cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Analysis of Aortic Wall Stress in the Surgery of V-shape Resection of the Noncoronary Sinus

Abstract Ascending aortic aneurysms often include the sinotubular junction (STJ) and extend into the root portion of the aorta. The novel surgery of the V-shape resection of the noncoronary sinus of the aortic root has been shown to be a simpler procedure, comparing with traditional surgeries such as full aortic root replacement, for patients with moderate ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic root ectasia. This novel surgery could reduce the diameter and cross-sectional area of the aortic root. However, the detailed effect on the stress field and the rupture risk of the aortic root and aneurysm has not been fully investigated. In this study, we performed patient-specific finite element (FE) analysis based on the 3D geometries of the aortic root and ascending aortic aneurysm, reconstructed directly from the clinical computed tomographic (CT) images. By comparing the pre- and post-surgery results, we investigated the influence of the V-shape surgery on the stress field and rupture risk of the aortic root, ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic arch. It was found that the surgery could significantly reduce the wall stress of the aortic root, ascending aortic aneurysm, as well the aortic arch, and hence lower the rupture risk.
Sashaying across Party Lines: Evidence of and Arguments for the Use of Validity Evidence in Qualitative Education Research.

Though the concept of validity is rooted in positivism, recent scholars have expanded the definition of validity to reflect more progressive paradigms, opening the door to consideration of validity...
A Study of Fronting, Voicing, and Stopping Based on Olmsted's Data in Eighty-Seven Children

A Study of Fronting, Voicing, and Stopping Based on Olmsted's Data in Eighty-Seven Children.
Pre-procedural barriers to accessing novel treatments for aortic stenosis among racial/ethnic minorities in the veterans affairs healthcare system

Abstract Background Novel structural heart procedures offer life-saving treatment advantages, yet little is known about pre-procedural barriers to care by race/ethnicity. Methods All echocardiograms performed at a Veterans Affairs hospital from 2015 to 2019 were reviewed to identify patients with severe aortic stenosis and their access to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) by race/ethnicity. Results From 19,403 echocardiograms, 355 individuals were identified to have severe aortic stenosis (72.6% White, 9.8% Hispanic, 3.9% Black). There was a non-significant trend towards increased TAVR treatment among White compared to non-White patients (OR 2.02, CI 0.96–4.24, p = 0.063), which attenuated after adjustment for age and comorbidities. Reasons for not undergoing replacement included poor procedural candidacy (25.3%), loss of follow-up (17.8%), and patient refusal (16.4%). Conclusions Racial/ethnic inequities were not detected in novel structural heart treatment within the VA. However, a high proportion of eligible patients did not receive procedural treatment due to patient refusal or loss of follow-up, highlighting barriers that require further study.
Sinonasal Ewing sarcoma misdiagnosed as recurrent glomangiopericytoma: Case report and literature review

Abstract We present the case of a patient with a sinonasal mass diagnosed as glomangiopericytoma on initial resection. The patient experienced multiple recurrences over ten years, undergoing endoscopic resection each time and ultimately adjunctive radiation therapy. Cytogenetic testing of the fourth recurrence was positive for FUS-ERG fusion, a genetic abnormality seen in a rare subset of Ewing tumors and the first case to be described in a sinonasal tumor. Given the emergence of new immunophenotyping, clinicians should exercise a low threshold for cytogenetic testing in cases where a tumor exhibits characteristics atypical of the initial pathological diagnosis.
NASA's Large-Eddy Simulation Research for Jet Noise Applications

Research into large-eddy simulation (LES) for application to jet noise is described. The LES efforts include in-house code development and application at NASA Glenn along with NASA Research Announcement sponsored work at Stanford University and Florida State University. Details of the computational methods used and sample results for jet flows are provided.
T Lymphocytes in Skin Lesions of Psoriasis and Mycosis Fungoides Express B7-1: A Ligand for CD28

The activation of T cells requires two distinct signals. One signal involves interaction of the antigen-specific T-cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex molecules plus antigenic peptide; a second signal, which is antigen nonspecific, is the interaction of CD28 with its natural ligands B7-1 and B7-2/B70. CD28 is expressed on 80% of T cells, is upregulated after activation, and binds to B7 gene-family members, found on antigen-presenting cells. Because of our interest in the immunologic basis of benign and malignant T-cell-mediated disorders of the skin, we investigated the cellular distribution of CD28 and B7 family members in lesions of psoriasis and mycosis fungoides. By immunostaining cryostat sections of skin, CD28 was found to be expressed on virtually all lymphocytes in the epidermis and dermis of both skin diseases. Surprisingly, B7-1 was also found to be expressed on virtually all lymphocytes in the epidermis and dermis of both skin diseases. B7-1 expression was confirmed on CD3+ T lymphocytes using flow cytometry of single cell suspensions of fresh, unfixed psoriatic lesional tissue. To exclude the possibility that this result was caused by a second reagent contaminating the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) preparation, two different lots were used, and the MoAb was absorbed onto Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) transfectants expressing B7-1, or vector-only transfected CHO cells. These procedures confirmed that a B7-1-like epitope was being recognized on psoriatic lesional T cells. In contrast to B7-1 expression on lymphocytes, B7-3, as defined by anti-BB-1 MoAb reactivity, was found primarily on epidermal keratinocytes in both skin diseases and was not found on T cells. These results indicate that within two common skin disorders, lesional T cells accumulate in the dermis and epidermis, which express B7-1. Such expression may permit self-costimulation involving the CD28-mediated activation pathway, and thereby contribute to the ongoing T-cell proliferation present in these chronic, benign, and malignant skin diseases.
Targeting a family B GPCR/RAMP receptor complex: CGRP receptor antagonists and migraine.

The clinical effectiveness of antagonizing the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor for relief of migraine pain has been clearly demonstrated, but the road to the development of these small molecule antagonists has been daunting. The key hurdle that needed to be overcome was the CGRP receptor itself. The vast majority of the current antagonists recognize similar epitopes on the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). RAMP1 is a relatively small, single, transmembrane-spanning protein and along with the G-protein-coupled receptor CLR comprise a functional CGRP receptor. The tri-helical extracellular domain of RAMP1 plays a key role in the high affinity binding of CGRP receptor antagonists and drives their species-selective pharmacology. Over the years, a significant amount of mutagenesis data has been generated to identify specific amino acids or regions within CLR and RAMP1 that are critical to antagonist binding and has directed attention to the CLR/RAMP1 extracellular domain (ECD) complex. Recently, the crystal structure of the CGRP receptor ECD has been elucidated and not only reinforces the early mutagenesis data, but provides critical insight into the molecular mechanism of CGRP receptor antagonism. This review will highlight the drug design hurdles that must be overcome to meet the desired potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile while retaining drug-like properties. Although the development of these antagonists has proved challenging, blocking the CGRP receptor may one day represent a new way to manage migraine and offer hope to migraine sufferers. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Secretin Family (Class B) G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue-1
The ADA: One Avenue to Appointed Counsel Before a Full Civil Gideon

This article proposes a novel legal theory for providing legal counsel to people whose disabilities prevent them from representing themselves in courts or administrative proceedings. We argue that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires these courts to provide lawyers or legal representation as a reasonable accommodation for those litigants who lack the physical or mental capabilities to understand the proceedings or to put forward an adequate defense.
In Vitro Activity of Coumermycin A1

The in vitro activity of coumermycin A1 was compared with that of novobiocin, ampicillin, and minocycline. Coumermycin was found to be the most active antibiotic of the four against Staphylococcus aureus. It was about 50 times more active than novobiocin or minocycline against the strains tested. Coumermycin also showed good activity against group A streptococci and pneumococci, moderate activity against Escherichia coli, indole-positive Proteus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and poor activity against Klebsiella-Enterobacter and enterococci. Against P. mirabilis, however, coumermycin activity was almost equal to that of ampicillin. The new antibiotic was further found to be greatly reduced in activity in the presence of plasma, but its minimal inhibitory concentration was not greatly affected by inoculum size. Coumermycin was found to be bacteriostatic in its action, and resistance to it developed slowly. Also, cross-resistance was present with novobiocin but absent with ampicillin or minocycline.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEAR-TERM ELECTRIC VEHICLE (ETV-1) BREADBOARD PROPULSION SYSTEM OVER THE SAE J227A DRIVING SCHEDULE D

The electric test vehicle one (ETV-1) was built from the ground up with present state of the art technology. Two vehicles were built and are presently being evaluated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). A duplicate set of propulsion system components was built, mounted on a breadboard, and delivered to NASA's Lewis Research Center for testing on the road load simulator (RLS). Driving cycle tests completed on the system are described.
Normative Capital Cost Recovery for a Realization-Based Income Tax

The U.S. income tax base employs structural and accounting principles that differ from both an accretion-measured income tax (AMIT). and a consumption tax base model called a cash flow income tax (CFIT). Like an AMIT base, the U.S. income tax purports to tax “income” as opposed to “consumption.” Unlike an AMIT base, however, it does not as a general rule employ accretion accounting in order to measure capital “income.” Similarly, unlike a tax on consumption that is measured by cash flows, the U.S. income tax is not fundamentally structured to tax consumption; and, therefore, does not use cash flow accounting as the exclusive means of measuring the “income” that it does tax .As a result, with respect to capital income taxation in general, the U.S. income tax base may be characterized as a realization-based income tax (RBIT) because it uses the principle of realization to define and measure capital income. Three major structural and accounting principles distinguish capital income taxation in a realization-based income tax (RBIT) from its counterparts in either an (AMIT) or a cash flow income tax(CFIT). Those principles are capital formation, capital recovery, and realization. At or below a natural RBIT base capital formation threshold in a given year, all current-earnings financed investment is an investment of capital. When capital-financed investment is made in assets that are short-lived, self-exhausting, and likely to be worthless at the end of their useful lives, the capital formation principle is satisfied by definition, and normative capital cost recovery policy only requires consistency with the second and third principles. This article argues that normative cost recovery policy for a tax on capital income in such a tax base should exhibit two financial features: first, it should provide for the complete economic and financial recovery of all capital invested in equipment; and second, it should accurately measure any realized income produced by the investment in the equipment. The article evaluated various cost recovery methods and concluded that only immediate expensing produced financial characteristics consistent with those features of a normative realization-based income tax when applied to equipment purchases financed exclusively with after-tax capital. As that analysis showed, only "capital expensing" provides complete recovery of capital investment financially, and only expensing taxes realized income financially in exact proportion to the tax rate across a wide variety of financial variables.This article shows that only immediate “capital expensing” is completely consistent with all three structural and accounting principles. Thus, capital expensing, not economic depreciation, nor expensing per se, is the normative capital cost recovery method for a realization-based income tax.
Party Systems, Democratic Engagement and Gender in Comparative Perspective

How do the contours of electoral systems, party systems, and women’s representation affect political engagement, and are these effects different for men and women? Drawing on the World Values Study, we systematically untangle the influence of proportionality in electoral rules, the number and diversity of party choices, and the percentage of women in parliament on individual men and women’s political orientations across a set of 34 countries. We find that proportionality in electoral rules is the most fundamental contextual influence, bolstering political engagement among both men and women, with slightly stronger effects for women, relative to their male counterparts. Importantly, the relationship between proportionality and engagement appears to be direct, rather than indirect through its consequences for party system offerings or women’s presence in politics.
Moisture sorption and transport processes in paper materials

Abstract The moisture content of paper materials is an important variable which significantly effects their physical properties. At higher moisture contents, paper’s stiffness, tensile strength and compression strength are all affected adversely. Similarly, the electrical properties also are strong functions of sheet moisture content. In this chapter, some recent studies on moisture transport processes in paper materials are reviewed. The equilibrium aspect of moisture interaction with paper shows significant hysteresis which can be estimated by an application of Everett’s theory of independent domain complexions. Thus, when a paper sheet is subjected to arbitrary cycles of humidity all the while allowed to reach equilibrium at each state, the sheet’s moisture content evolution may be predicted by an analysis of the sorption isotherms and the interior of the sorption hysteresis loop. It is shown that the theoretical predictions of equilibrium moisture content are in good agreement with experimentally determined values. Transient moisture sorption under ramp changes in external humidity is analyzed. A general model describing the dynamics of moisture sorption is derived. The paper sheet is considered as a composite structure of fibers and voids through which moisture is transported by diffusion. The mathematical description of moisture transport embodies two suitably averaged concentration fields, c and q. Two unsteady state diffusion equations describe the time and spatial evolution of these fields. The average moisture content of the sheet and the moisture flux at the surface are evaluated. A set of limiting cases of transport is developed, comprising of situations where diffusion through the void space, fiber space and external boundary layers, each contribute significantly to transport. By means of a scaling analysis, the conditions under which each limiting case is valid are identified. Finally, a comparison of the model predictions with experimental data indicates that the model is capable of describing transient sorption dynamics quite well.
Robotically assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a brief review of outcomes.

Over 75,000 radical prostatectomies were performed in the USA last year for the treatment of prostate cancer. Most of these were performed by radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), the gold standard for treatment of this disease. However, the quest for increased efficacy and decreased morbidity is having as profound an impact on the treatment of prostate cancer as in any other area of medicine. There are two unique factors at work in the search for decreased morbidity in prostate cancer treatment. The first is the high prevalence, since prostate cancer is diagnosed in 1 in 6 men during their lifetime. The second involves the well-known side effects of incontinence and erectile dysfunction, whose impact is often more crippling psychologically than physically. The original minimally invasive treatment for prostate cancer, interstitial brachytherapy, has now been joined by novel technologies such as high-intensity focused ultrasound, cryotherapy, and, most recently, by another form of radiation delivery, Cyberknife. These technologies will likely all find a place in our armamentarium, but even the most seasoned of these treatments (brachytherapy) still has limitations that prevent it from replacing surgical removal of the prostate. For these reasons, both patients and urologic surgeons have continued to seek out less invasive surgical options. In 1991, Clayman et al performed the first laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (1). In the USA, enthusiasm over this procedure was mitigated by prolonged operative times, a steep learning curve, and a failure to demonstrate major advantages over open surgery. In Europe, however, the experience continued, and investigators began to present laparoscopic prostatectomy outcomes that were comparable to those of open surgery with roughly equivalent operative times (2, 3). However, the procedure never gained widespread acceptance, likely due to the technical challenges of traditional laparoscopic instrumentation. In 2001, the Henry Ford Hospital described the first robotic prostatectomy (4), and shortly thereafter surgeons there published short-term outcome data comparing RRP with robotically assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) (5, 6). Since that time the urology community has seen unparalleled growth in this procedure. Roughly 8500 RALP procedures were performed in 2004 and 18,000 in 2005; it has been estimated that 35% of all prostatectomies performed in 2007 will be performed robotically.
Thr353, Located within the COOH-terminal Tail of the ´ Opiate Receptor, Is Involved in Receptor Down-regulation

Prolonged exposure to abused drugs such as opiates causes decreased response to the drug; this reduced sensitivity is thought to be due to the loss of receptors, or down-regulation. The molecular mechanism of the opiate receptor down-regulation is not known. In order to address this, we generated a number of mutants of the δ opiate receptor COOH-terminal tail. When expressed in the Chinese hamster ovary cells, both the wild type and the receptor with a deletion of 37 COOH-terminal residues bind diprenorphine with comparable affinities and show similar decreases in cAMP levels in response to D-Ala2, D-Leu5, enkephalin (DADLE). However, the truncated receptor does not show down-regulation from the cell surface upon prolonged exposure (2-48 h) to DADLE. In contrast, both the wild type receptor and the receptor with the deletion of only 15 COOH-terminal residues show substantial down-regulation upon long term DADLE treatment. These results suggest that the region located between 15 and 37 residues from the COOH terminus is involved in the receptor down-regulation. In order to identify residues that play a key role in down-regulation, point mutations of residues within this region were examined for their ability to modulate receptor down-regulation. The receptor with a mutation of Thr353 to Ala does not down-regulate, whereas the receptor with a mutation of Ser344 to Gly down-regulates with a time course similar to that of the wild type receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that the COOH-terminal tail is not essential for functional coupling but is necessary for down-regulation and that Thr353 is critical for the agonist-mediated down-regulation of the δ opiate receptor.
Improved bandgap-voltage offset in InGaAs/InAlGaAs quantum well solar cells

In recent years, the implementation of bandgap engineering techniques for solar energy conversion has been demonstrated with exciting results, using both quantum wells (QWs) and quantum dots. Here, the exploitation of a fully lattice-matched QW / barrier system is introduced as an attractive new possibility for this type of device. Photovoltaic characterization is performed and relevant solar cell parameters are reported. For these devices, sixteen layers of 5 nm InGaAs QWs / 10 nm InAlGaAs barriers were embedded into the i-region of a 1.0 eV InAlGaAs solar cell, and the results compared to a 1.0 eV InAlGaAs control solar cell. One-sun J sc is enhanced in the QW cell by 5.3% compared to that of the InAlGaAs control device, while the open circuit voltage is reduced by 153 mV compared to the control. External quantum efficiency measurements reveal a 1.6 mA/cm2 gain from the QW absorption region.
Thermal Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Ceramic Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal fatigue and fracture behavior of plasma-sprayed ceramic thermal barrier coatings has been investigated under high heat flux and thermal cyclic conditions. The coating crack propagation is studied under laser heat flux cyclic thermal loading, and is correlated with dynamic fatigue and strength test results. The coating stress response and inelasticity, fatigue and creep interactions, and interface damage mechanisms during dynamic thermal fatigue processes are emphasized.
Branching ratios for the beta decay of Na-21

We have measured the beta-decay branching ratio for the transition from $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$ to the first excited state of $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$. A recently published test of the standard model, which was based on a measurement of the $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\nu}$ correlation in the decay of $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$, depended on this branching ratio. However, until now only relatively imprecise (and, in some cases, contradictory) values existed for it. Our new result, $4.74(4)%$, reduces but does not remove the reported discrepancy with the standard model.
Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology in the Fetus and Neonate

Body fluid distribution and composition in the fetus and neonate differ from what is found in older children and adults. In fact, during intrauterine and perinatal life and persisting into the early postnatal period, high water content characterizes body composition, with significant and dynamic changes then occurring in its distribution as the child ages and grows. Maintaining the appropriate body fluid balance at different developmental stages is critical for cell growth and differentiation and for organ formation and function. Accordingly, a host of unique regulatory mechanisms determine the distribution and composition of body fluids in the fetus and newborn and contribute to ongoing volume and biochemical homeostasis in early childhood. In the following chapter, the main aspects of fluid and electrolyte physiology in the fetus and neonate are reviewed, with particular emphasis on mechanisms regulating water, sodium, potassium, and the divalent ions.
Interleukin-6 and its receptor in cancer: implications for translational therapeutics

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a major role in the response to injury or infection and is involved in the immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Its deregulation impacts numerous disease states, including many types of cancer. Consequently, modulating IL-6 may be an innovative therapeutic strategy in several diseases. A review of relevant published literature regarding IL-6 and its receptor was performed. In addition, a review of the relevance of this cytokine system to human illness, particularly in cancer, was undertaken. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in the physiology of virtually every organ system. Aberrant expression of this cytokine has been implicated in diverse human illnesses, most notably inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, coronary artery and neurologic disease, gestational problems, and neoplasms. In cancer, high levels of circulating IL-6 are observed in almost every type of tumor studied and predict a poor outcome. Furthermore, elevated IL-6 levels are associated strongly with several of the striking phenotypic features of cancer. Several molecules have been developed recently that target the biologic function of IL-6. Early results in the clinic suggest that this strategy may have a significant salutary impact on diverse tumors. The field of cytokine research has yielded a deep understanding of the fundamental role of IL-6 and its receptor in health and disease. Therapeutic targeting of IL-6 and its receptor in cancer has strong biologic rationale, and there is preliminary evidence suggesting that targeting of the IL-6 system may be beneficial in the treatment of cancer.
Predicting seed dormancy loss and germination timing for Bromus tectorum in a semi-arid environment using hydrothermal time models

A principal goal of seed germination modelling for wild species is to predict germination timing under fluctuating field conditions. We coupled our previously developed hydrothermal time, thermal and hydrothermal afterripening time, and hydration‐dehydration models for dormancy loss and germination with field seed zone temperature and water potential measurements from early summer through autumn to develop predictions of germination timing for Bromus tectorum at a semi-arid site in north-central Utah, USA. Model predictions were tested with a validation dataset based on concomitant seed retrieval experiments in 2 years. Predictions were generally in agreement with observed field germination time courses, even though integration across multiple precipitation events was necessary. Success of the modelling effort hinged on two factors. First, we used a soil capacitance sensor that measured seed zone (5mm soil depth) water content accurately over a wide range. Second, simulations were built using physiologically based threshold models that can incorporate differences in germination timing for multiple germination fractions and for multiple stages of dormancy loss. Our results suggest that simulation models using hydrothermal time concepts can predict field germination phenology accurately. Seeds in this study integrated their experiences in a widely fluctuating environment in a manner consistent with the assumptions of hydrothermal time. Such threshold-based models also have the advantage of generality, as these concepts can be applied to many different species, environments and weather scenarios.
A combination of docking, QM/MM methods, and MD simulation for binding affinity estimation of metalloprotein ligands.

To alleviate the problems in the receptor-based design of metalloprotein ligands due to inadequacies in the force-field description of coordination bonds, a four-tier approach was devised. Representative ligand−metalloprotein interaction energies are obtained by subsequent application of (1) docking with metal-binding-guided selection of modes, (2) optimization of the ligand−metalloprotein complex geometry by combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods, (3) conformational sampling of the complex with constrained metal bonds by force-field-based molecular dynamics (MD), and (4) a single point QM/MM energy calculation for the time-averaged structures. The QM/MM interaction energies are, in a linear combination with the desolvation-characterizing changes in the solvent-accessible surface areas, correlated with experimental data. The approach was applied to structural correlation of published binding free energies of a diverse set of 28 hydroxamate inhibitors to zinc-dependent matrix me...
Analysis of lipids from a hydrothermal vent methanogen and associated vent sediment by supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Lipids from a thermophilic methanogen and the associated hydrothermal vent sediment (Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California) were analyzed by gas chrmotography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The neutral lipids of the thermophilic methagonen consisted of straight chain alkanes (nC 22 to nC 36 ), with nC 24 , nC 28 , nC 32 and nC 36 predominating and C 25 , C 30 and C 35 -isoprenoids and hydroisoprenoids. The squalene (C 30 ) series was the most abundant (95.6%). The backbone structure of the novel C 35 -isoprenouds was tentatively identified as 2,6,10,14,19,23,27-heptamethyloctacosane. Polar lipids of the thermophilic methanogen were analyzed by SFC and consisted fo diphytanyl glyceril diether (61.6%), macrocyclic glycerol diether (15.3%), dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraether (11.8%) and an unidentified component (11.4%). Biomarker analysis of the Guaymas Basin sediment revealed the presence of small amounts of polyunsaturated C 30 -isoprenoids, with a distribution similar to the C 30 -isoprenoids of the thermophilic methanogen. In addition, the sediment contained ‘free’ diphytanyl glycerol diether as predominant ether lipid. Low levels of polar ether lipids, indicative of ‘active’ archaebacteria, were also detected. Results suggest that Guaymas Basin sediment recently contained active microbial populations with a lipid profile similar to the isolated thermophilic methanogen.
Studies on fluorescein-II The solubility and acid dissociation constants of fluorescein in water solution.

Abstract The solubility of yellow fluorescein and of red fluorescein as a function of pH has been measured in water at ionic strength 0.10. The pH of minimum solubility is the same for both, 3.28. The intrinsic solubility, defined as the solubility of the undissociated species, H2Fl, and assumed to be constant and independent of pH, was calculated from the observed solubilities on the low-pH side of the minimum: Si, yellow = 3.80 × 10−4M: Si, red = 1.45 × 10−4M. The first dissociation constants were evaluated from the intrinsic solubilities and the observed solubilities on the low-pH side: both fluoresceins yielded the same value, pKH3Fl = 2.13. In using the observed solubilities on the high-pH side of the minimum to evaluate the intrinsic solubility and the second dissociation constant it was necessary to modify the existing theoretical approach by taking into account the presence of the fully dissociated anion. Appropriate mathematical treatments were devised to handle the more complex equations. Both fluoresceins yielded the same value for the second dissociation constant, pKH2Fl = 4.44. Both fluoresceins give the same yellow colour in saturated solution and the results just reported for the pH of minimum solubility and for the dissociation constants also indicate that for each of the three prototropic forms of fluorescein present in solution, H3Fl+, H2Fl, and HFl−, only one structure exists.
Tax policy and investment in major U.S. macroeconomic econometric models

Abstract In an analysis of six major U.S. quarterly models, the predicted results of tax incentives for investment are found to vary widely. Differences are traced to critical specifications in investment equations. When appropriately revised investment equations are reestimated the role of tax parameters is much reduced, particularly among the high outliers, and the variance among the models is narrowed decidedly. Full model simulations of revised equations suggest that current and proposed incentives such as the investment tax credit and accelerated depreciation are not cost-effective. Increases in investment approximate only half of static tax losses, and budget deficits widen.
Correlative classification of clinical and hemodynamic function after acute myocardial infarction

To characterize the relation between clinical and hemodynamic state in acute myocardial infarction, 200 patients with acute infarction were evaluated with clinical and hemodynamic criteria. Patients were classified clinically on the basis of peripheral hypoperfusion (hypotension, tachycardia, confusion, cyanosis, oliguria) and pulmonary congestion (rales, abnormal chest roentgenogram). Four clinical subsets were defined that correlated with cardiac index (Cl, liters/min per m2) and pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP, mm Hg): (see article). Parallel hemodynamic subsets were developed independently on the basis of depressed cardiac index (2.2 liters/min per m2 or less) and elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18 mm Hg). The rate of accuracy of clinical examination in predicting hemodynamic abnormalities was 83 percent. Mortality rates were similar in the clinical and hemodynamic subset calssifications, averaging 2.2 percent in subset I, 10.1 percent in subset II, 22.4 percent in subset III and 55.5 percent in subset IV. Drug interventions in the course of hospitalization resulted in a 38 percent increase in depressed cardiac index and 34 percent decrease in elevated pulmonary capillary pressure. Resolution of clinical abnormalities paralleled this hemodynamic improvement in 70 percent of patients. These data suggest that clinical performance and both clinical and hemodynamic subsets are directly relevant to establishing prognosis and the selection of therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Distribution of Hibernating Larvae of the Western Budworm, Christonettra occidentalis on Douglas-Fir in Colorado

Instar II larvae of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, hibernate on the bole and on the foliage, twigs, and stems of branches at all levels in pole-size Douglas-firs. About 65% arc on the branches and 35% on the bole. The lower 3rd of the crown is a suitable universe for sampling over-wintering larvae; about 27% hibernate on the branches at this level, and the estimate has a relatively low variation. Branch samples can be drawn from this stratum without felling the trees.
Use of similar immunoglobulin VH gene segments by MALT lymphomas of the ocular adnexa

Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT lymphomas) develop from acquired reactive infiltrates directed against external or autoantigens. Although some European cases of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma have been associated with Chlamydia psittaci infections, C. psittaci has not been detected in large studies of US-based cases. To evaluate whether the growth of US-based ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas may be promoted by a similar antigen, we identified and analyzed the expressed immunoglobulin VH genes in 10 cases. Interestingly, the VH genes in two cases used the same VH1 family V1-2 gene segment, and three cases used the same VH4 family V4-34 gene segment. The other five cases all used different gene segments V4-31, V5-51, V3-23, V3-30, and V3-7. All of the VH genes were mutated from germ line, with percent homologies ranging between 96.9 and 89.0%. The distribution of replacement and silent mutations within the VH genes was nonrandom consistent with the maintenance of immunoglobulin function and also strongly suggestive of antigen selection in the six VH genes with highest mutation loads. The CDR3 sequences in two of three VH-34 cases were the same size (15 amino acids) and had similar sizes in the two VH1-2 cases (18 and 16 amino acids). In conclusion, US-based MALT lymphomas of the ocular adnexa preferentially express a limited set of VH gene segments not frequently used by other MALT lymphomas and consistent with some recognizing similar antigens. Analysis of somatic mutations present within the VH genes is also consistent with antigen binding stimulating the growth of these lymphomas.
Late aortic and graft-related events after thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair.

Abstract Purpose: Unlike abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, little information exists regarding aortic-related morbidity (synchronous/metachronous aneurysm or graft-related complications) after thoracoabdominal aneurysm (TAA) repair. This study was performed to define such events and identify factors related to their development. Methods: Over a 15-year interval, 333 patients underwent TAA repair (type I, n = 90; 27%; type II, n = 59; 18%; type III, n = 118; 35%; and type IV, n = 66; 20%). Late aortic events were defined as aortic disease causing death or necessitating further intervention or graft-related complications (infection, pseudoaneurysm, branch occlusion) after hospital discharge. Variables were assessed for their association with aortic events with Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: In-hospital mortality occurred in 28 patients (8.4%), which left 305 available for follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 26 months; interquartile range, 2.7 to 38.4 months). After TAA repair, aneurysm remained in 60 patients (19.7%; ascending/arch, n = 41; 68.3%; discontinuous infrarenal, n = 12; 20%; contiguous descending, n = 7; 11.7%; contiguous abdominal, n = 4; 6.7%). Events occurred in 33 individuals (10.8%) at 30 ± 27 months after surgery. Twenty-four patients (73% of events; 7.9% of cohort) had aortic-related events, including another elective aneurysm repair (n = 16), urgent/emergent aneurysm operation (n = 5), acute dissection (n = 2), and atherothrombotic embolization (n = 1). Nine patients (27% of events; 2.9% of cohort) had graft-related incidents, including renovisceral occlusion (n = 5), visceral patch pseudoaneurysm (n = 2), graft infection (n = 2), and graft-esophageal fistula (n = 1). Variables independently predictive of events were female gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P = .03), initial aneurysm rupture (OR, 4.8; P = .04), partial disease resection (OR, 4.2; P = .0008), and expansion of remaining aortic segments on imaging surveillance (OR, 2.5; P = .03). The event-free survival rates were 96% (95% CI, 93% to 98%) and 71% (95% CI, 60% to 83%) at 1 and 5 years. Conclusion: Late aortic events occur in at least 10% of patients after TAA repair and are usually the result of native aortic disease in remote (or noncontiguous) aortic segments. Graft-related complications, in particular, degeneration of inclusion anastamoses, are rare. Female gender, original presentation with rupture, and unresected disease identify those at highest risk. These findings verify the anatomic durability of TAA repair and suggest indefinite aortic surveillance is indicated for those at risk of events. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:254-61.)
Approaches to design collaboration research

This survey of architectural design collaboration identifies and categorizes strong research from the past 10 years. It starts by describing how the research ranges in focus, scale, and structure, then clarifies how different projects fit in a continuum from conceptual theory to pragmatic application. It explains how conceptual frameworks and standards enable interdisciplinary exchange by envisioning and structuring interaction. It then highlights specific interaction studies and compares methods for analyzing how media affects teamwork. The paper continues by explaining the promise of innovations, such as tangible interfaces and interactive artwork, and concludes by identifying areas for further development.
Dual Title Duplicity

Bibliographers and book collectors must continue to endure “Double, double toil and trouble” so long as publishers refuse to heed Lord Falkland's wise dictum:— “When it is not necessary to change, it is necessary not to change.” Some American and British publishers simply will not let well enough alone in accepting book titles. They persist in issuing books under one title on one side of the ocean and under another title on the other side of the ocean. Prospective book buyers must therefore spend considerable time verifying title entries and comparing the contents of books if they wish to avoid a duplication of an author's works. In 1940, Hodder & Stoughton of London published John Buchan's joyful recollections, Memory Hold ‐ the ‐ Door. The Houghton Mifflin Company of Boston simultaneously released the book under the title, Pilgrim's Way. It would be interesting to learn how many librarians and bibliophiles unwittingly duplicated the memoirs in the innocent belief that they were acquiring distinct narrat...
8.9 GeV p yield measurements at the Fermilab antiproton source

Abstract The p yield at 8.89±0.18 GeV has been measured for different lithium collection lens gradients and lens to target distances. Using an empirical p production and collection model, the yield as a function of production angle and vertex position in the target has been extracted. Data taken for different targets indicates that the p yield varies little as a function of atomic weight. A reduction in the Re target yield due to target melting was measured for the nominal proton intensity on target. An enhancement in Cu p production was observed for proton beam targeted very near the interface with a lighter material (Al) disk.
Experimental prepatent schistosomiasis mansoni: quantitative analyses of proteins, enzyme activity and free amino acids in mouse serum.

Abstract A model system was used which eliminated eggs as a factor of pathological consideration, and amplified the biochemical alterations of the host resulting from preadult schistosomes. After a single exposure of mice to 3000 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, worms did not reach sexual maturity, and the mice died before the onset of egg deposition. By means of ultramicrochemical techniques, quantitative determinations of several serum components of mice were made before, and at 5-day intervals during, the prepatent period until host death on Day 26 postexposure. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1.) and serum alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) increased progressively from exposure to Day 20, followed by marked increases above the control values to Day 26. No difference was observed between the serum alanine aminotransferase-serum aspartate aminotransferase ratio of infected and uninfected mice, indicating that both serum aminotransferases increased proportionally during the prepatent period. Total serum protein in infected mice increased significantly at 20 days postexposure. Decreased albumin and increased globulin levels resulted in a reversal of the albumin-globulin ratio in infected mice at 26 days. Infected mice showed no change in serum alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity from the time of exposure until death. Free serum amino acid concentrations were not altered in infections of 4 weeks duration, however, a significant increase in serum ammonia was observed during the prepatent period.
Gender differences in anticipated pay negotiation strategies and outcomes

Business students were asked to indicate their pay expectations and anticipated negotiation strategies for a specific management trainee job. They also indicated expectations for their and the recruiter's target and resistance points for the negotiation process. Men, compared to women, indicated higher pay expectations, a higher likelihood of active negotiation, less likelihood of using traditional self-promotion strategies, and more opportunity for legitimate negotiations. Significant correlations were found between pay expectations and negotiation strategies. Intervention strategies for changing women's pay outcome and negotiation expectations are discussed, as well as the need for a better understanding of effective negotiation behaviors.
Recreational drug use and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV- and HHV-8-coinfected homosexual men.

Abstract Experimental data suggested that exposure to recreational drugs might adversely affect antitumor immunity, which led us to examine the hypothesis that use of marijuana, cocaine, poppers, and amphetamines might increase the risk of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) in HIV- and HHV-8-coinfected homosexual men. We analyzed data prospectively collected from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) between 1984 and 2002. Among the 1335 HIV- and HHV-8-coinfected white men, 401 KS cases were identified. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the effects of time-varying recreational drug use on KS risk adjusting for potential confounders. The effects of both recent use (6 months prior) of recreational drugs and lagged exposure (i.e., use from 3 and 5 years prior) were examined. We did not observe any clear association with KS for recent use of any of the four drugs. In the analyses using lagged exposures, KS risk was associated with use of poppers 3–5 years prior [hazard ratio (HR)3 years prior = ...
Rate of stellar collapses in the Galaxy

From an analysis of pulsar spatial and luminosity distributions, the number density of observed pulsars in the local region is determined to be 1.1±0.4×10−7 pulsar pc−3. Multiplication by the detection factor and by the ratio of Galaxy mass to local matter density and division by a mean lifetime of pulsars of 3×106 yr suggests a pulsar birth every 4 yr. A stellar collapse might occur even more often.
Selective inhibition of ADAR2-catalyzed editing of the serotonin 2c receptor pre-mRNA by a helix-threading peptide

RNA editing by adenosine deamination is a form of epigenetic control of gene expression wherein the ADAR enzymes convert adenosine to inosine in RNA often changing the meaning of codons. The pre-mRNA for the 2c subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT2cR) is shown here to support small molecule binding near known editing sites. Furthermore, a helix-threading peptide binds this site and inhibits the in vitro reaction of ADAR2 in an RNA-substrate selective manner. This is the first example of substrate-selective inhibition of editing by an RNA-binding small molecule and sets the stage for the development of new reagents capable of controlling gene function through manipulation of mRNA editing.
Methods for the design of microelectronic devices and process flows for manufacturability

Small feature sizes and reduced tolerances of state-of-the-art microelectronic devices make them extremely sensitive to manufacturing variations. This paper describes two approaches dealing with manufacturing variations: process control and statistical design for manufacturability. Process control seeks to reduce the variability of each process module and statistical design seeks to minimize the impact of the variability. An example illustrates the use of process control to minimize variability. Then, a novel approach for statistical design and its application to statistical optimization of deep submicron CMOS is described. This approach is based on a Markov representation of a process flow that captures the sequential and stochastic nature of semiconductor manufacturing. Using this approach we have been able to predict the variability in device performance for a number of process flows. Transistor designs and process flows optimized using this approach show lower variation in key device performances on fabrication.