cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monkey See, Monkey Read

Reading great literature provides a humanistic approach to understanding one's nature and place in history. Likewise, the scientific study of the biological bases of reading may provide insights into the origins of human cognition. On page 245 of this issue, Grainger et al. ( 1 ) show that these biological mechanisms may be rooted much deeper in human evolutionary history than previously supposed (see the first figure).
Compact group actions and maps into aspherical manifolds

A WELL-KNOWN theorem of Cartan and Hadamard states that a complete Riemannian n-manifold with everywhere nonpositive sectional curvature has a universal covering that is diffeomorphic to Euclidean n-space ([23, p. 184). This is one of many motivations for interest in spaces with contractible universal coverings; such spaces are called aspherical. Over the past dozen years considerable information has been obtained regarding group actions on such manifolds (compare[9-12]), and recently analogous questions for manifolds admitting suitably nontrivial maps into certain aspherical manifolds have been considered. In particular, the second named author has considered group actions on closed n-manifolds that map to the n-torus by a degree one map[22,23] and Schoen and Yau have considered smooth or real analytic actions on n-manifolds that- map to closed Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive curvature [21]. (Compare also [29]). In this paper, we shall prove results that overlap or contain the results of Borel-Conner-Raymond on aspherical manifolds, the results of [22], and the theorems of Schoen and Yau on group actions. One class,of results deals with manifolds that map onto a closed aspherical manifold by a map of nonzero degree; this class of manifolds contains all closed aspherical manifolds and in fact all connected sums of closed aspherical manifolds with other manifolds. The results of Borel, Conner and Raymond generalize completely; the only connected compact Lie groups that can act are tori, and all such actions are injective in the sense of [9]. In fact, if f : A4 + N is the map from M to the closed aspherical manifold N and i : T + M is an orbit map, then the composite is injective. Furthermore, if the map f has degree one, then (i) a finite group G acting on M with fixed points induces an injection from G to Aut(n,(M, WI,,)), where m. is a fixed point, (ii) if rr,(M, mo) is centerless, then there is an injection of G into the outer automorphism group of r,(M, mo) even if G has no fixed points. The results of [21] also indicate that one has strong restrictions on the differential symmetry of M, even if dim N > dim M, so long as f maps the fundamental class of M sufficiently nontrivially and N has nonpositive curvature. Our results show that similar restrictions also hold on the topological symmetry of M. Technically speaking, the central ideas of the proofs are (i) fairly explicit descriptions of the fundamental groups of certain orbit spaces (ii) some general facts about the fundamental groups of aspherical manifolds in general and nonpositively curved manifolds in particular. This paper consists of three sections. The first provides the necessary information on orbit spaces and their fundamental groups, while the second discusses group actions on manifolds with nonzero degree maps into aspherical manifolds and the third discusses group actions on manifolds with suitable maps into higher dimensional manifolds of nonpositive curvature.
The Secondary‐School System in Germany

THE aim of the secondary school is to give those German children who are particularly well qualified from a physical, mental, and moral point of view an education which will enable them later in life to occupy high positions in the State or to play a leading part in the political, cultural, and economic life of the nation. It is therefore the duty of the secondary school to reject from among the children attending it those who are incapable or unworthy, and thus to stimulate all the more those who are capable and deserving. This continual examination must take into account their physical qualities, qualities of character, and general usefulness to the community." This decree of the Reich Minister of Education sets forth the goal of the secondary-school system under the new regime in Germany. Perhaps the most striking difference between this new system and the one which obtained during the Republic is that the standard for selection is no longer merely an intellectual one. Equal importance is given to the character and physical fitness of the pupil, with a view to his future usefulness to the nationalistic State as a capable and efficient leader. Furthermore, there has been introduced a policy which aims to simplify the complicated and cumbersome system of the old regime, Formerly there were at least thirteen different classifications of secondary schools (Gymnasium, Realgymnasium, Oberrealschule, Realschule, Deutsche Oberschule, Gymnasiale Studienanstalt, Oberlyzeum, etc.). But now these have been reduced to two fundamental types, the Hauptform or Oberschule, and the Nebenform or Gymnasium. In addition to these, the Continuation School (Aufbauschule) has been retained in the new system. Consequently a pupil can prepare himself for the university by spending four years in the elementary school (Grundschule) plus eight years in the Oberschule or Gymnasium, or by completing six years in the elementary school and six years in the Aufbauschule. This makes it possible for the pupil who at the age of ten does not enter one of the two secondary schools, and who later shows inclination and aptitude for graduate study, to qualify later for advance work at the University. A reorganization of subject-matter to be taught has also taken place. In the Oberschule English is studied as the first foreign language. In the fourth year Latin is introduced. Basic subjects are German, history, geography, biology (ethnology, racial hygiene, genealogy are stressed), and physical culture. The course is uniform for all pupils until the sixth year, when a division into two groups according to the pupil's talents and
Two distinct mechanisms for the initiation of mast cell degranulation.

Our experiments have provided additional data in support of the concept that different mast cell activators follow distinct biochemical pathways in the initiation of secretion and degranulation. To do this we have taken advantage of the observation that some serum proteins, and albumins in particular, have the capacity to inhibit selectively the release of amines from rat peritoneal mast cells initiated by some, but not all, stimuli. We show that the relative inhibition of release obtained is independent of the concentration of activator but dependent upon the concentration of albumin, indicating that the inhibitory process does not involve a direct activator-inhibitor interaction. Finally, our data demonstrate that the inhibition does not interfere with the ability of the activator to interact with the mast cell. Thus, cells incubated with activator in the presence of inhibitor become increasingly unresponsive, or desensitized, to subsequent challenge with activator in the absence of inhibitor. These combined data therefore provide evidence, that, in addition to a selectivity in the activation/desensitization process initiated by different mast cell stimuli, at least one of the biochemical steps subsequent to the activation step is also not shared by all mast cell stimuli.
Survey of speech-language pathologists' training, experience, and opinions on nasopharyngoscopy.

Abstract A questionnaire on nasopharyngoscopy was completed by 93 speech-language pathologists randomly selected from the Directory of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Although the majority rated nasopharyngoscopy as important in the assessment of velopharyngeal function, and believed that it should be performed by speech-language pathologists, the majority do not perform nasopharyngoscopic examinations. Moreover, 40% had no academic preparation and 20% had no clinical experience in nasopharyngoscopy. Implications of these findings concerning exposure to nasopharyngoscopy in speech-language pathology graduate training programs and in continuing education programs for practicing speech-language pathologists are discussed.
Value of laboratory tests in employer-sponsored health risk assessments for newly identifying health conditions: analysis of 52,270 participants.

Background: Employer-sponsored health risk assessments (HRA) may include laboratory tests to provide evidence of disease and disease risks for common medical conditions. We evaluated the ability of HRA-laboratory testing to provide new disease-risk information to participants. Methodology/Principal Findings: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of HRA-laboratory results for participating adult employees and their eligible spouses or their domestic partners, focusing on three common health conditions: hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. HRA with laboratory results of 52,270 first-time participants were analyzed. Nearly all participants had access to health insurance coverage. Twenty-four percent (12,392) self-reported one or more of these medical conditions: 21.1% (11,017) self-identified as having hyperlipidemia, 4.7% (2,479) self-identified as having diabetes, and 0.7% (352) self-identified as having chronic kidney disease. Overall, 36% (n=18,540) of participants had laboratory evidence of at least one medical condition newly identified: 30.7% (16,032) had laboratory evidence of hyperlipidemia identified, 1.9% (984) had laboratory evidence of diabetes identified, and 5.5% (2,866) had laboratory evidence of chronic kidney disease identified. Of all participants with evidence of hyperlipidemia 59% (16,030 of 27,047), were newly identified through the HRA. Among those with evidence of diabetes 28% (984 of 3,463) were newly identified. The highest rate of newly identified disease risk was for chronic kidney disease: 89% (2,866 of 3,218) of participants with evidence of this condition had not self-reported it. Men (39%) were more likely than women (33%) to have at least one newly identified condition (p,0.0001). Among men, lower levels of educational achievement were associated with modestly higher rates of newly identified disease risk (p,0.0001); the association with educational achievement among women was unclear. Even among the youngest age range (20 to 29 year olds), nearly 1 in 4 participants (24%) had a newly identified risk for disease. Conclusions/Significance: These results support the important role of employer-sponsored laboratory testing as an integral element of HRA for identifying evidence of previously undiagnosed common medical conditions in individuals of all working age ranges, regardless of educational level and gender.
Synthesis of flexible heat exchanger networks for multiperiod operation

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of synthesizing heat exchanger networks that have the flexibility of coping with prespecified changes in flow rates, inlet temperatures and outlet temperatures in a finite sequence of time periods. A multiperiod version of the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) trans-shipment model is presented which accounts for the changes in pinch points and utility requirement at each time period. With use of this model as a basis, a systematic procedure is proposed for synthesizing network configurations that require minimum utility cost for each period of operation and involve the fewest number of units. Application of this synthesis procedure is illustrated with two example problems.
The Transferability of Higher Order Cognitive Skills

Abstract An assumption of this paper is that successful adaptation to the complex and rapidly changing world of the future requires an education that places great emphasis on the development of higher order cognitive skills, especially critical and creative thinking skills. This approach to education makes sense only if such skills are transferable, both from one discipline to another, and to work and life situations. This paper claims that such skills will be transferable if certain conditions about curriculum design and reinforcement are met, and goes on to outline the nature of these conditions.
Computational aspects of matrix generalized inversion for the computer with applications

Abstract Numerous theoretical problems have been simplified and, in many cases, unified via the theory of matrix generalized inversion, but not withstanding storage difficulties, occasionally, at the time of computer utilization. The sizes of matrices encountered may, in some cases, be too large for standard manipulations using existing routines. The purpose of this paper is to present some computational aspects of matrix generalized inversion for computer manipulations which provide partial relief to such problems, along with a discussion of some applications, particularly in the area of statistical analyses. Partial relief may be had, for example, through the utilization of the matrix kronecker product and its associated properties, special storage processes such as those available in manipulations with sparse matrices, and schemes for computing the matrix generalized inverse of partitioned matrices. In particular, a procedure for recursive partitioning is developed which permits the Moore Penrose inversion of matrices of any (finite) order.
Biophysical and biochemical characterization of virus-like particles containing a high molecular weight ds-RNA from Helminthosporium maydis

Abstract Spherical virus-like particles (VLPs_ isolated from Helminthosporium maydis ATCC 32450 are 48 in diameter and have three serologically identical components which have the following properties: s 20,w = 152, 212, and 283; ϱ (in CsCl) = 1.298, 1.378, and 1.438 g cm −3 ; percentage of RNA = 0, 17, and 32; and molecular weight = 14, 17, and 21 × 10 6 . The nucleic acid of the fastest sedimenting component is double-stranded and has the following properties: s 20,w = 20.69; T m = 79.6°; ϱ (in Cs 2 SO 4 ) = 1.6062 g cm −3. ; molecular weight = 6.3 ± 0.5 × 10 6 .
Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population.

Objectives We sought to assess the risk of ischemic stroke from a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the multiethnic prospective cohort of northern Manhattan. Background Patent foramen ovale has been associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, mainly in case-control studies. The actual PFO-related stroke risk in the general population is unclear. Methods The presence of PFO was assessed at baseline by using transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography with contrast injection in 1,100 stroke-free subjects older than 39 years of age (mean age 68.7 +/- 10.0 years) from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). The presence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) also was recorded. Subjects were followed annually for outcomes. We assessed PFO/ASA-related stroke risk after adjusting for established stroke risk factors. Results We detected PFO in 164 subjects (14.9%); ASA was present in 27 subjects (2.5%) and associated with PFO in 19 subjects. During a mean follow-up of 79.7 +/- 28.0 months, an ischemic stroke occurred in 68 subjects (6.2%). After adjustment for demographics and risk factors, PFO was not found to be significantly associated with stroke (hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87 to 3.09). The same trend was observed in all age, gender, and race-ethnic subgroups. The coexistence of PFO and ASA did not increase the stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.25, 95% CI 0.17 to 9.24). Isolated ASA was associated with elevated stroke incidence (2 of 8, or 25%; adjusted hazard ratio 3.66, 95% CI 0.88 to 15.30). Conclusions Patent foramen ovale, alone or together with ASA, was not associated with an increased stroke risk in this multiethnic cohort. The independent role of ASA needs further assessment in appositely designed and powered studies.
A highly sensitive procedure for detection of histones in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A procedure for the assay of histones in polyacryamide gels has been developed which allows detection of 0.1 μg protein. This procedure modifies and extends the observations of Sung and Smithies for starch gels. The gels are stained in Buffalo Black and then destained by equilibration in 1.0 M sulfuric acid/3.0 M urea. The method has the capability that, if the gels are found to be “overloaded” by this sensitive procedure, they may be destained by conventional procedures in 7% acetic acid with no loss of resolution.
In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat 9l gliosarcoma treated with BCNU: Dose response of spectral changes

The 9L gliosarcoma, grown subcutaneously in juvenile Fischer 344 rats, was studied by in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy following treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Dose-dependent increases in the proportion of high-energy phosphates were observed for doses between 10 and 36 mg/kg (from 80% of the LD10 to greater than the LD50). These doses reduced clonogenic cell survival in a dose-dependent fashion by as much as 3 log orders and resulted in up to 16 days of growth delay (to pretreatment tumor volume). Increases in high-energy phosphates (relative to Pi) in the tumor were greater at higher doses despite the higher levels of clonogenic cell killing and the substantial host systemic toxicity.
Applications of the Poly-K Statistical Test to Life-Time Cancer Bioassay Studies.

ABSTRACT The statistical analysis of cancer bioassay data has historically depended on the pathological determination of the experimental animal's cause of death. The poly-k statistical test has provided a method of statistical analysis of animal bioassay data without the need for cause of death information. The test has been shown to have good statistical properties in the typical 2-year cancer bioassay. However, while the poly-k test has been applied to chronic lifetime animal studies, it has not been formally evaluated with respect to the operating characteristics of this statistical test when applied to such studies. Thus, our objective is to assess the performance of the poly-k test for lifetime studies and to make comparisons with other tests. We observed in one recent lifetime study of the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) that the application of the poly-k test was not statistically robust. Simulation studies were subsequently conducted for a limited number of scenarios of lifet...
An analysis of perceptions from changes in optical size.

The allocation of perceived size and perceived motion or displacement in depth resulting from retinal size changes (changes in the visual angle of the stimulus) was investigated in situations in which all other cues of perceived changes in distance were absent. The allocation process was represented by the size—distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), in which, for a given change in visual angle, the perceived depth was determined only by the amount of size constancy available. The changes in perceived size and perceived distance (perceived depth) were measured by kinesthetic observer (open-loop) adjustments in five situations. These situations consisted of optical expansions or contractions presented successively or simultaneously or as a mixture of successive and simultaneous presentations. The amounts of perceived motion or perceived displacement in depth obtained by kinesthetic measures were compared with those obtained from size constancy measures as applied to the SDIH. This latter measure accounted for more of the perceived depth obtained from simultaneous and mixed situations than it did for the perceived depth from the successive situations and more for the perceived depth obtained from the expansion than from the contraction situations, whether these were simultaneous or mixed. Perceived rigidity of the stimulus (perfect size constancy) clearly was not obtained in any of the situations. Significant partial size constancy and some predictive ability of the perceived sagittal motion was found using the SDIH in all the situations except in the successively presented contraction situation, with the predictive ability from the SDIH increasing with increases in the amount of size constancy. The difference between the observer’s measures of the perceived motion or displacement in depth and the amount of perceived motion or displacement predicted from the perceptions of linear size using the SDIH is asserted to be due to a cognitive process associated with the perception of the different stimulus sizes as off-sized objects.
An effective non-Archimedean anti-degeneracy/cycling linear programming method especially for data envelopment analysis and like models

A non-Archimedean effective anti-degeneracy/cycling method for linear programming models, especially Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), processing networks and advertising media mix models is herein developed. It has given a tenfold speed increase plus elimination of cycling difficulties over conventional Marsden or Kennington/Ali LP software modules in a 1000 LP DEA application.
Sonographic sign for the detection of early fetal ascites in the management of severe isoimmune disease without intrauterine transfusion

Ultrasonography is an important adjunct to the delta optical density at 450 nm in the management of isoimmunized pregnancies. We describe a sonographic finding that we believe is the earliest sign of fetal ascites suggesting decompensation. In this patient, despite high measurements of delta optical density at 450 nm, intrauterine therapy or delivery was delayed for more than 7 weeks by careful sonographic monitoring.
Effect of environmental temperature upon cholesterol induced aortic atherosclerosis in the rabbit.

SummaryThe findings indicate that heat stress in rabbits raised under conditions studied, produced a profound effect upon extent and distribution of aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation.
LiF/ZnS neutron multiplicity counter

The availability of 3 He in recent years is becoming restricted with an order of magnitude price increase for this material. Alternatives to the use of 3 He for the detection of thermal neutrons are under investigation. One of the most challenging applications for 3 He alternatives is in neutron multiplicity counters that provide rapid assay of samples which contain an unknown amount of plutonium in a potentially unknown configuration. With appropriate detector design that has minimal gamma-ray sensitivity and a high detection efficiency even for triple coincidence events, the neutron single, double, and triple coincidence events can be used to extract three unknown parameters such as the 240 Pueffective mass, the sample self-multiplication, and the (! ,n) rate. This project is aimed at determining if commercially available 3 He alternatives can satisfy this challenging application. Using MCNP modeling the best alternative identified used LiF/ZnS neutron-scintillator sheets and wavelength shifting plastic for light pipes. A four-panel demonstrator module has been constructed, tested, and compared with detailed modeling results. However, to attain that desired high-level of performance two primary design challenges must be addressed. They include building a fast electronics system and robust neutron/ gamma-ray discrimination based on pulse shape analysis at high rates. A review of the current effort and the most recent findings will be presented.
Failure in the nonoperative management of pediatric ruptured appendicitis: predictors and consequences.

Abstract Introduction The initial nonoperative management of perforated appendicitis fails in 15% to 25% of children. These children have complications and increased hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of failure. Methods Children with perforated appendicitis treated with antibiotics and intent for nonoperative management over a 4-year period were reviewed. Seventy-five children were identified and included in the study. Failure was defined as undergoing appendectomy before the initially planned interval. Results Nine (12%) of the patients required appendectomy sooner than initially planned. Age, presenting symptoms, physical examination findings, and white blood cell (WBC) count were similar in both success and failure groups. Absence of abscess and presence of appendicolith were both predictors of failure in a multivariate analysis, which included the presence of small bowel obstruction. The failed group had a longer median total length of stay (18 days [range, 4-67] vs 8 days [range, 4-31]; P = .002) and underwent 3 times as many computed tomography scans as successes (3 [range, 2-7] vs 1 [range, 0-5]; P Conclusion Lack of abscess and presence of an appendicolith predict failure of nonoperative management of perforated appendicitis in children even when the effect of small bowel obstruction is accounted for. Children with these characteristics may benefit from alternative management strategies.
Biomass production and allocation in rice with implications for straw harvesting and utilization.

Abstract Variability in straw quantity and quality can have critical impacts on biomass industries. To generate better information on this variability for rice residues, trials with eight common California rice cultivars were planted at multiple sites for the 1999 and 2000 seasons. Straw yields averaged 11.2 Mg ha −1 in 1999 and 8.5 Mg ha −1 in 2000 with a consistent range of 2– 3 Mg ha −1 between the highest and lowest yielding varieties at each site. Straw-to-grain ratios were also higher in 1999 averaging 1.50 kg kg −1 with high variability while in 2000 they were a more typical 1.04 kg kg −1 with little difference by site or variety. The length of the pre-heading period was the strongest indicator for straw yield. Each one day increment in the length of the time to 50% heading resulted in an additional 8.4 kWh m −2 of solar energy and 0.2 Mg ha −1 of straw production at an efficiency slightly over 1%. Average stem weight ranged from 1.3 to 2.6 g and increased stem weight corresponded to higher yield but lower stand density. Harvested straw yield is also strongly affected by cutting height with a non-linear distribution resulting in nearly half of the straw biomass occurring in the lower third of the plant. Forty percent of biomass was in the internode sections of the stem, 53% in leaf and sheath, 4% in nodes and 3% in the panicle (excluding hull and seed). Stem (culm) fraction decreases and leaf fraction increases from the base of the plant to the panicle. Since many properties vary by botanical fraction, height of cut influences both the yield and composition of the straw. The ability to predict the amount and composition of the biomass material allows for greater control in the design and mobilization of the harvesting system.
Leaders in the Making: Profile and Perceptions of Students in Community College Doctoral Programs

This is a descriptive study of graduate students in doctoral programs focusing on the community college. It explores student demographics and educational background, influences on student perceptions of the community college, and student perceptions regarding leadership competencies. Students in the study are from 18 United States universities in 13 different states.
Relationship between the distribution pattern of right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, and satellite-derived sea surface thermal structure in the Great South Channel

Abstract Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were sighted during random aerial transects over the Great South Channel region located between Georges Bank and Cape Cod in April to July in 1979–1981, 1984 and 1985. Sightings were superimposed on satellite AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) imagery of the same or approximate date to describe the whale's distribution pattern in relation to the thermal front, the 100 m isobath and sea surface temperature (SST) characteristics within the region. The majority of whales occurred north of the thermal front in the warmer, more stratified waters of the Gulf of Maine. Within the Great South Channel region, whales are not limited to a given surface isotherm. As would be expected from a stratified water mass, SST at whale sightings in the Gulf of Maine did not differ significantly from the median SST of those waters, and the horizontal SST gradient at whale sightings was not higher than background values. The SST did differ significantly from the median SST of the entire area sampled. Whales are distributed non-randomly about, and are in close proximity to, the 100 m isobath and the thermal front. The results indicate that whales were not found in areas where surface signatures of upwelling on or at spatial scales greater than 1 km2 are present. The proximity of whale sightings to the isobath and the front suggests that frontal features and/or associated phenomena play an important role in the distribution pattern of right whales in the Great South Channel region.
Effects of cue exposure on brain glucose utilization 8 days after repeated cocaine administration.

Abstract Relapse to cocaine use may involve exposure to cocaine-associated environmental cues. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that basal local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglu), as measured by the 2-deoxy- d -[l-14C]glucose (2-DG) autoradiography, would change in the presence of cocaine conditioned cues at 8 days after the last of seven daily cocaine injections (30 mg/kg). This dose regimen results in sensitization to the locomotor effects of cocaine. Cocaine was administered to two groups of rats while saline was administered to a third. In the conditioned group, the rats were placed into the 2-DG experimental chamber immediately after cocaine injection. Rats in the non-conditioned group were placed into their home cage after cocaine administration. A control group received only saline. The 2-DG experiment was conducted in non-drugged animals 8 days after treatment completion. The interaction between treatment status and brain region was significant. Mean basal LCMRglu was significantly lower in 12 brain regions in the conditioned group as compared to the control group, but was significantly lower in only four areas in the non-conditioned group. Regions in which there were significant changes in the conditioned group included the basolateral amygdala, subiculum, medial thalamus, lateral habenula and the substantia nigra pars compacta. LCMRglu was significantly reduced in the ventrolateral orbital cortex and rostral nucleus accumbens in both experimental groups. These findings indicate that repeated cocaine administration can cause protracted decreases in basal LCMRglu, decreases that are more widespread in the brain during exposure to cocaine-associated cues.
Circulating tumor cells from a 4-dimensional lung cancer model are resistant to cisplatin

Objective To determine the effect of cisplatin on circulatory tumor cells (CTC) and tumor nodules in a four-dimensional (4D) lung cancer model. Methods CTCs from the 4D model seeded with H1299, A549, or H460 and respective cells that were grown under two-dimensional conditions in a Petri dish were treated with 50 μM cisplatin for 24 and 48 hours and cell viability was determined. The lung nodules in the 4D model were then treated with different continuous or intermittent doses of cisplatin and the nodule size, the number of CTCs, and the level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) were determined. Results Cisplatin led to a significant decrease in the viability of tumor cells grown under 2D conditions (P Conclusions The 4D lung cancer model allows for the isolation of CTCs that are resistant to cisplatin treatment. The model may allow us to better understand the biology of cisplatin resistance.
Cystic fibrosis presenting as recurrent pancreatitis in a young child with a normal sweat test and pancreas divisum: a case report

Pancreatitis is a rare manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) and may rarely be the presenting symptom in adolescent or adult patients with CF. We report a case of a 4 year-old female who initially presented with recurrent pancreatitis, a normal sweat test, and a diagnosis of pancreas divisum. She was subsequently diagnosed with cystic fibrosis at the age of 6 years, despite normal growth and no pulmonary symptoms, after nasal potential difference measurements suggested possible CF and two known CF-causing mutations (ΔF508 and L997F) were detected. An otherwise healthy 4 year-old female developed chronic pancreatitis and was diagnosed with pancreas divisum. Sphincterotomy was performed without resolution of her pancreatitis. Sweat test was negative for cystic fibrosis, but measurement of nasal potential differences suggested possible cystic fibrosis. These results prompted extended Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Conductance (CFTR) mutational analysis that revealed a compound heterozygous mutation: ΔF508 and L997F. CFTR mutations should be considered in cases of chronic or recurrent pancreatitis despite a negative sweat test and the presence of pancreas divisum. Children with CFTR mutations may present with recurrent pancreatitis, lacking any other signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis. It is possible that the combination of pancreas divisum and abnormal CFTR function may contribute to the severity and frequency of recurrent pancreatitis.
An electrophilic displacement assisted by neighboring boron

Abstract The mercuri-deboronation of (dimethoxyboryl)methanes XCH2B(OMe)2 with mercuric chloride in methanol at 30° to form XCH2HgCl has the following relative rates with different substituents X : C6H5, 0.36; H, 10; ClHg, 3.0; (MeO)2 B, 98. The rate law in the presence of acetate buffer is d[HgCl2]▿ = k [XCH2B(OMe)2] ☆ [HgCl2] ☆ [NaOAc]/[HOAc]. It appears that the vacant orbital of the neighboring boron or mercury atom plays an essential part in the rate acceleration. The results can be satisfactorily interpreted on the basis of cyclic three-center and four-center electron-pair bonding in the transition state.
Estimating dermal uptake of nonionic organic chemicals from water and soil: I. Unified fugacity-based models for risk assessments

Contamination of water and soil that might eventually contact human skin makes it imperative to include the dermal uptake route in efforts to assess potential environmental health risks. Direct measurements of dermal uptake from either water or soil are only available for a small number of the thousands of chemicals likely to be found in the environment. We propose here a mass-transfer model for estimating skin permeability and dermal uptake for organic chemicals that contaminate soil and water. Statistical relationships between measured permeabilities and chemical properties reveal that permeability varies primarily with the octanol-water partition coefficient (K[sub ow]) and secondarily with the molecular weight. From these results, we derive a fugacity-based model for skin permeability that addresses the inherent permeability of the skin, the interaction of the skin with the environmental medium on skin (water or soil), and retains a relatively simple algebraic form. Model predictions are compared to measured human skin permeabilities for some 50 compounds in water and four compounds in soil. The model is adjusted to account for dermal uptake during both short-term (10-20 min) and long-term (several hour) exposures. This model is recommended for compounds with molecular weight less than or equal to 280 g.
Synthesis and molecular structure of the optically active organoaluminium dimer (S)-(—)-(S)-(—)- [(C6H5)CH(CH3)NHA1(CH3)2]2

Abstract Reaction of the optically active primary amine (S)-(—)-α-methylbenzylamine with trimethylaluminium in heptane affords the crystalline organoaluminium dimer (S)-(—)-(S)-(—)-[(C6H5)CH(CH3)NHA1(CH3)2]2. Isolated as large, colourless, extremely air-sensitive prismatic crystals, the title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell parameters a = 8.406(3), b = 15.505(4), c = 17.547(5) A, V = 2287 A3 and ϱp = 1.03 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement based on 1477 observed reflections converged at R = 0.056, Rw = 0.058. Methane was eliminated during the course of the reaction due to cleavage of A1C and NH bonds resulting in an asymmetric A12N2 fragment at the core of the organoaluminium dimer. The mean A1C bond distance in the dimethylaluminium units is 1.930(8), while the mean A1N bond distance is 1.950(5) A. Specific rotation ([α]D25 in CH2C12)of the dimer is determined to be - 20.6°.
Measuring and guaranteeing quality of barrier-coverage in wireless sensor networks

Sensors may fail due to various reasons such as heat, malicious activity, environmental hazards, extended use, and lack of power. As more and more sensors fail, certain desired properties such as barrier coverage will diminish and eventually fall below a desired level. In such a case, the network will have to be repaired. It is therefore desirable to have mechanisms to monitor network properties. In this paper, we are interested in measuring the quality of barrier coverage. In the literature, researchers only consider whether or not a sensor network provides barrier coverage. This is equivalent to measuring its quality as either 0 or 1. We believe quality of barrier coverage is not binary and propose a metric for measuring it. If the measured quality is short of a desired value, we further identify all local regions that need to be repaired. The identified regions are minimum in the sense that if one of them is not repaired then the resulting network will still be short of quality. We also discuss how to actually repair a region.
Comparative Nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Rats

Netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sisomicin were given daily for 15 days to groups of rats at three dosage levels corresponding to 10, 15, or 25 times the dose recommended for humans on a weight basis. Decreased urinary osmolality and increased urinary excretion of protein and beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase were dose-related features of nephrotoxicity. Decreased tubular resorption of glucose and phosphate were observed with the most toxic regimens after extensive renal damage had occurred. All aminoglycosides accumulated in renal tissue; however, the concentration of drug in the renal cortex at the time the rats were killed was not useful for the prediction of renal impairment. Streptomycin and netilmicin exhibited a flat dose-reponse curve with respect to histological damage, as compared with the curves for the other drugs. Results of studies of creatinine clearance and examination of renal tissue suggested the following order of increasing toxicity of the treatment regimens: (1) 0.9% NaCl and uninjected controls; (2) streptomycin; (3) netilmicin; (4) tobramycin; (5) sisomicin, amikacin, and kanamycin; and (6) gentamicin.
Synthesis of Molybdenum Oxide Nanoplatelets during Crystallization of the Precursor Gel from Its Hybrid Nanocomposites

A simple method has been proposed to realize the anisotropic crystallization of the layered structure of MoO3 directly from its amorphous gel. Large scale α-MoO3 nanoplatelets have been yielded by using the polymer as the surfactant and intercalation material. All the nanoplatelets showed a lowered dimensionality in the [010] direction.
Seasonal Prevalence ofEntomophthora muscaeand Introduction ofEntomophthora schizophorae(Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) inMusca domestica(Diptera: Muscidae) Populations on California Dairies

Abstract Two entomopathogenic fungi in theEntomophthora muscaespecies complex that infect house flies were used in this study:E. muscaeFresenius (16–17 nuclei/conidium) occurred naturally at four southern California dairies, whileEntomophthora schizophoraeKeller and Wilding (4–8 nuclei/conidium) did not. During the first year of the study, onset of measurableE. muscaeinfections occurred between September and November but varied among sites. At least 20% of the flies at all four dairies were infected by November, and infection at one site exceeded 70%. During the fall epizootic period, infection levels were inversely related to temperature. Average weekly temperatures higher than 17–20°C and maximum daily temperatures higher than 26–28°C were statistically correlated with low infection levels. In the second year,E. schizophoraewas introduced by releasing diseased flies at two dairies (four times at one dairy and three times at the other).E. schizophoraewas recovered for a brief time in the house fly population after the first two releases at one site but not at the second site.
A comparison of the rates of accumulation of nonpolyadenylated and polyadenylated RNA in normal and delayed implanting mouse embryos

Abstract Two experiments were done to examine changes in the rates of accumulation of RNA by mouse blastocysts entering and leaving the metabolically quiescent phase associated with delayed implantation. In both cases, normal embryos were labeled with [ 14 C]uridine while delayed implanting embryos were labeled with [ 3 H]uridine. The differentially labeled blastocysts were mixed together and their RNA was extracted. The overall rates of accumulation of both rRNA and mRNA were determined in delayed implanting embryos and expressed as percentages of normal. In the first experiment, delay of implantation was caused by removing the maternal ovaries at noon on the fourth day of pregnancy. The rates of accumulation of both rRNA and mRNA were found to decrease steadily over the subsequent 3–12 hr as the blastocysts entered the metabolically quiescent phase. In the second experiment, dormant embryos were reactivated by injecting ovariectomized females with estradiol. A slow but steady increase was observed in the rate of accumulation of rRNA in the following 18–21 hr; by contrast, a sharp increase was found in the accumulation of mRNA within the first 3 hr. Interestingly, this early burst was transient and subsequently the rate of accumulation of mRNA increased only slowly along with rRNA. Although the significance of the rapid increase in accumulation of mRNA during reactivation was not determined, it seems likely that it is involved with the regulation of metabolism and is part of the mechanism responsible for controlling embryonic diapause.
INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW ALTERS THE MOLECULAR REGULATION OF VASCULAR REACTIVITY IN THE LAMB. • 122

Altered pulmonary vascular reactivity secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow with pulmonary hypertension is a source of morbidity and mortality for children with congenital heart defects. The mechanisms responsible for this are not understood. Injury to the pulmonary vascular endothelium may be important, since endothelial cells produce substances which mediate pulmonary vascular tone. We have established a model of increased pulmonary blood flow with pulmonary hypertension in the lamb, following in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft. By 4 weeks of age, these lambs(Shunt) have endothelial dysfunction evidenced by: (1) decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-mediated pulmonary vasodilation; (2) augmented pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to NO synthesis inhibition; (3) increased plasma cGMP concentrations; (4) loss of endothelin-1 (ET-1)- and endothelin b (ETb) receptor agonist-mediated pulmonary vasodilation; and (5) increased plasma ET-1 concentrations. To understand the molecular events underlying these physiological responses, we cloned ovine cDNA fragments for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis), big ET-1 (the precursor of ET-1), endothelin converting enzyme -1 (ECE-1, the enzyme responsible for the conversion to ET-1), and the two endothelin receptors, ETa and ETb. RNase protection assays and in situ hybridization were performed on lung tissue prepared from Shunt lambs and from 4-week-old lambs with normal pulmonary blood flow. In Shunt lambs, gene expression was altered. eNOS gene expression was increased 5-fold, big ET-1 2-fold, and ECE-1 5-10-fold. ETa receptor gene expression was decreased 2-fold and ETb 10-fold. These changes in gene expression explain, in part, the altered pulmonary vascular reactivity in Shunt lambs. Increased pulmonary blood flow with pulmonary hypertension alters the molecular regulation of pulmonary vascular tone.
The write position. A survey of perceived contributions to papers based on byline position and number of authors

Publications in peer‐reviewed journals are a major criterion for assessing scientists for promotion, tenure or funding (Beasley & Wright, 2003; Thomas et al , 2004). Yet, there are different ways of becoming an author on a scientific publication, and not all authors are viewed as equal contributors. Qualitatively speaking, those listed first or last in the byline are generally apportioned more credit for the work than middle authors. However, exactly how much authors are perceived to contribute from their byline position is not known. Given the central role of publications in evaluating scientific productivity and the trend towards more authors per published paper (Fig 1), it is important that we gain a better quantitative understanding of these perceptions. Figure 1. Frequency distribution of the number of authors per paper by decade since 1966. The graph was generated using MEDLINE bibliographic data and truncated at 15 authors maximum. All types of publication were included in the analysis, with journal article the most common type (86%). It is often not possible to objectively determine exactly how much credit each author on a paper deserves for the sum total of the work performed (Laurance, 2006; Tscharntke et al , 2007). Presumably, a larger number of authors dilutes the relative credit awarded to each contributor; however, this effect has not been scientifically confirmed or quantified. Yet, the number of authors per paper in PubMed is growing—so‐called ‘author inflation’. This is an increasing trend in many research fields largely owing to the increasing pressure to publish, specialization of research expertise, collaborative efforts and honorary authorships, also known as ‘gift authorships’ (Drenth, 1998; Lazar, 2004; Mussurakis, 1993; Kwok, 2005; Mowatt et al , 2002; Smith, 1994; Tarnow, 2004a). Although the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE; Washington, DC, USA) has formally …
A Structured Framework for Software Metrics Based on Three Primary Metrics

This paper presents a structured unifying framework for software metrics (numerical software measurements), based on the three "primary metrics" of function points (FP), person-months (PM), and lines of code (LOC). The framework is based on a layered model, with the three primary metrics constituting the lowest layer. An important property of the primary metrics, referred to as the "convertibility property" is that a primary metric can easily be converted to another primary metric. Time is also included in this layer as a fundamental (not necessarily software) primary metric. The second layer consists of general-purpose metrics such as productivity measures, which are computed from the primary metrics, and the third layer consists of specialpurpose metrics such as reliability and quality measures. This third layer is inherently extensible. The framework readily lends itself for use in both instructional and practitioner environments.
GEOPHYSICS AND CONGRESS

I approach the task of addressing this distinguished group of Geophysicists with some trepidation. I am a layman, and I do not want to impart in any way that what I say can be taken in a technical sense. I salute you and I honor you and respect you for the great contribution you have made in the field of science. Thinking people in the world are now coming to know that, if we are going to survive on this planet, we must study it and know it. We must go into the air above, the depths of the ocean, and probe beneath the Earth’s crust to find her locked‐in secrets.