cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunologic parameters and viral infections in patients desensitized with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab

Desensitization with IVIG and rituximab followed by transplantation with alemtuzumab or daclizumab induction is an effective clinical protocol. Here, we examined the effects of this protocol on immune cell number, T cell function by Cylex ImmuKnow®, CMV-specific CD8+ T cell (CMV-Tc) activity, total and viral-specific immunoglobulin levels and viral infections. In 17 highly HLA-sensitized (HS) patients who received desensitization, CD19+ cells were undetectable immediately after desensitization, while other immune cells were unchanged. No alteration in Cylex or CMV-Tc levels was seen. In separate 14 HS patients who were desensitized followed by transplantation, T cell numbers were near zero after alemtuzumab, while NK cell reduction was minimal. Early B cell recovery was not a risk for antibody-mediated rejection. Total IgG, IgM, and IgA remained in the normal range up to 12.6 months post-transplant, and CMV IgG level did not change. CMV-Tc activity was eliminated post-transplant in some patients, but recovered by 4 months post-transplant. None of them developed CMV infection. In conclusion, IVIG-rituximab-desensitization does not significantly alter T cell function pre-transplant, or reduce Ig levels below the normal range post-transplant. Although post-transplant induction therapy is associated with a transient depletion of viral-specific CD8+ memory cells, it does not increase risks for viral infections.
Im/possible lives: gender, class, self-fashioning, and affinal solidarity in modern South Asia

Drawing on ethnographic research and employing a micro-historical approach that recognizes not only the transnational but also the culturally specific manifestations of modernity, this article centers on the efforts of a young woman to negotiate shifting and conflicting discourses about what a good life might consist of for a highly educated and high caste Hindu woman living at the margins of a nonetheless globalized world. Newly imaginable worlds in contemporary Mithila, South Asia, structure feeling and action in particularly gendered and classed ways, even as the capacity of individuals to actualize those worlds and the ‘modern’ selves envisioned within them are constrained by both overt and subtle means. In the context of shifting cultural anchors, new practices of silence, literacy, and even behaviors interpreted as ‘mental illness’ may become tactics in an individual's negotiation of conflicting self-representations. The confluence of forces at play in contemporary Mithila, moreover, is creating new...
Electro‐optical Charge Trapping in Zinc Porphyrin Films on Indium Tin Oxide and / SiO2 / Si

A thin film of zinc octakis (β-octyloxyethyl) porphyrin (ZnOOEP) is capable of trapping and detrapping charge in an appropriate electric field under irradiation. An effective charge capacity of the order of 30 μC/cm 2 or 10 18 charges/cm 3 was obtained with sandwich structures of ITO/ZnOOEP/ITO (where ITO is indium tin oxide) under a bias of 10 V with irradiation. Cells with the configuration ITO/ZnOOEP/SiO 2 /Si were also fabricated. When an electric field was applied across this cell in the dark, a small amount of charge was stored, as in a conventional capacitor. However, the charge stored under the same conditions with irradiation of the photoconductive ZnOOEP was three orders of magnitude higher. Trapped charge produced under illumination was not removed under short-circuit conditions in the dark, suggesting that this phenomenon could be used for information storage.
Calculation of properties of solid argon from the dymond-alder potential

Abstract Dymond and Alder have recently determined a best pair potential for argon in the gas phase. Their potential has been used to calculate the heat of sublimation and atomic separation of solid argon. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment.
An investigation into the operation life of transformers

This paper presents results of a study on solid insulation aging of a number of oil-immersed power transformers, some of them have operated for more than 40 years. The contents of furfurol were measured, in addition to that of dissolved gases in transformer oil, by applying the HPLC method. Based on measured data and the traditional theory of solid insulation aging, it is suggested that the aging of solid insulation in these transformers is not serious even after 50 years' of continued operation, because there has been no local overheating or sustained transformer overload during their operation.
Diffuse axonal injury without direct head trauma and with delayed onset of coma

A 16-year-old female was involved in a jet ski (water craft) accident resulting in bilateral lower extremity fractures but no loss of consciousness or any other evidence of head trauma. Thirty hours later she became comatose. Magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with diffuse axonal injury. She recovered after several weeks without any clinical sequelae. This patient demonstrates an unusual example of diffuse axonal injury without direct head trauma and with delayed onset of symptoms. The authors recommend that patients involved in high-velocity accidents, even without immediate evidence of head injury, be observed for signs of diffuse axonal injury.
Modulation of macrophage function by P2Y‐purinergic receptors

Macrophage activation is central to the pathogenesis of a number of diseases that involve the excessive release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). Recent studies have shown that adenine nucleotides (ATP/ADP) and their receptors (P2 receptors, especially the P2Y class) are critically linked to macrophage responsiveness. We have found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) stimulation of macrophages is modulated by purines wherein an ATP analog, 2-methylthio-ATP (2-MeS-ATP), reduces macrophage activation in both in vitro and in vivo models of endotoxemia. Specifically, the nucleotides 2-MeS-ATP and 2-CI-ATP protect mice from a lethal challenge of LPS, and 2-MeS-ATP decreases the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and NO, but not IL-6 in response to LPS. Interestingly, TNF-α-stimulated NO release from macrophages is not inhibited by 2-MeS-ATP suggesting that adenine nucleotides modulate specific macrophage functions, compared with a toxic or nonselective mode of action. In this regard, it has been found that the decrease in NO release mediated by 2-MeS-ATP correlates with decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and iNOS mRNA in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Besides these effects on cytokine function, extracellular ATP/ADP have also been found to increase the binding of monocytes to various substrates mediated by Mac-1 integrin activation. In , because ATP and ADP are present in high concentrations at sites of inflammation, these purines may provide a signal for macrophage activation, and agents that modulate macrophage sensitivity to purines represent a powerful mode of therapy for a variety of inflammatory disorders such as endotoxemia.
Influence of Cation Order on the Electric Field‐Induced Phase Transition in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics

The effect of cation ordering on an electric field-induced relaxor to normal ferroelectric phase transition in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN)-based ceramics was investigated. Both A-site La doping and B-site Sc doping were found to enhance the chemical ordering in these relaxor ceramics. However, the enhanced chemical orderings showed different impacts on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties in these perovskite materials. The 5% La doping was observed to shift the dielectric maximum temperature (T max ) to a significantly lower temperature and suppress the electric field-induced transition to a ferroelectric phase. In contrast, the 5% and 10% Sc doping showed little effect on T max but strengthened the ferroelectric coupling. The difference is discussed on the basis of cation size and charge imbalance. An electric field-temperature phase diagram is also proposed for the 0.90PMN-0.10Pb(Sci/2Nbi/2)03 based on its history dependence of the electric field-induced phase transition.
Are Diabetic Neuropathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy Caused by Hyperglycemic Exclusion of Dehydroascorbate Uptake by Glucose Transporters?

Vitamin C exists in two major forms. The charged form, ascorbic acid (AA), is taken up into cells via sodium-dependent facilitated transport. The uncharged form, dehydroascorbate (DHA), enters cells via glucose transporters (GLUT) and is then converted back to AA within these cells. Cell types such as certain endothelial and epithelial cells as well as neurons that are particularly prone to damage during diabetes tend to be those that appear to be dependent on GLUT transport of DHA rather than sodium-dependent AA uptake. We hypothesize that diabetic neuropathies, nephropathies and retinopathies develop in part by exclusion of DHA uptake by GLUT transporters when blood glucose levels rise above normal. AA plays a central role in the antioxidant defense system. Exclusion of DHA from cells by hyperglycemia would deprive the cells of the central antioxidant, worsening the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress level. Moreover, AA participates in many cellular oxidation-reduction reactions including hydroxylation of polypeptide lysine and proline residues and dopamine that are required for collagen production and metabolism and storage of catecholamines in neurons. Increase in the oxidative stress level and metabolic perturbations can be expected in any tissue or cell type that relies exclusively or mainly on GLUT for co-transport of glucose and DHA including neurons, epithelial cells, and vascular tissues. On the other hand, since DHA represents a significant proportion of total serum ascorbate, by increasing total plasma ascorbate concentrations during hyperglycemia, it should be possible to correct the increase in the oxidative stress level and metabolic perturbations, thereby sparing diabetic patients many of their complications.
Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure following 2 weeks of dyspnea in a 45-year-old woman.

(Chest 1993; 104:927-29) A 45-year-old previously healthy woman reported a 2-week history of progressive dyspnea, cough productive of gray sputum , night sweats, and malaise. She denied a history ofcardiopulmonary disease other than mild hypertension for the previous 2 years. Her recent medications included conjugated estrogen, lisinopril, and hydrochiorothiazide. No occupational or environmental exposures were identified.
Prognostic value of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity for mortality after acute myocardial infarction

To evaluate the importance of ventricular ectopic activity on the predischarge treadmill exercise test for predicting mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 163 patients with uncomplicated AMI were studied using symptom limited low-level treadmill exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring before hospital discharge. All patients were followed for at least 2 years or until recurrent AMI, coronary artery bypass grafting or death. Seventeen patients (10%) died during the follow-up period, 15 patients (9%) had recurrent AMI and 45 patients (28%) underwent bypass surgery. Ventricular ectopic activity was the only single treadmill abnormality that predicted subsequent cardiac death; angina pectoris, electrocardiographic ST-segment depression and a hypotensive blood pressure response did not. The mortality rate in the 20 patients with exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity was 25%, compared with 8% in those without (p less than 0.004). Furthermore, in this patient population, exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity was a much better predictor of cardiac death than that detected by ambulatory monitoring. Thus, ventricular ectopic activity on the predischarge treadmill exercise test is an important risk factor for death after AMI.
The history of science and the sciences of medicine.

Considerer que la pratique de la medecine fait partie de l'histoire de la medecine, et non de l'histoire des sciences, n'est pas une theorie soutenable, car l'histoire de la medecine est une histoire politique, sociale et economique comme l'histoire des sciences
Distinguishing Between Three Versions of the Doctrine of Double Effect Hypothesis in Moral Psychology

Based on the results of empirical studies of folk moral judgment, several researchers have claimed that something like the famous Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) may be a fundamental, albeit unconscious, component of human moral psychology. Proponents of this psychological DDE hypothesis have, however, said surprisingly little about how the distinction at the heart of standard formulations of the principle—the distinction between intended and merely foreseen consequences—might be cognised when we make moral judgments about people’s actions. I first highlight the problem of precisely formulating the distinction between intended and foreseen consequences and its implications for interpreting the empirical data on folk moral judgment. I then distinguish between three different approaches to this problem that have been taken by proponents of the DDE in normative ethics: so-called “closeness” accounts, accounts that employ what has come to be known as a “strict” notion of intention, and Warren Quinn’s recasting of the DDE in terms of the distinction between “direct” and “indirect agency”. I show that when taken as claims about moral psychology, these different accounts entail quite different empirical predictions about what people’s moral judgments should be in particular cases. Based on the current empirical data, I argue that a version of Quinn’s formulation of the DDE is the most empirically plausible, and that adopting such a formulation helps to diffuse much (though not all) of the recent empirical criticism of the DDE hypothesis.
Destabilizing impacts of price and quantity adjustments to relative supply and demand

Abstract The static theories of the firm and household rest their practical validity on an assumption that disequilibrium conditions will rapidly be eliminated through price and quantity adjustments. This paper develops a model of stock management by producers to explore the time paths of production adjustment to disequilibrium. Model results suggest that typical corporate policies for responding to inventory and order backlog levels lead to continuing fluctuations in production and employment around equilibrium values. Moreover, fluctuations are acceptuated when price impacts on output and consumption decisions are included. Following Samuelson's Correspondence Principle, the results imply that equilibrium analyses for models containing equilibrium assumptions) have little explanatory power, especially over a short-run period of several years. Further, proper dynamic analysis requires comprehensive interrelating of stocks and flows, not merely incorporation of lagged adjustments to theoretical equilibrium conditions.
Periparturitional behavior of a bonobo (Pan paniscus).

Knowledge of periparturitional behaviors in captive primates may contribute to infant survival and is particularly important for endangered species, such as the bonobo, or pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). Given that the bonobo is considered to be closely related to humans, such knowledge also may offer insights about the evolutionary development of complex maternal patterns. To date, however, only one observation of a P. paniscus birth has been reported. The periparturitional behaviors of a mature bonobo (P. paniscus) female during the pregnancy and birth of two infants are described in detail. Information not previously reported for the species is included. Periparturitional behaviors were similar for both births.
Influences on and Obstacles to K-12 Administrators' Support for Environment-Based Education.

The term environment-based education (EBE) describes a form of school-based environmental education that uses the environment as a context for integrating subjects and a source of real-world learning experiences. Because of the importance of administrator support in teachers’ use of EBE (Ernst, 2009), survey research was conducted to explore influences on and obstacles to administrators’ support for EBE implementation, as well as how those influences and obstacles differed from administrators’ supporting other forms of EE (environmental education). Results suggest positive environmental attitudes, environmental sensitivity, and receptiveness to EBE are important in efforts to encourage administrator support for EE, whether EBE or other forms of EE. Professional development, such as mentoring, observations, conferences, and self-study, as well as reducing the obstacle of safety/liability concerns appears to be of particular importance when encouraging administrator support for EBE.
The elephant's respiratory system: adaptations to gravitational stress

Elephants have had to adapt to gravitational stresses imposed on their very large respiratory structures. We describe some unusual features of the elephant's respiratory system and speculate on their functional significance. A distensible network of collagen fibers fills the pleural space, loosely connects lung to chest wall but appears not to constrain lung-chest wall movements. Myriad spaces within the network and its rich supply of capillaries suggest effective local sources and sinks for pleural fluid that may replace the gravity-dependent flows of smaller mammals. The lung is partitioned into approximately equal to 1 cm3 parenchymal units by a system of thick, elastic septa that ramify throughout the lung from origins on the lung's elastic external capsule. Parenchymal units suspended upon the elastic septal system protect dependent alveoli from compression, thereby reducing the usual gravitational gradient of lung expansion. Intra-pulmonary airways are devoid of cartilage, instead they appear to derive resistance to collapse from tethering forces of the attached septa.
Nitric oxide leads to cytoskeletal reorganization in the retinal pigment epithelium under oxidative stress

Light is a risk factor for various eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We aim to understand how cytoskeletal proteins in the retinal pigment epithetlium (RPE) respond to oxidative stress, including light and how these responses affect apoptotic signaling. Previously, proteomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of vimentin and serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are significantly increased when mice are exposed under continuous light for 7 days compared to a condition of 12 hrs light/dark cycling exposure using retina degeneration 1 (rd1) model. When melatonin is administered to animals while they are exposed to continuous light, the levels of vimentin and PP2A return to a normal level. Vimentin is a substrate of PP2A that directly binds to vimentin and dephosphorylates it. The current study shows that upregulation of PP2Ac (catalytic subunit) phosphorylation negatively correlates with vimentin phosphorylation under stress condition. Stabilization of vimentin appears to be achieved by decreased PP2Ac phosphorylation by nitric oxide induction. We tested our hypothesis that site-specific modifications of PP2Ac may drive cytoskeletal reorganization by vimentin dephosphorylation through nitric oxide signaling. We speculate that nitric oxide determines protein nitration under stress conditions. Our results demonstrate that PP2A and vimentin are modulated by nitric oxide as a key element involved in cytoskeletal signaling. The current study suggests that external stress enhances nitric oxide to regulate PP2Ac and vimentin phosphorylation, thereby stabilizing or destabilizing vimentin. Phosphorylation may result in depolymerization of vimentin, leading to nonfilamentous particle formation. We propose that a stabilized vimentin might act as an anti-apoptotic molecule when cells are under oxidative stress.
Relativistic all-order equations for helium.

The ground-state energy of helium is calculated to all orders in perturbation theory starting from a relativistic ``no-pair'' many-body Hamiltonian in which contributions of virtual electron-positron pairs are ignored. In this calculation only Coulomb interactions between the electrons are considered. Two all-order calculations are presented: one calculation is based on nuclear Coulomb-field orbitals and the second is based on Hartree-Fock orbitals. For each calculation the all-order equations of many-body perturbation theory are solved iteratively. The resulting numerical value for the ground-state energy from the Coulomb-field calculation is -2.903 856(1) a.u., while the Hartree-Fock calculation gives -2.903 855(2) a.u. Both of these values agree with that obtained by correcting the well-established nonrelativistic energy for lowest-order relativistic effects.
Race, work, and welfare: Attitudes toward the required employment of young mothers who use welfare

This study examines the views of blacks and whites toward the required employment of mothers who have young children and who use welfare. Using national survey data collected in 1988, attitudes toward these women are analyzed as a function of sociodemographic characteristics and various measures of inequality-related beliefs. Findings indicate that blacks are more likely than whites to agree that mothers using welfare should work in exchange for their benefits, although neither racial group overwhelmingly approves of such an exchange. Further, black attitudes are influenced more by economic self interest and other sociodemographic attributes than by stratification beliefs and the perceived consequences of welfare, the reverse is true for whites. The policy implications of these and other results for research on policy attitudes are discussed.
Screw fixation of scaphoid fractures: A biomechanical assessment of screw length and screw augmentation

Purpose To assess the biomechanical stability relative to screw length and K-wire augmentation in scaphoid fracture fixation using a flexibility testing protocol and cadaver scaphoids whose soft tissue attachments remained undisturbed. Our hypothesis was 2-fold: increasing screw length and augmenting fixation with a K-wire would improve fracture fragment stability, individually and in combination. Methods Flexion and extension loading applied through wrist tendons was performed on 10 cadaveric wrists after volar wedge scaphoid osteotomy and internal fixation. Each wrist participated in 3 experimental groups: short screw, long screw, and long screw augmented with a K-wire transfixing the distal pole to the capitate. Interfragmentary displacements were measured. Results Analysis of variance showed significantly less fracture fragment motion with longer screws than with short screws in 4 of the 6 displacement axes. The flexion/extension axis rotations for the short, long, and augmented long-screw groups were 8.2° ± 4.8°, 3.9° ± 1.6°, and 1.8° ± 1.3°, respectively. Although K-wire augmentation reduced displacement of the fracture fragments it did not decrease interfragmentary motion significantly when compared with the long-screw group. Conclusions Under physiologically applied loading of cadaveric wrists with unstable scaphoid waist fractures the long screw provided significantly greater stability than the short screw. Although K-wire augmentation in the long-screw group did improve stability the improvements were not significant. Based in part on the biomechanical data from this study it is our recommendation that the optimally placed screw for scaphoid fracture fixation stability is a long screw positioned down the central axis of the scaphoid deep into subchondral bone.
Optimal Health (Spirit, Mind, and Body): A Feasibility Study Promoting Well-Being for Health Behavior Change

Faith-based programs have shown beneficial effects for health and behaviors. Few have specifically intervened on the spiritual, mental (i.e., stress), and physical dimensions of well-being combined for health and healthy behaviors (i.e., exercise and diet). The purpose of this report is to describe the feasibility of executing a spirituality-based health behavior change, program founded upon the Spiritual Framework of Coping. This study was a quasi-experimental one group pretest–posttest design. Feasibility objectives were assessed, and limited efficacy of pretest and posttest measures was analyzed using paired t test (p < .05). Acceptance of the program was positive, and modest demand was shown with initial interest and an average attendance of 78.7 %. The program was successfully implemented as shown by meeting session objectives and 88 % homework completion. The program was practical for the intended participants and was successfully integrated within the existing environment. Limited efficacy measures showed no pre–post changes. This study provided preliminary support for the design and further testing of the theoretical components of the Spiritual Framework of Coping that informed the program.
Towards a framework of publics: Re-encountering media sharing and its user

Design and evaluation of user-generated media production and sharing in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) often focus on formal and informal media sharing, such as communication within social networks, automatic notifications of activities, and the exchange of digital artifacts. However, conceptual tools for understanding how people relate to the audiences they reach through these systems are limited. The increasing interest in user-generated content in HCI demands the infusion of new methods and theories that explicitly engage the construction and use of media within and among large groups of individuals and systems. In this paper, we suggest that the notion of “publics,” drawn from media theory, provides useful insights into user-driven, social, and cultural forms of technology use and digital content creation. We illustrate this by employing the notion of publics to the findings from a two-month deployment of a mobile photo sharing platform in a youth housing community. The results of this empirical work coupled with a theoretical examination of publics stimulate reflection on prevailing interpretations of user-designer-reader roles. The paper provides an outlook for potentially new and productive ways of understanding interdependencies within those activities. Implications that can be drawn from this work concern the role of digital media creation and sharing for the formation of collectives and how people position themselves collectively in relation to larger social groups and societal norms. The analysis suggests fruitful crossovers among HCI, Media Theory and New Media Research by approaching the user as both consumer and producer of digital content.
Operative laparoscopy and the gynecologic oncologist. Commentary and review.

Background. A rapid evolution in technology and surgical applications of endoscopy have occurred over the past 5 years. Surgical procedures once thought impossible except through large abdominal incisions are being performed with the use of laparoscopic surgical techniques. Laparoendoscopic techniques have limitations as well as advantages over conventional surgical approaches. Methods. The medical literature as it relates to laparoscopy and gynecologic oncology was reviewed. Results. Procedures performed through the laparoscope include total hysterectomies, bilateral oophorectomies, pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomies, omentectomies, colostomies, bowel resections, oophoropexies, and pelvic lid constructions as well as radical hysterectomies and ovarian cancer debulking procedures. These techniques are gaining popularity among gynecologic oncologists, and studies of individual case reports have been followed by studies involving a series of patients. Numerous limiting factors exist, however, foremost among these being the wide variability of endoscopic skills among surgeons and lack of objective long term data supporting the efficacy and safety of these techniques. Conclusion. Application of endoscopic techniques in gynecologic oncology procedures is occurring rapidly and is driven partly by market economy forces. Many gynecologic oncologists, however, do not have the necessary endoscopic skills and experience with which to perform such procedures. For these physicians to remain sufficiently qualified, fellowship training programs must encompass formal training curricula in endoscopic surgery, and such programs should often include the faculty as well. Formal and organized credentialing of laparoscopic cancer surgical expertise will ensure a minimum safe level of skills.
Comparison of two clonogenic assays for determining cell growth patterns in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: relationships to clinical findings and prognosis.

Abstract Bone marrow cells from 99 patients with acute myeloid leukemia were cloned in either agar stimulated by leukocyte feeder layers (AG/F) or methylcellulose supplemented with medium conditioned by phytohemagglutinin stimulation of leukocytes (MC/P). Although cell growth in the two systems was correlated (r = 0.74, p
Impurity drift modes at the plasma edge

Abstract The linear stability of modes, due to the presence of impurities and driven unstable by the combination of the free energy contained in the ion temperature gradient and the dissipation due to collisions, is investigated for parameters appropriate to the edge of the plasma in toroidal magnetic confinement experiments. These modes are low frequency (compared to the drift wave frequency), propagate in the electron diamagnetic direction (even though η i = d ln T i d ln n>0 ), and are sensitive to the overall charge concentration, Z I n I n e , the collisionality of the plasma, and the relative peaking of the density gradients of the different ion species. They are not stabilized by magnetic shear.
Integral equation theory for compressible polymer alloys: thermodynamics, scattering, and miscibility of Gaussian chains

The intermolecular radial distribution function, structure factor, interaction parameter, spinodal temperature and compressibility of binary mixtures of Gaussian chains are investigated over a range of molecular parameters using a recently developed integral equation theory. Structurally symmetric (the symmetric isotope blend) and various sructurally asymmetric mixtures are studied. The limitations of the random phase approximation due to compressibility effects are demonstrated and results for the spinodal temperature as a function of molecular weight and extent of structural asymmetry are presented. s
The Note-Taker: An assistive technology that allows students who are legally blind to take notes in the classroom

Note-taking is a fundamental learning activity that should be practiced by every serious secondary or post-secondary student. Research has shown that the mental processing that occurs during note-taking helps students consolidate and retain classroom instruction, even if they never study their notes afterward. However, students who are legally blind can have difficulty taking notes in the classroom. Even with a visual aid (such as s monocular) for viewing the front of the room, a fast paced class can make it difficult for a student who is legally blind to keep up with the lectures - especially in more advanced classes. Some schools have attempted to help such students by equipping classrooms with audio or video recording systems, or by paying other students to take notes for them. However, these approaches do not actively engage the student in note-taking during the lecture. In this paper we discuss our research, which is aimed at developing a portable Tablet-PC-based Note-Taker that can be carried from classroom to classroom by the student, and does not require lecturers to adapt their presentations in any way.
Prospective analysis of incidence, extent and chronicity of lower extremity venous thrombosis.

ObjectiveThis study was designed to determine all variables related to lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) to be used as reference in patients examined in a hospital setting.MethodsConsecu...
Analytic estimates of coupling in damping rings

Analytic formulas for estimating the vertical emittance in weakly coupled electron-positron storage rings are presented. Contributions from both the vertical dispersion and linear coupling of the betatron motions are considered. In addition to simple expressions for random misalignments and rotations of the magnets, formulas for calculating the vertical emittance blowup due to orbit distortions are presented. The orbit distortions are assumed to be caused by random misalignments, but because the closed orbit is correlated from point to point, the effects must be treated differently. Only corrected orbits are considered. The analytic expressions are compared with computer simulations of storage rings with random misalignments. >
Green chemistry in China

The principles of green chemistry provide a framework for rational design of envi- ronmentally friendly chemicals and chemical processes having reduced intrinsic hazard. In China, the academic community has made advances in key areas, developing new catalysts, solvents, polymers, plastics additives, and biomass transformations that add to the "toolbox" of alternative, more benign, and transformative technologies. Educational and outreach activ- ities have also flourished in recent years. This perspective highlights examples of green chemistry breakthroughs in China, focusing on literature reports from 2008 to 2010. While we cannot hope to be comprehensive, we aim to provide examples that demonstrate the scope of the current research field.
Towards a clone detection benchmark suite and results archive

Source code clones are copies or near-copies of other portions of code, often created by copying and pasting portions of source code. This working session is concerned with building a communal research infrastructure for clone detection. The intention of this working session is to try to build a consensus on how to continue to build a benchmark suite and results archive for clone- and source comparison-related research and development. The working session is structured to foster discussion and debates over what should be collected in the archive, and how best to do it.
Whitecap Coverage as a Remotely Monitorable Indication of the Rate of Bobbie Injection into the Oceanic Mixed Layer

The observed cubic dependence on friction velocity of near-surface bubble concentration is independently deduced from a simple geometrical model for the whitecap bubble plume. This exponential plume model likewise implies that the bubble injection rate is proportional to instantaneous whitecap coverage. Explicit quantitative expressions for surface bubble flux, and for near-surface bubble concentration, are derived as functions of bubble radius and sea-surface whitecap coverage. Calculated bubble spectra agree well with optically measured spectra for equivalent conditions.
Disposition of the plant phenol ellagic acid in the mouse following oral administration by gavage.

1. The absorption, distribution and elimination of 3H-ellagic acid, a putative antimutagen and anticarcinogen, was studied in male Swiss-Webster mice following oral administration.2. Levels of 3H-ellagic acid were highest in blood 30 min after administration, in urine and bile 120 min post-administration, and in liver, lung and kidney 15 min after administration.3. Free ellagic acid and its conjugates were present in urine, bile and blood. H.p.l.c. analysis of the organic solvent extracts of urine, bile and blood indicated the presence of four metabolites in urine, two in blood and one in bile.4. Sulphate ester, glucuronide and glutathione conjugates of ellagic acid were present in urine, bile and blood. H.p.l.c. analysis of organic solvent extracts after aryl sulphatase or β-glucuronidase treatment showed that ellagic acid was the major component present.5. Absorption of 3H-ellagic acid occurred mostly within two hours after oral administration. Levels in blood, bile and tissues were low and almost all o...
Solubility of Anthracene in Binary Alkane + 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol and Alkane + 1-Pentanol Solvent Mixtures at 298.2 K

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in six binary alkane + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and four binary alkane + 1-pentanol solvent mixtures at 25 °C. The alkane cosolvents studied were hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS)/Redlich−Kister and modified Wilson equations. For the 10 systems studied, both equations were found to provide an accurate mathematical representation of the experimental data, with an overall average absolute deviation between measured and calculated values being 0.6% and 1.0% for the combined NIBS/Redlich−Kister and modified Wilson equations, respectively.
A PRESCRIPTION FOR TRANSIT ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE PREDICTION USING AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION DATA

In this paper we present a general prescription for the prediction of transit vehicle arrival/departure. The prescription identifies the set of activities that are necessary to preform the prediction task, and describes each activity in a component based framework. We identify the three components, a Tracker, a Filter, and a Predictor, necessary to use automatic vehicle location (AVL) data to position a vehicle in space and time and then predict the arrival/departure at a selected location. Data, starting as an AVL stream, flows through the three components, each component transforms the data, and the end result is a prediction of arrival/departure. The utility of this prescription is that it provides a framework that can be used to describe the steps in any prediction scheme. We describe a Kalman filter for the Filter component, and we present two examples of algorithms that are implemented in the Predictor component. We use these implementations with AVL data to create two examples of transit vehicle prediction systems for the cities of Seattle and Portland.
Yet another caveat to using the Dessler‐Parker‐Sckopke relation

[1] The analytical formulation of the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke (DPS) equation relating the energy content of the ring current to the magnetic field depression at the Earth's center is examined. To conduct this study, a method is presented for numerically integrating inner magnetospheric pressure distributions according to the Biot-Savart law to obtain magnetic field perturbations at an arbitrary location. It is found that the implicit assumption of the DPS relation requiring that all of the particle pressure is included in the integration can generate large errors relative to the true perturbation. When there is a nonzero pressure just inside the outer boundary of the integration volume, the DPS relation implicitly includes large azimuthal currents at this pressure discontinuity. By including ghost cells of adiabatically decreasing pressure beyond the outer boundary, a “true” perturbation from the currents within the simulation is obtained. The ratio of this corrected value to the DPS value systematically varies according to a simple pressure ratio. Other aspects of the DPS relation are also confirmed with this code, including the validity criterion imposed by the plasma pressure anisotropy and the validity of the relation for any local time asymmetry. The inclusion of closure currents in the perturbation calculation, which were not part of the DPS derivation, changes the local time profile of the perturbation and can make either a negligible or a substantial contribution in either a positive or a negative sense to the globally averaged perturbation.
Parsing algorithms for dictionary compression on the PRAM

Parallel algorithms for lossless data compression via dictionary compression using optimal and greedy parsing strategies are described. Dictionary compression removes redundancy by replacing substrings of the input by references to strings stored in a dictionary. Given a static dictionary stored as a suffix tree, the authors present a parallel random access concurrent read, concurrent write (PRAM CREW) algorithm for optimal compression which runs in O(M+log M log n) time with O(nM/sup 2/) processors, where it is assumed that M is the maximum length of any dictionary entry. They also describe an O(M+log n) time and O(n) processor algorithm for greedy parsing given a static or sliding-window dictionary. For sliding-window compression. A different approach finds the greedy parsing in O(log n) time using O(nM log M/log n) processors. Their algorithms are practical in the sense that their analysis elicits small constants. >
Detection and Response to Conspecific Chemical Cues by Ornate Tree Lizards (Urosaurus ornatus)

Abstract Although many lizard species detect and respond to conspecific chemical cues, variation in this ability among populations of the same species from different habitat types is less well understood. We compared chemoreceptive behaviors and head-bobs in response to conspecific chemical cues by Ornate Tree Lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) between populations from an upland forested habitat and a lowland desert habitat. Under this experimental design, U. ornatus from different habitats performed chemoreceptive behaviors and head-bobs at similar rates. Rate of chemoreceptive behaviors and head-bobs in response to chemical cues deposited by same- and opposite-sex conspecifics was higher than that of cues deposited by the subject in their home tank, demonstrating that U. ornatus has the ability to detect cues from conspecifics. Head-bob rate was also higher in same- and opposite-sex tanks compared to home tanks, demonstrating that chemical cues alter the rate of a social display behavior. Urosaurus ornatus exh...
Diffusion of water in cat ventricular myocardium.

The rates of diffusion of tritiated water (THO) and [14C]sucrose across cat right ventricular myocardium were studied at 23 degrees C in an Ussing-type diffusion cell, recording the time-course of increase in concentration of tracer in one chamber over 4--6 h after adding tracers to the other. Sucrose data were fitted with a model for a homogeneous sheet of uneven thickness in which the tissue is considered to be an array of parallel independent pathways (parallel pathway model) of varying length. The volume of the sucrose diffusion space, presumably a wholly extracellular pathway, was 23% of the tissue or 27.4 +/-1.7% (mean +/- SEM; n=11) of the tissue water. The effective intramyocardial sucrose diffusion coefficient, D8, was 1.51 +/- 0.19 X 10(-6)cm2.s-1 (n=11). Combining these data with earlier data, D8 was 22.6 +/- 1.1% (n=95) of the free diffusion coefficient in aqueous solution D degrees 8. The parallel pathway model and a dead-end pore model, which might have accounted for intracellular sequestration of water, gave estimates of DW/D degrees W (observed/free) of 15%. Because hindrance to water diffusion must be less than for sucrose (where D8/D degrees 8=22.6%), this showed the inadequacy of these models to account simultaneously for the diffusional resistance and the tissue water content. The third or cell-matrix model, a heterogeneous system of permeable cells arrayed in the extracellular matrix, allowed logical and geometrically reasonable interpretations of the steady-state data and implied estimates of DW in the cellular and extracellular fluid of approximately 25% of the aqueous diffusion coefficient.
Understanding environmental, situational and intrapersonal risk and protective factors for youth tobacco use: the Theory of Triadic Influence.

The presentations in this session dealt with four broad variables that influence child and adolescent (youth) use of tobacco--pricing, industry advertising and promotion, access, and prevention programs. Changes in pricing, advertising and access attempt to reduce the supply of tobacco products to youth, and are thought of as supply-side approaches. Prevention programs attempt to reduce demand for tobacco by youth, and are thought of as demand-reduction approaches. I will present a theoretical view that integrates both of these approaches, along with many others, summarize findings in terms of that theory, and suggest areas where we need further research.
Matching electronic fingerprints of RFID tags using the Hotelling's algorithm

Matching algorithms, called classifiers, determine if a previously enrolled instance matches an observed instance based on some rules. They return a decision, which consists of three possible answers: match, non-match, and unclassified. A classifier assigns a class label to a sample and then checks the new instance with a sample one. Or, the classifier is trained with example instances so that it learns what class label should be applied to future unknown instances. Classifiers are based on statistical, probabilistic, and decision rules. In applying classifiers, the most important issue is finding the matching rates. Two important rates are the false acceptance rate (FAR) and the false rejection rate (FRR). In this work, we determine the FAR and FRR for the Hotelling's two-sample T2 algorithm applied to the application of matching electronic fingerprints of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in the presence of simulated noise. The algorithm is found to be a robust classifier for this application.
Postanoxic T Lymphocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production and Neutrophil Adhesion: Role of Very Late Antigen-4/Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

The objective of this study was to define the influence of postanoxic T-lymphocyte-endothelial cell interactions on anoxia-reoxygenation (A/R)-induced neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVEC monolayers were exposed to 60 minutes of anoxia, followed by 24 hours of reoxygenation, wherein freshly isolated human T lymphocytes were added at 6 hours during reoxygenation. After an additional 18 hours of incubation (ie, total of 24 hours of reoxygenation), the T-cell/endothelial cell (TC/EC) coculture media were collected and added to naive HUVEC monolayers incubated with neutrophils. Although the A/R-conditioned media per se had no effect on neutrophil adhesion, the media from TC/EC cocultures significantly increased the adhesion response. This enhanced adhesive interaction was associated with significant increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in the TC/EC coculture media and was accompanied by a pronounced increase in endothelial E-selectin expression. Treatment of the TC/EC coculture media with anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IL-8 antibodies reduced the media-induced neutrophil adhesion response. The enhanced neutrophil adhesion and the elevated medium levels of TNF-alpha, but not IL-8, were markedly reduced by inserts that prevented direct TC/EC contact and by monoclonal antibodies directed against vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) or very late antigen-4 (VLA-4). Collectively, these findings show that VLA-4-/VCAM-1-mediated interactions between T lymphocytes and postanoxic endothelial cells stimulates TNF-alpha production, which in turn elicits endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and a corresponding increase in neutrophil adhesion.