cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic paraventricular, but not supraoptic neurons, mediate the serotonergic stimulation of oxytocin secretion.

Abstract The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) or supraoptic (SON) nuclei mediate the serotonergic stimulation of oxytocin secretion. The serotonergic stimulus consisted of injection of the 5-HT-releasing drug p-chloroamphetamine (8 mg/ kg, IP). The validity of this approach was verified by comparing this drug with another 5-HT releaser, d -fenfluramins (5 mg/kg, IP). Both 5-HT releasers increased plasma oxytocin concentration. Furthermore, the 5-HT uptake blocker fluoxetine (10 mg/ kg, IP) blocked the effects of both p -chloroamphetamine and d -fenfluramine on plasma oxytocin concentrations, suggesting that both 5-HT releasers must be taken up through the 5-HT transporter into 5-HT nerve terminals to increase oxytocin secretion. In the lesion experiments, cells in the hypothalamic PVN or SON were destroyed by injection of the cell-selective neurotoxin ibotenic acid. The PVN lesions reduced basal levels and inhibited the effect of p -chloroamphetamine (8 mg/kg, IP) on plasma oxytocin concentration. In contrast, SON lesions did not alter basal oxytocin levels and did not reduce the oxytocin response to p -chloroamphetamine, suggesting that the SON is not involved in the serotonergic stimulation of oxytocin secretion. Site specificity of the PVN lesions was confirmed when injections of ibotenic acid into the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), immediately caudal to the PVN, potentiated the oxytocin response to p -chloroamphstamine, suggesting that the DMN exerts an inhibitory influence on the secretion of oxytocin. Taken together, the deft suggest that the serotonergic stimulation of oxytocin secretion involves PVN, but not SON, oxytocin neurons.
Fracture characteristics in weathered granites

Abstract The variability of weathered materials is an important factor in the geotechnical characterization of rock for engineering purposes. Most engineering rock mass classifications include weathering schemes that separate the weathering profile into zones or grades that depend upon the engineering and geological properties of the rock. Many geotechnical characteristics, including weathering, are controlled by the density and arrangement of fractures within the rock, but the relationships between fracture patterns and weathering grades are typically not addressed. Fracture characteristics were investigated in 13 exposures in five study areas in weathered granite in eastern Asia. All weathering grades were present, but never in the same exposure. Two approaches were used to evaluate the field data: (1) joint spacings were tabulated and examined within each weathering grade (tabulated classification); and (2) each exposure was classified according to the dominant weathering grade (visual classification). Mean and median joint spacings and joint spacing frequency distributions were analyzed and compared statistically for each approach. The box fractal dimensions for joint spacing were calculated for exposures classified visually in each weathering grade. Three-dimensional models of fresh and weathered granite were also generated and sampled for comparison to the field data. Mean joint spacing is usually 25% or more closer in weathered granite than it is in fresh granite, and the difference between the mean spacings for weathered granite and fresh granite tend to be statistically significant. There are no significant differences between any distribution medians. The joint spacing distributions for weathered granite and fresh granite are also not statistically significantly different, and there are no significant differences among the joint spacing frequency distributions for the different grades of weathered granite. Fractal analysis of joint spacings, however, suggests spacing characteristics of fresh and slightly weathered (SW) granite are very different from those in moderately, highly, and completely weathered granite, and sampling of three-dimensional models for weathered and fresh granite supports this. In an engineering context, this suggests that joint spacing relationships in the various grades of weathered granite can be treated as the same regardless of weathering grade and that joint patterns in fresh granite must be evaluated separately. This knowledge could result in significant time and cost savings in the geotechnical characterization of these materials.
Oral contraceptive usage and the expression of CA 15-3 and c-erbB-2 in the saliva of healthy women

Objective. This study was conducted to determine if oral contraceptive use affected the salivary levels of 2 cancer biomarkers, cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), and c-erbB-2 (erb) among women. Study design. A total of 40 women were recruited for this study, 20 controls and 20 using oral contraceptives. The average ages were 27.4 years (control) and 27.1 years (using estrogen supplements). Stimulated whole saliva specimens were collected from each woman. CA 15-3 levels were determined using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) while c-erbB-2 levels were determined by standard ELISA methods. Results. Findings from this study indicate that there were no significant differences between the control and study groups. Conclusions. Therefore, saliva may be a useful tool for monitoring women with high estrogen levels due to either tumor load or any treatment regimen, ie, the levels of the cancer biomarkers CA 15-3 and erb are not affected by increased levels of estrogen in the body. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:687-90)
Electromechanical Behavior of PZT-Brass Unimorphs

We have examined the static and dynamic electromechanical responses of PZT‐brass (piezoelectric‐nonpiezoelectric) plate unimorphs of various brass/PZT thickness ratios. The study was performed both experimentally and theoretically. The static measurements showed that, given a PZT layer thickness, there exists a brass/PZT thickness ratio that gives the unimorph the highest static displacement under an applied field. The effects of geometric shape and external loading on the displacement of the unimorphs were also examined. The dynamic measurements showed that, given a PZT layer thickness, the bending-mode resonance frequencies increase with an increasing brass/PZT thickness ratio. These results were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions that were obtained with the plate geometry.
Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with a donor tissue injector.

We describe the use of the Endoserter, a single-use disposable donor tissue injector for donor insertion during Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty. Donor tissue is transferred onto the orange platform of the injector with the endothelial surface up, and the platform retracted into the donor tissue injector. The injector is inverted and the tip inserted into the anterior chamber through a 4.1 mm clear corneal incision. Continuous irrigation through the injector maintains the anterior chamber as the platform with the donor tissue is unsheathed in the eye. As the platform is unsheathed, the donor tissue is released from the platform and spontaneously unfolds with the endothelial surface in the correct orientation. In a retrospective review of our first year of use (71 eyes), we found that donor insertion with this injector was uneventful even during the initial learning curve and was compatible with a low complication rate and good graft survival at 6 months. Financial Disclosure Dr. Kim is a consultant to Ocular Systems, Inc. Dr. Khor has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Temperament differences in toddlers with early unilateral right‐ and left‐brain damage

This article documents temperament differences between toddlers with early left‐ versus early right‐hemisphere injury. Consistent with the findings in adults of right‐hemisphere dominance for emotion, children 1 to 3 years old with congenital right‐hemisphere damage are already more difficult than their counterparts with left‐hemisphere damage.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON DIFFERENCES IN EOSINOPENIA BETWEEN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE.

Thiessen and Nealey1 recently reported differences among five inbred strains of mice in behavioural reactivity and in adrenocortical activity, in response to taking blood counts and handling. On several measures, the C57BL/Crgl strain displayed greater sensitivity to the testing conditions than did other strains. Resting blood eosinophil-level was higher, test-retest reliability was higher and the correlation between resting-level and extent to which the second count differed from the initial count was greater. These findings corroborate the conclusion of Wragg and Speirs2 that the C57 genotype is maximally sensitive to measures of eosinopenic responses and, in addition, point out the value of the C57BL/Crgl strain for experimental purposes.
Trapping of arsenite by mercaptopropyl-functionalized mesostructured silica with a wormhole framework

Thiol-functionalized mesostructured silica, prepared by direct assembly methods, is an effective trapping agent for the removal of arsenite from water.
The infrared spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing a five-membered ring: symmetry breaking and the B3LYP functional

The infrared spectra of six molecules, each of which contains a five-membered ring, and their cations are determined using density functional theory; both the B3LYP and BP86 functionals are used. The computed results are compared with the experimental spectra. For the neutral molecules, both methods are in good agreement with experiment. Even the Hartree–Fock (HF) approach is qualitatively correct for the neutral species. For the cations, the HF approach fails, as found for other organic ring systems. The B3LYP and BP86 approaches are in good mutual agreement for five of the six cation spectra, and are in good agreement with experiment for four of the five cations where the experimental spectra are available. It is only for the fluoranthene cation where the BP86 and B3LYP functionals yield different results; the BP86 approach yields the expected C 2 v symmetry, while the B3LYP approach breaks symmetry. The experimental spectra support the BP86 spectra over the B3LYP spectra, but the quality of the experimental spectra does not allow a critical evaluation of the accuracy of the BP86 approach for this difficult system.
The Need for Child Mental Health Services Within a Department of Defense Setting

In 2007, the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Military Deployment Services for Youth, Families and Service Members identified the need for further research to determine how to serve the psychological needs of military members’ families. While that document covers many important areas, this brief paper is intended to specifically focus on the needs for children of military members and provide some data or justification to support the allocation of resources for additional training, services and child psychology research efforts. Multiple deployments to warzones over the past decade have strained service members and their families (Hoge, Terhakopian, Castro, Messer, & Engel, 2007; Hoge et al., 2004; Hoge et al., 2008; James, 2008). While much research has been and continues to be conducted to evaluate the direct effects on service members themselves, little empirical randomized research exists to evaluate the effects of deployments on service members’ children. However, a group of researchers from the Rand Corporation (Chandra et al., 2010) did conduct a well designed phone survey with boys and girls (ages 11–17) and a sample of 1,500. The findings of Chandra et al. suggested that children of deployed service members experienced significantly greater ‘‘challenges’’ during and post deployment, including more ‘‘school, family and peer related difficulties with parental deployment.’’ Chandra et al., also found that ‘‘length of parental deployment and poorer non-deployed caregiver mental health were significantly associated with a greater number of challenges for children both during deployment and deployed-parent reintegration (p. 16).’’ Despite the presence of numerous helpful resources for addressing the concerns of parents and children regarding military deployments, there appears to be a lack of empirically supported therapies to help children who need services that are specifically a result of a parent’s military deployment or service. A growing number of individuals are studying how deployment affects the children of military personnel, yet the gap in proven therapies still exists.
There is no Drake-Larson finite linear space with three 7-lines and twenty-four 5-lines

Let L denote the set of positive integers that do not divide 6. In 1983, Drake and Larson determined all positive integers v such that there is a proper PBD(v,L) with one exception, namely, the integer v = 30. (Recall that a PBD is proper if there is no block that contains all of the points and every block contains at least two points of the design.) In 1984, they showed that in any proper PBD(30, L), there could only be blocks of sizes in {4, 5, 7, 8}, and if bi denotes the number of blocks of size i in such a design, then there are only 6 possible block distributions (b8,b7,b5,b4), namely, (1,1,14,41), (0,3,24,22 ), (0,3,15,37), (0,1,27,24), (0,1,24,29), and (0,1,15,44). In 2004, Gruttmuller and Streso eliminated the first of these. In the current article we use the geometry of a putative proper PBD with block distribution (0,3,24,22) to eliminate this case. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 191–201, 2008
Database-intensive process simulation at the Y-12 national security complex

The NNSA's Y-12 National Security Complex is a manufacturing facility operated by BWXT Y-12. Y-12's missions include ensuring the US' nuclear weapons deterrent, storing nuclear materials, and fueling US naval reactors. As a consequence of these missions, Y-12 makes dozens of products, having hundreds of parts, each with many different process steps associated with manufacturing components, building sub-assemblies, or assembling final products. Y-12 also disassembles weapon components to support stockpile reduction efforts and retrieve high-value materials and parts. These efforts must be coordinated not only within the Y-12 complex but also within the nation-wide nuclear weapons complex. Y-12 relies heavily on simulation models to evaluate the impact of plant changes over multiple programs and products, spanning multiple-years, and involving multiple interacting organizations. To maintain these simulations with current data and build and execute them rapidly, Y-12's simulation modeling group relies heavily on database-intensive simulations described in this paper.
Environmental and time dependence of moisture transportation in an epoxy coating and its significance for accelerated weathering

It is increasingly appreciated that water is one of the most important factors in the durability behavior of coatings. The rate of water transportation and the degree of saturation of polymeric coatings depends on exposure history, exposure environment, and the nature of a coating. The focus here is on the time taken for transport of water and the variation it causes in thermal and mechanical properties, which have also been shown previously to have time-dependence that leads to discrepancies between different weathering regimes. This paper studied the effect of moisture on coatings’ mechanical properties and the effect of moisture and temperature on recovery of surface indentation. The reduction of mechanical properties and the increasing rate of surface defect relaxation can be explained in terms of plasticization by water. Recovery of surface defects is related to the appearance and diffusion activity of coatings during exposure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the content of moisture in the sample is determined by the ambient humidity, temperature, and the rate of change in these environmental parameters. Diffusion coefficients were determined from the weight change data and an activation energy was obtained via Arrhenius equation. Changes in yellowness, as an example, and signature of chemical degradation, indicated that the cycling period in accelerated weathering may affect the degradation via the amount and distribution of moisture in coatings. Diffusion of moisture is typically slow and limits the possibility of complete drying or saturation in an exposure cycle. Results from the cumulative effect of many cycles will be different depending on the conditions.
Aeroacoustic Measurement of Transient Hot Nozzle Flows

An assessment of a low-cost transient testing technique for obtaining acoustic measurements from hot, highspeed nozzle e ows is presented. A shock tunnel was used to produce short-duration (10‐20 ms) supersonic air jets from three sizes of American Society of Mechanical Engineers conic nozzles and a mixer-ejector nozzle typical of a high-speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft application. A comparison between shock-tunnel transient noise data and steady-state data is presented. Theassessment establishes the uncertainty bounds on sound pressure level measurements over the range of frequency bands, nozzle pressure and total temperature ratios, and nozzles scales for which the facility can be used as a substitute and/or complementary mode of investigation for steady-state hot-e ow test facilities. Using the transient facility, far-e eld narrowband spectra were obtained at directivity angles from 65 to 145 deg, and the data were extrapolated to full-scale e ight conditions. The constraint of short test duration is alleviated through the use of multiple runs to reduce the uncertainty associated with transient acoustic measurements. Sound pressure level vs frequency trends with nozzle pressure ratio and directivity angle are comparablebetweenthesteady-stateandtransientdatafortheconicandmixer-ejectornozzles.Conicnozzleresults demonstrated that thetransient noise data replicatethe steady-state data to within §2-3 dB, and themagnitude of effectiveperceived noiselevel valuesagree to within 1 ‐3 dB depending on test condition and nozzlesize. The mixerejector model demonstrated agreement with the steady-state noise data of around 2 ‐5 dB on sound pressure level vs full-scale frequency over the range of nozzle pressure ratios and total temperature ratios relevant to the HSCT mixer-ejectordevelopmentprogram.Trendsinnoisevariationwithazimuthalangle,asmeasuredcircumferentially about the inlet axis, as well as variation with mixer area ratio were also captured using transient testing.
Commodifying the polyvalent good of health care.

This essay serves as an introduction to this issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy on commodification and health care. The essay attempts to sharpen the articulation of generally expressed worries about the commodification of health care. It does so by defining commodification, analyzing three components of the good of health care, and attempting to assess how commodification might distort the shape of each of those components. Next, it explores how the good of health care might be distorted by the market-based principle of distributive justice, "to each according to ability to pay." Finally, it identifies two basic questions about the relationship of medicine and the market that merit further exploration. (1) How does the market-based language of "incentives" so pervasive in the world of managed care distort the complex patterns of virtue and vice that motivate actors in the health care arena? (2) If we recognize that we cannot eliminate the influence of money from the health care system, how c...
LM2500 High Pressure Turbine Blade Refurbishment

As a cost savings measure, aircraft engine users often have hot section components reconditioned and re-installed during engine rebuilds and overhauls. This paper discusses the United States Navy’s test program to determine the risk/reward potential of refurbishing LM2500 high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. In a parallel effort, various marinized HPT blade coatings will be tested and their performance evaluated. General Electric’s LM2500 gas turbine is the main propulsion engine aboard the US Navy’s newest surface combatants (FFG 7, DD 963, CG 47, AOE 6 and DDG 51 class ships).Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Direct measurement of hydrogen adsorption in carbon nanotubes/nanofibers by elastic recoil detection

Abstract Physi- or chemi-sorption of hydrogen in solid materials offers a viable medium for hydrogen storage since the concentration of hydrogen can exceed that in its gaseous form at high compression. Due to their unique architecture, carbon nanotubes are potentially an excellent carbon-based adsorbent for hydrogen. In this work, we report direct measurements of hydrogen adsorption using elastic recoil detection analysis in single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled nanotubes, as well as carbon nanofibers. Results are presented for hydrogen adsorption treatment at ambient temperature and above, where chemical rather than physical adsorption is anticipated. The results show that the concentration of hydrogen in all samples over the range of conditions investigated is below 1 wt.%, which is well below that required for a viable storage media.
SCHULTER- UND ELLENBOGENVERLETZUNGEN BEI BALLSPORTARTEN: Überlastungen des Schultergelenks und Fehlbelastungsfolgen am Ellenbogen

Zusammenfassung Beschwerden im Bereich der Schulter und des Ellenbogengelenks finden sich bei Uberkopfsportlern nicht selten. Hierbei handelt es sich haufiger um Auswirkungen wiederholter Mikrotraumata auf Kapseln, Bander oder Sehnen durch extreme Ausholbewegungen bzw. Beschleunigungsvorgange. Als Folge dieser chronischen Uberlastungen treten geringfugig ausgepragte Schultergelenkinstabilitaten auf, die wiederum zu sekundaren subacromialen Schmerzsyndromen oder zu vermehrter Belastung des hinteren bzw. oberen Labrums fuhren. Beim sog. Werferellenbogen ist der Sehnenansatz der Handgelenkbeuger betroffen (Epicondylopathia humeri ulnaris). Diese Ansatztendinosen treten am haufigsten beim Baseballpitcher oder Handballspieler.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Na xSi 136 (0 < x ≤ 24) single crystals and low-temperature transport of polycrystalline specimens

Na(x)Si(136) clathrate-II single crystals with x = 2.9, 5.1, 8.2, and 14.7 were prepared by a two-step process. In the first step, Na(24)Si(136) single crystals were grown from the precursor Na(4)Si(4) by reaction of the vapor phase with spatially separated graphite in a closed volume. In the second step, the Na(24)Si(136) single crystals were subjected to thermal decomposition in a nitrogen atmosphere at 10 Torr and 405 °C. The Na content was controlled by the duration of thermal decomposition. The structural properties were investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with those of single-crystal Na(24)Si(136). The quality of the obtained products also allowed for low-temperature transport property measurements on agglomerates of crystals allowing for an investigation into the low-temperature electrical and thermal properties as a function of Na content.
Economic performance measures for evaluating government-sponsored research

The purpose of this paper is to discuss, in general terms, evaluation issues related to government-sponsored research and to describe and critique the usefulness of economic performance measures for evaluating such activity. Herein is presented an overview of the economic justification for government-sponsored research and the rationale for its evaluation. Also, fundamental evaluation methods are described. The paper ends with a recommendation that benefit-cost analysis may be the most appropriate economic performance measure when evaluating government-sponsored research if used cautiously and with an understanding of its inherent subjectivity.
The Possible Role of Calcium in Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Heart Muscle

The transfer of Ca45 at rest and during contraction has been measured in isolated guinea-pig atria. During contraction, the rate of transfer increases considerably. The increment in the uptake of calcium by the cells of the atria during contraction is closely correlated with the strength of contraction. This relationship is maintained at different frequencies of stimulation and at different concentrations of external calcium.
Accurate orbital-independent density-functional potential including self-interaction correction.

A new method of constructing approximate Kohn-Sham exchange-correlation potentials, ${v}_{\mathrm{xc}}$, from the orbital-dependent potentials ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{(\mathit{i})}$=\ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$[{${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{i}}$}]/\ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{i}}$ is proposed in which ${v}_{\mathrm{xc}}$ is obtained from integrating the weighted average of electric (WAE) field produced by the ${v}_{\mathrm{xc}{}^{(i)}}$. Application of the WAE method to atoms with closed subshells employing exchange-only local-spin-density self-interaction correction and gradient-expansion-approximation self-interaction correction energy functionals yields ${v}_{x}$ and n(r) which closely approximate the OPM potentials and Hartree-Fock electron densities, respectively.
Disclosure of familial genetic information: perceptions of the duty to inform

Abstract BACKGROUND: The familial implications of genetic information can lead to a conflict between a physician's duties to maintain patient confidentiality and to inform at-risk relatives about susceptibility to genetic diseases. As genes are discovered that can identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes, this conflict has become the subject of discussion and debate. METHODS: We performed a one-time telephone survey of a population-based sample of 200 Jewish women to assess knowledge and attitudes about genetic testing. Attitudes toward sharing genetic test results with family members were evaluated using three hypothetical scenarios that described an easily preventable disease, a disease (breast cancer) in which the only option for prevention was prophylactic mastectomies, and a nonpreventable disease. RESULTS: Nearly all respondents believed that a patient should inform at-risk family members when the disease was preventable (100% and 97% in the relevant scenarios), compared with only 85% who felt a duty to inform at-risk family members about a nonpreventable disease ( P CONCLUSIONS: Most women surveyed believed that genetic information should be shared within families, unless it violated a patient's wishes. These sorts of opinions should be considered in the debate over the confidentiality of genetic information.
The Story of Job and the Credibility of God

Abstract This essay examines the Book of Job via a narrative critical lens and demonstrates that contemporary treatments of the text portraying Job’s suffering as the central concern and the theophany as either insensitive or irrelevant to Job’s plight neglect the narrative elements at play. Rather, read as a story, the main conflict of the book concerns whether God’s claim regarding Job’s righteousness can be trusted. The main protagonist of the story is God, while the role of the antagonist passes at different points from the Satan to Job’s friends, and finally—but least significantly—to Job himself. The theophany is therefore addressed to each of these parties simultaneously, and primarily back to the Satan. As such, the theophany constitutes not only the climax of the story, but the center of a narrative chiasm wherein challenges resulting from the Satan’s machinations are decisively resolved by God’s self-revelation.
Sorption rates for the uptake of Cr6+ by a consortia of denitrifying bacteria

A fractional factorial statistical experimental design was used to ascertain which experimental parameters affect the rate at which Cr6+ is sorbed by a consortium of denitrifying bacteria. Data from this set of experiments indicates that the amount of chromium sorbed as a function of time could be described by an exponential rise function. Additionally, the data indicate that at least 15 hours were required to establish equilibrium. Finally, observed variations in the parameters in this rate equation were found to be due to the imposed changes in the experimental variables. These results indicate that the processes by which the chromate ion was removed from solution may be associated with the cells' metabolic processes.
Monoclonal gammopathy in human neoplasia.

Monoclonal gammopathy unassociated with overt multiple myeloma was detected in 0.65% of 5066 individuals who were referred for the evaluation of known or suspected neoplasia. The incidence, age and sex distributions were similar to those found in a large population of normal adults, suggesting that the association of monoclonal gammopathy with nonreticuloendothelial neoplasms has a fortuitous rather than a cause and effect relationship. The failure of effective treatment of the associated neoplasm to alter favorably the concentration of the serum gammopathy supported this view. This abnormality may represent an early phase in the slow evolution of multiple myeloma; this emphasizes the importance of early recognition and long term evaluation.
Electroluminescence of vanadium in GaAs

Abstract GaAs:V diodes have been fabricated by ion implantation of zinc on n-type GAAs:V:Si epitaxial layers grown by MOCVD. Electroluminescence centered around 0.7 eV (1.77 μm) due to transitions between the crystal-field induced intra- d levels of V 3+ ions in these GaAs:V diodes was observed. Mechanisms for the electroluminescence have also been proposed and discussed.
Generalized method of moments: A flexible discretization scheme for integral equations using locally smooth surface approximations

This work develops a framework for the numerical solution of scattering from PEC objects using integral equations. This scheme called the generalized method of moments (GMM) provides a high degree of flexibility in the choice of spatial and functional discretization. The method allows for the arbitrary variation of patch size, basis function type and order to describe both the surface of the scatterer itself, and the functions that represent the surface current. Examples are provided that both validate, and demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed scheme.
Quantitative assays of human moncyte-macrophage function

Monocyte-macrophages are required for the development of cell mediated immunity to a variety of microorganisms and tumors. Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function would be most useful in the evaluation of cell mediated immune function in man. Five quantitative assays are described that provide a human monocyte-macrophage function profile. These assays parallel the physiologic steps necessary for monocyte-macrophages to function as phagocytes: 1) chemotaxis, 2) opsonization, 3) phagocytosis, 4) phagocytosis-induced metabolic stimulation and 5) destruction of foreign material. Application of these quantitative assays will allow detection and dissection of disorders of monocyte-macrophage function in man.
Expression of Estrogen Receptor-α and cFos in Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Neurons of Young and Middle-Aged Rats during the Steroid-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge

Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine are important stimulators of GnRH release during the preovulatory surge in female rats. Previous studies have shown that the catecholaminergic neurons are sensitive to estradiol and that NE release in the hypothalamus is decreased in middle-aged rats at the time when the estrous cycles become irregular and later cease to exist. The aims of the present study were to determine whether the NE and epinephrine neurons continue to express estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha in middle-aged rats; temporal expression of ER-alpha and cFos changes with age during the steroid-induced surge; and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanol-N-methyltransferase mRNA content in catecholaminergic neurons of the brain stem changes during the surge with age. The results show that there was no difference in TH mRNA content; however, DBH mRNA levels in areas A1, A2, and C1 of the middle-aged animals did not rise during the surge as was observed in the young animals. Although the percentage of NE and epinephrine neurons that express ER-alpha was unchanged during the surge in both young and middle-aged animals, cFos expression was enhanced in areas A1 and A2 of the middle-aged animals but not in the young animals. Together the results suggest that NE and epinephrine neurons in the middle-aged rat continue to express appropriate basal levels of TH, DBH, and phenylethanol-N-methyltransferase mRNAs as well as ER-alpha and cFos; however, the enhancement of DBH expression, as seen in the young animals during the steroid-induced surge, was not detected in middle-aged animals. On the other hand, cFos expression in the middle-aged rat was higher in areas A1 and A2 during the surge. It is concluded that the reduced catecholamine release during the surge in middle-aged rats is caused, in part, by an altered sensitivity of the NE neurons to estradiol, which results in an aberrant cFos expression and probably not by major deficits in the expression of transmitter synthesizing enzymes or steroid receptors.
The interaction of potassium chloride and acetate with yeast enolase.

Abstract Potassium chloride (1 m ) produces changes in the absorption, fluorescence, and fluorescence-polarization spectrum of yeast enolase (2- d -phosphoglycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.11) which are indicative of a net exposure of tryptophans in the protein to the solvent. Potassium acetate (1 m ) and magnesium each have the opposite effect. These effects are correlated with changes in interactions with the “hydrophobic probe,” ANS, with changes in stability of the enzyme to high temperatures, and with the dissociation of the enzyme. No large change in the rotational relaxation time of fluorescent conjugates of the enzyme is observed in either salt. The concentration of potassium chloride which produces half-maximal sedimentation or fluorescence change is about 0.3 M. Measurements of the refractive index of the sedimenting enzyme in the presence and absence of potassium chloride show no significant difference, indicating that these effects are produced by the binding of less than 100 moles of salt per mole of protein. The differing effects of the salts are interpreted as the result of differing solubilities of anion-amide group complexes.
Impact challenges in community science-with-practice: lessons from PROSPER on transformative practitioner-scientist partnerships and prevention infrastructure development.

At present, evidence-based programs (EBPs) to reduce youth violence are failing to translate into widespread community practice, despite their potential for impact on this pervasive public health problem. In this paper we address two types of challenges in the achievement of such impact, drawing upon lessons from the implementation of a partnership model called PROSPER. First, we address five key challenges in the achievement of community-level impact through effective community planning and action: readiness and mobilization of community teams; maintaining EBP implementation quality; sustaining community teams and EBPs; demonstrating community-level impact; and continuous, proactive technical assistance. Second, we consider grand challenges in the large-scale translation of EBPs: (1) building, linking and expanding existing infrastructures to support effective EBP delivery systems, and (2) organizing networks of practitioner-scientist partnerships—networks designed to integrate diffusion of EBPs with research that examines effective strategies to do so. The PROSPER partnership model is an evidence-based delivery system for community-based prevention and has evolved through two decades of NIH-funded research, assisted by land grant universities’ Cooperative Extension Systems. Findings and lessons of relevance to each of the challenges are summarized. In this context, we outline how practitioner-scientist partnerships can serve to transform EBP delivery systems, particularly in conjunction with supportive federal policy.
The impact of medical school loans and the promise of loan repayment on entry into a pediatric academic career.

The decision to choose a career in biomedical bench research, clinical research, epidemiology, or health services research by current medical students and pediatric residents has undergone a decline during the past decade. 1 For more than 80% of graduates, the current career choice of individuals finishing a pediatric residency is to directly enter general pediatric practice (ABP). This perceived shift in career choice away from a clinician scientist's career path and into primary care has received extensive comment 2-4 by both pediatricians and physicians in other disciplines. Among the stated reasons for this erosion in interest in a pediatric research career is the burden of medical school and other educational indebtedness that requires the initiation of repayment at the end of residency. 5 Debts exceeding $100000 are not uncommon. For medical students who marry other physicians in training, this debt burden may double.
The Fifth Column---The Measure of M.S./O.R. Applications or Let's Hear it for the Bean Counters

An essay about various meanings of the phrase “M.S./O.R. applications” in different contexts and according to different people. Basically, the same term is used for both applications of a theory of the highest level of abstraction to another theory of slightly lower level of abstraction, as well as to applications of a method to resolve particular managerial problems in a manufacturing plant.
Relaxed-Wake Vortex-Lattice Method Using Distributed Vorticity Elements

A lifting-surface method is presented that uses elements having distributed vorticity to model lifting surfaces and their shed wakes. Using such distributed vorticity elements allows the representation of a force-free continuous wake-vortex sheet that is free of numerical singularities and is thus robust in its numerical rollup behavior. Unlike other potential-flow methods that use discrete vortex filaments having solid-core models at their centers to avoid problems with the singularities, the numerical robustness of the new method is achieved without the subsequent solution being dependent on the choice of a cutoff distance or core size. The computed loads compare well with results of classical theory and other potential-flow methods. Its numerical robustness, computational speed, and ability to predict loads accurately make the new method ideal for the investigation of applications in which the loadings on a lifting surface depend strongly on the influence of the wake and its shape, as is the case for the two application examples presented: formation flight and rotating-wing systems.
Epithelial Mucin Stores Are Increased in the Large Airways of Smokers With Airflow Obstruction

Background Habitual cigarette smoking is associated with chronic mucus hypersecretion, but the relationship between mucus abnormalities and airflow obstruction in smokers is uncertain. Methods We collected bronchial biopsy samples and epithelial brushings from 24 smokers with and without airflow obstruction and 19 nonsmoking healthy control subjects. Epithelial mucin stores, mucin immunostains, and goblet cell morphology were quantified in bronchial biopsy samples using stereology, and mucin gene expression was quantified in epithelial brushings using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results Goblet cell size and number were higher than normal in smokers (both p Conclusions Epithelial mucin stores are increased in habitual smokers because of goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and the pattern of mucin gene expression is abnormal. The highest epithelial mucin stores are found in smokers with airflow obstruction, suggesting a mechanistic link between epithelial mucin dysregulation and airflow obstruction.
Zero field viscosity in magnetic thin films and tapes

We have measured the relaxation of the remanent magnetization in a number of granular thin films in which delta-M measurements suggest the presence of exchange coupling. The relaxation measurements were made at zero field after application of a saturation field followed by a reverse field. The films had varying compositions (CoPtCrB, Co/CN, CoPt/SiO/sub 2/) and had thermal stability factors, KV/k/sub B/T, ranging from 29 to 670. The most general behavior of the zero field relaxation, observed for the smaller thermal stability factors, was an initial increase in the remanent magnetization followed by a decrease at longer times. The maximum initial zero field viscosity is strongly correlated with the inverse thermal stability factor, k/sub B/T/KV, and generally increases with the area under delta-M curve, normalized by the remanent coercivity. A small zero field relaxation was also observed in barium ferrite and CrO/sub 2/ tapes.
Genes with bimodal expression are robust diagnostic targets that define distinct subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer with different overall survival.

In some cancer types, certain genes behave as molecular switches, with on and off expression states. These genes tend to define tumor subtypes associated with different treatments and different patient survival. We hypothesized that clinically relevant molecular switch genes exist in epithelial ovarian cancer. To test this hypothesis, we applied a bimodal discovery algorithm to a publicly available ovarian cancer expression microarray data set, GSE9891 [285 tumors: 246 malignant serous (MS), 20 endometrioid (EM), and 18 low malignant potential (LMP) ovarian carcinomas]. Genes with robust bimodal expression patterns were identified across all ovarian tumor types and also within selected subtypes: 73 bimodal genes demonstrated differential expression between LMP versus MS and EM; 22 bimodal genes distinguished MS from EM; and 14 genes had significant association with survival among MS tumors. When these genes were combined into a single survival score, the median survival for patients with a favorable versus unfavorable score was 65 versus 29 months (P
Experimental Results of the Remote Sensing of Sea-Surface Salinity at 21-cm Wavelength

The complex dielectric constant of sea water is a function of salinity at 21-cm wavelength, and sea-water salinity can be determined by a measurement of radiometric temperature at 21 cm along with a measurement of thermodynamic temperature. Three aircraft and two helicopter experiments using two different 21-cm radiometers were conducted under different salinity and temperature conditions. Ground-truth measurements were used to calibrate the data in each experiment. RMS deviations of between 2 and 3%0 were found between remote and ground-truth boat measurements. Part of this deviation is attributed to position mislocation between the aircraft and boats. It is inferred from these experiments that accuracies of 1 to 2%o are possible with a single surface calibration point necessary only every two hours if the following conditions are met-water temperatures about 20°C, salinities above 10%0, level aircraft flight, and extreme care near land masses.
Pregnenolone and Progesterone Metabolism in Human Adrenals from Twin Female Fetuses

Human adrenals from twin female fetuses (10 cm crown-rump length) were minced and incubated in a similar manner with both pregnenolone-7α-3H and progesterone- 4-14C. Radioactive products were identified by isotope dilution. The patterns of Steroid metabolism in these adrenals were similar but not identical. 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione was a major product of both pregnenolone and progesterone metabolism. Cortisol was formed in detectable amounts from progesterone only. A large amount of unidentified, polar radioactivity was found in the extract of the incubated material. Evidence is presented for the probable monozygocity of the fetuses. (Endocrinology 77: 602,1965)
Effects of Smoking Urge on Generation of Smoking-Related Information1

Despite widespread research, the role of smoking urge in relapse remains unclear. The present study examined the effect of a smoking-urge manipulation on the generation of smoking-related information. During each of 2 experimental sessions, smokers were given 90 s to list as many positive characteristics of smoking, and then 90 s to list as many negative characteristics as they could. Results indicated that experimental manipulations designed to elicit an urge to smoke increased the number of positive but not negative aspects of smoking. This selective accessing of positive information related to cigarette use during an urge may increase the likelihood of smoking. Results are interpreted with respect to extant models of drug urge and Kunda's (1990) theory of motivated reasoning.
Threats to biological diversity caused by coca /cocaine deforestation in Peru

Indirect sources were used to characterize the nature and magnitude of threats to the native plants and forest ecosystems caused by the cultivation and control of coca , the precursor to cocaine, in the Huallaga valley of Peru, whence the majority of the world's cocaine originates. Deforestation is concentrated between 500 and 2000 m in the tropical premontane forest belt. Recent listing of Peru's seed plants permitted a quantification of plant species known from the department of San Martin between 500–2000 m and thus at risk due to forest degradation. This flora consists of 169 plant families, almost 900 genera, and about 2600 species. Fifteen percent of the species are restricted in distribution to Peru, while 6% are known only from San Martin. An additional 778 species, including 46 narrow endemics, are known from vegetation types found below 500 m. More than 223 000 ha of land were found to be in ‘hill agriculture’, consisting predominantly of coca fields and this suggests that the total impact of coca /cocaine deforestation is greatly under-estimated by using simply the area of coca under cultivation. Degraded tropical pre-montane forest may amount to as much as 1 000 000 ha in all of Peru.
Learning American English Accents Using Ensemble Learning with GMMs

Accent identification has grown over the past decade. There has been decent success when a priori knowledge about the accents is available. A typical approach entails detection of certain syllables and phonemes, which in turn requires phoneme-based models. Recently, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) have been used as an unsupervised alternative to these phoneme-based models, but they have had limited success unless they used a priori knowledge. We studied extensions of the GMMs using ensemble learning (i. e. bagging and Boosting).
Optimum semiconductors for power field effect transistors

The optimization of semiconductor material properties for high voltage field effect transistors is discussed. The on-resistance of these devices is shown to be inversely proportional to the carrier mobility and inversely proportional to the cube of the energy band gap. Based upon this, the on-resistance of GaAs FETs is predicted to be at least twelve times smaller than that of present silicon FETs. Comparison of the projected GaAs FET power switching performance with competing silicon devices (MOSFETs, FCTs, GTOs, and bipolar transistors) indicates that the GaAs FET will have better switching efficiency at all operating frequencies for devices designed with breakdown voltages ranging from 200 to 1000 volts.