cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Credible Commitment and Property Rights: Evidence from Russia

Most managers said that state arbitration courts did not work badly in disputes with other businesses, but few expected these courts to protect their rights in disputes with state officials. More importantly, managers who expressed confidence that state arbitration courts could constrain state officials invested at higher rates, even controlling for the perceived effectiveness of state institutions. Thus, tightening constraints on state agents can increase the security of property and bolster state capacity. These results generate insights into debates on the role of state in the economy, the origins of secure property rights, the nature of state capacity, the importance of informal institutions, and the process of legal reform.
Relationships Among Young Children's Ideas, Emotional Understanding, and Social Contact with Classmates with Disabilities:

This study examined relationships among children's ideas about helping others, their understanding of emotions, their acceptance of individuals with disabilities, and their social contact with classmates with disabilities. Participants were 45 children enrolled in preschool classes that included classmates with disabilities. Children's ideas about helping, understanding of emotions, and acceptance of individuals with disabilities were elicited in interviews. Classroom observations were used to record the frequency of children's social contacts with classmates with disabilities. Results revealed that children who had social contact with classmates with disabilities had significantly higher scores on measures of emotion understanding and acceptance of individuals with disabilities than did children who had contact only with typically developing classmates.
Implications of Diet for the Extinction of Saber-Toothed Cats and American Lions

The saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis, and American lion, Panthera atrox, were among the largest terrestrial carnivores that lived during the Pleistocene, going extinct along with other megafauna ∼12,000 years ago. Previous work suggests that times were difficult at La Brea (California) during the late Pleistocene, as nearly all carnivores have greater incidences of tooth breakage (used to infer greater carcass utilization) compared to today. As Dental Microwear Texture Analysis (DMTA) can differentiate between levels of bone consumption in extant carnivores, we use DMTA to clarify the dietary niches of extinct carnivorans from La Brea. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that times were tough at La Brea with carnivorous taxa utilizing more of the carcasses. Our results show no evidence of bone crushing by P. atrox, with DMTA attributes most similar to the extant cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, which actively avoids bone. In contrast, S. fatalis has DMTA attributes most similar to the African lion Panthera leo, implying that S. fatalis did not avoid bone to the extent previously suggested by SEM microwear data. DMTA characters most indicative of bone consumption (i.e., complexity and textural fill volume) suggest that carcass utilization by the extinct carnivorans was not necessarily more complete during the Pleistocene at La Brea; thus, times may not have been “tougher” than the present. Additionally, minor to no significant differences in DMTA attributes from older (∼30–35 Ka) to younger (∼11.5 Ka) deposits offer little evidence that declining prey resources were a primary cause of extinction for these large cats.
Specialized sorting of GLUT4 and its recruitment to the cell surface are independently regulated by distinct Rabs

Adipocyte glucose uptake in response to insulin is essential for physiological glucose homeostasis: stimulation of adipocytes with insulin results in insertion of the glucose transporter GLUT4 into the plasma membrane and subsequent glucose uptake. Here we establish that RAB10 and RAB14 are key regulators of GLUT4 trafficking that function at independent, sequential steps of GLUT4 translocation. RAB14 functions upstream of RAB10 in the sorting of GLUT4 to the specialized transport vesicles that ferry GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. RAB10 and its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) AS160 comprise the principal signaling module downstream of insulin receptor activation that regulates the accumulation of GLUT4 transport vesicles at the plasma membrane. Although both RAB10 and RAB14 are regulated by the GAP activity of AS160 in vitro, only RAB10 is under the control of AS160 in vivo. Insulin regulation of the pool of RAB10 required for GLUT4 translocation occurs through regulation of AS160, since activation of RAB10 by DENND4C, its GTP exchange factor, does not require insulin stimulation.
Process Control for the ISABELLE System

A low cost, highly reliable control system has been developed for use in the radiation environment of the ISABELLE ring. The Ultra-High Vacuum installation will consist of approximately 1500 stations - each having 8 readbacks, 4 on-off operations and 4 special functions - distributed over 2.5 miles. The paper will describe a multidrop party line system in which a pp based controller located in a protected environment communicates with up to 25 vacuum stations. All the ?m controllers will be linked via the ISABELLE data highway. Mechanical, electronic and software aspects of the system are discussed and performance data from our First Cell model is presented.
Proterozoic polydeformation in basement rocks of the Needle Mountains, Colorado

Proterozoic rocks in the Needle Mountains include ∼1,755-m.y. old amphibolite-grade gneisses and ∼1,690-m.y.-old granites that comprise basement to the siliciclastic Uncompahgre Group. The mafic and felsic gneisses, which contain primary structures indicative of volcanic and plutonic protoliths, under-went two phases of isoclinal folding and foliation development prior to emplacement of the ∼1,690-m.y.-old plutons. Synkinematic garnet porphyroblast textures suggest that these fabrics developed during a progressive deformation event, D B . Subsequent D BC deformation caused folding of D B fabrics in the gneisses; development of a subvertical, east-striking foliation in the granites; and generation of a macroscopic sigmoidal foliation pattern throughout the area. D BC structures in the basement are correlated with structures in the Uncompahgre Group and formed prior to pluton emplacement at ca. 1440 Ma. Gently east-plunging mineral lineations in the granites and quartz c -axis fabrics of both the gneisses and granites indicate subhorizontal extension on steeply dipping foliation surfaces during D BC . Asymmetric c -axis fabrics and rare mesoscopic shear sense indicators in the gneisses record a component of dextral shear in domains of east-striking foliation and sinistral shear in areas of northeast-striking foliation. In contrast, symmetric c -axis fabrics in the granites suggest nearly coaxial extension. A model for D BC involving the development of conjugate strike-slip shear zones in response to north-northwest shortening is most consistent with the kinematic and fabric-orientation data. Partitioning of deformation into subparallel zones of noncoaxial and coaxial deformation was controlled by the presence of a strong pre-existing anisotropy in the gneiss complex. The shortening direction during D BC is consistent with that related to north-northwest-directed thrusting in rocks of similar age in central Arizona and northern New Mexico. Therefore, D BC structures are tentatively interpreted to have accommodated transverse shortening and orogen-parallel extension within a foreland during regional crustal shortening between ca. 1690 and 1400 Ma.
Characterizing the Structure and Properties of Individual Wire-Like Nanoentities

A new approach to the characterization of the mechanical and electrical properties of individual nanowires and nanotubes is demonstrated by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The technique allows a one-to-one correlation between the structure and properties of the nanowires. Recent developments include the determination of the Young’s modulii of carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanowires, femtogram nanobalance of a single fine particle, field emission of carbon nanotubes, and quantum ballistic conductance in carbon nanotubes.
LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF SIN NOMBRE VIRAL RNA AND ANTIBODY IN DEER MICE IN MONTANA

Infections with hantaviruses in the natural host rodent may result in persistent, asymptomatic infections involving shedding of virus into the environment. Laboratory studies have partially characterized the acute and persistent infection by Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in its natural host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). However, these studies have posed questions that may best be addressed using longitudinal studies involving sequential sampling of individual wild-caught, naturally infected mice. Using enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of monthly blood samples, we followed the infection status of deer mice in a mark-recapture study in Montana for 2 yr. Only six of 907 samples without IgG antibody to SNV contained detectable SNV RNA, suggesting that there is a very brief period of viremia before the host develops detectable antibody. The simultaneous presence of both antibody and viral RNA in blood was detected in consecutive monthly samples for as long as 3 mo. However, chronic infection was typified by alternating characteristics of PCR positivity and PCR negativity. Two possible interpretations of these results are that 1) viral RNA may be consistently present in the blood of chronically infected deer mouse, but that viral RNA is near the limits of PCR detectability or 2) SNV RNA sporadically appears in blood as a consequence of unknown physiological events. The occurrence of seasonal patterns in the proportion of samples that contains antibody and that also contained SNV RNA demonstrated a temporal association between recent infection (antibody acquisition) and presence of viral RNA in blood.
Gene Order and Co-Transduction in the leu-ara-fol-pyrA Region of the Salmonella typhimurium Linkage Map

The gene order and orientation in the leu-pyrA region of the Salmonella typhimurium linkage map was established by phage P22-mediated transductions. The gene order, in counterclockwise orientation, is leuO-leuA-leuB-leuC-leuD-ara-fol-pyrA. The fol locus is co-transducible with either the ara and leu loci or the pyrA locus, whereas no co-transduction for the ara and pyrA loci can be found.
The Enigma of Creative Problem Solving: A Biocomputing Perspective

One of the most important attributes that distinguish the human brain from a sequential digital computer is creative cognition. The thought process of geniuses or individuals with superior mental abilities has captured the fascination of philosophers and scientists perhaps since the inception of these professions. Introspective reports by geniuses regarding the process of their mental creation have been a major source of information in creativity research. Yet, one of the earliest introspective reports, made by mathematician Henri Poincare [1], was regarded by mainstream psychologists as a helpful but vague witness. Since the invention of digital computers in the mid-20th century, implementation of brain-like cognitive abilities in a computer or a robot has been the major goal of machine intelligence. The cognitive gap between the human brain and the most advanced AI (artificial intelligence) programs implemented in a digital computer has narrowed considerably. E .orts made in these computer simulations of the creative process have also greatly enhanced our understanding of the creative process. Moreover, advances made in neuroscience have transformed the creative research from the phenomenological level to the cellular and molecular levels. Opinions differ regarding whether the thought process practiced by geniuses is similar to or fundamentally different from that practiced by ordinary folk. The “elitist” view claimed that a dichotomy separates high creativity practiced by geniuses from every-day ingenuity exhibited by ordinary folk. In the previous century, investigators who had the opposing view made repeated attempts to demystify the creative process of scientific geniuses with only modest access. There is also an on - going philosophy-
The alignment of SDSS satellites with the VPOS: effects of the survey footprint shape

It is sometimes argued that the uneven sky coverage of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) biases the distribution of satellite galaxies discovered by it to align with the polar plane defined by the 11 brighter, classical Milky Way (MW) satellites. This might prevent the SDSS satellites from adding significance to the MW's Vast Polar Structure (VPOS). We investigate whether this argument is valid by comparing the observed situation with model satellite distributions confined to the exact SDSS footprint area. We find that the SDSS satellites indeed add to the significance of the VPOS and that the survey footprint rather biases away from a close alignment between the plane fitted to the SDSS satellites and the plane fitted to the 11 classical satellites. Finding the observed satellite phase-space alignments of both the classical and SDSS satellites is a ~5{\sigma} event with respect to an isotropic distribution. This constitutes a robust discovery of the VPOS and makes it more significant than the Great Plane of Andromeda (GPoA). Motivated by the GPoA, which consists of only about half of M31's satellites, we also estimate which fraction of the MW satellites is consistent with being part of an isotropic distribution. Depending on the underlying satellite plane width, only 2 to 6 out of the 27 considered MW satellites are expected to be drawn from isotropy, and an isotropic component of >50% of the MW satellite population is excluded at 95% confidence.
The Author as Steward 'For Limited Times': A Review of 'The Idea of Authorship in Copyright'

In THE IDEA OF AUTHORSHIP IN COPYRIGHT, Professor Lior Zemer attempts to conceptually reorganize copyright's entitlement structure by positing the public as a joint author of every copyrighted work. This Review delineates and critiques the main points of Zemer's thesis and analyzes the practical implications of his work. It then looks beyond Zemer's specific recommendations and suggests how his perspective may provide a useful basis for further scholarly contemplation. Specifically, it proposes that a different way of addressing Zemer's concern for the public domain is to denominate the colloquial author as a steward. Understanding the colloquial author as a steward of her work is consistent with the view that copyright ownership involves duties to the public as well as rights. This model facilitates the appropriate balance between public access and ownership rights because its underlying premise is that ownership rights exist to further a greater societal need.
The Impact of Aerosol Particle Mixing State on the Hygroscopicity of Sea Spray Aerosol

Aerosol particles influence global climate by determining cloud droplet number concentrations, brightness, and lifetime. Primary aerosol particles, such as those produced from breaking waves in the ocean, display large particle-particle variability in chemical composition, morphology, and physical phase state, all of which affect the ability of individual particles to accommodate water and grow into cloud droplets. Despite such diversity in molecular composition, there is a paucity of methods available to assess how particle-particle variability in chemistry translates to corresponding differences in aerosol hygroscopicity. Here, an approach has been developed that allows for characterization of the distribution of aerosol hygroscopicity within a chemically complex population of atmospheric particles. This methodology, when applied to the interpretation of nascent sea spray aerosol, provides a quantitative framework for connecting results obtained using molecular mimics generated in the laboratory with chemically complex ambient aerosol. We show that nascent sea spray aerosol, generated in situ in the Atlantic Ocean, displays a broad distribution of particle hygroscopicities, indicative of a correspondingly broad distribution of particle chemical compositions. Molecular mimics of sea spray aerosol organic material were used in the laboratory to assess the volume fractions and molecular functionality required to suppress sea spray aerosol hygroscopicity to the extent indicated by field observations. We show that proper accounting for the distribution and diversity in particle hygroscopicity and composition are important to the assessment of particle impacts on clouds and global climate.
The report strategy of typical characters and the diversification of promulgation skills

The report of typical characters is a unique divarication in China's news promulgation,occupying an important position at all times.Backdating its developed courses,the report of typical characters has experienced the beginning,flourishing,distortion,and is starting the transformation and innovation stage now.Under the background of Chinese social variance from Yanan period,the reports of typical characters in different periods in Chinese medium were unscrambled partly.Through analyzing the text characteristic and the relation between text and media,the evolvement course of the report of typical characters,their variance venation and the track of report strategy of typical characters and the diversification of promulgation skills were investigated.
Implementation of Face Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Analysis in DSP System Board

Due to the multi-angle and multi-scale properties of the face image in surveillance video,real-time face detection becomes one of the important technologies in intelligent surveillance system. Firstly,the skin color model,which is analyzed and obtained in MATLAB platform,is used to determine the candidate skin regions. Secondly,according to the shape features of people's faces,the non-face areas are excluded,and this can achieve the precise positioning of the faces. In the process of determining the face candidate region,the method of connected domain of the regional growth is used to determine the face candidate block instead of other methods such as edge detection so that it can reduce the amount of computation of the DSP. The algorithm is realized on the ICETEK-DM6437-B system board. The final test shows that the algorithm can meet the requirements of real-time face detection well.
Measurement of Major and Minor Elements of Desulfurization Gypsum with Microwave Method

A study on the ICP-AES determination of scale and deposit formed in the desulfuration byproducts of plasterof power plant was described in this paper.The Sample was dissolved in mixed acid microwave digestion,.Compares with the routine standard GB/T5484-2000,the method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate,which can meet the demand for fargoing determination.
Reversible data hiding based on prediction-error and histogram pairs

Most of the existing image data hiding methods have little payload and the visual effect is usually not good enough.The paper proposed a reversible hiding technique based on prediction-error and histogram pair.The gray value of a pixel was predicted using eight pixels around it in a multi-gray image.Then the prediction-error could be calculated.The hiding data were embedded into the prediction-error with the technique of histogram pair.An embedded threshold and an undulating threshold were selected during embedding,and adjusting the pair of thresholds achieved the best performance.The experimental results have demonstrated the proposed method obtains good performance both in embedding payload and visual quality.
Factors Affecting Patients' Preferences for and Actual Discussions About End-of-Life Care.

Context Discussions about end-of-life care are often difficult for patients and clinicians, and inadequate communication poses a barrier to patients receiving the care they desire.
Study of Acoustoelectrically Amplified Phonons in InSb by Anomalous Transmission of X-Rays

Anomalous transmission of x-rays is a channelling phenomenon of photons in crystals. A convenient geometry for realizing anomalous transmission consists of using a crystal plate with the lattice diffracting planes perpendicular to the surface (see Fig. 1). This geometry is commonly referred to as the “Symmetric Laue Case”. When the incident beam Io forms the correct Bragg angle θB given by Bragg’s law, λ=2d sin θB, with the lattice planes, a set of standing waves is formed in the crystal with nodes on the lattice planes and antinodes between lattice planes. In such a situation the electric field is maximum in regions of minimum electron density and photoelectric absorption is virtually absent. More quantitatively, the transmission observed on the T beam of Fig. 1 varies typically from 10-9 for θ ≠ θB to 10-2 for θ=θB. Clearly, the effect can be easily upset by small lattice perturbations. Any kind of atomic displacement with some component along the normal to the diffracting planes will greatly affect the anomalous transmission. By changing geometrical conditions in such a way that different atomic planes (hkl) are used for diffraction in the same crystal, it is possible to obtain information on the various components of vibrational atomic amplitudes along different directions.
Surgically altered face detection using log-Gabor wavelet

Plastic surgery can be reconstructive to correct facial feature anomalies or cosmetic to improve the appearance. Both corrective and cosmetic surgeries modify the original facial information to a large extent thereby posing a great challenge for face recognition algorithms. This paper employs an edge-based log-Gabor feature representation approach for the recognition of surgically altered faces. A log-Gabor based feature, termed as Edge-based Histogram of log-Gabor Magnitude Patterns (Edge-based HLGMP), is proposed and is very simple but effective. To ensure that the edge information richly captures significant features of the faces, a simple illumination normalization process is applied prior to edge information extraction. Experimental results on plastic surgery database shows that the proposed method performs well in comparison to existing plastic surgery face recognition methods reported in the literature.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the RC(M) Association Model

The subroutine RCM fits the RC(M) association model (Goodman) to a given two-way cross-classification of counts. The algorithm is based on the cyclic application of Newton's elementary (univariate) method. The user is provided with the option of specifying: (a) the dimension of the model, say M, (b) the weight vectors used to identify the association parameters (row and column scores) and (c) cells to be «banked out» (e.g. structural zeros)
Psychosocial Dynamics of College Students' Use of Mental Health Services

The authors present and empirically test a multivariate model of the use of mental health counseling services. Use of such services by 1st-year college students is directly a result of need for these services and willingness to use them. Beliefs about mental health services and demographic characteristics are not directly related to use, but indirectly affect use by influencing willingness to use. Implications for college counseling programs are discussed.
A geographic information science perspective on hyperspectral remote sensing

This paper presents a brief review of hyperspectral imagery and its analysis from a perspective based in Geographic Information Science. The ten original research priorities of the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science from 1996 and the five emerging themes from 2000/2001 are used as a framework to examine different aspects of management, analysis and use of hyperspectral imagery. A GIScience perspective identifies a series of issues that can develop the utility of hyperspectral imagery and gives an agenda for research that integrates hyperspectral imagery into Geographic Information Science to the benefit of both GIScience and hyperspectral remote sensing.
Reduced-dose C-arm computed tomography applications at a pediatric institution.

Reduced-dose C-arm computed tomography (CT) uses flat-panel detectors to acquire real-time 3-D images in the interventional radiology suite to assist with anatomical localization and procedure planning. To describe dose-reduction techniques for C-arm CT at a pediatric institution and to provide guidance for implementation. We conducted a 5-year retrospective study on procedures using an institution-specific reduced-dose protocol: 5 or 8 s Dyna Rotation, 248/396 projection images/acquisition and 0.1–0.17 μGy/projection dose at the detector with 0.3/0.6/0.9-mm copper (Cu) filtration. We categorized cases by procedure type and average patient age and calculated C-arm CT and total dose area product (DAP). Two hundred twenty-two C-arm CT-guided procedures were performed with a dose-reduction protocol. The most common procedures were temporomandibular and sacroiliac joint injections (48.6%) and sclerotherapy (34.2%). C-arm CT was utilized in cases of difficult percutaneous access in less common applications such as cecostomy and gastrostomy placement, foreign body retrieval and thoracentesis. C-arm CT accounted for between 9.9% and 80.7% of the total procedural DAP. Dose-reducing techniques can preserve image quality for intervention while reducing radiation exposure to the child. This technology has multiple applications within pediatric interventional radiology and can be considered as an adjunctive imaging tool in a variety of procedures, particularly when percutaneous access is challenging despite routine fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance.
Helios® Gene Gun–Mediated Transfection of the Inner Ear Sensory Epithelium

Helios Gene Gun-mediated transfection is a biolistic method for mechanical delivery of exogenous DNA into cells in vitro or in vivo. The technique is based on bombardment of a targeted cellular surface by micron- or submicron-sized DNA-coated gold particles that are accelerated by a pressure pulse of compressed helium gas. The main advantage of Helios Gene Gun-mediated transfections is that it functions well on various cell types, including terminally differentiated cells that are difficult to transfect, such as neurons or inner ear sensory hair cells, and cells in internal cellular layers, such as neurons in organotypic brain slices. The successful delivery of mRNA, siRNA, or DNA of practically any size can be achieved using biolistic transfection. This chapter provides a detailed description and critical evaluation of the methodology used to transfect cDNA expression constructs, including green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged full-length cDNAs of myosin XVa, whirlin, and beta-actin, into cultured inner ear sensory epithelia using the Bio-Rad Helios Gene Gun.
Imagery, Absorption, and the Tendency Toward “Mind Exploration” as Correlates of Hypnotic Susceptibility in Males and Females

Hypnotizability, when measured by standardized hypnotic susceptibility scales, is an extremely stable personality characteristic (e.g., Morgan, Johnson, & Hilgard, 1974) which is as hard to modify as scores on an intelligence test (cf. Shor & Cobb, 1968; Gur, 1974). It is therefore rather surprising to find that very few personality correlates of this trait have been identified, in spite of considerable efforts (Hilgard, 1967).
Ensemble Direct Density Ratio Estimation for Multistream Classification

In traditional machine learning, it is assumed that training data conforming to the stationary distribution of test data is readily available. Yet, such an assumption is not valid in practice due to a high cost of obtaining the truth value of data instances. This is particularly true when computing over non-stationary data streams. Recent studies in the multistream setting aim to address this issue by leveraging a stream of data with biased labeled instances (called the source stream) to train a suitable model for prediction over unlabeled instances (called the target stream). They use sampling bias correction techniques as a preprocessing step for estimating source instance weights for training a bias-corrected classifier useful to predict label of target data instances. In this regard, a recent framework proposes to utilize a Gaussian kernel model to estimate source instance weights. Unfortunately, it suffers from large computational time complexity and consequently deteriorates the rate at which streaming data is processed. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a divide-and-conquer method suitable for simultaneously evaluating source instance weights and detecting changes in distribution over time. Our empirical results demonstrate a significant gain in execution time, compared to the previous approach, while achieving similar or better classification accuracy on real-world datasets.
Hunting the position: On the necessity of dissonance as attunement for dialogism in classroom discussion

Abstract In exploring the relationship between talk, power, and the nature of knowledge in an elementary classroom, I examine how participants position themselves and others within the tensions and dilemmas of dialogic discourse. I argue that in order to understand the complex dilemmas of enacting dialogic discourse in classrooms, power structures must be foregrounded as important theoretical and analytical constructs. Various factors contribute to the positioning of ideas and participants, including teacher question types, the polarization of ideas, and deictic pronouns across multiple layers of activity. I trace a small group discussion of a debate about the moral versus legal ethics of hunting animals in order to make the central claim that dissonance is necessary to dialogism, but it must emerge out of relations of care and the continuous effort of attunement. Despite seemingly dialogic tasks and forms as well as a desire to create dialogic contexts on the part of the teacher, authoritative meanings can pervade the learning.
On the propagation of decaying planar shock and blast waves through non-uniform channels

The propagation of planar decaying shock and blast waves in non-uniform channels is investigated with the use of a two-equation approximation of the generalized CCW theory. The effects of flow non-uniformity for the cases of an arbitrary strength decaying shock and blast wave in the strong shock limit are considered. Unlike the original CCW theory, the two-equation approximation takes into account the effects of initial temporal flow gradients in the flow properties behind the shock as the shock encounters an area change. A generalized order-of-magnitude analysis is carried out to analyze under which conditions the classical area–Mach (A–M) relation and two-equation approximation are valid given a time constant of decay for the flow properties behind the shock. It is shown that the two-equation approximation extends the applicability of the CCW theory to problems where flow non-uniformity behind the shock is orders of magnitude above that for appropriate use of the A–M relation. The behavior of the two-equation solution is presented for converging and diverging channels and compared against the A–M relation. It is shown that the second-order approximation and A–M relation have good agreement for converging geometries, such that the influence of flow non-uniformity behind the shock is negligible compared to the effects of changing area. Alternatively, the two-equation approximation is shown to be strongly dependent on the initial magnitude of flow non-uniformity in diverging geometries. Further, in diverging geometries, the inclusion of flow non-uniformity yields shock solutions that tend toward an acoustic wave faster than that predicted by the A–M relation.
Optimized Building Component Assessment Planning Using a Value of Information Model

AbstractFacility condition assessments are a key aspect of a proactive asset management approach, as they provide the information necessary to determine current conditions and work needs, as well a...
4CPS-166 Switching to alemtuzumab in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Background Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD52 antigen on T- and B-lymphocytes indicated in adult patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Purpose To assess safety, reason for switching, compliance with the protocol and with the criteria for use. Material and methods Retrospective observational study of all patients treated with alemtuzumab since it was included in the formulary. Some of the variables collected were: treatment history, Extended Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), presence of antibodies against JC virus (anti-JCV), adverse effects experienced during infusion and reason for switching. According to the established recommendations, the use of alemtuzumab is approved when patients with RRMS and appropriate treatment with immunomodulators presents a high-activity disease, or when they present a fast and aggressive course of the disease and alemtuzumab is a better choice than natalizumab or fingolimod. Results Thirteen patients were treated (11 females), with an average of age of 38.77±8.49 years. At the beginning of the treatment eight patients had anti-JCV antibodies, mean EDSS was 2.21 points and the mean number of drugs used before was 2.62. Among the patients reviewed, 10 had been previously treated with natalizumab and 5five with fingolimod. The reason for switching in eight patients was the development of anti-JVC antibodies that conditioned the continuation with natalizumab, despite this the drug was able to control the disease. The anti-JVC index exceeded 1.5 in all cases and was higher than 3.5 in four of them. In four patients the change was conditioned by a high activity of the disease and in two by the fast and aggressive course of the disease. The main adverse events were: headache (n=11), skin rash (nine), fatigue (four), fever (one) and insomnia (two). Conclusion Alemtuzumab is a safe alternative in the treatment of RRMS. The adverse effects experienced during the infusion were mild and remitted in all cases without major complications. All patients treated with alemtuzumab fulfilled the criteria for use. No conflict of interest
Clinical Trials and End-of-Life Decision Making.

Physicians can help oncology patients decide whether to focus on aggressive chemotherapy or less aggressive comfort measures for end-of-life care. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Foraging strategies of caterpillars : Leaf damage and possible predator avoidance strategies.

An analysis of the foraging behaviors of several species of palatable and unpalatable lepidopterous larvae indicates that palatable caterpillars partition their time between feeding and behaviors that could be related to escape visually oriented predators. Depending on the species, palatable caterpillars do all or several of the following: 1) restrict themselves to the underside of leaves at all times, 2) restrict foraging to night-time, 3) commute to and from their feeding area on leaves, 4) move from the unfinished leaf to a distant leaf after a feeding bout, thus removing themselves from the evidence of their eating, 5) snip off partially-eaten leaves after feeding on them. The less palatable, or unpalatable, caterpillars do not snip off partially-eaten leaves, feed from leaves leaving tattered edges, and are often exposed resting and feeding on the leaf surfaces in direct sunshine. I conclude that some caterpillar foraging behaviors may have evolved under the selective pressure of visually-oriented predators that use leaf-damage as a cue in their searching behavior.
Effects of DQ Droop Settings on Energy Storage Systems of Inverter-Based Microgrids

The distributed nature of micro-sources with intermittent behavior requires development of appropriate microgrid integration schemes. In a system comprising of solely renewable sources that have no inertia, the operation at a fixed frequency with effective power sharing capability is a viable solution. This paper presents the effects of dc droop settings on the energy storage systems of three-phase microgrids that utilize a dq droop control for power sharing at a fixed frequency. The microgrid control is modeled according to the Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) scheme. The energy storage control law is developed so that the required storage is in a minimal form however, the choice of grid-side local droop control settings may impose significant burden on source-side dc energy storage systems. Two simulation examples of energy storage requirements versus the dq droop settings are presented in this paper.
A framework for quantifying sustainable yield under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)

In California, new groundwater legislation—the 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)—mandates that groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) employ the concept of sustainable yield as their primary management goal. However, SGMA’s current definition of sustainable yield does not offer clear guidance for new agencies and lacks grounding in physics. This study presents a novel hydrologically based framework for quantifying sustainable yield under SGMA that is derived from a synthesis of scientific inquiry and analysis. We introduce a flexible three-step approach that basin managers can rely on to quantify sustainable yield values, incorporate the impact of “undesirable results”, and analyze groundwater sustainability over SGMA’s implementation horizon. Our framework is illustrated through a case study of the South San Joaquin Irrigation District, a proposed GSA in one of California’s critically overdrafted groundwater basins. We calculate sustainable yield for three different management scenarios and assess the impact of each scenario on future groundwater sustainability by performing an annual water groundwater balance through 2040. Our sustainable yield framework can be used as a basis for the development of SGMA’s groundwater management plans throughout California.
Accurate Estimation of Context-Dependent False Discovery Rates in Top-Down Proteomics

Within the last several years, top-down proteomics has emerged as a high throughput technique for protein and proteoform identification. This technique has the potential to identify and characterize thousands of proteoforms within a single study, but the absence of accurate false discovery rate (FDR) estimation could hinder the adoption and consistency of top-down proteomics in the future. In automated identification and characterization of proteoforms, FDR calculation strongly depends on the context of the search. The context includes MS data quality, the database being interrogated, the search engine, and the parameters of the search. Particular to top-down proteomics-there are four molecular levels of study: proteoform spectral match (PrSM), protein, isoform, and proteoform. Here, a context-dependent framework for calculating an accurate FDR at each level was designed, implemented, and validated against a manually curated training set with 546 confirmed proteoforms. We examined several search contexts and found that an FDR calculated at the PrSM level under-reported the true FDR at the protein level by an average of 24-fold. We present a new open-source tool, the TDCD_FDR_Calculator, which provides a scalable, context-dependent FDR calculation that can be applied post-search to enhance the quality of results in top-down proteomics from any search engine.
Visible and ultraviolet laser spectroscopy of ThF

Abstract The molecular ion ThF+ is the species to be used in the next generation of search for the electron’s Electric Dipole Moment (eEDM) at JILA. The measurement requires creating molecular ions in the eEDM sensitive state, the rovibronic ground state 3 Δ 1 , v + = 0 , J + = 1 . Survey spectroscopy of neutral ThF is required to identify an appropriate intermediate state for a Resonance Enhanced Multi-Photon Ionization (REMPI) scheme that will create ions in the required state. We perform broadband survey spectroscopy (from 13,000 to 44,000 cm−1) of ThF using both Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and 1 + 1 ′ REMPI spectroscopy. We observe and assign 345 previously unreported vibronic bands of ThF. We demonstrate 30% efficiency in the production of ThF+ ions in the eEDM sensitive state using the Ω = 3 / 2 [32.85] intermediate state. In addition, we propose a method to increase the aforementioned efficiency to ∼100% by using vibrational autoionization via core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states, and discuss theoretical and experimental challenges. Finally, we also report 83 vibronic bands of an impurity species, ThO.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for UTIs in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder.

Daily antibiotic prophylaxis should not be used in patients with acute and nonacute spinal cord injuries.
Dealing with distractors in the spatial cueing paradigm can reflect the strategic influence of cognitive effort minimization rather than a limit to selective attention

ABSTRACTObservers often forego using highly-valid spatial cues to guide attention when they can locate the target more easily without the cue. This evidence suggests that effortful cognitive contro...
Patient disempowerment through the commercial access to digital health records

In this article, I consider how patients are disempowered through the commercial access to their health data in the United States. I examine two healthcare information technology bills that ostensibly give patients access and control over their health records. However, I contend that, since these regulations were drafted, in part or in whole, by corporate interests represented by healthcare lobbyists, policymakers use the rhetorical device of patient empowerment to allow for the commercial access to patient data, which ultimately disempowers patients. This is because in both bills the asymmetrical relationship to patient data remains the same: patients do not have ownership or control over the data that they produce. Rather, policymakers legislatively cede control over patient data to commercial interests.
Electron densities and temperatures of an atmospheric-pressure nanosecond pulsed helium plasma jet in air

We report temporally and spatially resolved electron property measurements of a 150-ns pulsed helium plasma jet in air operated at a low-repetition rate using Thomson laser scattering. A ring-shaped electron density distribution was revealed in the pulsed plasma jet at an axial distance of 1 mm away from the electrode nozzle, and started to converge after 5 mm. A peak electron density of 11020 m-3 was identified at the radius of the ring and close to the nozzle electrode. For a delay time ranging from 60 ns to 250 ns after the onset of the streamer, the electron temperature at the radius of the ring varied from 2.8 eV to 0.8 eV. Higher temperature agt;3.5 eV was also identified at regions with lower densities. Importantly, temporal development of the electron density and temperature of the plasma jet confirmed the strong dependence of guided streamer formation and propagation on the external pulsed electric field. The jet current measured during the rising and falling phases of the voltage pulse can be related to the peaks in the temporal development of the electron density.
Counter-Narrative Ethics: Don DeLillo’s Post-9/11 Novels

ABSTRACTThis article intervenes in debates about the political and ethical value of Don DeLillo’s Falling Man by showing how his post-9/11 counter-narrative project (including essay “In the Ruins o...
Platonism about Goodness—Anselm’s Proof in the Monologion

In the opening chapter of the Monologion, Anselm offers an intriguing proof for the existence of a Platonic form of goodness. This proof is extremely interesting, both in itself and for its place in the broader argument for God’s existence that Anselm develops in the Monologion as a whole. Even so, it has yet to receive the scholarly attention that it deserves. My aim in this article is to begin correcting this state of affairs by examining Anslem’s proof in some detail. In particular, I aim to clarify the proof’s structure, motivate and explain its central premises, and begin the larger project of evaluating its overall success as an argument for Platonism about goodness.
Financial Hardship, Motivation to Quit and Post-Quit Spending Plans among Low-Income Smokers Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial.

Background:Tobacco spending may exacerbate financial hardship in low-income populations by using funds that could go toward essentials. This study examined post-quit spending plans among low-income...
Introduction: Normativity in Context

In bioethical publications and debates, the concept of normativity is most often used without consideration of the difficulties surrounding it. This is in fact surprising as there are many competing claims for normativity within bioethics. We also cannot merely assume that a Western understanding of normative bioethics will be unproblematic in bioethics in non-Western cultures and religions. These fundamental problems challenge the current understanding of normativity in bioethics and need to be addressed in order to be able to understand and develop appropriate answers to bioethical issues in a globalized world with multicultural societies.
Rhinogenic Headache in Children and Adolescents

The purpose of this review is to evaluate and explain our current understanding of rhinogenic headache in the pediatric population. One study showed that 40 % of pediatric patients with migraine had previously received an incorrect diagnosis of sinus headache. Two studies found that over 50% of pediatric patients with migraines have associated cranial autonomic symptoms, possibly elucidating the reasons for misdiagnosis. Some case reports demonstrate successful treatment of rhinogenic contact point headache with the surgical resection of mucosal contact points, although this diagnosis continues to be debated. Many pediatric patients diagnosed with a sinus-related headache actually meet criteria for primary headache disorders. Primary headache disorders should be considered in pediatric patients with headache and associated rhinologic symptoms. Some literature suggests that mucosal contact point headaches can be surgically treated in children, but the level of evidence is inadequate, and additional robust trials are needed.
Inclusive Costs of NPI Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic: Three Approaches

Abstract The paper evaluates total inclusive costs of three public health approaches to address the COVID-19 epidemic in the US based on epidemiological projections in Ferguson et al (2020). We calculate and add costs of lost productivity and costs of mortality measured through the value of statistical life. We find that the aggressive approach which involves strict suppression measures and a drastic reduction of economic activity for three months with extensive testing and case tracking afterwards results in the lowest total costs for the society. The approach of doing no non-pharmaceutical measures results in the lowest total costs if the infection fatality rate falls below 0.15%.
5 – Crown Rust

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of crown rust. The crown rust of oats, which is caused by Puccinia coronata Cda., is the most widespread and damaging disease of this cereal. The fungus has an almost innumerable array of pathogenic variants and has repeatedly shown its ability to adapt to constraints imposed by man as control measures. The crown rust fungus occurs nearly worldwide on oats. The distribution even includes islands far from any major land mass. Mutation is the only source of basic new virulence in the fungus. Mutation at a given locus is a rare event, and critical experimentation is limited. Puccinia coronata is a typical heteroecious, long-cycle rust with its repeating dikaryotic uredial stage occurring on oats more or less throughout their active growing period. As the season advances and as the plants start to mature, telia are formed in and around the uredia, and these serve to overwinter the fungus. Meiotic reduction occurs in the teliospores and germination of the teliospores results in haploid basidiospores.