cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Histidase on Agglutinability of Human Erythrocytes

THE use of enzymes to make red cells agglutinable by ‘incomplete’ agglutinins has become standard1. Some enzymes seem to destroy the MNSs and Duffy erythrocyte receptors1, influenza viruses destroy M, N, Lua and Lub agglutinogens, and receptor-destroying enzymes inactivate M and N2. So far as we know, the enzyme histidase has not been tried. We have found that incubation of human erythrocytes for 0.5 h at 37° C with a 0.16 per cent solution of histidase (liver) (obtained from Nutritional Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, Ohio) in Na2HPO4—KH2PO4 buffer of pH 7.7 and ionic strength 0.15 destroys their reactivity with ‘complete’ anti-C, -D and -E rhesus agglutinins and with anti-D, -c and -e ‘incomplete’ agglutinins. The A, B, H, M and N activities were not affected.
Protein kinase C signaling in the brain: molecular transduction of mood stabilization in the treatment of manic-depressive illness

Abstract Understanding the biology of the pharmacological stabilization of mood will undoubtedly serve to provide significant insight into the pathophysiology of manic-depressive illness (MDI). Accumulating evidence from our laboratories and those of other researchers has identified the family of protein kinase C isozymes as a shared target in the brain for the long-term action of both lithium and valproate. In rats chronically treated with lithium, there is a reduction in the hippocampus of the expression of two protein kinase isozymes, α and e, as well as a reduction in the expression of a major PKC substrate, MARCKS, which has been implicated in long-term neuroplastic events in the developing and adult brain. In addition, we have been invesigating the down-stream impact of these mood stabilzizers on another kinase system, GSK-3β and on the AP-1 family of transcription factors. Further studies have generated promising preliminary data in support of the antimanic action of tamoxifen, and antiestrogen that is also a PKC inhibitor. Future studies must address the therapuetic relevance of these protein targets in the brain using innovative strategies in both animal and clinical investigations to ultimately create opportunities for the discovery of the next generations of mood stabilizers for the treatment of MDI.
Convergence to Fleming-Viot processes in the weak atomic topology

Abstract Stochastic models for gene frequencies can be viewed as probability-measure-valued processes. Fleming and Viot introduced a class of processes that arise as limits of genetic models as the population size and the number of possible genetic types tend to infinity. In general, the topology on the process values in which these limits exist is the topology of weak convergence; however, convergence in the weak topology is not strong enough for many genetic applications. A new topology on the space of finite measures is introduced in which convergence implies convergence of the sizes and locations of atoms, and conditions are given under which genetic models converge in this topology. As an application, Kingman's Poisson-Dirichlet limit is extended to models with selection.
The proliferation-quiescence decision is controlled by a bifurcation in CDK2 activity at mitotic exit.

Tissue homeostasis in metazoans is regulated by transitions of cells between quiescence and proliferation. The hallmark of proliferating populations is progression through the cell cycle, which is driven by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. Here, we introduce a live-cell sensor for CDK2 activity and unexpectedly found that proliferating cells bifurcate into two populations as they exit mitosis. Many cells immediately commit to the next cell cycle by building up CDK2 activity from an intermediate level, while other cells lack CDK2 activity and enter a transient state of quiescence. This bifurcation is directly controlled by the CDK inhibitor p21 and is regulated by mitogens during a restriction window at the end of the previous cell cycle. Thus, cells decide at the end of mitosis to either start the next cell cycle by immediately building up CDK2 activity or to enter a transient G0-like state by suppressing CDK2 activity.
Magnetic-Field Accumulation in Supergranules

Some theoretical models illustrating the growth of magnetic fields around the boundaries of supergranulation cells are given. The evolution of a magnetic field in a prescribed velocity field is calculated for the idealized case of hexagonal cells. The calculations are carried out both for a perfect conductor and a fluid of finite conductivity. The theory is developed in such a way as to be virtually free of specific assumptions about the depth dependence of the supergranulation flow. The results demonstrate the tendency of the field to accumulate at those boundary points where the flow is most strongly converging.
Thermodynamic equivalence of certain ideal Bose and Fermi gases

It has been established recently that there is an interesting thermodynamic ‘‘equivalence’’ between noninteracting Bose and spinless Fermi gases in two dimensions, and between onedimensional Bose and Fermi systems with linear dispersion, both in the grand-canonical ensemble. These are known to be special cases of a larger class of equivalences of noninteracting systems having an energy-independent single-particle density of states (DOS). Furthermore, the thermodynamic equivalence has also been established for any noninteracting quantum gas with a discrete ladder-type spectrum in the canonical ensemble. Here we investigate the intriguing possibility that the equivalence for systems with a constant DOS is a special case of a more general equivalence between noninteracting Bose and Fermi gases with a discrete ladder-type spectrum in the grand-canonical ensemble, which reduces to the constantDOS case when the level-spacing approaches zero. By direct numerical calculation of the Bose and Fermi grand-canonical free energies, we conclude that the grand-canonical equivalence does not apply to the ladder-spectrum case. r 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of women with anorexia nervosa.

Limited research indicates that public attitudes toward individuals with eating disorders are moderately negative. The present study examined specific forms of stigmatisation attributed to individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). Eighty female participants recruited from an undergraduate institution completed questionnaires assessing stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of four target individuals: a woman with AN, depression, schizophrenia and mononucleosis. AN was considered to result more from lack of social support and biological factors than poor living habits. Characteristics attributed to targets were less positive for AN than the targets with schizophrenia and mononucleosis; participants reported greater discomfort interacting with the target with AN compared to the targets with depression and mononucleosis. Having actual contact with an individual with AN related to a positive predicted outcome of and comfort in interacting with the target with AN. Findings support the existence of stigma toward individuals with AN. Future research should examine means of reducing stigma. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited

The crucial role for CD28, its homolog CTLA-4 and their binding partners B7-1 and B7-2 in the generation of effective T-cell responses has been well documented. Recently, two new pairs of the CD28/B7 families were identified. The ability of these molecules to regulate T-cell expansion and effector function and the dynamic integration of the co-stimulatory and T-cell receptor signals are just beginning to be explored. Understanding these processes will be crucial for designing clinically relevant approaches to manipulate the adaptive immune system.
LOCAL PRODUCT STRUCTURES ON HOMOGENEOUS CONTINUA

Abstract Let X be a homogeneous continuum with H 1 ( X )≠0. A covering space X ∼ of X is constructed, as in [12] or [13], and it is shown that X ∼ is homeomorphic to the product of one of its components and a compact, totally disconnected homogeneous metric space. As an application, a new proof is given of Hagopian's theorem [6] that a homogeneous continuum whose only proper nondegenerate subcontinua are arcs must be a solenoid.
Tension Pneumopericardium in an Infant

Pneumopericardium in newborns is most often a complication of mechanical ventilation and frequently results in fatal cardiac tamponade. We report the case of a mechanically ventilated 33-day-old full-term gestation infant with interstitial pneumonitis who developed tension pneumopericardium. Treatment includes lowering peak inspiratory pressure and decompressing the pericardial space with tube drainage following pericardiocentesis.
Evaluation of Potential Sex Differences in the Subjective and Analgesic Effects of Morphine in Normal, Healthy Volunteers

Sex differences in the analgesic effects of mu-opioid agonists have been documented extensively in rodents and, to a lesser extent, in non-human primates. To date, there have been few experimental studies investigating this effect in humans, and the conclusions have been equivocal. The aims of the present study were to examine potential sex differences in the analgesic, subjective, performance, and physiological effects of morphine in human research volunteers. Using a double-blind outpatient procedure, the present study investigated the effects of intramuscular morphine (0, 5, and 10 mg/70 kg, i.m.) in men (N = 8) and women (N = 10). The primary dependent measure was analgesia, as assessed by the cold pressor and mechanical pressure tests. Secondary dependent measures included subjective, performance, and physiological effects of morphine, as well as plasma levels of morphine. No differences in the analgesic and performance effects of morphine were observed between men and women, but significant differences in morphine’s subjective effects were found. Specifically, men reported greater positive effects, whereas women reported greater negative effects after morphine administration. These data suggest that, in humans, there are sex differences in the subjective mood-altering effects of morphine but, based on this limited sample, there is little evidence for sex differences in its analgesic effects.
Guidelines for the selection of optimal glenoid augment size for moderate to severe glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

Background Total shoulder arthroplasty is technically demanding in regard to implantation of the glenoid component, especially in the setting of increased glenoid deformity and posterior glenoid wear. Augmented glenoid implants are an important and innovative option; however, there is little evidence accessible to surgeons to guide in the selection of the appropriate size augmented glenoid. Methods Solid computer models of commercially available augmented glenoid components (+3, +5, +7) contained within the software allowed placement of the best fit glenoid component within the three-dimensional reconstruct of each patient's scapula. Peg perforation, amount of bone reamed, and amount of medialization were recorded for each augment size. Results There was strong correlation between the medialization of the joint line and the glenoid retroversion for each augmented component at neutral correction and correction to 6° of retroversion. At neutral, the range of retroversion that restored the anatomic joint line was -3° to -17° with use of the +3 augmented glenoid, -5° to -24° with the +5 augmented glenoid, and -9° to -31° with the +7 augmented glenoid. At 6° of retroversion, the range of retroversion that restored the anatomic joint line was -4° to -21° with use of the +3 augmented glenoid, -7° to -27° with the +5 augmented glenoid, and -9° to -34° with the +7 augmented glenoid. Conclusions There was a strong correlation between glenoid retroversion and medialization for all augment sizes, supporting the recommendation for glenoid retroversion as the primary guide in selecting the amount of augmentation.
Digital Hoops History: NBA 2K12 and Remediating Basketball’s Past

This essay examines the relationship between new media and history by concentrating on the basketball video game, NBA 2K12, and its mediation of historic players and teams. The article employs Bolt...
Gifts of Power: Lordship in an Early Indian State

Gifts of Power: Lordship in an Early Indian State. James Heitzman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.278 pp.
A revised view of the central nervous system microenvironment and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation

There are numerous observations reporting that phagocytes expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II molecules are associated with the central nervous system (CNS) in normal and pathological conditions. Although MHC Class II expression is necessary for antigen presentation to CD4 + T-cells, it is not sufficient and co-stimulatory molecules are also required. We review here recent in vivo studies demonstrating that the microglia and perivascular macrophages are unable to initiate a primary immune response in the CNS microenvironment, but may support secondary immune responses. Although in vitro studies show that microglia do not support a primary immune response leading to T-cell proliferation, they do show that microglia may protect the CNS from the unwanted attentions of autoreactive T-cells by inducing their apoptosis. The lack of cells in the CNS parenchyma with the ability to initiate a primary immune response has a cost, namely that pathogens may persist in the CNS undetected by the immune system.
Depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure: a mediation analysis

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and depressive symptoms both are associated with an adverse prognosis in heart failure (HF), although their associations with outcomes have been examined only in isolation. Therefore, it is unknown how HRQOL and depressive symptoms might interact in their associations with outcomes. The present study was conducted to determine whether the association between HRQOL and cardiac event-free survival is mediated by depressive symptoms in HF patients given that depressive symptoms are associated strongly with HRQOL. A total of 209 HF patients (61 ± 11 years, 24 % female, 49 % NYHA III/IV) participated. The Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used to measure HRQOL and depressive symptoms, respectively. Patients were followed for a median of 357 days to determine cardiac event-free survival. In Cox regression analysis, HRQOL [hazard ratio (HR) 1.013; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.001–1.026] and depressive symptoms (HR 1.075; 95 % CI 1.025–1.127) predicted cardiac event-free survival separately, controlling for demographic and clinical variables. HRQOL independently explained 38.7 % of the variance in depressive symptoms (p < 0.05; standardized β = 0.695) in a multiple regression. When HRQOL and depressive symptoms were entered in the model simultaneously, only depressive symptoms independently predicted cardiac event-free survival (HR 1.068; 95 % CI 1.001–1.139), demonstrating a mediation effect of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between HRQOL and cardiac event-free survival. Interventions targeting HRQOL to enhance patient outcomes must also address patient depressive symptoms to be fully efficacious.
Overweight status and intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes are associated with children's metabolic health

Summary Background Offspring of women with gestational diabetes (OGD) have greater risk for obesity and impaired metabolic health. Whether impaired metabolic health occurs in the absence of obesity is not clear. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent and interactive effects of intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes and of children's current weight status on their metabolic health. Methods Children aged 5–10 years (n = 51) with and without intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes (OGD vs. offspring of non-diabetic women [CTRL]) were grouped into normal weight (body mass index [BMI] 85th %) according to Centers for Disease Control growth curves. Lipid profile was obtained by fasting blood draw, insulin sensitivity (SI) and secretion by liquid meal tolerance test, and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Despite similar average BMI percentiles among normal weight OGD versus CTRL, and overweight OGD vs. CTRL, OGD had greater total %fat and trunk fat adjusted for leg fat compared with CTRL (P < 0.05). Overweight children had lower SI (P < 0.05) and greater basal, static, and total insulin secretion independent of SI (P < 0.05). OGD was independently associated with greater static insulin secretion (P < 0.05) and the interaction between OGD and overweight was associated with greater basal insulin secretion independent of SI (P < 0.01). OGD and overweight were each associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes was associated with greater central adiposity and insulin secretion, and lower HDL-C, irrespective of current weight status. Future research should examine respective contributions of the intrauterine environment and of underlying genotype on children's metabolic health.
Non-Cognitivist Rebuttal.

1. "Facts." Jaffa holds value non-cognitivism (NC) to imply both "complete credulity concerning 'facts' " and "total skepticism" about facts. One and the same epistemological theory can hardly be akin to naive realism as well as to skepticism. NC implies neither. As an outgrowth of modern empiricism, NC considers concepts such as "man," "chair," 'atom" as constructs, and statements such as "man is a political animal," "this is a chair" as hypotheses. Empirical hypotheses are scientifically meaningful if they can be tested, however indirectly, by observational data. Most of Jaffa's comments fail to meet this criterion of meaningfulness because they contain words such as "reality," "order of the soul," "man's humanity," "Justice," which cannot be operationally defined. "The objectivity of the external world cannot be demonstrated," Jaffa concedes. Then why talk about it? Physicists never "debate the nature of the universe" and never ask "whether it has objective existence." Physicists establish empirical laws in order to explain past and predict future events (not "reality"). Political scientists do the same-unless they turn metaphysicians. 2. "Justice." To argue that there is an abstract entity, Justice, because the word "Justice" occurs in common speech, is like proving that God exists because "God" exists. Everyday language is a treacherous guide in the realm of epistemology and science. While denying that "just" refers to a quality, NC does not hold that, "to predicate just or good of a law or a man does not tell us anything about the law or man." By saying: "This law is just" I indicate that I approve of this law by virtue of its having a certain characteristic (e.g., that it protects freedom of speech).' 3. "Tastes." By commending something as just or good, we are not "talking only about our own tastes" but expressing our value-commitments, de quibus est disputandum to the extent to which they can be shown to be rational or irrational (but not cognitively true or false). NC entails no "abdication of reason."2 4. Proving value-judgments. The value-judgment: "this law is just" can of course be proven by deducing it from the value-judgment: "promoting freedom of speech is just" and the empirical statement: "this law protects freedom of speech." The same law can be proven unjust by reference to a different standard, e.g., that propagating some particular dogma or party line is more valuable than freedom to criticise it. It is the possibility of validating such
Drilling intrusion probabilities for use in performance assessment for radioactive waste disposal

Abstract Product integral techniques are used to derive computational procedures to determine probabilities for scenarios resulting from drilling intrusions at geologic disposal facilities for radioactive waste. For these derivations, the occurence of individual drilling intrusions is assumed to be random in time and space, although the drilling rate is not assumed to be constant or even continuous through time. The use of product integral techniques allows the probability model for drilling intrusions to be initially cast in a very general form involving interval functions and then specialized to nonhomogeneous Poisson processes and ultimately to homogeneous Poisson processes. The resultant computational procedures are illustrated with results for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico using the maximum drilling rate specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste (40 CFR 191).
Aquatic toxicology: past, present, and prospects.

Aquatic organisms have played important roles as early warning and monitoring systems for pollutant burdens in our environment. However, they have significant potential to do even more, just as the...
Self-Cross-Linked Polymer Nanogels: A Versatile Nanoscopic Drug Delivery Platform

Nanoscopic vehicles that stably encapsulate drug molecules and release them in response to a specific trigger are of great interest due to implications in therapeutic applications, especially for cancer therapy. For this purpose, we have synthesized highly stable polymeric nanogels, in which the kinetics of guest molecule release can be fine-tuned by control over cross-linking density. The polymer nanogel precursor is based on a random copolymer that contains oligoethyleneglycol (OEG) and pyridyldisulfide (PDS) units as side-chain functionalities. By introducing variations into the precursor polymer, such as molecular weight and the relative percentages of hydrophilic OEG units and hydrophobic PDS functionalities, we have achieved significant control over nanogel size. We show that the noncovalently encapsulated guest molecules can be released in response to a redox trigger, glutathione (GSH). Stability of dye encapsulation inside the nanogels and tunability in the release of guest molecules have been demonstrated through in vitro fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. We show in vitro doxorubicin delivery into breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with nanogels of different cross-linking density to demonstrate that it plays a key role in the stable encapsulation of hydrophobic drug molecules and the cell-uptake efficiencies.
Real-Time Compton Imaging for the GammaTracker Handheld CdZnTe Detector

We are currently developing a handheld radioisotope identifier containing 18 position-sensitive CdZnTe crystals. In addition to isotope identification, the device performs basic Compton imaging to determine the location of suspected sources. This paper presents two computationally efficient algorithms for this purpose. The first algorithm traces individual Compton cones onto the unit sphere, whereas the second algorithm computes the intersection of two Compton cones and the unit sphere. Simulations demonstrate that the algorithms are suitable for determining the directionality, even with features such as uncertainty calculations omitted. The one-cone algorithm works more efficiently at high count rates, but the two-cone algorithm generates fewer image artifacts.
Convergence of Oscillator Spectral Estimators for Counted-Frequency Measurements

A common intermediary connecting frequency-noise calibration or testing of an oscillator to useful applications is the spectral density of the frequency-deviating process. In attempting to turn test data into predicts of performance characteristics, one is naturally led to estimation of statistical values by sample-mean and sample-variance techniques. However, sample means and sample variances themselves are statistical quantities that do not necessarily converge (in the mean-square sense) to actual ensemble-average means and variances, except perhaps for excessively large sample sizes. This is especially true for the flicker noise component of oscillators. This article shows, for the various types of noises found in oscillators, how sample averages converge (or do not converge) to their statistical counterparts. The convergence rate is shown to be the same for all oscillators of a given spectral type.
Conditional irony in the Socratic dialogues

Socratic irony is potentially fertile ground for exegetical abuse. It can seem to offer an interpreter the chance to dismiss any claim which conflicts with his account of Socratic Philosophy merely by crying ‘irony’. If abused in this way, Socratic irony can quickly become a convenient receptacle for everything inimical to an interpretation. Much recent scholarship rightly reacts against this and devotes itself to explaining how Socrates actually means everything he says, at least everything of philosophical importance. But the fact that a commentator needs to argue that Socrates is really serious when he disavows knowledge or claims to be the saviour of Athens is by itself sufficient to establish that there is an abundance of what I will call ‘play’ in the Socratic dialogues. The term ‘play’ refers to occasions when Socrates at least appears not to be speaking straightforwardly. ‘Play’ covers cases of real or apparent humour, mockery, teasing, irony, and sarcasm, without differentiation or further elaboration. When left undefined, as often, the phrase ‘Socratic irony’ seems to be used to refer to what I am calling ‘play’.
Adjuvant Radio-chemotherapy for extrahepatic biliary tract cancers

Background Extrahepatic biliary duct cancers (EBDC) are uncommon malignancies characterized by a poor prognosis with high rate of loco-regional recurrence. The purpose of the present study is to assess the feasibility and the potential impact of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in a series of patients treated in one institution.
Personality and arousal correlates of specific galvanic skin responses.

Basal skin resistance (BSR) and galvanic skin responses (GSR) to five intensities of sound and light were recorded on four occasions in 32 student subjects (Ss). These occasions were assumed to include unfamiliarity and basal and real life stress conditions. All Ss completed the MMPI, California Personality Inventory, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Clyde Mood Scale and Examination Anxiety Scale. GSR amplitude was greater under conditions of unfamiliarity, alertness (by electroencephalographic criteria), and higher intensities of stimulation in both stimulus modalities. It was not greater during the presumed stress period. High ego strength-high Barrier score Ss showed a greater GSR amplitude than low ego strength-low Barrier Ss. Test indices of anxiety generally were not related to GSR amplitude, nor were other personality and mood variables.
The Safety of Intravenous Ferric Gluconate Self Administered During Routine Home Hemodialysis

Home hemodialysis (HHD) patients are often inconvenienced when intravenous iron preparations are administered. Formerly, these patients received their medication in the clinic on an off-dialysis day or during in-center hemodialysis (HD). For the last 2 years, 5 patients in our HHD program have been receiving intravenous ferric gluconate during their routine HD session. Procedure: All patients were trained in the proper administration of ferric gluconate in-center. No test dose was administered. Ferric gluconate was infused via the heparin infusion pump on their HD machine at a rate of 31.25 mg/h. Doses were of either 62.5 mg or 125 mg per session. K/DOQI guidelines for intravenous iron use were adhered to. TSATs greater than 25%, ferritin greater than 100 ng/mL and less than 800 ng/mL, and hemoglobin between 11 and 12 g% were the goals of therapy. Both loading doses (8 doses during sequential HD sessions) and maintenance doses every week or every other week were employed. Results: Over the last 2 years, 223 doses were administered at home. No serious reactions occurred during the course of therapy. One patient experienced minor nausea and vomiting during one dose, which was thought to be possibly related to the iron infusion. This patient subsequently received ferric gluconate again without difficulty. Conclusion: Ferric gluconate can be safely administered at home during HHD.
Uncovering the Genetic Architectures of Quantitative Traits

The aim of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify loci in the human genome affecting a phenotype of interest. This review summarizes some recent work on conceptual and methodological aspects of GWAS. The average effect of gene substitution at a given causal site in the genome is the key estimand in GWAS, and we argue for its fundamental importance. Implicit in the definition of average effect is a linear model relating genotype to phenotype. The fraction of the phenotypic variance ascribable to polymorphic sites with nonzero average effects in this linear model is called the heritability, and we describe methods for estimating this quantity from GWAS data. Finally, we show that the theory of compressed sensing can be used to provide a sharp estimate of the sample size required to identify essentially all sites contributing to the heritability of a given phenotype.
An Interpretation of Major Leibnizian Themes

So far, I have been able to show that Leibniz can successfully address the first and second problems with his early theory of individuation, which were described at the end of chapter 4. It remains, therefore, to address the third and fourth problems, the problem of potential circularity in Leibniz’s use of mental distinctions in elaborating his theory of individuation in the Disputatio,and the incomplete explanation that Leibniz provides in the Disputatio of the connection between the metaphysical and logical senses of ‘individual’. In these contexts, too, the persistence of the premodern in modern philosophy will become apparent.
Mechanisms of Mitral Valve Dysfunction Following Mitral Valve Repair for Degenerative Disease.

Mitral valve repair is the treatment of choice for mitral regurgitation secondary to myxomatous degenerative valve disease given the associated low operative mortality and excellent long-term survival. Recurrent mitral valve dysfunction requiring reoperation following primary valve repair is
Presentation of Video Data

This chapter will examine how to prepare video data for publication and for presentation to an audience, including stereoscopic displays.
Cross-mapping

When done correctly, a digitally recorded facial performance is an accurate measurement of the performer's motions. As such it reflects all the idiosyncrasies of the performer. However, often the digital character that needs to be animated is not a digital replica of the performer. In this case, the decision to use performance capture might be motivated by cost issues, the desire to use a favorite actor regardless of the intended character, or the desire to portray an older, younger, or otherwise altered version of the actor. The many incarnations of Tom Hanks in Polar Express illustrate several of these scenarios.
Abstract W P72: Quantitative Analysis of The Blood Flow Reduction In Brain Aneurysms Treated By Flow Diverter Stents

Purpose: This pilot study demonstrates an approach to quantitatively analyze the blood flow reduction in intracranial aneurysms treated by flow diverter stents (FDS). Method: 2D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images from 13 aneurysm patients were analyzed with the model. Each patient had 2 sets of consecutive DSA images (3 frames/sec and 6 ml/sec contrast injection rate) acquired before and after FDS treatment. The mean age of the patients was 55, ranging from 5 to 86 years old. The model extracted contrast-agent concentration profiles from each DSA image’s ROIs (inlet, aneurysm, and outlet regions) to calculate the blood contrast-agent mixture ratio, which reflected the percentage of blood not being diverted into aneurysm. To evaluate image quality, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the relative-standard-deviation (RSD, a measure of results’ dispersion), 10 additional sets of ROIs were randomly generated for each DSA image set and also analyzed. Result: The model showed that the 13 patients’ blood contrast-agent mixture ratios increased by 48% on average after FDS treatment. This demonstrates that the blood flow into the aneurysms was significantly ( p 11.2487 were recommended in order to yield results with RSD < 0.15 for 95% C.I. Conclusion: Blood flow reduction due to FDS treatment in patients with brain aneurysms can be measured directly by 2D DSA. This study also verified the impact of input image quality on flow reduction estimation.
Biology of a Mesquite Web Worm, Friseria cockerelli (Busck) , in Central Texas

Friseria cockerelli (Busck) feeds on the foliage of honey mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Torrey, in central Texas. Larvae make webs, usually in the forks of twigs, where they remain when not feeding and where they pupate. Generation time was ca. 43 days at 25°C: 7 days for the egg stage, 21 days for the larva, 11 days for the pupa, and 4 days before peak oviposition. Larvae were small (last instar 10 mm long) and ate an average of 543 mm2 of leaf (six average leaflets) during their lifetime. Females laid an average of 123 eggs. Populations in the field were low, <2 larvae per tree in 1979 and <0.5 per tree in 1980 on the dates sampled. The species appears restricted to the genus Prosopis . In the laboratory, larvae developed and pupated on honey mesquite, western honey mesquite, P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M. C. Johnston, and velvet mesquite, P. velutina Wooten (section Algarobia, series Chilensis). Larvae also fed on white mesquite ( P. alba Griseb.) but died before putating. Larvae did not feed on screwbean mesquite, P. pubescens Bentham (section Strombocarpa), or on the foliage of leguminous plants in other closely related genera.
Recent Advances in High-Energy, High-Repetition Rate Diagnostics for PLIF, Rayleigh, and Raman Scattering Imaging in Turbulent Reacting Flows

In this paper we will describe recent advances made in our laboratory in the development of high-repetition-rate PLIF, Rayleigh and Raman scattering imaging capabilities that typically are not possible with commercial high-speed laser systems. Using a custom pulse burst laser system, pulse energies approaching 200 mJ at 532-nm with inter-pulse spacing of 1 to 100 s have been achieved. Such high pulse energies enable planar (2D) Rayleigh scattering for imaging the time-varying mixture fraction and temperature fields in turbulent non-reacting jets and flames and 1D Raman scattering measurements for major species concentrations in turbulent flames. In addition, the pulse burst laser output can pump an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for tunable visible laser light that is frequency-mixed with residual output to generate tunable UV laser output for a variety of PLIF measurements. Finally, this paper also will describe the development and pending application of a new higher-energy, long-duration, next-generation pulse-burst laser system.
Multiple sclerosis: The resolving lesion revealed

A little studied lesion, the resolving lesion, is described in multiple sclerosis (MS). Unusual features of early resolving lesions comprised a fibrous astrogliotic parenchyma replete with lipid-laden (foamy) microglia/macrophages widely scattered throughout and lined up at the edge, separating demyelinated plaque from myelinated white matter. Ongoing myelin breakdown was absent, as was remyelination. Later resolving lesions displayed the unusual coexistence of macrophages and remyelination within the gliotic parenchyma. Collectively, these observations may provide for the first time evidence for a role in MS for mitigating factors like alternatively-activated (M2) microglia/macrophages, known to have an anti-inflammatory phenotype and to be associated with wound-healing and repair.
Toxicological effects of gamma-irradiated sewage solids fed as seven percent of diet to sheep for four years

Breeding ewes in drylot were fed pelleted complete diets with 3% cottonseed meal (CSM) or 7% dried, gamma-irradiated sewage solids (DGSS) for 4 yr. Cytochrome P-450 (P-450) content and enzyme activities for xenobiotics biotransformations were assayed in livers after 2 yr and in livers, kidneys and ileal tissue after 4 yr. Dietary DGSS caused no increase in P-450 and few changes in activities of oxidative, hydrolative and conjugative biotransformational enzymes. Consumption of DGSS for 4 yr caused slight enlargement of spleens (1.1-fold, P less than .10) and ovaries (1.3-fold, P less than .10), but no change in size of livers, kidneys, hearts, adrenals and thyroids (P greater than .10), nor liver vitamin A levels (P greater than .10). Of 22 refractory lipophilic residues assayed in abdominal adipose tissue, few were detected and of those detected DGSS caused none to exceed normal levels. Dietary DGSS increased (P less than .01) Fe in livers 1.5-fold and in spleens 5.6-fold, and increased Cu in livers 1.3-fold (P less than .01) and in kidneys 1.2-fold (P less than .05). Dietary DGSS increased Cd levels in livers (P less than .01) but not in kidneys or spleens (P greater than .10); yet all Cd levels were within ranges for livestock fed conventional feed. Dietary DGSS caused no increase (P greater than .10) in levels of Ag, Ca, Cr, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb or Zn in livers, kidneys or spleens. There were no histopathological lesions of toxicosis except mild hemosiderosis of spleens. Consumption of a diet with 7% DGSS throughout 4 yr caused no hazardous accumulation of toxic elements and little, if any, evidence of toxicosis.
PROTEIN NUTRITION IN GROWTH REGULATION DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses protein nutrition in growth regulation during early development. The successful culture of embryos on a protein-free chemically defined medium in which free amino acids are provided as the sole source of nitrogen would provide the most direct evidence that embryos do not require protein. In general, it appears that proteins as media constituents may serve as a source of amino acids, as protective agents, or as biologically active macromolecules. The distinctions between these three possible functions are frequently difficult to make and it would seem possible for a single protein to simultaneously contribute to all three activities. Alternatively, a protein may serve different functions depending on the requirements of a particular biological system or experimental condition. In the study presented in the chapter, an attempt was made to minimize variations in embryo growth which could be attributed to the nonprotein components of the media. The sources of protein were tested at various concentrations, as well as with and without amino acid supplementation to overcome differences resulting from the amino acid composition of the proteins.
Dabigatran : A Novel Oral Anticoagulant

In this issue we shall discuss about the Anti IIa (antithrombin) agent that has become available in India recently- Dabigatran (Pradaxa, Boehringer Ingelheim). Dabigatran is recommended by most cardiology societies as a useful alternative to warfarin to prevent stroke and blood clots in patients with either paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation, who do not have a prosthetic heart valve, significant heart valve disease, severe renal failure or advanced liver disease. Dabigatran has also been shown to be useful in the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after orthopaedic surgery and is non-inferior to warfarin in the extended treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Keywords: Oral anticoagulants, Thrombotic disorders
Aggregation scheme implementation for vital signs data over the network

In this paper, the aggregation and transmission scheme for vital signs data in MEDTOC (Medical Data Transmission Over Cellular Network) is presented. MEDTOC has been designed for dealing with emergency medical data from disaster sites. Since some of the patients may be in critical condition, it is imperative to keep the physicians aware of the vital signs of multiple patients in transit to the hospital. Simulation studies have shown that aggregate uncompressed data of 4 – 16 patients can be transmitted reliably using 3G cellular network from a large moving ambulance. We have specified the aggregation headers and optional data reduction in MEDTOC before converting the vital signs data to suitable format for cellular network transmission. In this paper, the aggregation scheme to efficiently transmit the vital signs of 4 patients is outlined. This scheme, being a part of MEDTOC, has been implemented using data transmission between client and server in C language on Linux hosts. The algorithm and C program details are discussed and successful transmission and reception of data are presented. The OPNET simulation results are also presented that show transfer of data using 3G cellular network. Next steps include implementation of complete data transformation cycle from individual vital signs data into aggregate and optionally reduced data embedding the packets in conversational class IP traffic in 3G UMTS cellular network and conducting physical tests of the scheme with loaded cellular network and moving ambulances.
Kapitza conductance of symmetric tilt grain boundaries of monolayer boron nitride

Abstract We use reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study thermal conductivity of two–dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h–BN) nanoribbons containing symmetric tilt grain boundaries. The simulations are conducted on periodic h–BN nanoribbons with zigzag and armchair chirality. The effective thermal conductivity of ribbons and Kapitza conductance of grain boundaries are calculated by inducing a constant heat flux along the longitudinal direction of ribbons. The steady state temperature profiles of nanoribbons display jumps at the location of grain boundaries. The temperature jumps monolithically increases with the misorientation angle of grain boundaries indicating that grain boundaries with higher misorientation angle have lower Kapitza conductance. The lower Kapitza conductance is due to higher phonon scattering at grain boundaries which is a result of a higher mismatch between the phonon spectra of grain boundary and grain atoms. Our modeling results also predict that by increasing the length, both Kapitza conductance of grain boundaries and effective thermal conductivity of ribbons increases. Although temperature does not have a significant impact on Kapitza conductance, but by increasing temperature effective thermal conductivity of ribbons decreases.
Optimizing biotic mortality for management of the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

15 Introduction 15 Materials and Methods 17 Results and Discussion 19 Acknowledgments 22 References Cited 22 CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ZOOPHTHORA PHYTONOMI ARTHUR (ENTOMOPHTHORALES: ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) IN HYPERA POSTICA GYLLENHAL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) LARVAE EXPOSED TO AN INSECTICIDE 27 Abstract 27 Introduction 27 Materials and Methods 29 Results and Discussion 30 Acknowledgments 32 References Cited 33 CHAPTER 3. INFLUENCE OF REDUCED INSECTICIDE RATES AND STRIPHARVESTING ON ALFALFA WEEVIL LARVAL POPULATIONS AND PREVALENCE OF ZOOPHTHORA PHYTONOMI ARTHUR (ENTOMOPHTHORALES: ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) 38 Abstract 38 InU-oduction 39 Materials and Methods 41 Environmental Conditions 41
General and specialized parenteral amino acid formulations for nutrition support

Advances in the understanding of amino acid metabolism and of the interaction of amino acids with skeletal muscle, liver, brain, and other tissues have led to refinements of parenteral amino acid solutions. Clinical situations may dictate the use of specific amino acid formulations. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) solutions may normalize aberrant amino acid profiles in patients with hepatic encephalopathy; however, controlled trials demonstrate little effect on clinical outcome, and the effectiveness in patients with acute liver failure or undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation is unproved. BCAA solutions have also been tried in septic and severely stressed patients with equivocal results. Renal failure has been treated with essential amino acid solutions, yet low-dose standard amino acid formulations are probably equally effective. Pediatric preparations have been tailored to "normalize" amino acid profiles to those of healthy term, breast-fed neonates. Recent studies suggest that premature infants receiving these formulations may achieve intrauterine growth rates, although the effect on long-term outcome is unknown. Glutamine may be essential for the preservation of intestinal mucosal structure and function; further study is indicated to determine the necessity of adding glutamine to parenteral amino acid solutions. Recently, amino acid infusions have been associated with enhanced ventilatory drive, possibly via stimulation of central ventilatory mechanisms. A variety of other side effects have been documented, including acidosis, hyperammonemia, hypercalciuria, and possibly bone disease and hepatotoxicity. Further understanding of the metabolism of intravenous infusion of amino acids is necessary to provide optimal nutritional protein support. Because full information regarding the complex effects of intravenous substrates is lacking, special amino acid formulations must be used with caution.
Kinetics of gold-bromide loading onto activated carbon

The kinetics of gold-bromide loading onto activated carbon was investigated in a batch stirred reactor. Based on a second-order equation, the amount of gold adsorbed by the carbon was correlated with time. From a 30°C solution containing 25 ppm Au and 0.8 g/L carbon, the rate constant for gold-bromide species onto activated carbon ranged from 0.27 × 10−3 to 1.2 × 10−3 (kg/t)−1min−1. The equilibrium saturation capacity (Qe) was 36 ± 3.0 kg/t from the same system. The rate of loading increased with increasing temperature and decreasing particle size, pH and solution gold concentration. The calculated activation energy (Ea) was 8.8 kcal/mole, significantly higher than those reported for physical adsorption. The equilibrium saturation capacity (Qe) increased with increasing concentration of gold in solution but was independent of other variables such as temperature, agitation speed, particle size and pH. These rate constants and equilibrium saturation capacity for the gold-bromide species are higher than those reported for the gold-cyanide systems.
Large optical nonlinearity enabled by coupled metallic quantum wells.

New materials that exhibit strong second-order optical nonlinearities at a desired operational frequency are of paramount importance for nonlinear optics. Giant second-order susceptibility χ(2) has been obtained in semiconductor quantum wells (QWs). Unfortunately, the limited confining potential in semiconductor QWs causes formidable challenges in scaling such a scheme to the visible/near-infrared (NIR) frequencies for more vital nonlinear-optic applications. Here, we introduce a metal/dielectric heterostructured platform, i.e., TiN/Al2O3 epitaxial multilayers, to overcome that limitation. This platform has an extremely high χ(2) of approximately 1500 pm/V at NIR frequencies. By combining the aforementioned heterostructure with the large electric field enhancement afforded by a nanostructured metasurface, the power efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) achieved 10−4 at an incident pulse intensity of 10 GW/cm2, which is an improvement of several orders of magnitude compared to that of previous demonstrations from nonlinear surfaces at similar frequencies. The proposed quantum-engineered heterostructures enable efficient wave mixing at visible/NIR frequencies into ultracompact nonlinear optical devices.