cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meaning Making and Religious Engagement Among Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors and Their Caregivers.

PURPOSE To describe how adolescent and young adult survivors and their mother-caregivers ascribe meaning to their post-brain tumor survivorship experience, with a focus on sense making and benefit findings and intersections with religious engagement. PARTICIPANTS A SETTING Adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors and their families, living in their community settings. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH Secondary analysis of simultaneous and separate individual, semistructured interviews of the 40 matched dyads (80 total interviews) occurred using conventional content analysis across and within dyads. Meaning is interpreted through narrative profiles of expectations for function and independence. FINDINGS Participants made sense of the brain tumor diagnosis by finding benefits and nonbenefits unique to their experiences. Meaning was framed in either nonreligious or religious terms. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Acknowledging positive meaning alongside negative or neutral meaning could enhance interactions with survivors, caregivers, and their families. Exploring the meaning of their experiences may help them to reconstruct meaning and reframe post-tumor realities through being heard and validated.
Intergenerational altruism in the migration decision calculus: evidence from the African American Great Migration

It is widely believed that many migrations are undertaken at least in part for the benefit of future generations. To provide evidence on the effect of intergenerational altruism on migration, I estimate a dynamic residential location choice model of the African American Great Migration in which individuals take the welfare of future generations into account when deciding to remain in the Southern USA or migrate to the North. I measure the influence of altruism on the migration decision as the implied difference between the migration probabilities of altruistic individuals and myopic ones who consider only current-generation utility when making their location decisions. My preferred estimates suggest that intergenerational altruism explains between 24 and 42% of the Northward migration that took place during the period that I study, depending on the generation.
The Tyrer-Cuzick Model Inaccurately Predicts Invasive Breast Cancer Risk in Women With LCIS.

Background The Tyrer-Cuzick model has been shown to overestimate risk in women with atypical hyperplasia, although its accuracy among women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is unknown. We evaluated the accuracy of the Tyrer-Cuzick model for predicting invasive breast cancer (IBC) development among women with LCIS. Methods Women with LCIS participating in surveillance from 1987 to 2017 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Tyrer-Cuzick score (version 7) was calculated near the time of LCIS diagnosis. Patients with prior or concurrent breast cancer, a BRCA mutation, receiving chemoprevention, or with pleomorphic LCIS were excluded. Invasive cancer-free probability was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 1192 women with a median follow-up of 6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 2.5-9.9) were included. Median age at LCIS diagnosis was 49 years (IQR 45-55), 88% were white; 37% were postmenopausal, 28% had ≥ 1 first-degree family member with breast cancer, and 13% had ≥ 2 second-degree family members with breast cancer. In total, 128 patients developed an IBC; median age at diagnosis was 54 years (IQR 49-61). Five- and 10-year cumulative incidences of invasive cancer were 8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6-9%) and 14% (95% CI 12-17%), respectively. The median Tyrer-Cuzick 10-year risk score was 20.1 (IQR 17.4-24.3). Discrimination measured by the C-index was 0.493, confirming that the Tyrer-Cuzick model is not well calibrated in this patient population. Conclusions The Tyrer-Cuzick model is not accurate and may overpredict IBC risk for women with LCIS, and therefore should not be used for breast cancer risk assessment in this high-risk population.
Energy Efficiency of Anisotropic Thermoelectric Materials Under Three-Dimensional Conditions

The figure of merit parameter (Z) for an anisotropic thermoelectric (TE) material is dependent on direction, and the highest Z has been used to characterize the energy conversion efficiency of anisotropic TE materials. It is, however, not clear whether the material properties in other directions also play a role in the TE generator efficiency. This work presents a three-dimensional (3D) model to investigate the direction dependence of energy efficiency for orthotropic TE materials. It is analytically proved that the peak efficiency is a function of Z in the leg direction, the thermal conductivity (separate from that in Z) in the leg direction and the thermal conductivities in the lateral directions, but is independent of lateral electrical conductivities. Numerical examples indicate that the energy efficiency is insensitive to the lateral thermal conductivities, but increases with an increase in the thermal conductivity in the leg direction for a fixed Z in the leg direction. Moreover, the efficiency of an orthotropic material with the leg in a lower Z direction may become higher than that with the leg along the highest Z direction, depending on the thermal conductivity in the leg direction, which indicates that orienting the highest Z direction along the leg may not necessarily achieve the highest TE generator efficiency. The effects of anisotropy on the efficiency are coupled with heat loss along the lateral surface and become less significant for small surface heat transfer coefficients.
Critical Thinking and Open-Mindedness in Polarized Times

In Teaching Controversial Issues, Nel Noddings and co-author Laurie Brooks invite teachers to engage students in critical thinking on issues that divide Americans such as religion, race, gender, class, and justice. Across her recent work, Noddings argues that schools are places where students can learn to listen to others and to think about these issues critically and collaboratively. This essay proposes that the power of critical thinking for cultivating students’ ability to participate in social and political life is complicated by current American polarization and needs to be supplemented by exercises that help open teachers’ and students’ minds to alternative perspectives. It points to two potential arts education practices that can help create conditions in which critical thinking on controversial issues carries the possibility of cultivating the democratic citizens Noddings envisions, even in polarized times.
Improved image reconstruction from sub-apertures of circular spotlight SAR

Reconstructing images from SAR returns is usually a time consuming task. In addition it is often desired to use as many returns as possible to achieve better image quality. However, the high computational resources demand by the conventional methods hinders the reconstruction process. In this article, we propose a simple method to reconstruct SAR image that is built upon the back-projection algorithm using multiple sub-aperture imagery to attain both greater processing efficiency and improved image quality. Instead of aggregating all the available pulses into one single image following the back-projection algorithm, our proposed method creates multiple SAR image reconstructions from a relatively small number of pulses to exploit variations in sub-aperture views of the scene. The heterogeneity among these sub-aperture views exhibits an exceptional difference between various objects and presents a reconstruction with much less noise. Our proposed method is evaluated with circular spotlight GOTCHA data sets and it demonstrates much improved computational performance and image quality compared to the conventional back-projection algorithm.
The role of teachers in educational reform: A 20-year perspective

Teachers’ professional lives and their role in change efforts have always been central to the Journal of Educational Change. Articles have addressed teachers’ motivation for and commitment to reform, their belief systems, their professionalism, their networks, and their professional development, among other topics. Unequivocally, teachers are central to educational change. In this article, I will reflect upon my own work over the past 20 + years as a lens through which to examine this topic, and drawing out implications for research, policy, and practice. The common threads across this work include issues of agency, power, and social justice that have influenced the role of teachers in various waves of reform. I discuss teacher agency in reforms ranging from bottom-up change efforts to externally developed comprehensive school reform models and those that rely on teacher collaboration and participation as research partners.
Durvalumab as neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Preliminary results from the Bladder Cancer Signal Seeking Trial (BLASST)-2.

507Background: There is no established neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for patients (pt) with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy preceding radical cystectom...
Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Bleed Coincided With Massive Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis as Initial Presentation of COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a global pandemic and unfortunately has caused a health crisis. When severe, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest with bilateral pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure but also can affect different organ systems. SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to cause a hypercoagulable state resulting in acute thrombotic events, including venous thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, acute limb ischemia, and clotting of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) catheters. Even though it commonly causes thrombotic complications, bleeding complications of COVID-19 due to coagulopathy and use of anticoagulation are less commonly reported. We herein present a case of a patient with COVID-19 complicated by spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding and massive deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which was later complicated by compartment syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, coexistence of spontaneous bleeding with massive DVT has not been reported in the current literature. This case emphasizes that COVID-19 induced hypercoagulable state can cause massive thrombosis, and patients might need anticoagulation therapy. However, clinicians should also consider the risk of hemorrhagic complications of the disease and be cautious when administering anticoagulant therapy in selected cases.
Bisretinoids of the Retina: Photo-Oxidation, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation, and Disease Consequences.

The retina and, in particular, retinal pigment epithelial cells are unusual for being encumbered by exposure to visible light, while being oxygen-rich, and also amassing photoreactive molecules. These fluorophores (bisretinoids) are generated as a byproduct of the activity of vitamin A aldehyde—the chromophore necessary for vision. Bisretinoids form in photoreceptor cells due to random reactions of two molecules of vitamin A aldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine; bisretinoids are subsequently transferred to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, where they accumulate in the lysosomal compartment with age. Bisretinoids can generate reactive oxygen species by both energy and electron transfer, and they become photo-oxidized and photolyzed in the process. While these fluorescent molecules are accrued by RPE cells of all healthy eyes, they are also implicated in retinal disease.
Connecting health concepts and health behavior : the construction of health identity.

CONNECTING HEALTH CONCEPTS AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR: THE CONSTRUCTION OF HEALTH IDENTITY Valerie French May 25, 2006 This thesis is an historical, theoretical and empirical examination of women's health concepts and health behavior in contemporary consumer-oriented American society. It begins with an historical overview of social health movements to illustrate how health concepts are shaped by cultural, social, political, and moral beliefs and practices. It then traces the socio-cultural construction of "health" to understand how this concept is shaped by various social and individual factors. The qualitative methodology of grounded theory was used to examine empirically how a sample of women defines "health" and what behaviors they engage in related to "health." Non-random convenience sampling was employed to recruit twenty-five women who self-identified as "healthy." Data are derived from semi-structured interviews and verbatim transcriptions. Findings suggest that dominant cultural images associated with health were important in how the participants talked about health, but when talking about their behavior, "health" was presented as an alternative choice to consumer, aesthetic body ideals that are expressed as oppressive, unhealthy and unattainable. Study participants discussed "health" as having positive moral connotations of being an achievement, which
Terminal Electron Transport in Leptospira

The cytochrome content of three leptospiral strains grown in several media was investigated after it was shown that respiratory inhibitors suppressed oxygen consumption of a water isolate, B16, and that two pathogenic serotypes, pomona and schueffneri, were active catalase producers, whereas B16 lacked catalase activity. Reduced minus oxidized difference spectra disclosed cytochromes of the a, c, and c1 types in all strains. Although no spectral evidence suggested the existence of cytochrome b components, they could have been masked by cytochrome c, and their presence cannot be ruled out. Carbon monoxide difference spectra revealed peaks indicative of a cytochrome oxidase of the o type in all strains. Carbon monoxide spectra further suggested that a cytochrome a oxidase, possibly a1 or a3, and a pigment with absorption spectra different from those of previously characterized cytochromes existed in the two pathogens and not in the water isolate. Physiological reduction of the cytochromes by various metabolic substrates implied that the cytochrome system in Leptospira was functional. No effect of the various growth media on the cytochrome patterns of the three strains was observed, indicating that all three strains were capable of synthesis of cytochrome components and did not require heme prosthetic groups present in serum.
Branch strategy taxonomy and performance models

For software designers, classifies and describes six basic branching strategies, present analytic models to evaluate each strategy under various work-load and pipeline parameters, and outlines a modeling methodology for evaluating new branching strategies. No index. Annotation copyright Book News, I
Electro‐optic Devices

Electro-optic devices can be designed to modulate various properties of a light wave, including phase, polarization, amplitude, frequency, and even its direction of propagation. Research over the years has focused on developing materials and complementary device geometries that together can yield desirable device performance for a large number of applications. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental modes of operation for devices that alter the optical properties of materials in a controlled way for achieving light modulation. A mathematical treatment of light propagation in anisotropic and electro-optically active media is presented to enable the device designer to quantify the modulation of light as well as the effects of slight misalignments of the structure on polarization and energy flow. Various classes of materials investigated for electro-optic devices are presented; these include inorganic crystals, organic crystals, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and dye-doped polymers. Possible device geometries include bulk, integrated optical waveguides, and optical fibers. In addition, performance criteria are defined, and a wide range of applications for these devices are summarized. Keywords: electro-optic effect; nonlinear optics; light modulation; optical communications; nonlinear optical materials; optical waveguides; anisotropic materials
The Higher-Order Aggregate Update Problem

We present a multi-pass interprocedural analysis and transformation for the functional aggregate update problem. Our solution handles untyped programs, including unrestricted closures and nested arrays. Also, it can handle programs that contain a mix of functional and destructive updates. Correctness of all the analyses and of the transformation itself is proved.
A Systematic Regional Trend in Helium Isotopes Across the Northern Basin and Range Province, Western North America

An extensive study of helium isotopes in fluids collected from surface springs, fumaroles and wells across the northern Basin and Range Province reveals a systematic trend of decreasing 3He/4He ratios from west to east. The western margin of the Basin and Range is characterized by mantle-like ratios (6-8 Ra) associated with active or recently active crustal magma systems (e.g., Coso, Long Valley, Steamboat, and the Cascade volcanic complex). Moving towards the east, the ratios decline systematically to a background value of ~;0.1 Ra. The regional trend is consistent with extensive mantle melting concentrated along the western margin and is coincident with an east-to-west increase in the magnitude of northwest strain. The increase in shear strain enhances crustal permeability resulting in high vertical fluid flow rates that preserve the high helium isotope ratios at the surface. Superimposed on the regional trend are helium spikes, local anomalies in the helium isotope composition. These spikes reflect either local zones of mantle melting or locally enhanced crustal permeability. In the case of the Dixie Valley hydrothermal system, it appears to be a combination of both.
American indian tribal law

"American Indian Tribal Law" is the first casebook for law students to survey the field of laws and cases generated by American Indian tribes. There are 565 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States as of this writing. Each Indian nation has the authority, often expressed in an organic document such as a tribal constitution or a treaty with the United States, to legislate for the general welfare of the tribe, its people, and its land. Tribal ordinances and resolutions often are codified into tribal codes and published in book form and on the Internet.American Indian tribal courts decide thousands of cases daily, with misdemeanor criminal cases, child welfare, and tribal administrative law cases constituting the large portion of tribal court dockets. Some tribal courts, such as those of the Navajo Nation, handle more than 100,000 cases each year, while other tribal courts handle only a very few cases. Many tribal courts span the full panoply of subject areas, from criminal to civil to probate to divorce to environmental law; others handle only a select few subject areas, such as tribal conservation courts, which adjudicate disputes involving tribal treaty fishing and hunting rights. The variety of tribal court disputes is endless.Indian country is ready for a comprehensive set of materials on what some academics and practitioners have called the ‘‘real Indian law’’ — the law of Indian nations and tribal courts. It is a new field, and scholarship on the subject has taken off only in the past few years. These materials are intended to assist students in navigating tribal courts and other indigenous dispute resolution forums, and how to otherwise practice law in Indian country. Students need to learn that nearly all tribal jurisdictions can and do apply their own laws, not the laws of the United States or state law.
Global modelling to predict timber production and prices: the GFPM approach

Timber production and prices are determined by the global demand for forest products, and the capability of producers from many countries to grow and harvest trees, transform them into products and export. The Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) simulates how this global demand and supply of multiple products among many countries determines prices and attendant consumption, production and trade. This paper documents the methods, data and computer software of the GFPM model, followed byexamples of applications to forecasting, and for policy analysis of the consequences of offset payments for carbon sequestration in forests.
Detecting Test Tampering Using Item Response Theory

Test tampering, especially on tests for educational accountability, is an unfortunate reality, necessitating that the state (or its testing vendor) perform data forensic analyses, such as erasure a...
Monitoring Algal Blooms in a Southwestern U.S. Reservoir System

In recent years, several studies have explored the potential of higher-resolution sensor data for monitoring phytoplankton primary production in coastal areas and lakes. Landsat data have been used to monitor algal blooms [Chang et al., 2004; Vincent et al., 2004], and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250-meter and Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) full-resolution (300-meter) bands have been utilized to detect cyanobacterial blooms [Reinart and Kutser, 2006] as well as to monitor water quality [Koponen et al., 2004].
On the stability properties of an equation arising in reactor dynamics

The stability properties are investigated for a system of integro-differential equations which can be applied to one-dimensional, homogeneous reactor dynamics studies.
Periodic Inclusion—Matrix Microstructures with Constant Field Inclusions

We find a class of special microstructures consisting of a periodic array of inclusions, with the special property that constant magnetization (or eigenstrain) of the inclusion implies constant magnetic field (or strain) in the inclusion. The resulting inclusions, which we term E-inclusions, have the same property in a finite periodic domain as ellipsoids have in infinite space. The E-inclusions are found by mapping the magnetostatic or elasticity equations to a constrained minimization problem known as a free-boundary obstacle problem. By solving this minimization problem, we can construct families of E-inclusions with any prescribed volume fraction between zero and one. In two dimensions, our results coincide with the microstructures first introduced by Vigdergauz,[1,2] while in three dimensions, we introduce a numerical method to calculate E-inclusions. E-inclusions extend the important role of ellipsoids in calculations concerning phase transformations and composite materials.
Temporo-spatial IMRT optimization: concepts, implementation and initial results

With the recent availability of 4D-CT, the accuracy of information on internal organ motion during respiration has improved significantly. We investigate the utility of organ motion information in IMRT treatment planning, using an in-house prototype optimization system. Four approaches are compared: (1) planning with optimized margins, based on motion information; (2) the 'motion kernel' approach, in which a more accurate description of the dose deposit from a pencil beam to a moving target is achieved either through time-weighted averaging of influence matrices, calculated for different instances of anatomy (subsets of 4D-CT data, corresponding to various phases of motion) or through convolution of the pencil beam kernel with the probability density function describing the target motion; (3) optimal gating, or tracking with beam intensity maps optimized independently for each instance of anatomy; and (4) optimal tracking with beam intensity maps optimized simultaneously for all instances of anatomy. The optimization is based on a gradient technique and can handle both physical (dose-volume) and equivalent uniform dose constraints. Optimization requires voxel mapping from phase to phase in order to score the dose in individual voxels as they move. The results show that, compared to the other approaches, margin expansion has a significant disadvantage by substantially increasing the integral dose to patient. While gating or tracking result in the best dose conformation to the target, the former elongates treatment time, and the latter significantly complicates the delivery procedure. The 'motion kernel' approach does not provide a dosimetric advantage, compared to optimal tracking or gating, but might lead to more efficient delivery. A combination of gating with the 'motion kernel' or margin expansion approach will increase the duty cycle and may provide one with the most efficient solution, in terms of complexity of the delivery procedure and dose conformality to the target.
Mass of the Higgs boson from a two-loop analysis of the standard model

Using the renormalization-group equations for the various couplings of the standard model calculated to two loops, and assuming that the ratio of the quartic scalar coupling to theU(1) gauge coupling is bounded in the ultraviolet limit, we obtain an upper bound of 130 GeV on the mass of the Higgs boson and a prediction of 43 GeV in the special case where the quartic scalar coupling is assumed to be a function of the other couplings alone. The uncertainty in either value is realistically estimated at about 4 GeV.
An investigation of the intradermal route as an effective means of immunization for microparticulate vaccine delivery systems.

Among the common routes of parenteral immunization, the skin is the only site that can function as an immune organ. Skin-associated lymphoid tissue contains specialized cells that enhance the immune response. The intercellular space in the skin interstitium provides a connection to the lymphatic capillaries and vessels that terminate in peripheral immune organs like the lymph nodes and spleen. The potential of intradermal immunization with microparticulate vaccine delivery systems was investigated in this study. The microparticulates used were muramyl dipeptide (MDP) loaded ovalbumin microspheres (OVA-MSs) and fluorescent latex microspheres of fixed sizes of 2.3 and 2.1 microm diameter, respectively. Similar doses of OVA-MSs were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) and intradermally (i.d.) in mice. The induced OVA-specific IgG antibody immune response was found to be significantly higher in i.d. immunized mice as compared to those injected s.c. The sc and i.d. administration of fluorescent latex microspheres in mice demonstrated that the uptake and translocation of microspheres from the site of injection depends primarily upon the surface area of the microspheres. The enhancement in antibody production upon i.d. administration was explained on the basis of (i) an increased surface area of microspheres and a lower number of microspheres per injection site, and (ii) an increased probability of interaction with the immune cells of the skin. Efficient lymph node targeting observed from the id administered microspheres may be the result of both of these factors. The results of this study demonstrated that the intradermal route is an effective means of immunization for microparticulate vaccine delivery systems, requiring lower doses and resulting in a higher immune response as compared to the traditionally used sc route.
Technological Innovation Strategies

ABSTRACTA new framework for analyzing different strategies of technological innovation is presented. The framework compares the product innovation emphasis to the process innovation emphasis by using market focus as a mediating variable. Eight computer industry firms are highlighted to show how they vary from reactors and value leaders to product innovators and integrators. The reactors lack any clear innovation strategy, while the integrators achieve both multiple product innovations and value leadership. This exploratory study presents some preliminary implications for managers who are trying to improve their technological innovation strategies.
Femtosecond laser studies of the cis-stilbene photoisomerization reactions. The cis-stilbene to dihydrophenanthrene reaction

After optical excitation of cis-stilbene, ground state dihydrophenantrene is formed in 1.7 ps (hexadecane) via kinetically required intermediate(s) present during the first 300±200 fs.
Mutations in the Glucose-6-Phosphatase Gene that Cause Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1a is caused by the deficiency of D-glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), the key enzyme in glucose homeostasis. Despite both a high incidence and morbidity, the molecular mechanisms underlying this deficiency have eluded characterization. In the present study, the molecular and biochemical characterization of the human G6Pase complementary DNA, its gene, and the expressed protein, which is indistinguishable from human microsomal G6Pase, are reported. Several mutations in the G6Pase gene of affected individuals that completely inactivate the enzyme have been identified. These results establish the molecular basis of this disease and open the way for future gene therapy.
Possible mechanism of adverse reaction following levodopa plus benserazide treatment.

Abstract 1 Rats treated for seven days with seryl-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine (benserazide), and inhibitor of peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone or in combination with L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) for seven days showed a moderate but significant decrease of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), without accompanying change in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, compared with saline-treated controls. 2 Administration of L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone for seven days had little effect on liver ADH or ALDH. 3. The combined treatment might be conducive to the in vivo formation of L-DOPA-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives which might be implicated in L-DOPA produced adverse effects.
Latency in a modified paired-associate learning experiment

Summary Latencies were analyzed in a 12-item 2-response paired-associate experiment with 20 S s. The basic assumption of the one-element model that associations occur in an all-or-none fashion suggests that the items be aligned according to the trial of the last error and then averaged for each trial. The latencies before the last error were large and constant but declined exponentially after the last error. These results seem to support an all-or-none interpretation of learning. The data were in good agreement with a number of statistics for the one-element model, but not the linear model. However, the proportion of errors before the last error, the so-called stationarity curve, was not constant as required by the one-element model, nor was it adequately described by the simple linear model.
Metasomatism and partial melting in a subduction complex Catalina Schist, southern California

Partial melting accompanied high-pressure amphibolitization of eclogitic blocks and metasomatism of blocks and their peridotite matrix in a unit of the Catalina Schist, a subduction zone metamorphic terrane. Migmatitic blocks contain leucocratic zones, veins, and pods with albitic plagioclase ? quartz ? muscovite. Mineralogically similar dikes and veins cut the ultra-mafic matrix; a few veins can be traced back into migmatitic blocks. Uniform phase proportions and igneous textures indicate that the dikes and veins crystallized from silicate melts. Field relations, mineral and bulk compositions, and comparisons with experimental data suggest that the migmatites and dikes are partial melts of variably metasomatized amphibolites. Element-partitioning, phase-equilibrium, and fluid-inclusion data are compatible with partial melting of the amphibolites at P = ∼8–11 kbar and T = ∼640–750 °C, in the presence of a low-salinity aqueous fluid. Although the Catalina metamorphism occurred at much shallower levels than those inferred for subduction-related magmatism, the process envisioned is one of multistage, slab-derived metasomatic contamination of the mantle in the “hanging wall” of a subduction zone.
Kinesthetic perceptions of earth- and body-fixed axes.

The major purpose of this research was to determine whether kinesthetic/proprioceptive perceptions of the earth-fixed vertical axis are more accurate than perceptions of intrinsic axes. In one experiment, accuracy of alignment of the forearm to earth-fixed vertical and head- and trunk-longitudinal axes by seven blindfolded subjects was compared in four tasks: (1) Earth-Arm – arm (humerus) orientation was manipulated by the experimenter; subjects aligned the forearm parallel to the vertical axis, which was also aligned with the head and trunk longitudinal axis; (2) Head – head, trunk, and upper-limb orientations were manipulated by the experimenter, subjects aligned the forearm parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head using only elbow flexion/extension and shoulder internal/external rotation; (3) Trunk – same as (2), except that subjects aligned the forearm parallel to the trunk-longitudinal axis; (4) Earth – same as (2), except that subjects aligned the forearm parallel to the earth-fixed vertical. Head, trunk, and gravitational axes were never parallel in tasks 2, 3, and 4 so that subjects could not simultaneously match their forearm to all three axes. The results showed that the errors for alignment of the forearm with the earth-fixed vertical were lower than for the trunk- and head-longitudinal axes. Furthermore, errors in the Earth condition were less dependent on alterations of the head and trunk orientation than in the Head and Trunk conditions. These data strongly suggest that the earth-fixed vertical is used as one axis for the kinesthetic sensory coordinate system that specifies upper-limb orientation at the perceptual level. We also examined the effects of varying gravitational torques at the elbow and shoulder on the accuracy of forearm alignment to earth-fixed axes. Adding a 450 g load to the forearm to increase gravitational torques when the forearm is not vertical did not improve the accuracy of forearm alignment with the vertical. Furthermore, adding small, variably sized loads (between which the subjects could not distinguish at the perceptual level) to the forearm just proximal to the wrist produced similar errors in aligning the forearm with the vertical and horizontal. Forearm-positioning errors were not correlated with the size of the load, as would be expected if gravitational torques affected forearm-position sense. We conclude that gravitational torques exerted about the shoulder and elbow do not make significant contributions to sensing forearm-orientation relative to earth-fixed axes when the upper-limb segments are not constrained by external supports.
Perimeter detection in wireless sensor networks

For a mobile robotic agent to bridge the gaps between disconnected networks, it is beneficial for the robot to first determine the network coverage boundary. Several techniques have been introduced to determine the boundary nodes of a network, but the correctness of these techniques is often ill-defined. We present a technique for obtaining boundary node ground truth from region adjacency analysis of a model-based image created from a network graph. The resulting ground truth baseline is then used for quantitative comparison of several boundary detection methods including a local application of the image region adjacency analysis and the computation of the local convex hull with the addition of a perturbation value to overcome small boundary concavities in the node location point set. Given our proposed metrics of the techniques evaluated, the perturbed convex hull technique demonstrates a high success rate for boundary node identification, particularly when the convex hull is formed using two-hop neighborhoods. This technique was successfully implemented on a physical 25-node network, and the performance of this network implementation is evaluated.
A Comment on Lambek's “Exchange, Time, and Person in Mayotte”

In the September 1990 issue of this journal Michael Lambek presents the salient characteristics of a ceremonial feast system, the shunggu, among the Malagasy-speakers on the island of Mayotte in the Comoro Archipelago (Lambek 1990). Lambek's interest is in showing the role played by the shunggu system in the social construction of individual identity in this culture. In his analysis he depends on concepts he adopts from Sahlins's (1972) typology of exchange processes. Lambek has made an error in interpretation that produces a vital flaw in his argument. Specifically, Lambek asserts that an allocation process can be at once a manifestation of pooling and balanced reciprocity. We hope to clarify the point from Sahlins and demonstrate its importance by showing how in the case of the shunggu system a better understanding leads to a reinterpretation of its role in the social system. Each individual who enters a shunggu group is responsible for providing a feast. The rights and responsibilities of each member within the shunggu are well defined and socially prescribed with only the timing of these events to be established. When all members have made
Social capital and gender in the workplace

Purpose – Social capital has been widely accepted as an important asset for creating and maintaining healthy communities, robust organizations and vibrant civil societies. This paper explores the relevance of social capital to management development in the workplace and, more specifically, the importance of gender in the formation of social capital and the distribution of its benefits. Design/methodology/approach – The pertinent scholarly literature is reviewed to explore the role of social capital in organizational behavior and its relationship to gender.Findings – Although the numbers of women entering the workplace have risen steadily in the last half century and strides have been made in attaining economic parity with men, statistics reveal that women continue to lag behind men in career advancement and in levels of compensation and achieved status. It is argued in the literature that women are hindered in their efforts to achieve career advancement and its associated benefits due to their inability t...
Solution structure of the core SMN-Gemin2 complex.

In humans, assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) begins in the cytoplasm where the multi-protein SMN (survival of motor neuron) complex mediates the formation of a seven-membered ring of Sm proteins on to a conserved site of the snRNA (small nuclear RNA). The SMN complex contains the SMN protein Gemin2 and several additional Gemins that participate in snRNP biosynthesis. SMN was first identified as the product of a gene found to be deleted or mutated in patients with the neurodegenerative disease SMA (spinal muscular atrophy), the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. In the present study, we report the solution structure of Gemin2 bound to the Gemin2-binding domain of SMN determined by NMR spectroscopy. This complex reveals the structure of Gemin2, how Gemin2 binds to SMN and the roles of conserved SMN residues near the binding interface. Surprisingly, several conserved SMN residues, including the sites of two SMA patient mutations, are not required for binding to Gemin2. Instead, they form a conserved SMN/Gemin2 surface that may be functionally important for snRNP assembly. The SMN–Gemin2 structure explains how Gemin2 is stabilized by SMN and establishes a framework for structure–function studies to investigate snRNP biogenesis as well as biological processes involving Gemin2 that do not involve snRNP assembly.
Pulsed Trickling Effects on Soil Moisture Distribution

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study effects of trickle emitter discharge rate on the distribution of soil moisture in a silty-clay loam soil. Both pulsed and continuous irrigation treatments were studied. A simulation model was used to evaluate the results obtained in the laboratory. The agreement between the predicted and measured soil moisture distribution patterns was quite good. For both pulsed and continuous applications, increasing trickle discharge rate resulted in a decrease in the horizontal component and an increase in the vertical component of the wetted soil profile. Compared to the continuous treatments, pulsed applications resulted in significant reduction in water loss below the root zone. Pulsed applications rates can replace continuous small discharge rates to reduce irrigation water runoff problems on heavy soils and with restricted infiltration allow the use of larger emitter orifices to decrease potential clogging of the trickle system.
The role of bias in crystallization conditions in automated microseeding.

The automated microseeding protocol previously proposed by D'Arcy et al. [D'Arcy et al. (2007), Acta Cryst. D63, 550–554] includes an inherent chemical shift in all conditions in a sparse-matrix screen. This results from the uniform addition of mother liquor used to stabilize the microcrystalline seed stock, which is usually the mother liquor that resulted in successful crystal growth. It was found that there is an overlap in identified crystallization leads between addition of seed and addition of the mother liquor used to stabilize the seed. This indicates that additional crystallization `hits' primarily (but not exclusively) arise from changes in the drop composition, not the introduction of seeds. A complementary automated microseeding protocol is proposed as a novel approach for biasing drops in a screen with many of the most popular precipitants.
LYSOSOMAL CYSTINE TRANSPORT: MG ++ EFFECTS AND I-CELL FIBROBLAST DEFECTS

In human leucocytes, egress and counter-transport studies have shown that cystine transport across lysoscmal membranes is a saturable, stereospecific, and bidirectional process which is defective in cystinosis. MgCl2/MgATP (each 2mM) shifted the pH optimum for cystine counter-transport from pH 6.5 to pH 5.5, where a 2-fold stimulation of cystine transport was observed. This was caused by Mg++, not ATP, and was dose-dependent with a maximum at 4mM MgCl2. Stimulation was prevented by EDTA or NaATP. MgSO4 or MnCl2 could replace MgCl2. In other experiments, 35S-cystine clearance from normal, cystinotic, and I-cell (Mucolipidosis II) fibroblasts was measured. Cells were loaded to roughly equivalent levels of 35S-cystine, washed free of label, and harvested after 0, 30, 60, and 120 min at 37°C. 35S-Cystine (nmol/mg protein) was measured and half-times for cystine clearance calculated. For 2 normal strains, mean t½ was 38 min; cystinotic mean t½ was 734 min; I-cell mean t½ was over 800 min. I-Cells lack the enzyme responsible for formation of mannose-6-phosphate residues required for lysosomal enzyme recognition and uptake. From the cystine storage and impaired cystine clearance in I-cells, one may speculate that the cystine carrier requires a mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker, or that it may require processing by lysoscmal hydrolases which are deficient in I-cell fibroblasts.
The first noncoordinated phosphonium diylide, [Me2P(C13H8)2]-, and its ylidic and cationic counterparts: synthesis, structural characterization, and interaction with the heavy group 2 metals.

Treatment of potassium or lithium fluorenide with MePCl2 generates the organophosphine MeP(C13H9)2, which on reaction with methyl iodide produces the phosphonium species [Me2P(C13H9)2]I in 74% yield. In the solid state, H···I contacts of <3.3 A help generate a layered structure in which the fluorenyl rings are nearly parallel. On subsequent reaction of [Me2P(C13H9)2]I with either KH or K[N(SiMe3)2], the corresponding neutral phosphoylide, Me2P(C13H9)(C13H8), forms in 67% yield and was structurally characterized. The phosphonium iodide [Me2P(C13H9)2]I was allowed to react with Ae[N(SiMe3)2]2 (Ae = Ca, Ba), and the product from the reaction with the calcium complex was structurally identified as the salt [CaI(thf)5][Me2P(C13H8)2]. The anion, which is outside the coordination sphere of the calcium, represents the first structurally authenticated example of a free phosphonium diylide. The P−C(ylidic) bond length of 1.748(4) A reflects some partial multiple bond character. 1H and 31P NMR spectra suggest that t...
Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides

Long-range power-law correlations have been reported recently for DNA sequences containing noncoding regions. We address the question of whether such correlations may be a trivial consequence of the known mosaic structure ("patchiness") of DNA. We analyze two classes of controls consisting of patchy nucleotide sequences generated by different algorithms--one without and one with long-range power-law correlations. Although both types of sequences are highly heterogenous, they are quantitatively distinguishable by an alternative fluctuation analysis method that differentiates local patchiness from long-range correlations. Application of this analysis to selected DNA sequences demonstrates that patchiness is not sufficient to account for long-range correlation properties.
The ribosomal subunits of hamster cell mitochondria

Abstract The “13s” and “17s” RNA's previously shown to be specifically associated with the mitochondrial fraction of cultured hamster cells have been shown to occur as components of submitochondrial particles, presumably mitochondrial ribosomal subunits, sedimenting at approximately 25s and 33s, respectively. Reconstruction experiments indicate that these particles are not artifacts of the isolation procedure.
Split portal flow in heterotopic hepatic transplantation

RANSPLANTATION OF THE LIVER as an auxiliary organ has intrigued investigators for over a decade. The prime advantages of this procedure are the avoidance of the technically hazardous job of host hepatectomy and immediate and total dependence on homograft function as is required in orthotopic (replacement) transplantation. The functional reserve of the patient’s own liver may also permit survival during impaired homograft function subsequent to rejection crises. In addition, and particularly in children, the handicap of providing a comparable-sized organ is eliminated. The scarcity of donors of appropriate size has imposed severe limitations on the number 01 children able to have orthotopic transplantation. In auxiliary liver transplantation, advantage may be taken of the organ-donating potential of stillborns and newborn infants with anomalies incompatible with life. These features have prompted extensive laboratory investigation of hetero.. topic hepatic transplantation. It is now unequivocably established that portal inflow from the host splanchnic bed must be supplied to the homograft. Lack of such provision results in atrophy of the transplant and its consequent failure to support life. Unfortunately, the penalty for total diversion of portal blood to the graft is involution and impairment of the functional integrity of the native liver. The specific requirements for auxiliary liver transplantation have been, for the most part. worked out in the dog. Anatomically and physiologically the porcine liver more closely resembles that of the human than does the canine livet.‘.’ Furthermore, the privileged immunologic status reportedly3-5 enjoyed by orthotopic porcine liver homografts suggests that the pig would be a more suitable model for investigation of auxiliary transplantation since immunologic rejection might be less of an obscuring factor in subsequent physiologic analysis. Finally, the portal vein in the pig is unique in that separation of the common mesenteric vein from the portal vein is technically feasible. This permits selective redirection of the intestinal and pancreatic venous blood into either the transplant or host liver while the other liver in the dual system is perfused with gastric and splenic venous effluent. Thus, simultaneous, albeit constitutionally different, portal inflow may be provided to both livers. The purpose of this communication is to report our preliminary results with the “split” portalRow model of heterotopic hepatic transplantation in the pig. The specific fac~rorrr thr Surgical Research Lahomtor~. Researzh b‘oundaiion o/ the t‘hddren’,\ Hospital o/ th(, Di.7tric.t of’ Columbia. Washington. D.C and the Division of Pediatric, Stugerv. Departnwnt I)/ .SurServ. L,‘mversii!, of Colorado Medicul Center. Lknvrr. COLI.