cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Coordinated Voltage Correction Scheme for Active Distribution Network

A hierarchical coordinated voltage correction scheme for active distribution network is proposed in this paper. The control framework consists of the regional autonomy layer and the feeder line coordination layer. In the regional autonomy layer, the controller applies feedback control according to the local measurement information. The action delay of each controller is related to the voltage deviation of the local bus. When one control action is applied, it inhibits the other controller to restore the voltages in the same area, which effectively reduces the redundant control actions. This feature is achieved without a regional communication network, the coordination in regional autonomy layer is realized through the power system itself, which makes the correction scheme simpler and more feasible for the current application. During the implementation of the regional autonomy process, the measurement information is uploaded to the feeder line coordination layer at the same time. The coordination layer will generate and send the coordination orders between areas based on model predictive control. The control scheme in the regional autonomy layer is achieved without the system model and communication, and could acts as back-up in case of communication failures between the controllers and the feeder line coordination layer, which guarantee the real time performance and overall reliability. The feeder line coordination layer implemented in a longer time scale is able to guarantee the global performance of the algorithm. The validation and effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on the IEEE 33 test distribution network.
Put Even More Women and Minorities in Charge

This Essay offers an interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary analysis of the international successes of many women leaders in responding to COVID-19. This Essay is based on the keynote speech at the South Carolina Journal of International Law & Business fall 2020 Symposium: International Law in Times of Crisis.
Accuracy of a breath ketone analyzer to detect ketosis in adults and children with type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Objective To assess the accuracy of a breath ketone analyzer to detect ketosis in adults and children with type 1 diabetes. Research design and methods This is a proof-of-concept, prospective study comparing breath ketone analyzer and blood ketone meter to detect ketosis. Results A total of 500 measurements from 19 adults and children with type 1 diabetes were analyzed. There was a significant association between the breath ketone analyzer and blood ketone meter results in non-fasting adults (p = 0.0066), but not in children (p = 0.4579). In adults, a cut-off of 3.9 PPM on the breath ketone analyzer maximized the Youden Index with an AUC of 0.73. This cut-off for the breath ketone analyzer had 94.7% sensitivity and 54.2% specificity to detect ketosis (≥0.6 mmol/L in blood ketone meter). Conclusions The breath ketone analyzer may be considered as a non-invasive screening tool to rule out ketosis in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Six Months of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Lower Blood Pressure and Improve Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Above-Normal Blood Pressure and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Protocol for the CHART Clinical Trial

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major global health concern and prevalence is high in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Lowering blood pressure (BP) can greatly reduce cardiovascular disease risk and physical activity is routinely prescribed to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, many adults with OSA suffer from fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and exercise intolerance - due to poor sleep quality and nocturnal hypoxemia - and have difficulty initiating and maintaining an exercise program. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a simple, time-efficient breathing exercise consistently reported to reduce BP in small, selective groups of both healthy and at-risk adults. Herein we present the study protocol for a randomized clinical trial to determine the long-term efficacy of IMST performed regularly for 24 weeks in middle-aged and older adults with OSA. The primary outcome is casual systolic BP. Secondary outcomes are 24-hour systolic BP and circulating plasma norepinephrine concentration. Other outcomes include vascular endothelial function (endothelial-dependent and -independent dilation), aortic stiffness, casual and 24-hour diastolic BP, and the influence of circulating factors on endothelial cell nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production. Overall, this trial will establish efficacy of high-resistance IMST for lowering BP and improving cardiovascular health in middle-aged and older adults with OSA. Methods: This is a single-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. A minimum of 92 and maximum of 122 male and female adults aged 50-80 years with OSA and above-normal BP will be enrolled. After completion of baseline assessments, subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to participate in either high-resistance or sham (low-resistance) control IMST, performed at home, 5 mins/day, 5 days/week, for 24 weeks. Repeat assessments will be taken after the 24-week intervention, and after 4 and 12 weeks of free living. Discussion: This study is designed to assess the effects of 24 weeks of IMST on BP and vascular function. The results will characterize the extent to which IMST can reduce BP when performed over longer periods (i.e., 6 months) than have been assessed previously. Additionally, this study will help to determine underlying mechanisms driving IMST-induced BP reductions that have been reported previously.
Ordered bitplane watermarking of digital video by direct sequence spread spectrum

Still image watermarking has gained considerable interest. Digital video, however, has received comparatively less attention. In this work we present a formal framework for digital video watermarking. The video signal is modeled as sequence of bitplanes arranged along the time axis. Watermarking of this sequence is a two layer operation. A controlling m-sequence first establishes a pseudorandom order on the bitplanes. This order determines the candidate planes for later watermarking. The watermark itself is a 2D extension of the same or possibly another m-sequence. We have shown that the watermark, when limited to the 4 lowest bitplanes of an 8-bit signal, are unnoticeable. We have also shown that a correlation detector operating over a sequence of frames can extract an embedded watermark at SNR's as low as 0 dB. The watermarked video is also robust to video editing attempts such as subsampling, frame reordering etc. In addition, the watermark is identifiable from arbitrary short segments of video.
Uterine Control of Ovarian Function

Regulation of fertile or nonfertile reproductive cycles in mammals depends on interaction of ovarian, uterine, pituitary, and CNS function and exteroceptive stimuli. These cycles can be modified by a variety of actions such as mating, presence of a conceptus or conceptus secretory products, cervical stimulation, endometrial abrasion, and complete or partial absence of the uterus. An essential feature in this regulation is the functional status of the ovary, particularly that of the corpus luteum. It is of particular interest to elucidate the factors that affect the development, maintenance, and regression of the corpus luteum and the role of the uterus in these events. The mammalian uterus has a very profound effect on luteal function. The presence of the uterus alters the process of regression and morphological demise of the corpora lutea. This chapter deals with uterine-ovarian functions in several species and with how uterine-ovarian interactions occur to modify ovarian function during cyclicity and pregnancy.
Breaking immune tolerance by targeting CD25+ regulatory T cells is essential for the anti‐tumor effect of the CTLA‐4 blockade in an HLA‐DR transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION Recent studies suggest that the cancer immunotherapy based on the blockade of the CTLA-4-mediated inhibitory pathway is efficacious only in select populations, predominantly for immunogenic tumors or when delivered in combination with modalities that can break immunologic tolerance to tumor antigens. METHODS We studied the effect of CD25+ cell depletion and CTLA-4 blockade on the growth of Transgenic Mouse Adenocarcinoma of Prostate (TRAMP)-PSA tumor cells in DR2bxPSA F1 mice. In these mice, immunological tolerance to PSA was established in a context of the HLA-DRB1*1501(DR2b) allele. RESULTS In our model, single administration of anti-CD25 antibody prior to tumor inoculation significantly increased IFN-γ production in response to the CD8 T cell epitope PSA65–73, and delayed TRAMP-PSA tumor growth compared to mice treated with isotype control antibodies. In contrast, the anti-tumor effect of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody as a monotherapy was marginal. The combinatory treatment with anti-CD25/anti-CTLA-4 antibodies significantly enhanced anti-tumor immunity and caused more profound delay in tumor growth compared to each treatment alone. The proportion of tumor-free animals was higher in the group that received combination treatment (21%) compared to other groups (2–7%). The enhanced anti-tumor immunity in response to the CD25 depletion or CTLA-4 blockade was only seen in the immunogenic TRAMP-PSA tumor model, whereas the effect was completely absent in mice bearing poorly immunogenic TRAMP-C1 tumors. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that breaking immunological tolerance to “self” antigens is essential for the therapeutic effect of CTLA-4 blockade. Such combinatory treatment may be a promising approach for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Prostate 74:1423–1432, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tracking the Rise of Web Information Needs for Mobile Education and an Emerging Trend of Digital Divide

In recent years, smartphones and tablets have been rapidly adopted by consumers worldwide. Within the United States, a growing number of school districts have incorporated tablets into classroom instruction. As mobile technology becomes further integrated into households and classrooms, parents, teachers, and students might need information for using the mobile devices for education. Yet little research exists to show the need. Using search query data from Google Trends, it was found that Internet users' information needs for mobile education have significantly increased since 2008. Moreover, Internet users in the United States, where fourth- and eighth-grade students were high performing in reading and mathematics in national assessments, demonstrated stronger information needs for mobile education. We also found a positive correlation between the Web information needs for mobile education and the achievement gap, suggesting an emerging trend of digital divide in mobile technology.
Periplasmic binding protein structure and function: refined X-ray structures of the leucine/isoleucine/valine-binding protein and its complex with leucine

The three-dimensional structure of the native unliganded form of the Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein (Mr = 36,700), an essential component of the high-affinity active transport system for the branched aliphatic amino acids in Escherichia coli, has been determined and further refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.17 at 2.4 A resolution. The entire structure consists of 2710 non-hydrogen atoms from the complete sequence of 344 residues and 121 ordered water molecules. Bond lengths and angle distances in the refined model have root-mean-square deviations from ideal values of 0.05 A and 0.10 A, respectively. The overall shape of the protein is a prolate ellipsoid with dimensions of 35 A x 40 A x 70 A. The protein consists of two distinct globular domains linked by three short peptide segments which, though widely separated in the sequence, are proximal in the tertiary structure and form the base of the deep cleft between the two domains. Although each domain is built from polypeptide segments located in both the amino (N) and the carboxy (C) terminal halves, both domains exhibit very similar supersecondary structures, consisting of a central beta-sheet of seven strands flanked on either side by two or three helices. The two domains are far apart from each other, leaving the cleft wide open by about 18 A. The cleft has a depth of about 15 A and a base of about 14 A x 16 A. Refining independently the structure of native Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein crystals soaked in a solution containing L-leucine at 2.8 A resolution (R-factor = 0.15), we have been able to locate and characterize an initial, major portion of the substrate-binding site of the Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein. The binding of the L-leucine substrate does not alter the native crystal structure, and the L-leucine is lodged in a crevice on the wall of the N-domain, which is in the inter-domain cleft. The L-leucine is held in place primarily by hydrogen-bonding of its alpha-ammonium and alpha-carboxylate groups with main-chain peptide units and hydroxyl side-chain groups; there are no salt-linkages. The charges on the leucine zwitterion are stabilized by hydrogen-bond dipoles. The side-chain of the L-leucine substrate lies in a depression lined with non-polar residues, including Leu77, which confers specificity to the site by stacking with the side-chain of the leucine substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Empowering Mini-Bucket in Anytime Heuristic Search with Look-Ahead: Preliminary Evaluation

The paper explores the potential of look-ahead methods within the context of AND/OR search in graphical models using the Mini-Bucket heuristic for combinatorial optimization tasks (e.g., weighted CSPS or MAP inference). We study how these methods can be used to compensate for the approximation error of the initially generated Mini-Bucket heuristics, within the context of anytime Branch-And-Bound search.
From philosophical to mathematical inquiry in the classroom

Este articulo discute algunas de las mayores similitudes y diferencias entre la comunidad de investigacion filosofica (CPI) y la comunidad de investigacion matematica (CMI), y ofrece algunos ejemplos de la implementacion de la CMI en el contexto de la ensenanza de la matematica en el aula. Se sugieren tres modelos de la CMI. El primer modelo facilita la investigacion en problemas matematicos- o sea, ofrece un medio para “hacer y hablar matematica”. En este caso, la CMI es primariamente una avenida para la resolucion del problema – definiendo los problemas, interpretandolos, trabajando con diferentes metodos para solucionarlos, reflexionando sobre los metodos alternativos sugeridos, verificando soluciones y sacando conclusiones. El segundo modo nos lleva a “hablar sobre matematica” a traves de la investigacion colaborativa dentro de los conceptos matematicos, tales como axiomas, teoremas, algoritmos, infinitud, y la presentacion de las cuestiones filosoficas que aluden a la matematica como un sistema – estructuras particulares y reglas y la relacion de estas con la experiencia humana. El tercer modo hace uso de la CMI para una meta-investigacion en nuestra experiencia colectiva en “hacer y hablar matematica” y “hablar sobre matematica”, y puede ser caracterizado como “hablar sobre hacer matematica” Palabras-clave: educacion matematica; comunidad de investigacion matematica; ensenanza y aprendizaje de la matematica.
Héroes de la civilización. La Amazonía como cosmópolis agroexportadora en la obra del General Rafael Reyes

La perdida del territorio de Panama en 1903 y la consiguiente apertura de un canal en el istmo supusieron, para las elites colombianas, repensar otros espacios de frontera. Este articulo analiza el discurso de apropiacion del territorio de la Amazonia que el presidente, general y empresario Rafael Reyes (1849-1921) expuso en discursos, conferencias, relatos de viaje y memorias autobiograficas. Haciendo uso de estos materiales, este articulo arguye que, en lugar de nacionalizar el territorio amazonico colombiano, Reyes propuso anexionarlo a las dinamicas del capitalismo global mediante la contradictoria propuesta de una “cosmopolis agroexportadora” para explotar las riquezas amazonicas. Las contradicciones de una cosmopolis segregacionista, como relato de la globalizacion a comienzos del siglo XX, tambien llevan al General Reyes a representar a los empresarios de la frontera agricola como “heroes de la civilizacion”, una formulacion que delata el anacronismo y la irracionalidad en el corazon del supuestamente inquebrantable y racional discurso de la civilizacion en el tropico.
Characterization of the thoracodorsal artery: morphology and reactivity

Please cite this paper as: Billaud M, Lohman AW, Straub AC, Parpaite T, Johnstone SR, Isakson BE. Characterization of the thoracodorsal artery: morphology and reactivity. Microcirculation 19: 360–372, 2012. Abstract Objectives: In this paper, we describe the histological and contractile properties of the thoracodorsal artery (TDA), which indirectly feeds the spinotrapezius muscle. Methods: We used immunolabelling techniques to histologically characterize the TDA while the contractile properties were assessed using pressure arteriography. Results: Our results demonstrate that the TDA is composed of approximately one to two layers of smooth muscle cells, is highly innervated with adrenergic nerves, and develops spontaneous tone at intraluminal pressures above 80 mmHg. The reactivity of the TDA in response to various contractile agonists such as phenylephrine, noradrenaline, angiotensin II, serotonin, endothelin 1, and ATP, as well as vasodilators, shows that the TDA exhibits a remarkably comparable reactivity to what has been observed in mesenteric arteries. We further studied the different components of the TDA response to acetylcholine, and found that the TDA was sensitive to TRAM 34, a blocker of the intermediate conductance potassium channel, which is highly suggestive of an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. Conclusions: We conclude that the TDA exhibits comparable characteristics to other current vascular models, with the additional advantage of being easily manipulated for molecular and ex vivo vasoreactivity studies.
Bolt: faster reconfiguration in operating systems

Dynamic resource scaling enables provisioning extra resources during peak loads and saving energy by reclaiming those resources during off-peak times. Scaling the number of CPU cores is particularly valuable as it allows power savings during low-usage periods. Current systems perform scaling with a slow hotplug mechanism, which was primarily designed to remove or replace faulty cores. The high cost of scaling is reflected in power management policies that perform scaling at coarser time scales to amortize the high reconfiguration latency. We describe Bolt, a new mechanism built on existing hotplug infrastructure to reduce scaling latency. Bolt also supports a new bulk interface to add or remove multiple cores at once. We implemented Bolt for ×86 and ARM architectures. Our evaluation shows that Bolt can achieve over 20× speedup for entering offline state. While turning on CPUs, Bolt achieve speedups of 1.3× and 21× for ×86 and ARM. The speedup is limited by high latency hardware intialization. On an ideal processor with zero-latency initialization, the speedup on ×86 rises to 10×.
The MINOS long-baseline experiment at Fermilab

The MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) long-baseline experiment will search for neutrino oscillations by measuring an intense {nu}{sub {mu}} beam at the end of a 730 km flight path. The 10,000 ton MINOS far detector will utilize magnetized steel plates interleaved with track chambers to reconstruct event topologies and to measure the energies of the muons, hadrons and electromagnetic showers produced by neutrino interactions. The experiment is designed to detect {nu}{sub {mu}} {r_arrow} {nu}{sub {tau}} and {nu}{sub {mu}} {r_arrow} {nu}{sub e} oscillations with {Delta}m{sup 2} {ge} 0.001 eV{sup 2} and sin{sup 2} (2{theta}) {ge} 0.01. Any oscillation signal observed can be verified and studied by several independent tests: a near/far rate comparison, the NC/CC event ratio, the CC and NC event energy spectra, and the identification of electrons and {tau} leptons. The neutrino beam can be operated in both wide-band and narrow-band configurations, allowing the detailed study oscillation phenomena. The experiment is scheduled to begin operation in 2001.
Management of refractory urinary urge incontinence following urogynecological surgery with sacral neuromodulation.

Aims We sought to explore our patient outcomes utilizing sacral neuromodulation in the management of refractory urinary urge incontinence following urogynecological surgical procedures. Methods A total of 25 women with urinary urge incontinence following urogynecological surgery were selected for SNS therapy and retrospectively analyzed. All patients completed a comprehensive urological evaluation. Clinical data was recorded to determine outcomes and identify parameters that would be predictive of response to neuromodulation. Outcomes were determined via subjective patient questionnaire and graded as follows: significant response (≥80% improvement), moderate response (≥50% and <80% improvement), and poor response (<50% response). Results Nineteen patients had a previous pubovaginal sling (10 with concomitant pelvic prolapse repair), 3 a previous retropubic suspension, and 3 a transperitoneal vesicovaginal fistula repair. Urethrolysis was performed in 4 patients to alleviate bladder outlet obstruction prior to sacral neuromodulation. Mean patient age was 59.8 years and length of follow-up was 7.2 months. Twenty-two women (88%) had the IPG placed during a Stage 2 procedure. Twenty patients maintained at least a 50% improvement in clinical symptoms at last follow-up and 6 patients were continent. Overall, the number of pads/day improved from 4.2 to 1.1 (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in response to neuromodulation based upon age, duration of symptoms, type of surgery, or urodynamic parameters. Conclusion Sacral neuromodulation appears to be an effective therapy in patients with refractory urge incontinence following urogynecological surgery. Larger prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to assess the durability of this therapeutic modality. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Weather- and climate-related extreme events: teachable moments

It is difficult for the public to grasp the significance of global warming because the mildness of its early symptoms belies the gravity of its long-term consequences. Mindful of the human tendency to discount the importance of events seen as occurring far in the future, many scientists and science writers have come to regard newsworthy weather- and climate-related extreme events as “teachable moments” that serve to illustrate the importance and immediacy of the impacts of human-induced climate change. The problem with this approach is that the attribution of extreme events to human-induced climate change is often viewed as gratuitous and labeled as fear mongering. A more effective communications strategy, in my view, is to use these events to illuminate society's increasing vulnerability to natural disasters in the face of our deteriorating planetary life-support system.
Critical issues in interference theory

Critical issues in the theoretical and experimental analysis of interference processes in retention are reviewed. The evolution of classical two-factor theory is traced, and the strengths and weaknesses of the contemporary version of this p6sition are examined. Recent critiques of Current interference theories by Martin (1971a) and Greeno, James, and Da Polito (1971) are reviewed and examind. New conceptualizations of interference proposed by these authors, which place major emphasis on retrieval dependencies and on the role of encoding and retrieval processes, are considered and evaluated.
A Pilot Study: Retention of Adults Experiencing Homelessness and Feasibility of a CDSM Diabetes Program

Introduction: The study purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of a chronic disease self management/case management intervention for adults experiencing homelessness and diabetes and the ability to retain subjects. Methods: Participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited at a homeless clinic and a subset received the intervention. Analysis included calculating a retention rate and evaluating the intervention implementation process. Results: Of the nine participants, five were retained for 12 weeks and two of three participants completed the full intervention. Conclusions: Study retention is feasible for adults experiencing homelessness. Further intervention refinement is needed to address relevancy of content and time constraints.
A Story Structure Approach to Narrative Text Comprehension

SHORT STORIES OFTEN SERVE TO INtroduce students to the world of fiction in early stage foreign language classes. One of the greatest challenges facing teachers is selecting stories that are comprehensible for early and intermediate stage learners. While many factors contribute to the comprehension, memorability, and interpretation of a story, we should not overlook the role of story structure. Very little research has explored the role of structure in the comprehension of narrative texts, and no reported studies have investigated the effects that the structure of narrative texts have on the
Programs of Study as a Basis for Selection, Placement and Guidance of College Students.

Studies of collegiate success and attrition are generally conducted at the all-college level. The definition of academic programs that are homogeneous in the abilities and interests of their students and the grading standards of their faculties may lead to more accurate prediction of success and more effective control of attrition. Homogeneous curricular groups were defined via Ward's hierarchical grouping analysis applied to curricular means on high school percentile rank, four ACT subscores, first semester GPA, and 16 Kuder scores. Programs so defined differed on scientific-verbal and competitive level dimensions. Prediction of grades was more accurate within programs than colleges. Drop and transfer rates were correlated with discriminant scores. The programs are discussed as promising units within which differential selection and placement strategies might reduce attrition.
Infrared study of electrochemically prepared homo and mixed polymer films of azulene

Abstract Electrochemically formed homo-polyazulene and mixed polyazulene-polypyrrole films have been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra are consisten with a polymerization mechanism that involves loss of hydrogen atoms and produces an amorphous polymer structure. The spectral differences between the oxidized (conducting) and reduced (non-conducting) forms of polyazulene show the presence of a polarization interaction in the oxidized polymer, even though the structure of both forms is similar. The i.r. bands of anions are present only for the oxidized form of the polymer, a result that indicates the existence of cationic charge centres on the polymer backbone. The counter anions have no detectable effect on the polymer structure and only a small effect on certain vibrational bands of the oxidized form. The electrochemical preparation of a mixed polyazulene-polypyrrole phase is discussed and the mixed phase is found by i.r. spectroscopy to be a random copolymer. A bilayer polymer structure consisting of polyazulene and polypyrrole was also prepared and the i.r. spectra of this polymer structure did not indicate any interfacial interactions.
Evaluation of Premature Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Barriers by Petrographic Examination

Many of the current-generation concrete bridge barriers used in Michigan have deteriorated at a rate greater than expected. For an assessment of the possible causes of this premature distress with the objective of alleviating future occurrences, sixteen core specimens from eight sites constructed between 1983 and 2001 were evaluated. The evaluation included visual inspection, stereo and petrographic optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The major observations revealed through this analysis were that poor consolidation, marginal air-void systems, alkali-silica reaction associated with chert and siltstone in the fine aggregate, corrosion of reinforcing steel, and possibly frost susceptibility of fine siltstone aggregates were responsible for the deterioration. These results provide the basis for improving the quality of such barriers in future construction.
Teaching Evidence-Based Approaches to Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention that Enhance Psychiatric Training

Abstract This report describes one in a series of National Institute of Health (NIH) supported conferences aimed at enhancing the ability of leaders of psychiatry residency training to teach research literacy and produce both clinician-scholars and physician-scientists in their home programs. Most psychiatry training directors would not consider themselves research scholars or even well-schooled in evidence based practice. Yet they are the front line educators to prepare tomorrow's psychiatrists to keep up with, critically evaluate, and in some cases actually participate in the discovery of new and emerging psychiatric knowledge. This annual conference is meant to help psychiatry training directors become more enthusiastic, knowledgeable and pedagogically prepared to create research-friendly environments at their home institutions, so that more trainees will, in turn, become research literate, practice evidence-based psychiatry, and enter research fellowships and careers. The overall design of each year's meeting is a series of plenary sessions introducing participants to new information pertaining to the core theme of that year's meeting, integrated with highly interactive small group teaching sessions designed to consolidate knowledge and provide pragmatic teaching tools appropriate for residents at various levels of training. The theme of each meeting, selected to be a compelling and contemporary clinical problem, serves as a vehicle to capture training directors’ attention while teaching relevant brain science, research literacy and effective pedagogy. This report describes the content and assessment of the 2011 annual pre-meeting, “Evidence-based Approaches to Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention: Insights from the Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences for use in Psychiatry Residency Training.”
Dielectric response of oxides in the weighted density approximation

Calculations of the static dielectric response epsilon (infinity) of some simple oxide and mixed transition-metal oxide insulators using the weighted density approximation are reported, including in particular the perovskites KNbO3, KTaO3, and BaTiO3. The results show that even though the weighted density approximation makes only small changes to the local density band gaps, the values of epsilon (infinity) are consistently lowered, improving agreement with experiment.
Sarcomatoid lung cancer: a rare, aggressive form of non-small cell lung cancer with an initially indolent presentation in one of the youngest documented patients

Background: Sarcomatoid lung cancer is a very infrequent form of aggressive non-small cell lung cancer accounting for less than 1 percent of all lung cancers. Due to its rarity, no set standard of treatment has been devised. This cancer has a median age of diagnosis around 60. Our patient is the youngest documented case of sarcomatoid carcinoma. Case Presentation: A 31-year-old African American male with a history of HIV, CD4 of 25 came in for evaluation of anemia and chronic dry cough. Upon initial workup he had a left lower lung mass on chest x-ray. Follow-up CT scan confirmed 6 x 3.4 cm mass next to the left ventricle of the heart, another mass posterior to the LV (8.5 cm) and a third one in the lingula (5 cm). Brain MRI did now show any metastatic lesions. The lingulal mass was biopsied and was shown to be pleomorphic type of sarcomatoid cancer. Reimaging two weeks later showed an increase in size of all lesions and direct extension into the upper abdomen, diaphragm, pericardium and liver metastasis. The patient was seen a month later for palliative radiation to the left lower lung. Conclusion: This case serves illustration of the aggressive nature of sarcomatoid lung cancers and rapid progression. Due to rarity and chemo-resistant nature of this histology of lung cancer, standard of care is not established. Patient in discussion underwent palliative radiotherapy of his left lung, though due to significant decline in performance status and pulmonary decomposition he chose to undergo comfort measures and subsequently died shortly after.
Selected area polishing for precision TEM sample preparation

A selected area mechanical polishing technique has been developed to improve the precision of cross-sectional TEM sample preparation, based upon the early work of Benedict and colleagues. TEM samples were made from a pre-selected section through the middle of a 1 [mu]m wide band of transistors extending laterally for more than 1 mm by precise control over the plane of polish with a corresponding reduction in sample preparation time. To illustrate the application of this technique, a uniformly thin, electron transparent TEM sample of a single, specific, failed transistor is obtained from a 4 mm by 10 mm device array.
Fractionation of RNA polymerase subspecies from soybean hypocotyls by isoelectric focusing in sephadex.

Abstract RNA polymerase enzymes isolated from chromatin of 6-day-old soybean hypocotyls are resolved into two major and one minor species of activity by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. A soluble form of the enzyme, isolated from the postchromatin supernatant fraction, shows a broad peak of activity when fractionated by this method. The elution characteristics and α-amanitin sensitivity data indicate the two major chromatin-bound activities to be Class I and III enzymes, while the minor chromatin-bound activity and the soluble enzyme are representative of the Class II enzymes. In contrast to these profiles, fractionation of these enzyme preparations by the new method of isoelectric focusing in Sephadex G-15 yields five distinct chromatin-bound and four soluble subspecies. The relationships of these observed activities to their parent DEAE classes are investigated, showing two subspecies within the Class I and III RNA polymerase enzymes, respectively, and four subspecies within the Class II enzymes.
The Slope of Logarithmic Plots of the Fowler-Nordheim Equation

The slope of logarithmic plots of the Fowler-Nordheim equation for electron field emission is expressed in terms of the surface work-function and a tabulated function, $s(y)$. This new function, $s(y)$, is derived from Nordheim's $v(y)$ which appears in the exponent of the Fowler-Nordheim equation. Values of $v(y)$ are also tabulated and are believed to be more exact than Nordheim's original values.
Assessing essential unidimensionality of real data

The capability of DIMTEST in assessing essential unidimensionality of item responses to real tests was investigated. DIMTEST found that some test data fit an essentially unidimensional model and ot...
Cost estimates for multiple pollutants: A maximum entropy approach

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of inequality restricted generalized maximum entropy estimation to calculate shadow prices of effluents in a distance function framework. We estimate the shadow prices of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and mercury emissions from a panel of 260 coal-fired U.S. electric power plants. This modeling procedure delivers results, which are consistent with existing abatement cost evidence produced with both deterministic approaches and forecasting models. Our results imply that it may not be possible to duplicate the remarkable success of the SO2 trading system for the other pollutants because of their greater industry abatement cost homogeneity.
Phosphonoacetic acid in the treatment of simian varicella

Phosphonoacetic acid inhibited replication of simian varicella virus (Delta herpesvirus) in tissue culture. The drug was tested in patas monkeys 40 h after infection with Delta herpesvirus. A total of 200 mg/kg per day was given intramuscularly, divided into two doses every day for a total of 10 days. The treated monkeys were protected from clinical illness, and Delta herpesvirus was not recovered from their lymphocytes. Complement-fixing and neutralizing antibody titers were significantly lower in phosphonoacetic acid-treated monkeys than in the untreated controls. In animals given the drug alone, there was dermatitis and blackening of the skin and hair, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase enzymes were significantly increased, and liver biopsy revealed diffuse cytoplasmic swelling and granulation of the hepatocytes. The therapeutic range of this drug should be studied carefully before considering its use in severe varicella-zoster infection in humans.
Family characteristics and long-term consequences associated with sexual abuse.

As opposed to father—daughter incest, little attention has been paid to the long-term consequences and family dynamics associated with child sexual abuse of females perpetrated by extended family members or extrafamilial contacts. Female undergraduates (n = 586) completed questionnaires on family history, sexual experiences, and current functioning. Results confirmed other research suggesting that father—daughter incest is associated with a traditional patriarchal family structure. However, sexual abuse overall, regardless of perpetrator, was associated with certain uniform family characteristics. Moreover, sexual abuse had certain long-term consequences, regardless of perpetrator. These results suggest the importance of attention to family characteristics in all cases of child sexual abuse.
An Information-Theoretic View of Visual Analytics

Visual analytics is an emerging discipline that helps connect dots. It facilitates analytical reasoning and decision making through integrated and highly interactive visualization of complex and dynamic data and situations. Solving mysteries is only part of the game. Visual analytics must augment analyst and decision-maker capabilities to assimilate complex situations and reach informed decisions. In information theory, the information value carried by a message is the difference in information entropy before and after receipt of the message. Information entropy is a macroscopic measure of uncertainty defined on a frequency or probability distribution. The information-theoretical approach attempts to quantify discrepancies of the information content of distributions.
Response of Osteosarcoma to Chemotherapy. Evaluation with F-18 FDG-PET Scans.

Abstract Objective: Positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18-fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose (FDG) is increasingly being used to evaluate and manage oncology patients. Several reports have documented its utility in diagnosis, staging, response to treatment, and tumor viability assessment. There is, however, a paucity of literature on PET scanning in patients with osteosarcoma. We report results of serial F-18 FDG-PET scans in 16 untreated patients with osteosarcoma who underwent chemotherapy prior to surgical resection of the primary tumor site. Procedure: Changes in tumor fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake were correlated with percent tumor necrosis on histopathology. PET studies were analyzed by visual assessment of tumor uptake of FDG by 3 independent observers, calculating a tumor to normal background activity ratio (TBR) by drawing regions of interest (ROIs) around the tumor and background activity in the contralateral normal limb, and percent change in TBR values between baseline and presurgical study. Results: All patients had positive baseline scans. Baseline TBRs ranged between 2.5–8.7 and visual assessment of intensity of FDG uptake was 2–3 on a scale of 0–3. At histopathologic examination, 8 patients were classified as good responses with more than 90% tumor necrosis and 8 patients as poor responses with less than 90% necrosis. Tumor necrosis was accurately predicted on PET scan in 15/16 patients by visual assessment, 14/15 patients by final TBR value on presurgery scans, and 7/15 patients using percent change of TBR on serial scans. Conclusions: The results of this small series suggest that FDG-PET scanning is fairly accurate in evaluating the response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. Visual assessment and TBR are more accurate in predicting tumor necrosis than percent change in TBR on serial scans.
Elimination of Dead-time in PWM Controlled Inverters

A dead-time elimination method is presented in this paper for PWM controlled inverters. In comparison to using expensive current sensors, this method precisely determines the load current direction by detecting the operating conditions of active devices and their anti-parallel diodes. A low-cost diode-conducting detection circuit is developed to measure the operating status of the anti-parallel diode. In comparison with complicated compensators, this method features with simple logic and flexible implementation. This method significantly reduces the output distortion and regains the RMS value. The principle of proposed dead-time elimination method is described. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the validity and features of the dead-time elimination method.
Detection of Interstellar Cyanoformaldehyde (CNCHO)

Cyanoformaldehyde (CNCHO) has been detected toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) by means of four P-branch rotational transitions in emission, the 7(0, 7)-6(1, 6) at 8.6 GHz, the 8(0, 8)-7(1, 7) at 19.4 GHz, the 9(0, 9)-8(1, 8) at 30.3 GHz, and the 10(0, 10)-9(1, 9) at 41.3 GHz, and one P-branch transition in absorption, the 5(1, 5)-6(0, 6) at 2.1 GHz. The five b-type transitions have favorable transition line strengths (S -->ij -->μ2 > 10 D2) and occur in spectral regions that have little possibility of confusion with other molecular species. The transition line strengths and energy levels involved in the four cyanoformaldehyde transitions in emission are similar; however, transitions with larger beam sizes give systematically higher column densities, suggesting that CNCHO is spatially extended and not concentrated toward the Sgr B2(N-LMH) position. Moreover, with a GBT beamwidth of ~350 -->' ', the 5(1, 5)-6(0, 6) transition of CNCHO was detected in absorption, confirming the widespread spatial extent of this molecule. We suggest that cyanoformaldehyde is likely formed in a neutral-radical reaction of two other interstellar molecules known for widespread spatial distributions: formaldehyde (H2CO) and the cyanide (CN) radical.
Investment decisions for country elevators

Trainload shipments of grain by elevators substantially reduce their transportation costs. However, many elevators must make investments upgrading their plant before they can ship in trainload movements. In this article, a logit model is developed which considers the investment decision for particular elevators in terms of the physical characteristics of the facility and firm attributes. The results suggest there are considerable differences across elevators in the likelihood of being targeted for investment and shipping grain in trainload movements.
The “Just for Me” Virtual Library: Enhancing an Embedded eBrarian Program

ABSTRACT In recent years, Bucks County (PA) Community College revised its information literacy (IL) program to integrate into the college's curriculum for a learning-centered experience. At first, however, this program had no presence in the college's growing online learning initiative. A way needed to be found to not only bring IL instruction into the virtual classroom, but to make it a “just for me” experience of library instruction, resources, and services, relevant for each online student. This need led to the creation and continued enhancement of the college's Embedded eBrarian program, which, aside from embedding librarians in the college's course-management system, now includes current and emerging technologies that engage and involve students.
Time travel through language: Temporal shifts rapidly decrease information accessibility during reading

The present study dissociated the immediate neural costs from the subsequent neural consequences of integrating time shifts into our mental representations of events. Event-related potentials were recorded as participants read scenarios that included words referring to short temporal shifts (e.g., after one second), moderate temporal shifts (e.g., after one hour), or long temporal shifts (e.g., after one year). These words were followed by repeated noun-phrase anaphors, which are preferred as referents for information no longer in attentional focus. The N400 was measured as an index of online conceptual integration. As the discourse unfolded, the N400 was larger for long- (e.g., year) than for short- (e.g., second) shift words. For the anaphor, the N400 was modulated in the opposite direction. Thus, the introduction of a temporal discontinuity leads to immediate neural integration costs, as well as to decreased accessibility of earlier information.
Subclinical effects of groundwater contaminants. I: Alteration of humoral and cellular immunity by benzene in CD-1 mice.

Benzene is a known contaminant found in trace amounts in ground water. It has long been associated with myelotoxicity and associated immunologic effects. The present study concerned the immunotoxic potential of benzene following four weeks of continuous oral administration via drinking water at concentrations of 0, 31, 166 and 790 mg/L. Benzene-treated water produced a dose-related decrease in spleen weight and increase in kidney weight; both were significantly different at the highest level. Benzene exposure caused a significant dose-response reduction of peripheral blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and resulted in a severe macrocytic anemia. Splenic lymphocyte proliferation to both B cell and T cell mitogens [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)] was followed by a dose-related biphasic responsiveness, enhanced at the lowest dose (31 mg/L) and depressed in the higher dosage groups (166 and 790 mg/L). Cell-mediated immunity as measured by mixed-lymphocyte culture (MLC) response to allogeneic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity to YAC-1 tumor ceils exhibited similar biphasic phenomenon. Antibody production as assessed by enumeration of the sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) indicated a significant suppression of PFC in animals exposed to 166 and 790 mg/L benzene. A decrease in the α-SRBC-antibody titer corresponded to the numbers of PFC. The findings suggest that oral ingestion of benzene, at the concentrations utilized, produced a biologically significant immunotoxic effect on both the humoral and cellular immune responses.
Religious Faith and Substance Problems in Undergraduate College Students: A Replication

The present study examined the relations between religious faith and alcohol and drug problems in undergraduate college students at a large public university in the Southeastern United States. The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire—Short Form and the Alcohol Problems and Drug Problems scales of the Personality Assessment Inventory were given to 303 undergraduate students. Findings indicated that religious faith was inversely associated with drug and alcohol problems in both males and females. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Using icons to find documents: simplicity is critical

A common task at almost any computer interface is that of searching for documents, which GUIs typically represent with icons. Oddly, little research has been done on the processes underlying icon search. This paper outlines the factors involved in icon search and proposes a model of the process. An experiment was conducted which suggests that the proposed model is sound, and that the most important factor in searching for files is the type of icons used. In general, simple icons (those discriminable based on a few features) seem to help users, while complex icons are no better than simple rectangles.