cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Duration Is Associated With Increased Thin-Cap Fibroatheroma Detected by Intravascular Ultrasound With Virtual Histology

Background— Coronary plaque classified as thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) is believed to be associated with plaque rupture and coronary heart disease–related events. Although an association between duration of diabetes and increased coronary heart disease risk has been demonstrated, the relationship between TCFA and diabetes duration is unknown. Methods and Results— Prospective registry of diabetic patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) enrolled in a diabetic gene and biomarker banking registry. Plaque composition in the most diseased 10-mm segment of a single coronary artery was assessed using IVUS virtual histology and was classified by phenotype as IVUS-defined adaptive intimal thickening, pathological intimal thickening, TCFA, fibroatheroma, or fibrocalcific. Patients (n=54) were stratified by duration of diabetes (<10 or ≥10 years). Patients with diabetes ≥10 years were older, less likely to have a history of tobacco use, had higher total cholesterol lev...
Are the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Northern Annular Mode Distinguishable

This study addresses the question of whether persistent events of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) teleconnection patterns are distinguishable from each other. Standard daily index time series are used to specify the amplitude of the NAO and NAM patterns. The above question is examined with composites of sea level pressure, and 300- and 40-hPa streamfunction, along with tests of field significance. A null hypothesis is specified that the NAO and NAM persistent events are indistinguishable. This null hypothesis is evaluated by calculating the difference between time-averaged NAO and NAM composites. It is found that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected even at the 80% confidence level. The wave-breaking characteristics during the NAM life cycle are also examined. Both the positive and negative NAM phases yield the same wave-breaking properties as those for the NAO. The results suggest that not only are the NAO and NAM persistent events indistinguishable, but that the NAO/NAM events are neither confined to the North Atlantic, nor are they annular.
Behavioral Differences between Structures with Rank-Order Equivalence

Primitive measures of utility—identified simply as positive (+), neutral (0), or negative (-)—were used in experimental work to show important differences in two-person co-operation between different structures, even though these structures have an identical rank-ordering of possible choices. Interpersonal comparisons and considerations of equity appear to account for the differences in results. It is suggested that further experimental use of primitive measures might be helpful in clarifying how interpersonal comparisons may affect emergent processes of cooperation in two-party situations.
Phase I Clinical and Pharmacological Study of Liposome-entrapped cis -Bis-neodecanoato- trans-R,R ,-1,2-diaminocyclohexane Platinum(II)

cis-Bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum++ +(II) (NDDP) is a liposome dependent cisplatin analogue since the liposome carrier is required for its i.v. administration and for its biological activity. A Phase I study of liposome entrapped NDDP (L-NDDP) was performed using a single i.v. injection every 4 weeks. L-NDDP was prepared and characterized at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The maximum tolerated dose of L-NDDP was 312.5 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, affecting all three blood cell lineages. The granulocyte nadir occurred on days 14-18, and the platelet nadir consistently earlier (days 11-12). The median day of recovery of blood cell counts was day 21 (range, 18-32). Other toxicities included grade 2 nausea and vomiting, fever consisting of a single temperature spike in most patients, grade 1 diarrhea after 60% of courses, and grade 1-2 malaise lasting for 5-10 days after the infusion in 73% of courses. Transient alanine aminotransferase elevations without clinical relevance were common. No signs of renal dysfunction or ototoxicity were observed. One patient with a preexisting peripheral neuropathy showed some progression of the neuropathy after a cumulative dose of 1605 mg/m2. Except for fever and transient liver dysfunction, no liposome related side effects were observed in spite of the high doses of lipid administered. The blood clearance of L-NDDP fits a two-compartment model at lower doses and a single-compartment model at the maximum tolerated dose, suggesting that saturation of the reticuloendothelial organs occurs at the maximum tolerated dose. Two minimal responses were observed. L-NDDP has a toxicity profile similar to that of carboplatin. Phase II studies to address the issue of how the therapeutic index of platinum compounds is affected by liposome entrapment are being planned.
Changing Roles for Supercomputing in Chemical Engineering

Traditionally, supercomputers have been used by the chemical engineering community to provide the power needed to obtain solutions of mathematical models that describe complex physical and chemical processes. That view is changing. Beyond simply increasing the resolu tion of the calculations, or decreasing the elapsed time for a solution, chemical engineers are now beginning to use supercomputers to perform design and optimization of chemical processes, as a way to augment and im prove conventional experimental research, and, most importantly, as a way to open up new problem areas that in the past have only been solved by heuristic tech niques. Several illustrative examples—reacting polymer systems, design of control strategies for photochemical air pollution, solution of stiff differential systems, and batch scheduling—are presented to demonstrate the benefits associated with this new view of how super computers can be used by the chemical engineering profession.
Neurofibromin regulates somatic growth through the hypothalamic–pituitary axis

To study the role of the neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) gene in mammalian brain development, we recently generated mice in which Nf1 gene inactivation occurs in neuroglial progenitor cells using the brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) promoter. We found that Nf1(BLBP)CKO mice exhibit significantly reduced body weights and anterior pituitary gland sizes. We further demonstrate that the small anterior pituitary size reflects loss of neurofibromin expression in the hypothalamus, leading to reduced growth hormone releasing hormone, pituitary growth hormone (GH) and liver insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) production. Since neurofibromin both negatively regulates Ras activity and positively modulates cAMP levels, we examined the signaling pathway responsible for these abnormalities. While BLBP-mediated expression of an activated Ras molecule did not recapitulate the body weight and hypothalamic/pituitary defects, treatment of Nf1(BLBP)CKO mice with rolipram to increase cAMP levels resulted in a partial restoration of the body weight phenotype. Furthermore, conditional expression of the Ras regulatory GAP domain of neurofibromin also did not rescue the body weight or Igf1 mRNA defects in Nf1(BLBP)CKO mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a critical role for neurofibromin in hypothalamic-pituitary axis function and provide further insights into the short stature and GH deficits seen in children with NF1.
Yield and Fertility Relationships in Dairy Cattle

Measures of yield and fertility were obtained from breeding receipts of artificial insemination and records of test-day yield. Estimates of heritability were by Henderson Method 3, maximum likelihood, and restricted maximum likelihood. Heritabilities for measures of yield varied, but most were within the range of earlier estimates. Measures of fertility had heritabilities from 0 to .03. Alternative upper bounds were placed on days open, number of services, and service period, and always the measure with the lesser bound had higher heritability for first parity. Measures of yield for early stages of lactation had slight positive phenotypic correlations with fertility whereas those for measures of cumulative yield later in lactation increased in relation to effect of gestation. Genetic correlations of first-parity yield and most measures of fertility were positive and less influenced by stage of lactation than phenotypic correlations. Antagonism moderated for second parity. Most genetic correlations were not significantly different from zero for third parity. Considerable genetic antagonism of yield and fertility may be of limited consequence because estimates of genetic variance of fertility were near zero.
Revisiting cancer immunoediting by understanding cancer immune complexity

Since 1909, the cancer immunosurveillance concept has undergone four distinct eras. These include a general acceptance during 1957–1974, an abandonment during 1974–1996, resurrection during 1996–2001 in the form of an elegant theory of tumour immunoediting proposed by Robert Schreiber, and a retreat since 2006. Recently, in the Journal of Pathology, Ciampricotti et al reported an elegant experimental model designed by establishing RAG2−/−/MMTV-NeuT mice. Using this, they demonstrated that the development and metastasis of HER-2/neu-positive spontaneous mammary carcinoma were not altered by the presence or absence of the adaptive immune system. Their fascinating results are a call to revisit controversial reports as to an effective role of the adaptive immune system in tumour inhibition versus tumour promotion or tolerance in the development of spontaneous carcinomas. Ciampricotti and colleagues present a strong case for revising our ideas of cancer immunoediting and appreciating the complexity of the interaction between cancer and the immune system. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Invited commentary for Ciampricotti M et al. Development of metastatic HER2+ breast cancer is independent of the adaptive immune system. Journal of Pathology. 2011; 224: 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2837
FLAIR Histogram Segmentation for Measurement of Leukoaraiosis Volume

The purpose of this study was to develop a method to measure brain and white matter hyperintensity (leukoaraiosis) volume that is based on the segmentation of the intensity histogram of fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. Whole head synthetic image phantoms with manually introduced leukoaraiosis lesions of varying severity were constructed. These synthetic image phantom sets incorporated image contrast and anatomic features which mimicked leukoaraiosis found in real life. One set of synthetic image phantoms was used to develop the segmentation algorithm (FLAIR-histoseg). A second set was used to measure its accuracy. Test re-test reproducibility was assessed in 10 elderly volunteers who were imaged twice. The mean absolute error of the FLAIR-histoseg method for measurement of leukoaraiosis volume was 6.6% and for brain volume 1.4%. The mean test re-test coefficient of variation for leukoaraiosis volume was 1.4% and for brain volume was 0.3%. We conclude that the FLAIR-histoseg method is an accurate and reproducible method for measuring leukoaraiosis and whole brain volume in elderly subjects.
Close proximity dynamics and control about asteroids

Small solar system bodies such as asteroids and comets are of significant interest for scientific, robotic, and human exploration missions. However, their dynamical environments are among the most extreme found in the solar system. Uncontrolled orbital trajectories in the vicinity of an asteroid are highly unstable in general and may either impact or escape in timespans of hours to days. Even with active control, the chaotic nature of motion about these bodies can effectively randomize a trajectory within a short time period, creating fundamental difficulties for the navigation of spacecraft in these environments. Dealing with these navigation issues through the estimation and control of asteroid-relative motion and models is a burgeoning area of research that has become higher profile with the recently announced NASA Asteroid Retrieval Mission. The goals of that mission will require significant extensions of capability beyond previously flown asteroid rendezvous missions. Despite this, there has been significant prior research and application of estimation and control techniques for spacecraft in these small body environments that can directly inform and motivate the necessary direction of future research. This tutorial paper will review previous research and applications for asteroid relative proximity operations and indicate areas where additional future research is needed.
BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF SPECULAR AND DIFFUSE SURFACES WITH A SIMPLE SPECTROMETER

An experimental apparatus is described for determining the spatial distribution of reflected solar energy from the surfaces of specular and diffusely-reflec ting materials and coatings. A simple spectrometer with a photomultiplie r attachment is utilized in conjunction with a lockin amplifier/voltme ter and optical chopper. Angles of incidence can be varied between 0 and 85 deg. Solar energy wavelengths are selected using spectral filters. Reflected beam profiles at several angles of incidence are presented and discussed for a specular mirror, three diffuse surfaces, and several other materials and coatings with different scattering characteristics. The results obtained by this comparatively simple method are shown to agree with those reported in the literature by previous investigators.
A survey of privacy concerns with dynamic collaborator discovery capabilities

Dynamic Collaborator Discovery is concept that proposes using a person's patterns of information access to create models that can then be used to find others with similar interest. This concept may raise privacy concerns to end users. The poster will present the results of a survey conducted in May 2007 to determine if privacy concerns will exist for a dynamic collaborator discovery capability.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE LATE HEMPHILLIAN WHITE CONE LOCAL FAUNA, NAVAJO COUNTY, ARIZONA

(2002). Amphibians and reptiles of the Late Hemphillian White Cone Local Fauna, Navajo County, Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 175-178.
Alternative Schedules: Why Not?

Vaccines are one of the most successful public health interventions of all time. Sixteen diseases that afflicted generations of American children are now vaccine preventable. However, as the number of vaccines in the routine childhood immunization schedule has increased, parents have become more concerned about the safety and necessity of these vaccines than they are about the diseases themselves. Alternative vaccination schedules, which differ substantially from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended schedule, have become increasingly popular. In this chapter we review the science behind the official immunization schedule and explore parental concerns about the recommended immunization schedule. We review the problems inherent to alternative vaccine schedules; namely, they are not evidence based, prolong susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases, and result in unnecessary office visits and infant stress. We also provide evidence-based talking points and practical suggestions to help primary care providers work with families who request alternative schedules.
Parasitic capacitive coupling analysis of carbon nanotube based infrared detector

Infrared (IR) sensor has extended imaging from visible spectrum to millimeter wavelength, which has been widely used for military and civilian application. While the unusual carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanotechnology has been made much progress in research and industry, the unique properties of CNT lead to investigate of CNT based IR detectors. In this paper, CNTs-metal based Schottky barrier structure non cryogenic IR detector was designed to detect IR irradiance. The parasitic capacitance was analyzed when device size decreased. The experimental results show that the parasitic capacitance between electrodes deteriorates photocurrent response in CNT IR detector. Meanwhile, low dielectric constant polymer material polyimide was proposed in IR detector design, the experimental results have shown that, the polymer based interfacial layer has strong substrate noise reduction on CNT IR sensor. The dark current is less than 0.3 nA under the condition of photocurrent 100 nA, the noise at 0.5 nA when CNT-metal contact was fabricated on polyimide material.
Feasibility of Detecting Barrier Layer to Low-k Transition in Copper Cmp Using Raman Spectroscopy

In copper CMP, transitions from copper to barrier as well as barrier to dielectric layer are typically sensed in situ using an optical reflectance technique. Spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, which allow monitoring the vibrational modes of silicon and low-k layers, have interesting potential for detecting these transitions. In this paper the use of Raman spectroscopy in detecting in situ removal of barrier layers from CDO materials is reported. Intensities of Raman peaks characteristic of Si-Si vibrations from Si substrate and C-H vibrations from low-k materials have been used for monitoring CDO layer thickness and detecting removal of Ta overlayer. An abrasion cell is integrated with a Raman spectrometer to demonstrate the feasibility of Raman monitoring in-situ. Capabilities and limitations of the Raman spectroscopic method are discussed.
Seasonal Variation in Floodplain Biogeochemical Processing in a Restored Headwater Stream.

Stream and river restoration activities have recently begun to emphasize the enhancement of biogeochemical processing within river networks through the restoration of river-floodplain connectivity. It is generally accepted that this practice removes pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus because the increased contact time of nutrient-rich floodwaters with reactive floodplain sediments. Our study examines this assumption in the floodplain of a recently restored, low-order stream through five seasonal experiments. During each experiment, a floodplain slough was artificially inundated for 3 h. Both the net flux of dissolved nutrients and nitrogen uptake rate were measured during each experiment. The slough was typically a source of dissolved phosphorus and dissolved organic matter, a sink of NO3–, and variable source/sink of ammonium. NO3– uptake rates were relatively high when compared to riverine uptake, especially during the spring and summer experiments. However, when scaled up to the entire 1 km res...
Depth-resolved nanoscale nuclear architecture mapping for early prediction of cancer progression

Effective management of patients who are at risk of developing invasive cancer is a primary challenge in early cancer detection. Techniques that can help establish clear-cut protocols for successful triaging of at-risk patients have the potential of providing critical help in improving patient care while simultaneously reducing patient cost. We have developed such a technique for early prediction of cancer progression that uses unstained tissue sections to provide depth-resolved nanoscale nuclear architecture mapping (nanoNAM) of heterogeneity in optical density alterations manifested in precancerous lesions during cancer progression. We present nanoNAM and its application to predicting cancer progression in a well-established mouse model of spontaneous carcinogenesis: ApcMin/+ mice.
Incorrect umbilical vein catheterization is associated with severe periventricular hemorrhages and mortality in extremely premature newborns.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between umbilical vein catheter (UVC) placement and death in extremely premature newborns (<29 weeks gestation). STUDY DESIGN Utilizing a retrospective, case-control study design, results for newborns that received UVC placements and died were compared with those who received UVC placements and survived (n = 719) by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULT Death rate was 30% in infants with low lines versus 16% in those without (p = 0.012). High UVC tip placement significantly and independently increased severe periventricular hemorrhages (p = 0.014). Severe periventricular hemorrhage increased death rates by 3-fold independent of gestational age (p < 0.001). Proper line placement significantly reduced severe periventricular hemorrhage by 2.5-fold independent of gestational age (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION In extremely premature newborns, incorrect UVC placement is significantly associated with death through its relation to severe periventricular hemorrhage.
Abstract 2649: Whole body vibration effects on binding kinetics and targeting of near-infrared dye conjugated bisphosphonate

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC A non-invasive means of targeting bisphophonate to specific skeletal sites, along with the passive binding/decay kinetics of the near-infrared bisphosphanate analog to the skeleton are determined. Bone is the third common site where breast, lung, and prostate cancer cells spread and metastasize. Debilitating pain is the major complication resulting from bone metastases in nearly 70% of the patients. The palliative bone pain management includes the bisphosphanate therapy. Bisphosphonates, a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, gives both pain relief and improves bone health. However these medications result in complications such as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Combinations of low-risk exercise programs along with reduced drug dosage are a likely alternative to counter such drug-related side effects. Site-selective skeletal targeting of bisphosphonates, if feasible, is however ideal to overcome drug-related side effects. We utilized whole body vibration (WBV), to target NIR dye conjugate bisphosphonate to specific skeletal sites. Using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, both the targeting and the passive binding of the bisphosphonate in vivo was determined. Vibration loading, utilizing whole body vibration (WBV) was performed on twelve mice by subjecting them to vibration frequency of 35 Hz for fifteen min (5-10 times/week) duration. Alendronate was conjugated to near-infrared tricarbocyanine, cyclic enamine-functionalized dye, and was injected intravenously after 21-day exercise regime. Yet to be reported, we show that NIR-alendronate probe bound to the lumbar L6 vertebrae, resultant of direct high-frequency WBV stimulation. This is besides several other specific targeting sites. Further, both the passive binding and the decay kinetics of the NIR signal at the skeleton was determined in a six-week non-invasive longitudinal study of mouse pups. This provides opportunity to utilize such approaches in future translational studies in assessing the role of bisphosphonates in preventing spreading of cancer cells at other secondary sites, especially bone. The targeted drug binding in response to the vibratory protocol also provides hope in the development of whole body vibration (WBV) as a bisphosphonate-therapeutic aid. Further, to develop strategies in reducing the drug dosage in treatment of other morbidity factors that stem from complications from bone metastases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2649.
Local translation of cell adhesion molecules in axons

During development and regeneration, axonal growth depends on a rapid response to extracellular growth and guidance molecules. One mechanism underlying this rapid response is local protein synthesis (Jung et al., 2012). Local protein synthesis is a highly tuned, multi-step process by which mRNA binding proteins bind to specific sequences within the untranslated regions of particular mRNAs in the soma; mRNAs are then transported to axons and growth cones and translated at the appropriate spatial location in response to specific guidance cues. Many studies have now demonstrated that stimulus-induced local translation is critical to appropriate axon growth, guidance and regeneration. Multiple types of proteins are locally translated within axons, including those regulating the cytoskeleton, retrograde signaling, regeneration and cellular survival.
Maximizing recovery of energy and nutrients from urban wastewaters

Abstract Historically, UWWs (urban wastewaters) that contain high levels of organic carbon, N (nitrogen), and P (phosphorous) have been considered an environmental burden and have been treated at the expense of significant energy input. With the advent of new pollution abatement technologies, UWWs are now being regarded as a renewable resource from which, useful chemicals and energy could be harvested. This study proposes an integrated, algal-based system that has the potential to treat UWWs to the desired discharge standards in a sustainable manner while recovering high fraction of its energy content as well as its N- and P-contents for use as fertilizers. Key embodiments of the system being proposed are: i) cultivation of an extremophile microalga, Galdieria sulphuraria, in UWW for removal of carbon, N, and P via single-step by mixotrophic metabolism; ii) extraction of energy-rich biocrude and biochar from the cultivated biomass via hydrothermal processing; and, iii) enhancement of biomass productivity via partial recycling of the nutrient-rich AP (aqueous product) from hydrothermal-processed biomass to the cultivation step to optimize productivity, and formulation of fertilizers from the remaining AP. This paper presents a process model to simulate this integrated system, identify the optimal process conditions, and establish ranges for operational parameters.
Real-time PCR Analysis of Genes Induced with the Magnaporthe oryzae from Japonica Rice Yunyin

In early stage,we analysed the gene expression profile of broad-spectrum rice blast resistance japonica variety Yunyin induced by Mangnaporthe oryzae,and constructed the gene co-expression network based on the dynamic samples.Ten important genes based on this network were chosen in this study,and the expression pattern of 10 genes for japonica rice Yunyin inoculated with Mangnaporthe grisea was analyzed.The highest expression stages of the 10 genes were different,of which 8 genes reached the highest expression stage at 36 hours,and 3 genes encoding transcription factors reached the highest expression stage at 24 hours.Meanwhile,some of the 10 genes expression were up-regulated at first,and then inhibited.Others were inhibited at first,then increased,and declined at last.This work will help us further to define the role of japonica rice Yunyin in disease resistance.
Dialysate to blood transport of macromolecules during peritoneal dialysis.

Asymmetrical transport of macromolecules between plasma and the peritoneal cavity results primarily from unidirectional lymphatic removal from the peritoneal cavity. Recent work suggests, however, that macromolecular transport across the peritoneal-plasma barrier via the capillary wall (i.e., the peritoneal membrane) may also be asymmetrical. We determined the diffusive and convective transport properties for creatinine, p-aminohippurate, and neutral dextran (13-40 A) across the peritoneal membrane in the dialysate to blood direction during peritoneal dialysis using isotonic and hypotonic solutions in awake New Zealand White rabbits. Values of the diffusive permeability-area product that were calculated during the isotonic exchange were similar to, yet somewhat smaller than, those previously determined in the blood to dialysate direction for all test solutes. Solute reflection coefficients that were calculated during the hypotonic exchange were variable, yet the resulting mean solute reflection coefficient values for all the test solutes were similar to those previously determined in the blood to dialysate direction. We conclude that asymmetrical peritoneal transport of macromolecules with radii less than 40 A is not due to asymmetrical transport across the peritoneal membrane.
Developing Fire Adapted Communities: The Importance of Interactions Among Elements of Local Context

ABSTRACTResident perceptions and actions related to wildfire management are influenced by a complex set of factors that are often tied to a specific local context. We conducted in-depth case studies in two diverse communities to better illustrate how elements of local social context collectively influence wildfire perspectives and behaviors in a given locality. Our results suggest that the influence of commonly cited predictors for wildfire mitigation actions, including homeowners’ associations, vegetation preferences, and previous experience with wildfire, can vary based on their interaction with other elements of local context such as residents’ desire for privacy, preferences for wildland or ornamental vegetation, identification as “suburbanites” or “country residents,” and willingness to collectively organize. We compare our results to existing wildfire social science findings and argue for a more holistic view of local social context as a way to design tailored strategies for increasing resident resp...
The Fifth Force Since 1991

At the 1990 Moriond workshop, attended by many of those working on the Fifth Force, Orrin Fackler stated: “The Fifth Force is dead.” No one disagreed. At the time there was no evidence that such a force, as initially proposed, with a strength approximately 1 % that of the gravitational force and a range of about 100 m, existed. More formally, Eric Adelberger and other members of the Eot-Wash group concluded (Adelberger et al. 1990, p. 3291): We have made a sensitive, systematic search for interactions mediated by ultra-low-mass scalar or vector bosons using two different detector dipoles and two different sources. We find absolutely no evidence for any new interactions ascribable to such particles. Our results break new ground over ranges from roughly 1 AU down to roughly 30 cm,1 and are considerably more precise than any of those which claim evidence for ‘new physics’.
Reward, motivation, and emotion of pain and its relief

The experience of pain depends on interpretation of context and past experience that guide the choice of an immediate behavioral response and influence future decisions of actions to avoid harm. The aversive qualities of pain underlie its physiological role in learning and motivation. In this review, we highlight findings from human and animal investigations that suggest that both pain, and the relief of pain, are complex emotions that are comprised of feelings and their motivational consequences. Relief of aversive states, including pain, is rewarding. How relief of pain aversiveness occurs is not well understood. Termination of aversive states can directly provide relief as well as reinforce behaviors that result in avoidance of pain. Emerging preclinical data also suggests that relief may elicit a positive hedonic value that results from activation of neural cortical and mesolimbic brain circuits that may also motivate behavior. Brain circuits mediating the reward of pain relief, as well as relief-induced motivation are significantly impacted as pain becomes chronic. In chronic pain states, the negative motivational value of nociception may be increased while the value of the reward of pain relief may decrease. As a consequence, the impact of pain on these ancient, and conserved brain limbic circuits suggest a path forward for discovery of new pain therapies.
Cross section TEM characterization of high-energy-Xe-irradiated U-Mo

Abstract U-Mo alloys irradiated with 84 MeV Xe ions to various doses were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques. The TEM thin foils were prepared perpendicular to the irradiated surface to allow a direct observation of the entire region modified by ions. Therefore, depth-selective microstructural information was revealed. Varied irradiation-induced phenomena such as gas bubble formation, phase reversal, and recrystallization were observed at different ion penetration depths in U-Mo.
God, Guns & Money: A Global Perspective on Intentional Homicide

Perhaps one of the most contentious issues in the United States is the ownership of personal firearms, with sharp divides between those who view access to firearms as a fundamental right, and those who view the ownership of personal firearms as an anachronism that has no place in modern society. Within the debate, both sides have produced a considerable volume of highly polarized, and often completely contradictory literature on the relationship between firearms and homicide rates. However, using a detailed analysis of international data, this paper reveals deep flaws in the reasoning underpinning both sides of the firearms debate. Further, while economic issues also tend to receive a great deal of attention as causal factors for intentional homicide rates, this study points to a much stronger correlation that has largely been overlooked – namely the role of certain fundamentalist religious ideologies, which appear to be far more likely contributors to violent behavior. The research also demonstrates that burgeoning rehabilitation measures in the criminal justice system, such as trauma-informed care, might be dramatically improved by taking into account some of the results found within this study.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Salt Water Bacterium Oceanospirillum linum ATCC 11336T.

ABSTRACT Oceanospirillum linum ATCC 11336T is an aerobic, bipolar-tufted gammaproteobacterium first isolated in the Long Island Sound in the 1950s. This announcement offers a genome sequence for O. linum ATCC 11336T, which has a predicted genome size of 3,782,189 bp (49.13% G+C content) containing 3,540 genes and 3,361 coding sequences.
Neuroanatomy of the Aging Brain Observed in Vivo

There is little doubt that aging is accompanied by significant changes in brain structure. The question is whether the brain ages as a uniform whole or as a system of differentially vulnerable components. As neuropathologists investigating the aged human brain are “often struck by the focal nature of... cortical atrophy” (Katzman & Terry, 1983, p. 35), it seems that brain aging is, at least in its early stages, localized and selective. Cumulative evidence from autopsy studies suggests that in addition to diffuse changes in cerebral structure associated with old age, intensified regional cerebral atrophy is observed in humans and other mammals (see Coleman & Flood, 1987; Flood & Coleman, 1988; and Kemper, 1994, for comprehensive reviews). Postmortem findings indicate that certain brain regions such as the prefrontal, inferior pariet al, and entorhinal cortices, as well as the hippocampal formation, are especially susceptible to aging (Arriagada & Hyman, 1990; Haug, 1985; Mani, Lohr, & Jeste, 1986; Terry, De Teresa, & Hansen, 1987). The results of neuroanatomical studies in nonhuman primates suggest that the visual and motor cortices are virtually unaffected by aging (Vincent, Peters, & Tigges, 1989; Tigges, Herndon, & Peters, 1990), although some human postmortem data reveal age-related atrophy in the macular projection area of the striate cortex (Devaney & Johnson, 1980). In rodents, frontal lobes, amygdala, caudate-putamen complex, entorhinal cortex, and cerebellar hemispheres are also know as atrophy-prone areas (Shimada, Hosokawa, Ohta, Akiguchi, & Takeda, 1994). Selective vulnerability of brain tissue to aging is consistent with the notion of pathoclisis proposed more than 40 years ago by Vogt and Vogt (1951), who argued that some gray matter structures (grisea) exhibited increased susceptibility to pathogens.
High-resolution charge carrier mobility mapping of heterogeneous organic semiconductors

Organic electronic device performance is contingent on charge transport across a heterogeneous landscape of structural features. Methods are therefore needed to unravel the effects of local structure on overall electrical performance. Using conductive atomic force microscopy, we construct high-resolution out-of-plane hole mobility maps from arrays of 5000 to 16 000 current-voltage curves. To demonstrate the efficacy of this non-invasive approach for quantifying and mapping local differences in electrical performance due to structural heterogeneities, we investigate two thin film test systems, one bearing a heterogeneous crystal structure [solvent vapor annealed 5,11-Bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (TES-ADT)—a small molecule organic semiconductor] and one bearing a heterogeneous chemical composition [p-DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC71BM—a high-performance organic photovoltaic active layer]. TES-ADT shows nearly an order of magnitude difference in hole mobility between semicrystalline and crystalline areas, along with a distinct boundary between the two regions, while p-DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC71BM exhibits subtle local variations in hole mobility and a nanoscale domain structure with features below 10 nm in size. We also demonstrate mapping of the built-in potential, which plays a significant role in organic light emitting diode and organic solar cell operation.
Words in Edgewise

Well before I turned pro linguist, words were my life. In my career I have been not just a word consumer (or word processor) but a periodic donor, a supplier of lexical utensils for the semanticist's arsenal. My proposed coinages have experienced varying degrees of success and ignominy within several overlapping areas of the field—the “Border Wars” between semantics and pragmatics, the nature of negation and polarity, and the exploration of lexical pragmatics, where context and speakers’ intentions and beliefs inform the lexicon in domains from word formation to the etymological urban legend. The coinages on display here are intended to trace my half-century journey through the vibrant (if motley) landscape of meaning and to show how the pursuit of linguistic byways can not only inform but delight. The article concludes with a chronology of landmark events and people that have shaped my thoughts about words and meanings.
The Venetian Discovery of America: Geographic Imagination in the Age of Encounters

Few Renaissance Venetians saw the New World with their own eyes. As the print capital of early modern Europe, however, Venice developed a unique relationship to the Americas. Venetian editors, mapmakers, translators, writers, and cosmographers represented the New World at times as a place that the city's mariners had discovered before the Spanish, a world linked to Marco Polo's China, or another version of Venice, especially in the case of Tenochtitlan. Elizabeth Horodowich explores these various and distinctive modes of imagining the New World, including Venetian rhetorics of 'firstness', similitude, othering, comparison, and simultaneity generated through forms of textual and visual pastiche that linked the wider world to the Venetian lagoon. These wide-ranging stances allowed Venetians to argue for their different but equivalent participation in the Age of Encounters. Whereas historians have traditionally focused on the Spanish conquest and colonization of the New World, and the Dutch and English mapping of it, they have ignored the wide circulation of Venetian Americana. Horodowich demonstrates how with their printed texts and maps, Venetian newsmongers embraced a fertile tension between the distant and the close. In doing so, they played a crucial yet heretofore unrecognized role in the invention of America.
Key features and updates for origin 2018.

OriginLab’s newest version update to Origin and OriginPro includes ease-of-use features, like Origin Central updates and creation of an App Center, as well as larger changes like the addition of Unicode characters, alteration to how user files are stored and visually searched, and user input formula in cells within worksheets. These features add additional value to an already powerful data analysis and plotting software package.
An Internet support group for parents of children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a qualitative analysis

Parents of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a rare genetic condition, are at risk for emotional distress. While they may benefit from support groups, they may find it difficult to access support. We conducted an 8-week Internet support group (ISG) with 33 parents (29 mothers, 4 fathers) of children with NF1. Transcripts were evaluated using inductive thematic analysis to determine parental needs and concerns; a process and content theme were identified, with each containing codes and subcodes. In terms of process, parents utilized the ISG to seek out information, share information and experiences, and provide and receive emotional support. Common content codes included medical concerns, psychosocial/cognitive development, and accessing NF1 community resources. These concerns highlight the importance of providing parents with reliable information about their child's condition, providing multidisciplinary support to the children with NF1 and their families, and encouraging involvement in the NF1 community.
The Dionysiac Chronotope (1799–1802)

Having examined Holderlin’s early poems and translations of tragedy (and Pindaric song) , this chapter turns to the poet’s adaption of the Dionysian spirit to produce a new style of poetry in the present. Gestures to a mystical transition from (unlimited) individual greed for money (and its visual underpinnings) to an experience of seeing that is rooted in earthly communality (2–3) are themselves transformed into a socio-political critique in modern time. This profound criticism that Holderlin elaborates in his songs from 1799 to 1802 is linked, for instance, to an image of monetised tyrants who appropriate modern visual media to exploit nature’s resources for individual profit.
Dominant delayed neutron precursors to model reactivity predictions for multiple fissioning nuclides

The product of cumulative yield and probability of neutron emission is used to assess the relative importance of known delayed neutron precursors. Thirteen precursors are consistently dominant. Nonlinear fits to experimental delayed neutron decay data distinguish the decay constants of the three longest-lived dominant precursors: {sup 87}Br, {sup 137}I, and {sup 88}Br. Sensitivity calculations based on a six-to seven-group transformation lead to a proposed seven-group formulation in which the group decay constants are those of dominant precursors: {sup 87}Br, {sup 137}I, {sup 88}Br, {sup 93}Rb, {sup 139}I, {sup 91}Br, and {sup 96}Rb. An alternative six-group formulation is obtained by using the mean of the {sup 137}I and {sup 88}Br decay constants for group 2. The use of the suggested dominant precursor decay constants improves the goodness of fit to experimental data compared to that obtained from nonlinear least squares in which both group yields and decay constants are determined empirically. Reactivity worth and transient analyses confirm that the positive reactivity scale is preserved in the transformation. A known bias in the negative reactivity scale is eliminated by forcing the half-life of the longest-lived group to be the 55.9-s half-life of {sup 87}Br. The proposed use of dominant precursor decay constantsmore » offers significant simplifications in data analysis and the analysis of fast, epithermal, and thermal reactors with multiple fissioning nuclides.« less
Groups of Small Order

In this chapter we will describe what is known about the structure of Orth(G) for G a group of small order. Much of this knowledge is the result of computer searches. We will summarize known values and bounds for |Orth(G)| and ω(G) when |G|≤ 23. We will see that order 23 marks a divide. We can find values of |Orth(G)| in the literature for every group of order 23 or less, but we can find no such value for any group of order 24, other than the cyclic group of order 25 and those that have cyclic Sylow 2-subgroups and hence do not admit orthomorphisms. It will be seen that we know ω(G) for all abelian groups G of order 19 or less but can only establish a lower bound for \(\omega (\mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {Z}_5)\); and we can only establish lower bounds for ω(G) for nonabelian groups G of order 16. We will also present what is known for groups of order greater than 23. Work on these larger groups has been concentrated on trying to improve lower bounds for ω(G) for groups G that are direct products of elementary abelian groups.
End-to-end automated exploit generation for validating the security of processor designs

This paper presents Coppelia, an end-to-end tool that, given a processor design and a set of security-critical invariants, automatically generates complete, replayable exploit programs to help designers find, contextualize, and assess the security threat of hardware vulnerabilities. In Coppelia, we develop a hardware-oriented backward symbolic execution engine with a new cycle stitching method and fast validation technique, along with several optimizations for exploit generation. We then add program stubs to complete the exploit. We evaluate Coppelia on three CPUs of different architectures. Coppelia is able to find and generate exploits for 29 of 31 known vulnerabilities in these CPUs, including 11 vulnerabilities that commercial and academic model checking tools can not find. All of the generated exploits are successfully replayable on an FPGA board. Moreover, Coppelia finds 4 new vulnerabilities along with exploits in these CPUs. We also use Coppelia to verify whether a security patch indeed fixed a vulnerability, and to refine a set of assertions.
Effects of prey turnover on poison frog toxins: using landscape ecology to assess how biotic interactions affect species phenotypes

Abstract Ecological studies of species pairs demonstrated that biotic interactions promote phenotypic change and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. However, we have a limited understanding of how phenotypes respond to interactions with multiple taxa. We investigate how interactions with a network of prey species contribute to spatially structured variation in the skin toxins of the Neotropical poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Specifically, we assess how beta-diversity of alkaloid-bearing arthropod prey assemblages (68 ant species) and evolutionary divergence among populations (from a neutral genetic marker) contribute to frog poison dissimilarity (toxin profiles composed of 230 different lipophilic alkaloids sampled from 934 frogs at 46 sites). We show that ant assemblage turnover predicts alkaloid turnover and unique toxin combinations across the range of O. pumilio. By contrast, evolutionary relatedness is barely correlated with toxin variation. We discuss how the analytical framework proposed here can be extended to other multi-trophic systems, coevolutionary mosaics, microbial assemblages, and ecosystem services.
PicNIC: predictable virtualized NIC

Network virtualization stacks are the linchpins of public clouds. A key goal is to provide performance isolation so that workloads on one Virtual Machine (VM) do not adversely impact the network experience of another VM. Using data from a major public cloud provider, we systematically characterize how performance isolation can break in current virtualization stacks and find a fundamental tradeoff between isolation and resource multiplexing for efficiency. In order to provide predictable performance, we propose a new system called PicNIC that shares resources efficiently in the common case while rapidly reacting to ensure isolation. PicNIC builds on three constructs to quickly detect isolation breakdown and to enforce it when necessary: CPU-fair weighted fair queues at receivers, receiver-driven congestion control for backpressure, and sender-side admission control with shaping. Based on an extensive evaluation, we show that this combination ensures isolation for VMs at sub-millisecond timescales with negligible overhead.