cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis and treatment of vertical root fractures: report of case.

The patient, a 27-year-old white man, related only one episode of trauma to his maxillary anterior teeth. This trauma occurred about nine years before he sought treatment by us for generalized pain in the region and a swelling on the palate. When endodontic treatment was unsuccessful and after the decision had been made to extract the right maxillary central incisor, it became evident that the tooth had undergone trauma or treatment on three other occasions. Had this information been known, the three fractures of the tooth might have been detected and the tooth saved.
Mining GPS traces and visual words for event classification

It is of great interest to recognize semantic events (e.g., hiking, skiing, party), in particular when given a collection of personal photos, where each photo is tagged with a timestamp and GPS (Global Positioning System) information at the capture. We address this emerging multiclass classification problem by mining informative features derived from traces of GPS coordinates and a bag of visual words, both based on the entire collection as opposed to individual photos. Considering that semantic events are best characterized by a compositional description of the visual content in terms of the co-occurrence of objects and scenes, we focus on mining compositional features (equivalent to word combinations in the "bag-of-words" method) that have better discriminative and descriptive abilities than individual features. In order to handle the combinatorial complexity in discovering such compositional features, we apply a data mining method based on frequent itemset mining (FIM). Complementary features are also derived from GPS traces and mined to characterize the underlying movement patterns of various event types. Upon compositional feature mining, we perform multiclass AdaBoost to solve the multiclass problem. Based on a dataset of eight event classes and a total of more than 3000 geotagged images from 88 events, experimental results using leave-one-out cross validation have shown the synergy of all of the components in our proposed approach to event classification.
A Cognitive Inquiry into Knowledge Change in Organization Studies

Our study addresses the cognitive dynamics of knowledge change in organization studies (OS). Drawing on extensive research on the cognitive processes underlying artistic change, we extend that knowledge to explain how changes in the thinking that OS researchers use to produce knowledge contribute to predictable changes in that knowledge over time. We used this cognitive framework to analyze changes in OS knowledge over the past 50 years, the period when contemporary OS developed into an identifiable academic field. This involved a textual analysis of articles appearing in three of the field’s premier journals from 1956 to 2008: Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and Administrative Science Quarterly. These data provided indirect measures of the thought processes that OS researchers used to create this knowledge. The results are largely consistent with the cognitive framework guiding our study. They tell a cognitive story of how the OS field’s knowledge changed over the last half o...
Endotoxin activates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis via nuclear factor kappa B-mediated upregulation of Sptlc2

Sphingolipids are membrane components and are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. In this study we investigated whether de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in macrophages is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment upregulated Sptlc2, a subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), mRNA and protein in Raw264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages, but Sptlc1, another subunit of SPT, was not altered. SPT activation by LPS elevated cellular levels of ceramides and sphingomyelin (SM). Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) prevented LPS-induced upregulation of Sptlc2 while transfection of p65 subunit of NFκB upregulated Sptlc2 and increased cellular ceramide levels. In contrast, MAP kinases were not involved in regulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Analysis of Sptlc2 promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that NFκB binding sites are located in Sptlc2 promoter region. Our results demonstrate that inflammatory stimuli activate de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis via NFκB and may play a critical role in lipid metabolism in macrophages.
Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Perturbed Spectra. Part II: Solvina the Problem - A Case Study

Abstract Part I of this review [1] presented an overview of the study of perturbed spectra, the formal structure of vibration-rotation energy states, the systematic determination of symmetry allowed interactions, the representation and calculation of perturbed energies, and the inverse eigenvalue problem. In this concluding part we first consider perturbation effects on transition frequency and intensity in light of the formalism of Part I. Following this we develop a formalism for fitting perturbed spectra and carry out several example cases. Following these examples, we present a real case study of a perturbed system of vibration-rotation bands that illustrates a series of nearly insuperable problems in analysis. In the process of describing the approach to analysis, much of what was presented in Part I will be made concrete. In addition, the case study should give light to a number of areas only mentioned in passing in Part I.
Teaching data modeling: process and patterns

While competition for scarce space in a Database Systems course curriculum increases, the amount of time spent in many such courses on data modeling decreases. We instead recommend increasing the amount of time spent in the study of data modeling and encourage data model study beyond formalism syntax. We do this in an attempt to help computer science students better understand complex data domains and to help develop higher-level skills that serve them well in a job market threatened by the increased outsourcing of lower level programming jobs. We further recommend the study of process skills as part of data modeling, and develop the idea of data patterns to assist students in the development of advanced data modeling skills.
Computer-aided detection of breast masses on mammograms: Bilateral analysis for false positive reduction

In this study, our purpose was to develop a false positive (FP) reduction method for computerized mass detection systems based on the analysis of bilateral mammograms. We first detect the mass candidates on each view by utilizing our unilateral computer-aided detection (CAD) system. For each detected object, the regional registration technique is used to define a region of interest (ROI) that is "symmetrical" to the object location on the contralateral mammogram. Spatial gray level dependence matrices (SGLD) texture features and morphological features are extracted from both the ROI containing the detected object on a mammogram and its corresponding ROI on the contralateral mammogram. Bilateral features are then generated from the extracted unilateral features and a final bilateral score is formed as a new feature to differentiate symmetric from asymmetric ROIs. By incorporating the unilateral features of the mass candidates and their bilateral scores, a bilateral classifier was trained to reduce the FPs. It was found that our bilateral CAD system achieved a case-based sensitivity of 70%, 80%, and 85% at 0.52, 0.83, and 1.05 FPs/image on the test data set. In comparison to the FP rates for the unilateral CAD system of 0.67, 1.11, and 1.69, respectively, at the corresponding sensitivities, the FP rates were reduced by 22%, 25%, and 37% with the bilateral symmetry information.
A finite volume convergence theory for the fast adaptive composite grid methods

Abstract The fast adaptive composite grid method (FAC) is an efficient multilevel technique for adaptive solution of partial differential equations. Most existing FAC convergence theory assumes that the discrete equations and interlevel transfers are variational, which restricts applicability primarily to Galerkin finite element discretizations of self-adjoint elliptic equations. This paper extends the variational two-level theory to the case that the so-called finite volume element scheme is used for discretization.
Precision cosmological measurements: independent evidence for dark energy

Abstract Using recent precision measurements of cosmological parameters, we re-examine whether these observations alone, independent of type Ia supernova surveys, are sufficient to imply the existence of dark energy. We find that best measurements of the age of the Universe t 0 , the Hubble parameter H 0 and the matter fraction Ω m strongly favor an equation of state defined by ( w − 1 / 3 ). This result is consistent with the existence of a repulsive, acceleration-causing component of energy if the Universe is nearly flat.
Integrity of Radioactive Waste Packages at the Yucca Mountain Repository

Several of the important physical and chemical processes that impact the integrity of the radioactive waste packages planned for disposal at the proposed Repository at Yucca Mountain are examined. These processes are described by the aerodynamic, thermodynamic, and chemical interactions associated with the waste packages. The effects of chemical corrosion, mechanical erosion, temperature distributions throughout the repository environs, interactions of air, water, and solid particles, and radiological and biological influences are addressed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Fetal tachyarrhythmia associated with Vibroacoustic stimulation

BACKGROUND: Vibroacoustic stimulation is commonly used in antepartum fetal testing and has known benefits. Although the procedure has been deemed safe, questions have been raised as to potentially adverse effects, and the adult cardiology literature identifies a link between abrupt sound stimulation and severe tachyarrhythmias. CASE: A fetus with premature atrial contractions converted to supraventricular tachycardia immediately after vibroacoustic stimulation. The tachyarrhythmia spontaneously reverted to baseline after 4 minutes. The infant was treated for junctional reentry tachycardia at birth. CONCLUSION: Although the cardiac effects of vibroacoustic stimulation have previously been characterized as benign, the use of this modality may warrant restriction in the setting of known fetal arrhythmias.
Application Review of Genogram Analytics, Demo Version

Genogram Analytics is a software program that allows practitioners and researchers to illustrate family structure and relationships. Unlike typical Genogram software programs, this software allows the user to capture multiple levels of diversity in family structure and family relationships. While this software offers a lot of flexibility, its does require some user training, and is slightly more costly than other programs.
High‐dose fenfluramine administration decreases serotonin transporter binding, but not serotonin transporter protein levels, in rat forebrain

Administration of D-fenfluramine (D-FEN) or parachloroamphetamine (PCA) can produce long-lasting decreases in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding and tissue levels of serotonin (5-HT) in rat forebrain. These changes have been viewed as evidence for 5-HT neurotoxicity, but no studies have measured SERT protein levels. In the present study, we determined the effect of high-dose D-FEN or PCA, administered according to a "neurotoxic" dosing regimen, on the density of SERT sites using ligand binding methods and on SERT protein levels using Western blots. Rats were sacrificed 2 days and 2 weeks after administration of drug or saline. The density of SERT was determined in homogenates of caudate and whole brain minus caudate. D-FEN and PCA decreased SERT binding by 30-60% in both tissues and at both time points. Similarly, D-FEN and PCA administration profoundly decreased tissue 5-HT and 5-HIAA in frontal cortex. Despite the large decreases in SERT binding and depletion of tissue 5-HT that occurred with D-FEN administration, SERT protein expression, as determined by Western blot analysis, did not change in either tissue or time point. PCA administration decreased SERT protein by about 20% only at the 2-day point in the caudate. Drug treatments did not change expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a hallmark indicator of neuronal damage, in whole brain minus caudate in the 2-week group. These results support the hypothesis that decreases in tissue 5-HT and SERT binding sites induced by D-FEN and PCA reflect neuroadaptive changes, rather than neurotoxic effects.
HPLC-EC determination of free primary amino acid concentrations in cat cisternal cerebrospinal fluid

This paper describes an HPLC-EC method for measuring the concentrations of 9 free primary amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn from the cisterna magna of Nembutal-anesthetized adult cats. Amino acid derivatives were formed with o-phthalaldehyde and beta-mercaptoethanol; subsequently, excess thiol reagent was removed with iodoacetamide. During elution through a C18 5-micron column, the electrochemical detector's sensitivity was switched to accommodate the wide ranges of CSF amino acid concentrations. The analysis was acceptably precise and linear at and above the CSF levels and did not require CSF deproteinization. During the 23 min elution, the concentrations of 8 CSF amino acids were determined: alanine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, serine, taurine, and tyrosine; measurable concentrations were between 1 and 800 microM. The concentration of GABA was below its detection limit (0.5 microM). To assess the ability to detect small concentration increases which might occur due to experimental manipulations, the minimum detectable increments in CSF amino acid concentrations above endogenous levels were determined.
Intensive care unit utilization during pregnancy

Abstract Objective: To characterize obstetric (OB) and nonobstetric (Non-OB) intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in relation to maternal and perinatal outcomes. Study design: We identified 172 (0.6%) women (15 weeks of gestation to 6 weeks postpartum) admitted to an ICU (medical, cardiovascular, neurosurgical, and surgical) within 30,405 deliveries at our institution from 1989 to 1997 (2,774 maternal-fetal transports, 6.3%). Obstetric and Non-OB admission outcomes were compared. Results: Of 172 patients, 116 (67%) were maternal transports (63 maternal-fetal, 53 maternal). Common OB conditions were hypertension (22, 12.6%), hemorrhage (17, 9.7%), and cardiopulmonary dysfunction (28, 16%). Non-OB conditions included pneumonia (26, 14.9%), trauma (16, 9.1%), and cerebrovascular accident (11, 6.2%). Conclusions: Maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between OB and Non-OB ICU admissions. Maternal mortality was appreciable (13%); however, the perinatal mortality of infants delivered in the ICU was low (11%). Selected outcomes OB (N = 92) Non-OB (N = 83) Maternal ICU, days (mean ± SD) 6.2 ± 11.0 13.3 ± 32.7 Mechanical ventilation (N, %) 55 (60) 48 (58) Dialysis (N, %) 5 (0.5) 4 (0.5) Transfusion (N, %) 62 (67) 48 (58) Maternal death (N, %) 12 (13) 11 (13) Perinatal ICU antepartum (N, %) 13 (14) 42 (53) Fetus alive (N) 13 36 Admit GA (mean ± SD) 26.7 ± 7.0 26.2 ± 5.9 ICU delivery (N) 5/13 13/36 Fetal mortality (N) 1 1 Neonatal mortality (N) 0 0 Discharged undelivered (N) 8 23
Growth of the endocrine organs of female hamsters blinded at 25 days of age.

Blendung von 25 Tage alten, geschlechtsunreifen weiblichen Goldhamstern fuhrt zur Atrophie der Geschlechtsorgane im Erwachsenenalter. Wenn zusatzlich die Epiphyse entfernt wird, wird eine durch die Blendung verursachte Gonadenatrophie verhindert.
Double Z-rhombic repair of both large and small defects of the upper extremity.

The use of single local flaps in the upper extremity to repair excisional defects together with direct repair of the flap donor region is limited by the potential for tension and joint contracture in the flap donor region. The double Z-rhomboid technique is a useful alternative to minimize these problems. The lesion is excised as a rhombus, and the defect is repaired with two opposing equilateral 60° Z-plasties. The technique effects closure of the primary defect as well as of the two smaller donor defects. By borrowing half of the required skin from opposite sides of the defect, excessive tension is avoided in repairing donor regions, and the technique may be used more safely in closer proximity to mobile joints. The technique has been used successfully in a wide variety of defects 4 to 70 cm 2 in size.
Effect of Flour-Blasting Brown Rice on Reduction of Cooking Time and Resulting Texture

ABSTRACT Long-grain nonparboiled, long-grain parboiled, and American basmati-type brown rice were bombarded with parboiled rice flour particles to create microperforations on the water-resistant outer layer of the kernels. These microperforations in the treated rice significantly increased the rate of hydration. Optimum conditions to produce microperforations without removal of the bran included air pressure maintained at 413 kPa and a parboiled rice flour average particle size of 124 μm. The optimum blasting time was 40–60 sec, depending on the type of rice. The relative hardness of the fully cooked flour-blasted rice was the same at half the cooking time of the untreated brown rice but % water absorption of the untreated flour-blasted brown rice was higher because it required longer time to cook. Overall, untreated brown rice was ≈4.7% higher in % water absorption due to longer cooking time in comparison with the treated counterpart. The blasting treatment resulted in shorter cooking time and firmer and...
From molecular diversity to catalysis : lessons from the immune system

By combining the enormous molecular diversity of the immune system with basic mechanistic principles of chemistry, one can produce catalytic antibodies that allow control of reactions in ways heretofore not possible. Mechanistic and structural studies of these antibodies are also providing insights into important aspects of enzymatic catalysis and the evolution of catalytic function. Moreover, the ability to rationally direct the immune response to generate selective catalysts for reactions ranging from pericyclic and redox reactions to cationic rearrangement reactions underscores the chemical potential of this and other large combinatorial libraries.
Iterative Nonorthogonal Analysis of Covariance

Abstract This paper develops a method for handling a nonorthogonal analysis of covariance in an iterative manner using balanced analysis of variance residual and expectation operators. In essence, it extends previous work of the author for the nonorthogonal AOV problem to the nonorthogonal AOC problem. The iterative AOC method has the property of guaranteed convergence. In addition, under certain (convergent) conditions, successive approximations to the residual sum of squares for the AOC model are shown to be monotonically decreasing. This property is used to minimize iteration in hypothesis testing.
Early Detection and Intervention in Schizophrenia: Editor's Introduction

A greater understanding of the nature of schizophrenia, along with the continuing limitations of our current treatments, has refocused attention on the early course of psychosis in the form of early detection and intervention around onset. This issue of the Bulletin offers an indepth look at the knowledge, models, current data, and seminal clinical research programs that support why renewed interest in the late premorbid, prodromal, and onset phases of schizophrenia appears both timely and reasonable.
Maternal current smoking: concordance between adolescent proxy and mother's self-report.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which adolescent reports on mother ’ s smoking status and mother ’ s self-reports on smoking are concordant with one another. Methods: Mothers self-reported on their smoking at two timepoints (fi rst query and second query), while the adolescents reported on their mother ’ s smoking status at one timepoint. Kappa values and percent exact agreement as well as sensitivity and specifi city were calculated to examine the degree of agreement between child and mother ’ s reports at the two timepoints. Results: Overall, the results indicated good concordance between mothers ’ self-reports and adolescent reports on smoking. Specifi cally, higher concordance was observed for mother ’ s fi rst query compared with mother ’ s second query ( k = 0.69 vs. k = 0.51). Younger adolescents and girls provided more concordant reports than older adolescents and boys. Discussion: The results indicate that adolescent reports on mothers ’ smoking behavior can be used as a proxy to obtain data if mothers ’ self-report data are not available. Our results further suggest that when reports are not collected concurrently, selfreport data obtained from the mothers prior to the proxy report obtained from her adolescent may be more reliable than the other way around.
Elution of Proteins from Silanized Silica Surfaces by Sodium Dodecylsulfate and Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide

Abstract Adsorption kinetic data recorded for α-lactalbumin, β-casein, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, and lysozyme at silanized silica surfaces of low and high hydrophobicity, along with a simple model for adsorption and surfactant-mediated elution of protein, were used to analyze the removal of each protein by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) at each surface. The model relates resistance to surfactant elution to two rate constants; one governing conversion of removable protein to a nonremovable form (s1) and one governing removal of protein by the surfactant (ks). Elution of each protein from hydrophobic silica with SDS was interpreted as providing information relevant to protein-surface binding strength, or s1 ; i.e., protein-specific differences in removal were a result of SDS adsorption to the surface and displacement of surface-bound protein, as opposed to solubilization driven by SDS binding to the protein. SDS-mediated removal of protein from surfaces of lower hydrophobicity were interpreted as generally proceeding according to a similar, displacement mechanism. The model indicated that data recorded for DTAB-mediated elution at each surface were generally less representative of protein surface behavior, and more a function of ks, where differences in surfactant attachment to protein and solubilization appeared to play an important role in protein removal. Under controlled conditions use of the model would allow identification of cases where ks is particularly proteinspecific, and illustrates the point that in such cases surfactantmediated elution of a protein may reveal little about its surface behavior.
Effects of South Carolina's Sex Offender Registration and Notification Policy on Adult Recidivism

Some sex offender registration and notification (SORN) policies subject all registered sex offenders to Internet notification. The present study examined the effects of one such broad notification policy on sex crime recidivism. Secondary data were analyzed for a sample of 6,064 male offenders convicted of at least one sex crime between 1990 and 2004. Across a mean follow-up of 8.4 years, 490 (8%) offenders had new sex crime charges and 299 (5%) offenders had new sex crime convictions. Cox’s relative risks and competing risks models estimated the influence of registration status on risk of sexual recidivism while controlling for time at risk. Registration status did not predict recidivism in any model. These results cast doubt on the effectiveness of broad SORN policies in preventing repeat sexual assault. Policy implications, particularly with respect to the federal Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, which requires broad notification, are discussed.
Abstract C9: Anin vitromodel of osteoblastic bone metastasis in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer progression is characterized by a striking affinity to spread to bone, where it forms metastases predominately of an osteoblastic phenotype, resulting in a significant source of morbidity. Currently, animal models for studying the development of these osteoblastic metastases are limited due to a lack of spontaneous osteoblastic metastasis development. In order to recapitulate osteoblastic metastasis development, an in vitro, three dimensional culture system was created utilizing silk fibroin scaffolds. LNCaP cells were seeded to silk scaffolds with human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and cultured for 6 weeks. Examination after co‐culture revealed through histological analysis that hMSCs underwent osteogenic differentiation in response to LNCaP paracrine signals. Paracrine interactions between hMSCs and LNCaPs were studied and IL‐6, known to promote androgen independent growth, was found to be transiently expressed by hMSCs over the first two weeks of co‐culture. In addition to secreted soluble signaling factors, the effect of extracellular matrix signals on the LNCaP cells was examined. LNCaP cells grown in a decellularized matrix, derived from hMSCs having undergone osteogenic differentiation, showed a 12 fold survival advantage in androgen depleted conditions over controls. This data indicates the ability of the co‐culture system to stimulate differentiation of hMSCs towards an osteogenic linage and release soluble and extracellular matrix cues which stimulate androgen independent disease progression. The in vitro co‐culture system presents a scalable and high throughput method for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoblastic component of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C9.
Effects of acetylcholine, carbachol, and mannitol on rabbit corneal endothelial function as assessed by corneal deturgescence.

• Background: Anterior chamber miotic solutions are widely used in ophthalmic surgery to induce pupillary contraction. We investigated whether the acetylcholine, carbachol, or mannitol present in perfusing solutions can affect corneal endothelial function. • Methods: Freshly dissected deepithelized rabbit corneas were mounted in a Dikstein-Maurice chamber at 36 °C. The endothelial sides were perfused with six solutions: (A) 55 mM (1%) acetylcholine Cl plus modified balanced salts; (B) control for A, with acetylcholine Cl replaced by sucrose; (C) 0.55 mM (0.01%) carbachol Cl plus balanced salts; (D) balanced salts solution (BS; control for C); (E) 3% mannitol plus modified balanced salts; and (F) modified balanced salts (control for E, with mannitol replaced by sucrose). Corneal thickness was followed for 3 h in each experiment. The effect of solution E did not differ from that of solution F. • Results: The carbachol-containing solution produced a small increase in corneal thickness compared to the control solution, while the acetylcholine-containing solution resulted in corneal thickness lower than that in control preparations. • Conclusion: From these data, acetylcholine is harmless to the endothelium, and may actually stimulate its fluid pump mechanism. Carbachol, on the other hand, appears to have a detrimental effect.
A temperature-precipitation-based model of thirty-year mean snowpack accumulation and melt in Oregon, USA †

High-resolution, spatially extensive climate grids can be useful in regional hydrologic applications. However, in regions where precipitation is dominated by snow, snowmelt models are often used to account for timing and magnitude of water delivery. We developed an empirical, nonlinear model to estimate 30-year means of monthly snowpack and snowmelt throughout Oregon. Precipitation and temperature for the period 1971–2000, derived from 400-m resolution PRISM data, and potential evapotranspiration (estimated from temperature and day length) drive the model. The model was calibrated using mean monthly data from 45 SNOTEL sites and accurately estimated snowpack at 25 validation sites: R2 = 0·76, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) = 0·80. Calibrating it with data from all 70 SNOTEL sites gave somewhat better results (R2 = 0·84, NSE = 0·85). We separately applied the model to SNOTEL stations located < 200 and ≥ 200 km from the Oregon coast, since they have different climatic conditions. The model performed equally well for both areas. We used the model to modify moisture surplus (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) to account for snowpack accumulation and snowmelt. The resulting values accurately reflect the shape and magnitude of runoff at a snow-dominated basin, with low winter values and a June peak. Our findings suggest that the model is robust with respect to different climatic conditions, and that it can be used to estimate potential runoff in snow-dominated basins. The model may allow high-resolution, regional hydrologic comparisons to be made across basins that are differentially affected by snowpack, and may prove useful for investigating regional hydrologic response to climate change. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Synergies between Nutrient Over-enrichment and Climate Change

Surplus nitrogen from agricultural production is a leading cause of water quality problems in the U.S. It is also a source of nitrous oxide, the largest category of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Any reduction in the amount of nitrogen lost from farming practices would produce significant benefits for both water quality and climate protection. Using a model of the U.S. agricultural sector we adapted to explore water quality and climate issues, we evaluate a variety of policy options for their impact on farm income and the environment. We find that policies to create markets for reductions in nitrogen lost to water or greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture would increase farm income while producing cost-effective environmental benefits.
Modelocking and multimode instability in laser intracavity frequency modulation

Using the Maxwell-Bloch equations, we have studied dynamics associated with an electro-optically tunable laser modulated by a sinusoidal signal with a frequency near the cavity free spectral range. We find that frequency modulation (FM) modelocking may occur when a higher order FM mode acquires the lowest threshold. For short-cavity lasers, the pulse waveform in modelocking is complicated, and unlike the simple Gaussian shape suggested by previous studies. In order to explain instability observed in laser FM operation, we develop a linear stability analysis for the lasing FM mode. Our analysis shows that this type of instability is attributed to mode competition and to laser relaxation dynamics. We then confirm the analytic results with numerical simulations.
Dioxin Increases Reactive Oxygen Production in Mouse Liver Mitochondria

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD) causes an oxidative stress response in liver and several extrahepatic tissues. The subcellular sources and underlying mechanisms of dioxin-induced reactive oxygen, however, are not well understood. In this study, we examined whether mitochondria, organelles that consume the majority of cellular oxygen, might be a source of dioxin-induced reactive oxygen. Female C57BL/6 mice were treated with dioxin (15 microg/kg body wt ip) on 3 consecutive days, and liver mitochondria were examined at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after the first treatment. Mitochondrial aconitase activity, an enzyme inactivated by superoxide, was decreased by 44% at 1 week, 22% at 4 weeks, and returned to control levels at 8 weeks. Dioxin elevated succinate-stimulated mitochondrial H2O2 production twofold at 1 and 4 weeks; H2O2 production remained significantly elevated at 8 weeks. The enhanced H2O2 production was due to neither increased Mn-superoxide dismutase activity nor decreased mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase activity. Dioxin treatment augmented mitochondrial glutathione, but not glutathione disulfide levels, a result that might be explained by increased mitochondrial glutathione reductase activity. Liver ATP levels were significantly lowered at 1 and 4 weeks, the peak times of mitochondrial reactive oxygen production. Increased dioxin-stimulated reactive oxygen at 1 and 4 weeks did not appear to be related to the observed decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity, since State 3 and State 4 respiration were not diminished. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that dioxin increases mitochondrial respiration-dependent reactive oxygen production, which may play an important role in dioxin-induced toxicity and disease.
Personal Documents as Data in Conceptualizing Adult Personality Development

Personal documents (i.e., diaries, collections of letters, autobiographies, memoirs) can provide the raw data that improve our knowledge base as we assess theories of personality development during adulthood. Yet, until recently, the "state of the art" regarding utilization of personal documents in psychological research had not advanced beyond that described in Gordon Allport's monograph almost 40 years ago. The present article reviews three differing conceptions of adult personality development—the lifescript approach of Eric Berne, stage theory conceptions of Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, and a dialectic approach-and describes the knowledge base on which each theory has been evaluated. Various applications of data from personal documents are proposed or described. These include a dialectical reanalysis of Letters from Jenny, the use of presidents' autobiographies to look at expressed values, and the use of personal documents to generate social schemes.
Correlates of polysomnographic sleep changes in cocaine dependence: Self-administration and clinical outcomes

Background Abstinence from chronic cocaine use is associated with abnormal sleep architecture. As sleep abnormalities are associated with clinical outcome in alcohol dependence, we hypothesized a similar relationship in cocaine dependence.
Determination of thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD) levels in mononuclear cells of leukemic patients treated with tiazofurin

Abstract Tiazofurin is an oncolytic agent which has shown therapeutic activity in end-stage acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL-BC). Tiazofurin is anabolized to the active metabolite, thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), which inhibits IMP dehydrogenase activity, leading to reduction of guanylate pools and cessation of cancer cell proliferation. The concentration of TAD in neoplastic cells of patients treated with tiazofurin should be a good indicator of sensitivity to the drug and also might herald the emergence of drug-resistant cells. Therefore, the precise quantitation of TAD in cancer cells during tiazofurin treatment is essential. In this paper we report a highly sensitive method for the determination of TAD in biological samples. With this technique, in addition to TAD, thirteen other biologically relevant adenine, guanine, cytosine and uridine nucleotides can be separated and quantitated accurately. TAD standard was separated on a Waters Partisil 10-SAX column in a RCM-10 module using an ammonium phosphate buffer system. TAD eluted at 21 min with a limit of detection of ISpmol and linearity up to 3nmol. The coefficient of variation was 0.6 ± 0.1% for retention time and 2 ± 0.3% for TAD concentration. Recovery of TAD was 96% with reproducibility of 98%. To examine the applicability of this method to a clinical setting, blood samples were obtained from a patient with CGL-BC and leukocytes were separated on a Ficoll-Hypaq gradient, extracted with trichloroacetic acid, and an aliquot was analyzed on HPLC. The TAD peak was identified by comparing the retention time and spectral analysis of the standard. After the patient was treated with a 2200 mg/m 2 (12.7 mM) dose of tiazofurin, the TAD concentrations in the mononuclear cells at 2, 6, and 24 hr were 23.1, 13.6, and 0.8 μM. TAD levels at 2, 6, and 24 hr after a tiazofurin dose of 3300 mg/m 2 (21.1 mM) were 42.8, 26.1, and 1.4 μM respectively.
A Luminex Assay Detects Amyloid β Oligomers in Alzheimer’s Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid

Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
THE MORAL-PRINCIPLE OBJECTION TO HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH

Abstract: Opponents of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research claim that such research is incompatible with the moral principle that it is always wrong intentionally to end a human life. In this essay, I discuss how that principle might be revised so that it is subject to as few difficulties as possible. I then argue that even the most defensible version of the principle is compatible with the moral permissibility of hESC research.
Liquid-liquid-vapor phase equilibrium behavior of binary xenon + 1-alkanol mixtures

Abstract Liquid-liquid-vapor (llg) loci for the binary mixtures xenon + 1-hexanol and xenon + methanol are studied experimentally using a visual cell (stoichiometric) technique. The pressure, temperature, phase compositions and molar volumes of the two liquid phases are reported for all the xenon + 1-alkanol mixtures from ethanol to 1-tetradecanol, which with methanol are all the members of this homologous series of binary mixtures that display llg behavior. The llg behavior of this homologous series of mixtures is compared to that of the homologous series of 1-alkanol mixtures with the solvent gases ethane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide.
Performance of uniform and nonuniform subband constrained adaptive beam forming under broadband correlated arrivals

Several array processing architectures have been devised for mitigation of multipath interference. Those algorithms have focused on rejection of terrain scattered interference, sidelobe and mainlobe clutter, and hot clutter. Two adaptive array architectures for rejection of broadband coherent interference are developed in this paper. Both techniques involve uniform subbanding using the Discrete Fourier Transform or non-uniform subbanding using the wavelet transform. In the first approach, adaptation and weight computation is performed independently in each subband, and in the second technique the Frost constrained LMS algorithm is applied to all subbands in the transform domain. Due to the correlated nature of the jamming signal, spatial averaging is utilized in both cases. The mitigation performance of both algorithms is compared for various scenarios of coherent broadband interference. This paper also focuses on evaluating and rejecting multipath interference due to propellers or rotor of the radar receiver aircraft or helicopter. This type of interference is characterized by an induced doppler spread proportional to the angular velocity of the propeller or the rotor. Furthermore the reflected signal represents the near-field component of the propeller scattering signature. Spatial averaging followed by a transform-domain adaptive beamformer based on the Frost algorithm is used to reject this type of propeller generated multipath interference.
Automated inspection of nonwoven web materials: a case study

This paper concentrates on the problem of automating inspection of nonwoven materials produced in a form of continuous rolls. This paper analyzes the problem of designing and validating appropriate digital image processing techniques for texture characterization that correlate to grading by inspectors. The design involves two sub-systems: texture characterization and measurements fusion. A case study of 15 nonwoven samples graded by inspectors is used to illustrate the roles of the subsystems. The class of materials considered is characterized by complex texture patterns formed by randomly distributed fibers. The paper concentrates on the first subsystem and considers texture characterization using measurements derived in the spatial and transform domains. The specific algorithms are outlined and the results of the case study are detailed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metrics for Degree-of-Openness of Engineering Information: Recognizing the Value of Standards-Based PLM — Part 2

Over a product lifecycle, many engineering tools are used to create computer-based models that need to interact. This poses interoperability problems because of the conflicting formats of the models and differing scopes of the tools. One proposed solution is an open standards-based product lifecycle management (PLM) framework. However, the use of open standards is hindered by the lack of knowledge regarding their actual and potential usage in current engineering processes. To overcome this hurdle and evaluate the opportunities and extent to which open standards can be used in such PLM frameworks, we develop three metrics for degree-of-openness of engineering information: compatibility, coverage, and completeness. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed metrics, we assess circuit board design information that is transferred between native models of an electronic CAD system and the STEP AP210 standard (ISO 10303-210). This preliminary experience shows that each of the three useful metrics provides a limited aspect of degree-of-openness, and the combination of these metrics provides a single more holistic degree-of-openness indicator.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Preservation of physical dimensions in a model of reactive synaptogenesis in the red nucleus

Collateral sprouting of cerebral cortical fibers in the red nucleus following destruction of the interpositus nucleus may be effective in restoring activity of rubral neurons. Shrinkage of the deafferented red nucleus was measured to estimate its effect on recording neural activity and its contribution as a stimulus for sprouting. The results suggest that rubral morphology is preserved during the early time course of collateral sprouting when electrophysiological changes are evident.
Evaluation of Columbia, USMARC Composite, Suffolk, and Texel rams as terminal sires in an extensive rangeland production system: VII. Accuracy of ultrasound predictors and their association with carcass weight, yield, and value.

Use of lamb BW or chilled carcass weights (CCW), live-animal ultrasound or direct car- cass measurements of backfat thickness (BF; mm) and LM area (LMA; cm 2 ), and carcass body wall thickness (BWall; mm) to predict carcass yield and value was eval- uated using 512 crossbred lambs produced over 3 yr by mating Columbia, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Composite, Suffolk, and Texel rams to adult Rambouillet ewes. Lambs were harvested at 3 BW endpoints within each year. The predictive value of 3 to 5 additional linear measurements of live-animal or carcass size and shape was also evaluated. Residual correlations (adjusted for effects of year, breed, and harvest group) between ultra- sound and direct measurements were 0.69 for BF and 0.65 for LMA. Increasing ultrasound or carcass LMA had positive effects (P < 0.001) on yield of chilled carcass (i.e., on dressing percentage) and, at comparable CCW, on weight of high-value cuts (rack, loin, leg, and sirloin) before trimming (HVW), weight of trimmed high-value cuts (trimmed rack and loin and trimmed boneless leg and sirloin; TrHVW), and carcass value before (CVal) and after (TrCVal) trimming of high-value cuts. By contrast, ultrasound and direct measures of BF had positive effects on yields of CCW and on HVW and CVal but large nega- tive effects on TrHVW and TrCVal. After adjusting for BW at scanning, increases of 1 mm in ultrasound BF or 1 cm 2 in ultrasound LMA were associated with changes of US$-0.32 (P < 0.10) and $1.62 (P < 0.001), respec- tively, in TrCVal. Carcass BWall was generally superi- or to carcass BF as a predictor of TrHVW and TrCVal. Carcass LMA was superior to ultrasound LMA but car- cass BF was inferior to ultrasound BF for prediction of carcass yield and value. Increasing LMA thus would be expected to improve carcass yield and value. Addition of linear measurements of live-animal or carcass size and shape to the prediction model reduced residual SD (RSD) for TrHVW and TrCVal by 0.4 to 2.2%, but sub- sequent removal of ultrasound or direct measures of BF and LMA from the prediction model increased RSD by 7.4 to 12.2%. Measurements of CCW, LMA, BF, and BWall would thus be appropriate to support programs for value-based marketing of lamb carcasses and are supe- rior to systems based only on measurements of size and shape in unribbed carcasses.
COAST-TO-COAST COMPARISON OF TIME USE AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS

Activity-based travel analysis has been gaining increasing attention in travel demand research during the past decade. Activity and trip information collected at the person level aids in understanding the underlying behavioral patterns of individuals and the interactions among their activities and trips. Activity and time use patterns across geographical contexts are compared. Such a comparison could shed light on the differences and similarities in travel behavior that exist between areas. To accomplish this objective, activity, travel, and time use information derived from surveys conducted in the San Francisco Bay and Miami areas has been analyzed to identify differences in activity engagement patterns across different sample groups. In general, it was found that activity and time use patterns are comparable across the two areas as long as the commuting status and demographic characteristics of the individuals are controlled for. In addition, the time-of-day distributions of various events such as wake...
Modeling expert problem solving in a game of chance: a Yahtzee© case study

Although developments on software agents have led to useful applications in automation of routine tasks such as electronic mail filtering, there is a scarcity of research that empirically evaluates the performance of a software agent versus that of a human reasoner, whose problem-solving capabilities the agent embodies. In the context of a game of a chance, namely Yahtzee©, we identified strategies deployed by expert human reasoners and developed a decision tree for agent development. This paper describes the computer implementation of the Yahtzee game as well as the software agent. It also presents a comparison of the performance of humans versus an automated agent. Results indicate that, in this context, the software agent embodies human expertise at a high level of fidelity.