cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple folate transport systems in L1210 cells.

Abstract Biotin derivatives of methotrexate (biotin-SS-MTX) and folate (biotin-SS-folate), in which the functional components are joined by a dissociable disulfide-containing spacer, have been synthesized, purified by DEAE-Trisacryl chromatography, and characterized by HPLC, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. These compounds provide a convenient means for the single-step purification of the folate transporters from L1210 cells. Parental L1210 murine leukemia cells, which contain only the μ m transporter (the reduced folate/MTX transport protein) were treated with the N -hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester of biotin-SS-MTX, and a detergent extract of the plasma membranes was exposed to streptavidin-agarose beads to adsorb the labeled protein. Dithiothreitol cleavage of the disulfide linkage released the transporter, which migrated as a well-defined component (43 kDa) on SDS-PAGE gels; no other proteins were present. An L1210 subline (JF), obtained by adapting cells to grow on nanomolar concentrations of folate, contains both the μ m transporter and the n m transporter (high-affinity folate binding protein). When these cells were treated with the N -hydroxysulfosuccimide ester of biotin-SS-folate and processed as described above, analysis on SDS-PAGE gels revealed the presence of two proteins, the μ m transporter (43 kDa) and the n m transporter (39 kDa). Both transporters were characterized with respect to amino acid content; blocked N-termini precluded Edman sequencing. Treatment of the n m transporter with peptide: N -glycosidase F produced a smaller component (32 kDa); the μ m transporter, conversely, was unchanged by this procedure. When the μ m transporter in parental L1210 cells was labeled with fluorescein-MTX and then treated with phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), no change in fluorescence was detected. Alternatively, when the n m transporter in the JF subline was labeled with fluorescein-folate and then treated with PI-PLC, complete loss of fluorescence was observed. These results indicate that the L1210 μ m transporter is a non-glycosylated, integral membrane protein, while its n m counterpart is heavily glycosylated and anchored exofacially to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol component.
Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism: Purification and properties of myo-inositol 1-phosphatase from chick erythrocytes

Abstract An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing myo -inositol 1-phosphate was identified and partially purified from the erythrocytes of 7-day chicks. It has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 60,000, is heat stable, and has a pH of optimal activity between 6.5 and 7.3. In most regards the kinetic properties are similar to the myo -inositol 1-phosphatases of rat testis, rat mammary gland, bovine brain, and of yeast. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for a divalent cation; Mg 2+ gave the greatest activity, with an optimal concentration of 2.5 m m in the standard assay employed. Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , and Mn 2+ supported activity to a lesser degree. Activity was inhibited by NaF, HgCl 2 , and p -hydroxymercuribenzoate. myo -Inositol tetrakis (dihydrogen phosphate) and myo -inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakis (dihydrogen phosphate) were not substrates for this enzyme and inhibited the hydrolysis of myo -inositol 1-phosphate. Unlike other phosphatases for myo -inositol 1-phosphate, this enzyme cleaved myo -inositol 1-phosphate ( K m = 8.6 × 10 −5 m) and myo -inositol 2-phosphate ( K m = 2.86 × 10 −4 m) at approximately the same rates. It also hydrolyzed 2′-purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides about as well as myo -inositol 1-phosphate, but was only 20–30% as active against the 3′-ribonucleotides and had scarcely any activity against the 5′-ribonucleotides. The amount of enzyme activity in erythrocytes of embryos, chicks, and mature chickens was the same (~29 μmol/ml rbc/h). The biological function of this enzyme in avian erythrocytes is unclear at this time. Other tissues containing this phosphatase also have an enzyme which synthesizes myo -inositol 1-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate, but we have been unable to detect the presence of such an enzyme in avian erythrocytes.
Polymorphic markers for the arylsulfatase A gene reveal a greatly expanded meiotic map for the human 22q telomeric region.

Two microsatellite markers, D22S1743 and D22S1744, were developed for the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) region of chromosome 22q. Linkage analysis for 171 families, using nine reference markers covering all of 22q, placed these new markers 2.0 Kosambi cM distal to D22S526, making them more distal than any microsatellite markers currently on the Genethon or Marshfield linkage maps. Recombination between proximal markers D22S270/D22S683 and D22S446/D22S311 exhibited increased rates of female meiotic recombination compared to male recombination (P < 0.01). In contrast, the region encompassing sJCW16, D22S526, D22S1743, and D22S1744 exhibited relatively greater recombination in males (1.1 cM for females and 7.5 cM for males; chi(2); P < 0.005). These four distal markers lie in a region of hyperrecombination having a sex-averaged recombination ratio of between 8.3 (D22S1843/D22S1744) and 12 cM (sJCW16/D22S526) per megabase.
Pharmacogenetics of tolbutamide metabolism in humans

This study was designed to focus on the genetic control of tolbutamide dispositon in humans and to provide insight into the potential for high accrued blood levels in individuals receiving fixed dosage regimens. Tolbutamide was administered intravenously to 42 nondiabetic subjects, eight of their relatives, and to five sets of twins. A ninefold variation in the rate of tolbutamide disappearance from plasms (Kd) was found. This variation was characterized by a trimodal frequency distribution, suggestive of monogenic inheritance and consistent with pedigree analysis, indicating autosomal transmission of rapid and slow inactivation of tolbutamide. A heritability value of 0.995 for Kd indicated little influence of environmental factors on variation of this rate. Interindividual differences in the binding of 35S-tolbutamide to serum proteins were also assessed. No correlation was found between tolbutamide serum protein binding affinity and Kd. Analysis of the metabolites of tolbutamide in urine samples provided evidence for the microsomal oxidation of the drug to hydroxytolbutamide as the primary site of genetic control. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for monogenic control of tolbutamide metabolism in man. The results suggest that fixed dosage regimens of this drug, as were prescribed in the controversial University Group Diabetes Program study, might lead to higher accrued blood levels in slow inactivators.
Acoustic Emissions (AE) Monitoring of Large-scale Composite Bridge Components

Acoustic Emissions (AE) has been successfully used with composite structures to both locate and give a measure of damage accumulation. The current experimental study uses AE to monitor large-scale composite modular bridge components. The components consist of a carbon/epoxy beam structure as well as a composite to metallic bonded/bolted joint. The bonded joints consist of double lap aluminum splice plates bonded and bolted to carbon/epoxy laminates representing the tension rail of a beam. The AE system is used to monitor the bridge component during failure loading to assess the failure progression and using time of arrival to give insight into the origins of the failures. Also, a feature in the AE data called Cumulative Acoustic Emission counts (CAE) is used to give an estimate of the severity and rate of damage accumulation. For the bolted/bonded joints, the AE data is used to interpret the source and location of damage that induced failure in the joint. These results are used to investigate the use of bolts in conjunction with the bonded joint. A description of each of the components (beam and joint) is given with AE results. A summary of lessons learned for AE testing of large composite structures as well as insight into failure progression and location is presented.
Far upstream element binding protein 1: a commander of transcription, translation and beyond.

The far upstream binding protein 1 (FBP1) was first identified as a DNA-binding protein that regulates c-Myc gene transcription through binding to the far upstream element (FUSE) in the promoter region 1.5 kb upstream of the transcription start site. FBP1 collaborates with TFIIH and additional transcription factors for optimal transcription of the c -Myc gene. In recent years, mounting evidence suggests that FBP1 acts as an RNA-binding protein and regulates mRNA translation or stability of genes, such as GAP43, p27Kip and nucleophosmin. During retroviral infection, FBP1 binds to and mediates replication of RNA from Hepatitis C and Enterovirus 71. As a nuclear protein, FBP1 may translocate to the cytoplasm in apoptotic cells. The interaction of FBP1 with p38/JTV-1 results in FBP1 ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasomes. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations by FBP1 contribute to cell proliferation, migration or cell death. FBP1 association with carcinogenesis has been reported in c-Myc dependent or independent manner. This review summarizes biochemical features of FBP1, its mechanism of action, FBP family members and the involvement of FBP1 in carcinogenesis.
Perturbations of Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21 in Type 2 Diabetes

Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 (FGF19 and FGF21) have been implicated, independently, in type 2 diabetes (T2D) but it is not known if their circulating levels correlate with each other or whether the associated hepatic signaling mechanisms that play a role in glucose metabolism are dysregulated in diabetes. We used a cross-sectional, case/control, experimental design involving Class III obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery (RYGB), and measured FGF19 and FGF21 serum levels and hepatic gene expression (mRNA) in perioperative liver wedge biopsies. We found that T2D patients had lower FGF19 and higher FGF21 serum levels. The latter was corroborated transcriptionally, whereby, FGF21, as well as CYP7A1, β-Klotho, FGFR4, HNF4α, and glycogen synthase, but not of SHP or FXR mRNA levels in liver biopsies were higher in T2D patients that did not remit diabetes after RYGB surgery, compared to T2D patients that remitted diabetes after RYGB surgery or did not have diabetes. In a Phenome-wide association analysis using 205 clinical variables, higher FGF21 serum levels were associated with higher glucose levels and various cardiometabolic disease phenotypes. When serum levels of FGF19 were 500 mg/mL, 91% of patients had diabetes. These data suggest that FGF19/FGF21 circulating levels and hepatic gene expression of the associated signaling pathway are significantly dysregulated in type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Heptyl Aldehyde on a Spindle-Cell Sarcoma:

SummaryHeptyl aldehyde was administered to albino rats by stomach tube, mixing with the diet, in the drinking water and injected directly into tumors. No effect was apparent on a malignant, transplantable spindle cell sarcoma with respect to resistance to growth of the tumor, survival time of the rat and regression or liquefaction of the tumor. The tumors of the rats receiving heptyl aldehyde weighed less at death in spite of the similar survival times.
Time-domain measurements of vibrational relaxation at surfaces: CO(V=1) in metal carbonyl systems

Abstract A picosecond infrared pump-probe technique has been used to measure the CO(V=1) vibrational relaxation rates for a series of metal carbonyls dilute in CHCl 3 and supported on SiO 2 . T 1 times are in the range 130–700 ps for [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 , Co 4 (CO) 12 , Rh 4 (CO) 12 and Rh 6 (CO) 16 in solution, and for [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 and Rh 4 (CO) 12 on SiO 2 in these systems vibrational damping occurs by energy transfer to lower frequency modes. For CO chemisorbed on dispersed Pt particles on SiO 2 , T 1 is reduced (T 1 ⩽ the 18 ps laser pulse width), and may indicate the appearance of an electron-hole pair damping mechanism. Wavelength dependent transient bleachings and transient absorptions are documented and are attributed to first and higher excited state populations respectively.
Server Adaptation in an Airport Security System Queue

We study the airport security queuing system for server behavior in response to queue length, and postulate its implications on security. To achieve this objective, an observational study was performed at the security screening process of a US airport. It was found that X-ray screeners (servers) did speed up with queue length for one type of item, laptop computers. Significant correlations between queue length and service time suggested Parkinson's Law as an explanation. Correlation of this finding with available data on speed-accuracy tradeoffs allows us to reach the following conclusion: For airports where laptops computers are carried by a significant number of passengers as carry-on items, our study indicates a likely impact on server performance as measured as by probability of threat detection.
Reason claims and contrastivism about reasons

Contrastivism about reasons is the view that ‘reason’ expresses a relation with an argument place for a set of alternatives. This is in opposition to a more traditional theory on which reasons are reasons for things simpliciter. I argue that contrastivism provides a solution to a puzzle involving reason claims that explicitly employ ‘rather than’. Contrastivism solves the puzzle by allowing that some fact might be a reason for an action out of one set of alternatives without being a reason for that action out of a different set of alternatives.
Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis

Sample preparation continues to be an important step in environmental analysis and a lot of progress has been made in the last decade toward the development of faster, safer, and more environmentally friendly techniques for sample extraction and extract clean up prior to instrumental analysis. This article focuses on the state of the art in sample preparation, particularly in the area of supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction for solid matrices, and both solid-phase extraction and solid phase microextraction for aqueous matrices. Driven by the need for faster, cheaper, and more sensitive analytical methods, advances in sample preparation have included not only automation but many developments in coupling sample preparation with instrumental analysis (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction coupled with immunoassays). Examples are presented for extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, polychlo-rinated biphenyls, phenolic...
Gene therapy for urologic cancer

Advances in molecular technology and the completion of the human genome project have ushered in a new era of medicine, that of gene therapy. In every field of medicine, investigators are developing gene therapeutics in an attempt to cure diseases. Urologic oncology is no exception. Herein, we review the current status of gene therapy for urologic malignancy. Included is an overview of advances in gene delivery systems and immunology, which are driving forces for gene therapy research. Finally, we review the current gene therapy trials and experimental approaches for urologic malignancy.
Guncreting the charging hole baffles of open hearth furnaces

The guncreting of the baffles of charging holes in open hearth furnaces is a fast and economical method of making the linings. Guncreting does not require additional capital expenditure, and facilitates the use of the lining remaining on the baffles after service. To increase the efficiency of lining work by guncreting it would be desirable to carry out experimental work to choose the chemical bonds required for rapid strengthening of the rammed linings in the cold and at high temperatures.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF CONTROLLED PROTON IMPACT ON MOLECULAR NITROGEN

Protons of energy 5-130 keV were passed into molecular nitrogen gas at low pressure and the resulting radiation spectroscopically analyzed. Prominent emissions studied were: (1) two ${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ lines located at $\ensuremath{\lambda}5005$ \AA{} and $\ensuremath{\lambda}5680$ \AA{}; (2) bands of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ first negative band system ($B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{-}X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$); and (3) two Balmer lines, ${H}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and ${H}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, formed by charge changing collisions with nitrogen molecules. Absolute cross sections for the production of these emissions were measured as a function of the energy of the incident protons. Population cross sections for the $v=0$ and $v=1$ levels of the $B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ were obtained as well as an estimate of the level population cross section of the $n=3$ and $n=4$ levels of atomic hydrogen formed by charge exchange.
Effects of Person versus Process Praise on Student Motivation: Stability and Change in Emerging Adulthood.

This study examined the effects of person praise and process praise on college students’ motivation and how these effects change as students progress through their undergraduate years. Hundred and eleven college students worked on three puzzle tasks and received either person praise, process praise, or no praise. Following subsequent failure, students reported on their intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, performance attributions and contingent self-worth. Results indicated that process praise enhances intrinsic motivation and perceived competence more than person praise, and that these effects vary as students advance toward their degree. While person praise decreased motivation for sophomores and juniors, process praise increased motivation for seniors; freshmen reported no significant differences in their motivation. Implications for classroom practice and the need for research that considers developmental differences within college samples are discussed.
Conservation of reference strains of Fusarium in pure culture.

More than 300 reference strains representing 60 species and varieties ofFusarium cultures named according to different taxonomic systems are currently maintained at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). They have been preserved by freeze-drying and by freezing and subsequent storage in liquid nitrogen (−196°C) to insure their viability without contamination, variation, mutation, or deterioration. The materials and procedures used at the ATCC for the acquisition, accessioning, cataloguing, preservation and distribution are described. Longevity storage data for the strains available for distribution are presented and discussed.
WE‐C‐330A‐08: An Efficient Morphometric Skull Atlas for Image Guided Radiotherapy

Purpose: We describe an efficient method to extract the outer skull features from CT transaxial slices for use in IGRT.Method and Materials: A Bezier curve B(t) was fit to four sections of the outer skull on CT slices at 0.3cm spacing. B(t) is a parametric equation defined by two anchor points (A1,A2) and two control points (C1,C2) such that B (t)=(1− t )∧3 A 1+3 t (1− t )∧2 C 1+3 t ∧2(1− t ) C 2+ t ∧3 A 2 for 0⩽t⩽1. The parameter t is sampled to create a sequence of points at 0.3cm interval. The atlas consists of all the Bezier points and can be transformed by rotation R and translation T such that B ( t )′= RB ( t )+ T . Thirty‐two points on the anterior‐posterior and right‐lateral Portal Images are digitized for analytical computation of setup error. The position and orientation (i.e. pose) of the atlas with the minimum Hausdorff Distance (HD) between the PI points and the outer projected atlas contour determines the homogenous transformation. Results: Manual draw‐by‐wire technique can take up to 15 minutes per slice. The total time is reduced by 50% for similar size patients in nearly identical positions. The overall accuracy was determined to be 0.15 cm. A semi‐automatic technique with improved accuracy of 0.1 cm was investigated using simulated annealing. An automatic algorithm using monochromatic bit maps with edge detection was also evaluated. For 30 CT slices, the complete atlas is defined by only 360 points. Setup error for a clinical case was measured and the effects of pure rotation mimicking translation quantified. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that a series of four piecewise continuous Bezier curve segments can accurately extract the outer skull feature from a CT transaxial scan. A patient specific atlas can be quickly morphed from the generic atlas. The atlas has been shown to be clinically useful for 3D analysis of setup error and theoretical quantitative analysis of pure rotation.
A Probabilistic Approach for Extracting Design Preferences From Design Team Discussion

During the formative stage of the design cycle, teams engage in a variety of tasks to arrive at a design, including selecting among design alternatives. A key notion in design alternative selection is that of "preference" in which a designer assigns priorities to a set of design choices. This paper presents a preliminary approach for extracting a projection of aggregated design team preferences from design team discussion. This approach further takes into consideration how the design preferences of a team can evolve over time as the team changes its priorities based on new design information. Two initial models are given for representing the most probable and preferred design alternative from the transcriptions of design team discussion, and for predicting how preferences might change from one time interval to the next. These models are applied to an illustrative, real-world case example.
A thermo-mechanical damage model for rock stiffness during anisotropic crack opening and closure

A thermodynamic framework is proposed to couple the effect of mechanical stress and temperature on crack opening and closure in rocks. The model is based on continuum damage mechanics, with damage defined as the second-order crack density tensor. The free energy of the damaged rock is expressed as a function of deformation, temperature, and damage. The damage criterion captures mode I crack propagation, the reduction in toughness due to heating, and the increase in energy release rate with cumulated damage. Crack closure is modeled through unilateral effects produced on rock stiffness. The model was calibrated and verified against published experimental data. Thermo-mechanical crack opening (resp. closure) was studied by simulating a triaxial compression test (resp. uniaxial extension test), including a thermal loading phase. The degradation of stiffness due to tensile stress and recovery of stiffness induced by both mechanical and thermo-mechanical unilateral effects are well captured. The thermo-mechanical energy release rate increases with thermal dilation and also decreases with ambient temperature. It was observed that there is a temperature threshold, below which the rock behaves elastically. A parametric study also showed that the model can capture hardening and softening during thermo-mechanical closure (for specific sets of parameters). These numerical observations may guide the choice of rock material used in geotechnical design, especially for nuclear waste disposals or compressed-air storage facilities.
An Examination of Average Returns, Dispersion of Average Returns, and Bid-Ask Quotes: on Long, Short, and Long/Short Portfolios Under Different Trading Methods

This study supports the notion put forth by Jacobs and Levy [1996] that, balancing equal dollar amounts, long and short takes full advantage of the spread of returns. Long/short equity strategy generates positive returns in 11 out of 13 cases, while negative returns appear in either the long or the short strategy in 9 out of 12 cases. The long/short portfolios9 return using the trade price method is between 200-300 basis points higher than the portfolio using the bid-ask price method; the timing of the trade execution does not affect the average monthly portfolio returns significantly. The short portfolio is smaller in size, and its average quote spreads and average effective spreads are greater and show wider dispersion than those of the long portfolio.
Hermaphroditism in icerya zeteki cockerell, and the mechanism of gonial reduction in iceryine coccids (coccoidea: Margarodidae morrison)

In the Panamanian iceryine coccid Icerya zetekiCockerell (Family MargarodidaeMorrison) all females become hermaphroditic early in the first instar; occasional males arise from unfertilized eggs, but self-fertilization is assured by the protandry of the hermaphrodite. In the development of the ovotestis, initiation of the male phase is brought about by haploidization of those germ cells destined for spermatogenesis. In both Icerya zeteki and Icerya purchasi this gonial reduction results from the degeneration and elimination of one genome during prophase. Except for minor variations in the coiling cycle of spermatocytes, the chromosomes (n=2) of I. zeteki correspond closely to those of all other haplo-diploid iceryines known. The present status of the species Icerya zetekiCockerell is reviewed, and on both taxonomicand cytological grounds is judged to be uncertain.
Organic chemicals and malignant melanoma

Chemists with cancer were interviewed to generate hypotheses that might explain an apparent excess of malignant melanoma in chemists in Los Angeles County (LAC). The chemists were identified by the LAC Cancer Surveillance Program, a population-based cancer registry. Interviews that included information on work history and exposure to specific chemicals were conducted by telephone. Chemists with melanoma were found to be better educated than chemists with other cancers and they reported more work with organic chemicals. They also cited more exposure to multiple chemicals, solvents, plastics, pesticides, benzoyl peroxide, and ionizing radiation. Although differences in educational level may account for the differences in exposure reported by cases and controls, the hypotheses that specific chemical exposures are related to melanoma occurrence are plausible and deserve further study. We also suggest that this method of generating hypotheses about cancer causes using cases identified from registries could be used more extensively.
Institutionalized ghosting: policy contexts and language use in erasing the person with Alzheimer's.

The ordinary social engagement of human life would not usually be considered an arena for language policy. Yet clinical evidence mounts that social interaction improves our lives as we age. Since social engagement decreases cardiovascular risks (Ramsay et al. in Ann Epidemiol 18:476–483, 2008) and delays memory loss among those living in communities (Ertel et al. in Am J Public Health 98:1215–1220, 2008), practices that prohibit social interaction threaten human well-being. For persons who have Alzheimer’s disease (AD), social interaction continues to play an integral part in cognitive function and delays in memory loss, according to a longitudinal study of social networks (Bennett et al. in Lancet Neurol 5:406–412, 2007). Increasingly, person-centered care that promotes social engagement for those with AD is promoted as an institutional policy to improve outcomes of dementia care (Edvardsson et al. in Int Psychogeriatr 20:764–776, 2008). Yet the training of caregivers may neither reflect person-centered care nor include attention to communication, suggesting covert policies in practice.
Sustained in Vivo Gene Delivery from Agarose Hydrogel Prolongs Nonviral Gene Expression in Skin

Prolonging gene expression in skin using safe, nonviral gene delivery techniques could impact skin regeneration and wound healing, decrease infection, and potentially improve the success of tissue-engineered skin. To this end, an injectable, agarose-based delivery system was tested and shown to prolong nonviral gene expression in the skin. DNA was compacted with polylysine to improve DNA stability in the presence of nucleases. Up to 25 microg of compacted luciferase plasmid with or without agarose hydrogel was injected intradermally in rodents. Bioluminescence imaging was used for longitudinal, noninvasive monitoring of gene expression in vivo for 35 days. Injections of DNA in solution produced gene expression for only 5-7 days, whereas the sustained release of compacted DNA from the agarose system prolonged expression, with more than 500 pg (20% of day 1 levels) of luciferase per site for at least 35 days. Southern blotting confirmed that the agarose system extended DNA retention, with significant plasmid present through day 7, as compared with DNA in solution, which had detectable DNA only on day 1. Histology revealed that agarose invoked a wound-healing response through day 14. Tissue-engineering and wound-healing applications may benefit from the agarose gene delivery system.
The definition and calculation of interfacial energies for thin films

Abstract We provide a new definition of the interfacial energy which eliminates three physically extraneous contributions from the conventional definition: (1) the strain or stress energy due to lattice mismatch between film and substrate; (2) the surface energy of the film-vacuum interface; and, (3) the substrate surface energy contribution from substrate layers below the film layers. This new interface energy then quantifies the variation in interactions among film/substrate, film/film and substrate/substrate bonding. Using this new definition, we derive the equations for evaluation of the interfacial energy in terms of the interaction energy for any atom in each layer of the film/substrate, film/film and substrate/substrate systems. With this formulation, it is simple to determine the dependence of the interfacial energy on the film thickness using virtually any interaction potential. Using a corrected effective medium theory, we present results for a few pseudomorphic film systems containing Ni/Cu, Ni/Ag, Cu/Ag and Rh/Ag on (111) and (100) surfaces. These systems cover a wide range of lattice mismatch and alloy formation energies. The results demonstrate that the new definition of interfacial energy converges after only 3–4 film layers, regardless of the degree of lattice mismatch. We also show that the interfacial energies at (100) and (111) interfaces differ and that the interfacial energy for a given pair of materials depends on which of the materials is the film.
Minimal vs. maximal esophageal dissection and mobilization during laparoscopic fundoplication: long-term follow-up from a prospective, randomized trial.

Abstract Purpose We have previously conducted a prospective randomized trial (PRT) comparing circumferential phrenoesophageal dissection and esophageal mobilization (MAX) to minimal dissection/mobilization (MIN). The MIN group had a decreased incidence of postoperative wrap herniation and need for reoperation. This study provides long-term follow-up of the patients from our center who participated in the PRT. Methods Parents of patients in the PRT were queried regarding symptoms, medication use, postoperative complications, and additional procedures. Medical records were reviewed. Student's t-test was used for continuous variables. Fisher's exact and chi-square with Yates correction were used where appropriate. Results Of patients from our center, 75.4% MAX and 72.5% MIN patients were contacted. Median time to follow-up was 6.5years. A rise in the incidence of herniation was noted in both groups (22.7% to 36.5% MAX vs 2.8% to 12.2% MIN). Time to diagnosis of hernia was significantly longer in the MIN group (14.7±9.5months MAX vs 30.2±23.6months MIN, P =0.04). There was no significant difference between MIN and MAX group in reflux symptoms or medication use. Conclusion Long-term follow-up demonstrates an increase in incidence of herniation in both groups. Previously demonstrated higher risk of wrap herniation with maximal esophageal dissection during laparoscopic fundoplication remains supporting original findings.
Effect of albumin fusion on the biodistribution of interleukin-2

We investigated and compared the biodistribution of Albuleukin, a human serum albumin (HSA)-interleukin-2 (IL-2) fusion protein, with those of IL-2 and HSA. The objective was to determine whether Albuleukin distributes differently to normal organs and lymphoid tissues than IL-2 by virtue of its genetic fusion with HSA. The chelating agent 2-(p-isothiocyanato-benzyl)-cyclohexyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (CHX-AII was selected for radiolabeling with 111In, and conjugation with CHX-AII did not alter bioactivities of IL-2 and Albuleukin on proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. The radiolabeled proteins were injected intravenously into mice, uptake in organs was measured, and whole-body autoradiography was performed. Striking differences in the biodistribution of IL-2 and Albuleukin were noted. 111In-IL-2 cleared from blood rapidly, with less than 1% ID/g (percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue) at 20 min after injection. At this time, the kidneys showed more than 120% ID/g uptake, and these high levels persisted through 6 h. 111In-Albuleukin, by contrast, showed significantly longer circulation (14% ID/g at 6 h), lower kidney uptake (<6% ID/g), and higher localization in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes (maximal uptake ~22% ID/g for all three organs). Uptake in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes appears to be mediated in part by the IL-2 component of Albuleukin because 111In-HSA showed significantly lower accumulation in those tissues despite more prolonged circulation in blood. These data support the hypothesis that Albuleukin targets tissues where lymphocytes reside to a much greater extent than does IL-2, and suggest that Albuleukin may exhibit improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in the treatment of solid tumors. Clinical trials underway will determine whether the improved targeting in the mice translates into a better therapeutic index in humans.
The synthesis of P1-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl) P2-ficaprenyl pyrophosphate☆

Abstract 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α,β- D -glucopyranosylammonium phosphate was prepared by the action of crystalline phosphoric acid on 2-acetamido-1,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranose. The α- D anomer ( 3 ) was the main product, and was isolated pure by preparative thin-layer chromatography or by removal of the β- D anomer ( 6 ) by selective acid hydrolysis. Ficaprenyl phosphate was prepared from ficaprenol, obtained as an isomeric mixture (mainly C 55 ) from an extract of Ficus elastica . Compound 3 was converted into the free acid and then into the tributyl-ammonium salt, which was treated with P 1 -diphenyl P 2 -ficaprenyl pyrophosphate to give the acetylated pyrophosphate diester 8 , characterized by analytical, spectral, and hydrogenolytic studies. Deacetylation of 8 gave the synthetic “lipid intermediate”, P 1 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucopyranosyl) P 2 -ficaprenyl pyrophosphate ( 9 ), the properties of which were compared with those of natural substances considered to be active in the biosynthesis of teichoic acids.
Cytolytic microassays and studies of SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen

Abstract A rapid in vitro assay for SV40 virus-associated tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) has been developed using SV40-transformed cell lines from inbred mice. This assay, which is based on antibody-complement-mediated cytolysis, permits quantitative measurement of the new antigen on the surface of living cells and in subcellular fractions. The procedure can be done in 5–10 μl of solution in 3 hr using microtest tissue culture plates, with cytolysis indicated either by trypan blue dye uptake or by the release of 51 Cr from labeled target cells. Mouse antiserum kills only those mouse cells which have been transformed by SV40 virus. It also kills hamster cells which carry SV40 T antigen and TSTA; however, it does not kill hamster cells which carry the “S” antigen but neither the T antigen nor the TSTA. The assay is suitable for monitoring analytical scale biochemical work on solubilized TSTA by the method of cytolysis-inhibition. The cytolytic activity of the mouse antiserum elutes from Sephadex G-200 with the immunoglobulin G-containing fractions. Incubation of SV40-transformed cells with the specific antiserum, without complement, enhances the tumorigenicity of these cells when they are injected into syngeneic animals. This assay has permitted the direct measurement of TSTA on the surfaces of cells infected, abortively transformed, or stably transformed by SV40 virus.
The Florida Motor Vehicle Inspection Program A Solution in Search of a Problem

In 1991, Florida implemented the Motor Vehicle Inspection Program (MVIP) mandated by the Florida Clean Outdoor Air Law, which was passed in response to federal requirements for meeting ambient air quality standards. Has the implementation of this law resulted in decreased pollution levels as predicted by proponents of this program? The authors present a quasi-experimental evaluation of this question. Using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) intervention model, they show that the implementation of the MVIP has led to a significant decline in ozone (03) levels in some counties but no significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the counties where the program was implemented.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the epidemiology, natural history, treatment pattern and predictors of long-term survival of patients with signet-ring cell carcinoma
Relation of Jupiter's Radio Emission at Long Wavelengths to Solar Activity.

Since the spring of 1960 a strong positive correlation between Jupiter's decametric emission and solar decametric continuum emission observed at Boulder has been evident. The time delay of 1 to 2 days, with solar emission preceding Jupiter's emission, suggests that fast solar corpuscles, at velocities of the order of 0.1 c , are directly involved in the planet's atmosphere or magnetic field.
Thermal transport in monolayer graphene oxide: Atomistic insights into phonon engineering through surface chemistry

Abstract Thermal transport in monolayer graphene oxide (GO) with randomized surface epoxy and hydroxyl groups, at various degrees of oxidation (O:C ratio), is investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the in-plane thermal conductivity of finite sized pristine graphene or GO (5–50 nm in simulation) increases with length due to reduced phonon-boundary scattering. The intrinsic in-plane thermal conductivity and phonon mean free path of infinite pristine graphene or GO, are estimated based on the kinetic theory of phonon transport. We find that the thermal conductivity drops sharply to 17% of the pristine graphene value for a 1% O:C ratio, and to 1.5% for a typical GO with 20% O:C ratio, suggesting that typical GO is not a very good heat conductor compared to pristine graphene. Surface oxidation suppresses the density of state of the phonon mode due to C–C bonds (the G peak), reducing the phonon specific heat of this mode and hence, overall thermal conductivity. Phonon-defect scattering at the surface oxidized groups reduces the intrinsic mean free path of GO, also contributing to the reduction. Our results characterizes thermal transport in GO and offer insights into surface chemistry-mediated thermal transport in other 2D materials.
Clinicopathologic variables, operative characteristics, and DNA ploidy in predicting outcome in ovarian epithelial carcinoma

Objective: To test the hypothesis that DNA content can predict operative morbidity and survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Methods: Subjects included patients diagnosed with invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma at Brigham and Women's Hospital between July 1987 and November 1989. Fifty-nine patients were included in this analysis In all cases, flow cytometry was performed on fresh tissue to evaluate DNA content. The medical records were reviewed in all patients for estimated blood loss, hospitalization days, intensive care unit days, operating room time, presence and size of residual disease, grade and type of tumor, stage, size of primary tumor, lymph node status, disease status, date of last examination, and number of months of follow-up. Results: Predictors for death included increasing age ( P = .01), advanced stage ( P = .007), the presence of malignant ascites (P = .03), residual tumor at completion of operation ( P P P P Conclusion: Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy has not yet been proven to be of independent prognostic importance for identifying groups of patients at high risk of dying from invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Amacrine cells in Necturus retina: evidence for independent gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing neurons

About one-half of on-off ganglion cells have inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) which are blocked by strychnine, while the remainder have IPSP's which are blocked by picrotoxin or bicuculline. These antagonists do not abolish light activity of the presynaptic inhibitory neuron, the amacrine cell. The existence of separate gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing amacrine cells is implied by these results.
From D.C. to Little Rock: Welfare Reform at Mid-term

Following an active period of state welfare reforms, passage of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in 1996 gave states great flexibility, set up block-grantfinancing, and imposed work-related mandates. Under TANF, states increased their work expectations for recipients; improved work incentives; and provided more work supports, such as child care and transportation assistance. Caseloads have dropped sharply, and most former recipients are finding work. Caseload declines in most states have resulted in substantial funding being available for new and expanded services, including supports for working poorfamilies and early-childhood and after-school programs. Most states have been slower to develop these programs, but the pace is increasing as policymakers become more secure about TANF's flexibility and the magnitude of the caseload changes.
The Chromosomal Basis of Human Neoplasia

High-resolution banding techniques for the study of human chromosomes have revealed that the malignant cells of most tumors analyzed have characteristic chromosomal defects. Translocations of the same chromosome segments with precise breakpoints occur in many leukemias and lymphomas, and a specific chromosome band is deleted in several carcinomas. Trisomy, or the occurrence of a particular chromosome in triplicate, is the only abnormality observed in a few neoplasias. It is proposed that chromosomal rearrangements play a central role in human neoplasia and may exert their effects through related genomic mechanisms. Thus, a translocation could serve to place an oncogene next to an activating DNA sequence, a deletion to eliminate an oncogene repressor, and trisomy to carry extra gene dosage.
FT-IR Studies of the Interfacial Alignment of the Liquid Crystal 4′-Cyano-4-biphenyl[4-(4-pentenyloxy)] benzoate Bonded to Silica

Abstract The liquid crystal, 4′-cyano-4-biphenyl[4-(4-pentenyloxy)] benzoate (CBPB) has been chemically bonded to silica and the resulting material's interfacial properties examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The spectral features of the nitrile stretching region for the chemically anchored system were significantly less complex than those obtained from samples of silica physically coated with CBPB. Further when CBPB was physically coated onto the chemically modified surface, its interactions with the substrate were reduced significantly.
Data-Mining Approach to Work Trip Mode Choice Analysis in Chicago, Illinois, Area

Discrete choice methods have focused attention on the study of travel mode choice behavior in both theoretical and practical areas of transportation planning and modeling. Unlike discrete choice models that impose predefined probability distributions on choice probabilities, data-mining approaches view the travel mode choice as a pattern recognition problem whereby travel choices can be identified by a combination of explanatory variables. As such, data-mining techniques have enjoyed increasing application in agent-based modeling. The capability of a promising machine learning algorithm, class association rules (CARs), for the estimation of work trip modal choice is examined in the case of the Chicago (Illinois) Area Transportation Studies 1990 Household Travel Survey. The purpose of the study is to investigate the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of CARs for the study of mode choice behavior. Study results reveal that CARs are useful for building a powerful mode choice model, with the overall accuracy reaching up to 93% for the data set used in this study. Unlike some other mining methods, the rules extracted by CARs are easy to interpret and provide insights into travel behavior from a perspective that is different from that of statistical models. The example presented also illustrates one of the key advantages of CARs over discrete choice models, which is the flexibility of the model specification.
A belief-updating process for minimizing waiting time in multiple waiting-time events: Application in website design

Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, has identified the waiting time problem, commonly referred to as the World Wide Wait, as a major problem that must be resolved in order for people to have rich robust Internet experiences. For the foreseeable future, slow download speeds may cost Web sites billions of dollars in opportunity loss. Using consumer behavior theory, we formulate a method for minimizing perceived waiting time in phenomena which involve multiple waits or time delays, here applied to Web site design and the Internet waiting problem. Solutions for two types of design situations are provided: (1) the optimal ordering of a predefined number of Web pages, and (2) an optimal number of Web pages and the amount of information on each page, for a set of information in a predefined order. We provide a solution for the general case, and a simplified solution for specific belief-updating patterns suggested by previous literature as frequently occurring in practice. This research contributes to the extant waiting time literature as well as provides solutions to, enhances understanding of, and encourages future research for, a persistent and important Internet and e-commerce problem that has received relatively little attention in the marketing literature.