cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The sphere and the dome: The Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium in Lisbon and the imperial myth of the Estado Novo

Inaugurated in 1965, the Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium (CGP) was the first institution of its kind in Portugal. The CGP was established in the context of the relocation of the Maritime Museum of Lisbon (Museu de Marinha) to Belem, an area of the Portuguese capital highly symbolic of Portuguese maritime and imperial history. The dictatorial regime known as Estado Novo used Belem as a ground for major events that affirmed the legitimacy of Portugal's overseas empire by celebrating the maritime deeds of erstwhile sovereigns and navigators, in a mythical narrative of a glorious imperial destiny. Given the close association between astronomy and nautical science, the CGP was certain to gain a prominent place in the tapestry of Belem's symbolic inscriptions. This paper addresses the inception of the CGP in its urban context, showing how this area of Lisbon provided an ideal backdrop for this institution, and how its foundation was promoted and steered by a naval officer and amateur astronomer who maintained an ambivalent relation with the regime: Eugenio da Conceicao Silva (1903-69).
Effect of pH and temperature on microbial community structure and carboxylic acid yield during the acidogenic digestion of duckweed.

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are efficient aquatic plants for wastewater treatment due to their high nutrient-uptake capabilities and resilience to severe environmental conditions. Combined with their rapid growth rates, high starch, and low lignin contents, duckweeds have also gained popularity as a biofuel feedstock for thermochemical conversion and alcohol fermentation. However, studies on the acidogenic anaerobic digestion of duckweed into carboxylic acids, another group of chemicals which are precursors of higher-value chemicals and biofuels, are lacking. In this study, a series of laboratory batch experiments were performed to determine the favorable operating conditions (i.e., temperature and pH) to maximize carboxylic acid production from wastewater-derived duckweed during acidogenic digestion. Batch reactors with 25 g/l solid loading were operated anaerobically for 21 days under mesophilic (35 °C) or thermophilic (55 °C) conditions at an acidic (5.3) or basic (9.2) pH. At the conclusion of the experiment, the dominant microbial communities under various operating conditions were assessed using high-throughput sequencing. The highest duckweed–carboxylic acid conversion of 388 ± 28 mg acetic acid equivalent per gram volatile solids was observed under mesophilic and basic conditions, with an average production rate of 0.59 g/l/day. This result is comparable to those reported for acidogenic digestion of other organics such as food waste. The superior performance observed under these conditions was attributed to both chemical treatment and microbial bioconversion. Hydrogen recovery was only observed under acidic thermophilic conditions, as 23.5 ± 0.5 ml/g of duckweed volatile solids added. More than temperature, pH controlled the overall structure of the microbial communities. For instance, differentially abundant enrichments of Veillonellaceae acidaminococcus were observed in acidic samples, whereas enrichments of Clostridiaceae alkaliphilus were found in the basic samples. Acidic mesophilic conditions were found to enrich acetoclastic methanogenic populations over processing times longer than 10 days. Operating conditions have a significant effect on the yield and composition of the end products resulting from acidogenic digestion of duckweed. Wastewater-derived duckweed is a technically feasible alternative feedstock for the production of advanced biofuel precursors; however, techno-economic analysis is needed to determine integrated full-scale system feasibility and economic viability.
First-Year Radiology Residents Teaching Anatomy to First-Year Medical Students: A Symbiotic Relationship.

Abstract Objectives Our institution has developed an educational program in which first-year radiology residents teach first-year medical students during gross anatomy laboratory sessions. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of this program on medical student knowledge and perceptions of radiology, and on resident attitudes toward teaching. Materials and Methods First-year resident pairs taught small groups of medical students during weekly 15-minute interactive sessions, and were evaluated on teaching skills by senior residents. A survey about attitudes toward radiology and a knowledge quiz were sent to the medical students, and a survey about attitudes toward teaching was sent to the first-year radiology residents, both pre-course and post-course. Results Students’ radiology knowledge significantly increased between the pre-course and post-course survey across all categories tested (P Conclusions Resident-led small-group teaching sessions during anatomy laboratory are mutually beneficial for medical students and radiology residents. The program also allows radiology residents to be exposed early on in residency to teaching and academic medicine.
The Impact of Clinical Depression on the Labor Market Outcomes of Young Adults

Using the 1999 to 2004 NHANES micro data files, this paper estimates the economic impact of clinical depression on the labor market outcomes of young adults between the ages of 20 and 39. For all 20 to 39 year olds, women, and low-income individuals, we find that depression is associated with a reduction in employment by lengthening job search and not a departure from the labor force. For minorities, we find that employment loss is associated with labor force departure. Our estimates indicate that depression has little impact on hours worked and job tenure. We also find indirect evidence that the unemployment rate of depressed individuals increased during the 2001 recession and jobless recovery. Future work will utilize state variation in mental health insurance laws to address depression’s endogeneity, incorporate additional data sets and years of data, and include local economic indicators.
An Extensible Framework for Quantifying the Coverage of Defenses Against Untrusted Foundries

The transistors used to construct Integrated Circuits (ICs) continue to shrink. While this shrinkage improves performance and density, it also reduces trust: the price to build leading-edge fabrication facilities has skyrocketed, forcing even nation states to outsource the fabrication of high-performance ICs. Outsourcing fabrication presents a security threat because the black-box nature of a fabricated IC makes comprehensive inspection infeasible. Since prior work shows the feasibility of fabrication-time attackers' evasion of existing post-fabrication defenses, IC designers must be able to protect their physical designs before handing them off to an untrusted foundry. To this end, recent work suggests methods to harden IC layouts against attack. Unfortunately, no tool exists to assess the effectiveness of the proposed defenses---meaning gaps may exist. This paper presents an extensible IC layout security analysis tool called IC Attack Surface (ICAS) that quantifies defensive coverage. For researchers, ICAS identifies gaps for future defenses to target, and enables the quantitative comparison of existing and future defenses. For practitioners, ICAS enables the exploration of the impact of design decisions on an IC's resilience to fabrication-time attack. ICAS takes a set of metrics that encode the challenge of inserting a hardware Trojan into an IC layout, a set of attacks that the defender cares about, and a completed IC layout and reports the number of ways an attacker can add each attack to the design. While the ideal score is zero, practically, our experience is that lower scores correlate with increased attacker effort.
2D Magnetic Sensor Array for Real-time Cell Tracking and Multi-site Detection with Increased Robustness and Flow-rate

In this article, we present a 2D oscillator array-based magnetic sensor CMOS IC for flow cytometry. The CMOS IC packaged with a microfluidic channel eliminates the need for hydro-focusing by allowing uninhibited flow over the 2D chip surface. The chip exploits multi-site detection capability allowing simultaneously high flow rate for trace cell detection, reduced false positives, and real-time cell tracking. We demonstrate these functionalities with a $7 \times 7$ array in 65-nm CMOS with lymphoma cancer cells.
City Patterns of Screening Mammography Uptake and Disparity across the United States.

This study demonstrated disparities in screening mammography use at the city level–irrespective of city size–throughout the United States, with geographic region strongly informing urban screening ...
Interlingual = Intercultural in Kayoi Komachi/Komachi Visited: A Noh Chamber Opera

In their intercultural production Kayoi Komachi/Komachi Visited, creators Colleen Lanki and Farshid Samandari experimented with mixing Japanese noh and Western chamber opera, blending noh and opera...
Paving the Way: A Grounded Theory of Discovery and Decision Making for Individuals With the CDH1 Marker.

PURPOSE To understand the process of discovery and decision making for adults with the CDH1 marker for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer and inherited breast cancer. PARTICIPANTS A SETTING Purposeful sampling included 20 participants. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH Grounded theory with constant comparison was used. FINDINGS The decision-making process of Paving the Way addresses the challenges for individuals diagnosed with the CDH1 marker. The theory explains the process of learning the risk, discerning testing, choosing iterative individual interventions, and adjusting postoperatively while normalizing to live longer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The process explains and describes the nine factors for decision making and predicts the timing for nursing interventions for genetic testing and pre- and postoperative assessment and planning.
Short Introduction to the Science of Electrocatalysis

This chapter is written for a novice in electrochemical research to provide a background for the work on fuel cell electrocatalysis. Thus, basic properties of electrochemical systems are briefly described including a formation of electrical double layer, establishing the electrode potential, and potential distribution at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Galvani, Volta, and surface potentials are described, as well as the models of the electrical double layer from a condenser with a fixed plane of charge to diffuse layer with the ion concentration gradient. The double-layer capacitance as a series combination of the compact and diffuse layers is described, and anion specific adsorption and the potential of zero charge (PZC) are defined. The passage of electrical current in electrochemical reactions described by the Butler–Volmer equation which is the fundamental relationship between the electrical current on an electrode and the electrode potential is described. The Tafel equation giving a logarithmic dependence of current on potential at higher overpotentials and the use of its slope, the Tafel slope, as diagnostic criterion for reaction mechanisms determination have been described. The most often used technique of cyclic voltammetry, which is highly suitable to study the unknown system to identify processes under given conditions, is discussed. Theoretical work is briefly mentioned including approaches focused on electron tunneling and solvent dipole fluctuations as a major factor controlling charge transfer using quantum-mechanical and classical statistical thermodynamics treatments.
Simple Nephrectomy in a Tertiary Care Safety Net Hospital—Patient Characteristics, Causes, Cost, and Renal Function Implications

Objective To evaluate factors associated with simple nephrectomy at a safety net hospital with a diverse patient population and large catchment area. Simple nephrectomy is an underreported surgery. Performance of simple nephrectomy may represent a failure of management of underlying causes. Methods We performed a retrospective review of simple nephrectomies performed at a major urban safety net hospital from 2014 to 2019. Detailed demographic, surgical, and renal functional outcomes were abstracted. We assessed the medical and social factors leading to performance of simple nephrectomy and report contemporaneous perception of preventability of the simple nephrectomy by the surgeon. Results Eighty-five patients underwent simple nephrectomy during the study period; 55% were non-white, 77% were women, and the median age at time of surgery was 46 years. The most common medical factors contributing to simple nephrectomy were stone disease in 55.3%, followed by retained ureteral stent (30.6%) and stricture (30.6%). The most common social factors were lack of insurance (58.5%), substance abuse issues (32.3%), mental health issues (24.6%), and immigration status (18.5%). In 38.8% of cases, the provider felt the surgery was preventable if medical factors leading to simple nephrectomy were properly addressed. Conclusions Simple nephrectomy is a common surgery in the safety net hospital setting. Both medical and sociologic factors can lead to simple nephrectomy, and awareness of these factors can lead efforts to mitigate them. This review has led to the implementation of strategies to minimize occurrences of retained stents in our patients.
Parent Company Direct Liability for Overseas Human Rights Violations: Lessons from the UK Supreme Court

Human rights violations are perpetrated by corporate actors with troubling frequency. In most cases, plaintiffs do not have access to remedy. For 30 years, the United States has been a beacon of hope, its courts adjudicating human rights claims against corporate defendants under the Alien Tort Statute. Then, in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum, the Supreme Court closed the door on human rights plaintiffs. This Article charts the rise of the United Kingdom as a venue to bring suit. The U.K. Supreme Court, in a far-reaching judgment from 2019, upheld a decision to allow plaintiffs to sue a London-headquartered parent company for grave environmental damage and harm to local communities’ livelihoods that occurred through the operations of the company’s Zambian subsidiary. The dichotomy in approaches between the U.S. and the U.K. courts has prompted consideration of the following: is there anything that can be drawn from the U.K. litigation to improve access to remedy in the U.S. courts for victims of human rights violations by corporate actors? The article concludes that the argument used in the U.K. case law to attribute liability directly to parent companies should be taken up in the U.S.
Delivering equity: preterm birth by socioeconomic class before and after coverage of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate

We compare the preterm birth rate across socioeconomic strata in Michigan before and after the decision by Michigan Medicaid to provide coverage for 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHP), a cost...
Chaotic Entanglement: Entropy and Geometry

In chaotic entanglement, pairs of interacting classically-chaotic systems are induced into a state of mutual stabilization that can be maintained without external controls and that exhibits several properties consistent with quantum entanglement. In such a state, the chaotic behavior of each system is stabilized onto one of the system’s many unstable periodic orbits (generally located densely on the associated attractor), and the ensuing periodicity of each system is sustained by the symbolic dynamics of its partner system, and vice versa. Notably, chaotic entanglement is an entropy-reversing event: the entropy of each member of an entangled pair decreases to zero when each system collapses onto a given period orbit. In this paper, we discuss the role that entropy plays in chaotic entanglement. We also describe the geometry that arises when pairs of entangled chaotic systems organize into coherent structures that range in complexity from simple tripartite lattices to more involved patterns. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions.
Demos (a)kurios? Agenda power and democratic control in ancient Greece:

Ancient Greek elite theorists and ordinary democratic practitioners shared a distinctive account of the institutional features of democracy: democracy requires both institutions that empower ordina...
Influence of Medicaid expansion on short interpregnancy interval rates in the United States.

BACKGROUND Short interpregnancy intervals have been associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes. Contraception access could affect the short interpregnancy interval rates. OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of Medicaid on short interpregnancy intervals. We tested the hypothesis that Medicaid expansion and subsequent access to birth control would be associated with decreased short interpregnancy intervals. STUDY DESIGN Using the United States birth certificate data, we performed a population-based retrospective cohort study including multiparous women who had live births in 2012 and 2016, which is before and after Medicaid expansion had been implemented in 2014. Multivariate logistic regression estimated the influence of Medicaid expansion on short interpregnancy intervals ( RESULTS There were a total of 7,916,908 live births in 2012 and 2016 in the United States, of which 3,362,904 (42.5%) were in multiparous women with data on interpregnancy intervals (n=1,961,683 [58.3%]) in Medicaid expansion states and in non-Medicaid expansion states (n=1,401,221 [41.7%]). The rate of short interpregnancy intervals in the United States was slightly lower in 2016 (17.3%) than in 2012 (17.4%), P=.0006; rate difference 0.13% (95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.20). Short interpregnancy intervals occurred more frequently in non-Medicaid expansion states than in Medicaid expansion states in both 2012 (18.1% vs 16.6%, respectively; P CONCLUSION The risk of short interpregnancy intervals decreased in the Medicaid expansion states even after adjusting for risk factors. Moreover, the short interpregnancy interval rates increased in nonexpansion states but decreased in Medicaid expansion states. If non-Medicaid expansion states had experienced the same rate of decrease in short interpregnancy intervals as Medicaid expansion states, 1122 fewer women would have had a short interpregnancy interval in 2016. Considering the known association between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal and infant outcomes, these findings indicate that Medicaid expansion could improve perinatal outcomes.
Acquisitions and the Opportunity Set

This study analyzes the impact of various proxies for an acquirer’s opportunity set on its post-acquisition abnormal performance and on its likelihood of making an acquisition. Our initial empirical analysis consists of a sample of acquisitions by Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) of public and private targets over the period 1994 to 2015. Using REIT acquisitions allows us to utilize an alternative measure, the cap rate, of the firm’s opportunity set, in addition to those available for regular corporations: Tobin’s Q and short momentum. Specifically, we use the regional cap rate that corresponds to the target’s headquarters. Controlling for multiple factors that influence post-acquisition performance, we find that buy-and-hold abnormal returns to REIT acquirers are highly positively related to the cap rate at the time of the acquisition; however, Tobin’s Q has no significant impact. Short momentum has a negative impact on performance. We also show that higher cap rates, Tobin’s Q and short momentum all lead to more frequent acquisitions. In addition, we analyze a sample of 25,851 property acquisitions and find that the cap rate and Tobin’s Q are positively related to the number of property acquisitions a REIT makes. The results of this empirical analysis support the notion that positive investment opportunities in real markets (organic growth) are associated with positive acquisition opportunities (inorganic growth). We perform several robustness tests to corroborate our results.
Non-Diffusive N+2 Degree Upwinding Methods for the Finite Element Solution of the Time Dependent Transport Equation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the non-diffusive N+2 degree upwinding methods for the finite element solution of the time dependent transport equation. The use of standard central type numerical schemes to solve the convection–diffusion equation for convection dominated flows typically results in solutions that exhibit severe spurious oscillations, as well as peak damping and phase lag of the fundamental solution. The use of upwinding methods has been a very popular remedy in both finite difference (f.d.) and finite element (f.e.) methods. However, while traditional upwinding methods work well for steady-state problems, they lead to over-diffusive solutions for time-dependent problems. While N+l upwinding attempts to eliminate wiggles by adding artificial diffusion (for linear elements) or leads to unstable solutions (for quadratic elements), N+2 upwinding is able to dramatically improve the computed solutions, without being over-diffusive. It can be shown through truncation error analysis that N+2 upwinding eliminates both time and space-truncation errors.
Hard & Soft Acids and Bases

Practical metal ion hardness–softness scales applicable to aqueous solutions and corresponding to what most chemists probably imply when they use the terms hardness and softness are presented. The scales are derived from experimentally determined log stability constant differences for substitution reactions of one ligand for another on a metal ion. Correlations between scales for different ligand systems are high but not perfect. In an analogous ligand scale, all oxygen donors are hard and all nitrogen donors borderline. The principle of hard and soft acids and bases finds its most consistent application, not in direct stability constant comparisons, but rather in log stability constant differences of appropriate substitution reactions. Keywords: hard and soft acids and bases
Tracer Studies on the Role of Acetic Acid and Carbon Dioxide in the Fermentation of Lactate by Clostridium lacto-acetophilum.

In a previous study of the fermentation of lactate by Clostridium lacto-acetophilum (Bhat and Barker, 1947) it was shown that pure cultures of this organism can decompose lactate only when acetate is provided as a second substrate, whereas enrichment cultures of the same organism do not require added acetate. This difference in nutritional requirements indicated a corresponding difference in the catabolic processes occurring in the two types of cultures. In pure cultures, lactate and acetate disappeared while butyric acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen were formed, whereas in enrichment cultures lactate was decomposed with the formation of acetate in addition to the other products. It is also significant that the yield of carbon dioxide was much lower in the enrichment cultures. The reduced yield of carbon dioxide taken in conjunction with the formation of acetate indicated that the organisms in the enrichment cultures were using carbon dioxide as an oxidant and were converting it to acetic acid. In pure cultures the high yield of carbon dioxide and the requirement for acetate indicated that the bacteria were unable to reduce carbon dioxide in this way. The tracer experiments described in the present paper were designed to provide a direct test of the conclusions derived from the above-mentioned nutritional and metabolic experiments.
Using Geographic Information Science to Explore Associations between Air Pollution, Environmental Amenities, and Preterm Births

The study uses geographic information science (GIS) and statistics to find out if there are statistical differences between full term and preterm births to non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic mothers in their exposure to air pollution and access to environmental amenities (green space and vendors of healthy food) in the second largest city in New England, Worcester, Massachusetts. Proximity to a Toxic Release Inventory site has a statistically significant effect on preterm birth regardless of race. The air-pollution hazard score from the Risk Screening Environmental Indicators Model is also a statistically significant factor when preterm births are categorized into three groups based on the degree of prematurity. Proximity to green space and to a healthy food vendor did not have an effect on preterm births. The study also used cluster analysis and found statistically significant spatial clusters of high preterm birth volume for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic mothers.
Universalisation et traditionalisation de la discipline sociologique : Le cas du Québec francophone

Cet article s’interesse a la fondation historique d’un champ disciplinaire national, c’est-a-dire au processus de traditionalisation scientifique. Plus specifiquement, il cherche a mieux comprendre, et ce en la comparant sans cesse au developpement de la sociologie du Canada anglophone, comment la sociologie du Quebec francophone a progressivement cree un espace referentiel, methodologique, theorique et politique, et comment celle-ci a cherche, surtout dans les annees 1960 et 1970, a promouvoir une connaissance enracinee dans la realite nationale. C’est ainsi que l’auteur est amene a souligner trois dimensions inherentes a la constitution d’un champ sociologique national, soit la definition d’une societe globale, l’ecriture d’une histoire, ainsi que la formulation de methodes et de theories specifiques — marginalisant donc les dimensions ideologiques et institutionnelles invoquees par Harry H. Hiller dans ses travaux sur l’etablissement des traditions sociologiques canadiennes.
Processes of Risk and Resilience During Adolescence

Defining Key Terms and Concepts Methodological Issues Stress, Stress Responses, And Coping: Unifying Concepts For Understanding Risk And Resilience Risk And Resilience: Exemplars From Research On Stress, Coping And Depression Toward An Integrative Model Of Stress, Coping, Risk, And Resilience In Adolescence Conclusions Keywords: risk; resilience; stress; coping; emotion regulation
Relationship between increased longevity and stress resistance as assessed through gerontogene mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans

We review the status of the hypothesis that interventions that increase the resistance to stress offer the potential for effective life prolongation and increased health. The work focuses on research in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and describes both published and unpublished results consistent with this hypothesis. Correlation between stress resistance and longevity among many gerontogene mutants is provided.
Training faculty to facilitate communication skills training: development and evaluation of a workshop.

Abstract Objective To develop a workshop for training faculty to facilitate small group role play sessions for a communication skills training program and assess the impact of that workshop on the trainees’ self-efficacy about facilitation skills. Methods A multi-specialty group of 33 attending physicians at a Comprehensive Cancer Center were trained in a Facilitating Communication Skills Training workshop in order to prepare them to facilitate small group role play with fellows and residents. The workshop curriculum was based on theory and literature on teaching communication skills. Results The workshop had a significant effect on participants’ self-efficacy in facilitating communication skills training. At least 75% of participants reported feeling comfortable facilitating communication skills training small groups. Conclusion This facilitation workshop was successful in providing participants with confidence to successfully facilitate small group role play sessions in communication skills training. Practice implications In order to evaluate the effectiveness of communication skills training programs, it is important to have trained facilitators who adhere to a set of facilitation guidelines. Workshops on facilitation skills provide the background and practice time necessary as a first step in the training process.
‘Salvaging the Man Power of America’: Conservation, Manhood, and Disabled Veterans during World War I

AbstractProgressive-era conservationists envisioned the physical energy exerted by male bodies as a natural resource. As a result, foresters and rehabilitationists attempted to simultaneously conse...
Mimicking “nascent” Cu(0) mediated SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate in DMSO leads to complete conversion in several minutes

Cu(0) was prepared via disproportionation of Cu(I)Br in the presence of MeTREN in various solvents in a glove box. The resulting nanopowders were used as mimics of "nascent" Cu(0) catalyst in the single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of methyl acrylate (MA), providing faster polymerization than any commercial Cu(0) powder, Cu(0) wire, or Cu(I)Br and achieving 80% conversion in only 5 min reaction time. Despite the high rate, a living polymerization was observed with linear evolution of molecular weight, narrow polydispersity, no induction period, and high retention of chain-end functionality. In addition to providing an unprecedentedly fast, yet controlled LRP of MA, these studies suggest that the very small "nascent" Cu(0) species formed via disproportionation in SET-LRP are the most active catalysts. Thus, when bulk Cu(0) powder or wire may be the most abundant catalyst and dictates the overall kinetics, any Cu(0) produced via disproportionation will be rapidly consumed and contributes to the overall catalytic cycle.
Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the benzyl radical.

Ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled benzyl radical via the 42B2 electronically excited state is studied in the photolysis wavelength region of 228 to 270 nm using high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight (HRTOF) and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) techniques. In this wavelength region, H-atom photofragment yield (PFY) spectra are obtained using ethylbenzene and benzyl chloride as the precursors of benzyl radical, and they have a broad peak centered around 254 nm and are in a good agreement with the previous UV absorption spectra of benzyl. The H + C7H6 product translational energy distributions, P(ET)s, are derived from the H-atom TOF spectra. The P(ET) distributions peak near 5.5 kcal mol−1, and the fraction of average translational energy in the total excess energy, 〈fT〉, is ∼0.3. The P(ET)s indicate the production of fulvenallene + H, which was suggested by recent theoretical studies. The H-atom product angular distribution is isotropic, with the anisotropy parameter β ≈ 0. The H/D product ratios from isotope labeling studies using C6H5CD2 and C6D5CH2 are reasonably close to the statistical H/D ratios, suggesting that the H/D atoms are scrambled in the photodissociation of benzyl. The dissociation mechanism is consistent with internal conversion of the electronically excited benzyl followed by unimolecular decomposition of the hot benzyl radical on the ground state.
Calaveras reversed: Westward younging is indicated

Samples of limestone collected from strata in the southern part of the western metamorphic belt of the Sierra Nevada, which traditionally have been assigned to the Calaveras Formation, have yielded Early Triassic conodonts, and samples of metavolcanic rock indicate an Early Jurassic Rb-Sr age. These ages, together with previously published fossil and isotopic data, are consistent with general westward younging of units rather than with eastward younging as has been assumed until recently by many workers, chiefly on the basis of sparse observations of bedding facings. The rocks are strongly deformed, and the possibility that tectonism rather than stratigraphic succession accounts for the age pattern cannot be dismissed.
Relocation Desires and Outcomes among the Elderly: A Longitudinal Analysis

The factors that affect relocation desires and outcomes among the elderly are analyzed using longitudinal data from a national survey of the low-income aged (N = 3402). The analysis indicates that only a small proportion of respondents desired to move in 1973 and even fewer were able to fulfill their residential preferences within the following year. The desire to move and actual relocation are examined in relation to a number of personal and environmental factors. Of particular interest is the finding that among those who relocated, individuals who desired to move in the 1973 interview were more satisfied with their new dwelling than those who did not express such a desire in the previous year.
Relations between segmental and motor variability in prosodically complex nonword sequences.

Purpose To assess how prosodic prominence and hierarchical foot structure influence segmental and articulatory aspects of speech production, specifically segmental accuracy and variability, and ora...
Multiplicity of cellulolytic enzymes of Myrothecium verrucaria.

Abstract Concentrated filtrates from cultures of Myrothecium verrucaria were fractionated by electrophoresis-convection. Correlation of the results of cellulase activity determinations, using both cellulose sodium sulfate and an insoluble cellulose preparation as substrates and the electrophoretic composition of some of the fractions, indicated that at least two and possibly three of the six electrophoretic components possessed the ability to hydrolyze both substrates. The effect of pH changes on the activity of fractions with widely different composition suggests a multicomponent system. The results indicate that the active components have different ratios of activity on cellulose sodium sulfate and insoluble cellulose. Since the occurrence of multiple cellulolytic components may be widespread, it is suggested that differences in both concentration and activity ratios of the components may help to explain the wide variations, noted by previous investigators, in the ratio of activity on soluble cellulose derivatives to the activity on insoluble celluloses between crude preparations from different sources.
The topography of beginning stuttering

Abstract Presently, there are a number of protocols available to assist speech-language pathologists in the identification of early stuttering (Gordon and Luper, 1992). While such protocols offer guidelines for differentiating children who stutter from those who are normally disfluent, the criteria for doing so is frequently based on clinical observation, and often suffers from limited empirical support. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update and “recalibration” of what we currently know to be the salient behaviors of beginning stuttering, and how specific features of these behaviors distinguish stuttering children form their normally disfluent counterparts. Specifically, studies examining (1) frequency, (2) type, and (3) duration of disfluency, including number of repeated units and additional temporal aspects of instances of sound, syllable, and whole-word repetition, as well as (4) associated speech and nonspeech behaviors produced by children who stutter will be reviewed, and comparisons to normally speaking children will be made when possible. With a few exceptions, discussion will be limited to those studies which specifically examined the speech of preschool children, or which purported to include children close to the onset of stuttering, regardless of age.
Faunal comparison of the gammarid amphipoda (crustacea) in two Bathyal Basins of the California Continental Borderland

Based on 18 epibenthic sled samples, the species composition and relative abundance of the gammarid amphipod assemblages in the San Diego Trough and Tanner Basin were found to be very different, despite their similar depths (1, 250 m) and relative proximity. Differences in sedimentary regime and food sources seem the most likely vauses of the observed faunal differences.
An Overview of School-Based Management: What Does the Research Say?:

This writer examines the recent literature on school-based management and analyzes its key objectives, benefits, and limitations.
A phosphate-based proton conducting solid electrolyte hydrocarbon gas sensor

Abstract A potentiometric sensor based on a proton conducting sodium phosphate solid electrolyte was utilized in conjunction with a hydrogenation catalyst to detect methane at 600 °C. By using a two-compartment cell with gold electrodes and H 2 gas, it was established that the solid electrolyte behaves as a proton conducting material, exhibiting Nernstian behavior. For sensing methane, Pt/CeO 2 was painted onto one of the gold electrodes. Two cell designs, including a two-chamber cell with a reference gas, as well as a planar cell without a reference gas were examined for methane sensing. Pt/CeO 2 prepared with colloidal Pt tested on the planar cell showed superior sensitivity to methane. A mixed potential behavior, arising from the combined effect of electrochemical reactions of methane and its oxidation products is proposed to give rise to the methane response.
Value in water resources management: What is water worth?

Abstract: There are volumes of works that estimate the monetary values of water; however, intangible values of water are often overlooked. This article explores the meaning of value as it relates to certain intangible values. We believe that a better understanding of some non‐market values can improve decision making by water managers.
Value orientations of new-age elderly: The coming of an ageless market

Abstract This article examines an emerging elderly age-subcultural segment—here referred to as the new-age elderly. This elderly vanguard differs substantially in terms of values from the stereotypical or traditional elderly. They perceive themselves as younger in age and outlook, they feel more self-confident and in control of their lives, and they are less concerned with the accumulation of possessions and more involved in seeking novel experiences, personal challenges, and new adventures. These and other changes in value orientation are important to marketers who will increasingly have to respond to a different type of older consumer.
Dicotyledonous angiosperm flower from the Upper Cretaceous of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts

RECENT palaeobotanical studies on Cretaceous angiosperms, including those concerning the antiquity of the conduplicate carpel1 and the first stages of the evolution of angiosperm pollen and leaf morphology2 have contributed significantly to our knowledge of the group. However, the paucity of fossil flowers in the record3 means that existing concepts of the nature of the early flowers of the angiosperms must be based on the comparative morphology of living forms. The discovery of the three-dimensionally preserved flower herein described, and its associated remains, is thus of considerable interest.
Directed Energy "Funneling" Mechanism for Heme Cooling Following Ligand Photolysis or Direct Excitation in Solvated Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin

The kinetic energy relaxation of photolyzed heme in myoglobin was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Following photolysis, the heme was found to lose most of its excess kinetic energy within 10 ps. The kinetic energy decay was found to be a single exponential with a time constant of 5.9 ps in agreement with the experimental observations of Lim, Jackson and Anfinrud [J. Phys. Chem. 100, 12 043 (1996)]. The flow of kinetic energy was found to occur primarily through nonbonded contacts. The heme doming motion causes collisions with nearby residues and large scale collective motion in the protein. However, the strong electrostatic interaction of the isoproprionate side chains, and the solvating water appears to be the single most important “doorway” for dissipation of excess kinetic energy in the heme. Those water molecules in close contact with the heme side chains were found to “warm” in less than 1.0 ps. Direct energy transfer from the heme to the protein is found to occur by “through proje...
An Inhomogeneously Broadened Superluminal Ring Laser for Rotation Sensing and Accelerometry

We show how a superluminal ring laser can be realized using an inhomogeneously broadened gain medium with the addition of a dip in the gain profile, for application to enhanced precision rotation sensing and accelerometry
High-frequency induction by 5-azacytidine of proline independence in CHO-K1 cells.

Proline independence in CHO-K1 Chinese hamster cells has in previous studies been characterized as an auxotrophic gene mutation. In the absence of direct proof, an alternative model must be considered, based on suppression of proline synthesis by DNA methylation changes at one or more loci concerned. This concept receives strong support from the present study, in which we show that treatment of CHO-K1 cells with 5-azacytidine induces a 105–106 increase in background conversion to the proline-independent state. Revertants thus obtained, as well as those arising spontaneously or after treatment with ethyl methane sulfonate, are stable phenotypically in the presence or absence of proline. Proline independence in all variants examined was correlated with increased activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Four of five variants induced with 5-azacytidine showed simultaneous increases in activity of ornithine aminotransferase as well. Our data suggest that epigenetic, rather than genetic changes, underlie the transitions between proline dependence and independence in CHO-K1 cells.
A New Method to Treat Fusiform Aneurysms of the Ascending Aorta Associated with Aortic Valve Disease: An Alternative to Radical Resection

A new method designed to deal with special forms of fusiform aneurysms of the ascending aorta associated with aortic valve disease is presented. The procedure consists of replacing the aortic valve, decreasing the aortic diameter by excision of an oval segment, placing a well-tailored Dacron vascular graft around the ascending aorta, and anchoring it with previously placed sutures driven through the sewing ring of the valve prosthesis through the aortic wall. The technique has been applied in 6 patients with postoperative observation ranging from six weeks to two and a half years. Technically the operation was carried out without difficulty, and all the patients are doing well.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH BIBLIOGRAPHY: JULY 1969–JUNE 1970

(1970). FREEDOM OF SPEECH BIBLIOGRAPHY: JULY 1969–JUNE 1970. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 104-116.
Cluster analysis of tropical clouds using CloudSat data

[1] The mesoscale patterns of cloud/precipitation radar reflectivity from early CloudSat data are used to identify distinct tropical cloud regimes via a cluster analysis. Five basic cloud regimes are identified, and the geographical distribution of their occurrence frequency is quantified. Although the contemporary MODIS observations show some limitations to CloudSat observations, comparison with traditional passive satellite observations shows that CloudSat describes the major features of the vertical structure of the tropical cloud regimes. Using the monthly mean vertical velocity at 500 hPa as an indicator, the elements of each cloud regime are sorted into different dynamical regimes, and the results demonstrate the links between clouds and the atmospheric circulation.
Laboratory Measurements Of The Infrared Absorption By H2O And CO2 In Regions Of Weak Absorption

Laboratory measurements of the infrared absorption by CO2 and H2O in regions of weak absorption has provided new information on the shapes of the extreme wings of the absorption lines. CO2 lines absorb much less in the wings than Lorentz-shaped lines with the same intensities and half-widths; N2-broadened lines absorb even less than self-broadened lines. Both self-broadened and N2-broadened H2O lines appear to absorb more over a large portion of the wings than Lorentz-shaped lines. Like CO2 lines, the wings of self-broadened H2O lines absorb much more than the N2-broadened H2O lines. Absorption by the wings of all of the lines decreases unpredictably fast with increasing temperature. Much of the H2O absorption frequently attributed to dimers may be due to the extreme wings of self-broadened H2O lines.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Temporal Domain Decomposition Algorithmic Scheme for Large-Scale Dynamic Traffic Assignment

ABSTRACT With emergent interest of Simulation-Based Dynamic Traffic Assignment (SBDTA) in the field of transportation network modeling, deployment of SBDTA models for traffic operations and transportation planning have increased significantly in recent years. In parallel, research and development of innovative approaches of the SBDTA model have enhanced the quality of both the assignment component, i.e, improvement of convergence quality of the Dynamic User Equilibrium (DUE) problem, and the traffic simulation element. However, computational requirement remains to be one of the great challenges for DTA implementations on large-scale networks with a long analysis period. This paper presents a temporal decomposition scheme for large spatial- and temporal-scale dynamic traffic assignment, in which the entire analysis period is divided into Epochs. Vehicle assignment is performed sequentially in each Epoch, thus improving the model scalability and confining the peak run-time memory requirement regardless of the total analysis period. A proposed self-turning scheme adaptively searches for the run-time-optimal Epoch setting during iterations regardless of the characteristics of the modeled network. Extensive numerical experiments confirm the promising performance of the proposed algorithmic schemes.
Regression of Martian north polar cap : 1990-1997 Hubble Space Telescope observations

Abstract Hubble Space Telescope imaging of Mars from December 13, 1990, through April 17, 1997, has resulted in the synoptic monitoring of parts of four consecutive martian north polar cap regressional cycles spanningLs= 335.65° toLs= 144.56°. The 1990–1993 observations were obtained with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 1 (WFPC1) instrument while subsequent observations from 1994 to 1997 were obtained with the improved optics of the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2). Mars observations were obtained from the ultraviolet (218 nm) to the near-infrared (1042 nm), which has allowed us to constrain the effects of clouds and dust particulates on cap edge measurements. HST observations of the polar cap regressions afterLs= 0° are fairly consistent from year to year with some variations possible beforeLs= 0°. The 1991 observations atLs= 35.25° andLs= 59.88° in the longitude range 270°–280° possibly support a standstill in cap retreat at a latitude 70°N. The standstill in cap retreat reported in previous years at a latitude 67°N was not observed in 1992–1997. Comparison with previous ground-based and spacecraft observations suggests that interannual variations may be significant; they may be due to interannual atmospheric changes such as global dust storm activity. Lambert albedos of the north polar cap in red and violet bandpasses are similar to those reported before.
PSO and multi-funnel landscapes: how cooperation might limit exploration

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population-based optimization method in which search points employ a cooperative strategy to move toward one another. In this paper we show that PSO appears to work well on "single-funnel" optimization functions. On more complex optimization problems, PSO tends to converge too quickly and then fail to make further progress. We contend that most benchmarks for PSO have classically been demonstrated on single-funnel functions. However, in practice, optimization tasks are more complex and possess higher problem dimensionality. We present empirical results that support our conjecture that PSO performs well on single-funnel functions but tends to stagnate on more complicated landscapes.