cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When co‐operation divides: Öresund, the Channel tunnel and the new politics of European transport

Abstract Recent policy‐making in European transport has been complicated by cross‐pressures created by Single Market‐led industry rationalization, the vulnerability of the transport sector to politicization, and the European Union's growing involvement via its ambitious Trans‐European Networks (TENs) initiative. This article examines the problems and issues arising in international transport infrastructure‐building via a comparative policy analysis of two of Europe's most ambitious projects: the Channel Tunnel and the planned Scandinavian bridge‐tunnel across the Oresund. Despite similarities as fixed‐links across international water barriers, the two projects show considerable variance, not only in their design features and stages of completion, but also in the nature of the policy networks and communities, the key issues that have arisen, and the strategies chosen to address them. Both projects suffered at times from the overt intrusion of politics, which may be indicative of a widening scope for politi...
A consequence of school grade labels: preservice teachers’ interpretations and recall of children’s classroom behavior

This study investigated whether preservice teachers’ attitudes surrounding school grade labels influenced interpretations and recall of children’s classroom behavior using the automatic attitude activation model (Fazio, In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 1986) as a theoretical framework. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: The expectation of viewing a video of children in schools labeled as “A,” “F,” or “typical” as a result of the school’s aggregated student performance on standardized tests. Results indicated that participants who believed that they were viewing a video of an “F” classroom recalled more negative and fewer positive behaviors compared to the “typical” classroom. Likewise, there was a trend for participants to recall more negative and fewer positive behaviors when viewing a video of an “F” compared to an “A” school. Therefore, negative attitudes about a school label of “F” biased preservice teachers’ perceptions and memories of children’s classroom behaviors.
Burke, Nietzsche, Lacan: Three perspectives on the rhetoric of order

This essay examines the complex relationship between rhetoric and order in the works of Kenneth Burke, Friedrich Nietzche and Jacques Lacan. It argues for three differing, yet complementary, views of rhetoric and order, each having a corresponding epistemology and axiology, and concludes with an analysis of the construction of order in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, illustrating the convergence of the three perspectives as well as how each theory might be used to understand more fully the social construction of order through supernatural, social‐political and natural appeals.
Recurrent maternal half-sib selection improves resistance to foliar late blight in a diploid hybrid Solanum phureja-solanum stenotomum population

Foliar late blight, caused byPhytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potatoes worldwide. In 1996 we initiated a breeding strategy to improve the levels of resistance to late blight in a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja-Solanum stenotomum. The purpose of this study was to determine if resistance to late blight in this diploid potato population could be improved by recurrent maternal half-sib selection. Four clones from each of 72 maternal half-sib families were evaluated for late blight resistance in replicated field trials in Pennsylvania in 1996 and 1997 (cycle 1) and in 2003 and 2004 (cycle 2). ‘Atlantic’ was included as a check cultivar at all sites. Percentage of infected foliage was recorded three times towards the end of the growing season each year and was used to compute area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Mean AUDPC for Atlantic in cycle 1 and 2 was 863 and 854, respectively. Mean AUDPC of the cycle 1 and cycle 2 diploid clones was 652 and 556, respectively. Narrowsense heritability for resistance in cycle 1 and cycle 2 was estimated as 0.78 and 0.77, respectively; additive genetic variance was estimated as 10960 and 12636, respectively; phenotypic variance was estimated as 14088 and 16375, respectively. Predicted and realized genetic gain from cycle 1 to cycle 2 was −80 and −96, respectively. Recurrent maternal half-sib selection is an effective way to improve resistance to late blight in this population and to maintain adequate genetic diversity for further enhancement efforts.
Regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by DNA structure-specific binding

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an intracellular sensor of DNA strand breaks and plays a critical role in cellular responses to DNA damage. In normally functioning cells, PARP-1 enzymatic activity has been linked to the alterations in chromatin structure associated with gene expression. However, the molecular determinants for PARP-1 recruitment to specific sites in chromatin in the absence of DNA strand breaks remain obscure. Using gel shift and enzymatic footprinting assays and atomic force microscopy, we show that PARP-1 recognizes distortions in the DNA helical backbone and that it binds to three- and four-way junctions as well as to stably unpaired regions in double-stranded DNA. PARP-1 interactions with non-B DNA structures are functional and lead to its catalytic activation. DNA hairpins, cruciforms, and stably unpaired regions are all effective co-activators of PARP-1 auto-modification and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of histone H1 in the absence of free DNA ends. Enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that the structural features of non-B form DNA co-factors are important for PARP-1 catalysis activated by undamaged DNA. K0.5 constants for DNA co-factors, which are structurally different in the degree of base pairing and spatial DNA organization, follow the order: cruciform ≤ hairpin « loop. DNA structure also influenced the reaction rate; when a hairpin was substituted with a stably unpaired region, the maximum reaction velocity decreased almost 2-fold. These data suggest a link between PARP-1 binding to non-B DNA structures in genome and its function in the dynamics of local modulation of chromatin structure in the normal physiology of the cell.
Sympathy and Social Order

Social order is possible only if individuals forgo the narrow pursuit of self-interest for the greater good. For over a century, social scientists have argued that sympathy mitigates self-interest and recent empirical work supports this claim. Much less is known about why actors experience sympathy in the first place, particularly in fleeting interactions with strangers, where cooperation is especially uncertain. We argue that perceived interdependence increases sympathy towards strangers. Results from our first study, a vignette experiment, support this claim and suggests a situational solution to social dilemmas. Meanwhile, previous work points to two strong individual-level predictors of cooperation: generalized trust and social values. In Study Two we address the intersection of situational and individual-level explanations to ask: does situational sympathy mediate these individual-level predictors of cooperation? Results from the second study, a laboratory experiment, support our hypotheses that symp...
Differentiable dynamical systems

This is a survey article on the area of global analysis defined by differentiable dynamical systems or equivalently the action (differentiable) of a Lie group G on a manifold M. An action is a homomorphism G→Diff(M) such that the induced map G×M→M is differentiable. Here Diff(M) is the group of all diffeomorphisms of M and a diffeo- morphism is a differentiable map with a differentiable inverse. Everything will be discussed here from the C ∞ or C r point of view. All manifolds maps, etc. will be differentiable (C r , 1 ≦ r ≦ ∞) unless stated otherwise.
MULTIPLICATION-STIMULATING ACTIVITY (MSA) STIMULATES PROTEOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN CULTURED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Cultured endothelial cells have previously been shown to have specific binding sites for certain insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin. In the present study, the IGF, Multiplication Stimulating Activity (MSA), at concentrations of 100-1000 ng/ml, stimulated 35SO4 incorporation into proteoglycans by endothelial cells cultured from bovine pulmonary arteries. The stimulatory effect on proteoglycan synthesis was not accompanied by changes in cell number, total protein synthesis, nor collagen synthesis and was not mimicked by insulin. These findings suggest that MSA specifically stimulated accumulation of proteoglycans in the cultured endothelial cells, with the effect mediated through an IGF receptor.
KINETICS OF SOME REACTIONS OF INTEREST TO CERAMISTS The Disintegration of Blast‐Furnace Linings Due to Carbon Deposition

The reaction has a maximum rate between 450°C and 500°C. Experimental work showed that commercial fire brick could be completely shattered by the reaction in a few hours. Firing brick in reducing atmosphere reduces the rate of deposition.
Changes in morphology of dendritic spines on honeybee calycal interneurons associated with cumulative nursing and foraging experiences

Using the rapid Golgi method, the morphology of dendritic spines was quantified in the calyxes of groups of newly emerged, nurse, and forager honeybees. These groups were studied because they represented distinct stages of behavioral development and cumulative experience which, according to recent vertebrate findings, may be associated with enlargement of the spine head and stem shortening. Measurements were made of spine density, overall spine length, stem length, maximum head width, and profile area using eyepiece micrometry and computer image analyses. The results indicated that none of the groups differed appreciably in spine density and overall spine length. Foragers did exhibit spines with markedly larger profile areas and shorter stems than those in newly emerged and nurse honeybees. However, nurses and foragers did not differ appreciably in spine head width, but both groups had markedly wider heads than the newly emerged group did. These findings suggest that elongated growth of the spine head and concomitant stem shortening is an incremental process affecting different portions of the spine population at different rates. In particular, the growth rate of most spines appears to accelerate during the foraging stage in which the diversity of sensory stimulation is greatest.
Severe tricuspid valve stenosis secondary to pacemaker leads presenting as ascites and liver dysfunction: a complex problem requiring a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach

Tricuspid stenosis secondary to ventricular pacemaker leads is uncommon. We present a unique case of iatrogenic tricuspid stenosis secondary to fusion of the valve leaflets to transvenous implanted pacing leads. This occurred in an adult with childhood repaired Tetralogy of Fallot and high grade surgical heart block following multiple pacemaker procedures. The case was complicated by superior vena cava (SVC) and innominate vein stenosis secondary to implanted pacing leads, severe tricuspid valve (TV) stenosis, perforation of the heart by one of the implanted transvenous ventricular pacing leads, prolapse of the transvenous atrial pacing lead into the right ventricle, and unusual coronary sinus anatomy. We describe a multidisciplinary approach to management.
Implementing developmental screening and referrals: lessons learned from a national project.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the degree to which a national sample of pediatric practices could implement American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations for developmental screening and referrals, and to identify factors that contributed to the successes and shortcomings of these efforts. BACKGROUND: In 2006, the AAP released a policy statement on developmental surveillance and screening that included an algorithm to aid practices in implementation. Simultaneously, the AAP launched a 9-month pilot project in which 17 diverse practices sought to implement the policy statement9s recommendations. METHODS: Quantitative data from chart reviews were used to calculate rates of screening and referral. Qualitative data on practices9 implementation efforts were collected through semistructured telephone interviews and inductively analyzed to generate key themes. RESULTS: Nearly all practices selected parent-completed screening instruments. Instrument selection was frequently driven by concerns regarding clinic flow. At the project9s conclusion, practices reported screening more than 85% of patients presenting at recommended screening ages. They achieved this by dividing responsibilities among staff and actively monitoring implementation. Despite these efforts, many practices struggled during busy periods and times of staff turnover. Most practices were unable or unwilling to adhere to 3 specific AAP recommendations: to implement a 30-month visit; to administer a screen after surveillance suggested concern; and to submit simultaneous referrals both to medical subspecialists and local early-intervention programs. Overall, practices reported referring only 61% of children with failed screens. Many practices also struggled to track their referrals. Those that did found that many families did not follow through with recommended referrals. CONCLUSIONS: A diverse sample of practices successfully implemented developmental screening as recommended by the AAP. Practices were less successful in placing referrals and tracking those referrals. More attention needs to be paid to the referral process, and many practices may require separate implementation systems for screening and referrals.
Improving patients records through problem orientation

The components of Weed's problem-oriented record are described. Although particular attention is given to the use of this system in behaviorally oriented psychiatric institutions, the basic principles have general application to other settings and treatment approaches.
Sample size determination for the comparison of normal means when one sample size is fixed

A formula is derived for the required number of subjects in a comparison group to test the equality of two Normal means when one sample size is fixed. Both the equal variances and the unequal variances cases are allowed for in one formula. This should be useful whenever a fixed number of subjects from one group is available, but an arbitrary number of comparison subjects could be employed. It is shown that when one sample size is fixed, some differences in means cannot be detected with a desired power regardless of how many comparison subjects might be available.
Zirconium under pressure: structural anomalies and phase transitions

The full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method within the local-density approximation is used to investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the structure of zirconium metal. Three phases are considered: hexagonal close-packed (hcp); body-centred cubic (bcc); and ω. For each of them the Gibbs free energy G = E + pV is calculated as a function of hydrostatic pressure. The three free energies as functions of pressure show three phase transitions at 0 K: hcp to bcc at 23 kbar; ω to bcc at 50 kbar; and ω to hcp at 87 kbar. The ground state at 0 K is ω up to 50 kbar and bcc above 50 kbar. Anomalies in the hcp structure and elastic constants at 0 K are found from 0 to 50 kbar.
Habitat Use by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Nearshore Areas of Lake Washington: Effects of Depth, Lakeshore Development, Substrate, and Vegetation

Abstract Juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in nearshore areas of Lake Washington, Washington, were studied to determine their depth distribution, substrate associations, and use of overhanging vegetation (OHV) and shoreline armoring. From March to May, juvenile Chinook salmon progressively shifted to deeper waters as they increased in size. At night, they were associated with small substrates, whereas no association with a particular substrate type was detected during daytime. Juveniles were commonly found in open areas or within 5 m of overwater structures (e.g., piers and docks) but were rarely found directly under such structures. The number of juveniles associated with armored shorelines was lower than expected given the availability of this habitat type. Large numbers of small juveniles often used OHV during the day; however, at night they moved away from cover and occupied open areas with no structure. Larger juveniles did not show a strong affinity to overhead cover. Our results sugg...
Free Cash Flow, Agency Costs, and the Affordability Method of Advertising Budgeting

Abstract The allocation of excess cash has long been recognized in the finance literature as an important aspect of the basic agency conflict between managers and owners. In the advertising budgeting context, marketing scholars report that firms possessing high levels of cash tend to spend more on advertising than what seems necessary or desirable. Indeed, this positive link between excess cash and advertising expenditures constitutes a part of what is commonly referred to as the affordability method of advertising budgeting. Surprisingly, there has been little research that attempts to view this association as a manifestation of agency costs. Therefore, in this article, the authors examine whether agency costs, as measured by managerial ownership, moderate the relationship between excess cash and advertising expenditures. On the basis of received theory, the authors conceptualize that agency costs will first decrease, then increase, and then decrease again with the level of managerial ownership. Accordin...
Value-and-criterion filters: a new filter structure based on morphological opening and closing

In this paper, we introduce the value-and-criterion filter structure and give an example of a filter with the structure. The value-and-criterion filter structure is based on morphological opening (or closing), which is actually two filters applied sequentially: the first assigns values based on the original image values, and the second assigns values based on the results of the first. The value-and-criterion structure is similar, but includes an additional step in parallel to the first that computes a different set of values to use as criteria for selecting a final value. Value-and-criterion filters have a `value' function (V) and a `criterion' function (C), each operating separately on the original image, and a `selection' operator (S) acting on the output of C. The selection operator chooses a location from the output of C, and the output of V at that point is the output of the overall filter. The value-and-criterion structure allows the use of different linear and nonlinear elements in a single filter, but also provides the shape control of morphological filters. An example of a value-and-criterion filter is the mean of least variance (MLV) filter, which we define to have V equals mean, C equals variance, and S equals minimum. The MLV filter resembles several earlier edge-preserving smoothing filters, but performs better and is more flexible and more efficient. The MLV filter smoothes homogeneous regions and enhances edges, and is therefore useful in segmentation algorithms. We illustrate its response to various image features and compare it to the median filter on different biomedical images.
Disparate effects of constant and annually-cycling daylength and water temperature on reproductive maturation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Abstract Adult striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) were exposed to various combinations of constant or anually-cycling daylength and water temperature. Constant conditions (15 h days, 18 °C) were those normally experienced at spawning and cycling conditions simulated natural changes at Chesapeake Bay latitude. Females exposed to constant long (15 h) days and cycling water temperature (TEMPERATURE group) had blood plasma levels of sex steroids (testosterone [T] and estradiol-17β [E 2 ]) and vitellogenin (Vg), and profiles of oocyte growth, that were nearly identical to those of females held under a natural photothermal cycle (CONTROL group). Several fish from these two groups were induced to spawn fertile eggs. Females constantly exposed to warm water (18 °C), with or without a natural photoperiod cycle (PHOTOPERIOD and STATIC groups, respectively), had diminished circulating levels of gonadal steroid hormones and Vg, impaired deposition of yolk granules in their ooplasm, and decreased oocyte growth, and they underwent premature ovarian atresia. Males exposed to cycling water temperature (CONTROL and TEMPERATURE groups) spermiated synchronously during the natural breeding season, at which time they also had had high plasma androgen (T and 11-ketotestosterone [11-KT]) levels. The timing of spermiation was highly asynchronous among males in groups of fish held constantly at 18 °C (STATIC and PHOTOPERIOD groups) and this asynchrony was associated with diminished plasma androgen levels. Termination of spermiation by males exposed to cycling water temperature coincided with a sharp decline in levels of plasma androgens about a month after water temperature rose above 18 °C. In contrast, most males held constantly at 18 °C sustained intermediate levels of plasma androgens and spermiated until the end of the study in late July. The annual cycle of water temperature clearly plays a prominent role in the initiation, maintenance, and termination of the striped bass reproductive cycle. In females, a decrease in water temperature below values experienced at spawning appears to be required for vitellogenesis and oocyte growth to proceed normally. Constant exposure of males to spawning temperature disrupts synchronous spermiation but also delays testicular regression, which may be useful for spawning fish after the natural reproductive season.
Numerical simulations of polymer pyrolysis rate: Effect of property variations

The mass loss rate (MLR) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exposed to known radiant fluxes is simulated with two recently developed numerical codes, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ThermaKin. The influence of various material properties (thickness, thermal conductivity, specific heat, absorption of infrared radiation, heat of reaction) on mass loss history is assessed, via their effect on the ignition time, average MLR, peak MLR, and time to peak. The two codes predict the influence of material parameters on the MLR in the order of decreasing importance: heat of reaction, thickness, specific heat, absorption coefficient, thermal conductivity, and activation energy of the polymer decomposition. Changes in the material properties also influence the MLR curves by switching the sample from thermally thick to thermally thin. The two numerical codes are generally in very good agreement for their predictions of the MLR vs time curves, except when in-depth absorption of radiation was important. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anemia among Adolescent and Young Women in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries

Objective : Anemia is a global public health problem that affects maternal and infant mortality as well as human capital development. Yet there is not much research on anemia among young women in low-and-middle-income countries with nationally representative samples. The aim of the current research is to assess the extent of anemia in a critical age group: adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 24. Methods : The data are from 34 Demographic and Health Surveys and are used to describe the prevalence of anemia among pregnant and non-pregnant women by age, rural/urban residence, and household wealth. Anemia was assessed using the HemoCueÂ® blood hemoglobin testing system. Findings : The prevalence of anemia among young women ranges from 15% to over 50%. This is substantially higher than 5%, which is the cutoff to identify a population where anemia is a public health problem. African countries show the highest prevalence of anemia; Benin, Ghana and Mali have over 60% anemia prevalence. Moreover, the prevalence of moderate to severe anemia is particularly high in African countries, over 20% in Ghana and Guinea. Our results show that anemia is a public health concern for adolescents and young adult females in all 34 countries we analyzed. Conclusion : The high prevalence of anemia among youth is alarming. Considering the importance of the adolescent and young adult years, when human capital development is consolidated and family formation begins, these findings call for interventions to redress the problem of anemia.
Cobalt(II) chloride catalyzed one-pot synthesis of α-aminonitriles

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of α-aminonitriles by a one-pot three- component condensation of aldehydes, amines, and potassium cyanide in acetonitrile in the presence of a catalytic amount of CoCl2 at room temperature.
Dramatic Inquiry and Anti-Oppressive Teaching

Teachers have long used dramatic pedagogy to make oppression visible and to explore with young people how they might challenge it. By analyzing the pedagogy of one high school teacher in a high-poverty, inner-city freshman English high school classroom, I illustrate some of the complexities of how dramatic inquiry (dramatic pedagogy used as part of inquiry-based learning) may be used to effectively disrupt oppressive practices experienced by students. Kumashiro (2004) argues that anti-oppressive teaching must create, for teachers and students alike, both experiences of, and ways to work through, crises. I illustrate how dramatic inquiry is an effective pedagogy for mediating students' encounters with imagined crises that resonate with their real lives. I apply Bakhtin's conceptualizations of dialogue and events to understand why a teacher's use of dramatic inquiry may disrupt experiences of oppression as well as how an oppressive status quo may unintentionally be reified. Additionally, I show how working ...
NHERF-1 and the regulation of renal phosphate reabsoption: a tale of three hormones

The renal excretion of inorganic phosphate is regulated in large measure by three hormones, namely, parathyroid hormone, dopamine, and fibroblast growth factor-23. Recent experiments have indicated that the major sodium-dependent phosphate transporter in the renal proximal tubule, Npt2a, binds to the adaptor protein sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF-1) and in the absence of NHERF-1, the inhibitory effect of these three hormones is absent. From these observations, a new model for the hormonal regulation of renal phosphate transport was developed. The downstream signaling pathways of these hormones results in the phosphorylation of the PDZ 1 domain of NHERF-1 and the dissociation of Npt2a/NHERF-1 complexes. In turn, this dissociation facilitates the endocytosis of Npt2a with a subsequent decrease in the apical membrane abundance of the transporter and a decrease in phosphate reabsorption. The current review outlines the experimental observations supporting the operation of this unique regulatory system.
Diagnostics of Polar Field Reversal in Solar Cycle 23 Using a Flux Transport Dynamo Model

Motivated by observed anomalous features in cycle 23, as inferred from records of photospheric magnetic flux, we develop a flux transport dynamo-based scheme in order to investigate the physical cause of such anomalies. In this first study we focus on understanding anomalies occurring in the polar field evolutionary pattern in cycle 23, namely, why the polar reversal in cycle 23 was slow, why after reversal the buildup of the polar field was slow, and why the south pole reversed approximately a year after the north pole did. We construct a calibrated flux transport dynamo model that operates with dynamo ingredients such as differential rotation, meridional circulation, and large-scale poloidal field source derived from observations. A few other dynamo ingredients, such as diffusivity and quenching pattern, for which direct observations are not possible, are fixed by using theoretical guidance. By showing that this calibrated model can reproduce major longitude-averaged solar cycle features, we initialize the model at the beginning of cycle 22 and operate by incorporating the observed variations in meridional circulation and large-scale surface magnetic field sources to simulate the polar field evolution in cycle 23. We show that a 10%-20% weakening in photospheric magnetic flux in cycle 23 with respect to that in cycle 22 is the primary reason for a ~1 yr slowdown in polar reversal in cycle 23. Weakening in this flux is also the reason for slow buildup of polar field after reversal, whereas the observed north-south asymmetry in meridional circulation in the form of a larger decrease in flow speed in the northern hemisphere than that in the southern hemisphere during 1996-2002 and the appearance of a reverse, high-latitude flow cell in the northern hemisphere during 1998-2001 caused the north polar field to reverse before the south polar field.
EFFECT OF NITROGLYCERNE-INDUCED HYPOTENSION ON CANINE SPINAL CORD BLOOD FLOW

Twenty-four mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and morphine sulphate. Neuromuscular blockade was achieved using pancuronium. Spinal cord blood flow was measured using the radionuclide microsphere and hydrogen washout methods before, during, and following nitroglycerine-induced hypotension. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and acid-base balance were determined with each measurement. Mean arterial pressure was reduced by 50%. Spinal cord blood flow, as measured by the microsphere method, increased during the period of hypotension, whereas values obtained using the hydrogen washout method were not significantly different from those at normotension. No significant change in spinal cord blood flow was detected by either method after the application of spinal distraction. Nitroglycerine acts predominantly on venous capacitance vessels and it is postulated that perfusion pressure, and therefore flow, is maintained despite a reduction in arterial pressure.
Carcinoma Ex-Schneiderian Papilloma (Malignant Transformation): A Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Study of 20 Cases Combined with a Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Schneiderian papilloma (SP) are uncommon tumors with malignant transformation even less common. The histologic criteria to define malignant transformation are not well developed nor is the immunohistochemical profile reported in a large series of carcinomas. 20 cases of malignant transformation of SP included 7 females and 13 males, aged 38–86 years (mean 60.7 years). Patients presented most frequently with a mass (n = 11) and obstructive symptoms (n = 7), present for 38.7 months (mean). Most patients had no previous history of SP (n = 13); metachronous carcinoma was identified in 7 patients an average of 34.4 months after the first diagnosis of SP, with 1–4 recurrences of SP. With a mean size of 4.1 cm, the majority of tumors involved a combination of more than one anatomic site (n = 10), followed by the maxillary sinus only (n = 5) or nasal cavity only (n = 3). Histologically, 17 were inverted and 3 exophytic type SP. There were 17 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 1 sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, comprising from 10 to 95 % of the tumor volume. Malignant histologic features included atypical mitoses, necrosis, bone invasion, lymphovascular invasion, decreased transmigrating neutrophils, paradoxical maturation, dyskeratosis and/or perineural invasion (n = 3). Patients tended to present with advanced stage (n = 14, Stage III and IV). Immunohistochemical studies showed positive reactions in the malignancies for CK5/6 (86 %), p63 (86 %), CK7 (luminal, 50 %), p53 (83 %), and p16 (25 %). In situ hybridization detected human papillomavirus in 26 %. Surgery was often accompanied by radiation therapy (n = 13), with a mean of 2.4 years of follow-up. Five patients developed a recurrence between 0.8 and 3.3 years. Carcinomas ex-SP are less common and are associated with better outcome than previously reported. Patients tend to present with a synchronous carcinoma, developing in an inverted type SP, with squamous cell carcinoma the most common malignancy. Development of metachronous carcinomas ex-SP was always preceded by SP recurrence in this series.
Assessment of Mars Phoenix EDL performance

Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) is an especially risky phase of a planetary mission, and detailed information on the performance of a lander's EDL design is critical to mitigating the risks of future missions. 12However, the study of actual EDL performance and comparison with the pre-entry predictions has not typically been given a high priority following spacecraft landings, mainly for budgetary reasons. Because Mars Phoenix inherited hardware and design elements from a similar mission that appears to have failed during Mars EDL, NASA was particularly interested in identifying the reasons for the Phoenix mission success. Therefore, NASA sponsored a reconstruction and analysis of the downlinked Phoenix telemetry that would tell the story of this critical event sequence—focusing on the 14 minutes from cruise stage separation to landing—and identify lessons learned.
Whispering gallery modes at 800 nm and 1550 nm in concentric Si-nc/Er:SiO2 microdisks

We examined a concentric Si nanocrystal (Si-nc) and Er doped SiO 2 (Er:SiO 2 ) microdisk structure supporting high-Q whispering gallery modes (WGMs) at both visible and telecom wavelengths. This structure provides a means to utilize Si-nc luminescence as an optical pump for an Er:SiO 2 cavity without subjecting a telecom-wavelength, Er:SiO 2 -based mode to loss mechanisms associated with the Si-nc material. After fabricating a concentric microdisk consisting of an inner Si-nc disk and an outer Er:SiO 2 ring, we characterize visible wavelength WGMs excited by the Si-nc photoluminescence and observed spectrometer limited quality factors as high as 10 3 . Telecom wavelength photoluminescence from the Er:SiO 2 ring was measured to have a quality factor as high as 10 4 in the erbium luminescence region using a passive pulled fiber setup.
Relationship of personality to dissociation and childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder.

Background Dissociation is a prominent feature in some individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet our understanding of the meanings and implications of prominent dissociation in BPD remains limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dissociation and childhood trauma in BPD and to explore the relationships of dissociation and trauma to various personality features of BPD. Methods Twenty BPD subjects and 24 healthy comparison subjects of similar age and gender were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Relationship Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire. Results The BPD group exhibited greater dissociation and childhood trauma, as well as greater pathology in most personality variables, compared with the healthy group. Dissociation in BPD was not significantly related to total childhood trauma, but only to emotional neglect, which accounted for 23% of the variance in dissociation scores. Conclusion Within the BPD group, dissociation was associated with fearful attachment and immature defenses, while total childhood trauma and emotional neglect were associated with overconnection and disconnection schemata. This is a preliminary study with a small sample size, yet the correlates of dissociation in BPD merit further investigation.
FormPlus: a form authoring toolkit

The authors present the design and implementation of FormPlus, a form authoring toolkit for on-screen form design and filing. It is implemented on an IBM OS/2 Presentation Manager platform. FormPlus provides major front-end functions for form processing such as converting paper forms into electronic forms, designing forms, and filling in forms. No knowledge about programming is necessary. FormPlus also provides an object-oriented API (application programming interface) for programmers to develop their own applications with minimum effort. FormPlus is designed to be easily extendable to incorporate new objects and to allow data import and export. >
SOCIAL EVALUATION RESEARCH: THE EVALUATION OF TWO POLICE PATROLLING STRATEGIES

In most social evaluation research it is difficult to achieve the degree of experimental rigor possible in an applied behavioral study. This study illustrates how the evaluation researcher can increase experimental rigor in the analysis of social interventions. In the first evaluation, a variation of the time-series design that offered maximum experimental control given the limitations of the situation, was employed to evaluate the effects of a specialized home-burglary police patrol. This design revealed that no effects could be attributed to the patrol. In the second evaluation, a multiple baseline-like design was possible in determining the effects of a police walking patrol. This design revealed that the patrol produced an increase in crime reporting but not in arrests. Social interventions often occur in a manner that allows varying degrees of experimental analysis. The evaluation researcher must attain optimal experimental analysis given the limitations of each social intervention.
Immunology and Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer

The immune system plays a key role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A greater understanding of the dysregulation and evasion of the immune system in the evolution and progression of HNSCC provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. HNSCC cells evade the host immune system through manipulation of their own immunogenicity, production of immunosuppressive mediators, and promotion of immunomodulatory cell types. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides a brief overview of key components of the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, reviewing immunological principles related to head and neck cancer, including the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and immune escape. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
Incorporation mechanisms of actinide elements into the structures of U6+ phases formed during the oxidation of spent nuclear fuel

Uranyl oxide hydrate and uranyl silicate phases will form due to the corrosion and alteration of spent nuclear fuel under oxidizing conditions in silica-bearing solution. The actinide elements in the spent fuel may be incorporated into the structures of these secondary U 6÷ phases during the long-term corrosion of the UO 2 in spent fuel. The incorporation of actinide elements into the crystal structures of the alteration products may decrease actinide mobility. The crystal chemistry of the various oxidation states of the actinide elements of environmental concern is examined to identify possible incorporation mechanisms. The substitutions pu6+o U 6÷ and (Pu 5÷, Np 5+) o U 6÷ should readily occur in many U 6÷ structures, although structural modification may be required to satisfy local bond-valence requirements. Crystal-chemical characteristics of the U 6÷ phases indicate that An 4+ (An: actinide) ~ U 6÷ substitution is likely to occur in the sheets of uranyl polyhedra thai: occur in the structures of the minerals schoepite, [(UO2)802(OH)12](H20)12, ianthinite, [U 4+ (UO 2)406(OH)4(H 20)4](H 20)5, becquerelite, Ca[(UO 2)302(OH)312(H 20)8, compreignacite, K2[(UO2)302(OH)312(]~20)8, ct-uranophane, Ca[(UO2XSiO3OH)]2(H20) 5, and boltwoodite, K(H30)[(uo2Xsio4)], all of which are likely to form due to the oxidation and alteration of the UO 2 in spent fuel. The incorporation of An 3+ into the sheets of the structures of ct-uranophane and boltwoodite, as well as interlayer sites of various uranyl phases, may occur.
Developments in the simulation of compressible inviscid and viscous flow on supercomputers

In anticipation of future supercomputers, finite difference codes are rapidly being extended to simulate three-dimensional compressible flow about complex configurations. Some of these developments are reviewed. The importance of computational flow visualization and diagnostic methods to three-dimensional flow simulation is also briefly discussed.
Family Planning for Low-Income African American Families: Contributions of Social Work Pioneer Ophelia Settle Egypt

Historically, African Americans made huge contributions to the field of social welfare and the social work profession, yet little has been written about them in the professional literature. This article explores the contributions of pioneering social worker Ophelia Settle Egypt. A thorough assessment of her pioneering role would reveal her unique work as an educator, researcher, and grassroots social worker, but the focus here is on her innovative commitment to the Planned Parenthood movement. Egypt's work around population control in her Southeast Washington, DC, neighborhood with low-income African American families in the early 1950s became a labor of love in her community that can help inform current practice approaches in urban environments with African American populations.
On incidental catalysts of elaboration: Reminders of environmental structure promote effortful thought

Abstract Life is filled with situations in which cognitive elaboration can powerfully sway outcomes, and yet our understanding of the contextual factors that impact elaboration are greatly limited to those entwined with the focal evaluation, judgment, or decision. In response, this research tests whether a more fundamental, incidental feature of the environment—structure—might influence the extent to which individuals engage in elaboration. Three studies demonstrate that incidental reminders of structure increase elaboration (Experiment 1), which in turn impacts individuals' confidence in their choice (Experiment 2) as well as the choice itself (Experiment 3). Collectively, the findings offer novel insight into the role of structure in promoting elaboration, and suggest that structure-seeking may be functional in part because it leads to more thoughtful, considered judgments and decisions.
Differentiating between detrimental and beneficial interruptions: a mixed-methods study

Introduction Efforts to understand interruptions now span much of the last decade and a half. Often thought to negatively impact patient safety, some now acknowledge that interruptions may be beneficial and actually necessary for safety and high quality care. This study seeks a framework for differentiating between interruptions that are detrimental and those that are beneficial. Methods A mixed-methods approach at a US Level 1 trauma centre included direct observation of 13 registered nurses (RNs), survey of 47 RNs, retrospective observation of hands-free communication devices, and modelling of observed interruptions to key performance measures. Results On average, RNs were interrupted every 11 min, with 20.3% of their workload triggered by interruptions. While 85% of RNs agreed that interruptions place their patients at risk, only 21% agreed that all should be eliminated. During one 90-min period, 18 original events spawned 68 interruptions, 50 of these repeat messages. A statistical model, with patient measures of time and comfort, revealed that alarms and call lights returning RN9s attention to the patient outside the patient room are beneficial, while interruptions in the patient room are generally detrimental. Triangulating the results, we present an emerging framework for differentiating between beneficial and detrimental interruptions based on the impact of interruptions on the RN9s steady treatment and attention to the patient. Conclusions A mixed-methods approach can help distinguish between detrimental and beneficial interruptions. While interruptions breaking the delivery of steady treatment and attention to the patient are detrimental, those returning the RN9s focus to the patient, as well as those supporting patient-clinician and clinician-clinician communications are beneficial. This insight may be helpful to healthcare delivery teams tasked with improving interruption-laden processes.
The double-edged sword of helping behavior in leader-follower dyads

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine potential consequences of helping behaviors on leader and follower relationship satisfaction and transformational leadership (TFL) ratings. It is argued that follower helping behaviors can violate leaders’ and followers’ expectations of each other, and especially disadvantage male leaders because of gender-role stereotypes. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, data were collected from 61 dyads (25 male and 34 female supervisors, 23 male and 38 female subordinates, two participants did not disclose their gender; M age=35.56 years, SD=10.41). In Study 2, data were collected from 125 participants (66 female and 58 male subordinates, 22 female and 25 male supervisors; 79 respondents did not disclose their gender; M age=39.21 years, SD=11.25). Findings – Helping behaviors were positively associated with relationship satisfaction suggesting that leaders were amenable to receiving help from followers (Study 1). However, follower h...
Nurse-physician collaboration in an intensive care unit.

Background Collaborative interaction between nurses and physicians on critical care units is significantly related to mortality rates and length of stay in the units. For this reason, collaborative interaction should be an integral part of quality improvement programs. Objectives To examine perspectives of nurses and physicians on collaborative interaction in an intensive care unit, to examine differences between groups in perceptions of collaborative interaction in the unit, and to compare this unit with units examined in a national study. Methods A modification of the ICU Nurse-Physician Questionnaire was used to collect data from 35 nurses and 45 physicians. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to determine group scores and to examine differences between groups. Results The level of collaborative interaction in the unit was high. However, nurses and physicians and all other staff groups examined except one had significant differences in perceptions of collaborative interaction. The high level of collaborative interaction was confirmed by a comparison of the results with the results from a national sample. Conclusions Critical care units can use this example to incorporate an assessment of the level of collaborative interaction into their quality improvement program.
Wavefront Sensing Using a Checkerboard Amplitude Mask

Wavefront sensing, based on the principle of multiwave lateral shearing interferometry, is demonstrated using a checkerboard amplitude mask. Experimental results show good agreement with an independent wavefront measurement.