cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration

An introduction to geophysical exploration is very difficult to write for several reasons. Geophysical exploration is the application of the principles of physics to the location of useful materials in the earth, and thus it must address most of the topics in fundamental physics as well as many of the topics in geology. Moreover, in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of the new numerical techniques of applied mathematics. A comprehensive coverage of the principles of geology, mathematics, and physics would be very difficult to assemble at the introductory level. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, written by P. Kearny and N. Brooks, attempts to accomplish the task in a total of 282 pages, organized in 10 chapters. The first (quite short) chapter is a definition of the philosophy of geophysical exploration. Because of its brevity and its inclusion ahead of the substantive material of the text, it is not particularly useful.
Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the mouse SPC3 promoter region.

Insulin is converted from the higher molecular weight proprotein, proinsulin by highly specific proteolytic cleavage at two dibasic amino acid sites. SPC3 and SPC2, two recently identified prohormone convertase that are specifically expressed in β cells and other neuroendocrine cells, appear to be responsible for those cleavages. We have sequenced the 5′-upstream region of the SPC3 gene and examined its promotor/enhancer activity and most of several deletion mutants in several cell lines. This region contains no CAAT box but has several non-functional TATA-like sequences and several putative transcriptional regulatory elements, including AP-1, Spl and cAMP response elements. These features are not unlike those of the human SPC2 upstream region. In βTC3 insulinoma cells, the sequence between theEcoRI (620 bp) and NsiI (702 bp) sites seems to be important for gene expression, while the sequence between the NsiI and DraI (775 bp) sites may contain strong enhancer element(s).
Overexpression of Orai1 and STIM1 can Change Some Properties of Endogenous SOCE

Orai1 and STIM1 have been identified as main components of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and their molecular interactions have been extensively studied in heterologous overexpression systems. Here we used molecular and imaging techniques to assess if overexpression of Orai1 and STIM1 may alter some physiological properties of endogenous SOCE pathway, and if there may be a crosstalk between expression levels of different components of SOCE. We found that in contrast to significant inhibition of endogenous SOCE caused by functional or molecular knock down of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) in naive HEK293 cells, the loss of SOCE was significantly attenuated in cells in which Orai1 or STIM1 were overexpressed. Similarly, overexpression of Orai1 or STIM1 prevented the effects of depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol on SOCE: β-methyl cyclodextrin caused significant inhibition of SOCE in naive, but not Orai1/STIM1 overexpressing cells. Further, we found crosstalk between expression levels of endogenous Orai1 and the plasma membrane variant of PLA2G6, but not STIM1. siRNA-induced knock down of Orai1 caused up to 6 fold increase in expression level of PLA2G6, but caused no change in STIM1 expression in HEK293 cells. Reciprocally, siRNA-induced down-regulation of PLA2G6 caused about 2 fold increase in endogenous Orai1 expression. Knock down of STIM1 had no effect on expression levels of either Orai1 or PLA2G6. Similar results were obtained in human aortic smooth muscle cells. These data suggest that there is an interdependence of expression levels of Orai1 and PLA2G6, and overexpression of either Orai1 or STIM1 may significantly influence the important physiological properties of SOCE. Further studies of endogenous SOCE mechanism are needed to determine the full spectrum of its molecular and functional components that may be required for effective signal transduction in naive cells.
Predictability of P O 2 in different inert gas-oxygen environments.

Recent experimentation with metabolic changes in rats exposed to thermally isoconductive environments has involved the use of inert gas-oxygen mixtures with different total pressures (PT) and inspired oxygen fractions (F1O2). To determine the FIO2 for each mixture that would result in similar arterial oxygen pressures (PaO2) and saturations (OS), arterial blood of dogs breathing the mixtures through a mask was analyzed for pH,PO2,PCO2, and OS. Using PIO2's calculated from the alveolar gas equation as a theoretical basis, the oxygen partial pressure for the helium mixture had to be increased by 5.6% while that in argon decreased by 10.2% below the computed values to obtain PaO2's acceptably similar to those resulting from air exposure. No consistent variation in pH, PaCO2, and OS were apparent. Based on the data presented, which were obtained under highly specialized conditions, it appears that the use of helium and argon as diluent gases may significantly affect arterial oxygen tension.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA) FOR THEOPHYLLINE AND CAFFEINE: APPLICATION TO STUDIES IN THE FETUS AND NEWBORN

Use of theophylline (T) for apnea prompted development of a rapid, sensitive, selective microassay. Antiserum was raised in a goat, characterized, found to be highly specific for T and sensitive to 2 ng. Affinity of the antiserum and it's titer allowed routine assay of 2 ul plasma samples. The assay also has been adapted for use with 6 mm whole blood spots on filter paper. Plasma T levels two hours after 4 mg/kg per rectum maintenance doses (after loading doses of 8 mg/kg of aminophylline) ranged from 6-20 ug/ml (N=14). Terminal half-lives ranged from 12-54 hrs (30±5 hr, N=6). Cord samples from 75 consecutive deliveries were assayed for T and for caffeine (C) with antiserum supplied by C. E. Cook, Research Triangle inst.; T ranged from 0.04 to 2.9 and C from 0.01 to 3.4 ug/ml, distributed as follows: Conclusions: RIA is a valuable method for assay of methyl-xanthines. Doses of T used in this study produced plasma levels which appear to be safe and effective. T half-life is variable and markedly prolonged in prematures, in agreement with studies using other assay methods. At least 50% of our perinatal population is exposed to C levels known to be pharmacologically active in adults.
Retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases: applications of electroretinographic testing

Electroretinograms (ERGs) have provided criteria for establishing the diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa in early life even at a time when fundus abnormalities visible with the ophthalmoscope are minimal or absent. Patients with widespread progressive forms of retinitis pigmentosa have shown not only reduced amplitudes but also delays in cone or rod b-wave implicit times, or both, while patients with self-limited sector retinitis pigmentosa or stationary forms of night blindness have had reduced amplitudes with normal b-wave implicit times. In families with retinitis pigmentosa ERGs can be used not only to identify which patients are affected but also to establish which patients are normal as those patients, age 6 and over, with normal cone and rod amplitudes and normal cone and rod b-wave implicit times have not been observed to develop primary retinitis pigmentosa at a later time. ERGs from patients with retinitis pigmentosa and allied night blinding disorders are presented to show their usefulness in genetic typing, documenting natural histories, and defining possible pathogenetic mechanisms. The potential application of the ERG in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic trials is also considered.
8-OH DPAT can restore the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine blocked by haloperidol

In the first experiment, separate groups of rats (n = 7) were treated with either saline, cocaine (10 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), or cocaine (10 mg/kg) plus haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg). Locomotor behavior was measured in an open-field environment, and cocaine induced a reliable locomotor stimulant effect compared to saline-treated animals. Haloperidol produced a progressive decline in locomotion over the 5 test days. Haloperidol also blocked cocaine stimulant effects compared to cocaine-treated animals. In the second experiment, five groups (n = 7) of animals were treated either with saline, cocaine (10 mg/kg), 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg), 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) plus haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), or 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) plus haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg plus cocaine (10 mg/kg). Over the course of 5 days of treatment, cocaine induced a locomotor stimulant effect. Saline and 8-OH DPAT animals did not differ in terms of locomotion. The 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol plus 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT treatment decreased locomotion compared to the saline group, but the group given 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT plus 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol plus cocaine (10 mg/kg) exhibited a locomotor stimulant effect equivalent to the cocaine group. In a third experiment, it was found that the 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT treatment did not enhance the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine. Thus, the 8-OH DPAT treatment was able to restore a cocaine locomotor stimulant effect in animals treated with haloperidol without directly enhancing the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. In Experiments 2 and 3, entries into the central zone of the open field were measured. Cocaine reliably increased central zone entries. The 8-OH DPAT treatment, however, selectively blocked this behavioral effect of cocaine suggesting a qualitative influence of 5-HT1A receptors upon cocaine, independent of locomotion activation by cocaine. Ex vivo measurements of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in limbic tissue were consistent with the established effects of cocaine, haloperidol, and 8-OH DPAT upon dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission. In addition, measurement of cocaine brain concentration indicated that neither haloperidol or 8-OH DPAT affected cocaine concentration in brain.
Analysis of tissue extraction of radiopotassium analogues and 13N-ammonia

Abstract Conceptual and mathematical techniques for processing data on diffusible radiotracer uptake, obtained from perfusion studies, were outlined. From the Renkin equation, a theoretical relationship between tissue clearance of molecules and the rate of flow, derivative equations were obtained which expedited calculations. One easily plotted approximation gave tissue clearance as a function of the reciprocal of flow. Deviations from "ideality" were discussed as being due to 3 contributing factors: dependence of the permeability-surface area coefficient on flow, continued extraction at near zero flow, and the nonideal behavior of membranes (not fully permeable, and the presence of back diffusion). Tissue extraction of both 42 K and 86 Rb was characterized by the clearance value at extrapolated zero flow, by the extraction fraction at zero flow, and the slope of the line of extraction versus flow. Although the situation is likely more complex with ammonia (since it can exist in both ionized and nonionized forms), this treatment gave a reasonable description of 13 N-ammonia uptake by normal canine myocardium.
Combining Multi-configuration Ground Penetrating Radar Data Using a Weighted Migration Approach

Traditionally Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements are conducted using two co-polarized antennas both oriented perpendicular to the line of data collection. Configurations where the antennas are held at an angle to the line of data collection are rarely used. In this study we show that collection of this kind of data and combination of the different recordings using a weighted migration increases the signal to noise ratio of GPR data.
Persistent hiccups as an unusual manifestation of hyponatremia

In two patients, persistent hiccups were an unusual presenting manifestation of hyponatremia. Persistent hiccups occur in a variety of serious diseases, including metabolic and electrolyte disorders. They may cause the victim significant distress and may be refractory to most treatments. Hiccups lasting more than 24 hours require investigation for an underlying organic etiology, with hyponatremia included in the differential diagnosis.
Activity Dependent Protein Degradation Is Critical for the Formation and Stability of Fear Memory in the Amygdala

Protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system [UPS] plays a critical role in some forms of synaptic plasticity. However, its role in memory formation in the amygdala, a site critical for the formation of fear memories, currently remains unknown. Here we provide the first evidence that protein degradation through the UPS is critically engaged at amygdala synapses during memory formation and retrieval. Fear conditioning results in NMDA-dependent increases in degradation-specific polyubiquitination in the amygdala, targeting proteins involved in translational control and synaptic structure and blocking the degradation of these proteins significantly impairs long-term memory. Furthermore, retrieval of fear memory results in a second wave of NMDA-dependent polyubiquitination that targets proteins involved in translational silencing and synaptic structure and is critical for memory updating following recall. These results indicate that UPS-mediated protein degradation is a major regulator of synaptic plasticity necessary for the formation and stability of long-term memories at amygdala synapses.
Organic geochemistry of recent sediments from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California☆

A 3.5-m gravity core taken from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, was analyzed for lipids, humates, kerogens, and C1 to C8 hydrocarbons. The analyses were of interest due to the high geothermal gradient observed in the Guaymas Basin and the strong petroliferous odor of the sediment. Analyses were by gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry, and stable isotope mass spectrometry. The bulk of the organic matter (humates and kerogens) was of marine origin and diagenetically immature. The molecular markers of the hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and ketones were of a predominantly marine autochthonous origin. A small and variable component of allochthonous lipids from terrestrial plants was also present. Methane was principally of biogenic origin, but the lower sections of the core contained significant concentrations (7 μg g−1 dry sediment) of petrogenic C2 to C8 hydrocarbons.
The Effect of Electric Fields on the Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide by Alpha‐Rays

Combination of oppositely charged ions plays no part in initiating the decomposition of nitrous oxide by alpha‐rays at 10 cm and at 20 cm pressure. The decomposition in the absence of a field is evidently largely initiated by the splitting of molecules on electron collision. The application of electric fields above those required to attain half‐saturation increases the ion yield because of the acceleration of free electrons by the fields. At higher field strengths the ion yield attains a value which remains unchanged on further increase in field strength. When the ion yield has this final constant value all electrons are attached to form negative atomic or molecular ions before reaching the electrode. Assuming the same reactions occur on electron collision as in the photo‐chemical reaction the increase in ion yield as a result of the effect of the field involves a minimum of 1.2 molecules of nitrous oxide split without attachment of the electron for each molecule split with attachment.
Adverse events and treatment discontinuations in clinical trials of fluoxetine in major depressive disorder : An updated meta-analysis

Abstract Background: A 1993 meta-analysis of US Investigational New Drug clinical trials of fluoxetine reinforced this agent's more favorable adverse-event profile compared with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Objectives: The present meta-analysis sought to provide a reanalysis of updated adverse-event and discontinuation data for fluoxetine 20 to 80 mg/d compared with TCAs and placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. A subanalysis to assess the safety profile of the most commonly used effective dose of fluoxetine in MDD (20 mg) was also conducted. Methods: Data were obtained from 25 double-blind clinical trials involving 4016 patients with MDD randomized to treatment with fluoxetine 20 to 80 mg/d, TCAs, or placebo. The subanalysis included data from 6 trials involving 1258 patients treated with fixed 20-mg doses of fluoxetine or placebo. Spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events, reasons for discontinuation, and events leading to discontinuation were compared between groups. Results: The age of the 4016 randomized patients ranged from 12 to 90 years, with a mean age of 46 years. Most patients were white (92%), and 62% were female. The age of the 1258 patients in the 20-mg fixed-dose population ranged from 18 to 90 years, with a mean age of 54 years; as in the total population, most of these patients were white (92%), and 57% were female. The adverse-event profiles of fluoxetine and TCAs in these trials were consistent with the typical profiles of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and TCAs. At a dose of 20 mg/d, fluoxetine-treated patients had a discontinuation rate due to adverse events that was not statistically significantly different from that in placebo recipients. Discontinuation rates due to lack of efficacy were not significantly different between fluoxetine and TCAs. However, significantly more TCA-treated patients discontinued therapy because of adverse events and significantly fewer completed treatment compared with fluoxetine-treated patients (both, P Conclusions: Data from this large series of clinical trials confirm that fluoxetine is well tolerated in the acute treatment of MDD in adults, especially at a dosage of 20 mg/d, and is better tolerated than the recommended doses of TCAs.
Accelerated Failure Time Model for Arbitrarily Censored Data With Smoothed Error Distribution

This article develops a semiparametric procedure to estimate parameters of an accelerated failure time model. To express the density of the error distribution, we use the P-spline (B-splines with penalties) smoothing technique. To accommodate error densities with infinite support (and for other reasons) we replace the B-splines with their limits as the degree of the B-spline goes to infinity; namely, with normal densities. The spline coefficients as well as any number of regression parameters are quickly and accurately estimated via penalized maximum likelihood. The method directly provides predictive survival distributions for fixed values of covariates while allowing for left-, right-, and interval-censored data. The approach has been implemented as an R package and is applied here to the problem of predicting AIDS-free survival in the presence of interval censoring.
Pomp and power, performers and politicians: The California theatre state

The year 2013 marks the 10th year anniversary of the California gubernatorial recall election that replaced Grey Davis with Arnold Schwarzenegger and reinvigorated debates about celebrity politics in the United States. While critics argue that politics has become about entertainment, rather than statecraft, this article challenges the notion that performance can be separated from politics. Instead, symbolic action is a central feature of political processes. Specifically, the cosmology of the state dictates the animating centers of society, within which politicians must perform for the sake of reanimating the myths and reconstituting the people. Using case studies of the initial gubernatorial campaigns of Ronald Reagan, Pete Wilson and Arnold Schwarzenegger, this article highlights the elements of California's sustaining mythology and the various ways in which it defines political behavior. The results highlight two constants across the campaigns: the invocation of crisis and the rendering of candidates as heroes. These components enable the successful – if dramatic – transfer of power.
A theoretical examination of the effects of gut wall metabolism, hepatic elimination, and enterohepatic recycling on estimates of bioavailability and of hepatic blood flow

A model including two eliminating compartments (the liver and the gastrointestinal mucosa) and a noneliminating compartment (the blood or central compartment) was developed to predict the effects of hepatic elimination, gastrointestinal mucosal metabolism, and the occurrence of enterohepatic recycling of a drug and its metabolites on the area under the blood concentrationtime curve (AUC). Several limiting cases where complete absorption or complete or nonexistent enterohepatic recycling of a drug and its metabolite occurred were only considered. Under linear kinetic conditions, the occurrence of hepatic elimination and enterohepatic recycling of a drug and its metabolite in the absence of intestinal mucosal metabolism should affect only the area under the curve and not the availability for both the intraperitoneal and the oral dose. In the presence of intestinal mucosal metabolism, the area under the curve should change with different routes of administration; a larger area, hence a higher availability, should occur after intraperitoneal administration than after oral administration of the drug. For a drug which is eliminated solely by the liver, apparent hepatic flow can be estimated by the dose divided by the difference in the area under the curve for an intravenous dose and the area under the curve for the same intraperitoneal or oral dose. In the absence of gastrointestinal mucosal metabolism, the presence of enterohepatic recycling of a drug and its metabolite should not affect the estimation of apparent hepatic blood flow. However, when gastrointestinal mucosal metabolism is present, there should be an overestimation of hepatic flow when AUCi.p. and AUCi.v. are used and a slight underestimation of hepatic flow when AUCi.v. and AUCp.o. are used.
On the encounter of an acoustic shear pulse with a phase boundary in an elastic material: energy and dissipation

The fully dynamical motion of a phase boundary is examined for a specific class of elastic materials whose stress-strain relation in simple shear is nonmonotone. Previous work has shown that a preexisting stationary phase boundary in such a material can be set in motion by a finite amplitude shear pulse and that an infinity of solutions is possible according to the present theory. In this work, these solutions are examined in detail from the perspective of energy and dissipation. It is shown that there exists at most two solutions which involve no dissipation (corresponding to conservation of mechanical energy). It is also shown that there exists one solution that maximizes the mechanical energy dissipation rate. The total mechanical energy remaining in the dynamical fields after one such pulse-phase boundary encounter is shown to exceed the total methanical energy after either an energy minimal quasi-static motion or a maximally dissipative quasi-static motion.
Regulation of transcription from tandem and convergent promoters

We have examined transcription on templates containing the trp and lac UV5 promoters arranged in tandem or opposing orientations. These studies have revealed that the strengths of the two promoters are comparable, though the lac UV5 promoter is much more sensitive to the level of initiating purine present. Kinetic experiments have shown that a polymerase molecule poised at the lac promoter, or a lac repressor molecule bound to the lac operator, can temporarily block a polymerase molecule initiated from the trp promoter, though transcription eventually continues through. In the convergent construct, transcription from the lac promoter is hindered only when initiation is suboptimal due to low purine concentrations.
Stand development and growth responses of 1- and 3-year-old natural upland hardwoods to silvicultural treatments

Intense competition for growth resources between herbaceous and woody vegetation is considered a major constraint to the growth and development of newly regenerated forest stands. However, very few studies have explored silvicultural opportunities to manage these constraints. In this study, the effects of fertilization, density and vegetation control on rising 1- and 3-year-old upland mixed species NC Piedmont stands were monitored for 3 years following the imposition of treatments. Broadcast fertilization proved very beneficial in accelerating stem growth and promoting self-thinning at both sites. Weeding (non-arborescent vegetation) treatments without thinning had no effect on stem height. At both sites, substantial increases in tree size were noted for yellow-poplar and oaks when thinning and weeding treatments were combined. A significant fertilization effect on thinned plots was also noted for oaks. These results demonstrate that stem growth and stand development are constrained by the availability of site growth resources, and can be silviculturally managed to promote stand development.
Toxicity and risk of permethrin and naled to non-target insects after adult mosquito management.

We derived laboratory LC50 values, assessed non-target insect risks, and conducted a field bioassay for ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol applications of insecticides used to manage adult mosquitoes. The house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), was used as an indicator species for medium- to large-bodied ground dwelling insects. The 24-h LC50 values for Permanone® (formulated product of permethrin), Permanone + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), technical grade permethrin, and technical grade permethrin + PBO ranged from 0.052 to 0.9 μg/cm2. The 24 h LC50 for technical grade naled and Trumpet® (formulated product of naled) were 0.038 and 0.44 μg/cm2, respectively. The synergist ratio was 2.65 for Permanone + PBO and 1.57 for technical grade permethrin + PBO. The toxicity of technical grade permethrin was about 10-fold greater than Permanone. A risk assessment using modeled estimated environmental concentrations resulted in risk quotients (RQ) that exceeded regulatory levels of concern, but when compared to field-derived actual environmental concentrations RQs did not exceed a regulatory level of concern, except in the case of technical grade naled. These results were expected because higher tiered risk assessments using field-verified data generally lead to lower risk estimates. Field bioassays using caged crickets showed no significant mortality for permethrin or naled after a single truck-mounted ULV application. The results of the risk assessment using actual environmental concentrations are supported by the field bioassays and suggest that a single ULV application of synergized or unsynergized permethrin and naled most likely will not result in population impacts on medium- to large-bodied insects.
Image-based automated chemical database annotation with ensemble of machine-vision classifiers

This paper presents an image-based annotation strategy for automated annotation of chemical databases. The proposed strategy is based on the use of a machine vision-based classifier for extracting a 2D chemical structure diagram in research articles and converting them into standard chemical file formats, a virtual “Chemical Expert” system for screening the converted structures based on the level of estimated conversion accuracy, and a fragment-based measure for calculation intermolecular similarity. In particular, in order to overcome limited accuracies of individual machine-vision classifier, inspired by ensemble methods in machine learning, it is attempted to use of the ensemble of machine-vision classifiers. For annotation, calculated chemical similarity between the converted structures and entries in a virtual small molecule database is used to establish the links. Annotation test to link 121 journal articles to entries in PubChem database demonstrates that ensemble approach increases the coverage of annotation, while keeping the annotation quality (e.g., recall and precision rates) comparable to using a single machine-vision classifier.
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE COELOMIC AND NEPHRIDIAL FLUIDS OF THE SIPUNCULID DENDROSTOMUM SIGNIFER.

Abstract The sipunculid Dendrostomum signifer has a capacity for concetrating the chloride content of the nephridial fluid. This capacity is increased in the more dilute media. It is suggested that the nephridia are functional as a “volume regulatory” organ by eliminating salts and water from the coelomic fluid.
Rheological properties of cement mixes: II. Zeta potential and preliminary viscosity studies

Abstract The effects of superplasticizing admixtures upon rheological properties of cement mixes have been investigated. Their effects upon the zeta potential generated at the interface between cement particle surfaces and the admixture-containing liquid were studied by electrophoretic and streaming potential techniques. Comparisons were made between the above results and the results of mortar flow measurements; the results of rotational viscometric measurements on slurries also revealed a strong influence of the admixtures upon the apparent viscosity. Significant correlations are made among the results of zeta potential, flow properties and adsorption isotherm measurements.
The nosology of posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Since its introduction as a diagnostic category in DSM-III, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder has been the subject of continuing nosologic disagreement. Two theoretical perspectives—one emphasizing traumatic imagery, the other conditioned anxiety—subtly permeate the field. A sizable empirical database has also accrued. These contributions are discussed in the context of nosologic arguments endorsing the theoretical construct and the applicability of the DSM-III-R criteria set.
Bacterivory by phototrophic picoplankton and nanoplankton in Arctic waters.

Mixotrophy, the combination of phototrophy and heterotrophy within the same individual, is widespread in oceanic systems. Yet, neither the presence nor ecological impact of mixotrophs has been identified in an Arctic marine environment. We quantified nano- and picoplankton during early autumn in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin and determined relative rates of bacterivory by heterotrophs and mixotrophs. Results confirmed previous reports of low microbial biomass for Arctic communities in autumn. The impact of bacterivory was relatively low, ranging from 0.6 × 103 to 42.8 × 103 bacteria mL−1 day−1, but it was often dominated by pico- or nanomixotrophs. From 1% to 7% of the photosynthetic picoeukaryotes were bacterivorous, while mixotrophic nanoplankton abundance comprised 1–22% of the heterotrophic and 2–32% of the phototrophic nanoplankton abundance, respectively. The estimated daily grazing impact was usually < 5% of the bacterial standing stock, but impacts as high as 25% occurred. Analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns indicated that communities from different depths at the same site were appreciably different and that there was a shift in community diversity at the midpoint of the cruise. Sequence information from DGGE bands reflected microbes related to those from other Arctic studies, particularly from the Beaufort Sea.
Municipal Contracting in California Privatizing with Class

Historical data are used to support the argument that the popularity of municipal contracting in Los Angeles County (the Lakewood Plan) resulted not from its adoption by local suburban residents seeking more efficient urban service provision, but rather from its use by members of local class organizations in order to create municipal boundaries that would surround and protect their territorial interests. The class position and objectives of political actors involved in 46 incorporation attempts in Los Angeles County provide evidence demonstrating how the conflicts and outcomes of the incorporation process were class based.
Astrocyte Proliferation Following Stroke in the Mouse Depends on Distance from the Infarct

Reactive gliosis is a hallmark of brain pathology and the injury response, yet the extent to which astrocytes proliferate, and whether this is central to astrogliosis is still controversial. We determined the fraction of mature astrocytes that proliferate in a mouse stroke model using unbiased stereology as a function of distance from the infarct edge. Cumulatively 11.1±1.2% of Aldh1l1+ astrocytes within 400 µm in the cortical penumbra incorporate BrdU in the first week following stroke, while the overall number of astrocytes does not change. The number of astrocytes proliferating fell sharply with distance with more than half of all proliferating astrocytes found within 100 µm of the edge of the infarct. Despite extensive cell proliferation primarily of microglia and neutrophils/monocytes in the week following stroke, few mature astrocytes re-enter cell cycle, and these are concentrated close to the infarct boundary.
Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: Bayesian modeling of genetic associations.

We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in: (1) the β-globin gene-like cluster, (2) quantitative trait loci (QTL) previously associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentration on chromosomes 6q, 8q, and Xp, and (3) candidate genes that could effect HbF levels, in sickle cell anemia subjects. HbF concentration was modeled as a continuous variable with values in a finite interval using a novel Bayesian approach. We first tested the associations of SNPs with HbF in a group of 1,518 adults and children (CSSCD study), and validated the results in a second independent group of 211 adults (MSH study). In subjects aged ≥24 years, 5 SNPs in TOX (8q12.1), 2 SNPs in the β-globin gene-like cluster, 2 SNPs in the Xp QTL, and 1 SNP in chromosome 15q22 were associated with HbF in the CSSCD and also validated in the MSH. Four other SNPs in 15q22 were associated with HbF only in the larger CSSCD data. When patients aged <24 years in the CSSCD were examined, additional genes, including 4 with roles in nitric oxide metabolism, were associated with HbF level. These studies confirm prior analyses using traditional analytical approaches showing associations of SNPs in TOX, GPM6B, and the β-globin gene-like cluster with HbF levels. We also identified an additional candidate regulatory region in chromosome 15q22 that is associated with HbF level. By stratifying patients by age, our results also suggest that different genes might modulate the rate of decline of HbF and the final level of HbF levels in sickle cell anemia. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Some topology of the 3-body problem

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to topologically characterize the surfaces of constant momentum, angular momentum, and energy occuring in the planar 3-body problem. For most values of these parameters the integral surfaces are manifolds. We have assumed for simplicity that the three bodies have equal masses. Independently, Stephen Smale [1] has recently characterized the integral surfaces occuring in the planar n -body problem for arbitrary masses using different methods.
Comparison of hyperspectral retrievals with vegetation water indices for leaf and canopy water content

Leaf and canopy water contents provide information for leaf area index, vegetation biomass, and wildfire fuel moisture content. Hyperspectral retrievals of leaf and canopy water content are determined from the relationship of spectral reflectance and the specific absorption coefficient of water over the wavelength range of a water absorption feature. Vegetation water indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI = (R 850 - R 1240 )/(R 850 + R 1240 )] and Normalized Difference Infrared Index [NDII = (R 850 - R 1650 )/(R 850 + R 1650 )] may be calculated from multispectral sensors such as Landsat Thematic Mapper, SPOT HRG, or MODIS. Predicted water contents from hyperspectral data were much greater than measured water contents for both leaves and canopies. Furthermore, simulated spectral reflectances from the PROSPECT and SAIL models also had greater retrieved leaf and canopy water contents compared to the inputs. Used simply as an index correlated to leaf and canopy water contents, hyperspectral retrievals had better predictive capability than NDII or NDWI. Atmospheric correction algorithms estimate canopy water content in order to estimate the amount of water vapor. These results indicate that estimated canopy water contents should have a systematic bias, even though this bias does not affect retrieved surface reflectances from hyperspectral data. Field campaigns in a variety of vegetation functional types are needed to calibrate both hyperspectral retrievals and vegetation water indices.
Singularity-free evaluation of collapsed-coordinate orthogonal polynomials

The L2-orthogonal polynomials used in finite and spectral element methods on nonrectangular elements may be defined in terms of collapsed coordinates, wherein the shapes are mapped to a square or cube by means of a singular change of variables. The orthogonal basis is a product of specific Jacobi polynomials in these new coordinates. Implementations of these polynomials require special handling of the coordinate singularities. We derive new recurrence relations for these polynomials on triangles and tetrahedra that work directly in the original coordinates. These relations, also applicable to pyramids and prisms, do not require any special treatment of singular points. These recurrences are seen to speed up both symbolic and numerical computation of the orthogonal polynomials.
A Single-Blind, Placebo Run-in Study of Duloxetine for Activity-Limiting Osteoarthritis Pain

Abstract Osteoarthritis pain is a significant problem for our aging population. Antidepressants that are serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are effective for other forms of chronic pain and may provide a new treatment option for osteoarthritis pain. We performed a single-blind, placebo run-in trial of 60 to 90 mg of duloxetine in 25 subjects with activity-limiting osteoarthritis pain. Each subject received 2 weeks of placebo followed by 10 weeks of duloxetine. The primary outcome was reduction in average pain intensity between 2 and 12 weeks for subjects completing the trial. Average pain on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was 5.7 at baseline, 4.8 after the 2-week placebo run-in, and 3.5 at 12 weeks for the 17 patients completing the trial (28% decrease between 2 and 12 weeks, P = .122). Eight of 15 study completers who had nonmissing BPI results (53%) reported at least 30% pain reduction between weeks 2 and 12. The Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score at baseline was 2.3, 1.8 after 2 weeks, and 1.3 after 12 weeks (30% decrease between 2 and 12 weeks, P = .018). Ten of 17 patients (59%) reported at least 30% pain relief between weeks 2 and 12 on the WOMAC. Significant improvements in self-reported physical and role function were reported but observed physical function did not improve. Perspective Duloxetine did not significantly reduce pain intensity on the BPI but did improve pain intensity and self-reported function on the WOMAC. Duloxetine warrants further investigation as a novel treatment for osteoarthritis pain.
Superfields in higher-dimensional spacetime

Abstract We give the constraints in six- and ten-dimensional globally-supersymmetric gauge theories on the superfield covariant derivatives, which reduce to the usual ones for the extended theories in four dimensions. We also compute the six-dimensional action. including the Fayet-Iliopoulos term.
Binary Interaction between Typhoons Fengshen (2002) and Fungwong (2002) Based on the Potential Vorticity Diagnosis

Abstract A cyclonic loop was observed in the track of Typhoon Fungwong (2002) when it was about 765 n mi from Supertyphoon Fengshen (2002). It is shown that Fungwong’s special path is associated with the circulation of Fengshen, and such an association is regarded as an indication of binary interaction. In this paper, the binary interaction between Fengshen and Fungwong is studied based on the potential vorticity diagnosis. The impacts of large-scale flow fields on their motions are also investigated. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the storm characteristics to the binary interaction is demonstrated by the mesoscale numerical model simulations with different sizes and intensities for the initial bogused storms. Results of the study show that before Fungwong and Fengshen interacted with each other, their motions were governed by the large-scale environmental flow, that is, mainly associated with the subtropical high. During this binary interaction, Fungwong’s looping is partly attributed to Fengshen’s stee...
Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Characterization of Bulk Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Composites

We demonstrate the versatility of anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) to investigate the morphology of bulk multicomponent composites comprising poly(stryrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS−PVP) and Au nanoparticles. Contrast variation near the L3 absorption edge of Au enables the separation of the partial scattering functions of the polymer and nanoparticle phases. Theoretical and experimental methodologies developed for our ASAXS analysis of the composites will be useful for the investigation of other such multicomponent systems with heavy elements. This study shows that at 8.8% Au loading the Au nanoparticles remain well dispersed in the lamellar polymer matrix, while at 27.0% Au loading the polymer morphology transforms to a hexagonal packed cylinder phase due to the change in the curvature caused by the higher concentration of the dispersed nanoparticles in the PS domain. In the case of 27.0% Au nanocomposite we also observe strong concentration fluctuations of nanoparticles in the polymer phase, ...
A stochastic integer programming approach to solving a synchronous optical network ring design problem

We develop stochastic integer programming techniques tailored toward solving a Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) ring design problem with uncertain demands. Our approach is based on an L-shaped algorithm, whose (integer) master program prescribes a candidate network design, and whose (continuous) subproblems relay information regarding potential shortage penalty costs to the ring design decisions. This naive implementation performs very poorly due to two major problems: (1) the weakness of the master problem relaxations, and (2) the limited information passed to the master problem by the optimality cuts. Accordingly, we enforce certain necessary conditions regarding shortage penalty contributions to the objective function within the master problem, along with a corresponding set of valid inequalities that improves the solvability of the master problem. We also show how a nonlinear reformulation of the model can be used to capture an exponential number of optimality cuts generated by the linear model. We augment these techniques with a powerful upper-bounding heuristic to further accelerate the convergence of the algorithm, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodologies on a test bed of randomly generated stochastic SONET instances. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 44(1), 12–26 2004
Studies on Immune Suppressive Drugs.

SummarySix drugs that produced increased skin homograft survivals in mice were tested for inhibition of induction of humoral antibodies. Three of these drugs (6-MP, α-TGdR, and Me6MPR) were found to inhibit humoral antibody formation and three (β-L-6MPR, β-D-ara-6MP, and 6-DMHP) did not. These results implied that it is possible to design specific suppressants of the homograft response.
Evaluation of an Aerodynamic­ Load Prediction Method on a STOL Fighter Configuration

A three-dimensional panel method was used to compute the aerodynamic loads on a large-scale, powered wind tunnel model. The size of the computation grid was selected such that turnaround times, on present computers remained satisfactory. With this constraint, the STOL aircraft configuration was modeled and the capabilities and limitations of the prediction method were investigated. After this study, a similar numerical model was established for a forward-swept-wing aircraft configuration which is planned for large-scale, low-speed testing. The resulting aerodynamic-load predictions are discussed and will be utilized, together with the future experimental results, to obtain a broader validation of this method as well as to reduce the necessary size of the matrix of the test parameters.
Licit: Administering Usage Licenses in Federated Environments

We address the problem of usage license administration in federated settings. This problem arises whenever organizations, such as educational or research groups or institutions, share resources for business and scientific reasons. In such settings, each user's usage of a licensed resource is typically supported by the user's organization. License administration involves satisfying legal requirements while applying organizational strategies for effective resource usage, and carrying out suitable accounting and audit controls. We propose an approach, Licit, wherein an agent represents each resource sharing site and administers licenses in collaboration with other agents. We show how to represent a variety of usage licenses formally as executable policies and provide a simple information model using which each party can specify both the attributes involved in its licenses and how to resolve them. Our architecture naturally accommodates a variety of site-specific (i.e., custom) strategies for license administration. Licit has been implemented in a popular open source framework for virtual computing, and yields performance results indicating its practical feasibility.
Custom-fit processors: letting applications define architectures

In this paper we report on a system which automatically designs realistic VLIW architectures highly optimized for one given application (the input for this system), while running all other code correctly. The system uses a product-quality compiler that generates very aggressive VLIW code. We retarget the compiler until we have found a VLIW architecture idealized for the application on the basis of performance, a cost function and a hardware budget. We show that we can automatically select architectures that achieve large speedups on color and image processing codes. Specialization is shown to be very valuable: The differences between architectural choices, even among reasonable-seeming architectures having similar costs, can be very great, often a factor of 5 (and sometimes much more). We show also that specialization is also very dangerous. A reasonable choice of architecture to fit one algorithm can be a very poor choice for another, even in the same domain. There is sometimes an architecture, near in cost and performance to the best, that does much better on a second algorithm.
A Statistical Study of the Development of Intelligence Test Performance

(1941). A Statistical Study of the Development of Intelligence Test Performance. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 371-386.
Cultural Assimilation: A Narrative Case Study of Student-Teaching in an Inner-City School.

A preservice teacher’s personal beliefs regarding teaching are confronted by her experiences during a yearlong internship in an inner-city school. Analysis of four interviews, 12 written re#ections, and seven transcribed group discussions revealed a sense of the culture shock Mary experienced on entering the inner-city school. Her narratives described a journey from initial culture shock, eliciting both emotional and cognitive dissonance, to cultural assimilation as she adapted to her concerns about her students, her worries about getting along with her mentoring teacher, and her doubts about her own abilities. ( 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.