cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The liver-spleen scan in systemic amyloidosis: A clue to the diagnosis

The clinical findings in cirrhosis and systemic amyloidosis may be similar, leading to difficulties in diagnosis. We studied three patients with systemic amyloidosis with a 99mTc sulfur colloid liver-spleen scan. In all three patients, uptake by the spleen was less than the liver, in contrast with the increased splenic uptake seen in patients with cirrhosis. The liver-spleen scan may be a useful tool in differentiating patients with cirrhosis from those with systemic amyloidosis when clinical findings fail to give the proper diagnosis.
Crafting Designs: An Archaeology of “Craft” as God Term

Abstract Small-batch, artisan-made, handmade, bespoke—this article examines the use of “craft” as a stabilizing design god term during periods of technological flux. Using Foucauldian archaeology, I survey three common synecdoches of craft: craft as crafting, craft as product, and craft as set of rights. In doing so, I reveal a system of contradictions, determinisms, and romanticisms circulating around the logic of craft as technological good . But I also suggest that by reviewing a community's uniquely nostalgic definitions of craft, designers might uncover which technological traditions, values, and goals users desire to take from past designs into the future. By understanding craft as a local process, a cross-culturally variable logic, and a product that hails active consumers, this essay ultimately argues that designers and writers alike might come to create more user-centered and emancipatory compositions.
Corvids in Combat: With a Weapon?

Abstract I report on an incident involving a Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) and an American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) at a feeding platform. After repeated failures to drive the crow from the platform by scolding, approaching and diving at it, the jay flew into a bush where it worked vigorously to break off a stick. Having broken off the twig, the jay, with stick in bill, approached the crow and thrust the pointed stick at it. The crow lunged at the jay which then dropped the stick. The crow picked up the stick and flew after the jay. This appears to be the first case of a bird holding an object and using it in a weapon-like way during an aggressive action against another bird.
Bacterial Content and Keeping Quality of Butter after Removal from Storage

Summay Holding at −25° C. effected marked decreases in the total numbers of bacteria present in both salted and unsalted butter but the decreases were much less pronounced in the salted butter than in the corresponding unsalted butter. The destructive action of salt was apparently of greater importance than freezing in reducing the numbers of bacteria in salted butter. No change in flavor was detected in the butter which had been frozen for 90 days. The bacterial counts increased more rapidly and flavor deterioration was more rapid in the unsalted butter held at room temperature (21° C.) after storage at −25° C. than in the fresh butter held 7 days at room temperature. Large numbers of lipolytic and proteolytic bacteria were found in certain lots of unsalted butter after holding at room temperature but no definite correlation could be noted between the growth of these types of bacteria and the development of flavor defects. The bacterial counts did not change significantly in salted butter held 7 days at room temperature subsequent to storage at−25° C. Neither lipolytic nor proteolytie bacteria were detected in the salted butter which had been held 7 days at room temperature subsequent to storage at −25° C. Flavor defects other than tallowiness were not detected in the salted butter when it was held 7 days at room temperature subsequent to storage at−25° C.
Contemporary Criticisms of Christian Language

HE question of language is a primary issue for theology today. Indeed, in the broad sense that theology is neither more nor less than the continuing criticism and reassessment of the language of the church, the question of language is always the question. Today, however, the question is being raised in a special way; there is a distinctive character to the challenge. Even though theology is always given to an examination of certain key words within the language of faith-such words as Atonement and Holy Spirit-it is not often that the language itself has been questioned. But this is precisely the case at the present time. Hence, the current question is not, "What does the word 'Atonement' mean?" but instead, "Is 'Atonement' a legitimate word ?" The purpose of this article is to assay a large portion of the frontier where such questions are being raised. This entails, of course, the risk of oversimplification. In identifying certain of the more formidable critics within and without the Christian
Electrostatics of ligand binding: parametrization of the generalized Born model and comparison with the Poisson-Boltzmann approach.

An accurate and fast evaluation of the electrostatics in ligand-protein interactions is crucial for computer-aided drug design. The pairwise generalized Born (GB) model, a fast analytical method originally developed for studying the solvation of organic molecules, has been widely applied to macromolecular systems, including ligand-protein complexes. However, this model involves several empirical scaling parameters, which have been optimized for the solvation of organic molecules, peptides, and nucleic acids but not for energetics of ligand binding. Studies have shown that a good solvation energy does not guarantee a correct model of solvent-mediated interactions. Thus, in this study, we have used the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) approach as a reference to optimize the GB model for studies of ligand-protein interactions. Specifically, we have employed the pairwise descreening approximation proposed by Hawkins et al. 1 for GB calculations and DelPhi for PB calculations. The AMBER all-atom force field parameters have been used in this work. Seventeen protein-ligand complexes have been used as a training database, and a set of atomic descreening parameters has been selected with which the pairwise GB model and the PB model yield comparable results on atomic Born radii, the electrostatic component of free energies of ligand binding, and desolvation energies of the ligands and proteins. The energetics of the 15 test complexes calculated with the GB model using this set of parameters also agrees well with the energetics calculated with the PB method. This is the first time that the GB model has been parametrized and thoroughly compared with the PB model for the electrostatics of ligand binding.
Time weighted storage capacity for geological sequestration

Several investigations have tabulated the storage capacity for CO2 in the regions around the world, and it is widely accepted that sufficient pore volume exists in deep subsurface formations to permit large-scale sequestration of anthropogenic CO2. Almost all of these investigations correct the bulk pore volume available for storage efficiencies, which are approximations of volumetric sweep efficiency (areal, vertical and gravity override efficiencies) and displacement sweep efficiency. Meaningful mitigation of emissions will require annual storage rates of the order of Gt CO2 within a few decades. Storage capacity estimates should therefore also incorporate the time required to place CO2 into the volume. We present an approach for weighting capacities in this fashion. We apply it to compute “time weighted storage capacity” using tabulated properties of 1200 North American oil reservoirs. The distribution of properties is presumed representative of brine-saturated structures that would be used for CO2 storage. Formation injectivity is non-uniformly distributed with formation pore volume: the set of reservoirs with above average injectivity comprises only 10% of the total pore volume. This non-uniformity is a primary reason that time weighted storage capacity for a large set of structures is significantly less than ultimate volumetric capacity. Moreover we find that the resource requirement (number of structures required to achieve a target storage rate) varies non-linearly with storage rate. Hence timeweighted capacities should be used to establish feasibility of large-scale sequestration and to optimize deployment of sequestration projects.
Progress toward low carbon cities: approaches for transboundary GHG emissions’ footprinting

Cities are home to a large proportion of the world’s population and as a result, are being recognized as major contributors to global GHG emissions. There is a need to establish baseline GHG emission accounting protocols that provide consistent, reproducible, comparable and holistic GHG accounts that incorporate in-boundary and transboundary GHG impacts of urban activities and support policy intervention. This article provides a synthesis of previously published GHG accounts for cities by organizing them according to their in-boundary and transboundary considerations, and reviewing three broad approaches that are emerging for city-scale GHG emissions accounting: geographic accounting, transboundary infrastructure supply chain (TBIS) footprinting, and consumption-based footprinting. The TBIS and consumption-based footprints are two different approaches that result in different estimates of a community’s GHG emissions, and inform policies differently, as illustrated with a case study of Denver, CO, USA. The...
Is the loss of thalamostriatal neurons protective in parkinsonism

Neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) is more widespread than originally thought. Among the extrastriatal sites in which significant loss of neurons has been reported is the centremedian-parafascicular (CM-PF) complex of the thalamus, which provides one of the three major afferent sources to the striatum. The functional significance of CM-PF loss in PD is unclear. Interestingly, several recent small trials have suggested that deep brain stimulation of the CM-PF improves motor function in PD. We discuss the possible transsynaptic determination of CM-PF loss secondary to nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration, and suggest that expression of the glycoprotein cerebellin1 (Cbln1) in CM-PF neurons may play an important role in striatal synaptic remodeling in parkinsonism.
N-Ethylmaleimide inhibition of the catalytic activities of the Dunaliella salina coupling factor 1 (CF1) and the restoration of the inhibition of the CF1 ATPase activity by N-ethylmaleimide.

Abstract The sensitivity of the catalytic activities of the D. salina chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF 1 ) to chemical modification by N -ethylmaleimide has been investigated. (i) When D. salina thylakoid membranes are treated with N -ethylmaleimide, both photophosphorylation and the inducible CF 1 ATPase activity are partially (approx. 60%) inhibited. The inhibition of both activities does not require the presence of a proton-motive force, and the inhibition of photophosphorylation is directly related to the N -ethylmaleimide-covalent modification of CF 1 as shown by (a) the time-course for the inhibition and (b) the maximal extent of inhibition. (ii) Treatment of the purified, latent, D. salina CF 1 with low concentrations of N -ethylmaleimide also results in the partial (approx. 60%) inhibition of the inducible ATPase activity ( I 50 ≈ 50 μ M). The inhibition does not require the presence of the chemical modifier during the activation of the enzyme. (iii) N -ethylmaleimide-induced inhibition of the ATPase activity of either membrane-bound or solubilized CF 1 is partially reversed by either (a) prolonged incubation at low concentrations of N -ethylmaleimide or (b) short incubation times at high concentrations of N -ethylmaleimide. The results are interpreted as indicating multiple binding sites on the D. salina CF 1 that have different rates of reactivity with N -ethylmaleimide. Those sites (or site) that react rapidly with N -ethylmaleimide cause(s) an inhibition of both ATP synthase and ATPase activities, whereas those sites (or site) that react more slowly partially restore(s) the original-ATPase activity. The effects of N -ethylmaleimide on the catalytic activity of D. salina CF 1 are probably mediated by N -ethylmaleimide-induced conformational changes of the enzyme.
Smart radio: spectrum access for first responders

This paper details the Wireless at Virginia Tech Center for Wireless Telecommunications' (CWT) design and implementation of its Smart Radio (SR) communication platform. The CWT SR can identify available spectrum within a pre-defined band, rendezvous with an intended receiver, and transmit voice and data using a selected quality of service (QoS). This system builds upon previous cognitive technologies developed by CWT for the public safety community, with the goal of providing a prototype mobile communications package for military and public safety First Responders. A master control (MC) enables spectrum awareness by characterizing the radio environment with a power spectrum sensor and an innovative signal detection and classification module. The MC also enables spectrum and signal memory by storing sensor results in a knowledge database. By utilizing a family radio service (FRS) waveform database, the CWT SR can create a new communication link on any designated FRS channel frequency using FM, BPSK, QPSK, or 8PSK modulations. With FM, it supports analog voice communications with legacy hand-held FRS radios. With digital modulations, it supports IP data services, including a CWT developed CVSD-based VoIP protocol. The CWT SR coordinates spectrum sharing between analog primary users and digital secondary users by applying a simple but effective channel-change protocol. It also demonstrates a novel rendezvous protocol to facilitate the detection and initialization of communications links with neighboring SR nodes through the transmission of frequency-hopped rendezvous beacons. By leveraging the GNU Radio toolkit, writing key modules entirely in Python, and utilizing the USRP hardware front-end, the CWT SR provides a dynamic spectrum test bed for future smart and cognitive radio research.
Liquid-like movements in crystalline insulin

Diffuse X-ray scattering from protein crystals provides information about molecular flexibility and packing irregularities1–4. Here we analyse diffraction patterns from insulin crystals that show two types of scattering related to disorder: very diffuse, liquid-like diffraction, and haloes around the Bragg reflections. The haloes are due to coupled displacements of neighbouring molecules in the lattice, and the very diffuse scattering results from variations in atomic positions that are only locally correlated within each molecule. The measured intensity was digitally separated into three components: the Bragg reflections and associated haloes; the water and Compton scattering; and the scattering attributed to internal protein movements. We extend methods used to analyse disorder in membrane structures5–7 to simulate the diffuse scattering from crystalline insulin in terms of (1) the Patterson (autocorrelation) function of the ideal, ordered crystal structure, (2) the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) amplitude of the atomic movements, and (3) the mean distance over which these displacements are coupled. Move-ments of the atoms within the molecules, with r.m.s. amplitudes of 0.4–0.45 A, appear to be coupled over a range of ~6 A, as in a liquid. These locally coupled movements account for most of the disorder in the crystal. Also, the protein molecules, as a whole, jiggle in the lattice with r.m.s. amplitudes of ~0.25 A that appear to be significantly correlated only between nearest neighbours.
To screen or not to screen older women for breast cancer: a conundrum

More than 50% of new invasive breast cancer cases diagnosed each year in the USA occur among women aged 65 years and older (hereafter referred to as ‘older’ women), and rates rise dramatically with advancing age [101]. With the increasing life expectancy and aging of women in the USA and worldwide, the absolute number of breast cancer cases among older women is expected to increase substantially over the coming decades. These dual demographic and epidemiologic forces, coupled with heterogeneity in health and the lack of direct evidence for screening effectiveness among older women, create a clinical and policy conundrum: what is the optimal upper age limit and screening frequency for which the balance of benefits and harms continues to favor ongoing screening? [1,2]. Apparent age-related differences in tumor biology, variations in women’s preferences for health outcomes associated with breast cancer screening, and increasing healthcare costs add to the challenge in answering this question [2,3].
Fuzzy controller for robot arm trajectory

Abstract Reports on successful applications of fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are no longer rare. Regardless of the application domain, the main idea is to convert a linguistic control scenario into an automatic control strategy. The expert's knowledge is the backbone of this linguistic control strategy. FLCs have their most successful implementations where the process under control is too complex for analysis by conventional quantitative methods and, therefore, conventional controllers face serious shortcomings. This paper proposes a “hybrid” implementation of FLCs and conventional PID controllers that can be helpful in some applications. The proposed method is applied to a 2 degree of freedom robot arm with promising results.
A non-linear model for internal stress superplasticity

Abstract Most models of internal stress superplasticity predict a linear relationship between the applied stress and the plastic strain per cycle, and are only valid at low applied stresses. In the present paper, we extend the original linear theory of phase transformation superplasticity by Greenwood and Johnson [1] and derive a non-linear closed-form solution valid over the whole range of stresses, from the low-stress regime (where a linear relationship between strain and stress is predicted in agreement with the model by Greenwood and Johnson ( Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , 1965, 283 , 403), to the high-stress regime (where the strain increases non-linearly as the applied stress approaches the yield stress of the weaker phase). The model is found to be in agreement with literature data on transformation superplasticity of iron spanning both stress regimes. Furthermore, the model is adapted to the case where internal stresses are produced by thermal expansion mismatch: it is compared to experimental literature data for metals with anisotropic thermal expansion (Zn and U) and for metal matrix composites with inhomogeneous thermal expansion (Al SiC).
“LEARNING TO LEARN“ AND THE FAMILY SYSTEM: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON UNDERACHIEVEMENT AND LEARNING DISORDERS

A new frontier for family therapy is emerging from recent studies of underachievement in school, learning disabilities andparentul communication. Although poor school performance is frequently the presenting problem (or an associated symptom) in family therapy, this topic still lacks a coherent conceptual framework, An ecological model is proposed for understanding child and adolescent achievement problems. Four dimensions of a family’s learning environment are suggested as foci: (a) family communication deviances; (b) family structure; (c) family attributions; and (d) family achievement values. The metaphor of the family as “primary classroom” is offered as a way to think about learning styles across home and school contexts, and some treatment guidelines are suggested. Failure and underachievement in school are relatively unexplored territories in the family systems literature. We seem to have delegated the task of formulating theory about school problems to the disciplines of educational psychology, school psychology and special education-fields with a mainly individual orientation. However, most family therapists regularly treat cases in which tutoring, special class placement, or struggles over homework and grades are an ever-present fixture of the work. School failure and learning problems in childhood often have dire consequences reaching far into adulthood. Poorly educated members of our society (e.g., school dropouts and functionally illiterate adults) are more likely to suffer severe economic disadvantages and persistent experiences of inferiority, shame, rejection and failure in the job market. As a consequence, they are more at risk for the entire panorama of biopsychosocial dysfunctions associated with lower socioeconomic status. I am grateful to the California School of Professional Psychology-Berkeley for providing me with a research development grant to undertake this review; to J. M. Xena Brenna for her outstanding assistance in searching the literature; to Patricia Ditton, Margaret T. Singer and Lyman C. Wynne for discussions that contributed to this framework; and to Mary Herget and Donna DeMuth for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. RobertJay Green, PhD, is Associate Professor, California School of Professional PsychologyBerkeley, and Co-Director, Redwood Center Psychology Associates. Reprint requests should be addressed to the author at The Redwood Center, 2428 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94704.
Tensor Factorizations of Group Algebras and Modules

Abstract Here a group algebra is always the group algebra of a finite group over a commutative field. We consider connections between three kinds of factorizations: writing the group as a direct product of subgroups; writing the group algebra as a tenser product of subalgebras; and writing the regular module (the group algebra viewed as a module over itself) as a tenser product of modules. In the principal result the field has prime characteristic, the group order is a power of this prime, and the group is abelian. If in these circumstances the regular module is isomorphic to a tenser product of two modules, then the group has a direct decomposition with one (direct factor) subgroup acting regularly on one of the (tenser factor) modules and the other subgroup acting regularly on the other module. Moreover, the module varieties of the tenser factors must be linear subspaces of the vector space which is the variety of the trivial module, and the two subspaces must form a direct decomposition of that space.
Comprehensive validation of a real-time quantitative bcr-abl assay for clinical laboratory use.

We developed and extensively validated a real-time PCR assay for the quantitation of bcr-abl to determine residual disease in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. This method quantitates the p210 and the p190 bcr-abl RNA fusion transcripts with results normalized to a housekeeping gene, using the 5'exonuclease technique and the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). We parallel tested 372 clinical specimens and 50 peripheral blood samples from patients not known to have any myeloproliferative disorders. The results were 100% specific. Sensitivity studies showed that this method can detect bcr-abl in cell lines diluted to 0.0001% and can detect a single bcr-abl plasmid spiked into negative RNA. The between-run reproducibility showed a coefficient of variance (CV) of 12.3%, and within-run reproducibility showed a CV of 13.8%. This method can be used to reliably monitor the disease load in patients with bcr-abl–positive diseases.
Therapeutic Response to Patients and Families Experiencing Chronic Medical Conditions

Experienced counselors working with individuals, couples, and families with psychological conditions are able to adapt and tailor their therapeutic response to client need and phase of treatment. To the extent to which the therapeutic landscape of psychological conditions is familiar to them, counselors can confidently and effectively respond therapeutically. However, working effectively with patients and families experiencing chronic medical conditions can be a challenge for many counselors because the therapeutic landscapes of chronic medical conditions and psychological conditions differ. This article sketches the phases of chronic medical illness and provides a framework for tailoring therapeutic responses to patients and their families.
Socioeconomic status and subclinical atherosclerosis in older adults.

Abstract Objective This study investigated the long-term effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on atherosclerosis. Methods Data from the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study and the Beaver Dam Eye Study (Beaver Dam, WI, 1998–2000), were used to examine adult SES (education, household income, and longest-held job) and childhood SES (household density and parental home ownership at age 13) associations with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaque in a cohort of 2042 men and women aged 53 to 94 years. Results For education, income, and occupation (women), those in the lowest SES group had statistically larger age-sex-adjusted IMT than those in the highest SES group ( 12 years education: 0.92 vs. 0.86 mm respectively, P $45,000: 0.97 vs. 0.87 mm, P P P Conclusions Measures of SES at two points in the life-span were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.
Tweeting an Ethos: Emergency Messaging, Social Media, and Teaching Technical Communication

The expanding use of social media such as Twitter has raised the stakes for teaching our students about individual and organizational ethoi. This article considers the role of organizations' Twitter feeds during emergency situations, particularly Hurricane Irene in 2011, to argue for a pedagogical model for helping students collaboratively code tweets to assess their rhetorical effects and to improve their own awareness and use of microblogging as a communication tool.
Alkylphosphonic acid distribution in the planorbid snail Helisoma sp.

1. 1. In the adult pulmonate snail Helisoma sp., ca 29% of the total phosphorus is present as alkylphosphonate, principally 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP), while in freshly-laid eggs, 98% is present as alkylphosphonate. 2. 2. 31P NMR analysis showed major differences in the phosphonate region of the spectrum of hot water extracts from eggs, compared to snails. 3. 3.Hot water extractable material from eggs had a mol. wt of greater than 1.5 × 106 by gel filtration and contained 2.5% AEP, 48% hexose and less than 1% amino acids. 4. 4.|AEP appears to be attached to the high mol. wt material by a phosphonomonoester bond.
Female Responses To Provocation After Exposure To Aggressive and Erotic Films

Female college students were exposed to a neutral, aggressive, or erotic film. They then were either provoked or not provoked in a game situation which provided an immediate opportunity for retaliation. Both instigation and retaliation were operationalized in the delivery of noxious noise to the opponent. Benevolent behavior, operationalized in the delivery of pleasant sounds, was a response alternative to noxious noise. Physiological reactions to the films weremeasured These measures revealed that the erotic film was significantly more arousing than the aggressive film. The neutral film held an intermediate position and did not differ significantly from the other two. For subjects who were not provoked, the prior viewing of films did not differentially affect the delivery of noxious stimulation. For provoked subjects, however, those who had seen the erotic film delivered noxious noise significantly more often than those who had seen the aggressive film or the neutral film. The findings are best accounted...
A simulation and emulation study of SDN-based multipath routing for fat-tree data center networks

The fat tree topology with multipath capability has been used in many recent data center networks (DCNs) for increased bandwidth and fault tolerance. Traditional routing protocols have only limited support for multipath routing, and cannot fully utilize the available bandwidth in such networks. In this paper, we study multipath routing for fat tree networks. We formulate the problem as a linear program and prove its NP-completeness. We propose a practical solution, which takes advantage of the emerging software-defined networking paradigm. Our algorithm relies on a central controller to collect necessary network state information in order to make optimized routing decisions. We implemented the algorithm as an OpenFlow controller module and validated it with Mininet emulation. We also developed a fluid-based DCN simulator and conducted experiments, which show that our algorithm outperforms the traditional multipath algorithm based on random assignments, both in terms of increased throughput and in reduced end-to-end delay.
Effects of ground cover management on certain abiotic and biotic interactions in peach orchard ecosystems

Abstract Large peach orchard blocks with three different ground cover strategies were established in North Carolina to measure the effects of abiotic and biotic variables on tree growth and peach production. Bare ground plots generally had higher soil temperature and soil moisture than the strip sod or solid sod plots. Soil nutrients, soil physical factors, and foliar nutrients were generally not different among the treatment plots. Tree growth (terminal shoot growth, trunk circumference) and fruit yield were usually higher in the bare ground plots, while the weedy plots had higher percentages of fruit injury due to feeding by hemipteran insects (catfacing). Ring nematode results were variable and no conclusions could be made with reference to treatment effects on nematode populations.
ACTION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-LIKE SUBSTANCE OF URINE ON THE METABOLISM OF DOGS*

Although preparations of the anterior pituitary-like substance of urine act chiefly upon the genital tract, there is evidence that other activities characteristic of anterior pituitary extracts are present. Loeb (1) found that the substance from pregnancy urine did not produce thyroid hypertrophy in guinea pigs. Similarly Schockaert (2) found the urine substance to be without effect on the histology or composition of the thyroid gland in ducks. Collip, Selye, Thomson, and Williamson (3) surmised that the contradictory results with respect to the action of the substance from pregnancy urine on the anterior lobe of the pituitary might be due to initial stimulation and subsequent regression analogous to the effect observed on the ovaries. They, therefore, examined treated rats at the time of the maximum effect on the ovary and found great enlargement of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, together with marked enlargement and hyperplasia of the thyroid. These effects on the pituitary and the thyroid were, how...
Resistance to Mediation: Understanding and Handling It

One of the major challenges confronting mediators is the resistance to their intervention efforts by disputants. This article examines some of the explanations for resistance to the mediation process as well as suggested ways of coping with resistant disuptants. As mediation grows in acceptance, popularity, and diversity, a variety of new challenges are confronting mediators. An increasingly important area of concern for mediators is resistance to their intervention efforts by disputants. And, the fact that mediation is now being used as a compulsory court intervention process (as a result of legislation, policies or regulations) makes understanding of resistance for mediators even more critical, (e.g., Freedman 1984). Practitioners involved in a wide range of problem-solving and intervention processes, particularly those in mental health work, have long been aware of the phenomenon of resistance by patients or clients, (e.g., Anderson and Stewart 1983; Strean 1985). In fact, understanding the causes * Printed with permission of Plenum Publishing Company. This article originally appeared in Negotiation Journal, 3(1987), 297-305.
EVALUATION OF TRITICALE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF NOODLES

According to the literature the protein nutritive value of triticale is higher than that of wheat. For this reason, and others, the possibility of using triticale in noodles was investigated. Regular noodles and egg noodles were prepared from all-purpose flour, durum flour, trititale flour, as well as from semolina and were evaluated by panels for flavor and firmness after cooking times of 10, 15, 25 and 30 min. Regular noodles made from triticale flour had the shortest cooking time and the best cooking tolerance. There were no statistically significant differences in the flavor of the noodles among the flours used. The regular triticale noodles had a higher cooking loss compared to the other noodle samples. However, the addition of eggs to the noodle recipe eliminated any statistically significant differences in cooking loss between noodles made from the different flours. It was concluded that triticale, which at present is used in animal feeds, can be used for the manufacture of noodles.
An Integrated Framework for Implementing Quality of Network Concepts

This paper presents an integrated framework for describing and implementing quality of network lQoNr concepts. It focuses on identifying a systems engineering framework for better understanding how to specify and implement QoN concepts. We demonstrate, by means of several examples, that the quality of service interfaces between the end user and the underlying network are very important. Finally, we provide insights as to future development efforts needed to realize the goal of high quality networks.
Is obesity caused by an adenovirus

Is obesity, a condition traditionally linked with nutrition and physical activity, a relevant or important topic for an infectious diseases journal? A few decades ago, infection was not considered ...
Self-Avoiding Chiral Walks

We describe a simple, discrete model of deterministic chiral motion on a square lattice. The model is based on rotating walkers with trailing tails spanning L lattice bonds. These tail segments cannot overlap and their leading A segments cannot be crossed. As prescribed by their chirality, walkers must turn if possible, or go straight, or else correct earlier steps recursively. The resulting motion traces unbound trajectories and complex periodic orbits with various symmetries. Periods tend to decrease with increasing L and vary between L and L2. Interacting walkers can form intricate pair states. Some orbits match pinned spiral tip trajectories observed experimentally in excitable systems.
Effects of Basic Nuclear Proteins on Cardiac Muscle Function

A method for the preparation of semipurified basic proteins from cardiac muscle was presented. At low ionic strengths (below 0.05) and in the presence of Mg++, these compounds, as well as purified histones from a variety of tissues, inhibited the Mg++-ATPase activity of cardiac and skeletal muscle actomyosin or myofibrillar suspensions. Under similar conditions, a retardation of superprecipitation occurred. At high ionic strengths (above 0.06) the histones stimulated the Mg++-ATPase. In the presence of Ca++, and at all ionic strengths studied, the histones elicited a marked stimulation of actomyosin ATPase. Administration of histones to anesthetized, open-chest guinea pigs, caused a significant depression of the force of contraction of the hearts. These data suggest a possible involvement of basic nuclear proteins in cardiac activity.
Hurricane Paine (1986) Grazes the High Terrain of the Baja California Peninsula

Abstract On 1 October 1986, two NOAA WP-3D aircraft were flown in Hurricane Paine as it passed just south of the Baja California Peninsula, providing an opportunity to observe how the category-1 hurricane responded to the presence of a 1200-m-high ridge. Ten fixes of the circulation center and 25 passes through the eyewall show no apparent impact by the peninsula on the track and intensity of Paine. Reflectivity fields reveal a subtle response with a distortion of the eyewall shape and the development of a weak reflectivity zone downwind of the ridge. The minimal response of the hurricane is hypothesized to be due to the large-scale trough in which the hurricane is embedded. Southwest winds inhibit the development of downslope flow from the Baja ridge and the subsequent introduction of this drier air into Paine's inner core.
Automatic Detection of Prominence Eruption Using Consecutive Solar Images

Prominences are clouds of relatively cool and dense gas in the solar atmosphere. In this paper, we present a new method to detect and characterize the prominence eruptions. The input is a sequence of consecutive Halpha solar images, and the output is a list of prominence eruption events detected. We extract the limb events and measure their associated properties by applying image processing techniques. First, we perform image normalization and noise removal. Then, we isolate the limb objects and identify the prominence features. Finally, we apply pattern recognition techniques to classify the eruptive prominences. The characteristics of prominence eruptions, such as brightness, angular width, radial height and velocity are measured. The method presented can lead to automatic monitoring and characterization of solar events
The use of stab incisions for instrument access in laparoscopic operations

Abstract Background/Purpose: Traditional laparoscopic approaches require cannulas for instrument access to the abdominal cavity. This study reports the authors' experience using minimal access (MA) stab incisions, rather than cannulas, for insertion of laparoscopic instruments into the peritoneal cavity. Methods: All patients undergoing MA procedures by the authors from November 1999 through March 2003 were included. Procedures included foregut, biliary, adrenal, splenic, colonic, and genitourinary operations. A single cannula was used for insertion of the telescope. In select cases, a second cannula was needed for unique instruments (staplers/ultrasonic shears). Abdominal wall stab incisions (SI) were used for introduction of the remaining instruments. Results: A total of 511 MA procedures were performed during the study period. Pneumoperitoneum was maintained in all cases. There were no complications associated with creation of the SI. A single-Step reposable (partially reusable, partially disposable) cannula and expandable sheath were used in 308 cases, whereas a second-Step reposable cannula and sheath were needed in 203 children. In total, 1,337 cannulas were saved using this MA technique. The cost to the patient was $140/Step cannula and sheath; overall cost savings were $187,180. Conclusions: MA procedures can be performed safely and effectively with a single or, occasionally, 2 cannulas. The cosmetic result is superior, and there are significant cost savings related to the elimination of accessory cannulas. The authors believe this technique of SI for instrument access is superior to the traditional cannula approach and can be utilized in most laparoscopic operations.
High-Level Production of Plasmid DNA by Escherichia coli DH5α ΩsacB by Introducing inc Mutations

For small-copy-number pUC-type plasmids, the inc1 and inc2 mutations, which deregulate replication, were previously found to increase the plasmid copy number 6- to 7-fold. Because plasmids can exert a growth burden, it was not clear if further amplification of copy number would occur due to inc mutations when the starting point for plasmid copy number was orders of magnitude higher. To investigate further the effects of the inc mutations and the possible limits of plasmid synthesis, the parent plasmid pNTC8485 was used as a starting point. It lacks an antibiotic resistance gene and has a copy number of ~1,200 per chromosome. During early stationary-phase growth in LB broth at 37°C, inc2 mutants of pNTC8485 exhibited a copy number of ~7,000 per chromosome. In minimal medium at late log growth, the copy number was found to be significantly increased, to approximately 15,000. In an attempt to further increase the plasmid titer (plasmid mass/culture volume), enzymatic hydrolysis of the selection agent, sucrose, at late log growth extended growth and tripled the total plasmid amount such that an approximately 80-fold gain in total plasmid was obtained compared to the value for typical pUC-type vectors. Finally, when grown in minimal medium, no detectable impact on the exponential growth rate or the fidelity of genomic or plasmid DNA replication was found in cells with deregulated plasmid replication. The use of inc mutations and the sucrose degradation method presents a simplified way for attaining high titers of plasmid DNA for various applications.
Exploring avian deep-brain photoreceptors and their role in activating the neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal development

In the eyes of mammals, specialized photoreceptors called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) have been identified that sense photoperiodic or daylight exposure, providing them over time with seasonal information. Detectors of photoperiods are critical in vertebrates, particularly for timing the onset of reproduction each year. In birds, the eyes do not appear to monitor photoperiodic information; rather, neurons within at least 4 different brain structures have been proposed to function in this capacity. Specialized neurons, called deep brain photoreceptors (DBP), have been found in the septum and 3 hypothalamic areas. Within each of the 4 brain loci, one or more of 3 unique photopigments, including melanopsin, neuropsin, and vertebrate ancient opsin, have been identified. An experiment was designed to characterize electrophysiological responses of neurons proposed to be avian DBP following light stimulation. A second study used immature chicks raised under short-day photoperiods and transferred to long day lengths. Gene expression of photopigments was then determined in 3 septal-hypothalamic regions. Preliminary electrophysiological data obtained from patch-clamping neurons in brain slices have shown that bipolar neurons in the lateral septal organ responded to photostimulation comparable with mammalian ipRGC, particularly by showing depolarization and a delayed, slow response to directed light stimulation. Utilizing real-time reverse-transcription PCR, it was found that all 3 photopigments showed significantly increased gene expression in the septal-hypothalamic regions in chicks on the third day after being transferred to long-day photoperiods. Each dissected region contained structures previously proposed to have DBP. The highly significant increased gene expression for all 3 photopigments on the third, long-day photoperiod in brain regions proposed to contain 4 structures with DBP suggests that all 3 types of DBP (melanopsin, neuropsin, and vertebrate ancient opsin) in more than one neural site in the septal-hypothalamic area are involved in reproductive function. The neural response to light of at least 2 of the proposed DBP in the septal/hypothalamic region resembles the primitive, functional, sensory ipRGC well characterized in mammals.
Phylogenetic and Coalescent Strategies of Species Delimitation in Snubnose Darters (Percidae: Etheostoma)

The rapid accumulation of multilocus data sets has led to dramatic advances in methodologies for estimating evolutionary relationships among closely related species, but relatively less advancement has been made in methods for discriminating between competing species delimitation hypotheses. Multilocus data sets provide an advantage in testing species delimitation scenarios because they offer a direct test of species monophyly and aid in the biological interpretation of such phenomena as allele-sharing and deep coalescent events. Most species tree estimation methods that are designed to analyze multilocus data sets require the a priori assignment of individuals to species categories and therefore do not provide a strategy to directly test competing species delimitation scenarios. An approach was recently proposed that utilizes a coalescent-based species tree estimation method to inform species delimitation decisions by comparing likelihood scores that measure the fit of gene trees within a given species tree. We use a multilocus nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data set to both reexamine a recently proposed species delimitation scenario in the Etheostoma simoterum species complex and test the utility of species tree estimation methods in testing species delimitation hypotheses. Descriptions of species in the E. simoterum species complex of snubnose darters, a group of six teleost freshwater fish species, are based largely on male nuptial coloration. Most of the putative species are nonmonophyletic at every examined locus. Using a novel combination of Bayesian-estimated gene tree topologies, Bayesian phylogenetic species tree inferences, coalescent simulations, and examination of phenotypic variation, we assess the occurrence of shared alleles among species, and we propose that results from our analyses support a three-species rather than a six-species delimitation scenario in the E. simoterum complex. We found that comparing likelihood scores from the species tree estimation approach used across many potential delimitation scenarios resulted in a systematic bias toward over-splitting in the E. simoterum complex and failed to support a species delimitation scenario that was consistent with geography, phenotype, or any previous species delimitation hypothesis. Despite common expectations, we demonstrate that application of molecular approaches to species delimitation can result in the recognition of fewer, instead of a larger number of species. In addition, our analyses highlight the importance of phenotypic character information in providing an independent assessment of alternative species delimitation hypotheses in the E. simoterum species complex.
Quantitative data for design models

New product development has the objective of meeting customer requirements and being producible. In order to have a design meet these objectives, the concurrent engineering team must use metrics to manage the design process from concept to production. In some cases the chosen metrics use concepts that are not always intuitive for the engineers on the team. Also they are not sure where to get the data that is necessary to make a good estimate of the metric. In many cases they have been trained in the arithmetic for computing the mean, standard deviation, and variance, but when it comes to making predictions of these, there is sometimes confusion. This paper will discuss a design process that focuses on critical product requirements, for which statistical values are assigned to each parameter in order to be aware of the target and the variation to be expected. Sources of data will be discussed that can make this design modeling exercise meaningful. The purpose of this work was to better identify the methods to be used in the design concept stage for evaluating the capability of a product to meet its quantitative performance and producibility requirements. >
Micromechanics model for the detachment of residually compressed brittle films and coatings

Abstract The durability of residually compressed coatings, particularly thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), is governed by events occurring at the interface with the substrate. In general, failure involves the sequential nucleation growth and coalescence of separations in the presence of imperfections and defects. The growth and coalescence phases are analyzed. Remnant ligaments are expected from the mechanics. These allow the coating to remain attached to the substrate, even when interface separation is profuse. Detachment happens when transverse loads develop. Critical values of these loads are calculated and their implications discussed.