cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA Sequences Mediating the Transcriptional Response of theMix.2Homeobox Gene to Mesoderm Induction

Abstract Peptide growth factors can initiate changes in cell fate inXenopusectodermal explants and induce the formation of mesoderm. Marker genes expressed in mesoderm allow the analysis of whether, or how much, induction has occurred, but do not tell us what molecules are involved in carrying out the response. In this report we describe the isolation of genomic and cDNA clones ofMix.2, a gene closely related to theXenopushomeobox geneMix.1, and demonstrate that the promoter of theMix.2 gene is responsive to mesoderm induction signals when linked to a CAT reporter and microinjected into developingXenopusembryos. Like the chromosomalMix.1 gene, microinjectedMix.2 gene plasmids respond to activin in the presence of cycloheximide in animal cap assays and also respond to the embryonic inductive signal in Nieuwkoop recombinants. The injected promoter does not respond to TGF-β2 or FGF. Deletion analysis of theMix.2 promoter demonstrated that sequences required for maximal transcriptional activity in response to mesoderm induction are scattered across a 290-bp region. This is the first report of a microinjected plasmid responding to immediate-early transcriptional activation in developingXenopusembryos. This assay reduces the complexity of the cellular response to embryonic induction to the simple question of which molecules activate theMix.2 promoter and provides a sensitive and rapid test with which to pursue the answer.
Structure and mechanism of ADP-ribose-1''-monophosphatase (Appr-1''-pase), a ubiquitous cellular processing enzyme.

Appr-1″-pase, an important and ubiquitous cellular processing enzyme involved in the tRNA splicing pathway, catalyzes the conversion of ADP-ribose-1″monophosphate (Appr-1″-p) to ADP-ribose. The structures of the native enzyme from the yeast and its complex with ADP-ribose were determined to 1.9 A and 2.05 A, respectively. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of this protein, selected as a target in a structural genomics project, reveals its putative function and provides clues to the catalytic mechanism. The structure of the 284-amino acid protein shows a two-domain architecture consisting of a three-layer αβα sandwich N-terminal domain connected to a small C-terminal helical domain. The structure of Appr-1″-pase in complex with the product, ADP-ribose, reveals an active-site water molecule poised for nucleophilic attack on the terminal phosphate group. Loop-region residues Asn 80, Asp 90, and His 145 may form a catalytic triad.
Elastic scattering of π+ and π− mesons from 3He and 4He at energies from 300 TO 475 MeV

Abstract The cross section for elastic scattering of pions from 3 He and 4 He was measured for incident energies from 300 to 475 MeV. The pions were detected in a magnetic spectrometer at scattering angles from 30° to 130°. Results on angular distributions are presented. A particularly interesting feature is that a deep minimum at 110°, previously observed at 295 MeV, is found to persist up to 400 MeV. The minimum is fixed in angle and is therefore not a simple function of q 2 .
Cyclosporin A inhibits apical secretory K+ channels in rabbit cortical collecting tubule principal cells

Cyclosporin A inhibits apical secretory K + channels in rabbit cortical collecting tubule principal cells. We used the cell-attached patch clamp configuration to examine the effect of basolateral cyclosporin A (CsA) exposure on low conductance K + channels found in the principal cell apical membrane of rabbit cortical collecting tubule (CCT) primary cultures. Baseline K + channel activity, measured as mean NP o (number of channels × open probability), was 2.7 ± 1.1 (N = 29). NP o fell by 69% (0.84 ± 0.32; N=32) in cultures pretreated with 500 ng/ml CsA for 30 minutes prior to patching. Chelation of intracellular [Ca 2+ ] i (10 mM BAPTA/AM; N=8) or removal of extracellular Ca 2+ (N = 9), but not prevention of [Ca 2+ ] i store release (10 µM TMB-8; N=7), abolished CsA-induced inhibition. This suggested that CsA effects were mediated by an initial rise in [Ca 2+ ] i via Ca 2+ influx. Either 25 nM AVP (N = 10) or 0.25 µM thapsigargin (N = 8) (causing IP 3 -dependent and -independent release of [Ca 2+ ] i stores, respectively) augmented, while 25 pM (N = 6) or 250 pM AVP (N = 8) reversed CSA-induced channel inhibition. Apical membrane protein kinase C (PKC) activation with 0.1 µM phorbol ester, PMA (N = 8) or 10 µM synthetic diacylglycerol, OAG (N = 7), mimicked (mean NP o = 0.99 ± 0.40) the inhibitory effect of CsA. Apical PKC inhibition by prolonged apical exposure to PMA (N = 10) or 100 µM D-sphingosine (N = 6) blocked CsA's effect. Cyclic AMP increasing maneuvers, 10 µM forskolin (N = 5) or 0.5 mM db-cAMP (N = 8), stimulated basal K + channel activity in the absence of CsA. In Conclusion: (1) basolateral exposure to CsA inhibits the activity of apical membrane 13 pS channels responsible for physiologic K + secretion in rabbit CCT principal cells. (2) The inhibition is mediated by changes in intracellular Ca 2+ and activation of apical PKC. (3) Pharmacologic AVP (nM) augments CsA-induced inhibition by releasing intracellular Ca 2+ stores; more physiologic AVP (pM) attenuates channel inhibition, probably through cAMP generation. (4) Inhibition of apical secretory K + channels by CsA likely contributes to decreased kaliuresis and clinical hyperkalemia observed in patients on CsA therapy.
Estimation of adsorbed anion charge density from the electrode charge-potential relationship

Abstract A correlation, based upon available data for a number of electrolytes at 0.1 and 1.0 N concentrations, may permit adsorbed anion charge densities to be estimated as a function of electrode potential by comparing the experimentally-determined charge-potential relationship for a previously uninvestigated electrolyte with a semihypothetical curve representing no anion adsorption. The results are believed sufficiently precise to permit the calculation of approximate ψ 0 -potentials for use in kinetic studies. The correlation indicates that the adsorption of fluoride ion may be substantial at sufficiently positive potentials.
The Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI): from evidence to action.

changes in the provision of health care in the United States. The private sector has moved away from viewing health care as a cottage industry focused on health care as a social good. Health care is now a service commodity, and the delivery of care is coordinated, managed, and rationed purposefully by ever-larger health care corporations whose investors expect a return on their dollars.' Unfortunately, through all of the reorganization of health care and the industrialization of health care services, many Americans continue to be without any health care. For those with access to health care, the quality of care remains a concer for individual patients and the public in general. So complete is the transition of health care from a social good to a commodity that concerns have increased greatly with regard to the quality of health care, access to care and special services, and choice of providers. As one reflection of these concers, the President of the United States has proposed a Patient Bill of Rights that would ensure, among other things, the public's right to access to health care and choice of providers.2 Congress is increasingly regulating the new health care industry to provide safeguards to health care consumers. Clearly, this short US experience with the business of health care has not achieved the desired goals of health care reform. Even the savings or cost reductions brought by managed care seem to be evaporating.3 Is it conceivable that in the near future, a decreasing proportion of the US population will have access to health care that is characterized by lower quality and higher cost?
Existence of solutions for a system of second order nonlinear periodic boundary value problems

Existence of coupled periodic quasi-solutions for system of second order differential equations are discussed by combining the method of upper and lower solutions and Lyapunov Schmidt method. The results corresponding to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions are also given.
Variation in the material properties of spider dragline silk across species

Spiders produce high performance fibers that compare favorably with the best manmade fibers in strength and toughness. The amino acid sequences of silk proteins have been determined for a number of silk types and species, revealing extensive variation. This variation in sequence is hypothesized to confer different material properties. However, the material properties of silk have been characterized from only a few ecologically similar species, even though spiders are extremely diverse. Using a Nano Bionix® tensile tester, we measured mechanical properties of one type of silk, the dragline, from a broad sample of spider species. These taxa included orb-weavers and representatives of other lineages of true spiders that do not spin aerial capture webs. We found that all of the species sampled produce high-performance dragline fibers, suggesting that the remarkable properties of dragline silk predate the origin of the aerial orb-web. However, we report significant variation in all of the material properties measured. Furthermore, material properties tend not to be correlated, implying that different properties may have been selected upon in different spider lineages. We suggest that the spectrum of dragline silk sequences and material properties that have been produced over evolutionary time provides a rich resource for the design of biomimetic silk fibers.
Online activists vs. Kraft foods: : A case of social media hijacking

This study examines a case in which activists used a corporation's social media page to disseminate activist campaign messages. Specifically, we examine how a blogger–activist took advantage of an online hoax regarding a warning label for Kraft Macaroni and Cheese to spur others into hijacking Kraft's Facebook page. While the hoax was quickly exposed, the reputation damage was done and within 6 months Kraft announced it was changing the ingredients in some products. This study offers several implications for online activists and public relations researchers and practitioners by (1) providing an example of how traditional activist strategies have adapted for the online environment; (2) presenting hoax as a viable, albeit potentially unethical, strategy to motivate action; (3) showing the impact of social media hijacking and dismissing the notion that “slacktivism” cannot lead to change; (4) encouraging further research on collaborative relationships between activist groups; and 5) outlining the benefits of more proactive issue management strategies.
Regulation and function of Cav3.1 T-type calcium channels in IGF-I-stimulated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

Arterial smooth muscle cells enter the cell cycle and proliferate in conditions of disease and injury, leading to adverse vessel remodeling. In the pulmonary vasculature, diverse stimuli cause proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), pulmonary artery remodeling, and the clinical condition of pulmonary hypertension associated with significant health consequences. PASMC proliferation requires extracellular Ca2+ influx that is intimately linked with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Among the primary sources of Ca2+ influx in PASMCs is the low-voltage-activated family of T-type Ca2+ channels; however, up to now, mechanisms for the action of T-type channels in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation have not been addressed. The Cav3.1 T-type Ca2+ channel mRNA is upregulated in cultured PASMCs stimulated to proliferate with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and this upregulation depends on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Multiple stimuli that trigger an acute rise in intracellular Ca2+ in PASMCs, including IGF-I, also require the expression of Cav3.1 Ca2+ channels for their action. IGF-I also led to cell cycle initiation and proliferation of PASMCs, and, when expression of the Cav3.1 Ca2+ channel was knocked down by RNA interference, so were the expression and activation of cyclin D, which are necessary steps for cell cycle progression. These results confirm the importance of T-type Ca2+ channels in proper progression of the cell cycle in PASMCs stimulated to proliferate by IGF-I and suggest that Ca2+ entry through Cav3.1 T-type channels in particular interacts with Ca2+-dependent steps of the mitogenic signaling cascade as a central component of vascular remodeling in disease.
BIOTIN-DEPENDENT PROPIONIC ACIDEMIA: A NEW VARIANT

Gompertz et al reported a case of biotin-dependent propionic acidemia and β-methyl crotonic acidemia now thought to have a defect in biotin ligase. We report a second biotin dependent case with only propionic acidemia. The patient had pernicious vomiting and poor growth. Serum glycine and NH3 were elevated on only single occasions. Serum propionate concentrations (PA) were 40 and 130 μM (norm <5). Urine tiglic acid and butanone were detectable. Clinical response to biotin (10 mg/day) and a low protein diet (1.2 gm/kg) was rapid. While on the diet biotin was stopped. PA rose in 48 hrs but did not peak for 6 weeks. (Day 0, 4.5 μM; day 5, 12 μM; day 7, 16 μM; day 46, 40 μM) During this period urine propionate excretion increased over 400 fold. In response to a minor infection, the child became acidotic, hypoglycemic, and comatose. She recovered with fluids and biotin and has remained normal since. PA returned toward normal. At no time were serum β-methyl crotonate or urine β-OH isovaleric or β-methylcrotonylglycine increased. In leukocytes, before receiving biotin, isoleucine oxidation was reduced; 4 wks off biotin propionyl CoA carboxylase was in our low normal range and stimulated 3 fold with biotin. In fibroblasts grown in biotin containing medium, propionyl CoA carboxylase was 26% of normal controls. β-Methyl crotonyl CoA carboxylase was normal in both leukocytes and fibroblasts. These findings are most consistent with a biotin binding defect to propionyl CoA carboxylase.
The Condition of Equal Irradiance and the Distribution of Light in Images Formed by Optical Systems without Artificial Vignetting

It has been pointed out by several scientists that the cos4-law does not correctly describe the decrease of marginal irradiance in images. It has also been repeatedly proven that it is theoretically and practically possible to avoid or even to overcorrect the marginal decay. The equations developed for this purpose should be amplified, however, and as many specifications as possible should be dropped. An attempt to do so has resulted in deriving three formulas which are described in this paper.One formula is a condition to be fulfilled by systems with equal irradiance over all the image.In systems not fulfilling this condition, the decrease of marginal irradiance can be determined by two other formulas.
Fragmentation and identifiability of repeatedly presented brief visual stimuli

Ss were given repeated brief presentations of geometric forms and drew what they thought they saw. The stimulus patterns were presented tachistoscopically for as many repetitions as necessary for correct identification. The nature and sequential properties of pattern fragments reported prior to correct identification were examined. The first fragments to be reported were generally straight line elements of the stimulus patterns. With repeated presentations, more features were gradually reported until the complete figure was correctly identified. The pattern of construction appeared similar to patterns of fragmentation found in research on stabilized retinal images, prolonged afterimages, and conditions of steady fixation. Implications of these findings for theories of pattern information processing were discussed.
From the Asian Boyz to the Zhu Lian Bang (the Bamboo Union Gang): A Typological Analysis of Delinquent Asian Gangs

Developing a typology for delinquent and criminal gangs has a long history in criminology and criminal justice. Although many typologies have been proposed in the past eight decades, the great majority of these classifications are based on the consideration of one single factor. This approach obviously oversimplifies the nature of gangs and may give gang researchers an impression that gangs of a certain category differ totally from those of another category. The author of this paper argues that differences between gangs are relative, not absolute. To demonstrate this point, a nomenclature on Asian gangs based on the different combinations of the three factors of political belief, organizational layout, and political connection is suggested. According to this nomenclature, Asian gangs can be conceptually categorized as STP, SEP, STN, SEN, ITP, IEP, ITN, and IEN types.
DSP Implementation of the Particle Swarm and Genetic Algorithms for Real-Time Design of Thinned Array Antennas

Efficient implementation of sophisticated algorithms on digital signal processing (DSP) chips is a key issue in the implementation of software-defined radios. Here, focusing on beamforming and using the average calculation time and hardware usage as the two indicators of efficiency, a performance comparison between two versions of binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm, as the two popular evolutionary techniques, is presented. Using our proposed multirun strategy in DSP platforms, we show that modified PSO results in a reduction by 52% and 67% in the hardware utilization and calculation time as compared to genetic algorithm and binary PSO, respectively.
Cephalosporium salvinae sp. nov. a pathogen of Salvinia rotundifolia willd

A new species ofCephalosporium is reported that is parasitic on the floating water fernSalvinia rotundifolia. In culture this fungus forms white, pulvinate colonies with a surface mat that may change to vinaceous-brown or violet with age. Small, ovate to spherical, hyaline conidia and spherical to elliptic chlamydospores are formed by this species. It represents a new member of theC. acremonium group. The pathogenic nature of the fungus has been confirmed.
Regular probability comparisons imply the Banach–Tarski Paradox

Consider the regularity thesis that each possible event has non-zero probability. Hajek challenges this in two ways: (a) there can be nonmeasurable events that have no probability at all and (b) on a large enough sample space, some probabilities will have to be zero. But arguments for the existence of nonmeasurable events depend on the axiom of choice (AC). We shall show that the existence of anything like regular probabilities is by itself enough to imply a weak version of AC sufficient to prove the Banach–Tarski Paradox on the decomposition of a ball into two equally sized balls, and hence to show the existence of nonmeasurable events. This provides a powerful argument against unrestricted orthodox Bayesianism that works even without AC. A corollary of our formal result is that if every partial order extends to a total preorder while maintaining strict comparisons, then the Banach–Tarski Paradox holds. This yields an argument that incommensurability cannot be avoided in ambitious versions of decision theory.
Contact‐Damage Behavior of Textured and Random Alumina Ceramics under Hertzian Indentation

Two alumina ceramics with different microstructures were prepared by tailoring the processing conditions. In one of them, elongated alumina grains were aligned parallel to each other (“textured” material), whereas in the other, the elongated grains were uniformly distributed (“random” material). Hertzian indentation was performed on these two materials. The results showed that, although both materials exhibited a diffuse damage zone rather than typical cone cracks, the extent of damage in the textured material is significantly less than that in the random material. The difference in damage behavior between these two materials was interpreted with the aid of the contact-stress field. A new microstructural design method for improving contact-damage resistance is suggested, based on the present results.
A combined immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometric and nucleic acid sequencing approach to determine microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulatory networks

While initiation of transcription has attracted the most attention in the field of gene regulation, it has become clear that additional stages in the gene expression cascade including post-transcriptional events are under equally exquisite control. The seminal discovery that short RNAs (microRNA, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNA), play important roles in repressing gene expression has spurred a rush of new interest in post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms. The development of affinity tags and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has greatly simplified the analysis of proteins that regulate gene expression. Further, the use of DNA microarrays and ‘second generation’ nucleic acid sequencing (‘deep sequencing’) technologies has facilitated the identification of their regulatory targets. These technological advancements mark a significant step towards a comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory networks. The purpose of this review is to highlight several recent reports that illustrate the value of affinity-purification (immunoprecipitation) followed by mass spectrometric protein analysis and nucleic acid analysis by deep sequencing (AP-MS/Seq) to examine mRNA after it has been transcribed. The ability to identify the direct nucleic acid targets of post-transcriptional gene regulatory machines is a critical first step towards understanding the contribution of post-transcriptional pathways on gene expression.
Comparison of the Simplexa FluA/B & RSV Direct Assay and Laboratory-Developed Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Respiratory Virus

The results of the Focus Simplexa FluA/B & RSV Direct assay were compared to those of laboratory-developed reverse transcription PCR tests for 498 nasopharyngeal swabs. Concordance rates were 96.6% (476/493; κ = 0.91), 97.6% (481/493; κ = 0.47), and 99.2% (488/492; κ = 0.94) for influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively.
The mechanism of transition of interictal spiking foci into ictal seizure discharges.

Abstract 1. 1. The inter-ictal random spike and the rhytmical seizure discharge are intimately and specifically related in the genesis of an epileptic seizure, rather than the former being only an “expression” of the latent epileptic condition but unrelated to the seizure per se. 2. 2. In over 90 per cent of observed seizures in cats and monkeys this was not the usually considered relationship (i.e., the increase of frequency and fusion of spikes to form a seizure), but rather one characterized by the interpolation of a new and different form of electrical activity, the afterdischarge. 3. 3. The interrelationship of spike, spike-afterdischarge, and seizure are described and analyzed. 4. 4. The significance of these various electrographic patterns in the problem of localization of epileptogenic foci, as well as their possible practical value in human epilepsy are discussed.
ENERGY TRANSFER STUDIES ON CRYPTOMONAD BILIPROTEINS

. Fluorescence techniques of various types have been used to study the light-gathering and energy transfer modes for various cryptomonad biliproteins (phycocyanin or phycoerythrins). Analysis of fluorescence polarization and absorption data demonstrates that each cryptomonad biliprotein is composed of at least two distinct types of absorbing chromophore, each attached to the protein through covalent linkages to different polypeptide chains. Examination of the fluorescence emission spectra as a function of excitation at several wavelengths demonstrates that only one of these absorbing chromo-phores is responsible for the fluorescence. This behavior is consistent with a known phenomenon whereby photons are gathered by more than one chromophore and then after radiationless energy transfer are emitted by only one chromophore. Application of Forster dipole-dipole energy transfer theory is made to the study of the mode by which energy absorbed by biliproteins migrates to Chl a. The spectral overlap integral between phycocyanin (Chroomonas sp.) and Chl a is 7.13 ± 10-10cm6mol-1and between phycocyanin and Chl c2 0.25 ± 10-10cm6mol-1. This large difference in overlap suggests, although does not prove, that phycocyanin might transfer energy directly to Chl a without a Chl c2 intermediary. The cryptomonad phycoerythrins may also use this method but a Chl c2 intermediate could not be ruled out for them. Radiationless energy transfer among homogeneous biliproteins is shown to be feasible. All these calculations are based on in vitro spectra and the interpretations extrapolated to the cellular situation, and these tentative conclusions are reached without knowledge of other factors, such as chromophore-chro-mophore orientation and distance, which could greatly influence the energy transfer scheme.
High quality factor etchless silicon photonic ring resonators

We demonstrate high-Q silicon ring resonators fabricated by selective oxidation without any silicon etching. We achieve an intrinsic quality factor of 510,000 in 50 μm-radius ring resonators with ring losses of 0.8 dB/cm.
A Critical Component of Meiotic Drive in Neurospora Is Located Near a Chromosome Rearrangement

Neurospora fungi harbor a group of meiotic drive elements known as Spore killers (Sk). Spore killer-2 (Sk-2) and Spore killer-3 (Sk-3) are two Sk elements that map to a region of suppressed recombination. Although this recombination block is limited to crosses between Sk and Sk-sensitive (SkS) strains, its existence has hindered Sk characterization. Here we report the circumvention of this obstacle by combining a classical genetic screen with next-generation sequencing technology and three-point crossing assays. This approach has allowed us to identify a novel locus called rfk-1, mutation of which disrupts spore killing by Sk-2. We have mapped rfk-1 to a 45-kb region near the right border of the Sk-2 element, a location that also harbors an 11-kb insertion (Sk-2INS1) and part of a >220-kb inversion (Sk-2INV1). These are the first two chromosome rearrangements to be formally identified in a Neurospora Sk element, providing evidence that they are at least partially responsible for Sk-based recombination suppression. Additionally, the proximity of these chromosome rearrangements to rfk-1 (a critical component of the spore-killing mechanism) suggests that they have played a key role in the evolution of meiotic drive in Neurospora.
Neurotrophic Factors Increase Neuregulin Expression in Embryonic Ventral Spinal Cord Neurons

Neuregulins (NRGs) are expressed in spinal cord motor neurons and accumulate at the neuromuscular junction where they may increase the synthesis of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels. We demonstrate here that NRG expression is selectively increased in rat ventral spinal cord neurons at approximately the time that nerve–muscle synapses first form. A rapid increase in NRG mRNA and protein expression was induced in vitro in cultured rat spinal motor neurons by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, or glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. Agrin expression was not affected by these factors over the same time course. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, but not neurotrophin-3, selectively regulated immunoglobulin domain-containing splice variants of NRG, which are likely to be important for binding to the synaptic basal lamina. Regulation of NRG expression in motor neurons by muscle-derived neurotrophic factors may represent one portion of a reciprocal, regulatory loop that promotes neuromuscular synapse development.
Elements of automated survey of pavements and a 3D methodology

Sound transportation infrastructure is critical for economic development and sustainability. Pavement condition is a primary concern among agencies of the roadway infrastructure. Automation has become possible in recent years on collecting data and producing results for certain aspects of pavement performance, while challenges remain in several other categories, such as automated cracking survey. This paper reviews the technological advances on automated survey of pavements, and discusses the most recent breakthroughs by the team led by the author in using 3D laser imaging for capturing 1 mm surface images of pavements.
Cortical sources of ERP in prosaccade and antisaccade eye movements using realistic source models.

The cortical sources of event-related-potentials (ERP) using realistic source models were examined in a prosaccade and antisaccade task. College-age participants were presented with a preparatory interval and a target that indicated the direction of the eye movement that was to be made. In some blocks a cue was given in the peripheral location where the target was to be presented and in other blocks no cue was given. In Experiment 1 the prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented randomly within a block; in Experiment 2 procedures were compared in which either prosaccade and antisaccade trials were mixed in the same block, or trials were presented in separate blocks with only one type of eye movement. There was a central negative slow wave occurring prior to the target, a slow positive wave over the parietal scalp prior to the saccade, and a parietal spike potential immediately prior to saccade onset. Cortical source analysis of these ERP components showed a common set of sources in the ventral anterior cingulate and orbital frontal gyrus for the presaccadic positive slow wave and the spike potential. In Experiment 2 the same cued- and non-cued blocks were used, but prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented in separate blocks. This resulted in a smaller difference in reaction time between prosaccade and antisaccade trials. Unlike the first experiment, the central negative slow wave was larger on antisaccade than on prosaccade trials, and this effect on the ERP component had its cortical source primarily in the parietal and mid-central cortical areas contralateral to the direction of the eye movement. These results suggest that blocked prosaccade and antisaccade trials results in preparatory or set effects that decreases reaction time, eliminates some cueing effects, and is based on contralateral parietal-central brain areas.
The measurement of wait time in non-productive process of process units — Chieh-yuan Tiao

Ever since 2007, time waste became an industry-wide topic. In 2011 [ITRS] — roadmap, waste reduction was introduced as an important topic for the requirement of future manufacturing. WTW (wait time waste) then became a formal project in ISMI. Fundamental definition and methodology was developed to systematically measure time consumption and expose time waste for a product during its factory life cycle.
A thermal bimorph micromirror with large bi-directional and vertical actuation

This paper reports a novel large vertical displacement (LVD) microactuator that can generate large piston motion and bi-directional scanning at low driving voltage. A LVD micromirror device has been fabricated by using a unique deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) post-CMOS micromachining process that simultaneously provides thin-film and single-crystal silicon microstructures. The bimorph actuation structure is composed of aluminum and silicon dioxide with an embedded polysilicon thermal resistor. With a size of only 0.7 mm × 0.32 mm, the LVD micromirror demonstrated a vertical displacement of 0.2 mm at 6 V dc. This device can also be used to perform bi-directional rotational scanning through the use of two bimorph actuators. The micromirror rotates over ±15 ◦ at less than 6 V dc, and over ±43 ◦ (i.e., >170 ◦ optical scan angle) at its resonant frequency of 2.6 kHz.
Zinc oxide nanocrystals stabilized by alkylammonium alkylcarbamates.

Nearly monodispersed, spherical ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized from the reaction of an amide precursor, [Zn(NiBu2)2]2, with hexylamine followed by reactions of the as-formed solution in a moist ...
Nonconvex control systems and differential inclusions

We study optimal and boundary trajectories of nonsmooth, nonconvex control systems and differential inclusions. Optimization problems which we consider are of the following form. For a given g : Rn ? R : minimize g(x(T)) (1.1) over the set of all absolutly continuous functions x(?), x(?) : [0,T] ? Rn, satisfying for given K and M the end-points constraints: x(0) ? K, x(T) ? M, (1.2) and the constraint: x(t)= f(t,x(t), u(t)), u(t) ? U, a.e. t ? [0,T], (1.3) where the dynamics f(?, ?, ?) and the control set U are given. In the second part we consider the case when the control system (1.3) is replaced by a differential inclusion: x(t) ? F(t,x(t)), a.e. t u(t) ? [0,T], (1.4) for a given set-valued mapping F(?,?). The goal is to find necessary conditions for solutions of such problems. Necessary conditions can be usually obtained if one can characterize, so called, boundary trajectories of the system (1.3) or respectively the inclusion (1.4).
Contract Remedies and Inalienable Rights

I. IntroductionTwo kinds of remedies have traditionally been employed for breach of contract: legal relief and equitable relief. Legal relief normally takes the form of money damages. Equitable relief normally consists either of specific performance or an injunction – that is, the party in breach may be ordered to perform an act or to refrain from performing an act. In this article I will use a “consent theory of contract” to assess the choice between money damages and specific performance. According to such a theory, contractual obligation is dependent on more fundamental entitlements of the parties and arises as a result of the parties' consent to transfer alienable rights.My thesis will be that the normal rule favoring money damages should be replaced with one that presumptively favors specific performance unless the parties have consented to money damages instead. The principal obstacle to such an approach is the reluctance of courts to specifically enforce contracts for personal services. The philosophical distinction between alienable and inalienable rights bolsters this historical reticence, since a right to personal services may be seen as inalienable.I will then explain why, if the subject matter of a contract for personal services is properly confined to an alienable right to money damages for failure to perform, specific enforcement of such contracts is no longer problematic. Finally, I shall consider whether the subject matter of contracts for corporate services is properly confined to money damages like contracts for personal services, or whether performance of corporate services can be made the subject of a valid rights transfer and judicially compelled in the same manner as contracts for external resources.
Fractal geometry is heritable in trees.

Abstract Understanding the genetic basis to landscape vegetation structure is an important step that will allow us to examine ecological and evolutionary processes at multiple spatial scales. Here for the first time we show that the fractal architecture of a dominant plant on the landscape exhibits high broad-sense heritability and thus has a genetic basis. The fractal architecture of trees is known to influence ecological communities associated with them. In a unidirectional cottonwood-hybridizing complex (Populus angustifolia × P. fremontii) pure and hybrid cottonwoods differed significantly in their fractal architecture, with phenotypic variance among backcross hybrids exceeding that of F1 hybrids and of pure narrowleaf cottonwoods by two-fold. This result provides a crucial link between genes and fractal scaling theory, and places the study of landscape ecology within an evolutionary framework.
Abstract T P125: Does the Stroke Impact Scale-16 (SIS-16) PositivelyCorrelate with the Functional Independence Measure ( FIM) During AcuteInpatient Rehabilitation Following Stroke?

Background and Purpose: For patients who require acute inpatient rehabilitation after stroke, affect and level of motivation are important for successful outcomes. Conversely, patients who have decreased insight into their deficits are more likely to have negative rehabilitation outcomes, including poorer function and longer hospital stay. Previous research has shown a significant correlation between Stroke Impact Scale(SIS) and Functional independence Measure(FIM) scores in patients undergoing rehabilitation 3 to 6 months after stroke. There is no data on whether these scores correlate immediately after stroke. The purpose of this study is to determine if SIS-16 scores positively correlate with FIM scores after stroke, during acute rehabilitation. Methods: Using a self-reported survey methodology, 70 adult patients with a primary medical diagnosis of stroke who were admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital were surveyed using the Stroke Impairment Scale-16 at the time of admission and again at discharge. During the same time intervals, patients were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure. Data of the two assessment tools were analyzed using a Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results: Based on the data analysis, the data demonstrated good correlation between SIS-16 average and FIM total motor scores on admission(r = .66) and discharge(r = .67). Additionally, The SIS-16 score change, showed good correlation with the total FIM score change(r = .31) and motor FIM change(r = .34). Interestingly, the degree of functional cognitive ability did not correlate to the same level of perceived impairment.(r = .17/.06) Conclusions: As found in previous research involving patients 3-6 months status post stroke, this study found that the SIS-16 and FIM demonstrate a direct correlation in patients within the inpatient rehabilitation hospital setting. Future research into interventions to improve the correlation between SIS-16 and the cognitive FIM scores are warranted.
Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Small Pupils Managed by Sector Iridectomy and Polypropylene Suture Closure

Two patients with small pupils developed endophthalmitis following cataract surgery during which the small pupils were managed by sector iridectomy and closed with a polypropylene suture. Prior studies have reported that implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs) with haptics made of polypropylene is associated with a higher risk of postoperative endophthalmitis than the use of IOLs with polymethylmethacrylate haptics. Endophthalmitis in the two patients reported herein was managed successfully without removal of the polypropylene suture; vision returned to 20/60 in one patient and 20/30 in the other patient. Iris retractors may represent a faster and safer alternative management option for small pupils than sector iridectomy closed with a polypropylene suture.
Damage accumulation in ion-irradiated Ni-based concentrated solid-solution alloys

Abstract Irradiation-induced damage accumulation in Ni0.8Fe0.2 and Ni0.8Cr0.2 alloys are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess possible enhanced radiation-resistance in these face-centered cubic (fcc), single-phase, concentrated solid-solution alloys, as compared with pure fcc Ni. The Ni0.8Cr0.2 and Ni0.8Fe0.2 alloys demonstrate higher radiation resistance compared to Ni. The total number of point defects produced in Ni0.8Cr0.2 and Ni0.8Fe0.2 is approximately 2.5 and 1.4 times lower than in Ni, respectively, due to efficient defect recombination in the chemically disordered alloys. Both interstitial and vacancy clusters are formed in all three materials. In Ni, large interstitial clusters are produced; whereas in Ni0.8Cr0.2, smaller interstitial clusters are produced but with a higher number. This indicates a higher mobility of interstitials in Ni compared to Ni0.8Cr0.2. Moreover, Ni0.8Cr0.2 shows better radiation resistance than Ni0.8Fe0.2. Larger interstitial clusters and 1.7 times higher numbers of accumulated point defects are observed in Ni0.8Fe0.2, in comparison with Ni0.8Cr0.2. Due to the low mobility of vacancies on the MD time scales, they are found primarily as single point defects and small clusters in all materials. While performance improvement is observed in the alloys, the difference in irradiation response between Ni0.8Cr0.2 and Ni0.8Fe0.2 indicates the importance of element choice to achieve the desired property.
Conformal perturbation theory, dimensional regularization, and AdS/CFT correspondence

We study relevant deformations of conformal field theory on a cylinder using conformal perturbation theory, and in particular the one-point function of the deformation operator and the energy in a system after a quench. We do the one-point function calculation in both AdS and the conformal field theory and we show that the results match. Our calculations are done with arbitrary spacetime dimension, as well as arbitrary scaling dimension of the relevant operator. The only singularities that appear in the end calculation can be related to logarithmic singularities in dimensional regularization. We also study time-dependent setups in the field theory and we show how the response of the system can be calculated in a Hamiltonian-based approach. We use this procedure to explain certain short time universal results that have been found previously.
Comparison of HTLV-I basal transcription and expression of CREB/ATF- 1/CREM family members in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Jurkat T cells

HTLV-I is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and is associated with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Following integration into the host cell genome, HTLV-I replication is regulated by both host and viral mechanisms that control transcription. Low levels of viral transcription (basal transcription) occur before expression of the virally encoded Tax protein (Tax-mediated transcription). Members of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB)/activating transcription factor 1 (ATF-1) family of transcription factors bind three 21-bp repeats (Tax-responsive element-1, or TRE-1) within the viral promoter and are important for basal and Tax-mediated transcription. Using mitogen stimulated and quiescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Jurkat cells, we compared differences in basal transcription and amounts and binding of transcription factors with TRE-1. We demonstrate that amounts of transcriptionally active phosphorylated CREB protein (P-CREB) differ between activated PBMC and Jurkat cells. Following stimulation, P-CREB levels remain elevated in PBMC for up to 24 hours whereas CREB is dephosphorylated in Jurkat cells within 4 hours following stimulation. The differences in P-CREB levels between PBMC and Jurkat cells were directly correlated with basal transcription of HTLV-I in the two cell types. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we determined that the pattern of band migration differed between the two cell types. These data demonstrate that PBMC differentially regulate basal HTLV-I transcription compared with Jurkat T cells, and this differential regulation is due, in part to differential phosphorylation and binding of CREB/ATF-1 to TRE-1 in the HTLV-I promoter. We demonstrate the utility of using primary lymphocyte models to study HTLV-I transcription in the context of cell signaling and suggest that activated PBMC maintain elevated levels of P-CREB, which promote basal HTLV-I transcription and enhance viral persistence in vivo.
Extramedullary Involvement by Chronic Myelogeneous Leukemia in Five Patients With Unusual Clinicopathologic Features: A Review of the Effectiveness of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Chronic myelogeneous leukemia (CML) is associated with BCR-ABL1 fusion gene leading to an abnormal tyrosine kinase molecule. The accepted first-line treatment is imatinib mesylate (IM). CML uncommonly occurs in the extramedullary sites at initial presentation or relapse. Here we report five adult patients with CML who developed myeloid sarcoma (MS) while on treatment with IM. A retrospective medical chart analysis was performed to identify CML patients with MS who were diagnosed and treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The age ranged between 21 and 36 years (median: 28.5) with a male to female ratio of 4:1. All of the patients were diagnosed with CML in chronic phase with initial treatment including IM. The median interval period between the initial diagnosis of CML and MS was 27 months (range 7 - 60 months). The sites of extramedullary involvement included lymph nodes (n = 2), central nervous system (n = 2) and hepatobiliary organs (n = 1). All patients were treated with either induction therapy or stem cell transplant (SCT) following the diagnosis of MS. The median survival was 16 months (range 1 - 72 months). The longest survival was observed in a patient who successfully received SCT therapy. IM is frequently used as the first therapeutic choice in new diagnosed CML; however, its penetration and effectiveness in extramedullary tissue is still unclear. The current report also supports the literature with less favorable prognosis of CML in younger individuals.
A Fatal Case of Severe Occupational Heat Stroke

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and the occupational diagnosis data of a fatal case with severe occupational heat stroke. The result indicated the employer's insufficient awareness of the hazards related to high temperature working environment and lack of corresponding preventive measures. Additionally, the local hospitals should improve the diagnosis skill and treatment of severe occupational heat stroke.
Applying Constant Comparative and Discourse Analyses to Virtual Worlds Research

This paper presents the basics of the constant comparative analysis and discourse analysis methods to research in virtual worlds. Our data sources include video recordings of in-world class interactions; artifacts and documents such as students’ blog, and asynchronous discussion postings. For data analysis, we use the constant comparative method as a tool for inductive analysis, and discourse analysis as a tool to discover patterns in discursive practices. The constant comparative method was originally developed for the use in grounded theory methodology, but is now more widely applied as a method of analysis in qualitative research. It requires the researcher to take one piece of data and compare it to all other pieces of data that are either similar or different, gradually identifying the salient differences. In contrast, discourse analysis examines the way in which sentences are combined in larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. The critical analysis of discourse helps us extend and specify themes generated during constant comparative analysis.
Changing Mechanical Strength in Cr(III)- Metallosupramolecular Polymers with Ligand Groups and Light Irradiation

We have demonstrated the ability to control the mechanical properties of metallosupramolecular materials via choice of ligand binding group, as well as with external light irradiation. These photoresponsive Cr(III)-based materials were prepared from a series of modified hydrogenated poly(ethylene-co-butylene) polymers linked through metal–ligand interactions between a Cr(III) metal center and pyridyl ligand termini of the polymers. The introduction of these Cr(III)-pyridine bonds gave rise to new mechanical and optical properties of the polymer materials. Depending on the type of pyridyl ligand, density functional theory calculations revealed changes in coordination to the Cr(III), which ultimately led to materials with significantly different mechanical properties. Electronic excitation of the Cr(III) materials with 450 and 655 nm CW lasers (800 mW/cm2) resulted in generation of excited state photophysical processes which led to temporary softening of the materials up to 143 kPa (41.5%) in storage modulu...