cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5,6-Dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthrolinium-1,10-ium dichloride

5,6-Dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline, obtained from recrystallization of a side-product of a condensation reaction between 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and 5,6-diamino-1,3-dimethyluracil, has been isolated as a dihydrochloride (C12H8N2O2·2HCl·0.5CH3CN) by vapor diffusion of acetonitrile into an ethanol/HCl solution. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$ P\overline{1} $$ with a = 5.8334(1) A, b = 9.8041(2) A, c = 11.9895(2) A, α = 81.511(1)°, β = 76.395(1)°, γ = 81.429(1)°, and V = 654.48(2) A3, Z = 2, R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)] = 0.028, and wR(F 2) = 0.078. The crystal packing is stabilized by two N–H+···Cl− interactions (2.18(3) A, 2.13(2) A) and two O–H···Cl− interactions (2.11(3) A, 2.20(3) A). Pi-stacking of the phenanthrolinium rings results in an interplanar distance of 3.431(5) A with the phenanthrolinium ring centroids displaced from each other by ~6 A. The results for this diprotonated species are compared to those reported by Lin et al. (Acta Cryst E65:o2367, 2009) for the monoprotonated form and this reveals the possibility of using the relative –OH/phenanthroline ring orientations as a qualitative diagnostic of metal–ligand interactions in metal complexes of this ligand (Larsson and Ohrstrom in Inorg Chim Acta 357:657, 2004; Guan et al. in Acta Cryst C64:m311, 2008). The crystal structure of the diprotonated form of 5,6-dihdroxy-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthrolinium-1,10-ium dichloride) is discussed and compared to both the monoprotonated form and those complexed with Mn(II) and Co(III) reported in the literature.
Use of human lung tissue for studies of structural changes associated with chronic ozone exposure: opportunities and critical issues.

Abstract Definitive information on the chronic effects of exposure to ozone (O3) in humans is not available. There is a strong concern that ozone could produce chronic lung damage in humans on the basis that exposures are ubiquitous at levels that produce transient symptoms, function deficits, and lung inflammation in humans and chronic lung damage in laboratory animals. Both prospective and national population surveys suggest an association between chronic O3 exposure and reduced lung function, and a pilot investigation of autopsied lungs of accident victims in Los Angeles reported an unexpectedly high incidence of disease in the centriacinar region, the lung region known to receive the highest dose of inhaled O3. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of further studies of structural changes in human lung tissue in relation to chronic O3 exposure. The major advantages of such studies are that a) measurable effects may be related to realistic chronic exposures, b) the effects may be described quantitatively and compared directly to those obtained in chronic animal inhalation exposures, and c) evidence for chronic effects may be obtained much more rapidly than in prospective studies. The major limitations are the difficulties in obtaining sufficient reliable information on residential history, physical activity out-of-doors, and smoking and other confounding exposures to lung irritants from next of kin, and limited availability of adequate air quality data for determining ambient concentrations at places of residence and/or outdoor exercise. The paper also discusses approaches to minimizing these limitations in the design of specific studies.
Residualized Relative Importance Analysis A Technique for the Comprehensive Decomposition of Variance in Higher Order Regression Models

The current article notes that the standard application of relative importance analyses is not appropriate when examining the relative importance of interactive or other higher order effects (e.g., quadratic, cubic). Although there is a growing demand for strategies that could be used to decompose the predicted variance in regression models containing such effects, there has been no formal, systematic discussion of whether it is appropriate to use relative importance statistics in such decompositions, and if it is appropriate, how to go about doing so. The purpose of this article is to address this gap in the literature by describing three different yet related strategies for decomposing variance in higher-order multiple regression models—hierarchical F tests (a between-sets test), constrained relative importance analysis (a within-sets test), and residualized relative importance analysis (a between- and within-sets test). Using a previously published data set, we illustrate the different types of inferen...
Fabrication of Cermets via Spark-Plasma Sintering for Nuclear Applications

The development of the optimum processing path for ultrahigh-temperature W-UO2 cermet fuels is of great importance. While W-UO2 is the main point of interest, as part of a scoping study, a set of experiments was conducted to determine the suitability of spark-plasma sintering (SPS) for producing W-CeO2 specimens with CeO2 serving as a surrogate for UO2 fuel kernels. The experiments confirmed that SPS takes place via diffusional mass transfer; however, the densification process is rapidly accelerated because of the effects of current densities within the consolidating specimen. The SPS process yielded dense W-CeO2 specimens with a finer microstructure than other sintering techniques. The specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron-backscattered diffraction techniques. Also, great care must be taken to ensure that the particles remain spherical in geometry under the influence of a uniaxial stress as applied during SPS, which involves mixing different fuel kernel sizes to reduce the porosity. Particle mixing techniques are shown to be capable of producing consolidated cermets but with a less than desirable microstructure. The work presented herein will help in the development of high performance cores of very high-temperature reactors for terrestrial and space missions in the future.
Zur Physik des Haftens fester Körper

Dispersionskrafte durften eine der Hauptursachen fur Haftvorgange sein. An sehr einfachen Modellen wird die Grose der Haftkrafte abgeschatzt. Auserdem werden die Moglichkeiten zur Verfeinerung der benutzten Modelle angedeutet, so das der Einflus der molekularen Struktur der Grenzflache berucksichtigt werden kann.
CogentHelp: NLG meets SE in a tool for authoring dynamically generated on-line help

CogentHelp is a prototype tool for authoring dynamically generated on-line help for applications with graphical user interfaces, embodying the "evolution-friendly" properties of tools in the literate programming tradition. In this paper, we describe Cogen Help, highlighting the usefulness of certain natural language generation techniques in supporting software-engineering goals for help authoring tools --- principally, quality and evolvability of help texts.
Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests

We examined how chronic nitrogen (N) enrichment of pine and hardwood forest stands has affected the relative abundance, functional capacity, and activity of soil bacteria and fungi. During Fall 2002 we collected one soil core (5.6 cm diameter; organic horizon plus 10 cm of mineral soil) from each of four 5 m � 5 m subplots within the control, low N (5 g N m � 2 per year), and high N (15 g N m � 2 per year) plots in both the hardwood and pine stands at the Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Study at Harvard Forest. The samples were analyzed for total and active bacterial and fungal biomass, microbial catabolic response profiles, the activities of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes, and total, labile and microbially derived organic carbon (C). Live, fine roots were also collected from the control and low N pine plots and analyzed for ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and diversity. Active fungal biomass was 27‐61% and 42‐69% lower in the fertilized compared to control plots in the hardwood and pine stands, respectively. Active bacterial biomass was not greatly affected by N additions, resulting in significantly lower fungal:bacterial biomass ratios in the N-treated plots. This shift in microbial community composition was accompanied by a significant reduction in the activity of phenol oxidase, a lignin-degrading enzyme produced by white-rot fungi. In the pine stand, ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity was lower in the low N-treated plot than in the control plot. Differences in ectomycorrhizal community structure were also detected between control and fertilized pine plots, including a reduction in those species with the highest relative frequencies in the control community. Finally, N enrichment altered the pattern of microbial substrate use, with the relative response to the addition of carboxylic acids and carbohydrates being significantly lower in the Ntreated plots, even after the data were normalized to account for differences in microbial biomass. These patterns are consistent with lower decomposition rates and altered N cycling observed previously at this site. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Graphical representation of two mixed-Weibull distributions

A variety of shapes of two-Weibull mixtures on Weibull probability paper are explored and classified into six types of Cdf curves (A-F). Types B-D represent Cdf's composed of two well-mixed subpopulations. Type F represents the Cdf composed of two very well-separated subpopulations. Types A and E are in between types B-D and type F. The Kao-Cran graphical parameter estimation method cannot be applied to type A-C, E, and F curves. It is recommended that it not be applied to the type D curve. The theoretical basis is developed for the Jensen-Petersen graphical method for mixtures with well-separated subpopulations, viz, the type F curve. For type A and E curves, the method can be applied. However, for type B-D curves, there is no theoretical basis for the method. >
Support vector machines for recognition of semi-arid vegetation types using MISR multi-angle imagery

Accurately mapping community types is one of the main challenges for monitoring arid and semi-arid grasslands with remote sensing. The multi-angle approach has been proven useful for mapping vegetation types in desert grassland. The Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) provides 4 spectral bands and 9 angular reflectance. In this study, 44 classification experiments have been implemented to find the optimal combination of MISR multi-angular data to mine the information carried by MISR data as effectively as possible. These experiments show the following findings: 1) The combination of MISR's 4 spectral bands at nadir and red and near infrared bands in the C, B, and A cameras observing off-nadir can obtain the best vegetation type differentiation at the community level in New Mexico desert grasslands. 2) The k parameter at red band of Modified–Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete (MRPV) model and the structural scattering index (SSI) can bring useful additional information to land cover classification. The information carried by these two parameters, however, is less than that carried by surface anisotropy patterns described by the MRPV model and a linear semi-empirical kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function model, the RossThin– LiSparseMODIS (RTnLS) model. These experiments prove that: 1) multi-angular reflectance raise overall classification accuracy from 45.8% for nadir-only reflectance to 60.9%. 2) With surface anisotropy patterns derived from MRPV and RTnLS, an overall accuracy of 68.1% can be obtained when maximum likelihood algorithms are used. 3) Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms can raise the classification accuracy to 76.7%. This research shows that multi-angular reflectance, surface anisotropy patterns and SVM algorithms can improve desert vegetation type differentiation importantly.
The absolute frequency of the 87 Sr optical clock transition

The absolute frequency of the 1 S0– 3 P0 clock transition of 87 Sr has been measured to be 429 228 004 229 873.65 (37) Hz using lattice-confined atoms, where the fractional uncertainty of 8.6 × 10 −16 represents one of the most accurate measurements of an atomic transition frequency to date. After a detailed study of systematic effects, which reduced the total systematic uncertainty of the Sr lattice clock to 1.5 × 10 −16 , the clock frequency is measured against a hydrogen maser which is simultaneously calibrated to the US primary frequency standard, the NIST Cs fountain clock, NIST-F1. The comparison is made possible using a femtosecond laser based optical frequency comb to phase coherently connect the optical and microwave spectral regions and by a 3.5 km fibre transfer scheme to compare the remotely located clock signals. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Augmented reality image generation with virtualized real objects using view-dependent texture and geometry

Augmented reality (AR) images with virtualized real objects can be used for various applications. However, such AR image generation requires hand-crafted 3D models of that objects, which are usually not available. This paper proposes a view-dependent texture (VDT)- and view-dependent geometry (VDG)-based method for generating high quality AR images, which uses 3D models automatically reconstructed from multiple images. Since the quality of reconstructed 3D models is usually insufficient, the proposed method inflates the objects in the depth map as VDG to repair chipped object boundaries and assigns a color to each pixel based on VDT to reproduce the detail of the objects. Background pixel exposure due to inflation is suppressed by the use of the foreground region extracted from the input images. Our experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed method can successfully reduce above visual artifacts.
Measurement of mechanical properties of homogeneous tissue with ultrasonically induced shear waves

Fundamental mechanical properties of tissue are altered by many diseases. Regional and systemic diseases can cause changes in tissue properties. Liver stiffness is caused by cirrhosis and fibrosis. Vascular wall stiffness and tone are altered by smoking, diabetes and other diseases. Measurement of tissue mechanical properties has historically been done with palpation. However palpation is subjective, relative, and not quantitative or reproducible. Elastography in which strain is measured due to stress application gives a qualitative estimate of Young's modulus at low frequency. We have developed a method that takes advantage of the fact that the wave equation is local and shear wave propagation depends only on storage and loss moduli in addition to density, which does not vary much in soft tissues. Our method is called shearwave dispersion ultrasonic velocity measurement (SDUV). The method uses ultrasonic radiation force to produce repeated motion in tissue that induces shear waves to propagate. The shear wave propagation speed is measured with pulse echo ultrasound as a function of frequency of the shear wave. The resulting velocity dispersion curve is fit with a Voight model to determine the elastic and viscous moduli of the tissue. Results indicate accurate and precise measurements are possible using this "noninvasive biopsy" method. Measurements in beef along and across the fibers are consistent with the literature values.
Gorlin syndrome presenting with a unilateral ovarian fibroma in a 22-year-old woman: a case report

Introduction Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, or Gorlin syndrome, is an inherited disorder characterized by malignancies of the skin and other organs, skeletal abnormalities, and congenital malformations. The syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with a gene mutation localized to 9q22.3.
Stretch-activated whole cell currents in adult rat cardiac myocytes.

Mechanoelectric transduction can initiate cardiac arrhythmias. To examine the origins of this effect at the cellular level, we made whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from acutely isolated rat ven...
Systematic design of analogs of active compounds covering more than 1000 targets

A computational methodology is presented for the systematic design of analogs. The approach is applicable to large data sets. Series of structurally related compounds are automatically detected, core structures and substituents isolated, novel core-substituent combinations enumerated, and synthetically accessible analogs identified. Compared to active compounds sharing the same core structure, virtual analogs often contain new substitution sites and chemical features. The methodology has been applied to compounds active against more than 1000 targets and has yielded nearly two million well-defined virtual analogs. A database comprising these analogs is made freely available as a resource for candidate selection and chemical exploration.
Improving multi-step prediction of learned time series models

Most typical statistical and machine learning approaches to time series modeling optimize a single-step prediction error. In multiple-step simulation, the learned model is iteratively applied, feeding through the previous output as its new input. Any such predictor however, inevitably introduces errors, and these compounding errors change the input distribution for future prediction steps, breaking the train-test i.i.d assumption common in supervised learning. We present an approach that reuses training data to make a no-regret learner robust to errors made during multi-step prediction. Our insight is to formulate the problem as imitation learning; the training data serves as a "demonstrator" by providing corrections for the errors made during multi-step prediction. By this reduction of multi-step time series prediction to imitation learning, we establish theoretically a strong performance guarantee on the relation between training error and the multi-step prediction error. We present experimental results of our method, DAD, and show significant improvement over the traditional approach in two notably different domains, dynamic system modeling and video texture prediction.
Determination of Section Aerodynamic Operating Condition on Wings and Rotor Blades From Leading-Edge Pressure Measurements.

The identification of section aerodynamic state variables such as airspeed, angle of attack, and local lift coefficient on various sections of a wing or rotor blade provides the capability for load monitoring, aerodynamic diagnostics, and control on devices ranging from air vehicles to wind turbines. This paper presents a novel algorithm for the sensing the section aerodynamic state using surface pressures measured at a few ports in the vicinity of the leading edge of a wing/blade section operating in low-subsonic conditions. The approach approximates the leading-edge region of the airfoil as a parabola and uses pressure distribution from the exact solution for the parabola to fit the pressures measured from the ports. Pressures sensed at five discrete locations near the leading edge of an airfoil are given as input to the algorithm to solve the model using a simple nonlinear regression. The algorithm directly computes the inflow velocity and the stagnation-point location, from which section angle of attack and lift coefficient are determined using calibration data. The performance of the algorithm is assessed using experimental data in the literature for airfoils and rotor-blade sections. The results show good correlation between the actual and predicted effective airspeed and angle of attack within the pre-stall regime even for a rotating blade section.
Air-Stable Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors and Complementary Logic Circuits from Solution-Processed n/p Polymer Heterojunctions

We demonstrate the use of n/p polymer/polymer heterojunctions deposited by sequential solution processing to fabricate ambipolar field-effect transistors and complementary logic circuits. Electron and hole mobilities in the transistors were ∼0.001−0.01 cm2/(V s) in air without encapsulation. Complementary circuits integrating multiple ambipolar transistors into NOT, NAND, and NOR gates were fabricated and shown to exhibit sharp signal switching with a high voltage gain.
Matthew 6:9–13//Luke 11:2–4: An Eschatological Prayer?:

This article argues that in the eyes of Matthew and Luke the so-called Lord's Prayer reflects a perception of Jesus that his disciples are in grave danger of becoming members of “this generation, ” that is, those among Jesus' co-religionists who reject what Jesus shows is God's will for Israel. Its focus and concern is that the disciples invoke God's protection against engaging in this apostasy. Three considerations support this contention: (1) that teaching on the nature of true discipleship is the context in which the Lord's Prayer appears in both Matthew and Luke; (2) that a concern to secure divine aid to be obedient to God's will is the center of the prayers which the Matthean and Lukan Jesus himself prays; and (3) that when read against the Old Testament background which the language of the Lord's prayer evokes, each of the prayer's constituent petitions makes more sense as a plea for protection against disobedience and unfaithfulness than as a call for end time blessings.
Advanced Treatment Effect and Influencing Factor of Nitrogen in Hybrid Constructed Wetland

Monod kinetic model was introduced to analyse the treatment effect of nitrogen,and was verified through three statistical parameters.Correlation of input nitrogen loading vs.removal rates,kinetic coefficients from Monod kinetics against COD/NH4+—N,COD/NO3-—N ratio in wetland system were discussed.It was consisted of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland(VSF),free water surface constructed wetland(FWS) and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland(HSF).The areas of each style wetland were 1 260m2(VSF),1 250 m2(FWS) and 2 490 m2(HSF) successively.The influent of wetland system was continuous,and hydraulic load was 0.17-0.31 m/d,and the hydraulic detention time was 1.48-2.69 d.Study results showed that,①the removal efficiencies of NH4+—N and NO3-—N reached 66.0%-77.1% and 46.2%-77.2% respectively in hybrid constructed wetland.The influent of constructed wetlands system that had been treated by traditional secondary sewage treatment process contained low concentrations of organic pollutant,NH4+—N and NO3-—N,nevertheless,the style of hybrid constructed wetland in our study had a good advanced treatment effect on nitrogen in wastewater;②regressions of Monod kinetics for correlating inlet and outlet nitrogen values in wetland system indicated that the difference between actual and predicted value was very slight.The models showed better performances for predicting NH4+—N and NO3-—N removal in experimental VSF,FWS and HSF wetlands.However,it should be noted that the development of models from Monod kinetics entails significant simplifications.These models may not achieve satisfactory results in the engineered systems where nutrient uptake by plants contribute to more significant removal than biodegradation,particularly in different temperate climate conditions;③the removal efficiencies of NH4+—N and NO3-—N increased in accord with their concentrations of the influent,indicating that nitrification and denitrification of microorganism in wetlands were restricted by the concentrations of NH4+—N and NO3-—N those were low in influent;④there was a negative correlation between COD/NH4+—N ratio of the influent and KNH4+—N,implying that there was a competitive use of dissolved oxygen between the degradation of organic pollutant and that of NH4+—N in VSF,FWS and HSF wetlands.Howerver,COD/NO3-—N ratio was positively correlated with KNO3-—N,illustrating that the availability of carbon source was the main limiting step for denitrification in VSF,FWS and HSF wetlands.
“I am like a deaf, dumb and blind person”: Mobility and immobility of Chinese (im)migrants in Flushing, Queens, New York City

This paper contributes to research on daily mobility experience of (im)migrants in cities and expands the conceptualizations of mobility by examining intentionality and its relations to locality. Through place-based research on mobility and immobility of Chinese (im)migrants in Flushing, Queens, New York City, this paper explores: 1) mobility patterns of recent (im)migrants in an urban setting; 2) the constraints, resources and their coping strategies for everyday mobility; and 3) the dialectal relationship between voluntary and involuntary immobility, and between mobility and ethnic communities. This study reveals that immobility is not always the result of inaccessibility, but structural barriers in the broader society such as socioeconomic inequality and racial discrimination. Involuntary immobility encourages overdependence on locality. With its high place accessibility, Flushing provides (im)migrants with a plethora of ethnic mobile resources, as well as social networks and community resources. The relative immobility among Chinese (im)migrants in Flushing is compensated by the flows and movements of people, goods and information both at the local and transnational scale. The contrast between insider-ness and outsider-ness further enhances their attachment to the local community and discourages them from moving. Thus, locality mitigates involuntary immobility but paradoxically nurtures voluntary immobility that hinders the transfer of potential mobility to actual mobility, and physical mobility to social mobility. Without considering locality, stillness is easily mistaken for immobility; without considering intentionality, accessibility is easily equated to mobility. Therefore, solutions to transportation equity do not lie solely in transportation accessibility itself, but more broadly in individual capability, immigration policy, labor market equality and community development. Language: en
Simulations of FGFR2 Kinase Activation Loop Dynamics and their Effects on Catalytic Activity

Unregulated activity of tyrosine kinases (TKs) is responsible for numerous developmental, oncologic and musculoskeletal diseases, yet the regulatory mechanisms of TKs are still in need of elucidation. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) kinases are a TK family whose catalytic activity appears to be regulated by phosphorylation of two adjacent tyrosine residues in the kinase “activation loop.” However, there is no clear mechanism to explain how tyrosine phosphorylation in the activation loop enables substrate catalysis. Using enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of FGFR2 kinase, we demonstrate by simulation that phosphorylation of Tyr657 in FGFR2 does not disable an inhibitory mechanism, as seen in other homologous structures such as FGFR1 kinase, but actively promotes substrate catalysis by altering the conformational dynamics of the kinase. Phosphorylation of Tyr657 allows for greater coordination of the kinase's N-lobe and C-lobe, facilitating enhanced coordination of the enzyme and substrate for catalysis. Moreover, inward motion of Tyr657, promoted by phosphorylation, stabilizes the presence of Arg664 in the enzyme's active site. We propose that the presence of Arg664 near ATP and the substrate tyrosine residue, previously observed in a crystal structure of FGFR3 kinase, locks the substrate tyrosine in a precise position, sandwiched by two arginine residues, favoring catalysis. Additionally, Arg664 helps to coordinate the position of ATP, and may also lower the activation energy for the catalytic phosphorylation reaction. Our study of activation loop dynamics in the pTyr657-in state of FGFR2 kinase may provide avenues for targeted therapies to counteract pathologic over-activation of FGFR2 kinase leading to uncontrolled signal transduction and uninhibited cell growth.
Modeling Political Reforms: The Discrete Approach to Labor Supply

This chapter discusses the underlying methodology how to identify and evaluate the expected effects of political reforms on the individual level. It introduces the discrete choice approach by which it is possible to simulate labor supply decisions of households in a realistic framework. The chapter starts with a short discussion of economic modeling using simulation algorithms. The goal is to show that a micro-simulation, which is able to include behavioral changes of the decision units, offers strong possibilities to study the impact of a policy reform on the household sector. In a second step, the discrete choice approach to labor supply is explained in detail. In the beginning the discrete framework is discussed that treats individual working hours as the dependent but categorical variable. Then, the concept of stochastic utility is introduced that allows estimating the coefficients and the transition probabilities by a multinomial logit model. Afterwards, the developed utility model is specified by a transcendental logarithmic utility. The chapter ends with a discussion of the methods to capture the behavioral adjustments of households triggered by a policy reform.
Money and Price Level Determination in China1

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on money and price level determination in China. The possible effect of an increase in money supply on inflation became an important issue for the Chinese economic reform officials in 1985, when currency in circulation had increased by about 50% from the end of 1983 to the end of 1984, mainly as a result of the policy to allow individual banks the discretion to extend credit without having established a mechanism of monetary control by the central bank. The chapter focuses on the effect of the money supply on the price level in China. It also discusses the theoretical issues in applying the quantity theory of money to explaining the price level in the Chinese institutional setting, and estimates and tests equations explaining short-run price changes from year to year. Additional issues concerning short-run price determination are addressed, including the possible direct effect of aggregate wage on the price level, a possible structural change after the economic reform began in 1979, and the use of the short-run model for forecasting inflation.
Proof of Convergence for the Coupled Finite/Infinite Element Methods for Helmholtz Exterior Boundary-Value Problems

The note outlines the idea of coupled Finite Element (FE) — Infinite Element (IE) approximations for the exterior Helmholtz equation and summarizes the convergence analysis presented in [6]. The main difficulty in analyzing the convergence of approximations to the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains lies in two facts: The sesquilinear form corresponding to the variational formulation is not positive-definite 1, The weighted Sobolev space for exterior domains is riot compactly imbedded in the L 2-space and therefore the standard asymptotic convergence argument [4] cannot be applied.
Racial Differences in Treatment Dose Intensity Among Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Database

Introduction: Previous studies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have demonstrated that higher treatment dose intensity is associated with improved survival. Race-based differences in dose intensity may contribute to outcome differences. In order to better understand the relationship between dose intensity and race, we performed a retrospective analysis of veterans examining demographic and clinical factors associated with dose intensity in patients with DLBCL. Methods: Patients diagnosed with DLBCL between October 1, 1998 and December 31, 2008 and treated within the VHA system with CHOP or CHOP-like regimens (+/- rituximab) were identified in the VA Central Cancer Registry. Data on age, sex, race, stage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), B-symptoms, body mass index, HIV status, co-morbidities, medications, and socioeconomic status were obtained. Average relative dose intensity (ARDI) was calculated for the use of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin in patients who received CHOP chemotherapy. Univariate analysis was performed to explore demographic and clinical characteristics dichotomized by ARDI < or ≥ 80%. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify baseline factors associated with receiving treatment with an ARDI ≥ 80%. Results: 1575 DLBCL patients who received doxorubicin and survived more than 5 months after treatment initiation were identified. On univariate analysis, patients who received ARDI <80% were more likely to be older (66.1 vs 61.2, p=<0.001), have advanced stage disease (58.9% vs 52.7%, p=0.015), have systemic B-symptoms (51.7% vs 45.5%, p=0.002), have more co-morbidities (mean co-morbidity score 2.4 vs 1.7, p=<0.0001), have HIV (7.5% vs 3.3%, p=0.0002), less likely to receive rituximab (73.5% vs 79.1%, p=0.008), and were more likely to be from the lowest estimated household income quartile (25.5% vs 21.8%, p=0.03). While not statistically significant on univariate analysis, patients receiving lower ARDI were slightly more likely to be Black (13.8% vs 10.6%, p=0.053). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with reduced odds of receiving treatment with an ARDI ≥ 80% included: Black race, (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.44 – 0.87), age (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.95 – 0.97), HIV positive status (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.14 – 0.40), and presence of B-symptoms (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59 – 0.93). Conclusion: After controlling for the other identified variables, Black patients were significantly less likely to receive an ARDI of ≥ 80%. The reasons for this finding are unknown from this analysis. Future efforts to reduce racial outcome disparities in NHL could include efforts to understand the underlying causes of chemotherapy dose reductions and delays in racial minority populations, which were present in the VHA, an equal access healthcare system. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Impact of Delayed Infusion Time in Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Abstract In umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation, UCB units are typically thawed, washed, and infused into the patient as rapidly as possible. In some instances there is a delay in the time from the unit thaw and wash procedure to infusion into the patient. Therefore, we examined the effect of thaw duration time on engraftment outcomes in 567 patients undergoing UCB transplantation. With a range of 32 to 523 minutes, a prolonged thaw duration had no obvious effect on the incidence of neutrophil engraftment or time to recovery. This was true for recipients of single UCB transplantation (incidence: 97% versus 93%, P = .13; time to neutrophil recovery: 21 days versus 21 days, P = .32; and platelet recovery: 79% versus 78%, P = .48), and similar results were observed in double UCB transplantation (time to neutrophil engraftment: 20 days versus 19 days, P = .71). However, there was a trend toward better platelet recovery in recipients of double UCB transplants with prolonged thaw duration (HR, 1.28; P = .06). In conclusion, this study demonstrates prolonged thaw duration has no detrimental effect on engraftment after single or double UCB transplantation.
Temporal and spatial valley dynamics in two-dimensional semiconductors probed via Kerr rotation

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) offer a tantalizing platform for control of both spin and valley degrees of freedom, which may enable future optoelectronic devices with enhanced and novel functionalities. Here, we investigate the valley dynamics of two prototypical members of TMDCs, namely $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{WS}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$, using time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) at temperatures from 10 K to 300 K. This pump-probe technique enables sub-picosecond temporal resolution, providing insight into ultrafast valley dynamics, which is inaccessible by polarized and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Bi-exponential decay dynamics were observed for both materials at low temperatures, and the fast decay component indicated a rapid exciton valley depolarization time $(l10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps})$ due to strong Coulomb exchange interactions between the $K$ valleys. However, the slow decay components (several tens of picoseconds) were attributed to different origins in the two materials, which were further elucidated by temperature-dependent TRKR measurements. Moreover, the spatial dependence of the TRKR intensity across $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ monolayer flakes indicated a weaker valley polarization near the edges, which is likely associated with quenched excitons near the grain boundaries or a disordered edge region in chemical vapor deposition--grown monolayers. These temporal and spatial TRKR measurements reveal insight into the complex dynamics of valley excitonic states, which will be critical for valleytronic applications of monolayer TMDCs.
Arthritis Gene Therapy: A Brief History and Perspective

Abstract Arthritis gene therapy has its origins in research conducted at the University of Pittsburgh in the late 1980s. This was based on the concept of using gene transfer to intra-articular tissues as a means of locally delivering therapeutic gene products to diseased joints in a sustained and safe manner. This approach has stood the test of time, largely because there is still no other clinically acceptable way to deliver proteins locally to joints in a sustained fashion. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) have been targeted in this fashion. Preclinical studies in various different species have demonstrated the ability to transfer therapeutic genes to joints safely, express them for extended periods of time, and confer a therapeutic effect in animal models of arthritis. Recent studies using an equine model have resoundingly confirmed this in large joints of human proportions. Because the arthritides are heterogeneous, non-Mendelian disorders with complex, incompletely understood etiopathophysiologies, there are no universally accepted therapeutic gene products. However, cDNAs encoding interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and etanercept have been taken into clinical trials for RA, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) cDNA has been used in trials of OA. Additional trials in an advanced preclinical stage of development propose to use interferon-β in subjects with RA and IL-1Ra in subjects with OA. Both of these will use in vivo gene delivery with adeno-associated virus as the vector. A Phase III trial delivering TGF-β1 in an ex vivo fashion with allogeneic chondrocytes is in advanced planning. Four companies are now engaged in commercializing arthritis gene therapy, indicating further progress in its clinical development. Unresolved scientific issues include characterizing the nature and significance of immune response to vectors, determining the level and duration of transgene expression needed in a particular clinical setting, and identifying clear therapeutic targets. Cost may become an issue as arthritis gene therapy moves into clinical use.
Pacemaker-induced tricuspid regurgitation is uncommon immediately post-implantation.

Prior studies report permanent pacemaker (PPM)-induced tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in up to one third of cases late post-implantation. We sought to assess the extent of immediate PPM-induced TR. Forty patients undergoing PPM implant were prospectively enrolled. Patients with pre-existing moderate or severe TR or an RVSP >50 mmHg were excluded. Pre- and immediate post-implantation transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) analyzed TR grade according to established methods. 3D TTE was utilized to determine lead position in relation to tricuspid leaflets as well as lead mobility across the TV. Of 40 patients, four were excluded due to baseline moderate TR (n = 3) or RVSP >50 mmHg (n = 1). In the remaining cohort (n = 36), immediate post-implantation TTE showed no increase in TR grade in 30 patients (83%), whereas a one-grade increase from no/trace to mild occurred in six (17%) others. In no patient did immediate moderate or severe TR develop. Exclusive RV pacing was present in 47% of the patients; however, only two of the six patients with increased TR were paced. 3D TTE identified lead position in 92% of the cases—more than 50% of the cases showed RV lead distribution in the middle or post eroseptal commissure of the TV. Lead immobility was seen in only three of the six patients with increased TR. These findings show that significant PPM-induced TR is uncommon immediately post-implantation and, when it occurs, causes no greater than mild TR. RV pacing and lead mobility do not correlate with worsening of TR. 3D TTE is highly reliable at identifying lead position.
A review of current and developing fixed-dose LABA/LAMA combinations for treating COPD.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The current GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) recommendations suggest using long acting β2 agonists (LABA) and long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) in combination for group B COPD patients with persistent symptoms, group C COPD patients with further exacerbations on LAMA therapy alone and for group D COPD patients with or without combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Thus, there is a lot of interest in developing LABA/LAMA combinations for maintenance therapy of chronic stable COPD.Areas covered: Many LABA/LAMA combinations have successfully been approved through carefully designed pivotal clinical trials. The current clinical use of LABA/LAMA combinations in COPD will continue to evolve as new trials with and without inhaled corticosteroids are completed.Expert opinion: Combining different classes of bronchodilators in a single inhaler is an attractive concept that can potentially improve patient adherence to therapy. Because LABA/LAMA comb...
Toward a Sustainable Carbon Cycle: The Methanol Economy

Abstract Humanity is still utterly dependent on diminishing, nonrenewable and finite fossil fuels resources. To reduce our reliance and concomitantly mitigate the associated environmental problems, in particular CO2 emissions, it is time to switch from fossilized solar energy (i.e., fossil fuels) to “real-time” solar energy. We are not per se facing an energy crisis. Sunlight delivers to the earth each hour as much energy as consumed by humankind in an entire year. Rather than an energy problem, we have an energy collection and storage issue. Mimicking Nature's photosynthetic cycle by capturing and recycling CO2 to methanol, dimethyl ether, and derived products using any alternative energy source, in the frame of the methanol economy, will provide us with a sustainable carbon source for fuels and materials well beyond the fleeting fossil fuel era. The CO2 can at first be collected from industrial sources but will eventually have to be captured from the atmosphere.
“Your English Is Suspect”: Language, Communication, and the Pathologization of Nigerian Cyber Identity Through the Stylistic Imprints of Nigerian E-Mail Scams:

Identity is embedded not just in language but in the communicative and interactional singularities of language and in the linguistic habitus that speakers bring to bear in their relational and disc...
Haunting hands: Mobile media practices and loss

Cumiskey and Hjorth’s Haunting Hands contributes to our overall understanding of grief as well as the role technology plays in that process. The authors utilize ethnographic and comparative methods...
Social media as online mentoring tools for STEM students with and without disabilities

Considerable attention has been given to the need for educating a diverse workforce in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Public and regulatory institutions have stressed the importance of efforts to recruit and retain students chronically underrepresented in STEM fields. Individuals with disabilities are among the most marginalized of these groups and face significant barriers to accessing higher education STEM programs. This paper will discuss affordances for e-mentoring of students in STEM education, with a focus on universal design for online learning and inclusion of all students, especially those with functional limitations due to disability. Preliminary data from ongoing research will be reviewed and discussed.
RNA amplification in brain tissues.

Recent developments in gene array technologies, specifically cDNA microarray platforms, have made it easier to try to understand the constellation of gene alterations that occur within the CNS. Unlike an organ that is comprised of one principal cell type, the brain contains a multiplicity of both neuronal (e.g., pyramidal neurons, interneurons, and others) and noneuronal (e.g., astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and others) populations of cells. An emerging goal of modern molecular neuroscience is to sample gene expression from similar cell types within a defined region without potential contamination by expression profiles of adjacent neuronal subtypes and noneuronal cells. At present, an optimal methodology to assess gene expression is to evaluate single cells, either identified physiologically in living preparations, or by immunocytochemical or histochemical procedures in fixed cells in vitro or in vivo. Unfortunately, the quantity of RNA harvested from a single cell is not sufficient for standard RNA extraction methods. Therefore, exponential polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) based analyses and linear RNA amplifications, including a newly developed terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification methodology, have been used in combination with single cell microdissection procedures to enable the use of cDNA microarray analysis within individual populations of cells obtained from postmortem brain samples as well as the brains of animal models of neurodegeneration.
Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation

Experimental evidence using animal models and cultured cells has clearly linked dietary fat to breast cancer. More than 150 studies using animal models of carcinogen-induced, transplantable, “spontaneous” and metastatic breast cancer as well as in vitro investigations employing cultured breast cancer cells provide an impressive array of support for the conclusion that dietary fat influences breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis (1–11).
BELIEFS ABOUT CUES TO DECEPTION: MINDLESS STEREOTYPES OR UNTAPPED WISDOM?

In this longitudinal study, senders told truths and lies to same-sex friends (judges) at both one month and six months into the relationship. Judges guessed whether the stories were truths or lies, and described the cues they used to make their decisions. These cues were coded into categories according to the nature of the cue (verbal, visual, or paralinguistic). Judges mentioned more verbal cues when the story was truthful than when it was fabricated, and mentioned more visual nonverbal cues when it was fabricated than when it was truthful. Therefore, perceivers' stated beliefs about cues discriminated the truths from the lies, although their explicit judgments of deceptiveness did not. Perceivers who mentioned visual or verbal cues more often were not more accurate at detecting deception (explicitly), but those who mentioned paralinguistic cues more often were more accurate.
Children’s Rights and Parent’s Virtues

Philosophers, by and large, have lacked intimate experience of children. Like Plato and Kant, they have been childfree or, like Socrates and Rousseau, they have left the care of their children to wives or orphanages. This inexperience explains an otherwise puzzling neglect of family matters in our moral and political philosophy. Since Plato, philosophers have concerned themselves with macrolevel political institutions and microlevel individual actions. They have ignored that intermediate context of family life within which most people make their political and personal choices. They have made little attempt to discover and assess whatever principles guide our decisions to form, continue or leave our families.