cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of lung type II cell differentiation by polarized light microscopy

Birefringence is shown to be a property of lamellar bodies in living lung type II cells and is used to demonstrate the appearance of differentiated type II cells in cultures of fetal rat lung explanted as early as Day 13. The culture medium was F-12 K without added serum, hormones, or growth factors. This system is considered to be potentially useful in analyzing factors and cell interactions involved in determination and cytodifferentiation of the type II cell from lung bud epithelium.
Association Between Prolonged Graft Ischemia and Primary Graft Failure or Survival Following Lung Transplantation.

[95% CI, 82.3%-84.9%] vs 84.1% [95% CI, 83.3%-85.0%]; P = .41) or 5 (52.5% [95% CI, 51.0%-54.0%] vs 53.5% [95% CI, 51.3%-55.6%]; P = .82) years between patients who received grafts that were or were not exposed to ischemia that lasted 6 hours or more, respectively. Prolonged graft ischemia did not independently predict 1- or 5-year mortality or the development of PGF (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.88-1.39; P = .37). Furthermore, prolonged ischemia did not independently predict 1-year (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.97-1.22; P =.15) or 5-year (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.14; P =.18) mortality or the development of PGF (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.88-1.39; P =.37). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No association was found between prolonged total graft ischemia times and primary graft failure or survival following lung transplantation. Given the scarcity of organs and the paucity of suitable recipients, prolonged ischemia time should not preclude transplantation. It is, therefore, reasonable to consider extending the accepted period of ischemia to more than 6 hours in certain patient populations to improve organ use.
Analysis of open-label trials in torsion dystonia using high dosages of anticholinergics and other drugs

We reviewed the records of 358 patients with various forms of focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia who had received pharmacotherapy in a systematic order, beginning with anticholinergics. If no benefit was encountered, we then tested clonazepam, baclofen, and other agents sequentially. In each situation the dosage was gradually increased until benefit or troublesome adverse effects were encountered. In this manner we obtained data on the percentage of patients who showed moderate to marked benefit. Anticholinergics were the most beneficial agent, confirming previous reports. Statistical analysis of this response revealed that benefit from anticholinergics was most likely if treatment was begun within 5 years after the onset of dystonia. From this analysis, it appears that delaying treatment beyond 5 years is likely to result in an unsatisfactory response.
References to named entities: a corpus study

References included in multi-document summaries are often problematic. In this paper, we present a corpus study performed to derive a statistical model for the syntactic realization of referential expressions. The interpretation of the probabilistic data helps us gain insight on how extractive summaries can be rewritten in an efficient manner to produce more fluent and easy-to-read text.
The chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke III. Identification of conservative tracers of environmental tobacco smoke

Several components of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have been determined in experiments conducted in a 30 m3 Teflon chamber. The effect of residence time in the chamber on the particle size distribution, mass of particles, gas-particle equilibria, and chemical composition of both the gas and particle phases of environmental tobacco smoke has been studied. Many organic compounds present in tobacco smoke condensate are not found in the particle phase in environmental tobacco smoke but are present in the gas phase. Concentrations of several nitrogen containing organic compounds, identified in the chamber experiments, have been determined in several indoor environments where environmental tobacco smoke was present. These compounds were not found in indoor environments where environmental tobacco smoke was not present. The studies in the indoor environments indicate that gas phase nicotine and myosmine are removed from indoor environments at a much faster rate than gas phase 3-ethenylpyridine or 2-ethenylpyridine or particle-phase nicotine or cotinine. Gas-phase 3-ethenylpyridine and particle-phase nicotine are proposed as tracers of environmental tobacco smoke.
The electric strain gauge ballistocardiograph.

Abstract Since the recording of the first ballistocardiogram by Gordon, 1 the recoils of the body from heart movements and circulatory impacts have been studied with various types of apparatus. Horizontal ballistocardiographs in the form of a bed or table have been suspended from the ceiling or some supporting frame-work 1–9 or supported upon steel strips. 10,11 Some, consisting of a chair or platform with spring supports, permit vertical recording. 12–15 Others have taken the form of a plank supported by rubber stoppers, 16 a platform suspended from the diaphragm of a drum, 17 a seismograph, 18 and a personal or bath scale. 19,20 In the majority of cases the natural frequency of the apparatus and the oscillations of the body itself have proved to be factors capable of affecting the appearance of the ballistocardiogram. 3,10,11,21–25 A ballistocardiograph of new design, which records the ballistic thrusts of the body without the interferences encountered in other forms of the instrument has been described in a preliminary report. 20 The purpose of this article is to present a more detailed description of this ballistocardiograph and to show samples of records which may be obtained with it.
Clusterin and FOXL2 act concordantly to regulate pituitary gonadotroph adenoma growth.

Pituitary tumors grow slowly and despite their high prevalence are invariably benign. We therefore studied mechanisms underlying pituitary tumor growth restraint. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), the index human securin, a hallmark of pituitary tumors, triggers pituitary cell proliferation and murine pituitary tumor development. We show that human gonadotroph cell pituitary tumors, unlike other secreting tumor types, express high levels of gonadotroph-specific forkhead transcription factor FOXL2, and both PTTG and Forkhead box protein L2 (FOXL2) stimulate gonadotroph clusterin (Clu) expression. Both Clu RNA isoforms are abundantly expressed in these nonhormone-secreting human tumors, and, when cultured, these tumor cells release highly abundant levels of secreted Clu. FOXL2 directly stimulates the Clu gene promoter, and we show that PTTG triggers ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase/IGF-I/p38MAPK DNA damage/chromosomal instability signaling, which in turn also induces Clu expression. Consequently, Clu restrains pituitary cell proliferation by inducing cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p27, whereas Clu deletion down-regulates p16 and p27 in the Clu / mouse pituitary. FOXL2 binds and suppresses the PTTG promoter, and Clu also suppresses PTTG expression, thus neutralizing protumorigenic PTTG gonadotroph tumor cell properties. In vivo, murine gonadotroph LT2 tumor cell xenografts overexpressing Clu and FOXL2 both grow slower and elicit smaller tumors. Thus, gonadotroph tumor cell proliferation is determined by the interplay between cell-specific FOXL2 with PTTG and Clu. (Molecular Endocrinology 26: 2092–2103, 2012)
Adjunctive Therapy in the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Adjunctive therapy for acute myocardial infarction should include aspirin, β.adrenergic blocking agents, and, in most patients, consideration of the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, especially if left ventricular function is reduced. Heparin has an important adjunctive role in enhancing early vessel patency in patients who receive tissue-type plasminogen activator and in decreasing the frequency of reocclusion of an infarct-related artery during any thrombolytic therapy. Heparin must also be administered to all patients who undergo primary angioplasty. Intravenously administered nitroglycerin and orally administered nitrates are probably most effective in patients with symptomatic ischemia. Calcium channel blockers and prophylactic antiarrhythmic agents are not indicated for most patients with acute myocardial infarction. Currently, insufficient evidence is available to recommend the widespread use of intravenously administered magnesium sulfate in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. In patients with ischemic pain, judicious intravenous administration of morphine can provide relief. Use of warfarin sodium should be reserved for patients at risk for left ventricular mural thrombus. Although the use of lipid-lowering agents after myocardial infarction has been controversial, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of such therapy for secondary prevention of death and morbidity.
Spectroscopic Characterization of an Engineered Purple CuA Center in Azurin

Spectroscopic characterization of a purple CuA center engineered into the blue copper protein azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (called purple CuA azurin hereafter) is presented. Both electrospray...
Procedures, pitfalls and solutions in the production of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose: A paradigm in the routine synthesis of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals

Abstract The procedures for making [ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose are reviewed with emphasis on the requirements for routine production. The methods for producing the 18 F, the chemical synthesis, the purification and quality control are reviewed and recommendations are made. The controversies involved in the use of the compound are covered briefly.
Eyewitness testimony for a simulated juvenile crime by male and female criminals with consistent or inconsistent gender-role characteristics

Abstract Eyewitness recall by 60 adolescents and 60 young adults in Experiment 1 and by 64 children and 63 preadolescents in Experiment 2 for a simulated theft in which gender-role characteristics and sex of criminal were manipulated (i.e., masculine male, feminine male, feminine female, masculine female) was investigated. Gender-role flexibility impacted on crime details and accuracy for criminal features and children's reports included fewer crime and criminal features and central crime details than did preadolescents. Children's gender-role beliefs differentially affected errors made when describing criminals with inconsistent gender-role characteristics. Adolescents provided fewer crime and criminal details and criminal features than did young adults, although both converted inconsistent into consistent gender-role information for the “feminine male” criminal. Forensic implications of the findings are discussed.
The role of stimulus female novelty in the rearousal of copulation in male laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract Long-Evans male rats copulated with single females until they allowed 30 min to elapse without achieving an intromission. At that point a ‘priming’ female was presented to each male for one intromission and then removed. Thirty seconds later either the original or priming female was reintroduced and the male allowed to copulate until he reached the satiation criterion again. The mean ejaculation frequency with the reintroduced priming female was 2·8 times greater than with the reintroduced original female (1·4 versus 0·41 ejaculations). In experiment II satiated males were again allowed one intromission with the priming female. Then the original female was reintroduced while the priming female was placed in a wire-mesh cage within the testing arena. The visual, olfactory, and auditory presence of the priming female did not enhance the ejaculatory capacity of the males with the reintroduced original female (0·36 versus 0·41 ejaculations in experiment I). The data are discussed in terms of revisions of the dual-mechanism theory of rat copulation originally proposed by Beach.
Assessing the incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis

Wright et al 1 report the first prospective surveillance study of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis in children. Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis usually have memory deficits, behavioural change and psychosis early in the disease course.2 Later they may become catatonic or comatose with central respiratory failure, bizarre writhing movements of the face or limbs, and/or profound autonomic instability. Seizures may occur at any point in the disease course. Diagnosis is confirmed by detection of antibodies to the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR. With appropriate immunotherapy many patients have a good recovery, even though this may take months. A minority of patients may relapse, but these relapses also tend to respond to treatment. Immunotherapy may include intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange (PLEX), rituximab, cyclophosphamide or other treatments. In this disease, antibodies to the NMDAR receptor cause cross-linking and internalisation of the receptors and decreased NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents. Intrathecal production of antibodies may be important to pathogenesis. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis was first described in women with ovarian teratoma but men are less frequently affected. Children of either sex have increasingly been diagnosed; one large series reported that 37% of patients were under 18 years of age.3 Prior series of paediatric patients have reported more atypical presentations (speech difficulties, developmental regression, movement problems) in children compared with the typical adult presentation with psychosis and behavioural symptoms.3 ,4 The incidence of anti-NMDAR …
Rudimentary meningocele: a variant of "primary cutaneous meningioma".

We studied 5 primary cutaneous meningiomas. All were congenital. Four were nodules or plaques on the scalp, and one was a lumbar polyp. Two were alopecic. A skull defect was present deep to one lesion, and the lumbar polyp was attached to dura. The tumors were concentrated in the subcutis, where strands of meningocytes were embedded in dense collageous tissue. Meningocytes wrapped around colleigcnous fibers, producing “collagen bodies”. These formed the nidus for calcification that included psammoma bodies. Meningocytes also dissected between collagenous fibers, creating anastomosing spaces that mimicked a vascular tumor. Meningothelial-lined clefts, several milimeters in length, were present in 4 cases. Two lesions extended through dermal defects into the superficial dermis, where adnexa were reduced or absent. The meningocytes contained vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen. They lacked cytokeratin, S100 protein, and endothelial markers. The meningothelial lesions described herein lack the nodular and sheet-like growth patterns that typify meningiomas of the central nervous system and most primary ectopic meningiomas, including some that develop within the skin. They appear closely related to meningoceles and should be viewed as developmental abnormalities rather than neoplasms. The term “rudimentary meningocele” seems appropriate for these lesions.
A ratio instrument for resistance thermometers

RESISTANCE thermometers have several advantages over other types of temperature-measuring equipment especially in the − 150-to + 150-degree centigrade range. They are inherently stable and accurate, and the end device may be located several hundred feet from the primary detector without affecting calibration. There are no cold-junction errors requiring compensation, such as are encountered in thermocouple thermometers. Although resistance thermometers have been used for many years in standardizing work in thermometry and for aircraft temperature measurements, they have not been used extensively in industrial applications. The primary reason for this is that instruments which combine high sensitivity and simplicity with sturdy construction have not been available to make practical an industrial resistance thermometer which consists essentially of a resistance temperature detector, a power supply, and a ratio instrument.
Another hat for myocardin.

Cell speciﬁcation and differentiation programs areinitiated by a complex integration of cell signalingcascades, which instruct the transcriptionalmachinery of a nai¨ve pluripotent cell to limit fatechoices, ultimately resulting in a speciﬁed cell. Someof our ﬁrst insights into understanding transcrip-tional cell speciﬁcation and differentiation mediatedevents were gained from studies of the myogenicbasic helix loop helix factors which are expressedexclusively within the mesodermal cells of the myo-tome destined to become skeletal muscle.
The motivation to reproject gated blood pool SPECT data as planar data

In the current issue of the Journal, Wells et al, describe the results of deriving left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) values from planar radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) images that are not conventionally obtained via best septal view planar imaging, but rather by reprojecting gated blood pool SPECT data as planar RNV images. 1 This is a topic of relevance for laboratories having SPECT-only cameras which are requested to perform gated blood pool scans. The most common reason for requesting RNV studies is to monitor possible cardiotoxicity caused by chemotherapeutic agents, such as the use of anthracycline-based chemotherapy to treat breast carcinoma in adults 2 and to treat Hodgkin disease (HD) in children. 3 Serial RNV studies of EF during therapy provide a sufficient means of avoiding drug-induced congestive heart failure. 4 Some published guidelines for evaluating anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children advocate using both echocardiography and planar RNV studies. 5 However, as treatment protocols can extend over several weeks or months, serial evaluations of EF are required, so that in general serial measurement of EF for children is performed by echocardiography, 5 but for adults is performed by planar RNV as it has been considered the best non-invasive EF method. 6 Subjects can be followed for 10 years or more because features of abnormal cardiac function will sometimes appear only many years later after completion of treatment. 7,8 Reproducibility is therefore critical for serial studies of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Changes in EF as small as 10% may be interpreted as clinically significant. These changes are not accompanied by corroborative symptoms and decisions to initiate or withhold potentially life-saving therapy may be based solely on the EF values. So, what is one to do now, in 2013, in a laboratory without a planar gamma camera, but with a solid state detector that can only perform SPECT, not planar, imaging? How does one relate an EF value obtained by this newer technology to serial EF values obtained by the older planar RNV studies acquired with Anger cameras? Planar EFs have long been the desired means of evaluating EFs because of the simplicity of the imaging conditions. Planar RNV imaging also provides diastolic filling parameters, which progressively deteriorate with anthracycline therapy, along with phase histograms and fairly robust visual images that can be used for quality control and to corroborate significant changes in the value of EF. In terms of acquiring images, it is relatively undemanding to identify the angle for the best planar septal LAO view. In terms of processing acquired data,
A global/local theory of fatigue crack propagation

Abstract Most fatigue crack propagation studies reported in the literature have been conducted from either a continuum or micro-mechanics point of view. Attempts to combine these points of view within a single experimental study or modeling effort have been relatively scarce. This is surprising considering the global/local nature of the Griffith fracture theory from which modem fracture mechanics theories have emerged. This paper suggests a means of unifying continuum and micro-mechanics approaches by describing fatigue crack propagation processes at both global and local levels in terms of internal energy. By equating the rate of internal energy change as determined from continuum and microstructural models, a fatigue crack propagation rate equation may be obtained which includes parameters descriptive of the fatigue process on both the continuum and microstructural levels.
The Citation of United Nations Information Resources in International Relations Literature

ABSTRACT This study examines 17,138 citations in 358 journal articles published in the United States in the field of international relations (IR). The United Nations accounts for 282 (32.2%) of the 877 references to information resources of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and its publications were cited more than twice as often as those of both the European Union (EU) or World Bank. This dominance is only partly based on the UN's importance as an object of research: though only 15 (4.2%) of the selected articles deal extensively with the United Nations, its publications were cited in 79 (22.1%). The EU, by comparison, is the subject of 37 articles, but its publications were cited in only 36 (10.1%). This demonstrates the relevance of UN information resources to a broad range of topics in IR.
Studies with divinyl ether-maleic anhydride and foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in swine.

Mice treated with divinyl ether-maleic anhydride (DVE/MA) 7 days before, 2 days before, or simultaneously with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral antigens (aqueous or oil emulsified) were more resistant to virus infection and released antibody earlier than mice treated with antigen alone. Simultaneous treatment of swine with these antigens plus DVE/MA resulted in a slightly enhanced early antibody response, which, in a test with oil-emulsified antigen, was not associated with an early induced antiviral resistance to FMD. In general, the primary and secondary antibody responses to oil antigen plus DVE/MA were the same as in control swine receiving the antigen alone. However, swine sensitized with aqueous antigen plus DVE/MA responded faster and developed higher antibody titers after a secondary treatment with aqueous antigen than swine treated similarly but without DVE/MA.
Splice junction mutations in a yeast tRNA gene which alter the rate and precision of processing.

We have introduced mutations into a tRNALeu3 gene which alter the intron boundaries and examined their effects on RNA splicing. Our results show that the 5′-proximal splice junction is not specified by the position of an adjacent base-paired stem present in all naturally occurring tRNA precursors. Also, efficient cleavage of 5′-splice junctions unique to these mutants, -CpU-, -UpA- and -UpG-, indicates the purine found at the 5′-side of this site in all natural precursors is dispensable. Some alterations of the sequence and structure at the 5′-proximal splice site reduce the rate of cleavage therein and result in accumulation of molecules composed of the 5′-half of the tRNA plus the intron. The precise position of the 5′-proximal cleavage site can vary ±1 base in these mutants. The 3′-proximal splice junction is rendered inactive by changing the prospective splice junction sequence from -ApC- to -CpC- and reducing the size of an unpaired loop at this site from six to two bases. Very small amounts of RNA composed of the 3′-half of the tRNA plus the intron accumulate from this precursor. We conclude that splice junction sequence and structure affect both the rate and precision of intervening sequence removal.
Least-squares method for restriction mapping

A least-squares procedure has been developed to aid in deriving restriction-fragment maps once the order of cutsites has been determined. A computer program which carries out this method can be used to map either linear or circular molecules.
Y2K: is there a lesson in the bug that did not bite?

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to determine if banks that solved the Y2K problem early created value for their shareholders.Design/methodology/approach – The method of analysis is an event study.Findings – The primary finding of the analysis is that solving the Y2K problem did not create value for bank shareholders. That is, announcements of solving the Y2K problem were not accompanied with positive stock price reactions.Research limitations/implications – While the paper does not find support for a positive reaction to solving Y2K, it does find some evidence of concerns about banks that were having trouble solving Y2K. However, the sample size of banks with problems was small and therefore we caution readers about generalizing these results.Practical implications – All banks needed to solve the Y2K problem, but those solving Y2K do not appear to create value for their shareholders. From this we conclude that it is better to buy the solution to a required project than to develop it internally.Origi...
Characterization of cDNA clones defining variant forms of human neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM

The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM has been identified in a number of species and comprises at least three major cell surface polypeptides of different molecular structures and tissue distributions. We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding two of the three major forms of N-CAM from a human neuroblastoma cDNA libary. One of the clones, NII-6, provides the first complete sequence of a small cytoplasmic domain (140 kDa) form of the molecule in humans and differs in a number of respects from cDNA clones derived from human muscle. These differences include the presence of a 30-bp insert in the fourth immunoglobulin-like domain of N-CAM, a 3-bp insert in the extracellular portion of the molecule, and an additional 6 pb in the middle of the membrane-spanning segment. Based on the analysis of a genomic DNA clone spanning these regions of N-CAM, the first two differences arise by alternate splicing of RNA and occur in some, but not all clones; the additional 6 bp may reflect a genetic polymorphism. A second cDNA clone, NI-10, encodes the complete sequence of a segment that is specific to the large cytoplasmic domain (180 kDa) polypeptide of human N-CAM and is very similar to corresponding segments of mouse, chicken, and rat N-CAM. This sequence also arises by alternative splicing of RNA. In addition, we have identified a genomic DNA segment encoding sequences specific to the third, small surface domain (120 kDa) polypeptide of N-CAM. The data presented here and previously define the DNA sequences of the membrane-bound forms and known variants of human N-CAM. From these sequences, a wide variety of probes can be generated for investigating the expression of particular N-CAM polypeptides in normal and pathological tissues.
Direct Measurements of Turbulence in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent

Abstract Measurements of small-scale fluctuations of temperature are used to estimate turbulent parameters such as viscous dissipation rate (ϵ), dissipation rate of temperature variance (χ), and turbulent diffusion coefficients of momentum (νT) and temperature (DT). Results from two locations are reported: one in the center of the undercurrent (ON 150W) and one toward the northern edge (IN 150W); both at depths of about 100 m where high vertical shear and high vertical stability are found. Universal similarity and local isotropy assumptions were used to determine the dissipation rates from measured spectra. While ϵ(∼0.08 cm2 sec−3) was about the same at both locations, χ at ON [7 × 10−5 (°C)2 sec−1] was larger by a factor of 9. Even greater differences were found in DT: 27 cm2 sec−1 at ON vs 0.52 cm2 sec−1 at 1N indicating large vertical mixing at the equator. From two independent methods νT yielded about the same results within 15%: 12 cm2 sec−1 at 1N and 25 cm2 sec−1 at ON.
Causes as explanations: A critique

This paper offers a critique of the view that causation can be analyzed in terms of explanation. In particular, the following points are argued: (1) a genuine explanatory analysis of causation must make use of a fully epistemological-psychological notion of explanation; (2) it is unlikely that the relatively clear-cut structure of the causal relation can be captured by the relatively unstructured relation of explanation; (3) the explanatory relation does not always parallel the direction of causation; (4) certain difficulties arise for any attempt to construct a nonrelativistic relation of causation from the essentially relativistic relation of explanation; and (5) to analyze causation as explanation is to embrace a form of “causal idealism”, the view that causal connections are not among the objective features of the world. The paper closes with a brief discussion of the contrast between the two fundamentally opposed viewpoints about causality, namely causal idealism and causal realism.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew and the Tradition of Screwball Comedy

In her paper, "Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew and the Tradition of Screwball Comedy," Mei Zhu argues that Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew is controversial owing to the subtlety and complexity of the text as well as its subject matter. Franco Zeffirelli's 1967 film version seems to follow the narrative structure of the original play closely while its effect is different. Through a detailed analysis and comparison of Shakespeare's play and Zeffirelli's adaptation, Mei argues that Zeffirelli's Taming is based on the Hollywood genre of screwball comedy. Rooted in mid-1930s USA during the Great Depression, such films feature a comic battle of the sexes, with the males generally loosing. Zhu also notes that Shakespeare influenced Chinese films during the early twentieth century, although his influence was indirect. Mei Zhu, "Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew and the Tradition of Screwball Comedy” page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.1 (2004):
Control of access to surfaces with self-assembling surfactants bearing fluorocarbon chains

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry and microgravimetry via the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance have been used to examine ion and solvent transport in self-assembled viologen monolayers on gold metal surfaces. Fluorocarbon chains have been incorporated into these viologen monolayers as outer spacers in order to vary systematically the steric bulk of the monolayer. Ions can be electrochemically driven into and out of the monolayer by virtue of the redox chemistry of the viologen group embedded within the monolayer. The transport of these ions provides a straightforward way of evaluating the barrier properties of the fluorocarbon chain region of the monolayer. We find that the larger size of these fluorocarbon chains compared with alkyl chains makes a more formidable barrier to ion transport than hydrocarbon outer spacers of viologens in previous studies. Trends in ion-pairing strength and the simultaneous transport of water during ion transport have been evaluated for several counter-anions. Relative transport rates for anions of various sizes and hydration numbers have also been ascertained. The structure and orientation of the monolayers were also investigated using advancing contact angle measurements and IR reflectance spectroscopy.
The Effect of Liquid-Phase Resistance on the Efficiency of Distillation Plates

Published correlations for the local efficiency of cross-flow distillation plates give widely different values of the liquid-phase resistance, though for most distillations the major resistance is ...
Development, assembly, and validation of an SMA-actuated two-joint nozzle and six-channel power supply for use in a smart inhaler system

The Smart Inhaler design concept recently developed at NC State University has the potential to target the delivery of inhaled aerosol medication to specified locations within the lung system. This targeted delivery could help patients with pulmonary ailments by reducing the exposure of healthy lung tissue to potentially harmful medications. However, controlled delivery can only be accomplished if medication is injected at a precise location in an inhaled stream of properly conditioned laminar flow. In particular, the medication must be injected into the inhaled flow using a small nozzle that can be positioned without disturbing the flow. This paper outlines the procedure used to assemble and control a key component of the smart inhaler: a shape memory alloy (SMA) based dual-joint flexible nozzle that exploits the sensing and actuating capabilities of thermally activated SMA wires. A novel 6-channel power-supply is used to control input power and measure the resistance across the SMA. Since a practical fabrication process may result in SMA wires with different contact resistances, the power supply employs an initialization procedure to self-calibrate and provide normalized power distribution 6 SMA wires simultaneously. Furthermore, a robust control scheme is used to ensure that a constant current is provided to the wires. In validation tests, a LabVIEW-based video positioning system was used to measure the deflection of the nozzle tip and joint rotation. Results show that the carefully controlled assembly of a stream-lined nozzle can produce a practical smart structure, and joint rotation is predictable and repeatable when power input is also controlled. Future work will assess the use of the SMA-resistance measurement as position feedback and PID position control power as a measurement of the convective cooling that results from the moving airflow.
Analysis of Variance with Just Summary Statistics as Input

Abstract One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed either on a given set of data or on the set's corresponding sufficient statistics (nj , , sj 2). Statistical programs implement one-way ANOVA commands directly on a complete set of data. An uncomplicated technique is presented that allows the standard one-way ANOVA procedures to be invoked directly on the sufficient statistics. Sufficiency is utilized to derive two equations from which an equivalent surrogate set of data is constructed. The constructed set of data replaces the actual (unavailable) set of data. The technique can be generalized to the n-way ANOVA case.
A‐Whaling We Will Go: Encounters of Knowledge and Memory at the Makah Cultural and Research Center

On a summer morning in 1995, like nearly every other morning that year, I went to the Makah Cultural and Research Center to research the history of the reservation community in Neah Bay, Washington. This morning was set apart from the others, however. There on the table, awaiting the staff, sat a paper plate stacked with smoked whale blubber. The blubber-boiled and smoked by a Makah linguist on the museum staff-was a novelty. As endangered species, California and Pacific gray whales had been off limits to hunting for many years. Whale hunting was once a significant spiritual, social, and economic practice for the qwidica?a. tx, or Makah people,2 and they were adamant about securing the right to it in their 1855 treaty with the U.S. government.3 Although the Makah people still enjoy occasional meals of salmon, halibut, sea urchin, gooseneck barnacles, and many other sea creatures, gray whale has not been a part of their diet since they ceased whale hunting early in the 20th century. By the 1920s, the whale population, decimated by commercial hunting, could no longer support this tradition (Pascua 1991). The smoked blubber sitting on the staff table that summer morning had come from an "accidental whale."4 It was July, and the net of a Makah fisherman accidentally entangled a gray whale. Entanglement in Makah nets had reportedly occurred five times in the prior 15 years. Each time, the federal government either confiscated the whale or sought prosecution for killing an endangered species (Bock 1995; Tizon 1998). But this time the Makah were allowed to keep the whale. Ironically, only two months prior to the "accidental whale," the Makah Tribe had announced its intention to resume hunting the gray whale because this species had recently been removed from the Endangered Species List. This announcement generated considerable commotion internationally among anti-whaling activists. The
Dermatomal lichenoid chronic graft‐vs‐host disease following varicella‐zoster infection despite absence of viral genome

Localized cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following a dermatomal distribution or in a pattern of Blaschko's lines. Some authors have postulated that dermatomal GVHD is triggered by a varicella-zoster virus infection, although in reported cases, there was no history of a preceding herpes zoster. We describe a case of GVHD localized to the exact dermatome of a culture-proven varicella-zoster virus infection. PCR analysis failed to detect persistence of viral genome in the affected skin.
Titanium diboride thin films by low-temperature chemical vapor deposition from the single source precursor Ti (BH4 )3 (1,2 -dimethoxyethane)

Titanium diboride is a technologically important refractory conductor with a melting point of 3220 °C, a high electrical conductivity, and good wear and corrosion resistance. Thin films of TiB2 have been obtained at temperatures as low as 170 °C by thermal chemical vapor deposition from the halogen-free single-source precursor Ti(BH4)3(CH3OCH2CH2OCH3). Films deposited at temperatures below 200 °C are near stoichiometric, free of impurities, and amorphous as judged by X-ray diffraction. These films exhibit dense nucleation, including on SiO2 substrates, and have root-mean-square roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of less than 1 nm for films 5−60 nm thick. At growth temperatures between 200 and 600 °C, the films are still amorphous but contain 12−15 atomic % oxygen and 15−20 atomic % carbon; these impurities are incorporated at the expense of boron. For growth at 800 °C and above, the films are crystalline, stoichiometric, and free of impurities. These high-temperature films are oriented in ...
On the long-time limit of the Garvin–Alterman–Loewenthal solution for a buried blast load

Abstract The Garvin–Alterman–Loewenthal solution refers to the problem of a line blast load suddenly applied in the interior of an elastic half-space. It is expected that the long-time asymptotic limit of this solution should be equal to the solution of a related static problem. This expectation is justified here. First, the solution of the static problem is constructed. Then, the asymptotic limit of the transient problem is found, correcting previously published results.
Pores as fracture origins in ceramics

Experimental studies and analysis of literature data show that while refinements are needed in fracture mechanics models of pores as flaws in glasses, such models are in reasonable overall agreement with observed strength behaviour. Thus, in glasses, single pores are generally “blunter” flaws than machining or other cracks. However, in polycrystalline materials single pores generally act as sharp cracks. Reasons for this glass-polycrystalline difference in terms of mechanisms and their relation to the models are discussed, along with differences in predicted and observed fracture paths. Quite variable and complex behaviour is indicated for origins from two or more pores in glass and polycrystalline bodies.
Studies of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode Evolution Using 3D Tomography

This paper describes 3D tomographic investigations of the structural evolution of Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) and (La,Sr)MnO3-YSZ (LSM-YSZ) composite solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes. Temperatures higher than normally used in SOFC operation are utilized to accelerate electrode evolution. Quantitative 3D FIB-SEM and X-ray tomographic imaging contributes to development of mechanistic evolution models needed to accurately predict long-term durability. Ni-YSZ anode functional layers annealed in humidified hydrogen at 900–1,100 °C exhibited microstructural coarsening leading to a decrease in three-phase boundary (TPB) density. There was also a change in the fraction of pores that were isolated, which impacted the density of electrochemically active TPBs. The polarization resistance of optimally fired LSM-YSZ electrodes increased upon thermal aging at 1,000 °C, whereas that of under-fired electrodes decreased upon aging. These results are explained in terms of observed 3D microstructural changes.
Intelligent shape control for precision membrane antennae and reflectors in space

After a brief history of use in space about two decades ago, a resurgence of interest in membrane structures in space is developing, motivated in large part by a great potential for reduced launch mass and stowed volume. Applications for such structures range from planar configurations in solar sails, concentrators and shields, to inflatable lenticulars for radar, radio and optics. Three key factors are paramount for the success and user acceptance of this technology: deployment, longevity and performance. The performance hinges critically on the precision of the membrane surface. The amount of precision is highly mission dependent and may entail one or more of the following issues: surface smoothness, deviation from desired surface profile and slope error. Surface precision is often estimated to be between 1/50 to 1/20 of the wavelength of interest; thus values on the order of a micron (or less) to a millimeter root mean square (RMS) are often presented. It is unlikely that such surface precision can be achieved through purely passive means. This paper addresses the problem of modeling and controlling a class of nonlinear systems that can be considered as highly compliant structures. We consider specifically planar and inflatable membranes, which are represented by complex nonlinear multi-variable models. Boundary perturbations and thermal gradients are demonstrated to be potential actuation schemes for improving the reflector profile. Nonlinear controllers developed to improve performance are often dependent on state estimation and parameter identification procedures. The existence of these procedures, within the control strategy, increases the size of the algorithms, limiting the system performance in real-time. This research has as a main objective to create an intelligent controller based on feedback error learning, which is capable of extracting performance information from precision large membrane deployables and subsequently using this information to achieve maximum surface precision.
Dopamine reveals neural circuit mechanisms of fly memory

A goal of memory research is to understand how changing the weight of specific synapses in neural circuits in the brain leads to an appropriate learned behavioral response. Finding the relevant synapses should allow investigators to probe the underlying physiological and molecular operations that encode memories and permit their retrieval. In this review I discuss recent work in Drosophila that implicates specific subsets of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in aversive reinforcement and appetitive motivation. The zonal architecture of these DA neurons is likely to reveal the functional organization of aversive and appetitive memory in the mushroom bodies. Combinations of fly DA neurons might code negative and positive value, consistent with a motivational systems role as proposed in mammals.
Towards keyword-driven analytical processing

Gaining business insights from data has recently been the focus of research and product development. On Line-Analytical Processing (OLAP) tools provide elaborate query languages that allow users to group and aggregate data in various ways, and explore interesting trends and patterns in the data. However, the dynamic nature of today's data along with the overwhelming detail at which data is provided, make it nearly impossible to organize the data in a way that a business analyst needs for thinking about the data. In this paper, we introduce "Keyword-Driven Analytical Processing" (KDAP), which combines intuitive keyword-based search with the power of aggregation in OLAP without having to spend considerable effort in organizing the data in terms that the business analyst understands. Our design point is around a user mentality that we frequently encounter: "users don't know how to specify what they want, but they know it when they see it". We present our complete solution framework, which implements various phases from disambiguating the keyword terms to organizing and ranking the results in dynamic facets, that allow the user to explore efficiently the aggregation space. We address specific issues that analysts encounter, like joins, groupings and aggregations, and we provide efficient and scalable solutions. We show, how KDAP can handle both categorical and numerical data equally well and, finally, we demonstrate the generality and applicability of KDAP to two different aspects of OLAP, namely, finding exceptions or surprises in the data and finding bellwether regions where local aggregates are highly correlated with global aggregates, using various experiments on real data.
BYPASS OPERATION BY CYCLIC FIRING OF THE BRIDGE THYRISTORS.

By passing of a thyristor bridge is being used in large convertor systems such as in h.v.d.c. transmission lines for fault conditions. In normal voltage-control operation, an increase in the total power factor of the whole convertor system can be achieved by relieving a few bridges from current by using external bypass valves. However, a fully rated external bypass valve is relatively expensive because it has to carry continuously the full direct current. A novel way of continuous operation of the bridge thyristors in a cyclic firing method is described in the paper. This method allows the designer to eliminate the external bypass valve and still get the bypass mode of operation.
Dimethyl Ether: Laboratory Assignments and Predictions through 600 GHz

Dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) is a well-known interstellar molecule with a large abundance in hot core regions. We have measured many rotational-torsional transition lines of this molecule in the 100-550 GHz frequency range using two experimental techniques: a klystron-based traditional millimeter-wave spectrometer and a new fast scan spectrometer (designated "FASSST") with a voltage-tunable backward wave oscillator. The lines arising from the ground vibrational state have been combined with previous data, mainly at lower frequencies, to form a global data set consisting of over 1600 lines that have been assigned and fitted by an effective Hamiltonian method. The spectral constants obtained from the fit allow us to predict the frequencies of almost 6000 additional lines of dimethyl ether through 600 GHz.
COOPERATIVE PROGRAM FOR COLLECTING GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS BETWEEN DEPOSITORY AND NON-DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES

Non-depository libraries can increase the number of government documents available within a region by developing cooperative storage and handling agreements with area depository libraries. All conditions of use and retention for designated depository library. All libraries benefit from the resulting improved availability of resources and from savings in acquisition costs. Unnecessary duplication of materials can be eliminated. The details of such a cooperative program between Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Troy Public Library are described. Emphasis is on the procedures in the non-depository library.
Multipole magnetic field configurations for stable plasma confinement

A method of eliminating plasma leakage by connecting cusps with a magnetic field bridge has been, described by Tuck (4). Here we discuss a multipole configuration employing this idea but with no circumferential (Bz) field. High β plasma is confined with no free plasma surface in the usual cusp model sense. The stability diagram for such configurations can be obtained with the pressure of the plasma as a parameter. Generally this condition on the structure can be stated as (B2/B1)2 >r/d wherer is the radius of the current carrying rods which produce the multipole field,2d is the distance between a rod and the conducting wall (bridge width), andB2 andB1 are the maximum and minimum fields along the wall surface. Approximations resulting from the magnetohydrodynamic treatment are considered. Some practical questions are mentioned and it is shown that in a sample case one expect confinement time of ∼ 10−2 s for a plasma temperature of 104 eV.