to advances in transplant medicine and novel treatments for autoimmune disorders and cancer. This growing group of high-risk patients, in combination with a rise in international travel, has expanded the quantity and spectrum of infections of the nervous system. Substantial progress in molecular diagnostic testing has resulted in greater awareness of pathogens able to cause neurologic infections. While neurologic opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals are often deadly complications, a new set of challenges has arisen in HIV-infected individuals with well-controlled disease.
Punch Card Technology and the Racial Gap in Residual Votes

Votomatic-style punch card voting systems produce higher rates of residual voting than other technologies, but the effect of punch card voting systems is not uniform. Minority voters are less likely to have their votes properly recorded with punch card systems than are nonminorities. This racial gap occurs, for the most part, because punch card systems lead to higher rates of “undervoting” by minorities. When election administrators switch to other systems, such as optical scan systems, the racial gap is significantly reduced. Punch card voting systems, then, constitute a disproportionate obstacle to minority voting. This effectively gives less weight to votes cast by minorities than to votes cast by nonminorities, and arguably violates constitutional requirements for equal voting rights. The mechanism is similar to the literacy tests that were abandoned after the 1970 amendments to the Voting Rights Act.The authors are grateful to UC Berkeley's Survey Research Center for research support and are deeply indebted to Henry E. Brady. Our thanks also to the anonymous reviewers and to the editorial staff at Perspectives on Politics for their helpful suggestions and hard work on our behalf.
Conjugated polymer-fullerene blend with strong optical limiting in the near-infrared

Optical-quality, melt processable thick films of a conjugated polymer blend containing poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-(phenylene vinylene)) (MEH-PPV), a C60 derivative (PCBM) and a plasticizer (1,2-di-iso-octylphthalate) have been developed and their nonlinear absorption and optical limiting properties have been investigated. These blend materials exhibited strong optical limiting characteristics in the near infrared region (750-900 nm), with broad temporal dynamic range spanning femtosecond to nanosecond pulse widths. The dispersion of the optical limiting figure-of-merit of the MEH-PPV:PCBM:DOP blend shows a peak near the wavelength of the MEH-PPV cation, indicating an important role of one-photon and two-photon induced charge transfer in the nonlinear absorption response.
Enzymes of phosphoinositide synthesis in secretory vesicles destined for the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, phosphatidylinositol synthase, and phosphatidylinositol kinase activities were associated with post-Golgi apparatus secretory vesicles destined for the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results suggest that the plasma membrane is capable of synthesizing both CDP-diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as well as phosphorylating phosphatidylinositol.
Redefining Family: Transnational Girls Narrate Experiences of Parental Migration, Detention, and Deportation

This exploratory narrative inquiry examines the lives of four Central American females with one or more U.S.-based undocumented migrant parents. Each participant is between 10 and 16 years old and is part of a transnational family living between the U.S. and Central America. Their narratives provide a window into transnational girls' experiences at the intersections of gender, ethnicity, family role, and legal status. Specifically, through thematic narrative analysis we learn about each girl's position in her transnational family, her encounters with U.S. immigration and deportation systems, and her experiences with domestic abuse or male desertion. Based on findings, this study urges social scientists and educators to attend to girls' transnational family experiences, including how they contest and make meaning of their own or their relatives' migrations and returns and the gendering of familial and migration processes. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs130157
Outcomes of pregnancies with more than one positive prenatal screening result in the first or second trimester.

Objective To describe adverse outcomes and fetal abnormalities in women with a positive prenatal screening result for more than one disorder. Study design Study participants were drawn from a population of 452 901 women pregnant with singletons entering the California Prenatal Screening Program in their first-trimester. Risk assessment was provided for trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 in the first-trimester and trisomy 21, trisomy 18, neural tube defects, and Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome in the second-trimester. Inclusion in this study required positive screening for more than one of the screened conditions and a completed outcome of pregnancy survey. Results A total of 874 women met our study inclusion criteria. Over 25% of these pregnancies had a fetus with a chromosomal abnormality. Of the euploid pregnancies, 6.9% had a fetus with a major birth defect. Of the pregnancies with a fetus with neither a chromosomal abnormality nor a major birth defect, 9.3% ended in fetal demise. Overall, more than 50% of women with multiple positive screening results had either a fetus with a birth defect or a poor pregnancy outcome. Conclusion Although it is rare to screen positive for more than one condition, such results indicate a very high risk for chromosomal abnormality, fetal demise, or structural abnormality. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulation of jejunal synthesis of apolipoprotein A-IV by ileal lipid infusion is blocked by vagotomy

We examined the role of vagal innervation in lipid-stimulated increases in expression and synthesis of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV). In rats with duodenal cannulas and superior mesenter...
An underwater sensor allocation scheme for a range dependent environment

A series of assumptions is typically made when designing a field of passive underwater sensors. One of the more glaring is range independence throughout an operational area. It is unlikely that a large water space will have uniform acoustic characteristics throughout, i.e., the performance of a sensor will vary based upon its physical location. In an area clearance scenario, where there is no apparent target for an adversary to gravitate towards, such as a ship or a port, it is difficult to determine where the field designer should allocate sensors so that their deployment locations can be planned efficiently. To intelligently allocate sensors, a field designer could first divide an area into sectors of relatively uniform acoustics, based upon variations in acoustic characteristics throughout the area. A prediction of how often a threat submarine will visit each sector can then be made in order to increase the field's detection capabilities. In this work, an area of interest is divided into sectors of varying geographic size and acoustic characteristics and the probability of visitation to each sector by a threat submarine is determined by solving a minimax matrix game. The Game Theory Field Design (GTFD) model is proposed, which allocates sensors to sectors of relatively uniform acoustics according to the visitation probabilities of an adversary, against adversaries of varying intelligence. In a comparison with two models that do not consider these visitation probabilities and only examine either acoustic characteristics or the size of the sectors, GTFD is shown to offer a significant improvement in terms of overall field detection capability against intelligent adversaries.
Modulation and demodulation for cooperative diversity in wireless systems

This paper develops a general framework for maximum likelihood (ML) demodulation in cooperative wireless communication systems. Demodulators with piecewise-linear combining are proposed as an accurate approximation of the nonlinear ML detectors for coherent and noncoherent decode-and-forward (DF). The detectors with piecewise-linear combiner not only have certain implementation advantages over the nonlinear ML detectors, but also can lead to tight closed-form approximations for their error probabilities. High SNR approximations are derived based on the closed-form BER expressions. For noncoherent DF, the approximation suggests a different optimal location for the relay in DF than for the relay in amplify-and-forward (AF). A set of tight bounds of diversity order for coherent and noncoherent DF with multiple relays is also provided, and comparison between DF and AF suggests that DF with more than one relay loses about half of the diversity order of AF
Information technology capability and firm performance: contradictory findings and their possible causes

Several studies support the positive link between information technology capability and firm performance, including Bharadwaj (2000) and Santhanam and Hartono (2003), which appeared in MIS Quarterly. We conducted a study to see if this link is still statistically significant. It is now over a decade since the first study was published, during which several significant developments in the IT industry have taken place. Unlike the 1990s, when proprietary information systems prevailed, the 2000s are characterized by more standardized and homogeneous information systems and with the rapid adoption of ERP and web technologies. Thus, we attempted to reexamine the link between IT capability and firm performance with data from the 2000s. Surprisingly, the results of our current analysis showed no significant link between IT capability and firm performance. Contrary to earlier studies, IT leader firms in our study didn't show better financial performance than control firms. We discuss several possible causes for the change in findings and present an in-depth comparison in business performance between the two groups--IT leader and control--over a period extending from 1991 to 2007.
Su1756 Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): a Proposed Role in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)

helpfulness as determined by physician questionnaire. Of note, 21 patients (26.7%) who underwent ERCP had pancreatic stones removed with the majority of these patients experiencing improvement in pain (65%) and ARP (61%). Conclusions: Therapeutic ERCP was undertaken in nearly half the patients within the INSPPIRE with ARP and CP and was most helpful when performed to relieve obstruction secondary to pancreatic stones. The effectiveness of ERCP in the setting of recurrent pain, acute recurrent pancreatitis, pseudocyst management, removal of biliary stones and management of jaundice in the INSPPIRE population needs to be further investigated using prospective data collection. On behalf of INSPPIRE Consortium, supported by NIH R21 DK096327, CTSA 2UL1 TR000442-06 and REDCap Table 1. Procedures performed during ERCP for various indications along with reported helpfulness.
Epstein-Barr Virus As a Marker of Survival After Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Population-Based Study

Purpose Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells has been considered as a prognostic marker for this heterogeneous disease, but studies have yielded mixed findings, likely because of selected patient series and failure to acknowledge an effect of age on outcome. This study assessed survival after HL in a population-based cohort large enough to examine the joint effects of EBV with other factors including age, sex, and histologic subtype. Patients and Methods Included were 922 patients with classical HL diagnosed between mid-1988 and 1997 in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, with archived biopsy specimens assayed for EBV with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Vital status was followed through December 30, 2003 (median follow-up time, 97 months). Overall and disease-specific survival were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results In children less than 15 years old, EBV presence was suggestively associated (P = .07) with fav...
Influence of Potential Protective Mechanisms on the Development of Live Rotavirus Vaccines

Rotaviruses cause extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide, thus corroborating the need for a vaccine that is effective in all socioeconomic environments. Vaccines evaluated in clinical trials have all been live attenuated rotaviruses that are delivered orally to mimic the excellent protection observed after natural infection. The mechanisms by which these vaccine candidates or wild-type rotaviruses elicit protection are not fully understood. During the 1980s, several candidate vaccines provided little protection, particularly in developing countries, and were discontinued. Two, however, are in the process of being licensed worldwide, and several others are undergoing clinical trials. Development of live rotavirus vaccines has been highly influenced by views regarding the importance of serotype-specific neutralizing antibody. Development of several candidate vaccines is based on the concept that neutralizing antibody is the primary determinant of protection. These candidates, including 1 of the 2 being licensed worldwide (RotaTeq), are composed of multiple rotavirus strains representative of the major human rotavirus serotypes. The other group of candidates has been developed based on the theory that protection is not solely dependent on neutralizing antibody. These candidates are composed of single rotavirus strains and include the other vaccine being licensed worldwide (Rotarix). Studies that provide the basis for each approach will be presented and discussed.