cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Opportunistic Networks and their Research Challenges in Privacy and Security

Critical privacy and security challenges confront all researchers and developers working on ever more pervasive computing systems. We belong to this group. We proposed a new paradigm and a new technology of opportunistic networks or oppnets to enable integration of the diverse communication, computation, sensing, storage and other devices and resources that surround us more and more. We not only find ourselves in their midst but depend on them increasingly as necessities rather than luxuries. As communications and computing systems are becoming more and more pervasive, the related privacy and security challenges become tougher and tougher. With oppnets, we charted a new direction within the area of computer networks. One of us invented opportunistic sensor networks [3]. The idea was later generalized by two of us to general opportunistic networks1 [31]. To the best of our knowledge we are now the first to scrutinize privacy and security challenges inherent in oppnets.
Mechanisms in Ancient Philosophy of Science

This essay considers the place of mechanisms in ancient theories of science. It might seem therefore to promise a meager discussion, since the importance of mechanisms in contemporary scientific explanation is the product of a revolution in scientific thinking connected with the late Renaissance and its mechanization of nature. Indeed the conception of astronomy as devoted merely to “saving the appearances” without reference to the physics of planetary motion might seem an instance of ancient science vigorously rejecting mechanisms. This fact should suggest to us that there is no simple truth about the role of mechanisms in science that is not relative to a particular strategy or historical moment in the development of a scientific tradition. It should also remind us of a parallel question concerning scientific theory, the question now expressed in the issue of realism and instrumentalism. A discussion of Aristotle's views on scientific explanation in the Posterior Analytics, and particularly his concept ...
Kairomone Response, Pesticide Tolerance and Field Efficacy of the Predatory Mite, Neosieulus collegae (De Leon)

Abstract Neosieulus (Cydnodromus) collegae (De Leon) (Acari:Phytoseiidae) is a heretofore relatively unknown species of predatory mite. In an olfactometer, female predators were attracted to kairom...
Shared Genomic Regions Between Derivatives of a Large Segregating Population of Maize Identified Using Bulked Segregant Analysis Sequencing and Traditional Linkage Analysis

Delayed transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage of development and increased plant height have been shown to increase biomass productivity in grasses. The goal of this project was to detect quantitative trait loci using extremes from a large synthetic population, as well as a related recombinant inbred line mapping population for these two traits. Ten thousand individuals from a B73 × Mo17 noninbred population intermated for 14 generations (IBM Syn14) were grown at a density of approximately 16,500 plants ha−1. Flowering time and plant height were measured within this population. DNA was pooled from the 46 most extreme individuals from each distributional tail for each of the traits measured and used in bulk segregant analysis (BSA) sequencing. Allelic divergence at each of the ∼1.1 million SNP loci was estimated as the difference in allele frequencies between the selected extremes. Additionally, 224 intermated B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred lines were concomitantly grown at a similar density adjacent to the large synthetic population and were assessed for flowering time and plant height. Using the BSA sequencing method, 14 and 13 genomic regions were identified for flowering time and plant height, respectively. Linkage mapping with the RIL population identified eight and three regions for flowering time and plant height, respectively. Of the regions identified, three colocalized between the two populations for flowering time and two colocalized for plant height. This study demonstrates the utility of using BSA sequencing for the dissection of complex quantitative traits important for production of lignocellulosic ethanol.
SoMe tools for social media research

The Social Media Lab at UW (SoMeLab.net) has been collecting tweets related to the Occupy Movement since October 2011. This poster presents the challenges that we as well as other social scientists have faced when conducting social media research. These unique challengs span technical, methodoligcal, and ethical issues that are not often foregrounded in the academic literature. We describe our progress and experences addressing these issues and describe the development of our data collection, processing, and analysis toolkit. The SoMe Lab was recently awarded a $1 million NSF grant to develop an open source toolkit to make it feasible for non-technical researchers to conduct similar social media research.
Evaluation of glass filament bands for rotating components

A test fixture has been developed and a test procedure evolved which permits comparisons and evaluation of glass banding materials under conditions accelerating the degradation of operational environments.
Kroetz: The Search for New Forms

During the period when the trilogy of folk plays appeared Kroetz was also trying to expand the formal range and subject matter of his work by adapting classics from the German theatre and by studying the techniques of Brecht.
Psychopathology of Leadership: A Case Study in the Farther Reaches of Executive Consulting

In response to mounting employee grievances and civil law suits targeting a destructive COO, corporate leadership turned to external management consultants and executive coaching for damage control. The Rush and Colter Consulting Group provided the client with assessment and intervention for a highly valued and productive leader caught in a vicious cycle of incivility and organizational misbehavior. The consultants addressed psychopathology in leadership and identified toxic ramifications within the organizational system. Throughout the consultation the executive coach prioritized negotiation as a nexus in both diagnosis and treatment. At stake is the importance of accurately identifying psychopathology in leadership and options for organizational transformation.
Selecting Anatomy and Physiology Textbooks for Nursing Students

Annie K. Harder Jan D. Canine Annie K. Harder taught anatomy and physiology at Wichita State University from 1968 to 1970 and at Bellingham Vocational Institute from 1975 to 1984. She eamed her B.A. in zoology, her M.S. in zoology and physiology, and her PhD. in general curriculum at the University of Washington. Jan D. Carline is a research assistant professor in the Division of Research in Medical Education at the University of Washington School of Medicine. He eamed his B.A. in anthropology from the University of Michigan and his M.Ed. and Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Washington. His interests are primarily in faculty development and the evaluation of clinical performance.
Introduction to Special Issue and to KTEA-3 Error Analysis

This special issue focuses on an array of studies conducted using the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Third Edition (KTEA-3) error analysis system. These studies, based on KTEA-3 standardization and validation data with normal and clinical samples, were conducted to provide greater understanding of the kinds of errors students make in reading, writing, math, and oral language. This introduction provides a brief history of the error analysis system and outlines the organization of the special issue, which features commentaries on the articles by experts in the field. The themes throughout the special issue are patterns of errors made by students and the educational implications of these patterns.
How organizational culture influences market orientation and business performance in the restaurant industry

Abstract This study contributes to the hospitality literature by examining the direct and indirect effects of organizational culture types on market orientation (MO) and performance in the context of the restaurant industry. A structured questionnaire was used to survey owners/managers of independent restaurants in the U.S. The direct influence of supportive and innovative cultural types on firm performance was confirmed. In addition, MO partially mediated the direct positive effect of innovative organizational culture on firm performance. Our results also confirm that innovative and supportive organizational culture types are important predictors of MO and that they are better predictors of performance than MO. The findings should enhance organizational design and marketing options available to restaurant businesses and offer guidance to managers attempting to shape and mold organizational culture and the behaviors associated with the implementation of MO in order to improve performance.
Navigating the Turbulence: The First Circuit Clarifies the Preemptive Scope of the Airline Deregulation Act in Brown v. Unived Airlines

On July 9, 2013, in Brown v. United Airlines, Inc., the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held that the Airline Deregulation Act (“ADA”) preempted skycaps’ common law tortious interference and unjust enrichment claims. In so holding, the First Circuit articulated a two-pronged test in an attempt to provide clarity to the relationship between the savings clause and the preemption clause of the ADA. This Comment argues that the First Circuit’s two-pronged test is faithful to U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence and should serve as a model for other federal appeals courts until the Supreme Court provides additional guidance.
Recent NMR Studies of Thermoelectric Materials

Abstract Thermoelectric materials can directly convert heat to electricity and are expected to lead to new devices to harvest waste heat for energy efficiency as well as new cooling technologies. Optimization of these properties requires tailoring vibrational properties as well as the entropy carried by electrical charges and spins. NMR measurements have been important for understanding these processes, providing a measure of anharmonic “rattling” phonon behavior, local fluctuations in charge carrier and magnetic properties, and atomic-scale symmetries and distortions within these materials. Here we report recent NMR results focusing on inorganic clathrates, skutterudites, oxides, noble metal chalcogenides, complex tellurides, and half-Heusler compounds in which high thermoelectric efficiencies have been reported.
The Incidence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Their Association With Pain-related and Psychosocial Impairment in Youth With Chronic Pain.

Objectives:Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in youth have been found to be frequently associated with several chronic illnesses, including chronic pain. However, this relationship remains poorly understood. Previous research has examined the association between ACEs and chronic pain, but these h
Ethnography and the Place of Gender: Jovita González, Mario Suárez, Mary Helen Ponce

This chapter discusses gender and place in Jovita Gonzalez’s The Woman Who Lost Her Soul and Other Stories, Mario Suarez’s Chicano Sketches: Short Stories by Mario Suarez, and Mary Helen Ponce’s Hoyt Street: Memories of a Chicana Childhood. These three writers are more recognizable in Chicana/o literary studies, but they also complicate the gender, genre, and geography of the Southwest in ways that are similar to O’Shea, Chavez, and Rodriguez. Drawing on Norma E. Cantu’s deployment of the photograph in Canicula: Snapshots of Girlhood en la Frontera, the chapter makes visible the visual aesthetics of gender and place in the ethnographic writings of Gonzalez, Suarez, and Ponce. These visual aesthetics of gender and place characterize Chicana/o critical regionalism, from the early to the late twentieth century and across the vast geography of the Mexican American Southwest.
Technology-Assisted Hip and Knee Arthroplasties: An Analysis of Utilization Trends

Abstract Background Robotic and computer navigation technology is available to surgeons for use in hip and knee arthroplasties to increase the precision of component placement. However, they do add significant costs to these procedures, and the long-term clinical outcomes and value of technology assistance for joint replacement remain unclear. Methods We identified 321,522 patients in Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Groups 469 and 470 who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (N = 133,472) or primary total or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (N = 188,050) between 2008 and 2015 in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS). Results Among all total joint arthroplasties performed during this period, technology assistance was used in 5.1% of cases. Technology assistance was more common for knee (7.3%) than hip (1.9%) arthroplasty (P Conclusion Technology assistance has become increasingly used by orthopedic surgeons for hip and knee arthroplasties, however, adoption has not been uniform.
Folk theories of nationality and anti-immigrant attitudes

Nationality governs almost every aspect of our lives, including where we may live and travel, as well as our opportunities for education, healthcare and work. It is a common-sense social category that guides us in making inferences about the social world1–4. Nationalism has been extensively studied within the social5–16 and cognitive sciences17–25, but there has been little empirical investigation into folk theories regarding what determines someone’s nationality. In experiments carried out in the United States and India (N = 2,745), we used a variant of the switched-at-birth task26–31 to investigate the extent to which people believe that nationality is determined by biology or is a malleable social identity that can be acquired32–34. We find that folk theories of nationality seem remarkably flexible. Depending on the framing of the question, people report believing that nationality is either fluid or fixed at birth. Our results demonstrate that people from different cultures with different experiences of migration and different explicit stereotypes of their own nation may share similar folk theories about nationality. Moreover, these theories may shape attitudes towards immigrants—an important public-policy issue35–37. Belief that nationality is malleable is associated with more positive attitudes towards immigrants even when holding ideology constant. In the United States and India, people's folk conceptions of nationality are flexible, seeing it as more biological and fixed at birth or cultural and fluid, depending on the scenario. Belief in fluidity predicts positive attitudes to immigration.
Finding Flexibility in Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act Through Adaptive Governance

The US Endangered Species Act (ESA) prohibits federal agency actions likely to jeopardize listed species or adversely modify critical habitat. Scholarship on the application of the ESA characterizes the process as unwaveringly rigid, a legal “hammer.” This chapter draws on lessons derived from applying the ESA in the Klamath Basin along the Oregon-California border, where an integrated implementation strategy lessened rigidities and barriers to change. Collaboration among leaders in the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the US Bureau of Reclamation supported efforts to replace an ecologically and socially fragmented approach to ESA implementation that was fraught with conflict with a more adaptive, flexible, integrated approach to water sharing among competing interests. Keys to success included existing collaborative capacity related to improved tribal-irrigator relations and a shift in local agency culture facilitated by empathic leadership which led to a greater sense of shared responsibility for ESA compliance. This effort exemplifies governmental adaptive capacity for flexibility and evolution within constraints of formal law. A truly bioregional approach to endangered species recovery, however, will necessitate greater integration between federal and nonfederal activities.
The Role of Folylpolyglutamates in the Regulation of Folate Metabolism

Folylpolyglutamates have been shown to function as potent inhibitors, relative to the corresponding monoglutamates, of two enzymes involves in the metabolism of methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2-H4folate) in mammalian tissues. Our initial studies on methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from pig liver [Matthews, R. G., and Baugh, C. M., Biochemistry, 19, 2040–2045 (1980)] established that this enzyme shows a marked specificity for a hexaglutamyl side chain of both CH2-H4folate substrates and dihydrofolate inhibitors. The Ki values for dihydropteroylpolyglutamate (H2PteGlun) inhibitors decreased from 6.5 μM for the monoglutamate to 0.013 μM for the hexaglutamate and then increased to 0.065 μM for the heptaglutamate. The Iso values for inhibition of the enzyme by H2PteGlun in the presence of 1 μM CH2-H4PteGlun of the same chain length decreased from 7.4 μM for the monoglutamate pair to 0.13 μM for the hexaglutamate pair. We have now shown that methyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates (CH3-H4PteGlun) are potent inhibitors of pig liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase. In this case, the decrease in free energy associated with binding of the polyglutamate side chain is expressed not only as an increased affinity of the enzyme for CH3-H4PteGlun derivatives but also as an increased affinity of the enzyme-CH3-H4PteGlun binary complex for glycine. Glycine is bound 33-fold more tightly to the E-CH3-H4PteGlu3 complex than to the E-CH3-H4PteGlu1 complex. Additional glutamyl residues on CH3-H4PteGlun increase the affinity of the enzyme for CH3-H4PteGlun and the heptaglutamyl derivative is the most tightly bound of those studied. In both cases, inhibition by folylpolyglutamates may play a role in regulation of the flux of H4folate-bound one carbon units in vivo. Inhibition of methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase may occur when cellular levels of H2PteGlun derivatives are elevated, e.g., during administration of methotrexate. Inhibition of serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in the presence of both CH3-H4PteGlun derivarives and glycine may provide a means of regulating that enzyme by the conjoint concentrations of these two metabolites. Such inhibition may contribute to the rapid onset of megaloblastic anemia following administration of nitrous oxide.
Modifications of the Coat Protein Gene of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resulting in the Induction of Necrosis

We are examining the interaction of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with Nicotiana species relative to the induction of necrosis. A number of point mutations in the coat protein gene have been found to induce a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in plants with the N’N’ genotype. Several of these coat protein point mutations also induce a systemic necrosis on nn genotype plants. Partial deletions of the coat protein gene have been found to induce a generalized necrosis that appears not to be specific to any one host gene. Removal of the entire TMV coat protein gene does not effect the induction of HR in NN genotype plants. Thus, a viral component other than the coat protein gene can elicit HR in NN genotype plants.
Queer/Adaptation: An Introduction

This chapter introduces the concept of queer/adaptation: parallel theoretical constructs that can both orient the way we think about texts. To adapt is to transform, to make new; to queer is to make strange but also to turn or transform. To queer, then, may be to adapt; to adapt is to queer. Both adaptation and queerness suffer from the stereotype of being secondary: to identify something as an adaptation is to recognize it in relation to something else that seems more original, more authentic. Similarly, to identify something as queer is to place it in relation to what has been already established as “normal” or “straight.” Foundational to both queer studies and adaptation studies is a critical challenge to those assumptions about originality, authenticity, and value.
Raymond Tomlinson: Email Pioneer, Part 1

Raymond (Ray) Tomlinson was a computer engineer best known for developing the TENEX operating system and implemented the first email program on the Arpanet system in 1971. In its official biography, the Internet Hall of Fame states that "Tomlinson's email program brought about a complete revolution, fundamentally changing the way people communicate." This interview is the first in a two-part Annals series based on an oral history conducted by Marc Weber and Gardner Hendrie for the Computer History Museum (CHM) in June 2009.
Cystic Crypt Changes in Midgestational Human Vermiform Appendix: An Unrecognized Transient Histologic Feature.

Introduction Lewis and Huff briefly described the presence of "microcystic cryptitis" in some of fetal vermiform appendices (VA) at autopsy. We further characterized these crypt changes (CC), their timing of occurrence, and tested their association with infection/inflammatory conditions. Methods Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 345 VA were evaluated for the presence or absence of CC and their different morphologies. Autopsy reports were reviewed for evidence of amniotic fluid or fetal systemic infection and placental inflammatory conditions. Results Crypt dilatation with or without irregularity of the lumen, crypt dilatation with semiattenuated epithelium, intraluminal apoptotic debris and inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils, and foci of swirled spindled cells with calcifications or multinucleated giant cells were observed, either alone or in combination, in at least 58.5% (202/345) of the VA. CC began to appear at 17 weeks, peaked at 20 to 25 weeks (with up to 82% of VA exhibiting CC during this time), and followed by a steady decline beyond 28 weeks gestation. χ2 test of independence showed no significant association (P = .435; >0.05) between the presence and absence of CC and infection status of the fetus or placenta. Conclusion The underrecognized CC of the developing fetal vermiform appendix (VA) showed distinct temporal pattern of occurrence and did not seem to be affected by the presence or absence of infection, which so far favored their being a part of the normal gut developmental process.
Intergroup dialogue: frequencies of social justice

Intergroup Dialogue (IGD) is a model of dialogue which engages my knowledge, awareness and skills in group work, social justice education, and psychodynamic practice. In this article, I discuss th...
Health systems’ use of enterprise health information exchange vs single electronic health record vendor environments and unplanned readmissions

Objective Enterprise health information exchange (HIE) and a single electronic health record (EHR) vendor solution are 2 information exchange approaches to improve performance and increase the quality of care. This study sought to determine the association between adoption of enterprise HIE vs a single vendor environment and changes in unplanned readmissions. Materials and methods The association between unplanned 30-day readmissions among adult patients and adoption of enterprise HIE or a single vendor environment was measured in a panel of 211 system-member hospitals from 2010 through 2014 using fixed-effects regression models. Sample hospitals were members of health systems in 7 states. Enterprise HIE was defined as self-reported ability to exchange information with other members of the same health system who used different EHR vendors. A single EHR vendor environment reported exchanging information with other health system members, but all using the same EHR vendor. Results Enterprise HIE adoption was more common among the study sample than EHR (75% vs 24%). However, adoption of a single EHR vendor environment was associated with a 0.8% reduction in the probability of a readmission within 30 days of discharge. The estimated impact of adopting an enterprise HIE strategy on readmissions was smaller and not statically significant. Conclusion Reductions in the probability of an unplanned readmission after a hospital adopts a single vendor environment suggests that HIE technologies can better support the aim of higher quality care. Additionally, health systems may benefit more from a single vendor environment approach than attempting to foster exchange across multiple EHR vendors.
GAPcare: The Geriatric Acute and Post-Acute Fall Prevention Intervention for Emergency Department Patients - A Qualitative Evaluation.

Three million US emergency department (ED) visits occur for falls each year. The mortality of falls is increasing and only one fourth of older adults report their fall to their primary care provider, suggesting that valuable preventative opportunities are missed. A fall prevention intervention initiated in the ED immediately after a fall has the potential to reduce subsequent falls, but ED providers lack the time and resources to complete fall risk assessments on their patients. GAPcare, the Geriatric Acute and Post-Acute Fall Prevention Intervention, was developed to address this need. GAPcare combines a pharmacist-led medication therapy management intervention with a physical therapist-administered fall risk assessment and disposition planning. A key objective of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to create a patient and caregiver-centric intervention. This manuscript reports on the results of the qualitative companion study in which we conducted 30 in-depth interviews with patients and caregivers to determine their lived experience with the intervention, barriers and perceived impact of the intervention, and to obtain their recommendations for the improvement of GAPcare. Patients and caregivers reported they embraced the experience of motivational interviewing elements, citing its collaborative and inclusive nature. Caregivers in particular said they felt that PTs helped their loved ones recognize and overcome functional limitations. Barriers included lack of time, the burden of coordinating multiple service providers once home, and concerns that PT would be ineffective or increase pain. Areas for improvement included better screening for those who would benefit from the individual components (pharmacy vs. PT consultation), improving identification of GAPcare pharmacists and PTs vs. other hospital staff in the ED, and expanding the role of GAPcare personnel to provide culturally competent, comprehensive care to improve adherence and medication education.
SOLOIST: Few-shot Task-Oriented Dialog with A Single Pre-trained Auto-regressive Model

This paper presents a new method SOLOIST, which uses transfer learning to efficiently build task-oriented dialog systems at scale. We parameterize a dialog system using a Transformer-based auto-regressive language model, which subsumes different dialog modules (e.g., state tracker, dialog policy, response generator) into a single neural model. We pre-train, on large heterogeneous dialog corpora, a large-scale Transformer model which can generate dialog responses grounded in user goals and real-world knowledge for task completion. The pre-trained model can be efficiently adapted to accomplish a new dialog task with a handful of task-specific dialogs via machine teaching. Our experiments demonstrate that (i) SOLOIST creates new state-of-the-art results on two well-known benchmarks, CamRest and MultiWOZ, (ii) in the few-shot learning setting, the dialog systems developed by SOLOIST significantly outperform those developed by existing methods, and (iii) the use of machine teaching substantially reduces the labeling cost. We will release our code and pre-trained models for reproducible research.
“The Pen is so Noble and Excellent an Instrument”: How the Medieval Merchants and Renaissance Diplomats Invented the Newswriting Style

This essay argues that the modern newswriting tradition can be traced back to the networks of Italian medieval merchants and Renaissance diplomats. As of the late 1200s, merchant letters reveal an ...
Evidence of freshened groundwater below a tropical fringing reef

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is widely acknowledged as a key driver of environmental change in tropical island coral reefs. Previous work has addressed SGD and groundwater-reef interactions at isolated submarine springs; however, there are still many outstanding questions about the mechanisms and distribution of groundwater discharge to reefs. To understand how groundwater migrates to reefs, a series of offshore 222Rn (radon) and submarine electrical resistivity (ER) surveys were performed on the tropical volcanic island of Mo’orea, French Polynesia. These surveys suggest that fresher water underlies the fringing reef, apparently confined by a <1-m-thick low-permeability layer referred to as a reef flat plate. Reef flat plates have been documented elsewhere in tropical reefs as thin, laterally continuous limestone units that form through the super-saturation of calcium carbonate in the overlying marine waters. In other tropical reefs, the reef flat plate is underlain by a highly permeable karstic limestone formation, but the submarine reef geology on Mo’orea is still uncertain. Numerical modeling of two-dimensional reef transects and SGD quantifications, based on water budget and radon/salinity mass balance, support the confining nature of the reef flat plates and indicate important implications for SGD impacts to tropical reefs. Except where incised by streams or local springs, reef flat plates may route SGD to lagoons or to the reef crest 100s of meters offshore. Because groundwater can transport pollutants, nutrients, and low pH waters, the reef flat plate may play an important role in the spatial patterns of reef ecology and coastal acidification.
TCT CONNECT-496 Tricuspid Valve Geometric and Functional Changes and Their Associations With Outcomes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often associated with tricuspid valve annular (TVA) morphological changes, such as dilation, and functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR). It is uncertain whether anatomic TVA changes or the degree of tricuspid regurgitation is associated with poor outcomes
‘If you worked well, we wouldn’t be in this situation’: evoking and managing the context of post-socialism in everyday Bulgarian discourse

Through a combination of ethnography of communication and contextualization cues, this study examines public discourse (natural observations and interviews) in Bulgaria and illustrates how particip...
Optimal wait time between injection and rest scan: a change in the D-SPECT protocol

2719 Objectives The D-SPECT is a new imaging tool created by Spectrum Dynamics©. This is a dedicated cardiac camera. According to the SNMMI guidelines for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, there is a 45 minutes wait period between the injection and the rest image. The hospital in which I rotated did not adhere to this protocol. Injection and scan times were recorded for 60 patients who were then split into three groups. The tests showed that patients who waited less than 10 minutes between injection and scan had a 20% chance of being rescanned, patients who waited between 10-15 minutes had a 25% chance and patients who waited greater than or equal to 45 minutes had a 20% chance of rescanning. Methods Patients were selected between Nov and Dec. They were divided into the following groups based on the time between the injection of the tracer and the initial resting images: less than 10 minutes, between 10-15 minutes and greater than or equal to 45 minutes. The average wait time per group was calculated along with finding the percent of rescanning in each group Results The patients were placed in three groups, the one that waited less than 10 minutes between injection and scan had an average wait time of 4.9 minutes with a rescan percentage of 20%. The one that waited 10-15 minutes between injection and scan had an average wait time of 13.1 minutes and a rescan percentage of 25%. The final one had an average wait time of 56.4 minutes and had a rescan percentage of 20% Conclusions There is no difference between the less than 10 minute wait and the group that waited 45 minutes. From this, it is possible to draw the conclusion that there is no reason to have a 45 minute wait period at all because the results showed no difference. By imaging within 10 minutes of injection, one can decrease that patient’s chance of rescan by 20%. In addition it is interesting to see that patients who waited between 10-15 minutes had an increase in rescan possibility. This is due to bowl uptake. The very high wait time for the patients in the group that waited over 45 min can be attributed to the work flow of the department
Association of Multidisciplinary Heart Failure Team with Outcomes in Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Purpose Veno-arterial (VA) ECMO plays a central role in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. Whether involvement of a multidisciplinary heart failure team (HF-MDT) at time of VA-ECMO initiation would be associated with differences in downstream management and outcomes is unknown. Methods Patients who received VA-ECMO (12/16 to 09/20) at a quaternary care center in the Middle East were retrospectively identified. Patients were grouped according to HF- MDT involvement—defined as providing input on VA-ECMO initiation/ weaning in addition to active management of vasoactive medications. Baseline characteristics, subsequent management and clinical outcomes were compared between patient who received VA-ECMO with and without HF-MDT involvement. Results A total of 47 unique patients (median age 49 years, 78.7% males) were identified. Most common indications for ECMO initiation was post-cardiotomy (34%), followed by cardiogenic shock secondary to advanced heart failure (25.5%). HF-MDT was involved in ECMO initiation in 48.9% (23/47) patients. Patients where HF-MDT was involved were younger (41.1 ± 13.9 vs 57.9 ± 14.6; P Conclusion HF-MDT involvement in VA-ECMO initiation provides unique input on decision-making, including selection for advanced therapies and hemodynamics-directed use of vasoactive medications. Establishing multidisciplinary teams for cardiogenic shock management helps standardize treatment of this subset of complex patients. The impact of such teams on resource use and clinical outcomes needs to be evaluated in larger studies.
Extracellular Soluble Membranes from Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Mediate Apoptosis in Macrophages

A central characterization of retinal immunobiology is the prevention of proinflammatory activity by macrophages. The retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) are a major source of soluble anti-inflammatory factors. This includes a soluble factor that induces macrophage apoptosis when the activity of the immunomodulating neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is neutralized. In this manuscript, isolated extracellular soluble membranes (ESMs) from primary RPE were assayed to see if they could be the soluble mediator of apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that RPE ESMs mediated the induction of macrophage apoptosis that was suppressed by α-MSH. In contrast, the RPE line ARPE-19, cultured under conditions that induce similar anti-inflammatory activity to primary RPEs, did not activate apoptosis in the macrophages. Moreover, only the ESMs from primary RPE cultures, and not those from the ARPE-19 cell cultures, expressed mFasL. The results demonstrate that RPE ESMs are a soluble mediator of apoptosis and that this may be a mechanism by which the RPEs select for the survival of α-MSH-induced suppressor cells.
Managing uncertainty in antifungal dosing: antibiograms, therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions.

Purpose of review A number of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors in critically ill or severely immunosuppressed patients influence the effectiveness of antifungal therapy making dosing less certain. Recent position papers from infectious diseases societies and working groups have proposed methods for dosage individualization of antibiotics in critically ill patients using a combination of population pharmacokinetic models, Monte-Carlo simulation and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to guide dosing. In this review, we examine the current limitations and practical issues of adapting a pharmacometrics-guided dosing approaches to dosing of antifungals in critically ill or severely immunosuppressed populations. Recent findings We review the current status of antifungal susceptibility testing and challenges in incorporating TDM into Bayesian dose prediction models. We also discuss issues facing pharmacometrics dosage adjustment of newer targeted chemotherapies that exhibit severe pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with triazole antifungals. Summary Although knowledge of antifungal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic is maturing, the practical application of these concepts towards point-of-care dosage individualization is still limited. User-friendly pharmacometric models are needed to improve the utility of TDM and management of a growing number of severe pharmacokinetic antifungal drug-drug interactions with targeted chemotherapies.
Environmental Modifications and Supports for Participation Among Adults Aging With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review.

IMPORTANCE Adults aging with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) continue to face barriers to participation in meaningful occupation; moreover, the increased life expectancy of adults with IDD intensifies the need for age- and environment-specific support. OBJECTIVE To map and categorize transdisciplinary literature on environmental modifications and supports for adults aging with IDD. DATA SOURCES Studies published between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2019, identified through PubMed and Scopus. Study Selection and Data Collection: Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria and contained information specific to occupational participation based on environmental modification (e.g., physical space, technology, universal design, type of living setting), social supports (e.g., family members, caretakers, peer groups, health care professionals, policies, organizational infrastructure), or both and adults age ≥35 yr with IDD. FINDINGS Eleven studies met the criteria for this scoping review. Thematic coding was used to examine the articles within one or more themes: definition of need, environmental risk and assessment, environmental setting, intervention and program planning, use of technology, and bureaucracy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This review highlights collective and individual outcomes in the areas of assessment, intervention, and advocacy. Further research is needed within the scope of occupational therapy and disability studies that examines environmental factors and participation outcomes in this population. What This Article Adds: The authors define the interconnectedness of adults aging with IDD and environmental factors, identify barriers to participation, and guide occupational therapy practitioners' logic on how to positively affect environmental change and supports through intervention.
The effect of non-equiprobable source symbols on maximum-likelihood Viterbi decoder performance

The effect of non-equiprobable source symbols on maximum-likelihood (ML) Viterbi decoder performance is investigated. Performance impact is determined by comparing the bit error rate (BER) of the Viterbi algorithm using an ML metric to one based on a joint, maximum a posteriori estimator of the source symbol probabilities and the optimum path through the code trellis. The algorithm is simulated using hard decision decoding and upper bounds on its performance are presented. Simulation results reveal that significant BER degradation may be experienced at low to moderate E/sub b//N/sub 0/, ratios if the source symbol probabilities are skewed from the uniform case.
Using ultrasonics to control robot arm positioning

A microprocessor-based ultrasonic system, developed to implement a robot-arm positioning control, is described. Time-of-flight-based gaging techniques are used to obtain the desired arm positioning, both in distance and alignment, with respect to the target surface. The experimental system consists of three aligned ultrasonic transducers mounted on a rod. Two transducers work as receivers, while the third work both as a transmitter and as a receiver. An electronic circuit was developed so that the echo detection is independent of the amplitude of the echo itself. >
Developing use-cases in a group

The Battelle Arlington Federal Civilian Operations team developed a collaborative, electronic approach for use-case analysis that is innovative, customizable, and efficient. The team used meeting room software as the vehicle for collecting all the data for the requirements for information system life cycle processes for the United States Coast Guard and for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Tobacco Oversight Program. The basic work done in use-case workshops formed the foundation for the fast turnaround of requirements into the system design and speeded up the process for implementation, which is underway. The process was fully documented, is easy to use, and is repeatable. Adaptations to the methodology have already been undertaken and have shown that it can be easily modified to specific needs.
A Critique of Kirzner's Finders-Keepers Defense of Profit

This paper criticizes Kirzner's use of the finders-keepers ethic to justify entrepreneurial profit. It does so by pursuing two lines of argumentation. First, Kirzner's defense of the justice of entrepreneurial profit is based upon treating the wage-for-labor-time exchange as legitimate. There are good reasons for doubting the justice of the wage-labor exchange. The paper argues that the profits earned by a capitalist firm employing wage-labor can not be considered to be just if we accept the juridical principle of imputation. The juridical principle of imputation asserts that people should be held legally responsible for the actions and results of the actions for which they are factually responsible. If we consider hired human beings always to be responsible agents, as is true in David Ellerman's (1992) rendition of the labor theory of property, Kirzner's defense of entrepreneurial profit generated in a capitalist enterprise is weakened. Second, the paper criticizes Kirzner's thesis that in a market economy everyone has, in principle, an equal opportunity to be an entrepreneur directing a productive enterprise or to be an entrepreneur engaging in speculation. Kirzner reaches this conclusion because he believes that credit markets in a free economy do not systematically discriminate amongst types of borrowers. This conclusion has been called into question by credit rationing models demonstrating that asset-poor individuals can be systematically denied access to loans. The credit rationing literature erodes the underpinnings of Kirzner's application of the finders-keepers ethic to the evaluation of entrepreneurial profit earned through speculation or productive creativity because it implies that all individuals do not in principle have an equal opportunity to be an entrepreneur.
Ribitol biosynthesis in the free-living nematode, turbatrix aceti: I. Labelling patterns

Abstract 1. 1. Free ribitol is synthesized and excreted by the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti . The distribution of C 14 in the sugar was determined after feeding acetate-1-C 14 , acetate-2-C 14 , ribose-1-C 14 and glucose labelled in various positions. In all cases, extensive randomization of label occurred. 2. 2. The labelling patterns found in the ribitol can be explained by assuming an equilibrium between fructose-1,6-diP and triose-P, in conjunction with the oxidative and non-oxidative pentose pathways. 3. 3. Ribitol itself is not further metabolized, but appears to be an end-product which is excreted into the medium as soon as it is formed.
A manufacturable high performance quarter micron CMOS technology using I-line lithography and gate linewidth reduction etch process

This paper reports the successful application of I-line lithography to fabricate high performance quarter micron CMOS integrated circuits with good linewidth control and excellent edge profile for poly gate. This is accomplished using an overetch with the bottom antireflection coating dry-etch to decrease the linewidth of resist before poly etch. This etch bias shifts the linear portion of the exposure curve to smaller final linewidths. This technology can be extended to 0.12 /spl mu/m CMOS by adding hammerheads to the end of poly gates to prevent end-of-line pull back and rounding. The maximum useful Figure of Merit (FOM) is the FOM at that gate length for which inverter chain active and standby currents are equal. 1/FOM(max) is 32 ps for V/sub DD/=2.5 V and 1 MHz clocks. For 300 MHz clock and V/sub DD/=2.5 V 1/FOM(max) is 23 ps. Lowering V/sub DD/ to 1.2 V results in 1/FOM(max) of 40 ps for 300 MHz clock. SRAM arrays with high yield and functionality down to 1 V have been obtained.
Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders A Review of Neuroimaging Findings

The development of fear is a normative process, and significant progress has been made in identifying fear neurocircuitry. The normal development of fear goes awry in children who develop anxiety disorders, and dysfunction in fear circuitry is likely. In this article, the authors present current knowledge about the neural basis of normal fear development and reviews findings from structural and functional neuroimaging studies of childhood anxiety disorders.
Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A.

Many of the G-protein-coupled receptors for hormones that bind to the cell surface can signal to the interior of the cell through several different classes of G protein1,2,3,4. For example, although most of the actions of the prototype β2-adrenergic receptor are mediated through Gs proteins and the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system5,6, β-adrenergic receptors can also couple to Gi proteins1,2. Here we investigate the mechanism that controls the specificity of this coupling. We show that in HEK293 cells, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by the β2-adrenergic receptor is mediated by the βγ subunits of pertussis-toxin-sensitive G proteins through a pathway involving the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src and the G protein Ras. Activation of this pathway by the β2-adrenergic receptor requires that the receptor be phosphorylated by PKA because it is blocked by H-89, an inhibitor of PKA. Additionally, a mutant of the receptor, which lacks the sites normally phosphorylated by PKA, can activate adenylyl cyclase5, the enzyme that generates cAMP, but not MAP kinase. Our results demonstrate that a mechanism previously shown to mediate uncoupling of the β2-adrenergic receptor from Gs and thus heterologous desensitization7 (PKA-mediated receptor phosphorylation), also serves to ‘switch’ coupling of this receptor from Gs to Gi and initiate a new set of signalling events.
Thermal production of axions in the Earth

We estimate the production rate of axion-type particles in the core of the Earth, at a temperature $T\ensuremath{\approx}5000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. We constrain thermal geo-axion emission by demanding a core-cooling rate less than $\mathcal{O}(100)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{Gyr}$, as suggested by geophysics. This yields a ``nonstellar'' (unaffected by extreme stellar temperatures or densities) bound on the axion-electron (ae) fine structure constant, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{ae}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$, stronger than the existing accelerator (vacuum) bound by 4 orders of magnitude. We consider the prospects for measuring the geo-axion flux through conversion into photons in a geoscope; such measurements can further constrain ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{ae}$.