cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SENSE OF SMELL IN FOOD QUALITY AND SENSORY EVALUATION

The sense of smell is the major contributing sensory system in the perception of food aromas and volatile flavors. Illustrations of the importance of olfactory sensations can be found in the literature on product quality defects and in the importance of aroma andflavor characteristics in driving consumer acceptability of foods. Assessing olfactory-mediated characteristics of flavors is challenging, however, for a number of reasons. There are wide individual differences in olfactory acuity, as suggested by the existence of specific anosmias. Panelists are often strongly influenced by the immediate context in which samples are judged. Developing a useful consensual language to describe smells in sensory analyses can also be difficult. In spite of these challenges, the human sense of smell is the ultimate discriminator of food aroma and flavor quality; instrumental analyses are a poor substitute. Even in cases in which chemical components of food flavors have been identified, these must be cross-referenced against human sensitivities in order to estimate their sensory impact.
Organ allocation: model for end-stage liver disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh, Mayo risk score, or something else.

Abstract The discovery of a single test of liver function has been a goal of hepatologists for many years. The great complexity of the liver and its many diverse functions, however, has prevented such an accomplishment. An analogy can be made with the way one currently uses liver tests where several individual tests are combined into a profile. This article presents evidence that confirms the same concept: Only by combining several clinical and laboratory measures can we predict the prognosis of liver disease patients. End-stage liver disease and pediatric end-stage liver disease models are valuable additions to the prognostic armamentarium; however, these models are not perfect and some important indications for liver transplant today cannot be included because their main issue is not disease severity.
Temporary non-code repair of ASME Code Class 3 piping☆

Abstract When a flaw is detected in piping, it may be impractical to perform a repair in accordance with Section XI of the ASME Code because the plant may have to be shut down. The U.S. regulations require licensees of nuclear power plants to obtain written relief from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) before a repair other than that specified in Section XI is performed. On June 15, 1990, the NRC issued Generic Letter (GL) 90-05 providing evaluation guidelines and acceptance limits for proposed non-code temporary repairs of ASME Code Class 3 piping when a code repair is impractical. Flaw evaluation, type of repairs, monitoring, augmented inspection, and the term that temporary repairs are applicable are all addressed in GL 90-05. The guidelines in GL 90-05, as modified by experience learned from its implementation, are under consideration as a draft ASME Code Case.
Preparation of f(ab')2 fragments from mouse igg of various subclasses.

Abstract We have investigated the effects of peptic digestion on mouse monoclonal immunoglobulins of each subclass of IgG. F(ab′) 2 fragments were obtained in good yield from IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3 proteins. The relative rates of digestion were IgG3 > IgG2a > IgG1. Variations in rate of digestion were noted for individual monoclonal IgG3 proteins. Five different IgG2b proteins were degraded very rapidly without the detectable formation of antigen-binding F(ab′) 2 fragments. One IgG1 protein out of four tested was also rapidly degraded.
A composite multigrid method for calculating unsteady incompressible flows in geometrically complex domains

A time-accurate, finite volume method for solving the three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a composite grid with arbitrary subgrid overlapping is presented. The governing equations are written in a non-orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system and are discretized on a non-staggered grid. A semi-implicit, fractional step method with approximate factorization is employed for time advancement. Multigrid combined with intergrid iteration is used to solve the pressure Poisson equation. Inter-grid communication is facilitated by an iterative boundary velocity scheme which ensures that the governing equations are well-posed on each subdomain. Mass conservation on each subdomain is preserved by using a mass imbalance correction scheme which is second-order-accurate. Three test cases are used to demonstrate the method's consistency, accuracy and efficiency
FRET measurements of cell-traction forces and nano-scale clustering of adhesion ligands varied by substrate stiffness.

The mechanical properties of cell adhesion substrates regulate cell phenotype, but the mechanism of this relation is currently unclear. It may involve the magnitude of traction force applied by the cell, and/or the ability of the cells to rearrange the cell adhesion molecules presented from the material. In this study, we describe a FRET technique that can be used to evaluate the mechanics of cell–material interactions at the molecular level and simultaneously quantify the cell-based nanoscale rearrangement of the material itself. We found that these events depended on the mechanical rigidity of the adhesion substrate. Furthermore, both the proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) correlated to the magnitude of force that cells generate to cluster the cell adhesion ligands, but not the extent of ligand clustering. Together, these data demonstrate the utility of FRET in analyzing cell–material interactions, and suggest that regulation of phenotype with substrate stiffness is related to alterations in cellular traction forces.
Food safety risks and consumer health

The major food safety risks are not eating a healthy diet, and failure to avoid foodborne illness. Over one billion people in the world suffer from food insecurity and malnutrition. Nutritionally enhanced transgenic crops such as Golden Rice are one potential strategy for reducing malnutrition in the world. Transgenic crops are subjected to a rigorous pre-market safety assessment. The safety of novel proteins and other products is established, and through compositional analysis and animal studies, the safety of any observed changes is evaluated. These studies provide evidence that the new product is as safe as, or safer than, comparable varieties. It must be asked, however, if this rigorous analysis is necessary, because unregulated crops produced by other breeding methods also undergo genetic changes and contain unintended effects. Golden Rice poses infinitesimally small, if any, risk to consumers whilst it has the potential to spare millions of lives each year. However, because it is a transgenic crop, it cannot be deployed without years of expensive pre-market safety review. Paradoxically, if Golden Rice had been produced by less precise conventional methods of breeding, it would already be in the hands of poor farmers. It is concluded that the hyper-precautionary regulatory process applied to transgenic crops works to the extreme disadvantage of the hungry and the poor.
States of fermionic atoms in an optical superlattice across a Feshbach resonance

We investigate states of fermionic atoms across a broad Feshbach resonance in an optical superlattice which allows interaction only among a small number of lattice sites. The states are in general described by superpositions of atomic resonating valence bonds and dressed molecules. As one scans the magnetic field, level crossing is found between states with different symmetry properties, which may correspond to a quantum phase transition in the many-body case.
Awareness in classical differential eyeblink conditioning in young and aging humans

The role of awareness and its impact on learning the conditioned eyeblink response was investigated in both trace and delay discrimination eyeblink conditioning in young and aging participants, in 4 paradigms: delay 750, delay 1250, trace 500, and trace 1000. Participants concurrently watched a silent movie about which they were questioned afterward. Acquisition in both the trace and delay discrimination task was correlated with awareness of conditioning stimulus contingencies, regardless of age. Age-dependent deficits were observed in trace discrimination but not in delay discrimination. with more severe deficits appearing at the longer trace interval. The percentage of aware participants was also found to be greater in the young population than in the aging population. These results indicate that awareness or knowledge of stimulus contingencies may be an important contributor to successful acquisition in higher order discrimination tasks.
Recent insights into the pharmacokinetics of spinal opioids and the relevance to opioid selection.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spinal opioid administration was introduced into clinical practice nearly 25 years ago in the hope of producing intense spinal analgesia that was devoid of the dose-limiting side effects associated with systemic opioid administration. While spinal opioid administration can clearly be an effective analgesic technique, there is a widespread misconception that any opioid administered epidurally or intrathecally will produce analgesia by a selective spinal mechanism. This is simply not true; multiple opioids that are commonly administered spinally produce analgesia by uptake into the systemic circulation with subsequent redistribution to brainstem opioid receptors. In an effort to help clinicians understand why some opioids are not suitable for selective spinal analgesia, this review describes recent insights into the fate of intrathecally and epidurally administered opioids. RECENT FINDINGS A series of animal studies published over the last 4 or more years have provided the first measurements of opioid concentration in the epidural space, intrathecal space, spinal cord and peri-spinal tissues following intrathecal and epidural opioid administration. These studies characterize, for the first time, the factors governing the rate and extent to which different opioids redistribute from the epidural and intrathecal spaces to reach target opioid receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn. The findings indicate that increasing lipid solubility decreases the spinal cord bioavailability of spinally administered opioids. SUMMARY These animal data help to explain multiple clinical studies that have demonstrated that the analgesic effect of spinally administered lipid-soluble opioids is due in part, if not exclusively, to uptake into plasma and distribution to brainstem opioid receptors.
Carrier dynamics and coherent acoustic phonons in nitride heterostructures

We model generation and propagation of coherent acoustic phonons in piezoelectric $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}$ multiquantum wells embedded in a $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}i\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ diode structure and compute the time resolved reflectivity signal in simulated pump-probe experiments. Carriers are created in the InGaN wells by ultrafast pumping below the GaN band gap and the dynamics of the photoexcited carriers is treated in a Boltzmann equation framework. Coherent acoustic phonons are generated in the quantum well via both deformation potential electron-phonon and piezoelectric electron-phonon interaction with photogenerated carriers, with the latter mechanism being the dominant one. Coherent longitudinal acoustic phonons propagate into the structure at the sound speed modifying the optical properties and giving rise to a giant oscillatory differential reflectivity signal. We demonstrate that coherent optical control of the differential reflectivity can be achieved using a delayed control pulse.
Discussion on: “A Comparison of Sliding Mode and Unknown Input Observers for Fault Reconstruction”

The paper by Edwards and Tan compares sliding mode observers (SMOs) to unknown input observers (UIOs) for the purpose of reconstructing faults that affect linear dynamical systems in the presence of disturbances. This comparison reveals some interesting parallels between the two types of observers. In this discussion, we provide an interpretation of UIOs from the point of view of system inversion. We describe various extensions to the UIO theory that are offered by this interpretation, and suggest avenues for future research on SMOs that can make use of similar ideas.
Rhodopsin Mutant P23H Destabilizes Rod Photoreceptor Disk Membranes

Mutations in rhodopsin cause retinitis pigmentosa in humans and retinal degeneration in a multitude of other animals. We utilized high-resolution live imaging of the large rod photoreceptors from transgenic frogs (Xenopus) to compare the properties of fluorescently tagged rhodopsin, Rho-EGFP, and RhoP23H-EGFP. The mutant was abnormally distributed both in the inner and outer segments (OS), accumulating in the OS to a concentration of ∼0.1% compared to endogenous opsin. RhoP23H-EGFP formed dense fluorescent foci, with concentrations of mutant protein up to ten times higher than other regions. Wild-type transgenic Rho-EGFP did not concentrate in OS foci when co-expressed in the same rod with RhoP23H-EGFP. Outer segment regions containing fluorescent foci were refractory to fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, while foci in the inner segment exhibited recovery kinetics similar to OS regions without foci and Rho-EGFP. The RhoP23H-EGFP foci were often in older, more distal OS disks. Electron micrographs of OS revealed abnormal disk membranes, with the regular disk bilayers broken into vesiculotubular structures. Furthermore, we observed similar OS disturbances in transgenic mice expressing RhoP23H, suggesting such structures are a general consequence of mutant expression. Together these results show that mutant opsin disrupts OS disks, destabilizing the outer segment possibly via the formation of aggregates. This may render rods susceptible to mechanical injury or compromise OS function, contributing to photoreceptor loss.
Getting to the point: Evolutionary change in prehistoric weaponry

The evolution of prehistoric weaponry remains an open question in North American archaeology. The traditional model argues for an early use of the throwing spear followed by the spearthrower and bow and arrow. A major difficulty in testing this model is, identifying the functional variables that characterize different weaponry. The evolution of prehistoric weaponry is reexamined here from an evolutionary perspective where projectile points are considered part of the complete weapon system and variation within that system is identified. The engineering of four weapon systems, the thrusting spear, throwing spear, spearthrower, and bow, are examined to identify those point variables that enhance the success of the system. These variables are then measured on a 9000-year sequence of projectile points from northwestern Wyoming to examine time/space patterns. The patterns reveal that the spearthrower was in use prior to 7500 years ago.
Persistence of a hyperthermic sign-reversal during nitrous oxide inhalation despite cue-exposure treatment with and without a drug-onset cue

We asked whether chronic tolerance and the hyperthermic sign-reversal induced by repeated 60% N2O exposures could be extinguished using a cue-exposure paradigm. Rats received 18 N2O administrations in a total calorimetry system that simultaneously measures core temperature (Tc), metabolic heat production (HP), and body heat loss (HL). Each exposure entailed a 2-h baseline period followed by a 1.5-h N2O exposure. The 18 drug exposures induced a robust intra-administration hyperthermia in which the initial hypothermic effect of N2O inverted to a significant hyperthermic sign-reversal during N2O inhalation due primarily to an acquired robust increase in HP. The rats were then randomized to one of three extinction procedures (n=8/procedure) over a 20-d interval: 1) a N2O-abstinent home-cage group (HC) that received only the usual animal care; 2) a cue-exposure group (CEXP) in which the animals were placed in the calorimeter 8 times but received no N2O; and 3) a drug-onset-cue group (DOC) in which animals received a brief N2O exposure in the calorimeter that mimicked the first 3 min of an actual 60% N2O trial. Following the extinction sessions, all rats received a 60% N2O test trial and Tc, HP and HL were assessed. The hyperthermic sign-reversal remained fully intact during the test trial, with no significant differences observed among groups in any post-baseline change in any thermal outcome. These data suggest that cue exposure may not be an efficacious strategy to reduce sign-reversals that develop with chronic drug use.
Disturbed eating behaviours and associated psychographic characteristics of college students

Background Young adulthood is a stressful transition period that may increase the risk for disturbed eating, especially for college students. The present study aimed to explore disturbed eating behaviours and a broad array of associated psychographic characteristics in a large, diverse sample of college students. Methods College students (n = 2604; 58% white; 63% female) enrolled at three large, public US universities in 2009 and 2010 were recruited to take an online survey. The survey included reliable and valid disturbed eating behaviour and associated psychographic characteristic measures. Results Many participants engaged in disturbed eating practices. For example, one-quarter of women and one-fifth of men engaged in dietary restraint. One in seven reported regularly binge eating. One-third used inappropriate compensatory behaviours (self-induced vomiting, medicine misuse and excessive exercise) as a means for controlling weight and/or shape, with the rate of these behaviours reaching clinically significant levels for 4%, 3% and 5% of participants, respectively. Examination of psychographic characteristics revealed that one-fifth had moderate levels of depression and anxiety severity and almost half engaged in at least one obsessive–compulsive disorder type behaviour. Females felt under more pressure to attain the media physical appearance standard than males. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that nutrition education interventions for college students may be needed to address disturbed eating behaviours and to provide guidance on how to seek professional help. The findings also suggest that it may be prudent for healthcare professionals to routinely screen college students for disturbed eating behaviours and offer interventions early when treatment is likely to be most effective.
Catalytic Insertion of Ethylene into Al−C Bonds with Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl−Chromium(III) Complexes

Addition of ethylene to mixtures of Cp*CrMe2(PMe3) (1) and excess methylaluminoxane (MAO), followed by aqueous workup of the resulting solutions, results in the formation of a distribution of odd-carbon alkanes. When B(C6F5)3 is added to 1, followed by THF, one obtains dark crystals. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that the product of the reaction is [Cp*CrMe(PMe3)(THF)][MeB(C6F5)3] (2). Polyethylene is obtained when using 1 and 2 equiv of B(C6F5)3. The reaction of ethylene with a mixture of 1 + 2 B(C6F5)3 + 380 “AlMe3” produces a distribution of odd-carbon alkanes. If triethylaluminum is used, instead of trimethylaluminum, the product is a distribution of even-carbon alkanes. The product distribution shifts to lower molecular weight product, and lower activities are attained with increasing triethylaluminum concentration. Use of more dichoromethane instead of toluene or hexane increases the ethylene consumption. Triisobutylaluminum and trioctylaluminum result in considerably lower activ...
Proof of the interval satisfiability conjecture

In their study of algorithms for reasoning about intervals, Golumbic and Shamir conjectured that a certain class of interval inference problems is intractable (Golumbic and Shamir, J. ACM 40(1993)1108-1133). The conjecture is correct; this paper proves the NP-completeness of the interval satisfiability (ISAT) problem for the domain of relations known as Δ5.
Connectivity of Random Logic

This paper develops a relation between the partitioning properties of computer logic and the distribution of connection lengths. The computation of length distributions is important for wirability analysis and delay estimation. The principal result is that an exponential partitioning function leads to an inverse power law length distribution.
Effects of Temporal Alterations on Speech Intelligibility in Parkinsonian Dysarthria

The effect of two types of temporal alterations, paced and synthetic, on the intelligibility of parkinsonian dysarthric speech was investigated. Six speakers with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease ser...
The influence of riming and frontal dynamics on winter precipitation chemistry in level terrain

Abstract The relative influences of accretional ice crystal growth (riming) and frontal passages on winter precipitation chemistry were evaluated in level terrain in east central Illinois during the winter of 1992. Six precipitation events were analyzed during the period January to March, 1992. Five events were characterized by the passage of cold Arctic fronts and no riming was observed. Precipitation chemistry was observed to change substantially during frontal passage, reflecting the different pollutant loadings in pre- and post-frontal air masses. Precipitation that fell on March 11, 1992, associated with a warm or occluded frontal system, was moderately rimed. Application of a linear multiple regression model revealed that most of the temporal variations in precipitation chemistry during this event could be explained by changes in the degree of riming and changes in the identity of the air mass producing precipitation above the site. Accreted ice crystal mass was dominated by cloud drops with diameters between 20 and 40 μm, indicating that the composition of drops in this size range exert the most influence on precipitation chemistry.
Allosteric signal transmission involves synergy between discrete structural units of the regulatory subunit of aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the S5′ β-strand (r93–r97) of the regulatory polypeptides of the aspartate transcarbamoylases (ATCases) from Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are responsible for their diverged allosteric regulatory patterns, including conversion of CTP from an inhibitor in E. coli to an activator in S. marcescens. Similarly, mutation of residues located in the interface between the allosteric and the zinc domains resulted in conversion of the ATP responses of the E. coli enzyme from activation to inhibition, suggesting that this interface not only mediates but also discriminates the allosteric responses of ATP and CTP. To further decipher the roles and the interrelationships of these regions in allosteric communication, allosteric–zinc interface mutations (Y77F and V106A) have been introduced into both the native and the S5′ β-strand chimeric backgrounds. While the significance of this interface in the allosteric regulation has been confirmed, there is no direct evidence supporting the presence of distinct pathways for the ATP and CTP signals through this interface. The analysis of the mutational effects reported here suggested that the S5′ β-strand transmits the allosteric signal by modulating the hydrophobic allosteric–zinc interface rather than disturbing the allosteric ligand binding. Intragenic suppression by substitutions in the hydrophobic interface between the allosteric and the zinc domains of the regulatory chains resulted in the partial recovery of allosteric responses in the EC:rS5′sm chimera and reduced the activation by ATP in the Sm:rS5′ec chimera. Thus, it seems that there is a synergy between these two structural units.
Immunologic characterization of human malignant lymphomas

The immunologic and morphological approach of our recently proposed functional classification of malignant lymphomas based on the T and B cell systems and lymphocyte transformation has been reviewed. Preliminary results of our retrospective morphological studies indicate: 1) Over 70% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas involve cleaved or noncleaved follicular center cell (FCC) or B cell types. 2) Nodularity is observed only with FCC types and suggest origin in follicular centers as a block or a “switch on” (derepression) in B cell lymphocyte transformation. 3) Lymphomas of “true” histiocytes appear rare and need to be redefined with functional studies since those previously regarded as histiocytic are indistinguishable morphologically from transformed lymphocytes. 4) Lymphomas of large transformed lymphocytes, “immunoblastic sarcoma” of B and T cell types, have been observed to develop in abnormal immune states and senescence and represent a distinctive entity. Ideal characterization of lymphomas using integrated morphological, cytochemical, and immunologic membrane marker studies has been outlined, and preliminary results of this approach provide support for our new proposal.
Crying and retrograde amnesia in young infants

Abstract The delay gradient associated with crying-produced retrograde amnesia in infants was investigated using an operant conditioning paradigm. Three- to 4-month-old infants learned to produce movement in an overhead crib mobile containing 10 identical components and were switched to a mobile containing only 2 components during a third daily session. Independent groups of infants experienced delays of 0, 2, 5, 15, or 30 min between mobile switches. Infants who cried in response to the shift in mobiles when the interval between exposure to the two mobiles was between 0 and 15 min but not 30 min failed to show evidence of retention 1 week later. The relation between the preshift/postshift delay interval and retention test performance in the crying infants was linear. In contrast, non-crying infants in all groups continued to respond above operant level during the 1-week retention test. The existence of this retrograde amnesia gradient for crying is consistent with that seen for other amnesic agents and supports the view that infant forgetting results from a retrieval failure engendered by a lack of consistency between the contexts present at the conclusion of a learning experience and during the long-term retention test.
Forecasting the Remaining Useful Life of Cast Iron Water Mains

Effective asset management strategy of civil infrastructure systems requires integration of technical and financial plans. This is particularly true in managing water mains, which requires knowledge of their current condition and their forecasted remaining useful life. This paper presents a model designed to forecast the remaining useful life of cast iron water mains. The model is easy to use and its generated results are utilized in determining condition rating of the water mains being considered. The model considers factors related to pipe properties, its operating conditions, and the external environment that surrounds the pipe. In addition, it overcomes limitations associated with existing models. Three different data-driven techniques are considered in the model development; each is used to study the relationship between remaining useful life and a set of deterioration factors, and to forecast remaining useful life of cast iron water mains. These techniques are multiple regression and two types of artificial neural networks: multilayer perceptron; and general regression neural network. The data used in model development were acquired from 16 municipalities in Canada and the United States. The results produced by the developed models correlate well with the actual conditions.
Purification of a suppressor lymphokine (SL) from a human T-cell line.

Human T leukemia cell line 81-66-45 spontaneously releases into the medium a suppressor lymphokine (SL), able to inhibit PHA-stimulated normal peripheral blood T cell proliferation. Ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography were used successfully to isolate and purify this immunosuppressive lymphokine from culture supernatants. When the purified suppressor lymphokine was characterized with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, it was found to be a single protein chain of 66,000 daltons. Titration curves of the purified suppressor lymphokine indicated that the inhibitory activity is dose dependent. The suppressor lymphokine is cytostatic and its addition to the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) did not change the cell number or cell viability. This factor was stable at pH 2.0–8.5 and at 56° C for 30 minutes. The structural relationship of this lymphokine with other T cell factors is discussed.
Semi-supervised framework for writer identification using structural learning

Writer identification is a complex task as the handwriting of an individual encapsulates lot of information pertaining to text and personality of a writer. To learn a model to distinguish one writer from the other, it is important to capture every nuance of the handwriting of an individual. Learning such model poses two challenges. First, discriminatory variables maybe large and potentially related leading to a complex discriminatory function. Second, it will require large amount of training data to learn a complex and possibly high-dimensional function. In this study, the authors are proposing a semi-supervised framework for writer identification for offline handwritten documents that leverages the information hidden in the unlabelled samples. Proposed framework models the complexity of approximating the optimal hypothesis by breaking the main task into several subtasks and learning a separate hypothesis for each subtask. All the hypotheses pertaining to the subtasks will be used for the best model selection by retrieving a common substructure that has high correspondence with all the candidate hypotheses. The obtained substructure acts as a knowledge base that has the contextual information, which is otherwise difficult to retrieve. The extra information can be used to improve the performance of the identification model.
Experience of tactile vision.

The accompanying paper was written following a three-week training course with the Tactile Vision Substitution System (TVSS) under development at the Department of Visual Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco. The instrumentation has been described elsewhere by Collins and Madey (1974) and perceptual studies and underlying theory by Bach-y-Rita et al. (1969), White et al. (1970), and Bach-y-Rita (1972). The present paper is a personal account that provides insight into a perceptual aspect of sensory substitution studies.
The Power of Belief: Spanish Teachers' Sense of Efficacy and Student Performance on the National Spanish Examinations

In this study, the researcher investigated Spanish teachers’ sense of efficacy as it relates to their students’ achievement on the AATSP National Spanish Examinations. Results suggest that there is a link between Spanish teacher efficacy and students’ scores on the exams. That is, the higher one’s belief about his or her abilities to teach Spanish, the higher the students’ scores on the exams. Teacher efficacy also was found to be related to participants’ future vocational plans: whether they remain teaching or leave the profession. This research has implications for teacher preparation and professional development highlighting the importance of building a strong sense of efficacy in teaching Spanish.
The application of steady-state free precession to the study of very slow fluid flow.

An NMR imaging technique sensitive to slow flow (∼ 1 mm/s) using a conventional imaging gradient strength (0.025 mT/cm) is described. Two projections with different spatial magnetic periodicity (determined by the SSFP pulse interval), and thus with different flow sensitivities, are subtracted to give signal from flows in a velocity window. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Implementing a Constructivist Approach in Higher Education through Technology

The purpose of this study was to examine how incorporating technology into teaching methods (including the phases of organizing video conferencing sessions) promotes college students’ construction of knowledge. Video conferencing technology via the Internet afforded an enriched environment in which students interacted with educators at different sites. The data analysis yielded four themes: the challenges of being constructivist teachers, thinking about thinking, the use of technology, and the importance of reflection. The use of online-video conferencing in conjunction with teacher education courses was an effective way to facilitate students’ understanding of constructivism. Suggestions regarding implementing a constructivist approach using technology in higher education are also discussed.
Endometrial carcinoma: causes of death and sites of treatment failure.

A retrospective analysis of causes of death in 398 patients with endometrial carcinoma and sites of treatment failure in 105 cases, all seen at the University of Michigan Medical Center between 1930 and 1971, is the subject of this report. Of 398 patients (337 with Stage I, 61 with Stage II disease), 183 (46%) died with endometrial carcinoma, and 122 (31%) died free of cancer. The cause of death in 35 cases (9%) was a known or unknown maligancy, and remained undetermined in 58 patients (14%). The exact site of treatment failure was identified in 105 cases. Forty-one (40%) failures were considered local, 32 (30%) geographic, and 32 (30%) both local and distant. The uterus and lungs were the most common sites of local failure and distant metastasis, respectively. Of patients who died free of cancer, 88% survived 5 or more years, and 32% survived 20 years or longer. It is concluded that 1) Hematogenous dissemination of endometrial carcinoma may occur early and with appreciable frequency. Thorough pretreatment investigative workup, preferably including chest laminograms and liver scans and consideration of adjuvant systemic therapy in advanced cases (i.e. those with positive nodes) is recommended. 2) The uterus, a common site of local failure, must be removed whenever feasible. 3) A realistically aggressive approach to the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer is justifiable despite their older age and coexistent medical problems.
Alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the United States, three Canadian provinces, and South Korea. Whether noncervid species can be infected by CWD and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. To investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) to demonstrate that CWD prions can amplify in brain homogenates from several species sympatric with cervids, including prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and field mice (Peromyscus spp.). Here, we show that prairie voles are susceptible to mule deer CWD prions in vivo and that sPMCA amplification of CWD prions in vole brain enhances the infectivity of CWD for this species. Prairie voles inoculated with sPMCA products developed clinical signs of TSE disease approximately 300 days prior to, and more consistently than, those inoculated with CWD prions from deer brain. Moreover, the deposition patterns and biochemical properties of protease-resistant form of PrP (PrP(RES)) in the brains of affected voles differed from those in cervidized transgenic (CerPrP) mice infected with CWD. In addition, voles inoculated orally with sPMCA products developed clinical signs of TSE and were positive for PrP(RES) deposition, whereas those inoculated orally with deer-origin CWD prions did not. These results demonstrate that transspecies sPMCA of CWD prions can enhance the infectivity and adapt the host range of CWD prions and thereby may be useful to assess determinants of prion species barriers.
Spatial hash-joins

We examine how to apply the hash-join paradigm to spatial joins, and define a new framework for spatial hash-joins. Our spatial partition functions have two components: a set of bucket extents and an assignment function, which may map a data item into multiple buckets. Furthermore, the partition functions for the two input datasets may be different.We have designed and tested a spatial hash-join method based on this framework. The partition function for the inner dataset is initialized by sampling the dataset, and evolves as data are inserted. The partition function for the outer dataset is immutable, but may replicate a data item from the outer dataset into multiple buckets. The method mirrors relational hash-joins in other aspects. Our method needs no pre-computed indices. It is therefore applicable to a wide range of spatial joins.Our experiments show that our method outperforms current spatial join algorithms based on tree matching by a wide margin. Further, its performance is superior even when the tree-based methods have pre-computed indices. This makes the spatial hash-join method highly competitive both when the input datasets are dynamically generated and when the datasets have pre-computed indices.
Land Reforms in the Presence of Monitoring Costs and International Trade

This paper elucidates the implications of transaction costs in agrarian labor hiring activities in a two-sector model of international trade and identifies a link between the size distribution of land and intersectoral allocation of productive inputs. Ceteris paribus, a more unequal distribution of land increases the amount of outmigration from agriculture, a shrinkage of the production possibility set, and a decrease (increase) in the volume of trade if and only if agriculture is the exportable (importable) sector. In addition, nonintervention in factor and commodity markets is constrained optimal only when land redistribution is not a feasible policy option.
Characterization of high-rate large-sized flows

High-rate, large-sized (α) flows are of interest to providers for various reasons, e.g., they have the potential to degrade service quality for real-time flows, and users are sensitive to the throughput variance of these flows. In this paper, we present characteristics, such as size, duration, average rate, of α flows computed from NetFlow records collected over a 7-month period from 4 ESnet routers. Flows moving datasets as large as 811 GB and at rates as high as 5.7 Gbps were observed. Some source-destination pairs were found to repeatedly create α flows. An analysis of the rates of the 1596 repeated α flows created by one pair showed considerable variance, with minimum rate of 100 Mbps, maximum rate of 536 Mbps, and a coefficient of variation of 30%.
Application of X-ray computed tomography to quantify fresh root decomposition in situ

Much of our understanding of plant root decomposition and related carbon cycling come from mass loss rates calculated from roots buried in litter bags. However, this may not reflect what actually happens in the soil, where the interactions between root and soil structure presents a more complex physico-chemical environment compared to organic matter isolated in a porous bag buried in disturbed soil. This work investigates the potential of using X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) to measure root decomposition in situ. Roots of Vicia faba L. were excised from freshly germinated seeds, buried in re-packed soil cores and cores incubated for 60 days. Changes in root volume and surface area were measured using repeated scans. Additional samples were destructively harvested and roots weighed to correlate root mass with root volume. The method was further applied to an experiment to investigate the effects of soil bulk density and soil moisture on root decomposition. Root volume (X-ray CT) and root mass (destructive harvest) decreased by 90 % over the 60 day incubation period, by which stage, root volume and mass had stabilised. There was a strong correlation (R 2 = 0.97) between root volume and root mass. X-ray CT visualization and analysis provides a unique toolbox to understand root decomposition in situ.
The Polish Lie ring of vector fields on a smooth manifold is algebraically determined

Abstract Let L be a Polish (i.e., complete separable metrizable) Lie ring. L is said to be algebraically determined if, whenever R is a Polish Lie ring and φ : R → L is an algebraic isomorphism of Lie rings, then φ is a topological isomorphism. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the Lie ring of vector fields on a smooth manifold is an algebraically determined Polish Lie ring. A new fact about the ring of real numbers plays a crucial role in the proof of the general theorem. An application of the main theorem will be described to prove that certain algebraic objects are complete invariants for classifying smooth manifolds up to diffeomorphism.
Treatment of Wilson’s Disease with Zinc II. Validation of Oral 64Copper with Copper Balance

The efficacy of zinc as a therapeutic agent to control copper balance in Wilson's disease patients has been previously documented with balance studies. In an attempt to develop a simpler and faster tool for evaluating the adequacy of zinc therapy, a technique that measures the uptake into blood of a small oral dose of 64copper was studied in conjunction with copper balance. The mean peak 64copper uptake into blood of nine Wilson's disease patients on D-penicillamine, trien, or no medication was 6.04 +/- 2.74%, comparable with normal controls. Seven patients on zinc therapy had a markedly and significantly reduced mean uptake of 0.79 +/- 1.05% after treatment. The data demonstrate that the prevention of copper uptake into blood in Wilson's disease patients by zinc therapy can be evaluated by 64copper uptake and that peak uptakes of less than 1% occur in patients with neutral or negative copper balance.
Gene therapy: future therapy for erectile dysfunction.

Advances in molecular biological techniques, completion of the Human Genome Project, and the ensuing age of molecular medicine, in conjuction with the sum of a decades-long accumulation of knowledge of the physiology of erection and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction have converged to make gene therapy for erectile dysfunc-tion a distinct possibility. In short, both the intrinsic complexities of mechanisms responsible for ensuring normal erection and the multifactorial nature of erectile dysfunction ensure that there is a relatively vast number of physiologically relevant molecular targets for gene therapy. As such, perhaps it is not surprising that virtually every preclinical gene therapy strategy/target examined thus far has been largely successful in ameliorating conditions associated with compromised erectile function in vivo and/or in vitro. This report highlights the goals and strategies of gene therapy for erectile dysfunction and reviews the strategies that initially have been employed. In short, the preclinical data, while still quite preliminary in many regards, are nonetheless quite impressive and encouraging. If similar success is obtained in clinical trials, gene therapy for erectile dysfunction may provide the first concrete “proof of concept” for using gene therapy in the treatment of human smooth muscle disorders.
General Surgery Residents' Views on Work Hours Regulations

Objective Since 2003, compliance with Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) work hours regulations has been required for United States residency training programs. Further work hours restrictions have been proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). This study examines General Surgery residents' views of current work hours restrictions and proposed changes by the IOM. Design An anonymous multiple-choice survey regarding work hours regulations was distributed to all US General Surgery residency program directors in 2009. Responses were compiled via an on-line survey program. Statistical analysis was performed in aggregate and by junior and senior resident responses. Results Nine hundred sixty-five (13.1%) general surgery residents responded. Responses demonstrated that 25% of surgery residents underreported work hours, with statistically significant differences between junior (22%) and senior residents (27%), p = 0.03. Sixteen percent of residents indicated they were instructed to report their work hours inaccurately, while 8% of residents advised junior or coresidents to report their work hours inaccurately. Sixty-five percent felt that other residents underreport their work hours. Junior residents (34%) were more in favor of increased work hours regulations than senior residents (17%; p Conclusions General surgery resident physicians in the US do not always record their work hours accurately and many have concerns about further work hour restrictions. The majority admitted underreporting work hours to care for a sick patient. Most US surgical residents feel further work hour restrictions would be detrimental to their training. Current work hours restrictions force surgery residents to underreport their work hours to perform the activities that they feel are necessary for their surgical training.
Defining the functional domain of programmed cell death 10 through its interactions with phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are vascular abnormalities of the central nervous system predisposing blood vessels to leakage, leading to hemorrhagic stroke. Three genes, Krit1 (CCM1), OSM (CCM2), and PDCD10 (CCM3) are involved in CCM development. PDCD10 binds specifically to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and OSM. Using threading analysis and multi-template modeling, we constructed a three-dimensional model of PDCD10. PDCD10 appears to be a six-helical-bundle protein formed by two heptad-repeat-hairpin structures (α1–3 and α4–6) sharing the closest 3D homology with the bacterial phosphate transporter, PhoU. We identified a stretch of five lysines forming an amphipathic helix, a potential PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding site, in the α5 helix. We generated a recombinant wild-type (WT) and three PDCD10 mutants that have two (Δ2KA), three (Δ3KA), and five (Δ5KA) K to A mutations. Δ2KA and Δ3KA mutants hypothetically lack binding residues to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the beginning and the end of predicted helix, while Δ5KA completely lacks all predicted binding residues. The WT, Δ2KA, and Δ3KA mutants maintain their binding to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Only the Δ5KA abolishes binding to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Both Δ5KA and WT show similar secondary and tertiary structures; however, Δ5KA does not bind to OSM. When WT and Δ5KA are co-expressed with membrane-bound constitutively-active PI3 kinase (p110-CAAX), the majority of the WT is co-localized with p110-CAAX at the plasma membrane where PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is presumably abundant. In contrast, the Δ5KA remains in the cytoplasm and is not present in the plasma membrane. Combining computational modeling and biological data, we propose that the CCM protein complex functions in the PI3K signaling pathway through the interaction between PDCD10 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
Selective inhibition of retrograde axonal transport byerythro-9-[3-(-2-hydroxynonyl)]adenine

Abstract Retrograde transport of microscopically visible organelles in isolated lobster axons was selectively inhibited by erythro -9-[3-(2-hydroxynonyl)]adenine (EHNA), with little or no effect on anterograde transport. The retrograde velocity was reduced both in living axons and in permeabilized axons in which movement was reactivated with exogenous ATP. This is the first report of an agent that selectively inhibits axonal transport in one direction.
Impurity-induced disordering of Al x Ga 1-x AsGaAs quantum well heterostructures with (Si 2 ) x (GaAs) 1-x barriers

Recent work indicates that the alloy (Si2)x(GaAs)1−x can be formed within the GaAs quantum well of an AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs quantum well heterostructure (QWH) and results in a shift of laser operation to higher energy. In this paper we show, by SIMS and EDS measurements, that the Si concentration in the (Si2)x(GaAs)1−x layer far exceeds typical “doping” levels. The stability of these QWHs has been investigated with respect to thermal annealing and Zn impurity-induced layer disordering (Zn-IILD). Data are presented showing that the (Si2)x(GaAs)1−x alloy is stable against thermal annealing unless a rich source of Ga vacancies is provided, and that relatively low temperature Zn diffusion greatly enhances the disordering process of the alloy layer.