cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Antecedents and Conditional Attitudes

I generalize the notion of a conditional attitude by bringing together two topics of inquiry. One is the ordinary inquiry into conditional attitudes. The other topic is the inquiry into the attitude of thinking that a proposition is likely, or having a high credence in a proposition. For instance, what is it to intend to go to the game if it is likely that Kershaw pitches? Being likely that Kershaw pitches is the condition of the attitude. Given a natural position about statements like “It is likely that Kershaw pitches,” the target attitude looks different from ordinary conditional attitudes.
Effects of Hypoxia on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells.

Background Hypoxia can happen during solid tumor growth including osteosarcoma. This study investigated the relationship of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on osteosarcoma cell growth and apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. Materials and methods Human osteosarcoma cells were cultured under normal or hypoxic conditions. Inhibitors of HIF-1α and VEGF were applied to the cells separately or in combination to block the respective proteins. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by MTT and TUNEL assays, and real-time PCR and ELISA were performed for mRNA and protein expression. Results There was a dramatic decrease of cell proliferation and an elevation of apoptosis under hypoxia. Blockage of HIF-1α and VEGFR enhanced the cell growth retardation and promoted apoptotic changes. Moreover, blockage of HIF-1α significantly eliminated the expression of VEGF in the cell culture media, and vice versa. Conclusion HIF-1α and VEGF work closely in regulating osteosarcoma cell growth under hypoxic conditions and blockage of either of them may subsequently influence the presence of the other.
Spirituality Influences Emotion Regulation During Grief Talk: The Moderating Role of Prolonged Grief Symptomatology.

A growing body of research demonstrates that religion greatly affects people’s adjustment to loss. However, little is known about the influence of religiosity on emotion regulation during grief. The present study attempts to fill this void in the literature by examining the predictive relationship between variables assessing facets of religiosity and emotion regulation during an interview about loss in a sample of bereaved adults. The results demonstrated that religiousness, spirituality, and negative religious coping were correlated with emotion reactivity following an interview. Spirituality’s influence was also found to be moderated by prolonged grief symptoms, as spirituality predicted more adaptive emotion regulation among those with low-to-mild levels of prolonged grief symptomatology, but not among participants with elevated prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms. These findings support the beneficial effects of religion in bereavement adjustment as well as its limits.
Acoustical Energy Output from Mountain Stream Channels

The beauties of running water include its acoustical dimension. Although it is yet to be investigated analytically and described as to source, quality, and control, great human comfort and solace seem to result from it. While water is a constant object of environmental manipulation, and literary reference to the sounds of running water are both plentiful and appreciative, technical reference to it is near nonexistent.
Antitrust in practice: The Case of Gasoline Marketing

This article reviews the application of the antitrust laws to the gasoline marketing industry, which has been the subject of much attention by enforcement officials. An examination is made of the application of the laws to exclusive dealing contracts, the refusal of refiners to deal with certain distributors, the sales commission system of marketing TBA, selective price cutting, and other practices. The conclusion is that, except as the laws have been applied to collusive pricing and mergers of competitors, they have failed to accomplish their objectives. The article also discusses the trade regulation rules proposed for the industry in 1965. These were rejected in July, 1967 by the Federal Trade Commission, which plans to apply the laws to the industry much as it has in the past.
Lidar‐derived estimate and uncertainty of carbon sink in successional phases of woody encroachment

[1] Woody encroachment is a globally occurring phenomenon that contributes to the global carbon sink. The magnitude of this contribution needs to be estimated at regional and local scales to address uncertainties present in the global- and continental-scale estimates, and guide regional policy and management in balancing restoration activities, including removal of woody plants, with greenhouse gas mitigation goals. The objective of this study was to estimate carbon stored in various successional phases of woody encroachment. Using lidar measurements of individual trees, we present high-resolution estimates of aboveground carbon storage in juniper woodlands. Segmentation analysis of lidar point cloud data identified a total of 60,628 juniper tree crowns across four watersheds. Tree heights, canopy cover, and density derived from lidar were strongly correlated with field measurements of 2613 juniper stems measured in 85 plots (30 × 30 m). Aboveground total biomass of individual trees was estimated using a regression model with lidar-derived height and crown area as predictors (Adj. R2 = 0.76, p < 0.001, RMSE = 0.58 kg). The predicted mean aboveground woody carbon storage for the study area was 677 g/m2. Uncertainty in carbon storage estimates was examined with a Monte Carlo approach that addressed major error sources. Ranges predicted with uncertainty analysis in the mean, individual tree, aboveground woody C, and associated standard deviation were 0.35 – 143.6 kg and 0.5 – 1.25 kg, respectively. Later successional phases of woody encroachment had, on average, twice the aboveground carbon relative to earlier phases. Woody encroachment might be more successfully managed and balanced with carbon storage goals by identifying priority areas in earlier phases of encroachment where intensive treatments are most effective.
Finite temperature spectral function of Mott insulators and charge density wave states.

We calculate the low-temperature spectral function of one-dimensional incommensurate charge density wave states and half filled Mott insulators. At $T=0$ there are two dispersing features associated with the spin and charge degrees of freedom, respectively. We show that already at very low temperatures (compared to the gap) one of these features gets severely damped. We comment on implications of this result for photoemission experiments.
Social Media Introduction

The proliferation of new social media platforms challenges our understanding of how people interact online, offering a tenuous balance between the promise of collective social connection and the privacy of individuals. In this introduction, we review the history of select social media platforms in order to draw attention to the evolution of the technology that drives wikis, blogs, electronic social networks, and social selection sites. From this history, we identify technologies that have been combined and evolved to allow users new methods of connection. Utilizing these established social media platforms as a foundation, we explore emergent phenomenon, including mobile and gaming, that are revolutionizing our consumption and use of social media. We conclude by highlighting the increasing interdependence between social media platforms, and the challenges for people who use them. Keywords: social media; user generated content; social networking; wikipedia; facebook; blogs; collaborative filtering; cyber bullying; mobile
Cognition: The Thinking Animal

Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychologist's Approach to Research Chapter 2: Methods of Cognitive Psychology Chapter 3: Visual Perception Chapter 4: Attention Chapter 5: Sensory Memory and Primary Memory Chapter 6: Memory Encoding Chapter 7: Memory Retrieval Chapter 8: Memory Storage Chapter 9: Visual Imagery Chapter 10: Motor Control Chapter 11: Decision Making and Deductive Reasoning Chapter 12: Problem Solving Chapter 13: Language Structure Chapter 14: Language Processing
A helical lid converts a sulfotransferase to a dehydratase

We report here the crystal structure of retinol dehydratase, an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of anhydroretinol. The enzyme is a member of the sulfotransferase superfamily and its crystal structure reveals the insertion of a helical lid into a canonical sulfotransferase fold. Site-directed mutations demonstrate that this inserted lid is necessary for anhydroretinol production but not for sulfonation; thus, insertion of a helical lid can convert a sulfotransferase into a dehydratase.
We Other IR Foucaultians

When an interrogation whose purpose seems to be to assess the utility of Foucault's work and Foucault-inspired ideas in a particular domain of political analysis (IR) is initiated, one cannot help but wonder whether a logic of confession or justification is being mobilized. Such a confessional logic seems to interpellate “we other/us all” ( nous autres ) IR Foucaultians1 and demands to be addressed as a precondition for any discussion about what it might mean to deploy Foucaultian analytics in IR. Thus, I find myself incapable of answering the questions I have been asked to reflect on without addressing these interrogations first. “What has Foucault done for International Relations?” and “What is Foucault's impact on International Relations?” are injunctions that call Foucault-influenced scholars ( nous autres Foucaultians, whoever “we” may be2) to demonstrate, preferably through a series of irrefutable proofs, what they have contributed to a domain of disciplinary activity (IR) whose very definitions and demarcations seem to require no further explanation. The questions that frame this forum may well be in need of what one can consider to be a “Foucaultian” treatment. That is to say, the opening (and delimiting) interrogations as injunctions can be subjected to a prior mode of questioning (about what authorizes their discursive possibility) so that the sense of closure, decisiveness, and finality they seem to call for (and that calls “us” in) may be rendered less normal, commonplace, or acceptable. Among the elements of closure we find in this forum's framing interrogations is a request made to the so-called IR Foucaultians to abide by rules of disciplinary utility (what do you do for IR?) and knowledge accumulation (how does your brand of analysis build upon or “impact” what “non-Foucaultian IR scholars” have …
EXCITATION OF ATOMS BY ELECTRON IMPACT: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

In recent years, much progress has been made in the experimental and theoretical studies of atomic collision processes. The preparation of spin-polarized collision partners and the measurement of orientation, alignment, and spin polarization parameters after the collision has enabled experimentalists to perform very detailed tests of theoretical models. In some cases, even “complete” or “perfect” experiments were performed, where all independent scattering amplitudes for a particular atomic collision process were determined experimentally. Since these amplitudes contain the maximum, quantum mechanically available information about the scattering event, the results of such measurements have presented important benchmark data for the assessment and further development of computer simulation programs. A general framework and a unified terminology for the description of spin-dependent electron—atom scattering has now been developed,1 and the available experimental and theoretical data have been reviewed.2
The Z refurbishment project (ZR) at Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia's Z accelerator completed original construction in 1985 as PBFA II. The center portion was modified in 1996, converting from a high voltage to a high current configuration to drive z-pinch loads. The environments created have enabled critical experiments that address many Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) and High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) program needs. Z has since grown into a multifaceted workhorse facility. At more than 1000 shots after what was to be a provisional modification to assess scaling of z-pinch current, users are asking that Z be a stable, precision platform for a large number and variety of reliable, reproducible experiments. Much of Z was not optimized for z-pinch applications nor designed for the rigors of daily use at today's 18+ MA output level. This paper provides an overview of the Z Refurbishment (ZR) project, including performance criteria, timeline, test and integration strategies, and current status of the project.
Aerococcus urinae and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Aerococcus urinae has been described as resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), but the test medium may affect this observation. Twenty-seven clinical isolates of A. urinae tested susceptible to SXT in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) plus lysed horse blood and resistant in CAMHB plus lysed sheep blood.
Inhibition of renal Na(+)-Pi cotransporter by mercuric chloride: role of sulfhydryl groups.

We studied the role of sulfhydryl groups in Na+-Pi contransport across the renal brush border membrane (BBM), using HgCl2, an agent which penetrates membranes freely. HgCl2 inhibited the initial Na+-dependent 32Pi transport in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 54 μM). Na+-independent transport was not affected. The inhibitory effect persisted under Na+ equilibrium–exchange conditions. Additionally, HgCl2 had no effect on the diffusional uptake of 22Na up to 1 min incubation. Exposure to HgCl2 had no effect on vesicle integrity as determined by osmotic shrinking experiments. BBM vesicle (BBMV) volume, determined by D-glucose equilibrium uptake, was not affected at low HgCl2 concentrations, but decreased at higher concentrations (> 100 μM). Vesicle volumes, determined by flow cytometry, were not changed after exposure to HgCl2. Kinetic studies showed a reduction in the apparent Vmax for Pi transport from 1.40 ± 0.13 to 0.75 ± 0.19 nmoles/mg protein/5 sec, without a significant change in the apparent Km. In protection studies, dithiothreitol (DTT) completely protected agaisnt inhibition, but Pi, phosphonoformic acid (PFA), and Na+ gave no protection. The data suggest that sulfhydryl groups are essential for the function of Na+-Pi cotransporter of renal BBM.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetic acid inhibits PTP1B activity in human mesangial cells A possible mechanism of enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetic acid (PMA) stimulates DNA synthesis in human glomerular mesangial cells. Incubation of these cells with PMA stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of a set of proteins ranging from 110 to 39 kDa with different time kinetics. PMA inhibits total protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity in these cells. Immunoprecipitation of PTP1B, an intracytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase, with subsequent assay of the immunobeads for PTPase shows a significant inhibition of its activity in PMA-treated cells. Immunoblot analysis of mesangial cell lysates using the same antibody revealed that PMA does not affect the level of this 50 kDa PTP1B protein. These data indicate that inhibition of total PTPase, and specifically PTP1B, activity may provide a mechanism for stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by PMA in these cells and thereby contribute to its mitogenic effect.
Environmental Conditions at Founding and Organizational Mortality: A Trial-by-Fire Model

Unobserved heterogeneity in organizational frailty and population- level learning suggest a particular relationship between environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality. Organi...
SHIFTING AIMS, MOVING TARGETS: ON THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION*

For an anthropologist pushing 80 and feeling it push back, there seems little else to do on a ceremonial occasion of this sort [the 2004 Sir James Frazer Lecture], dedicated as it is to commemorating a marmoreal figure whom most people remember, so far as they remember him at all, as a cloistered Edwardian don who devoted his life to a Causabon-like compilation of the world's exotica, but to reflect upon one's own, rather different, but hardly less transient, career in a related line of work and try to suggest what time and change have done to it. Not that this will avail against what time and change have done, and will continue to do, to it. There is nothing so dead as a dead academic, and any Ozymandian dreams one might entertain will be quickly dissolved by the simple device of looking up the Collected Frazer Lectures, 1922-32 on the Amazon web-site bestseller list and fmding them placed at 2,467,068. I want, I hope without undue self-reference or illusions of permanence, simply to put into the record a particular encounter with a particular time. And a particular subject: the anthropology of religion. Why I have spent so much of my time and energy since wandering into anthropology from the Humanities studying (in heavy quotation marks, here and throughout) 'reli? gion' ? in Southeast Asia, in North Africa, in the past, in the present, increas? ingly in the world at large is not entirely clear to me, particularly as I have myself no particular religious background or so far anyway, and as I say, it's getting late commitment. Some of it, this concern, not to say obsession, with faith, worship, belief, sanctity, mystery, world-view, sorcery, propitiation, and the adoration of trees (on which, you will remember, Frazer has no less than five separate chapters) certainly has to do with that Humanities back? ground: literature and philosophy do incline the mind to recherche subjects. But far more, I think, it is due to the continuing centrality of the description and analysis of myth, magic, rite, and spiritual tonality in anthropology from E.B.Tylor [1889],William Robertson Smith [1889], R.R. Marrett [1917], and Frazer [1890] forward through Bronislaw Malinowski [1948], Raymond Firth
Locations and morphologies of sympathetically correlated neurons in the T10 spinal segment of the rat

We precisely localized and morphologically characterized sympathetically correlated neurons in the acutely transected spinal cord of the rat. We have shown that these neurons are likely members of the spinal networks that generate sympathetic activity after spinal cord transection. In humans with injured spinal cords, these networks are responsible for hypertensive crises that occur in response to ordinarily innocuous stimuli. We recorded from neurons in the dorsal horn of the T 10 spinal segment of anesthetized rats after acute spinal cord transection at C 2 . Neurons with activities closely correlated to renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were considered to be putative components of spinal sympathetic systems. These neurons had receptive fields on the left flank and abdomen. After characterizing their ongoing activities, receptive fields, and degrees of correlation with RSNA, we juxtacellularly labeled neurons with biotinamide and subsequently reconstructed their somas and dendrites histologically. Confirming our earlier studies, sympathetically correlated neurons were found in dorsal horn laminae III, IV, and V. For the first time, we also identified sympathetically correlated neurons in laminae I and II. The dendrites of all sympathetically correlated neurons projected to multiple lamina. By virtue of the positions of their somas and the broad projections of their dendrites, we concluded that sympathetically correlated neurons may receive direct input both from supraspinal systems and from nociceptive and non-nociceptive primary afferents.
In vitro enhancement of natural cytotoxicity by a trial natriuretic peptide fragment 4–28

Abstract The presence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding sites in the thymic cortex, medulla, and splenic white pulp suggests that this peptide may have immunoregulatory activity. We examined the effect of ANP on human natural killer (NK) cell activity. ANP significantly augmented NK cell cytotoxicity after twenty-four hours of incubation but had no effect on NK activity after short-term incubations of one hour. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide did not effect the expression of natural killer or T cell surface markers. This study demonstrates that atrial natriuretic fragment 4–28 enhances natural killer cell activity.
Percutaneous tracheostomy: a safe procedure in the morbidly obese.

Background Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) is becoming a widely accepted technique that has replaced open tracheostomy (OT) in many hospitals. One of the remaining relative contraindications is morbid obesity. There are no published case series of its use in this patient population. We reviewed our experience with PDT in the morbidly obese and compared it to OT in this patient population. Our hypothesis is that PDT and OT have a similar frequency of adverse events. Study design We reviewed charts of all morbidly obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35, calculated as kg/m 2 ) undergoing either PDT or OT at our institution during a 58-month period. Variables examined included age, gender, BMI, diagnosis, bedside or operating room, and bronchoscopy-assisted. We recorded all procedural complications and all tracheostomy-related complications that occurred for 30 days postprocedure or death. Primary adverse end points were defined as procedures that started percutaneous and converted to open; any reoperation related to the initial tracheostomy; malpositioning of tracheostomy resulting in patient morbidity, loss of airway control, and bleeding requiring surgical intervention. Secondary adverse end points occurred when a tracheostomy tube was dislodged or malfunctioned, as in the case of a cuff leak, and any bleeding that occurred more than 24 hours after insertion. Results From January 1, 2000, until September 30, 2004, our institution performed 1,062 tracheostomies. One hundred forty-three patients had a BMI ≥ 35. Eighty-nine patients underwent PDT and 53 patients underwent OT. Sixty-seven of the PDTs were performed at the bedside and 22 were performed in the operating room. All OTs were performed in the operating room. Five (6.5%) primary end points were recorded for PDTs (4 conversions to open, 1 malpositioning). Three (6.5%) primary end points were reported for OTs (malpositioning resulting in hypoxia, bleeding requiring surgical intervention, aborted attempt at open). Conclusions PDT is a safe procedure to perform on morbidly obese patients.
Code generation and reorganization in the presence of pipeline constraints

Pipeline interlocks are used in a pipelined architecture to prevent the execution of a machine instruction before its operands are available. An alternative to this complex piece of hardware is to rearrange the instructions at compile-time to avoid pipeline interlocks. This problem, called code reorganization, is studied. The basic problem of reorganization of machine level instructions at compile-time is shown to be NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm is proposed and its properties and effectiveness are explored. The impact of code reorganization techniques on the rest of a compiler system are discussed.
SU‐E‐T‐598: Variability of Computer‐Generated Organ at Risk Contours as Part of An Automated Deformable Registration Workflow for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To compare the contouring variability of organs at risk (OAR) on planning CT (PCT), first day cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT1), and computer‐generated contours on subsequent fractions (CBCTf) through the use of a deformable registration workflow, as could be used for an adaptive radiotherapy planning scheme for prostate cancer. Methods: Eleven observers (6 physician‐residents, 5 physicists; all with extensive experience with prostate anatomy, treatment planning) contoured the bladder, rectum, and patient skin, using Elekta Focal on PCT (GE HiLite) and CBCT (Elekta XVI). These contours were compared to consensus contours generated with STAPLE method (CERR) which combined the contours of two recognized physician experts. This was done for the PCT and CBCT1. The CBCT1 contours were transformed via deformable registration workflow (MIM software) to 10 subsequent fractions (CBCTf) creating 333 computer‐generated OAR contours in total. The computer‐generated contours were compared to manually segmented reference contours, which were reviewed with the leading physicist and physician of the study. Dice coefficient was used to quantify variability. Statistical analysis utilized two‐sided t‐test; p‐values<0.05 significant. Results: The average Dice coefficient among all users for the bladder: PCT‐91.3%, CBCT1‐89.4%, CBCTf‐87.4% (average Dice coefficient over 10 fractions of computer‐generated contours). Rectum: PCT‐83.3%, CBCT1‐76.2%, CBCTf‐72.9%. Patient skin: PCT‐99.6%, CBCT1‐99.5%, CBCTf‐97.7%. The Dice coefficient difference between PCT and CBCT1 was statistically significant for bladder and rectum (p‐values 0.045 and 0.0013, respectively). CBCTf contours exhibited comparable variability to CBCT1 contour (average Dice coefficient difference 2–4%). Conclusion: The largest variability in computer‐generated contours occurred at superior‐inferior borders of rectum and patient skin. Our results show computer‐generated contours using deformable registration do not contribute significant additional variability to OAR contours. Further investigation which includes dosimetric impact of contouring variability of OAR is needed to assess the viability of computer‐generated contours for adaptive planning.
Use of a transurethral microwave thermotherapeutic device with permanent pacemakers and implantable defibrillators.

Objective To determine whether a device (Urologix Targis system) used for transurethral microwave treatment interferes with sensing, pacing, and arrhythmia detection by permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Methods We tested 13 pacemakers in both bipolar and unipolar sensing configurations and 8 ICDs in vitro. Pacemakers and ICDs were programmed to their most sensitive settings. Energy outputs of the microwave device were typical of those used clinically. The probe of the microwave device was anchored 1.2 cm from the pacemaker or ICD being tested. Results No sensing, pacing, or arrhythmic interactions were noted with any ICD or any pacemaker programmed to the bipolar configuration. One pacemaker (Guidant Vigor 1230) showed intermittent tracking when programmed to the unipolar configuration. Conclusions Most patients with permanent pacemakers or ICDs can safely undergo transurethral microwave therapy using the device tested. Pacemakers and ICDs should be programmed to the bipolar configuration (if available) during therapy. The pacemaker or ICD should be interrogated before and after therapy to determine whether programming changes occurred as a result of treatment. However, our findings suggest that this is unlikely.
THE PICARD GROUP OF A GENERAL TORIC VARIETY OF DIMENSION THREE

ABSTRACT Let be a complete fan in such that every three-dimensional cone in is non-simplicial. In any non-empty open neighborhood of there is a fan such that every -linear support function is linear and the Picard group of the associated toric variety is zero.
Intersection domains and the sum of two complex hyperbolic metrics

In this article, we prove that the intersection of the unit ball in ℂn with an affine transformation of it is a negatively curved domain. The two-dimensional case is due to Cheung and Wu.
The Promise of Mixed-Methods for Advancing Latino Health Research

Mixed-methods research in the social sciences has been conducted for quite some time. More recently, mixed-methods have become popular in health research, with the National Institutes of Health leading the impetus to fund studies that implement such an approach. The public health issues facing us today are great and they range from policy and other macro-level issues, to systems level problems to individuals' health behaviors. For Latinos, who are projected to become the largest minority group bearing a great deal of the burden of social inequality in the U.S., it is important to understand the deeply-rooted nature of these health disparities in order to close the gap in health outcomes. Mixed-methodology thus holds promise for advancing research on Latino heath by tackling health disparities from a variety of standpoints and approaches. The aim of this manuscript is to provide two examples of mixed methods research, each of which addresses a health topic of considerable importance to older Latinos and their families. These two examples will illustrate a) the complementary use of qualitative and quantitative methods to advance health of older Latinos in an area that is important from a public health perspective, and b) the “translation” of findings from observational studies (informed by social science and medicine) to the development and testing of interventions.
Direct social perception and dual process theories of mindreading.

Abstract The direct social perception (DSP) thesis claims that we can directly perceive some mental states of other people. The direct perception of mental states has been formulated phenomenologically and psychologically, and typically restricted to the mental state types of intentions and emotions. I will compare DSP to another account of mindreading: dual process accounts that posit a fast, automatic “Type 1” form of mindreading and a slow, effortful “Type 2” form. I will here analyze whether dual process accounts’ Type 1 mindreading serves as a rival to DSP or whether some Type 1 mindreading can be perceptual. I will focus on Apperly and Butterfill’s dual process account of mindreading epistemic states such as perception, knowledge, and belief. This account posits a minimal form of Type 1 mindreading of belief-like states called registrations. I will argue that general dual process theories fit well with a modular view of perception that is considered a kind of Type 1 process. I will show that this modular view of perception challenges and has significant advantages over DSP’s phenomenological and psychological theses. Finally, I will argue that if such a modular view of perception is accepted, there is significant reason for thinking Type 1 mindreading of belief-like states is perceptual in nature. This would mean extending the scope of DSP to at least one type of epistemic state.
Development of ACC oxidase activity during maturation and ripening of ‘Paulared’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Law Rome’ apples

Abstract The development of ACC oxidase activity was investigated in three cultivars of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.), ‘Paulared’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Law Rome’, as typifying early, mid-season and late cultivars, respectively, during maturation and ripening. Fruits were selected at progressive stages of development of the autogenous ethylene climacteric during maturation and ripening on the tree. The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene was used as a relative measure of the activity of ACC synthase and the ability of fruit tissue to convert ACC to ethylene was used as a measure of the activity of ACC oxidase, the ethylene forming enzyme. ‘Paulared’ fruits accumulated high levels of ACC as the autogenous ethylene climacteric began and this was associated with slow development of ACC oxidase activity. ‘Law Rome’ apples showed ACC oxidase activity early in the development of the ethylene climacteric but this was associated with accumulation of low levels of ACC in fruits. ‘Empire’ fruits were found to be intermediate between the early and late cultivars. ACC oxidase activity of fruits of the three cultivars was found to increase concurrently with or subsequent to the accumulation of ethylene to ca. 0.1 μl 1 −1 in the internal atmosphere of the fruit. Thus, the ACC content of the fruit was found to be a function of the development of ACC synthase activity as well as the relative activity of ACC oxidase. The levels of these activities were cultivar dependent. Differential sequestering of ACC into malonyl ACC by malonyl Co A-ACC transferase among the three cultivars may also account for the wide disparity in changes in ACC content with maturation but this was not investigated.
THE METHOD OF IMAGES IN GEOMETROSTATICS

Abstract Since there exist no nonflat singularity free static solutions of the empty-space Einstein equations we give the name geometrostatics to the study of the time-symmetric (instantaneously static) initial value problem. Using the method of spherical inversion images from electrostatics, we construct the initial values for a time-symmetric solution of the empty space Einstein equations having the topology of arbitrary number of Einstein-Rosen “bridges.” The initial data are analytic and asymptotically flat with positive apparent mass.
Dual Performance Feedback and Elite Law Firm Mergers

This paper examines how institutional logics interrelate with the organizational learning process to generate strategic changes. Although organizational actors are surrounded by contradictory demands stemming from multiple logics, organizational actors interact with those demands through aspiration levels. When organizations fail to satisfy conflicting demands compared to aspiration levels, decision makers experience intense political dissonance among members, which interrupt their decision making processes on strategic changes. In contrast, when organizations produce satisfactory performance on either of conflicting demands, decision makers are less likely to be exposed to this dissonance; thus they are more likely to search for solutions by taking greater risks. Using a longitudinal dataset of 217 largest law firms in the United States from 2005 to 2012, this paper shows relative commitment to the public legal service moderates the relationship between economic performance feedback and corporate acquisi...
Heavy Liquid Metal Corrosion of Structural Materials in Advanced Nuclear Systems

Interest in advanced nuclear concepts using liquid metal coolant has increased in the past few years. Liquid metal coolants have been proposed for the next generation of small-sized nuclear reactors, which offer exceptional safety and reliability, sustainability, nonproliferation, and economic competitiveness. Heavy liquid metal coolants are investigated for advanced fast reactors that operate at high temperatures, reaching high efficiencies. Lead and lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolants are also proposed as coolants and targets of accelerator driven systems. High temperature, corrosive environment, high fast neutron flux, high fluence, and radiation damage, among other physical phenomena, challenge the integrity of materials in these advanced systems. Excellent compatibility with the liquid coolant is recognized as a key factor in the selection of structural materials for advanced concepts. In this article, we review materials requirements for heavy metal cooled systems with emphasis on lead and LBE materials corrosion properties. We describe experimental corrosion tests currently ongoing at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Development of Lead Alloy Technical Applications (DELTA) loop. DELTA is a facility designed to study the long-term corrosive effects of LBE on structural materials under relevant conditions of chemistry, flow, and temperature. The research studies will provide data of corrosion rates and corrosion mechanisms in selected steel exposed to high velocity (above 2 m/s) in flowing LBE at 500°C. Fundamental research studies will help support conceptual design efforts and further the development of heavy liquid metals technology.
A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS)

Objective: To perform construct validation of the population-based Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) using dietary data from two different dietary assessments and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as the construct validator. Design: Using data derived from (i) three 24h dietary recalls (24HR) at baseline and at the end of each subsequent quarter (i.e. up to fifteen over a year) and (ii) a 7 d dietary recall (7DDR) measured at baseline and then quarterly, regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of the DII score on serum hs-CRP as dichotomous (#3mg/l, .3mg/l), while controlling for important potential confounders. Setting: Existing data from the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS), a longitudinal observational study of healthy participants recruited in Worcester, MA, USA and participants were followed for 1 year. Subjects: Participants who had at least one hs-CRP measurement over her/his 1-year participation (n 495 for 24HR, n 559 for 7DDR). Results: Higher DII scores were associated with values of hs-CRP .3mg/l (OR 51?08; 95% CI 1?01, 1?16, P 50?035 for the 24HR; and OR 51?10; 95% CI 1?02, 1?19, P 50?015 for the 7DDR). Conclusions: The population-based DII was associated with interval changes in hs-CRP using both the 24HR and 7DDR. The success of this first-of-a-kind attempt at relating individuals’ intakes of inflammation-modulating foods using this refined DII, and the finding that there is virtually no drop-off in predictive capability using a structured questionnaire in comparison to the 24HR standard, sets the stage for use of the DII in a wide variety of other epidemiological and clinical studies.
HL-60 cells become resistant towards antitumor ether-linked phospholipids following differentiation into a granulocytic form

1-0-Alkyl-2-0-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylmethoxy-GPC) exerts a highly selective cytotoxic activity towards a variety of tumor cells that is not seen in normal cells. Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells are particularly sensitive to this cytotoxic action. In this report we show that when HL-60 cells are differentiated into a granulocytic form by dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO)they become resistant toward the cytotoxic effects of alkylmethoxy-GPC. Also, after short-term exposures of the HL-60 cells to alkylmethoxy-GPC, the uptake of [methyl-3H]choline is inhibited in the undifferentiated cells, but not in those differentiated with Me2SO. Thus, cellular choline uptake appears to be a useful index for assessing the susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic effects of antitumor phospholipids. [3H]Alkylmethoxy-GPC is poorly metabolized by both cell populations as is evident by the trace quantities of labeled metabolites formed; also, alkylmethoxyglycerols do not exert any cytotoxic activity toward undifferentiated cells. These results demonstrate that differences in the cytotoxic response of sensitive (undifferentiated) and resistant (differentiated) cells to alkylmethoxy-GPC are not due to differences in their ability to metabolize alkylmethoxy-GPC or to a phospholipase C-generated toxic metabolite. Instead the data support our earlier hypothesis that the antitumor action of alkylmethoxy-GPC is, at least in part, caused by an impaired transport of small molecules across the membrane of sensitive cells.
Distributed real-time control of a spatial robot juggler

The Yale spatial juggler and an emerging set of working principles for the design and implementation of embedded real-time distributed controllers are described. The robot uses a distributed network of transputers to process stereo camera data and control the torque of a three-degree-of-freedom arm to juggle a ball. The juggling algorithm is a direct extension of a novel class of nonlinear feedback controllers, called mirror laws. The algorithm takes the form of a mathematical expression that specifies robot position as a function of the ball's position and velocity. The programming approach, called geometric programming, substitutes event-driven dynamical processes and geometrical transformations for a more syntactically oriented if-then-else approach. >
Element yields in 252Cf spontaneous fission determined from measured X-ray multiplicities

Abstract The prompt element yields for 252Cf spontaneous fission were obtained from measurements of coincident multiple K X-rays. A model for X-ray emission was fitted to the rates at which various X-ray multiplicities were detected. An odd-even effect of (5 ± 4)% in the element yields was observed.
An improved algorithm for intraoperative registration of computed tomographic left atrial images

Aims Although anatomically accurate and highly detailed, preoperative computed tomographic (CT) images of the left atrium (LA) are of limited utility for guiding catheter navigation, in part because of changes in LA shape which occur between preoperative and intraoperative settings. Such changes may produce errors in spatial juxtaposition, or ‘registration', of the CT image to the intraoperative environment. The goal of this study was to assess a new algorithm for CT image registration. Methods and results In each of 10 patients, CT images were registered using LA endocardial points derived from intraoperative intracardiac echocardiography (CartoSound, Biosense). Two registration algorithms were compared: (i) CartoMerge (Biosense), a ‘rigid’ algorithm in which the CT image was not malleable; (ii) ImageMorph, a non-rigid algorithm in which CT image was malleable and was altered so as to more precisely fit the intraoperative point locations. There were no significant differences in LA volume or pulmonary vein antral dimensions on CT images after registration using CartoMerge vs. ImageMorph. Shape changes induced by ImageMorph were not concentrated in any one LA region. Registration quality was significantly better using ImageMorph, as was mock circumferential ablation accuracy. Conclusion The potential for improved CT image-guided ablation accuracy using ImageMorph calls for further study to discern whether this algorithm yields tangible procedural and clinical benefits relative to currently available algorithms.
A two‐valued logic or two‐valued balance resolution of the challenge of agreement and attraction effects in p‐o‐x triads, and a theoretical perspective on conformity and hedonism

Investigated the effect of three different variables on agreement effects in p-o-x triads. The subjects were 740 male and female undergraduates at the University of North Carolina. Experiment 1 found that assumed similarity modified the agreement effect—but only on cognitive rating scales (expectancy, consistency, stability). Experiment 2 found that assumed knowledgeability of o regarding × modified the agreement effect on both affective (pleasantness, harmony) and cognitive (expectancy, consistency, stability) scales. Experiment 3 found that a manipulation of o to p liking that was either consistent or inconsistent with p and o agreement modified the agreement effect primarily on the affective scales.
Spatio-temporal regulation and cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-3 implicate a role for laminin receptor in intestinal remodeling during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis.

The 37-kd laminin receptor precursor (LR) was first identified as a 67-kd protein that binds laminin with high affinity. We have recently isolated the Xenopus laevis LR as an in vitro substrate of matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-3 (ST3), which is highly upregulated during intestinal metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Here, we show that LR is expressed in the intestinal epithelium of premetamorphic tadpoles. During intestinal metamorphosis, LR is downregulated in the apoptotic epithelium and concurrently upregulated in the connective tissue but with little expression in the developing adult epithelium. Toward the end of metamorphosis, as adult epithelial cells differentiate, they begin to express LR. Furthermore, LR is cleaved during intestinal remodeling when ST3 is highly expressed or in premetamorphic intestine of transgenic tadpoles overexpressing ST3. These results suggest that LR plays a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis, in part through its cleavage by ST3. Interestingly, high levels of LR are known to be expressed in tumor cells, which are often surrounded by fibroblasts expressing ST3, suggesting that LR cleavage by ST3 plays a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Developmental Dynamics 234:190–200, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predicting Future Scientific Discoveries Based on a Networked Analysis of the Past Literature

We present KnIT, the Knowledge Integration Toolkit, a system for accelerating scientific discovery and predicting previously unknown protein-protein interactions. Such predictions enrich biological research and are pertinent to drug discovery and the understanding of disease. Unlike a prior study, KnIT is now fully automated and demonstrably scalable. It extracts information from the scientific literature, automatically identifying direct and indirect references to protein interactions, which is knowledge that can be represented in network form. It then reasons over this network with techniques such as matrix factorization and graph diffusion to predict new, previously unknown interactions. The accuracy and scope of KnIT's knowledge extractions are validated using comparisons to structured, manually curated data sources as well as by performing retrospective studies that predict subsequent literature discoveries using literature available prior to a given date. The KnIT methodology is a step towards automated hypothesis generation from text, with potential application to other scientific domains.
Determination of stimuli "neutral" with respect to generalization from horizontal-vertical stripes discrimination*

To determine stimuli with which there would be no differential generalization when used in transfer tests, 10 rats learned a successive vertical-horizontal stripe discrimination and were then tested for generaliztion with the following stimuli: 4-cell checkerboard, lattice, and eight sets of stripes ranging in slope from 10 deg to 80 deg. There was no differential generalization with the checkerboard, but there was generalization from horizontal stripes to the lattice. Interpolation from responses to stripes of 40-deg and 50-deg slopes indicated that with a slope of 42.9 deg there would be equal generalization from the horizontal and vertical standards.
A new brain area affected by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: A microdialysis–biotelemetry study

Abstract The widespread abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has intensified the need to learn more about this drug (e.g. its effects, its mechanism of action, brain areas affected). MDMA-induced hyperthermia is a severe physiological event not only because it can produce severe adverse consequences in human as well as experimental animals, but also because it plays a major role in determining the severity of the long-term MDMA-induced neurotoxicity that occurs. However, the effects of MDMA on the preoptic anterior hypothalamus, the main brain area responsible for control of body temperature, are still unknown. In vivo microdialysis–biotelemetry and pharmacological testing were used to determine whether the preoptic anterior hypothalamus is among the brain areas affected by MDMA by investigating the role of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. We examined the effect of a hyperthermic dose of MDMA on the extracellular level of dopamine in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus, and whether this effect is related to the acute hyperthermic response. The administration of a hyperthermic dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) is accompanied by an increase in the extracellular level of dopamine in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus. Both the hyperthermia and augmented level of dopamine in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus after intraperitoneal injection of MDMA were significantly reduced by the pretreatment with D 1 -selective dopamine receptor antagonist, R -(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -3-benzapine (SCH 23390). These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the effects of MDMA extend to preoptic anterior hypothalamus.