cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Gene Expression in the Adrenal Medulla by Acute and Repeated Immobilization Stress

While the Renin-Angiotensin System is important for adrenomedullary responses to stress, the involvement of specific angiotensin II receptor subtypes is unclear. We examined gene expression changes of angiotensin II type 1A (AT1A) and type 2 (AT2) receptors in rat adrenal medulla in response to immobilization stress (IMO). AT2 receptor mRNA levels decreased immediately after a single 2 h IMO. Repeated IMO also decreased AT2 receptor mRNA levels, but the decline was more transient. AT1A receptor mRNA levels were unaltered with either single or repeated IMO, although binding was increased following repeated IMO. These effects of stress on angiotensin II receptor expression may alter catecholamine biosynthesis, as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase mRNA levels in PC12 cells are decreased with angiotensin II treatment in the presence of ZD7155 (AT1 receptor antagonist), or with {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"CGP42112","term_id":"874777115","term_text":"CGP42112"}}CGP42112 (AT2 receptor agonist) treatment. Involvement of stress-triggered activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) or sympatho-adrenal axis in AT2 receptor downregulation was examined. Cultured cells treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone displayed a transcriptionally-mediated decrease in AT2 receptor mRNA levels. However, glucocorticoids are not required for the immediate stress-triggered decrease in AT2 receptor gene expression, as demonstrated in corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout (CRH KO) mice and hypophysectomized rats, although they can regulate basal gene expression. cAMP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) also reduced AT2 receptor gene expression and may mediate this response. Overall, the effects of stress on adrenomedullary AT1A and AT2 receptor expression may contribute to allostatic changes, such as regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis.
Material Symmetry and Chirality in Nonlinearly Elastic Rods

We treat certain classes of material symmetry in straight nonlinearly elastic rods in the presence of a uniform helical microstructure. In particular, we consider rods with chirality or “handedness...
The Process of Drug Discovery

This chapter explains the process of drug discovery. The drug discovery process can be envisioned in four interconnected phases. These are the acquisition of chemicals to be tested for biological activity, the determination of the activity of those chemicals on biological systems, the formulation of the most active of these for therapeutic testing in humans, and the determination of adequate delivery of the active drug to diseased tissues. Each phase of this collection of processes is interconnected with the others, and failure in any one of them can halt the development process. It is worth considering each process separately as well as the relationships between them. A starting point to this process is the definition of what the therapeutic end point of the drug discovery process will be, namely, a drug. There are certain properties that molecules must have to qualify as therapeutically useful chemicals. Any molecule possessing activity that can be introduced into the body compartment containing the therapeutic target could be a possible drug. Therapeutically useful molecules must be absorbed into the body, distribute to the biological target in the body, be stable for a period of time in the body, be reversible with time (excreted or degraded in the body after a reasonable amount of time), and be nontoxic. Ideally, drugs must be low molecular weight bioavailable molecules. These desired properties of molecules are often referred to as “druglike” properties. Molecules that fulfill these criteria generally can be considered possible therapeutically useful drugs, providing they possess target activity and few toxic side effects.
A STUDY OF MINIMAL SENSOR TOPOLOGIES FOR SPACE ROBOTS

Sensing in space robotic systems is expensive but necessary to compensate for imprecise actuation, disturbances, and modeling errors. It has been shown that force/torque sensors can identify actuation efforts including joint torques and reaction jet forces for multi-manipulator free-flying space robots and greatly improves system precision. This paper studies the minimum number of sensors which can identify these actuation efforts. The method uses force/torque sensors to isolate sections of the system, which are reduced to canonical elements. This allows the analysis of a small number of elements. The results of the analysis of the canonical elements are combined to determine the number of sensors needed for the original system. Configurations of one- and two-manipulator space robots are examined here and the minimal number of sensors shown.
The Determination of the pH of Blood Serum with the Quinhydrone Electrode.

Since the work of Cullen1 and others on the determination of the pH of serum with quinhydrone, some investigators have had difficulty with this method, because of the rapid drifts in potentials. Cullen, Wilson2 and others have reported that satisfactory quinhydrone serum pH determinations can be made by reading potentials rapidly at noted times and extrapolating in order to obtain the potential at zero time.In a recent study at this laboratory it was necessary to perform a large number of dog serum pH determinations, and it seemed desirable to check the colorimetric method by an electrometric method. When parallel pH determinations on dog serum were made with the colorimetric method, using the Hastings bicolorimeter3 and with quinhydrone at room temperature (24° to 26°) it was found that the 2 methods agree to within 0.02 pH. The quinhydrone method is very rapid and convenient, and since it is free from the personal factor of matching colors, it has, in our hands, been more reliable than the colorimetric ...
Force-induced selective dissociation of noncovalent antibody-antigen bonds.

Specific noncovalent binding between antibody and antigen molecules is the basis for molecular recognition in biochemical processes. Quantitative investigation of the binding forces could lead to molecular specific analysis and potentially mechanical manipulation of these processes. Using our force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy, we revealed a well-defined binding force for the bonds between mouse immunoglobulin G and magnetically labeled α-mouse immunoglobulin G. The force was calibrated to be 120 ± 15 pN. In comparison, the binding force was only 17 ± 3 pN for physisorption and much higher than 120 pN for biotin–streptavidin bonds. A unique rebinding method was used to confirm the dissociation of the antibody–antigen bonds. A well-defined and molecule-specific binding force opens a new avenue for distinguishing different noncovalent bonds in biochemical processes.
Influence of neonatal treatment on maternal behavior: A confounding variable

Postparturitional rats when given a choice of either an experimentally treated (hypothermia and rotated) or a control neonate, significantly preferred the control. Experimental treatment of one half the litter disrupted maternal retrieving scores for all offspring. The results suggest that early experience studies may have a serious confounding variable.
The O’conor Sheath in Renal Surgery

AbstractA simple but useful technique to aid in the correction of many renal lesions is illustrated.
What the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine tone

Abstract Many individuals are able to perceive when the tuning of familiar stimuli, such as popular music recordings, has been altered. This suggests a kind of ubiquitous pitch memory, though it is unclear how this ability differs across individuals with and without absolute pitch (AP) and whether it plays any role in AP. In the present study, we take advantage of a salient single frequency – the 1000 Hz sine tone used to censor taboo words in broadcast media – to assess the nature of this kind of pitch memory across individuals with and without AP. We show that non-AP participants are accurate at selecting the correct version of the censor tone among incorrect versions shifted by either one or two semitones, though their accuracy was still below that of an AP population (Experiment 1). This suggests a benefit for AP listeners that could be due to the use of explicit note categories or greater amounts of musical training. However, AP possessors still outperformed all non-AP participants when incorrect versions of the censor tone were shifted within a note category, even when controlling for musical experience (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 demonstrated that AP listeners did not appear to possess a category label for the censor tone that could have helped them differentiate the censor tones used in Experiment 2. Overall, these results suggest that AP possessors may have better pitch memory, even when divorced from pitch labeling (note categories). As such, these results have implications for how AP may develop and be maintained.
The Re-colonization of South Asian Women’s Bodies: Normalizing Off-Label Experiments in the Pharmaceuticalization of Homebirths

In the guise of global health humanitarianism, the off-label medical uses of the uterine-contracting misoprostol pill has effectively turned homebirths in “resource-poor” nations into unmarked and un-enunciated zones of experimentation, whereas the same drug is regarded too risky for similar uses, even in hospitals, in “resource-rich” nations. Informed by ethnographic research in Balochistan, Pakistan, this chapter delineates the relationship between homebirths and routine artificial labor induction to examine the consequences on Pakistani women’s health of normalizing the “un-enunciated experimental” off-label uses of misoprostol in nearly every case of childbirth, in homes and clinics, in the hopes of averting postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), whether or not the woman is at risk for it. The author argues that the rationale underlying the advocacy of misoprostol to presumably secure ‘global South’ women’s lives, even those not at risk of PPH, is an example of colonial governmentality. Moreover, normalizing misoprostol use in contexts of socio-structural inequalities, particularly where excessive artificial labor induction prevails, constitutes the enactment of a kind of “medical relativism.”In the guise of humanitarianism, the uterine-contracting misoprostol pill is increasingly viewed to be the best low-tech obstetric first-aid against maternal mortality, despite the evident risks of its use for women and the fetus. As such, the transnational off-label medical uses of this drug has effectively turned homebirths in “resource-poor” nations into unmarked and un-enunciated zones of experimentation, whereas the same drug is regarded too risky for similar uses, even in hospitals, in “resource-rich” nations. Misoprostol has become the public health solution in response to medico-humanitarian development discourses that construct homebirths as responsible for high maternal mortality. In the absence of proper safety tests, advocating its routine administration against postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in Pakistani homes serves to erase the distinction between service-delivery projects and experimentation.
A Communications Bundle to Improve Satisfaction for Critically Ill Patients and Their Families: A Prospective, Cohort Pilot Study.

Abstract Context Communication skills training with simulated patients is used by many academic centers, but how to translate skills learned in simulated settings to improve communication in real encounters has not been described. Objectives We developed a communications bundle to facilitate skill transfer from simulation to real encounters and improve patient and/or family satisfaction with physician communication. We tested the feasibility of its use in our hospital's medical intensive care unit (MICU). Methods This prospective cohort 2-week feasibility study included patients admitted to the MICU with APACHE IV predicted mortality >30% and/or single organ failure. The communications bundle included simulation communication training for MICU physicians, scheduling a family meeting within 72 hours of MICU admission, standardized pre- and post-meeting team huddles with the aid of a mobile app to set an agenda, choose a communication goal, and get feedback, and documentation of meeting in the electronic medical record. The intervention group receiving the communications bundle was located in a geographically separate unit than the control group receiving standard of care from MICU physicians who had not received training in the communications bundle. Patient satisfaction surveys were given within 48 hours of the family meeting and scores compared between the two groups. We also compared trainee self-perceived communication preparation. Results The intervention group (N = 15) scored significantly higher on satisfaction than the control group (N = 16) (P = 0.018). Intervention group trainees reported improvement in self-perceived communication preparation. Conclusion Use of the communications bundle proved feasible in the MICU and suggests association with improved patient satisfaction and trainee self-perception of communication preparedness.
Eudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: Recent findings and future directions

The theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of a eudaimonic model of well-being are examined and its empirical translation into distinct dimensions of well-being is described. Empirical findings have documented aging declines in eudaimonic well-being, but there is considerable variability within age groups. Among older adults who remain purposefully engaged, health benefits (reduced morbidity, extended longevity) have been documented. Eudaimonic well-being also appears to offer a protective buffer against increased health risk among the educationally disadvantaged. Neural and genetic mechanisms that may underlie eudaimonic influences on health are briefly noted, and interventions designed to promote eudaimonic well-being are sketched. Needed future research directions include addressing problems of unjust societies wherein greed among privileged elites may be a force compromising the eudaimonic well-being of those less privileged. Alternatively, and more positive in focus, is the need to better understand the role of the arts, broadly defined, in promoting eudaimonic well-being across all segments of society.
The use of free resources to facilitate anytime-anywhere learning

Abstract Open educational resources (OERs) are a recent trend in higher education. With an Internet connection and a computing device, students can utilize OERs anytime-anywhere as primary or supplementary resources for learning. OERs and other free materials eliminate a major barrier to student learning: cost. During a first-year biology major ecology course, three free educational materials are utilized: OpenStax Biology textbook, Lucidchart online diagraming tool, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) BioInteractive. Although all three are available digitally and at no cost to students, only one meets the definition of OER. The difference is in copyrights. OpenStax textbooks are licensed under the Creative Commons 4.0 International License (CC), which allows anyone to use, reuse, change, and republish the content (with attribution only). Lucidchart is a commercial (and copyrighted) subscription web tool that currently provides free access for educational use. BioInteractive materials are created specifically for educational use, in accord with HHMI’s mission; however, the copyrights held by HHMI, and their contracted partners do not permit changing and republishing the content. Instructors who search specifically for OERs may miss a rich body of content freely available to educators and students alike.
Ethnic Fragmentation in South Asia

Ethnoregional conflicts have become a dominant form of warfare in South Asia in recent decades, adding complexity to the region's already volatile mixture of sectarian violence and international disputes. These conflicts, through their geographic expressions, result in ethnic fragmentation zones, marked by contentious relations among ethnic groups, and between ethnic groups and the State, often resulting in massive violence. This paper examines the formation of ethnic fragmentation zones in South Asia and examines the diagnostic factors that identify the major ethnonational movements in South Asia. The objectives are to explicate the history of ethnic tensions that give rise to conflict, to measure the potential for continued or accelerated conflict, and to show how conflict zones threaten to redraw the geopolitical map of the region. As a strategic region, South Asia is best understood not solely in terms of relations between countries, but of territorial aspirations among its diverse peoples.
Water Homeostasis Dysfunction in Epilepsy

Abstract Glial cells are involved in many important physiologic functions, such as sequestration and/or redistribution of K+ during neural activity, neurotransmitter cycling, and provision of energy substrates to neurons. Several recent lines of evidence strongly suggest that changes in glial cells potentially contribute to epilepsy. First, many studies now link glial cells to modulation of synaptic transmission. Second, functional alterations of specific glial membrane channels and receptors have been discovered in epileptic tissue. Third, direct stimulation of astrocytes has been shown to be sufficient for neuronal synchronization in epilepsy models (although see Fiacco et al., 2007). Thus, if the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which glial cells (especially astrocytes) modulate excitability are better understood, specific antiepileptic therapies based on modulation of glial receptors and channels can be contemplated. It is likely that therapies directed to glial cells would have fewer deleterious side effects than current therapies targeting neurons.
Transcranial Approaches to the Sellar and Parasellar Areas

The pathology of the parasellar space is composed of a large number of potential diagnoses owing to the vast morphology of structures comprising the region. Often, parasellar lesions extend superiorly and/or laterally from the sella, e.g., pituitary adenoma or carcinoma, and engulf adjacent structures such as the cavernous carotid laterally or the optic chiasm superiorly. Still other pathologies stem from the embryonic Rathke’s cleft such as the craniopharyngioma and Rathke’s cleft cyst. The differential diagnosis for a space-occupying lesion includes, but is not limited to, metastasis, infection, intraaxial brain tumor with extension and meningioma, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, teratoma, germinoma, and neurocysticercosis. While each of these pathologies is unique, the options for surgical resection can be grouped into two overarching surgical approaches: transsphenoidal surgery and transcranial surgery.
Characterization of the anti-angiogenic effects of TIMP-4.

2298 Very little is known about the ability of TIMP-4 to directly inhibit angiogenesis. In the past, TIMP-4 had been shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion in vitro and to retard the growth of tumor cells that overexpress TIMP-4 when implanted into mice. This study also suggested that TIMP-4 might be an angiogenesis inhibitor based on the observation that TIMP-4 overexpressing tumors showed reduced microvascular density. However, more recent studies have shown that TIMP-4 stimulates the growth of the same tumor type when TIMP-4 was delivered by adenoviral transfection. It has largely been assumed that TIMP-4, by virtue of being a tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, also inhibits angiogenesis despite the fact that TIMP-4 has not specifically tested for its ability to inhibit angiogenic processes in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Previous work from our laboratory and others demonstrates that another TIMP, TIMP-2, inhibits angiogenesis by two distinct pathways, one which is dependent on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the other which is MMP inhibition-independent. We have shown that a fragment of TIMP-2 lacking MMP-inhibitory activity inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Given the high degree of homology between TIMP-2 and TIMP-4, and the fact that both have been shown to share the ability to bind MMP-2 through their carboxy-terminal domains, we hypothesized that TIMP-4 might share anti-proliferative and MMP inhibition-independent anti-angiogenic activities with TIMP-2. In order to test this hypothesis, we cloned TIMP-4 from a human heart cDNA library and subcloned it into the pPICZaA vector for expression in the Pichia pastoris yeast expression system. Expressed TIMP-4 was then purified by His-affinity followed by C4 reverse phase HPLC. In order to confirm the bioactivity of the protein, we first tested the purified TIMP-4 for its ability to inhibit MMP activity, and found that, consistent with previously published results, TIMP-4 inhibited MMP activity with an IC50 of approximately 15 nM. We next examined the effect of TIMP-4 on angiogenic processes, specifically capillary endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Our results demonstrate that TIMP-4 inhibits capillary EC migration at doses comparable to those reported for other cell types. Unlike TIMP-2, TIMP-4 did not significantly inhibit capillary EC proliferation, even at very high doses. We further compared the effects of the anti-proliferative domain of TIMP-2 (Loop 6) and Loop 6 of TIMP-4 (T4L6) and found that Loop 6 of TIMP-4 did not significantly inhibit capillary endothelial cell proliferation activity. Results of in vivo angiogenesis assays will also be presented.
Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has penetrated many organizational processes, resulting in a growing fear that smart machines will soon replace many humans in decision making. To provide a more proactive and pragmatic perspective, this article highlights the complementarity of humans and AI and examines how each can bring their own strength in organizational decision-making processes typically characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and equivocality. With a greater computational information processing capacity and an analytical approach, AI can extend humans’ cognition when addressing complexity, whereas humans can still offer a more holistic, intuitive approach in dealing with uncertainty and equivocality in organizational decision making. This premise mirrors the idea of intelligence augmentation, which states that AI systems should be designed with the intention of augmenting, not replacing, human contributions.
Introducing Combination of Nano-clay and Bio-char to Enhance Asphalt Binder's Rheological and Aging Characteristics

The life expectancy of Asphalt Binder is negatively impacted by the harsh bombardment of ultraviolet (UV) rays. UV rays cause asphalt to oxidize faster which results in deterioration of asphalt’s rheological characteristics that can lead to pavement distresses. This paper investigates merits of application of combination of nano-clay and bio-char to increase effectiveness of nano-clay to reduce asphalt oxidative aging while enhancing nan-clay dispersion. The study was conducted using one control binder (PG 64-22), two nano-clay sources and one type of bio-char, as such several modified binder blends were prepared at varying concentrations of nano-clay; the specimens were then analyzed in terms of their rheological characteristics before and after laboratory oxidation aging. The modifiers used in this study were organo clays (Cloisite-11 and Cloisite-15) along with bio-char, which is derived from swine manure. Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) was used to age all specimens; aged and un-aged samples were then tested using a Rotational Viscometer (RV) to evaluate the changes in their rheological behavior before and after aging. Four modified blends were formulated incorporating 3% and 6% of Cloisite-11 and Cloisite-15, in presence of 3% Bio-char. Bio-char was used to improve dispersion, flow and liquidity retention, while enhancing oxidation resistance.
A Glimpse of Young Tableaux

We defined in Chap. 6 Young’s lattice Y, the poset of all partitions of all nonnegative integers, ordered by containment of their Young diagrams.
Influence of simultaneous addition of carbon nanotubes and calcium phosphate on wear resistance of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V

Seeking to improve the wear resistance of the Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloy for biomedical applications, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics were added to Ti64 powder and successfully 3D-printed using a commercial laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) system. It was hypothesized that CNTs would allow for in situ carbide formation during laser processing, resulting in increased surface hardness. It was also hypothesized that CaPs would allow for protective tribofilm formation during wear, reducing material loss from wear-induced damage. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal defect-free microstructures with fine carbides evenly distributed, while X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of carbides without additional unwanted intermetallic phases. Vickers microhardness shows an increase in surface hardness in coatings containing both CNTs and CaPs. In vitro tribological studies found reduced coefficient of friction, reduced wear rates, and reduced metal ion-release concentrations in coatings containing both CNTs and CaPs. This study demonstrates the efficacy of CNTs and CaPs to improve wear resistance of Ti64 for potential applications in articulating surfaces of load-bearing implants.
Nodulation and expression of the early nodulation gene, ENOD2, in temperate woody legumes of the Papilionoideae

Understanding dinitrogen-fixing symbioses in economically important, temperate, woody legumes requires evaluating their nodulation status and studying molecular mechanisms of nodulation and dinitrogen fixation. Styphnolobium japoniciim (L.) Schott and Cladrastis kentiikea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd were examined for the capacity to form root nodules. Inoculations with various broad-range rhizobia, soil and rhizobia from closely related species of Sophora, and soil from S. japoniciim and C. kentiikea in Japan, China, and the United States did not elicited nodulation. As an unexpected consequence of these experiments, rhizobia were isolated for the first time from nodules of Maackia floribiinda Takeda, and most tested isolates also infected Maackia amiirensis Rupr. & Maxim. An early nodulation gene, ENOD2, was isolated and described in M. amiirensis, S. japoniciim, and C. kentiikea. The cDNAs had 52 to 82% identity to other ENOD2 sequences, and the cDNAs encoded proteir\s with amino acid compositions and coriserved pentapeptides (PPHEK, PPYEK, and PPEYQ) characteristic of ENOD2 proteins. Southern analyses confirmed cDNAs in each species belonged to small gene families. Transcripts were detected in nodules, roots, and flowers from M. amiirensis, and in roots, stems, and flowers from S. japoniciim and C. kentiikea. Four days after inoculation with rhizobia, ENOD2 transcripts were detected in roots of M. amiirensis, and expression was enhanced as nodules developed. In situ hybridization showed that ENOD2 transcripts are restricted to the distribution zone in indeterminant nodules of M. amurensis. Pseudonodules developed on roots of M. amiirensis after treatment with TIBA, an auxin transport inhibitor, but did not form on S. japoniciim and C. kentiikea. Zeatin and TIBA enhanced EN0D2 expression in roots of M. amurensis only during the first 10 days of a 40-day treatment. Although transcript accumulation in roots of S. japoniciim and C. kentiikea was inhibited initially after exposure to TIBA and zeatin, acciimulation was erUianced after 30 days. My results suggest ENOD2 activity is not a marker for nodulation in legumes, but instead may be a cellular response to concentrations of plant hormones in diverse tissues. In M. amurensis, ENOD2 proteins may be components of cell walls in tissues that regulate nutrient flow to sinks.
A Big Win in Smalltown: Demanding Dignity in an Era of Neoliberal Austerity

This article explores the concepts of dignity at work and worker voice in the public workplace during a period of surging neoliberal austerity intended to reduce taxes, government regulations, and public services. I ask how the changing landscape of public employment in the neoliberal era has created new and exacerbated existing threats to dignity at work and how workers have responded to such threats. The question is answered by exploring how and why an unlikely group of workers in Smalltown chose to use their collective voice on the job to organize a union. Using ethnographic methods, I am able to look at the strategies of public workers coping with a changing work environment in real time. The case of Smalltown offers a window into the interplay of the global and the local by examining how macro-level neoliberal forces can shape workers’ micro-level responses to attacks on their dignity at work. The findings reveal how neoliberal attacks on public workers in particular settings can trigger collective responses that confront not merely austerity but other threats to dignity as well. This study informs our understanding of dignity at work and worker resistance in the post-Great Recession economy.
Segment and Intermediary Financial Statements

Segment reporting refers to the reporting of the operating segments of a company in the disclosures accompanying its financial statements. Only publicly held entities are required to report segments. Privately held entities are not required. The purpose of the segment reporting is to provide information about the different types of business activities in which a public entity engages and the different economic environments in which it operates to help users of financial statements get a sound understanding of the entity.
Workforce Cost Model for Expanding Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease Services in Kenya.

Background:Cardiovascular disease is the number one global killer, with over three quarters of these deaths arising from the populations of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Addressing the ...
From Emergency Law to Legal Process: Herbert Wechsler and the Second World War

This article tells the little known story of Herbert Wechsler’s leading role as the government attorney in charge of litigating Korematsu v. United States before the Supreme Court in 1944. His service as Assistant Attorney General in charge of the War Division concluded, Wechsler returned to Columbia Law School after the war and sought on several occasions to justify his role in the Japanese-American internment. Wechsler’s wartime experience helped to shape his thinking as the most important constitutional theorist of postwar America and paved the way for certain key assumptions of the legal process school. These assumptions include: (1) the idea that a "separation of functions" is the best available mechanism in our constitutional democracy for dealing with irreconciliable differences in world view and political judgment; (2) the subordination of constitutional liberties to the discretionary power of government; and (3) the belief that legal reasoning is legitimized and ennobled through strict adherence to neutral principles. In contrast to scholars who have portrayed these tenets of the legal process school as outgrowths of the Cold War environment, we suggest that Wechsler’s fundamental legal convictions were (already) formed in the cauldron of the Second World War. The story of Wechsler and legal process after the war is, in significant measure, the story of a transformation of emergency law into peacetime jurisprudence.
Abstract 2421: Factors associated with abnormal cervical cancer screening results among screening compliant women in the United States

Introduction: Formal guidelines recommend routine cervical cancer screening using the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and / or screening for high risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV). This study aims to describe the factors associated with abnormal cervical cancer screening outcomes. Methods: We analyzed data from 7,716 women, aged 30 to 65 years, who were respondents of the 2015 Cancer Control Supplement (CCS) of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with i) abnormal Pap test, ii) positive high-risk HPV test, as well as iii) abnormal Pap and positive high-risk HPV tests. Results: Overall, 16.8% [95% CI, 15.6 to 18.0] of women who screened for cervical cancer in the last 3 years, had an abnormal result. Risk of abnormal cervical cancer screening results decreased as age increased. Compared to the younger age group (30-45 years), those aged 56-65 years had lower odds of an abnormal Pap test (aOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.92), positive high-risk HPV test (aOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.97) or abnormal Pap and positive high-risk HPV tests (aOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.88). Similarly, women who were married or living with a partner were less likely to have an abnormal Pap test (aOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.00), than unmarried women. On the contrary, geographic region, race and cigarette smoking were found increase the odds of an abnormal cervical cancer screening result. Blacks were more likely to have abnormal screening results compared to Whites. Current smokers had increased odds of abnormal Pap test (aOR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.73) and positive high-risk HPV test (aOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.32), compared to never smokers. Discussion: Study findings call for continued surveillance of cancer screening outcomes. More so there is a need for further studies to examine factors promoting an increased likelihood of abnormal cervical cancer screening results in populations identified in this study. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Sanjay Shete. Factors associated with abnormal cervical cancer screening results among screening compliant women in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2421.
A History of VW’s Spanish Car Plants, Part I: 1940–1989

In this chapter, provides a brief history of Volkswagen’s (VW’s) current Sociedad Espanola de Automoviles de Turismo, SA (SEAT) division through 1989. It begins by discussing the then Spanish automaker’s Barcelona Zona Franca factory tie-up with Fiat. It then reviews the early history of British Leyland’s Authi Landaben joint venture plant in Pamplona, which SEAT absorbed in 1975. This is followed by sections reviewing SEAT’s breakup with Fiat and subsequent partnership with, and takeover by, VW of Germany. VW’s post-1989 control of SEAT is continued in Chap. 15.
Fibrin versus cyanoacrylate glue for fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a network meta-analysis and indirect comparison.

Evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic glue for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair results in decreased pain. However, the two glue sub-types (biologic—fibrin based; synthetic—cyanoacrylate based) have never been compared. This study aims to assess the outcomes of those subtypes. A systematic review of the MEDLINE database was undertaken. Randomized trials assessing the outcomes of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with penetrating and glue fixation methods were considered for inclusion and data analysis. Thirteen trials involving 1947 laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs were identified with eight trials utilizing fibrin and five trials utilizing cyanoacrylate. There were no differences in recurrence or wound infection between the glue subtypes when compared individually to penetrating fixation alone or indirectly to each other. There were non-significant trends in reduction of hematoma and seroma for both glue subtypes when compared to penetrating fixation (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.39–1.40). There was a significant reduction in urinary retention with glue fixation (pooled results of both sub-types) when compared to penetrating fixation (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13–0.83). Glue fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair reduces the incidence of urinary retention and may reduce the rate of hematoma or seroma formation. As there are no differences in outcomes when comparing fibrin or cyanoacrylate glue, surgeons should choose the glue that is available at the lowest cost at their respective institutions.
Accelerated N -Path Network Analysis Using the Floquet Scattering Matrix Method

Advances in semiconductor devices have allowed researchers to explore temporal modulation as a means to achieve nonreciprocity. This is of practical importance, since nonreciprocity is often desired in electronic systems that are incompatible with the integration of magnetic materials. Recently, $N$ -path networks, a class of electronic systems, whose behavior was first introduced in the 1950s, have been shown to allow nonreciprocity. An analysis technique was introduced by Krishnaswamy et al. in 2016 to analytically characterize an $N$ -path network, used in the implementation of a microwave circulator. In general, the technique enables the analysis of $N$ -path networks that consist of first-order circuits. However, the extension of the technique to $N$ -path networks with higher-order internal circuits is unclear. Meanwhile, commercial harmonic balance solvers often fail to converge when the excitation frequency is close to the frequency of modulation. In this article, we develop an efficient, semianalytical technique for analyzing $N$ -path networks. The benefits of the analysis technique presented are that it converges for all excitation frequencies, the simulation time is independent of the number, $N$ , of paths, and it can be used to simulate the performance of complicated, higher-order internal networks.
Public Opinion and Foreign Electoral Intervention

Foreign electoral intervention is an increasingly important tool for influencing politics in other countries, yet we know little about when citizens would tolerate or condemn foreign efforts to sway elections. In this article, we use experiments to study American public reactions to revelations of foreign electoral intervention. We find that even modest forms of intervention polarize the public along partisan lines. Americans are more likely to condemn foreign involvement, lose faith in democracy, and seek retaliation when a foreign power sides with the opposition, than when a foreign power aids their own party. At the same time, Americans reject military responses to electoral attacks on the United States, even when their own political party is targeted. Our findings suggest that electoral interference can divide and weaken an adversary without provoking the level of public demand for retaliation typically triggered by conventional military attacks.
Clinical outcomes for anti-CD19 CAR T cell (CTL019) products not meeting commercial release specifications

Background & Aim Background: Tisagenlecleucel (CTL019) is approved for treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) aggressive B-cell lymphomas after second line therapy. Prior to CTL019 release for commercial use in the United States, the final manufactured, patient-specific product must meet specific Lot Release Specifications. CAR T cell products that do not meet predetermined release specifications are considered “out of specification” (OOS). Aim To describe reasons commercial CTL019 products were OOS and examine clinical outcomes with use of OOS CTL019. Methods, Results & Conclusion Methods We are participating in a prospective, managed access protocol to allow administration of OOS CTL019 to patients (pts) with r/r aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Pts were provided product via this managed access program. Consent was obtained from all pts. Clinical response was assessed at 3 months post CTL019 infusion. Results 18 pts were enrolled at our institution. Eleven pts had r/r DLBCL, 5 pts had r/r HGBCL, and 2 pts had r/r tFL. Median age was 65.3 years (range: 41-75 years); 7 pts (39%) were female. Fourteen pts (78%) had advanced stage lymphoma. Median ECOG performance status was 0 (range: 0-2). Median prior therapies was 3 (range: 2-5). Median absolute lymphocyte counts and CD3 counts were 850 / uL (range: 200-1300) and 601 / uL (range: 228-1343), respectively. Median CTL019 dose was 1.4 × 108 CAR-positive viable T cells (range: 0.5 × 108-2.5 × 108). Median product viability was 78.65% (range: 70.8-87.4%). Fifteen of 18 pts (83%) were enrolled due to low viability products (viability 1000 fg/transduced cell (n=1). Of 18 pts enrolled, 15 pts have at least 3 months of follow-up. Median follow-up is 3.5 months. Five pts had CRS grades 1-2 by ASTCT criteria and no pts had neurotoxicity. Of the 5 pts with CRS, one received a low dose of CTL019 (grade 2 CRS), one had higher levels of IFN gamma (grade 1 CRS), and three had low viability (all grade 1 CRS). For all pts infused with OOS products, the 3-month overall response rate (ORR) is 60%, including 7/15 (47%) CR and 2/15 (13%) PR. Conclusions Commercially produced CTL019 products were OOS primarily due to low viability. Three-month overall response rates appear similar to published tisagenlecleucel outcomes for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Compatibility of medications with intravenous lipid emulsions: Effects of simulated Y-site mixing.

Purpose To determine the physical intravenous Y-site compatibility of 19 commonly used medications at pediatric concentrations with 3 different types of lipid emulsion. Methods Medications at commonly used pediatric concentrations were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with lipid emulsions (Intralipid, Nutrilipid, and Smoflipid) and incubated at room temperature for 4 hours to simulate Y-site administration. Each sample was then diluted with particle-free water and analyzed using the analytical technique of light obscuration recommended in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) general information chapter 729 (USP ). Physical compatibility was determined by measuring the percentage of fat residing in globules larger than 5 µm (PFAT5) per USP recommendations. Results Most combinations tested were physically compatible based on USP regulations. Incompatibilities differed for the different brands of lipid emulsion. The two combinations that met USP criteria for physical incompatibility were cisatracurium 2 mg/mL with Intralipid and gentamicin 2 mg/mL with Smoflipid. Conclusion Three different lipid emulsions were physically compatible at the Y site with the majority of medications tested. Data regarding Y-site compatibility for one lipid emulsion product cannot be safely extrapolated to another without additional testing.
Protein Charge Neutralization is the Proximate Driver Dynamically Tuning a Nanoscale Bragg Reflector

Reflectin is a cationic, block copolymeric protein that mediates the dynamic fine-tuning of color and brightness of light reflected from nanostructured Bragg reflectors in iridocyte skin cells of squids. In vivo, neuronally activated phosphorylation of reflectin triggers its assembly, driving osmotic dehydration of the membrane-bounded Bragg lamellae containing the protein to simultaneously shrink the lamellar thickness and spacing while increasing its refractive index contrast, thus tuning the wavelength and increasing the brightness of reflectance. In vitro, we show that reduction in repulsive net charge of the purified, recombinant reflectin - either (for the first time) by generalized anionic screening with salt, or by pH titration - drives a finely tuned, precisely calibrated increase in size of the resulting multimeric assemblies. The calculated effects of phosphorylation in vivo are consistent with these effects observed in vitro. X-ray scattering analyses confirm the sphericity, size and low polydispersity of the assemblies. Precise proportionality between assembly size and charge-neutralization is enabled by the demonstrated rapid dynamic arrest of multimer growth. The resulting stability of reflectin assemblies with time ensures reciprocally precise control of the particle number concentration, thereby encoding a precise calibration between the extent of neuronal signaling, osmotic pressure, and the resulting optical changes. The results presented here strongly suggest that it is charge neutralization, rather than any change in aromatic content, that is the proximate driver of assembly, fine-tuning a colligative property-based nanostructured biological machine. A physical mechanism is proposed.
Impact of rapid infliximab infusions on access at a large academic tertiary medical center.

Purpose Infliximab promotes remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatologic disease (RD). Rapid infliximab infusions (RI) reduce infusion time from 2 hours to 1 hour and can enhance access to care, as defined by capacity, safety, and patient characteristics. Our hypothesis for the study described here was that use of RI can enhance access for patients. Methods Data on all patients receiving infliximab for IBD or RD at our outpatient infusion center from February 2016 to August 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical information were collected. Results Of 348 patients who received infliximab, 205 had IBD and 143 had RD. In terms of capacity, 40% of patients received RI, resulting in a 16.1% decrease in average daily infusion time and a 9.8% increase in average daily available scheduled infusion chair time (P = 0.720). In terms of safety, 4 patients switched back to standard infusions after RI, after 3 specifically had reactions to RI. In terms of patient characteristics, more patients with RD versus IBD received RI (P = 0.020). Among the patients with RD, a lower proportion receiving RI were female (P = 0.043). For the patients with IBD, a higher proportion receiving RI were white (P = 0.048). Among both patients with RD and patients with IBD, a higher proportion receiving RI had private insurance (P = 0.016 and P = 0.018, respectively). Conclusion RI were safe and increased available chair time. Females with RD, patients of non-White race with IBD, and patients with public insurance were less likely to receive RI. Future directions include patient surveys and evaluation of implicit bias against patient factors that may impact access to RI.
Webcams, Songs, and Vocabulary Learning: A Comparison of In-Person and Remote Data Collection as a Way of Moving Forward With Child-Language Research.

This article evaluates a testing procedure for collecting eye-gaze data with toddlers and preschoolers during a word-learning task. We provide feasibility and precision data by comparing performance in an in-person version of the study (conducted under controlled conditions in the lab), with performance in a virtual version in which participants completed the testing procedure from home. Our data support the feasibility of collecting remote eye-gaze data with young children, and present it as a viable alternative for conducting developmental language research when in-person interactions with participants cannot take place. Additionally, we use this methodological approach to examine a topic that has gained popularity in recent years – the role of music and songs on vocabulary learning. We provide evidence suggesting that while songs may help increase attention during a particular task, greater attention does not lead to greater learning. In fact, preschoolers show improved word-learning performance for items that were trained in a spoken sentence compared to items that were trained in a song. This means that while songs may be beneficial for increasing child engagement, spoken sentences may be best for supporting deep level learning of language concepts.