cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motion mitigation for lung cancer patients treated with active scanning proton therapy.

Purpose: Motion interplay can affect the tumor dose in scanned proton beam therapy. This study assesses the ability of rescanning and gating to mitigate interplay effects during lung treatments. Methods: The treatments of five lung cancer patients [48 Gy(RBE)/4fx] with varying tumor size (21.1–82.3 cm3) and motion amplitude (2.9–30.6 mm) were simulated employing 4D Monte Carlo. The authors investigated two spot sizes (σ ∼ 12 and ∼3 mm), three rescanning techniques (layered, volumetric, breath-sampled volumetric) and respiratory gating with a 30% duty cycle. Results: For 4/5 patients, layered rescanning 6/2 times (for the small/large spot size) maintains equivalent uniform dose within the target >98% for a single fraction. Breath sampling the timing of rescanning is ∼2 times more effective than the same number of continuous rescans. Volumetric rescanning is sensitive to synchronization effects, which was observed in 3/5 patients, though not for layered rescanning. For the large spot size, rescanning compared favorably with gating in terms of time requirements, i.e., 2x-rescanning is on average a factor ∼2.6 faster than gating for this scenario. For the small spot size however, 6x-rescanning takes on average 65% longer compared to gating. Rescanning has no effect on normal lung V 20 and mean lung dose (MLD), though it reduces the maximum lung dose by on average 6.9 ± 2.4/16.7 ± 12.2 Gy(RBE) for the large and small spot sizes, respectively. Gating leads to a similar reduction in maximum dose and additionally reduces V 20 and MLD. Breath-sampled rescanning is most successful in reducing the maximum dose to the normal lung. Conclusions: Both rescanning (2–6 times, depending on the beam size) as well as gating was able to mitigate interplay effects in the target for 4/5 patients studied. Layered rescanning is superior to volumetric rescanning, as the latter suffers from synchronization effects in 3/5 patients studied. Gating minimizes the irradiated volume of normal lung more efficiently, while breath-sampled rescanning is superior in reducing maximum doses to organs at risk.
The relevance of recall and precision in user evaluation

The appropriateness of evaluation criteria and measures have been a subject of debate and a vital concern in the information retrieval evaluation literature. A study was conducted to investigate the appropriateness of 20 measures for evaluating interactive information retrieval performance, representing four major evaluation criteria. Among the 20 measures studied were the two most well-known relevance-based measures of effectiveness, recall and precision. The user's judgment of information retrieval success was used as the devised criterion measure with which all other 20 measures were to be correlated. A sample of 40 end-users with individual information problems from an academic environment were observed, interacting with six professional intermediaries searching on their behalf in large operational systems. Quantitative data consisting of values for all measures studied and verbal data containing users' reasons for assigning certain values to selected measures were collected. Statistical analysis of the quantitative data showed that precision, one of the most important traditional measures of effectiveness, is not significantly correlated with the user's judgment of success. Users appear to be more concerned with absolute recall than with precision, although absolute recall was not directly tested in the study. Four related measures of recall and precision are found to be significantly correlated with success. Among these are user's satisfaction with completeness of search results and user's satisfaction with precision of the search. This article explores the possible explanations for this outcome through content analysis of users' verbal data. The analysis shows that high precision does not always mean high quality (relevancy, completeness, etc.) to users because of different users' expectations. The user's purpose in obtaining information is suggested to be the primary cause for the high concern for recall. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic response of antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates subjected to arbitrary loading

Abstract The transient response of simply supported antisymmetric angle-ply rectangular plates subjected to arbitrary loading is investigated. The state variable technique is used to solve exactly the equations of motion of the first-order transverse shear deformation theory (FSDT) as well as the classical laminate theory (CPT). The solutions of these two theories are considered to bring out the influence of the transverse shear deformation, the degree of anisotropy, and the number of layers.
SINEs and LINEs cluster in distinct DNA fragments of Giemsa band size.

By in situ hybridization, short interspersed repeated DNA elements (SINEs), exemplified by Alu repeats, are located principally in Giemsa-light human metaphase chromosome bands. In contrast, the L1 family of long interspersed repeats (LINEs) preferentially cluster in Giemsa-dark bands. These SINE/LINE patterns also generally correspond to early and later replication band patterns. In order to provide a molecular link between structurally visible chromosome bands and a framework of interspersed repeats, we investigated patterns of SINE and LINE hybridization using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Interspersed SINEs and LINEs hybridize with high intensity to specific size fragments of 0.2–3 megabase pairs (Mb). Using appropriate restriction enzymes and pulse-field conditions, a number of fragments were delineated that were either SINE or LINE rich, and were mutually exclusive. Control studies with a human endogenous retroviral repeat that is related in sequence to the major LINE family, delineated a subset of fragments of 0.07–0.4 Mb with unequal intensity. Thus these less numerous repeats also appear to cluster selectively in DNA domains that are larger than a chromosome loop (60–120 kb). In summary, PFGE studies independently confirm the clustering of interspersed repeats on contiguous DNA loops. Selective clustering of repeat motifs may contribute to special structural or functional properties of large chromosome domains, such as chromatin extension/condensation or replication characteristics. In some cases the DNA fragments defined by these repeats approach the size of tandem satellite arrays.
Irish autonomous impersonals

This paper investigates Irish impersonal sentences marked by the inflection traditionally known as “autonomous” and examines ways to account for the empty subject position in such sentences. The various empty categories of Government-Binding Theory are considered. It is argued that the best candidate for the subject of the impersonal construction is arbitrary PRO, in contrast to other languages such as Spanish, which has been analyzed as having an arbitrary pro subject. Some problems resulting from allowing PRO in a tensed S are discussed. The proposed solution is linked to the fact that Irish tensed clauses need not include AGR.
Ultrafast all-optical wavelength conversion based on (3+1)-D optical soliton dragging interaction

Spatial dragging of optical solitons is an asymmetric interaction in which a weak signal soliton propagating at a tilted angle can drag an initially overlapping strong pump soliton with orthogonal polarization to the side, thus missing a spatial aperture at the output. A novel ultrafast all-optical wavelength converter based on (3+1)-D soliton dragging interaction between frequency shifted solitons is demonstrated in this paper using numerical simulations. This device is not rate limited by carrier life time as previously demonstrated wavelength converters and potentially can reach a bit rate of 2TB/sec. The proposed wavelength converter can be used in future multi-wavelength soliton communication network or multi-wavelength optical logic based computing systems.
Energy gradients and the geographic distribution of local ant diversity

Geographical diversity gradients, even among local communities, can ultimately arise from geographical differences in speciation and extinction rates. We evaluated three models--energy-speciation, energy-abundance, and area--that predict how geographic trends in net diversification rates generate trends in diversity. We sampled 96 litter ant communities from four provinces: Australia, Madagascar, North America, and South America. The energy-speciation hypothesis best predicted ant species richness by accurately predicting the slope of the temperature diversity curve, and accounting for most of the variation in diversity. The communities showed a strong latitudinal gradient in species richness as well as inter-province differences in diversity. The former vanished in the temperature-diversity residuals, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient arises primarily from higher diversification rates in the tropics. However, inter-province differences in diversity persisted in those residuals--South American communities remained more diverse than those in North America and Australia even after the effects of temperature were removed.
Meningiomas of the cranial base.

Treatment objectives for meningiomas of the cranial base include relief of neurologic disability and prevention of clinical progression or recurrence with the least morbidity. Recent advances in skull base surgical techniques, through an appreciation of skull base anatomy and institutional specialization, have contributed major improvements to the outlook for patients with these tumors, and previously inoperable cases may now often be removed completely with acceptable risk. Since significant morbidity may be incurred during surgical resection of these difficult lesions, especially in terms of cranial nerve dysfunction, the value of aggressive surgical resection must be weighed against the often indolent natural history of these lesions, and must be individualized in each patient. Completeness of resection is the major prognostic factor determining the out-come of patients with typical benign meningiomas in terms of length of survival, risk of recurrence, and neurological disability. Various means of prognosticating the growth potential of a given tumor are being investigated, though none have yet been confirmed for their predictive value in typical, histologically benign meningiomas. The role of external beam radiotherapy has not been subjected to adequately controlled, prospective studies, and there is currently insufficient followup to assess the risks and benefits of stereotactic radiosurgery. Advances in the clinical management of tumors of the skull base has had perhaps the greatest impact for patients with meningiomas who constitute a large portion of tumors seen in these locations. Although the majority have benign histological features, skull base meningiomas can present a formidable challenge due to their proximity to vital structures, surgical inaccessibility, and occasional aggressive features. The combination in recent years of advances in skull base surgical techniques, adjuvant therapy, and rehabilitation methods have dramatically improved the outcome for these tumors.
Shape analysis for automated sulcal classification and parcellation of MRI data

We describe geometric invariants that characterize the shape of curves and surfaces in 3D space: curvature, Gauss integrals and moments. We apply these invariants to neuroimaging data to determine if they have application for automatically classifying and parcellating cortical data. The curves of sulci and gyri on the cortical surface can be obtained by reconstructing cortical surface representations of the human brain from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. We reconstructed gray matter surfaces for 15 subjects, traced 10 sulcal curves on each surface and computed geometric invariants for each curve. These geometric features were used classify the curves into sulcal and hemispheric classes. The best classification results were obtained when moment-based features were computed on the sulcal curves in native space. Gauss integral measures showed that they were useful for differentiating the hemispheric location of a single sulcus. These promising results may indicate that moment invariants are useful for characterizing shape on a global scale. Gauss integral invariants are potentially useful measures for characterizing cortical shape on a local, rather than global scale. Gauss integrals have found biological significance in characterizing proteins so it is worthwhile to consider their possible application to neuroscientific data.
Effect of Ozone on Algae as Precursors for Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Production

The effect of ozone on the trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation of two algae species was investigated. Scenedesmus quadricauda (green alga) and Cyclotella sp. (diatom) were cultured under controlled conditions and harvested in the log or late log growth phase. Experiments examined the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from the algal suspensions with and without preozonation. Preozonation with 1 mg/L increased chloroform formation from Scenedesmus by 17−44%. For Cyclotella, chloroform production increased by 5−26% with 1 mg/L ozone and by 39−109% with 3 mg/L ozone. Chlorinated HAA yields were not significantly increased after 1 mg/L ozone but increased by 38−76% for Cyclotella after 3 mg/L ozone. As compared to other sources of organic matter, algae under bloom conditions may contribute significantly to the DBP precursor pool. However, the majority of the DBP precursors (70%) were attributable to the cellular material, and thus removal of algae cells from a drinking water supp...
Navigating Authoritarian Power in the United States Families With Refugee Status and Allegorical Representation

Beginning in 2007, government agencies and faith-based organizations resettled Burundians with refugee status in a small town in Appalachia. From a part of a larger, 4-year ethnographic study, in this article, we address the experience of one family in that community. Specifically, we detail the power non-Native, whitestream, racist institutions deploy to do harm. Using allegory, we represent the effects of policy and practice at the public elementary school where many of the Burundian children studied and the health care system to which Burundian families had access. We examine the cultivation of modern convictions in these institutions and the influence of such convictions at the intersection of authoritarian power. Aiming to complicate the history and logic of modern convictions and analyze institutional power, we invite layered readings of our representation.
Spinal compression tolerance limits for the design of manual material handling operations in the workplace

Spinal compression tolerance limits (SCTL) have been widely used by ergonomists in setting work tolerance limits for manual materials handling (MMH) operations. Thus, the effect of personal and experimental factors on spinal compression tolerance limits (SCTL) is reviewed with the aid of regression and correlation analyses performed on data compiled from the published literature. Tables of SCTL from various sources utilizing large number of specimens and personal factors are presented so that they can be accessed by ergonomists easily. Integrated biomechanical guidelines based on SCTL are provided for the design of MMH operations in the workplace. It is suggested that, in order to reduce the probability of MMH injuries, biomechanical tolerance limits should be set at the damage load instead of the load at fracture. The damage load is the weight which causes the first gross signs of damage such as tissue fluid and blood. An algorithm is described to demonstrate the use of a biomechanics approach to the design of MMH operations.
THE SENSE OF INJUSTICE? An Analysis of Juveniles' Reactions to the Justice System

The paper analyzes three juvenile justice organizations- the police, Abstract juvenile probation, and juvenile court-from the point of View of the clients of the justice system. While much of the delinquency literature (in particular David Matza's notion of the sense of injustice) suggests a rlegntive response by youths who have been in contact with the system, the present resenrch found that youths with greater system contact actually expressed more positive attitudes t o w d probation officers and court judges than did their less experienced counterparts At the same time. a negative correlation was found between experience in the system and youths' evaluations of these agencies in terms of their effectiveness in performing important agency tasks.
Concentration of measure for block diagonal measurement matrices

Concentration of measure inequalities are at the heart of much theoretical analysis of randomized compressive operators. Though commonly studied for dense matrices, in this paper we derive a concentration of measure bound for block diagonal matrices where the nonzero entries along the main diagonal blocks are i.i.d. subgaussian random variables. Our main result states that the concentration exponent, in the best case, scales as that for a fully dense matrix. We also identify the role that the energy distribution of the signal plays in distinguishing the best case from the worst. We illustrate these phenomena with a series of experiments.
Changes in the calcium current of rat heart ventricular myocytes during development.

1. Calcium current (ICa) was recorded in single rat heart cells at two periods during development: (1) at 2-7 days post-partum (neonatal), and (2) at 6-8 weeks (adult). 2. We measured both transient and steady-state components of ICa and could describe ICa in terms of the steady-state activation (d infinity) and inactivation (f infinity) parameters, the channel reversal potential (Echannel) and a relative conductance parameter, gr. 3. In adult single cells, the application of ryanodine (10 microM), an agent known to alter the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), abolished contraction rapidly and increased ICa. Ryanodine also produced a 13 mV shift in f infinity towards more positive potentials and altered its slope, while producing a small increase in gr but no effect on d infinity. In neonatal single cells, ryanodine (10 microM) had no significant effect on contraction, ICa, d infinity, f infinity, or gr. Caffeine (10 mM), a less specific agent widely used to investigate sarcoplasmic reticulum function, had actions similar to those of ryanodine. 4. In adult myocytes, when EGTA (10 or 20 mM) or bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, 10 mM) were included in the pipette solution, contractions were rapidly abolished, while a small (4 mV) shift of f infinity to more positive potentials was seen. A large additional shift of f infinity was observed when ryanodine (10 microM) was added to the superfusion solution in the continued presence of EGTA or BAPTA. The alterations of ICa in EGTA (or BAPTA) plus ryanodine were the same as those seen in ryanodine alone. In neonatal cells, in contrast, when EGTA or BAPTA were included in the pipette solution we observed only a small effect on f infinity and the application of ryanodine had no effect. 5. Electron micrographs of our preparations show that the dissociated adult cells have sharp sarcolemmal borders, fully developed sarcomeres with T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. In contrast, the neonatal cells that we use have few of these intracellular structures. Our observations in these preparations are consistent with the work of others (e.g. Penefsky, 1974; Hirakow & Gotoh, 1975; Ishikawa & Yamada, 1975; Legato, 1975; Hoerter, Mazet & Vassort, 1981). 6. Our data suggest that fully developed sarcoplasmic reticulum in rat heart cells can affect ICa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The bowel bypass syndrome: A response to bacterial peptidoglycanss

A characteristic intermittent neutrophilic dermatosis, associated with polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, malaise, fever, and cryoglobulinemia, occurs in 20% of patients who undergo ileojejunal bypass surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity. The clinical syndrome may mimic gonococcal sepsis. The histologic changes in the skin are those of Sweet's syndrome. The syndrome remits spontaneously in most cases, but it may recur intermittently over a period of years. Treatment with low-dose steroids, tetracycline, or metronidazole suppresses symptoms in most cases, and restoration of normal bowel anatomy is curative. Skin testing with Streptococcus pyogenes antigen causes an exacerbation of symptoms, or may provoke the entire syndrome de novo. Bacterial peptidoglycans, especially those of group A streptococci, produce similar arthritis and skin lesions in animal models. Peptidoglycans from numerous intestinal bacteria share common structural and antigenic features with S. pyogenes peptidoglycan and are suggested as causative of the toxic and immunologic features of this syndrome.
Laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy and multiple renal arteries

Background: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) is a new technique. While the short-term recipient renal function is equivalent to that of the traditional open nephrectomy (ODN), long-term function and potential exclusion criteria, such as the presence of multiple renal arteries, are as yet unknown. Methods: Retrospective review of 124 consecutive LDN performed from March 1996 to September 1997 with 117 ODN as historical controls. Results: The 1-year actuarial graft and patient survival for LDN kidneys were 94% and 95%, respectively. These were not statistically different from that of the ODN controls. The presence of multiple renal arteries did not alter graft and patient survival or prevalence of immunologic events. The number of recipient ureteral complications in the LDN group was 11.2% compared with 3.4% in ODN (P < 0.01). Following correction for a learning curve with accompanying technical modifications, the prevalence of recipient ureteral complications has decreased to 7% in the last 94 patients (P = nonsignificant versus ODN). Conclusions: LDN represents a viable alternative to ODN for living renal transplants. Advantages for the donor are matched by equivalent functional results for the recipients.
Short telomeres result in chromosomal instability in hematopoietic cells and precede malignant evolution in human aplastic anemia

In cell and animal models, telomere erosion promotes chromosomal instability via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, contributing to the early stages of tumorigenesis. However, evidence involving short telomeres in cancer development in humans is scarce, epidemiological and indirect. Here we directly implicate telomere shortening as a critical molecular event for malignant evolution in aplastic anemia (AA). Patients' telomere lengths at diagnosis of AA, while comparable to age-matched controls, inversely correlated with the probability of developing a cytogenetically abnormal clone. A significantly increased number of telomere signal-free chromosomal ends and chromosomal numerical and structural abnormalities were observed in bone marrow cells of patients with shorter telomeres in comparison with patients with longer telomeres and healthy subjects. The proportion of monosomy-7 cells in the bone marrow at diagnosis of AA inversely correlated with telomere length, years before the emergence of an autonomous and clinically detectable abnormal clone. Marrow cells of clinically healthy individuals carrying loss-of-function telomerase mutations and with extremely short telomeres also showed chromosomal instability in vitro. These results provide the first clinical direct evidence in humans that short telomeres in hematopoietic cells are dysfunctional, mediate chromosomal instability and predispose to malignant transformation in a human disease.
RESPONSE OF TESTES OF IMMATURE PIGEONS TO GONADOTROPHINS

THE prompt and pronounced response of immature avian testes to injections of hypophyseal gonadotrophic hormone is well established (1–7). Current use of weight of the bird testis in biological assays of gonadotrophin requires definite information concerning the nature and sequence of the changes which occur within testes subjected to such stimulation. Further information is needed also on differences of response to two or more types of gonadotrophins. It is now evident that two gonadotrophic principles (follicle stimulating, FSH; and luteinizing, LH) affect different tissues of the mammalian ovary (8, 9). In the rat testis it seems that only germinal elements are stimulated by FSH and only interstitial cells are stimulated by LH (10). Effects of the two types of gonadotrophins on special tissues of the gonads of birds is not satisfactorily known.
First Report of Grapevine Cankers Caused by Lasiodiplodia crassispora and Neofusicoccum mediterraneum in California.

Several species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family cause perennial cankers in the vascular tissue of grapevines and are responsible for the disease known as bot canker in California (3). Tissue from ...
Modeling water quality and hypoxia dynamics in Upper Charlotte Harbor, Florida, U.S.A. during 2000.

Abstract Hypoxia has occurred in Upper Charlotte Harbor, a shallow (∼3 m) estuary in Southwest Florida, during moderate to high freshwater flows from the Peace and Myakka Rivers and after hurricanes, due to nutrient loading and vertical stratification. This paper studies the annual hypoxia and water quality dynamics in Upper Charlotte Harbor in 2000, using CH3D-IMS, an integrated modeling system which includes coupled models of circulation, wave, sediment transport, and water quality. The CH3D-IMS simulations showed that bottom-water hypoxic conditions occur during periods with relatively steady moderate to high (5–40 m3/s) freshwater inflows and sediment oxygen demand (SOD). During periods of relatively steady moderate to high river discharge, strong vertical salinity stratification results in reduced vertical mixing which prevents surface water from supplying dissolved oxygen (DO) to bottom water where SOD continuously consumes DO. There was significant temporal fluctuation of the hypoxic water volume, as a result of significant temporal variation in vertical turbulent mixing associated with combinations of spring-neap tides and river discharge. The validated modeling system could be used to forecast hypoxia.
A DC-contact MEMS shunt switch

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and performance of a metal-to-metal contact micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) shunt switch. The switch is composed of a fixed-fixed metal beam with two pull-down electrodes and a central DC-contact area. The switch is placed in an in-line configuration in a coplanar waveguide transmission line. This topology results in a compact DC-contact shunt switch and high isolation at 0.1-18 GHz. The isolation at MM-wave frequencies is limited by the inductance to ground and is -20 dB at 18 GHz. The application areas are in wireless communications and high-isolation switching networks for satellite systems.
A facile microwave-assisted protocol for rapid synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid congeners.

We developed a simple, rapid and efficient microwave irradiation-assisted protocol that is 1- to 2-orders of magnitude faster than conventional techniques, providing an expedient access to the sialic acid congeners Neu5Ac1Me (1), Neu5Acβ1,2Me2 (2), Neu5Ac1Me O-peracetate (3) and 4,5-oxazoline of Neu5Ac2en1Me O-peracetate (4).
Optimization of decision networks in structured task environments

This paper considers the problem of determining the optimal distributed decision strategy for a team of decision-makers (DMs) arranged in an arbitrary acyclic organizational structure and controlling a complex structured process. Each DM has access to uncertain and partial information about the task environment and can control only a portion of it. We present an influence diagram model of the joint task-organization system and formulate the optimal team strategy in terms of a set of coupled hypothesis testing tasks at DMs. Specifically, we show that the scope of a local decision task is determined by the interaction of the task structure (what can be measured) and of the information access structure of the organization (who can measure what); while the control structure (who can influence what event) has an impact on the locally perceived costs associated with the decision options available. Theoretical results are illustrated via a numerical example, and connections to existing decision models are discussed.
An introduction to the spectroscopy of H3

The infrared spectra of H3+ and D3 were first observed almost simultaneously in 1980. Since then there has been extensive laboratory work on H3 and its D-isotopomers. In addition, the spectrum of H3+ has been observed in emission from the atmospheres of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, and probably from the supernova SN1987A, and recently in absorption in interstellar clouds. In this introductory paper, the assignment of the spectra and some of the characteristic features associated with the strong anharmonicity are discussed. As the convergence of the perturbation series is poor, the large centrifugal effects are best calculated in a variational type of approach, where the rotational energy in the Hamiltonian can be treated essentially exactly. Ab initio calculations have steadily improved over the years, and recent work has given completely theoretical vibration–rotation term values for the low vibrational states with an accuracy better than 0.1 cm-1 in almost all cases, adequate for most spectroscopic assignment purposes.
Analysis of the thermally stimulated capacitor-discharge method for characterizing localized states in amorphous semiconductors

A detailed analysis of the method of thermally stimulated capacitor discharge (TSCD) is presented. Distinction is made between the dielectric relaxation currents and the trap-limited currents. The position, shape, and number of the depolarization peaks caused by the dielectric relaxation currents are shown to depend (i) on the conductivity of the sample as a function of temperature and electric field and (ii) on the geometry of the sample. It is pointed out that the behavior of the dielectric-relaxation-current peaks is quite similar to the trap-limited-current peaks, and an analysis of the peaks may lead to false conclusions, if done without distinguishing them from one another. We assert that no new information about the trap parameters can be obtained from TSCD, unless the structure of the polarization and depolarization curves are different. No such difference was found in the chalcogenide glass studied by us, and the observed TSCD could be explained in terms of dielectric relaxation currents only. We also point out that a low drift mobility, a short screening length, and possibly a large density of localized states near the Fermi level, make the observation of trap-limited TSCD in multicomponent chalcogenides unlikely.
An improved leaded small outline package and equivalent circuit

A leaded plastic package has been developed that significantly improves the insertion and return loss, and pin-to-pin isolation of SO-type packages based on measured data and three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations. In addition, an equivalent circuit has been developed that accurately models the circuit behavior of the improved package to above 8 GHz.
The diffusive interaction of microtubule binding proteins

Microtubule-based motility is often thought of as specifically referring to the directed stepping of microtubule-based motors such as kinesin or dynein. However, microtubule lattice diffusion (also known as diffusional motility) provides a second mode of transport that is shared by a much broader class of microtubule binding proteins. Microtubule lattice diffusion offers distinct advantages as a transport mechanism including speed, bidirectional microtubule end targeting, and no requirement for direct chemical energy (i.e. ATP). It remains to be seen whether a universal binding mechanism for this interaction will be identified but electrostatic interactions appear to play a significant role. In the meantime, the well-studied subject of DNA binding proteins that diffuse along the DNA backbone provides an insightful analog for understanding the nature of microtubule-based diffusional motility.
GEMS: a web server for biclustering analysis of expression data.

National Science Foundation (DBI-0239435, ITR-048715); National Human Genome Research Institute (1R33HG002850-01A1); National Institutes of Health (U54 LM00874)
Louise Eisenhardt, M.D.: First editor of the Journal of Neurosurgery (1944–1965)

This is a literary portrait of Louise Eisenhardt, M.D., associate of Harvey Cushing, scholar, investigator, editor, teacher, and curator of the Brain Tumor Registry at Yale. She was a Charter Member of the Harvey Cushing Society which she served as President, long-term Secretary-Treasurer, and Historian. She achieved many "firsts" for women in medicine. A figure in the Homeric tradition of observing accurately and reporting honestly, Dr. Eisenhardt set high standards for both colleagues and students as well as for aspiring medical authors. She left a tradition worthy of emulation.
Status on Display: a Field Trial of Nomatic*Viz

The use of personal status messages is becoming a part of popular culture through wide-spread instant messaging (IM) adoption, the growth of social networking websites and the increased connectivity provided by mobile phones. However, the implications of status broadcasting and people's behavior in the milieu of social life is still poorly understood. In this paper, we present the results of a field trial in which we examined how community members come to understand and appropriate a status broadcasting service into their daily use. We designed Nomatic*Viz, a situated large display showing people's location and status messages to complement an existing status message distribution tool called Nomatic*IM. Through a five month field study of its use we uncovered not only how it supports lightweight awareness of the community, but also how it participates in creating new spatial experiences and how people perform and negotiate self-representations through multiple simultaneous displays of personal status.
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PROTECTIVE BODIES IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM. SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE EXTRACTS.

1. The protective substances contained in specific precipitates from antipneumococcus serum can be extracted by suitable chemical and physical agents, dilute sodium carbonate at 42°C. being especially advantageous as an extractive agent. 2. The resulting water-clear extracts, when made up to the original volume of the serum used for precipitation, protect animals almost as well as does the whole serum. 3. The bacterial extracts used in precipitating the protective substances from the serum act specifically; that is, a bacterial extract of pneumococcus of Type I removes the protective substances from a Type I immune serum only. 4. In a polyvalent serum of Type I and Type II, the protective substances of each type may be removed independently of each other by the successive addition of the homologous antigens. 5. Extracts of specific serum precipitates contain only one-fiftieth to one-sixtieth of the protein in the original serum, and about one-half the protein of the whole precipitate. 6. Extracts contain not only protective substances but agglutinins and precipitins. 7. Extracts and whole precipitates not only confer passive immunity but stimulate the production of active immunity to pneumococcus infection in rabbits and mice.
2.5-Month-old infants' reasoning about when objects should and should not be occluded

The present research examined 2.5-month-old infants' reasoning about occlusion events. Three experiments investigated infants' ability to predict whether an object should remain continuously hidden or become temporarily visible when passing behind an occluder with an opening in its midsection. In Experiment 1, the infants were habituated to a short toy mouse that moved back and forth behind a screen. Next, the infants saw two test events that were identical to the habituation event except that a portion of the screen's midsection was removed to create a large window. In one event (high-window event), the window extended from the screen's upper edge; the mouse was shorter than the bottom of the window and thus did not become visible when passing behind the screen. In the other event (low-window event), the window extended from the screen's lower edge; although the mouse was shorter than the top of the window and hence should have become fully visible when passing behind the screen, it never appeared in the window. The infants tended to look equally at the high- and low-window events, suggesting that they were not surprised when the mouse failed to appear in the low window. However, positive results were obtained in Experiment 2 when the low-window event was modified: a portion of the screen above the window was removed so that the left and right sections of the screen were no longer connected (two-screens event). The infants looked reliably longer at the two-screens than at the high-window event. Together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggested that, at 2.5 months of age, infants possess only very limited expectations about when objects should and should not be occluded. Specifically, infants expect objects (1) to become visible when passing between occluders and (2) to remain hidden when passing behind occluders, irrespective of whether these have openings extending from their upper or lower edges. Experiment 3 provided support for this interpretation. The implications of these findings for models of the origins and development of infants' knowledge about occlusion events are discussed.
Intact Heart Loose Patch Photolysis Reveals Ionic Current Kinetics During Ventricular Action Potentials

Rationale:Assessing the underlying ionic currents during a triggered action potential (AP) in intact perfused hearts offers the opportunity to link molecular mechanisms with pathophysiological problems in cardiovascular research. The developed loose patch photolysis technique can provide striking new insights into cardiac function at the whole heart level during health and disease. Objective:To measure transmembrane ionic currents during an AP to determine how and when surface Ca2+ influx that triggers Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release occurs and how Ca2+-activated conductances can contribute to the genesis of AP phase 2. Methods and Results:Loose patch photolysis allows the measurement of transmembrane ionic currents in intact hearts. During a triggered AP, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductance was fractionally activated (dis-inhibited) by rapidly photo-degrading nifedipine, the Ca2+ channel blocker. The ionic currents during a mouse ventricular AP showed a fast early component and a slower late component. Pharma...
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Briefing for Acute Care Hospitals and Nursing Facilities

The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has increased in communities and in healthcare facilities in the United States since the mid-1970s. Although MRSA often is thought of as a nosocomial infection problem because it is encountered in facilities of all types and sizes, it also causes many community-acquired infections. Approaches to control of MRSA vary widely, and there is lack of agreement on the most appropriate measures to control MRSA in healthcare facilities. The wide variation in approaches is due, in part, to the lack of data establishing the efficacy of specific control measures. As a result, the approaches that have been advocated have resulted in confusing and often conflicting recommendations and control measures. In some settings, there also have been unreasonable barriers and administrative hurdles that delay or prevent the transfer of patients between acute care and nursing (extended care) facilities.
The Role of Marital Status and Age on Men’s and Women’s Reactions to Touch from a Relational Partner

Prior research has consistently documented differences between men’s and women’s reactions to being touched by other people. One of the more interesting findings in this literature is the apparent role of marital status in dramatically altering these sex differences in reactions to intimate touch. Unmarried men tend to respond more favorably to intimate touch than unmarried women do, but this difference is reversed among married people. However, research that documented this effect has potentially confounded marital status with age. Participants in this investigation were 305 adults, ranging in age from 18–69. They completed an extensive survey of their reactions to touch to various body regions from a significant other. Results indicated that men had uniformly more positive reactions to intimate touch than women did. For non-intimate touch, the sexes were more comparable in their reactions. This investigation once again documented a disordinal sex by marital status interaction. Unmarried men had generally more positive reactions to touch than unmarried women did and this pattern was reversed among married participants. When statistically controlling for participants’ age, these interactions were still evident.
Inhibition of the ATPase activity of Escherichia coli ATP synthase by magnesium fluoride.

Abstract Inhibition of ATPase activity of Escherichia coli ATP synthase by magnesium fluoride (MgFx) was studied. Wild-type F1-ATPase was inhibited potently, albeit slowly, when incubated with MgCl2, NaF, and NaADP. The combination of all three components was required. Reactivation of ATPase activity, after removal of unbound ligands, occurred with half-time of ∼14 h at 22 °C and was quasi-irreversible at 4 °C. Mutant F1-ATPases, in which catalytic site residues involved in transition state formation were modified, were found to be resistant to inhibition by MgFx. The data demonstrate that MgFx in combination with MgADP behaves as a tight-binding transition state analog in E. coli ATP synthase.
The social and economic correlates of pregnancy resolution among adolescents in New York City, by race and ethnicity: a multivariate analysis.

This study utilizes a data set combining vital records from live birth and induced abortion certificates in New York City in 1984 to examine the correlates of the two outcomes among pregnant adolescents. Four groups totaling 31,207 teenagers were examined: Black non-Latinos (51 per cent), White non-Latinos (17 per cent), Puerto Ricans (25 per cent), and non-Puerto Rican Latinos (8 per cent). Multivariate regressions were fit for each group. Simulations based on the regressions reveal that the proportion of live births plus induced abortions among unmarried 18-year-olds, on Medicaid, with a previous live birth, no previous induced abortions, and nine years of completed schooling was .55 in the case of Puerto Ricans, .34 for non-Puerto Rican Latinos, .60 for Blacks, and .51 for Whites. For nulliparous adolescents of the same age and marital status, with an additional year of schooling, but not on Medicaid, and with a previous induced abortion, the fraction of pregnancies that were terminated rose to .84 in ...
Complete Genome Sequence of emm Type 14 Streptococcus pyogenes Strain HSC5.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pyogenes causes a greater diversity of human disease than any other bacterial pathogen. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the emm type 14 S. pyogenes strain HSC5. This strain is a robust producer of the cysteine protease SpeB and is capable of producing infection in several different animal models.
Postharvest Application of Calcium and Magnesium to Honeydew and Netted Muskmelons: Effects on Tissue Ion Concentrations, Quality, and Senescence

Muskmelon senescence is directly associated with a decline in hypodermal mesocarp membrane integrity and its Ca concentration, but infusing Ca into melons has been a problem. Fully ripened and abscised hybrid honeydew (Cucumis melo L. (Inodorus Group) 'Honey Brew') and netted muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group) 'Explorer') fruit were submerged (dipped) 20 min at 25 ± 3 °C in a solution containing a Ca-chelate, a Mg-chelate, a combination of both chelates, or no mineral chelate. Following 10 or 24 days of cold storage (4 °C for 'Explorer' and 10 °C for 'Honey Brew'), fruit were analyzed for mineral content and various senescence-related parameters. Abscised 'Honey Brew' fruit dipped in either Ca-chelate or (Ca+Mg)-chelate and abscised 'Explorer' fruit dipped in (Ca+Mg)- chelate, followed by 10 days cold storage, had hypodermal mesocarp Ca concentrations of at least 6.0 mg·g -1 dry weight. Maintaining hypodermal mesocarp tissue Ca concentrations at this level during postharvest storage, especially for fully ripe 'Honey Brew' fruit, maintained membrane integrity and fruit firmness, and extended storage life 2.4-fold (i.e., to 24 days). The senescence regulatory effect of postharvest Ca-chelate treatments on abscised 'Explorer' was highly variable, compared to 'Honey Brew', which appeared to be due to the surface netting interfering with movement of Ca into the hypodermal mesocarp. Thus, postharvest Ca-chelate application to abscised 'Honey Brew' fruit could delay fruit senescence in commercial storage, and open up new markets for fully ripened honeydew melons.
The World is Burning: Murder in the Rain Forest

The World is Burning: Murder in the Rain Forest. Alex Shoumatoff Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990. xvi+377 pp. $19.95 (cloth), $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0-316-78739-6, ISBN 0-380-71542-2.
Practical issues in the application of speech technology to network and customer service applications

Abstract This paper proposes a simple model to characterise the different stages of short telephone transactions. It also discusses the impact of the context of the caller when entering an automated service. Three different styles of service were then identified, namely, large vocabulary information gathering, spoken language command and natural language task identification for helpdesks. By considering human dialogue equivalents, the requirements for each style are considered. Consequently, it is shown that each style pushes different technological limits. Three case studies, selected from current project from BT laboratories, are presented to highlight the practical design issues in these different styles. The styles and case studies presented are: • Information gathering – UK name and address recognition. • Spoken language command – network service configuration. • Natural language helpdesks – BT operator services. It is shown that large vocabulary information gathering systems require high accuracy, careful data modelling and well-designed strategies to boost confidence and accuracy. Spoken language command requires dialogue and grammar design and test complexity to be managed. Natural language task identification requires large volumes of training data, good learning algorithms and good data generalisation techniques. These styles can be mixed into a single interaction meaning that design frameworks of the future will have to address all of the aspects of the different interaction styles.