cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF INHIBITION OF DNA SYNTHESIS ON GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS IN T2-INFECTED ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract A specific inhibitor of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), has been used to study Escherichia coli strain H infected with bacteriophage T2. FUDR creates a thymine deficiency and thereby depresses DNA synthesis. When the T2-infected cells are growing in minimal medium containing FUDR, the progeny phage yield is reduced to 3 infective phage per bacterium and incorporation of radiophosphorus into DNA is reduced to 10% of the normal rate; protein synthesis and RNA turnover are normal for the first 30 minutes after infection. The phage-precursor DNA pool in the inhibited cultures is 25% the size of the pool in the uninhibited cultures. More of the parental phage DNA and bacterial host DNA appears in each of the few phage produced in FUDR-treated than in the untreated cells. It seems that mature phage can be produced under conditions in which the size of the normal precursor DNA pool is greatly reduced. Genetic recombination occurs in FUDR-treated, phage-infected bacteria although the phage DNA pool is reduced and the rate of DNA synthesis is decreased. The normal (untreated) rate of recombination between unlinked or linked markers continues in FUDR until the cessation of infective phage maturation. Genetic recombination appears to be a function of time rather than of the size of the DNA pool or the rate of DNA synthesis.
Development of the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit Network in North America

Training in environmental health in general, and pediatric environmental health in particular, is inadequate. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry began to develop pediatric environmental health specialty units (PEHSUs) after noting the dearth of practitioners who could evaluate and manage children with exposures to environmental health hazards. The Environmental Protection Agency subsequently joined in providing support for what has developed into a network of 13 PEHSUs in North America. PEHSUs provide services to families, act as consultants to clinicians and public agencies, develop educational materials, and respond to natural disasters, including hurricanes and wildfires. PEHSUs are relatively easy to organize and should be replicable internationally.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEURONAL TARGETING PROTEIN SPINOPHILIN AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell-cycle progression, and neurotransmission. The localization and substrate specificity of PP1 are determined by a class of proteins known as targeting subunits. In the present study, the interaction between PP1 and spinophilin, a neuronal protein that targets PP1 to dendritic spines, has been characterized. Deletion analysis revealed that a high-affinity binding domain is located within residues 417−494 of spinophilin. This domain contains a pentapeptide motif (R/K-R/K-V/I-X-F) between amino acids 447 and 451 (R-K-I-H-F) that is conserved in other PP1 regulatory subunits. Mutation of phenylalanine-451 (F451A) or deletion of the conserved motif abolished the ability of spinophilin to bind PP1, as observed by coprecipitation, overlay, and competition binding assays. In addition, deletion of regions 417−442 or 474−494, either singly or in combination, impaired the ability of spinophilin to coprecipitate PP1. A comparison of the binding and inhibitory properties of spinophilin peptides suggested that distinct subdomains of spinophilin are responsible for binding and modulating PP1 activity. Mutational analysis of the modulatory subdomain revealed that spinophilin interacts with PP1 via a mechanism unlike those used by the cytosolic inhibitors DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, M_r 32 000) and inhibitor-1. Finally, characterization of the interactions between spinophilin and PP1 has facilitated the design of peptide antagonists capable of disrupting spinophilin−PP1 interactions. These studies support the notion that spinophilin functions in vivo as a neuronal PP1 targeting subunit by directing the enzyme to postsynaptic densities and regulating its activity toward physiological substrates.
Abstract 5189: The transcriptional regulation of the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in ovarian cancer.

The Polycomb Group (PcG) Repressive Complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2) maintain gene expression patterns by epigenetically modifying chromatin. PRC2 suppresses transcription by catalyzing the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a hallmark of repressed chromatin. Although overexpression of PRC2 components has been implicated in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis how PRC2 is recruited to its target genes remains poorly understood. Recent work suggests the interaction of PRC2 with the long-non coding (lnc) RNA HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) could serve as a potential guide to silence target genes, but the mechanism has yet to be defined. In this study, we performed whole transcriptome RNA-seq analysis of isogenic cisplatin- sensitive and -resistant A2780 ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines. Of the lncRNA examined, HOTAIR was markedly induced in the cisplatin resistant cells (5-fold upregulation compared to the cisplatin-sensitve A2780 parental line). shRNA depletion of HOTAIR resensitized the drug-resistant cells to cisplatin. Based on analysis of the HOTAIR promoter using luciferase assays, we identified two putative NF-κB binding sites and three E-box binding sites. To further investigate whether these sites contributed to HOTAIR expression, platinum-sensitive cells were treated with different growth factors and cytokines (0 to 48hrs) and analyzed for changes in HOTAIR expression. Treatment with TNF-α, a well-known inflammatory cytokine and established activator of NF-κB, resulted in 16 fold-induction of HOTAIR. In accord with these results, we observed significant enrichment of both NF-κB and cMYC on the HOTAIR promoter using ChIP assay. Pharmacological inhibition of cMYC and NF-κB reduced HOTAIR expression by 2-fold, and siRNA depletion of the NF-κB p65 subunit or cMYC similarly reduced (P Citation Format: Ali R. Ozes, Dave Miller, Cong Guo, Anurag Bhattrai, Yunlong Liu, Kenneth P. Nephew. The transcriptional regulation of the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5189. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5189
Thermodynamic Behavior of an Ideal Ferromagnet

The free energy of an ideal Heisenberg-model ferromagnet is calculated as a power series in the temperature $T$, using the mathematical machinery developed in an earlier paper. The spontaneous magnetization in zero external field is given by $[\frac{M(T)}{M(0)}]=S\ensuremath{-}{a}_{0}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{a}_{1}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{a}_{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{a}_{3}{S}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{4}+O({\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\frac{9}{2}}).$ Here $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the temperature in dimensionless units, and ${a}_{0}$, ${a}_{1}$, ${a}_{2}$, ${a}_{3}$ are positive numerical coefficients which are computed for the three types of cubic crystal lattice. The first two terms are the result of the simple Bloch theory in which spin waves are treated as noninteracting Bose particles with constant effective mass. The ${a}_{1}$ and ${a}_{2}$ corrections come from the variation of effective mass with velocity. The ${a}_{3}$ term is the lowest order correction arising from interaction between spin waves. This result is in violent contradiction to earlier published calculations which gave interaction effects proportional to ${T}^{\frac{7}{4}}$ and ${T}^{2}$.The smallness of the thermodynamic effects of spin-wave interactions is discussed in physical terms, and partially explained, in the introduction of this paper. A general proof is given that the thermodynamic effects of the "exclusion principle," which forbids more than ($2S$) spin deviations to occupy the same atom, are of order $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}a{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ and give zero contribution to any finite power of $\ensuremath{\theta}$. The residual dynamical interaction between 2 spin waves gives rise to a second virial coefficient ${{b}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ which is calculated and shown to be of order ${T}^{\frac{5}{2}}$. The ${a}_{3}$ term in the magnetization is proportional to ${{b}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. Effects of interaction of 3 or more spin waves are estimated and found to be of order ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{5}$ or higher.
Protection against thrombosis in mice lacking PAR3.

The recent observation that knock-out of protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) ablates thrombin signaling in mouse platelets and protects against ferric chloride–induced thrombosis of mouse mesenteric arterioles suggests that thrombin's actions on platelets can play an important role in thrombosis. Complete ablation of thrombin signaling would be difficult to achieve in human beings because human platelets have 2 thrombin receptors that are each capable of mediating transmembrane signaling. However, it is possible that complete ablation of thrombin signaling in platelets is not necessary for an antithrombotic effect. In mouse platelets, PAR3 functions as a cofactor that binds thrombin and promotes productive cleavage of PAR4, and thrombin responses are decreased but not absent in Par3−/− platelets. We now report that Par3−/− mice were protected against ferric chloride–induced thrombosis of mesenteric arterioles and against thromboplastin-induced pulmonary embolism. Surprisingly, Par3−/− and Par4−/− mice showed similar degrees of protection in these models and similar prolongation of tail bleeding times. Thus, even a partial decrease in mouse platelet responsiveness to thrombin protected against thrombosis and impaired hemostasis in some settings. These results demonstrate the importance of PAR3's unusual cofactor function and underscore the relative importance of thrombin's actions on platelets in vivo. They also suggest that PAR inhibition might be explored for the prevention or treatment of thrombosis in human beings.
Simulating the client's internal dialogue as a counselor training technique

The Triad Training Model is designed to make explicit a client's positive and negative internal dialogue through direct and immediate feedback in simulated counseling interviews. The counselor trainee is presented with an explicit verbal exchange with the client, the counselor's own implicit internal dialogue, and positive/negative messages of the client's internal dialogue through feedback from the anticounselor and procounselor. The theoretical basis for the Triad Training Model is discussed and supporting research is presented. The specific functions of a procounselor and anticounselor are outlined for persons seeking to use the Triad Training Model.
European communities official documents: One library's experience

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to share the author's experience in organizing European Communities depository publications at the University of Illinois Law Library. The authors explain the genesis of the homemade classification scheme derived from theCatalogue des publications, 1952–1971, Vol. 1, and outline the outcome of applying this classification scheme to an ever-increasing number of documents arriving from various agencies of the Communities. The authors go into a great deal of bibliographic detail on various European Community publications. Also discussed are the difficult problems involving technical processes related to European Communities publications. The authors observe that the lack of LC copy and of an official comprehensive index hinders prompt cataloging. Editions in several languages and multilingual statistical publications are almost standard; they recommend language notes and added entries for such publications. Cataloging entries for European Communities publications follow the structural organization of the Communities. The authors assess that OCLC is of some help now, and feel that it may be of great help after a feasible procedure can be developed for the prompt entering of bibliographical information on new publications into the OCLC data base.
Effects on experimental animals of long-term inhalation of trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and 1,1-dichloroethylene.

Rats, guinea pigs, dogs, rabbits, and monkeys were exposed to trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and 1,1-dichloroethylene. Two types of inhalation experiments were conducted: continuous exposure for 90 days and 8-hour exposures, 5 days a week, for a total of thirty exposures. The parameters studied included mortality, visible signs of toxicity, and hematologic, biochemical, pathologic, and body weight changes. Throughout this entire study which encompassed 17 separate exposures over a period of nearly four years, no visible signs of toxicity were noted in any species exposed to these materials. Significant mortality was found in both the repeated (515 mg/m3) and continuous (61 mg/m3) exposures to carbon tetrachloride as well as in the continuous exposures to 1,1-dichloroethylene at 189, 101, and 61 mg/m3. Growth depression in varying degrees was found in all continuous exposures involving trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,1-dichloroethylene and in the repeated exposures to carbon tetrachloride. No significant hematologic alterations were noted in any of the studies. No biochemical studies were done in the earlier years and hence no biochemical data were obtained from the animals exposed to trichloroethylene and dichlorodifluoromethane. Serum urea nitrogen levels were within control limits in all of the exposures to carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in which determinations were made. Liver lipid contents in guinea pigs were found to be significantly elevated following repeated exposure to 515 mg/m3 of carbon tetrachloride. Significant elevations of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and liver alkaline phosphatase activities were found in rats and guinea pigs following continuous exposure to 189 mg/m3 of 1,1-dichloroethylene. Histopathologic study revealed liver damage following continuous exposures to high levels of dichlorodifluoromethane (3997 mg/m3), and to lower levels of carbon tetrachloride (61 mg/m3), and 1,1-dichloroethylene (189 mg/m3). Similar liver damage was also found in the repeated exposures to the two latter materials at 515 mg/m3 and 395 mg/m3, respectively.
Anti‐selectin therapy against hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion injury

Evidence shows that leukocyte recruitment into inflamed liver sinusoids does not require selectins, with one notable exception: ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). We used intravital microscopy to directly visualize the liver microcirculation during I/R and localized endotoxemia (liver superfused with lipopolysaccharide). General anti-selectin therapy (fucoidan) or anti-adhesion therapy with an antithrombin inhibitor (hirudin) was also used. Many neutrophils rolled and adhered in postsinusoidal vessels and sequestered in the sinusoids during I/R and local endotoxin superfusion. Although fucoidan blocked rolling in both forms of inflammation, leukocyte recruitment into sinusoids was only blocked in I/R. Adhesion was also inhibited in postischemic sinusoids with a second anti-adhesive agent (hirudin). Because liver I/R inevitably induces ischemia upstream in the intestine, anti-selectin therapy may prevent intestinal injury, which could prevent downstream liver inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we completely removed the intestine and rerouted blood flow from the superior mesenteric artery to the superior mesenteric vein. I/R was induced in the liver microcirculation, and many leukocytes rolled and adhered in postsinusoidal venules and adhered in sinusoids. Although fucoidan significantly reduced the rolling in postsinusoidal vessels, adhesion persisted in the sinusoids. Our data suggest that anti-adhesion therapy is effective in liver I/R in the sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules, perhaps in part due to its beneficial effect on the intestine.
Threshold and oscillation of injection lasers: A critical review of laser theory

Abstract A review paper presents a critical examination of the prevailing theories of the threshold transition of injection lasers. The theories are examined for their correspondence with the familiar properties of an oscillator, in particular the appearance of coherence at threshold and the maintenance of the stimulated output with no spontaneous input. The connections are examined between the currents at (a) the knee of the power-current curve P (I); (b) the peak of d(ln P )/d I ; (c) the peak of P N , the amplitude of the low frequency power spectrum from the optical detector; and (d) the threshold of oscillation. All theories predict the knee at total current equal to I 0 , the component of the current due to spontaneous emission alone at gain equals loss. The cause is the abrupt change in external efficiency when the stimulated power becomes important. The linear rate equations produce neither coherence nor self-sustained oscillation; and in spite of assertions to the contrary, the finite strength of the pump does not give a change in shape of P N (I) near I 0 . Three nonlinear models are examined; (1) The van der Pol equation, (2) the rate equations with nonlinearity described by a critical intensity, and (3) those based on a critical power. All three display the properties expected of an oscillator. The sharp maximum in d(ln P )/d I locates the onset of coherence, and the separation between I 0 and the current at the peak depends on the strength of the nonlinearity. Only a very weak nonlinearity is required to move the peak from the infinite current of the linear theory to the observed close coincidence with I 0 . The trace of P N (I) shows the location of threshold, but the approximation of the theories is too crude to give the shape in the lasing region. Published experimental data show that the linear theory does not describe the lasing transition nor the behavior at or above threshold. For lack of a mathematical solution in this region, it is not a logical base for perturbation calculations of lasing properties. The experimental evidence on the strength of the nonlinearity is examined and also the empirical distinction between the non-linear rate equations (2) and (3). An Appendix discusses the physical nature of the nonlinearity, and another presents the theory connecting the power spectrum of the detector current to the spectrum of the incident light.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of schizophrenic patients during word production: effects of D-cycloserine.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to examine patterns of cortical activation underlying d -cycloserine's therapeutic efficacy in schizophrenic patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We measured frontal and temporal lobe activation following a word fluency task in 12 subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of supervised treatment, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Half of the patients received d -cycloserine ( n =6) as a supplement to their conventional neuroleptic treatment while the other half ( n =6) was augmented with placebo. Patients receiving d -cycloserine, but not placebo, demonstrated a significant increase in temporal lobe activation. This increased activation was significantly associated with a reduction in negative symptoms. These results suggest that the addition of d -cycloserine to conventional neuroleptics may improve negative symptoms through enhanced temporal lobe function.
Surface Initiated Growth of Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) Nanofibers on Surface-Modified Glass Substrates

Nanofibers of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) were directly grown via a template-less vapor phase polymerization technique directly on surface modified glass substrates. Several commercially available glass slides were investigated for polymer nanofiber deposition. In addition, glass substrates were also modified in the laboratory using silanes with different functional groups. The growth of nanofibers at different relative humidities was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that nanofiber formation is favored when the polymerization occurs at relative humidities greater than 68%. The diameter and the number density of the nanofibers were examined in terms of the wettability of cyanoacrylate monomer on the modified glass substrates.
State Finances: Delaware as a Case Study:

Public finance theory can address itself to state financial problems. Delaware provides a useful case study to determine the applicability of much of that theory The theory suggests that Delaware is attempting to finance a substantial income redistribution program which generates an out-migration of its tax base. Several suggestions are made for reversing this tendency.
(+)-p-([18F]fluorobenzyl)spirotrozamicol {(+)-[18F]Spiro-FBT}: synthesis and biological evaluation of a high-affinity ligand for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)

Abstract (+)-1′-[4-Hydroxy-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-3-yl]spiro[1H-indene-1,4′-piperidine] {(+)-Spiro-FBT}, a high-affinity vesicular acetylcholine transporter ligand, was labeled with fluorine-18, and evaluated in the rat and monkey. In the rat brain, (+)-[ 18 F]Spiro-FBT accumulated preferentially in the striatum, hippocampus, and cortex, brains regions containing high-to-moderate densities of cholinergic terminals. However, due to rapid metabolism, no preferential accumulation of the radiotracer was observed in corresponding regions of the monkey brain. Consequently, rapid metabolism renders (+)-[ 18 F]Spiro-FBT unsuitable for studying cholinergic function with positron emission tomography.
Business planning in successful small firms

Abstract Strategic planning has been widely publicized during the last decade, but what has been accomplished by this management activity in smaller, high-growth firms? Business plans have been widely recommended for start-up funding, but we have noted additional uses for business plans in pratice. This article reports methods and results of strategic planning and written business plans in high-growth ‘INC. 500’ firms. In spite of a variety of obstacles, over half of the firms conduct strategic planning on a regular basis. Results of this study show that fast-growth firms develop written business plans as a product of strategic planning, mainly by five key management personnel. Written business plans are used more for internal management purposes than for start-up funding. Finally, the completion of strategic planning is positively associated with a firm's profitability. Based on survey and interview data, this article describes a four-phase model to help ensure effective integration of strategic planning processes and the resulting written business plans.
Fractal Statistics of Cloud Fields

Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data, with 80 and 30 m spatial resolution, respectively, have been employed to study the spatial structure of boundary-layer and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) clouds. The probability distributions of cloud areas and cloud perimeters are found to approximately follow a power-law, with a different power (i.e., fractal dimension) for each cloud type. They are better approximated by a double power-law behavior, indicating a change in the fractal dimension at a characteristic size which depends upon cloud type. The fractal dimension also changes with threshold. The more intense cloud areas are found to have a higher perimeter fractal dimension, perhaps indicative of the increased turbulence at cloud top. A detailed picture of the inhomogeneous spatial structure of various cloud types will contribute to a better understanding of basic cloud processes, and also has implications for the remote sensing of clouds, for their effects on remote sensing of other parameters, and for the parameterization of clouds in general circulation models, all of which rely upon plane-parallel radiative transfer algorithms.
Numerical Calculation of the Ground-State Properties of Nuclear Matter Using the Λ 10 Approximation

This paper investigates numerically for the case of nuclear matter the consequences of one particular method of terminating the infinite chain of coupled Green's-function equations. Of special interest is a comparison of this ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{10}$ theory with the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{00}$ theory investigated previously. These two approximate theories rely on solution of a $T$-matrix equation and they differ in the selection of the propagator for intermediate states. Using separable, nonlocal potentials the $T$-matrix equations are solved and the bulk properties of the system obtained. Results are presented for the energy and number densities, the effective mass, the nuclear compressibility, and the two-particle correlation function. It is found that the two theories give similar results, with ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{10}$ predicting several MeV less binding than ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{00}$ does.
Mechanical properties of human cancellous bone in the femoral head.

The ultimate compressive strength of human cancellous bone derived from femoral heads was found to range between 21 and 1963 Ibf/in2 (145-13535 kN/m2). A correlation coefficient of 0·70 was found for the relationship between compressive strength and apparent density of cancellous bone; however, no statistically significant correlation was found between compressive strength and location of the cancellous bone within a femoral head. The stress relaxation of cancellous bone, measured at widely differing initial stresses, demonstrates the viscoelastic nature of cancellous bone, and consequently the tendency to flow or creep under time-dependent stresses.
Equivalence of the Euler and Lagrangian equations of gas dynamics for weak solutions

Abstract This paper demonstrates the equivalence of the Euler and the Lagrangian equations of gas dynamics in one space dimension for weak solutions which are bounded and measurable in Eulerian coordinates. The precise hypotheses include all known global solutions on R × R +. In particular, solutions containing vacuum states (zero mass density) are included. Furthermore, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the convex extensions of the two systems, and the corresponding admissibility criteria are equivalent. In the presence of a vacuum, the definition of weak solution for the Lagrangian equations must be strengthened to admit test functions which are discontinuous at the vacuum. As an application, we translate a large-data existence result of DiPerna for the Euler equations for isentropic gas dynamics into a similar theorem for the Lagrangian equations.
Testing Asset Fixity for U.S. Agriculture: Comment

Comments on a study which used a generalized Leontief cost model to test the asset fixity hypothesis for agriculture in the United States. List of the major assumptions of the Chambers and Vasavada model; Criticism on the definition of fixed assets and fixed input and output ratios; Discussion on asset fixity and putty-clay technology.
A cluster of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children in child care.

Objective. —To investigate a cluster of invasive pneumococcal disease in children 8 to 26 months of age, using standard microbiological procedures and ribosomal DNA gene-restriction patterns to characterize the outbreak strain. Design. —Outbreak investigation. Setting. —A family child-care home with six children in Baltimore, Md. Results. —During an 8-day period, three of the six children in the family child-care home had febrile illnesses with pneumococcal bacteremia, and a fourth had purulent pneumococcal conjunctivitis. Type 12F Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the four ill children and from the nasopharynges of the two healthy children. Ribotyping revealed all outbreak isolates had an identical ribotype pattern. Administration of rifampin to the children did not eradicate carriage of the organism. Conclusions. —Our data demonstrate that child care provides an opportunity for outbreak of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children. This observation suggests a need for increased alertness for clusters of pneumococcal disease in young children in child-care facilities and underscores the necessity for a pneumococcal vaccine that is effective in infants and young children. ( JAMA . 1994;271:695-697)
Affinity probes for the GABA-gated chloride channel: selection of 5e-tert-butyl-2e-[4-(substituted-ethynyl)phenyl]-1,3-dithianes and optimization of linker moiety.

Abstract The noncompetitive blocker (NCB) site of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel is the target for many important insecticides and potent convulsants. This site is specifically blocked by 3 H ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ( 3 H EBOB) and other trioxabicyclooctane radioligands and might be suitable for affinity probes with an appropriate heterocyclic substituent and linker moiety. Optimal potency at the NCB site is achieved with 5 e - tert -butyl-2 e -[4-(substituted-ethynyl)phenyl]-1,3-dithianes compared with analogs in which the butyldithiane portion is replaced with butyldithiane-sulfoxide or -sulfone, n -propyltrioxabicyclooctane or dioxatricyclododecene. Three positions were examined for coupling the linker and dithiane: C-2 of the dithiane; a branched substituent within the alkynyl moiety; the terminus of a straight chain extension from the ethynyl group, which proved to be the best. Optimized linkers for addition to the ethynylphenyldithiane to achieve appropriate length and fit within the active site, i.e. receptor potency, are CH 2 OCH 2 C(O)SCH 2 CH 2 (SH or NH 2 ) and the corresponding thiolates and amides. Several compounds with these spacers block the chloride channel, measured as inhibition of 3 H EBOB binding, at 4–50 nM.
Mentors versus masters: Women’s and girls’ narratives of (re)negotiation in web-based writing spaces

Abstract Although technology can be a source of anxiety for both students and teachers new to electronic writing environments, much research shows that for women and girls, this anxiety is compounded by traditional gender–power dynamics that often position technology as male, and by the development of technological literacy as a product to be mastered rather than a process to be nurtured. Drawing on research in feminist critical pedagogies, the politics of online communication, and recent calls for gender-fair curricula and the recruitment and retention of women and girls in technology-related fields, this article questions the extent to which we can teach web-based literacy technologies and also foster technological mentoring. Part of our proposed mentoring process involves the role of narrative as both a methodology and a pedagogy that allows women and girls to voice their technological literacy histories and literacy acquisition. We include our own literacy, technology, and teaching narratives, profiling both a graduate seminar in computer-mediated writing pedagogies and a Cybergrrl pilot study in which eight junior high girls learned to create web sites for family and friends. Ultimately, we suggest curricular guidelines for moving from mastering to mentoring.
Does rotation of a hot spherical nucleus generate an oblate or a prolate shape

Abstract All nuclei have a critical temperature Tc1, where the equilibrium shape is spherical if the temperature is above Tc1 and the rotational frequency is zero. For some nuclei with T > Tc1, a slow rotation of the spherical shape generates a prolate equilibrium shape rotating about its symmetry axis. This opposes the classical expectation that the shape should be oblate. The prolate shape is caused by a quantum shell effect which exists only if the nucleus is rotating. These nuclei have a second shape transition temperature Tc2 > Tc1, where a slow rotation of the spherical nucleus generates a prolate shape if Tc1 Tc2, and a shape with β2 = 0 and β4 ≠ 0 if T = Tc2.
The use of canopy temperature as an indicator of drought stress in humid regions

Abstract Much of the work relating canopy-air temperature differential to crop stress of maize ( Zea mays , L) has been done in the arid or semi-arid regions of the Western U.S.A. In this paper, three indices developed for arid conditions were examined under humid conditions. The first index used only canopy-air temperature differentials. The second index used canopy-air temperature differentials and vapor pressure deficits. The third index included canopy-air temperature differential, vapor pressure deficit and net radiation. These three indices were tested at a differential soil moisture installation. This installation uses controlled rooting depths to ensure the occurrence of drought stress even under humid conditions. The soils in the controlled rooting plots are the topsoil of a Mexico silt loam (Udollic Ochraqualfs, fine, montmorillonitic, mesic). Nearby undisturbed plots are also Mexico silt loams. Two years of data, an arid year and a humid year, are included in this analysis. When data from the arid year were examined alone, all indices related to yield equally well. With the addition of the humid year data, the second and third indices performed better than the first, indicating that the addition of vapor pressure deficit and possibly net radiation have some benefit. Similar comparisons of the three indices were made with the yield components, kernel weight and number of kernels. Kernel weights showed no difference due to drought stress in that, when plotted against each of the indices, all slopes were 0.0. Most of the effect of drought stress on yield is on the kernel number component. As with yield, all indices work equally well in the arid year. However, when the humid year is included, the third index seems to work the best. Thus, when the components of yield are examined, it appears possible that the marginal increase in fit due to the addition of net radiation may be real. This finding shows that vapor pressure deficits and possibly net radiation may be variable enough in a humid environment to make it necessary to include them in any canopy-air temperature differential based indicator of drought stress.
Single-donor platelets reduce the risk of septic platelet transfusion reactions

BACKGROUND: Septic platelet transfusion reactions (SPTRs) are the most common, serious risk of transfusion. Because SPTRs result from donor skin flora or asymptomatic bacteremia, the use of single-donor platelets (SDPs) has been proposed to reduce the risk of SPTRs from the risks with pools of platelet concentrates (PCs). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Beginning in 1986, all febrile transfusion reactions were evaluated by culture of the platelet bag. Confirmed SPTRs were identified by isolation of the same bacteria from the bag and the patient's blood or by positive Gram's stain of the bag that confirmed a positive platelet culture. In 1987, a program to minimize PC use in favor of SDP use was initiated as a means of reducing SPTRs. RESULTS: In 12 years, the use of SDPs increased from 51.7 percent to 99.4 percent of all platelet transfusions at one institution. SPTRs fell from three events in 1 year to the current rate of one event per year. The incidence of SPTRs decreased from 1 in 4,818 transfusions to 1 in 15,098 transfusions. The rate of SPTRs due to PCs was 5.39 times higher than that of SPTRs due to SDPs (95% CI, 1.89,12.9). CONCLUSION: The use of SDPs is a simple means of reducing SPTRs. Other measures such as sterilization will be required to eliminate all SPTRs.
Degeneration of penicillin titre in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum.

STRAINS of Penicillium chrysogenum yielding penicillin may show a decrease in antibiotic titre after a period of storage or of continued subculture1–3. The work described here was undertaken to determine whether this loss of antibiotic productivity has a genetic origin. Degeneration caused by an excessive number of serial passages can obviously be precluded by restrictions on subculturing3. The results obtained in our studies support a previous suggestion4 that preservation at very low temperatures is a method of avoiding degeneration during storage.
Different responses to mitogenic agents by Adult rat and human chromaffin cells in vitro

Adrenal medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytomas occur frequently in laboratory rats, both in the courseof aging and in response to prolonged administration of a variety of drugs and other substances. In contrast, these lesions are rare in humans. Rat chromaffin cells proliferate throughout life, but the proliferative capacities of human chromaffin cells are unknown. To determine whether the difference in prevalence of adrenal lesions might be correlated with differences in cell proliferation, adrenal medullary cells from 3 patients undergoing radical nephrectomy were maintained in vitro for up to 2 weeks in control medium or in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and/or tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C. Both NGF and TPA are known mitogens for neonatal and adult rat chromaffin cells. At intervals, the cultures were pulsed for up to 36 hours with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label S-phase nuclei. They were then fixed and consecutively stained for BrdU and for tyrosine hydroxylase, to confirm that labeled cells were chromaffin cells. Cells from adult female F344 rats were similarly maintained. Human chromaffin cells labeled with BrdU were extremely rare (less than 0.1 %) under all culture conditions, and effects of NGF or TPA could not be demonstrated. Rat chromaffin cells showed little or no labeling with BrdU in control medium but, in contrast to their human counterparts studied, showed marked increases in the percentages of labeled cells in the presence of NGF (37% ± 3%), TPA (7% ± 1%), or both (31% ± 3%). The apparently lower responsiveness of human chromaffin cells to mitogenic signals, or responses to different types of signals, may contribute to the lower frequency of adrenal medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytomas in humans compared to rats.
Chemiluminescent Method for Flow Injection Analysis of Anions

Abstract We present here the preliminary results on a new flow injection chemiluminescent method of analysis for anions. This technique is rapid and sensitive with detection limits on the order of 1 × 10−6M for chloride and 30 samples/hr possible.
Data modeling and feature extraction for image databases

Current image retrieval systems have many important limitations. Many are specialized for a particular domain of images, and are not applicable to other image domains. The more general systems treat all images uniformly. Consequently, the power of their query facility is limited to color, texture, shape, and other features that ar common to all images, with no deeper understanding of the structure of a given image. Few systems have addressed the issue of scalability with respect to the size of the image collection and with respect to the underlying techniques. There are two communities that can contribute to image databases: computer vision and database systems. In this paper we focus on the database side of the issue. We consider how to design a database system that supports a rich class of content-based queries on image collections, scales with collection size, and easily incorporate future advances in computer vision. This paper outlines one approach, in the form of the design, implementation and testing of an image database system called PIQ.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automated Measurement of Infarct Size With Scanned Images of Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride–Stained Rat Brains

Background and Purpose The extent of brain infarction after focal cerebral ischemia is frequently assessed with the mitochondrial activity indicator 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). We describe an automated procedure for analysis of infarct size in TTC-stained rat brains. Methods Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and killed after 24 to 36 hours, and their brains were processed for TTC staining. Digital images of coronal sections from these brains (n>50) were acquired with a desktop color scanner. The resulting images were divided into red, blue, and green component images. Total brain and infarct areas were automatically determined on the basis of total pixel intensity and area after segmentation of the red and green images, respectively. Automated measurements were compared with those made with a video camera–based image acquisition system that required manual tracing of lesion boundaries. Results The spatial resolution of scanned brain images (≈200 μm) was comparable to t...
MALE/FEMALE LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES AND ATTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES IN CHILDREN'S TELEVISION

Children's television programs from public and commercial networks were videotaped: PBS—Mr. Rogers's Neighborhood, Sesame Street, and Villa Alegra; Commercial—Action programs, Comedy/Adventure programs, and Commercials. Random 2–3 minute segments were transcribed and the dialogue of individual characters printed for analysis. In Analysis 1,11 trained linguistic coders assessed 48 transcripts (45–110 words) for 3 7 language variables previously found to differentiate speaker gender. A multiple discriminant analysis showed significant ability (94% accuracy) in predicting character sex from 13 linguistic variables. In Analysis 2, the transcripts were rated by 221 naive observers using the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. MANOVA results indicated that, in general, the male and female characters' language led to character perceptions consistent with the Gender-Linked Language Effect: female characters rated higher on Socio-Intellectual Status and Aesthetic Quality; male characters rated higher on Dynamism. In Analysis 3, multiple regression analyses suggested a causal link between 9 of the 13 gender-discriminating variables from Analysis 1 and all three attributional dimensions in Analysis 2. Results are discussed in terms of sex-role stereotypes.
OTHER INCOME PATTERNS AND STOCHASTIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING

Abstract The purpose of this paper is two fold: first to provide a method for evaluating projects which have an income pattern describable by a polynomial function of time, and to provide a means for evaluating projects which exhibit a yearly growth or decline in earnings while maintaining the ability to account for the time pattern of earnings, and second to bring forth an assessment technique which will reflect the possibility of attaining various levels of income for each of the periods of interest. Methods utilized in developing the various models are based on the concept of dynamic return. The future and present worths of a project are calculated for the case in which the earnings follow a pattern of the form given by either Ctm or C(l — t)m. Two types of growth patterns, geometric, in which earnings increase or decline by a fixed percentage each year, and arithmetic, in which earnings increase or decrease by a fixed amount each year, are analyzed. Finally, an income model based on the binomial distr...
The Sample Coefficient of Determination in Simple Linear Regression

Abstract The behavior of the sample coefficient of determination is examined for some arrangements of independent variable values in a simple linear regression with normally distributed error terms. Numerical values of means and standard deviations are presented that provide some insight into the influence of range and arrangement of independent variable values and sample size on the size of the sample coefficient of determination. Some asymptotic results are given.
Raman scattering of the oxygen deficient phases of the YBaCuO superconductor

Abstract Investigations of single crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 revealed striking properties: antiresonance behavior and renormalization of the vibrational modes, A 1g and B 1g symmetry components of an electronic continuum, and redistribution of this continuum for temperatures below T c . Raman studies of the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+Δ compound revealed similar properties suggesting that at least some of these features may in fact be intrinsic to the high temperature superconductors. Our current investigations focus on the oxygen deficient, T c =60K, and insulating phases of the Y Ba Cu O system and further detail the intrinsic quality of these features. The decreased oxygen concentration in these phases respectively serves to weaken and eliminate the electronic continuum and in turn weaken and eliminate the antiresonance behavior.
Tricuspid valve surgery: the past 10 years from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the trends in tricuspid valve surgery over time. Methods We used 10 years (1999-2008) of NIS data to examine the population of patients undergoing tricuspid valve repair or replacement (ICD-9-CM codes 35.14, 35.27, and 35.28). Results We identified 28,726 admissions for tricuspid valve surgery. The total number of tricuspid procedures more than doubled over the 10- year period (1712 cases in 1999 vs 4072 cases in 2008). Although the absolute number of repairs and replacements increased over time, the tricuspid repair rate increased whereas there was a corresponding decrease in tricuspid replacement rate. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery accounted for 20% of the total tricuspid cases, whereas tricuspid surgery as a concomitant procedure to other cardiac operations accounted for the remaining 80%. There was a trend toward increased use of tissue over mechanical valves for tricuspid replacement. Overall hospital mortality was 10.6%. Over time, mortality decreased significantly for both repair and replacement. Concomitant tricuspid replacement was associated with significantly higher hospital mortality than was isolated tricuspid replacement (16.1% vs 10.1%; P = .0001). Conclusions There has been a dramatic increase in tricuspid interventions over time. This has been associated with an increase in tricuspid repair rates as well as use of bioprostheses for tricuspid replacement. The majority of tricuspid operations are performed concomitantly to other cardiac procedures. Mortality for tricuspid valve surgery remains considerable and significantly higher for replacement than for repair.
Power amplifier distortion effects on single-carrier and multiple-carrier waveforms

Power Amplifiers (PAs) are typically used to convert low-power Radio Frequency (RF) signals into high-power RF signals. Most wireless communications systems employ power amplifiers in order to increase the operating range of the system. However, this conversion process can have some undesired effects on the underlying physical layer waveforms which are used to communicate the digital information. This paper will investigate the effects of power amplifiers on the two most popular waveform design techniques used for the transmission of digital data over wireless channels: singlecarrier and multi-carrier. Of main interest will be the effects caused by PAs to each waveform's out-of-band emissions, average and peak transmit power, received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance.