cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental evidence of subsurface feeding by the burrowing ophiuroid Amphipholis gracillima (Echinodermata)

Knowledge of the feeding habits of infaunal deposit-feeders is essential to understand their role in the movement of sediment-bound material and nutrients and in trophic transfer. Depositfeeding ophiuroids are abundant in the world's oceans but many details of their intricate feeding behaviors are unknown. We used fluorescent polystyrene microspheres in a subsurface food layer to demonstrate that Amphipholis gracillima, an infaunal ophiuroid known to feed on surface particles, is also capable of consuming subsurface particles in the laboratory, Although physical conditions varied only slightly during experiments there was a significant effect of temperature on the number of microspheres consumed. Additional experiments using layers of microspheres with and without food demonstrated that food layers significantly influenced the disc depth of A. gracillima, whereas layers without food did not. Utilizing subsurface sources of food might give burrowing organisms access to more sources of nutrients, decrease sublethal predation and lead to more stable populations over time.
Effect of the Prosthetic Group on the Pharmacologic Properties of 18F-Labeled Rhodamine B, a Potential Myocardial Perfusion Agent for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

We recently reported the development of the 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. This compound, which was prepared using a [(18)F]fluoroethyl prosthetic group, has significant uptake in the myocardium in rats but also demonstrates relatively high liver uptake and is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo in mice. We have now prepared (18)F-labeled rhodamine B using three additional prosthetic groups (propyl, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol) and found that the prosthetic group has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of these compounds. Of the esters prepared to date, the diethylene glycol ester is superior in terms of in vitro stability and pharmacokinetics. These observations suggest that the prosthetic group plays a significant role in determining the pharmacological properties of (18)F-labeled compounds. They also support the value of continued investigation of (18)F-labeled rhodamines as PET radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial perfusion imaging.
Molecular Monolayers Enhance the Formation of Electrocatalytic Platinum Nanoparticles on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Scaffolds

We demonstrate the use of molecular monolayers to enhance the nucleation of electrocatalytically active platinum nanocrystals onto vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) scaffolds. The photochemical functionalization of VACNFs with bifunctional organic alkenes produces monolayer-modified VACNFs exposing large amounts of carboxylic acid groups. Subsequent electroless deposition of platinum leads to high densities of ∼8 nm diameter Pt nanocrystals uniformly deposited along the length of the nanofibers. Electrochemical measurements show that the molecular monolayers do not impede redox behavior of the electrode, and measurements of the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol show very high catalytic efficiency. Our results suggest that the use of molecular functionalization layers provides an improved way to integrate nanostructured carbon with metals for a variety of catalytic and electrocatalytic applications.
25 Years and Going Strong A Content Analysis of the First 25 Years of the Social Issues in Management Division Proceedings

Using content analysis, the authors categorize all Social Issues in Management (SIM) Division papers and abstracts (636) from 1972 through 1996 by subject matter and methodology. Showing the development of the field over time, the authors integrate their findings into previous SIM frameworks. Adaptation to the changing business environment is apparent in the subject matter. Although terminology and context (such as employee rights concerning electronic mail) may have changed, the topics are similar. Nevertheless, evolution in the SIM field is apparent. Methodology has become much more sophisticated as researchers use existing and newly created databases and more rigorous techniques-such as event studies and meta-analysis.
A 43-year Evaluation of a Prescribed Fire: an Arizona Case Study

We evaluated the effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest intermittently over 43 years. Changing climatic (precipitation) conditions spanned this evaluation with a sequential pattern of annual precipitation regimes above average, average, and below average (drought conditions) encompassed. The original objective of the fire to consume three-fourths of the litter and duff layers to reduce the water-holding capacities of these layers was initially met. Although nearly 50 % of the basal area of the pre-fire tree overstory was lost in the burn, basal area was approaching 90 % of the pre-fire level 43 yr following the fire. We attributed the lack of ponderosa pine reproduction after 43 yr to the litter and duff layers returning to pre-fire conditions. Annual herbage production increased for a while following the fire but then decreased with the increasing tree overstory and litter and duff layers following the burn. Within the context of the changing climatic (precipitation) conditions encountered, the results of this evaluation indicate that prescribed burning at intervals less than the 43 yr evaluation period are required to sustain the effects of this prescribed fire.
Infant mortality following male takeovers in wild geladas.

Since Sugiyama's [1965] first observations of infanticide, empirical evidence from a multitude of primate species has supported the sexual selection hypothesis—the idea that males enhance their reproductive success by killing nonrelated, unweaned infants to hasten the mothers' return to fertility. Like other primates that live in social groups where paternity certainty is high, the social structure of geladas [Theropithecus gelada] suggests that infanticide by males could enhance their reproductive success. Nevertheless, empirical evidence for infanticide in this species is limited to anecdotal accounts. Using the timing of infant mortality and female reproductive and behavioral data collected across 26 months from a population of geladas living in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, we test whether sexually selected infanticide occurs in this species. We also examine two additional hypotheses [noninfanticide hypothesis and generalized aggression hypothesis] for this population. Results suggest that sexually selected infanticide in geladas may, indeed, be a threat to females with dependent infants. First, male takeovers—the most likely time for infanticide—were associated with subsequently elevated rates of infant death [a 32-fold increase] comprising nearly 60% of all infant mortality. Second, females who lost infants during this period returned to fertility more quickly than if infants had lived [IBIs were 50% shorter], and third, all of these females were observed to mate with the new male. We found little to no support for other hypotheses. Finally, these results raise the possibility that anecdotal reports [from previous studies and this study] of pregnancy termination, accelerated weaning, and deceptive sexual swellings may represent female counterstrategies to male infanticide in geladas. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1152–1159, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cryoablation of persistent Barrett's epithelium after definitive chemoradiation therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma

Background Dysplastic Barrett's epithelium (BE) persists after chemoradiation therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) arising in Barrett's esophagus. This phenomenon may present a significant risk for development of metachronous adenocarcinoma. Objective To analyze the safety and efficacy of endoscopic cryoablation therapy for persistent dysplastic BE in patients with complete clinical response after definitive chemoradiation therapy for EAC. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center experience. Patients Radiation and endoscopic oncology treatment records were reviewed between January 2004 and September 2009. Fourteen patients with EAC who had been treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy followed by cryoablation were identified. Intervention Cryoablation therapy. Main Outcome Measurements Reduction in Prague Classification and dysplasia status following cryoablation therapy. Complications reported at 24 hour after the procedure telephone survey and at subsequent endoscopy. Results After complete clinical response of EAC to chemoradiation therapy, the median length of persistent BE was Prague classification C1M4 (C = circumferential extent, M=maximal extent). Cryoablation reduced the median length of persistent BE to Prague classification C0M1 ( P = .009 with respect to circumferential extent and P = .004 with respect to maximal extent of BE). All 14 patients had dysplastic BE. Cryoablation resulted in histological downgrading in all 14 patients. Among patients with high-grade dysplasia, 20% (2/10) were reduced to low-grade dysplasia, 60% (6/10) to BE with no dysplasia, and 20% (2/10) to no BE. Among patients with low-grade dysplasia, 75% (3/4) were reduced to BE with no dysplasia, and 25% (1/4) to no BE. The median number of cryoablation treatments administered to the 14 patients evaluated was 1 (mean 1.5, range 1-5). Eighty-six percent (12/14) of patients reported no complaints during the 24 hours after cryoablation. No occurrences of perforation and no esophageal strictures were reported at surveillance endoscopy. Limitations Single-center, retrospective design involving a small number of patients. Conclusion Our observations suggest that cryoablation therapy is safe and effective for the treatment of persistent BE after definitive chemoradiation.
Effectiveness and safety of 100 consecutive parathyroidectomies

Background and methods In order to evaluate the indications for operation for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, prospective information was gathered on 100 consecutively operated patients from 1991 to 1996. A standard evaluation for outcomes and patient satisfaction was instituted. Patients consisted of 73 women and 27 men. Major symptoms existed in 48 patients, and 52 patients were referred to as “asymptomatic” because they fit the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement with abnormal laboratory values. The pathology was 94 single adenomas, 4 double adenomas, and 2 cases of hyperplastic multiglandular disease. Results All 100 patients had abnormal parathyroids removed, resulting in normocalcemia in 97. Three patients had persistent hypercalcemia until a second operation removed additional abnormal parathyroids, resulting in normocalcemia. No operative complications or mortality occurred. Overnight stay occurred in 88 patients. During long-term follow-up of patients, only 2 developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism. When asked whether the operation improved their health, 94% of patients with major symptoms and 72% of asymptomatic patients responded affirmatively. Conclusion Parathyroidectomy is an efficient and safe operation with excellent normalization of serum calcium and a high rate of patient satisfaction.
Tumor-Inhibitory Agent from Hyptis emoryi (Labiatae)

The extract of Hyptis emoryi (Labiatae) has shown tumor-inhibiting properties in the 5WA16 test system of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center. By means of melting point, mixed melting point, IR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and preparation of derivatives, the agent responsible for this action was shown to be betulinic acid.
The therapy of myelofibrosis: Targeting pathogenesis

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) encompasses the diagnoses of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (idiopathic myelofibrosis), as well as the advanced phases of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia (post polycythemic and post thrombocythemia myeloid metaplasia, respectively). MMM is a clonal, hematopoietic stem cell disorder in which neither the pathogenesis, nor a broadly applicable effective therapy have been described. Clinically, these patients experience progressive marrow replacement by fibrotic tissue, ineffective hematopoiesis, problematic cytopenia’s, significant hepato-splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, profound constitutional symptoms, and a risk of blastic transformation. Historically, therapies have been targeted at palliating symptoms (i.e. splenectomy, transfusions, hydroxyurea, erythropoietin, androgens, localized radiotherapy). Stem cell transplantation ippears promising, but is often toxic and not broadly applicable due to co-morbidities and age of MMM patients. Nonmyeloablative approaches to conditioning may broaden the applicability of stem cell transplantation in MMM, yet results to date are preliminary. Although a definitive molecular abnormality responsible for the pathogenesis of MMM has not been described, much has been learned about the aberrant expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines and the presence of increased angiogenesis in MMM. These pathogenetic insights have led to a series of pilot clinical trials with therapeutic agents targeting aberrantly expressed cytokines (and possibly angiogenesis) including Thalidomide (alone or in combination), Etanercept, and STI-571. Amongst these later agents Thalidomide has demonstrated the most promise (palliating disease associated cytopenia’s), whereas the TNF-α inhibitor Etanercept has aided with MMM associated constitutional symptoms. Although these later trials have been helpful in a subset of patients, no agent to date has led to solid complete responses in MMM across the spectrum of disease manifestations. Further insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for myeloproliferation (aberrant cell signaling pathways, apoptotic resistance, other) are necessary to guide selection and testing of the expanding number of novel anti-neoplastic agents in chronic myeloid disorders and MMM.
Central and reflexogenic cardiovascular actions of prostaglandin E1

The centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were investigated using cross-circulation procedures. PGE1 was injected into the arterial inflow (IA-R) of vascularly isolated, ncurally intact heads of anesthetized recipient dogs. Following the administration of 5 and 10 μg/kg of PGE1 (IA-R) consistent depressor responses occurred in the donor dogs and in the recipient's isolated trunk. The administration of 5 and 10 μg/kg of PGE1 (IA-R) to debuffered recipients (carotid sinus-body areas bilaterally denervated) elicited centrally mediated pressor responses in the recipient's trunk paralleled by depressor effects in the donor and a decline in the recipient's perfusion pressure. Centrally mediated pressor responses of angiotensin II were inhibited by PGE1 only in the non-debuffered recipients. Pressor responses to PGE1 in debuffcrcd recipients were blocked by the ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium. These data plus results from the intra-artcrial administration of PGE1 into the carotid sinus area before and after denervation suggest that the carotid sinusbody structures, most likely the baroreceptors, are primarily implicated in the hypotensive response to PGE1 in the non-debuffered recipient's trunk. On the other hand, the central nervous systemper se appears to be involved in mediation of the central pressor responses obtained in the debuffered preparations. This study provides evidence for the involvement of the carotid sinus-body structures and the central nervous system as additional loci for the cardiovascular effects of PGE1.
Open windows for a light axigluon explanation of $ A_{{^{FB}}}^t $

The top forward-backward asymmetry ( $ A_{{^{FB}}}^t $ ) measured at the Tevatron remains one of the most puzzling outstanding collider anomalies. After two years of LHC running, however, few models for $ A_{{^{FB}}}^t $ remain consistent with LHC data. In this paper we take a detailed look at the most promising surviving class of models, namely light ( $ {m_{{G\prime }}}\lesssim 450 $ GeV), broad axigluons. We show which models simultaneously satisfy constraints from Tevatron and LHC top measurements, hadronic resonance searches, and LEP precision electroweak (PEW) observables. We consider three flavor structures: flavor-universal; down-type nonuniversal, designed to ease constraints from LHC charge asymmetry measurements; and top-type nonuniversal, designed to ameliorate constraints from PEW. We compute contributions to the PEW observables from states in the minimal UV completion of the axigluon model and demonstrate that new heavy fermions make the constraints universally more stringent, while related contributions from new scalars are much smaller, but act to relax the constraints. Paired dijet searches from ATLAS and CMS rule out all narrow axiglue models, while the LHC charge asymmetry measurement is less constraining than expected due to the high central value measured by ATLAS. Excepting the tension with the CMS charge asymmetry measurement, a broad axigluon is consistent with all data over the entire mass range we consider (50 GeV $ \lesssim {m_{{G\prime }}}\lesssim 450 $ GeV) in the flavor-universal and top-type nonuniversal models, while it is consistent for $ {m_{{G\prime }}}\gtrsim 200 $ GeV in the down-type non-universal model. The LHC charge asymmetry remains the best avenue for excluding, or observing, these models.
Application of the JDL data fusion process model to hard/soft information fusion in the condition monitoring of aircraft

Hard/soft information fusion has been proposed as a way to enhance diagnostic capability for the condition monitoring of machinery. However, there is a limited understanding of where hard/soft information fusion could and should be applied in the condition monitoring of aircraft. Condition-based maintenance refers to the philosophy of performing maintenance when the need arises, based upon indicators of deterioration in the condition of the machinery. The addition of the multisensory capability of human cognition to electronic sensors may create a fuller picture of machinery condition. Since 1988, the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) data fusion process model has served as a framework for information fusion research. Advances are described in the application of hard/soft information fusion in condition monitoring using terms that condition-based maintenance professionals in aviation will recognize. Emerging literature on hard/soft information fusion in condition monitoring is organized into the levels of the JDL data fusion process model. Gaps in the literature are identified, and the author’s ongoing research is discussed. Future efforts will focus on building domain-specific frameworks and experimental design, which may provide a foundation for improving flight safety, increasing mission readiness, and reducing the cost of maintenance operations.
Conformational analysis of a stereochemically complete set of cis-enediol peptide analogues

A conformational analysis of a stereochemically complete set of peptide analogues based on a cis-enediol unit is presented. The cis-enediol unit, which can replace a two or a three amino acid segment of a peptide, contains two "side chains", four asymmetrical carbon atoms, and six free dihedral angles. To determine the accessible conformational space, the molecules are divided into three fragments, each containing two free dihedral angles. The energy surfaces are computed for all dihedral angle values, and the possible conformations of the cis-enediol unit analogues are built using all combinations of the surface minima. Such a "build-up" procedure, which is very fast, is able to reproduce 75% of the minima obtained from a full dihedral angle exploration of the conformational space. The cis-enediol unit minima are compared with the corresponding di- and tripeptide minima; all peptide minima can be closely matched by a cis-enediol unit minimum of low energy (less than 2.2 kcal/mol above the lowest energy conformer). However, there are low energy minima of the cis-enediol unit that have no corresponding minima in peptides. The results are shown to depend strongly on the chirality of the analogues. The ability of each of the stereoisomers to mimic natural peptides, evaluated by the present approach, is correlated with its experimental activity in a renin inhibition assay.
Cell-to-Cell Transfer of Bacterial Outer Membrane Lipoproteins

Myxococcus xanthus cells can glide forward by retracting type IV pili. Tgl, an outer membrane lipoprotein, is necessary to assemble pili. Tgl mutants can be transiently “stimulated” if brought into end-to-end contact with tgl + donor cells. By separating the stimulated recipient cells from donor cells, we found that Tgl protein was transferred from the donors to the rescued recipient cells. Mutants lacking CglB lipoprotein, which is part of a second gliding engine, could also be stimulated, and CglB protein was transferred from donor to recipient cells. The high transfer efficiency of Tgl and CglB proteins suggests that donor and recipient cells briefly fuse their outer membranes.
Individual Specialisation and Encounters Between Harvester Ant Colonies

This study examined how individual specialisation contributes to neighbour-stranger discrimination in the red seed-harvesting ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. The following hypothesis was tested: is there a group of ants (detectives) that specialise in interacting with non-nestmates and thus have the opportunity to learn the colony-specific odour of neighbouring colonies? Encounters were staged between laboratory colonies. Ants were marked and observed in successive encounters. There is no specialisation for interaction; the results showed that all ants were equally likely to interact with non-nestmates. The frequency of fighting between P. barbatus colonies varies from day to day. The following hypothesis was tested: do some ants (fighters) specialise in fighting when they interact with non-nestmates. There is specialisation for fighting; a few ants tended to fight when they met non-nestmates. There was no day-to-day effect of encounters on the number of foragers in the laboratory arena. Without specialised detectives, neighbour recognition must arise either from frequent interactions between foragers of neighbouring colonies or from communication among nestmates about the odour of neighbours. Shifts in the number of specialised fighters present in the foraging pool may underlie the day-to-day variation in fighting intensity observed in the field.
Contact dermatitis due to a common plant

T HE development of specific skin sensitization with resulting dermatitis from contact with a variety of plants is well known. Weber,l in 1930, compiled a list of 121 reported plant excitants of contact dermatoses which are found in the United Stat,es, and the number of such plant irritants reported in the literature is constantly growing.2> 3s 4 This suggests that possibly many other plants may contain irritants capable, with adequate contact,, of specifically sensitizing the skin of susceptible individuals, indicating the importance, in the study of cases of dermatitis of the contact type, of investigating carefully all plant contacts. In an occupational. dermatitis recently studied, the common bleeding heart, Dicentra spectuDilis, was demonstrated to be the specific cause of the skin lesions. No report of sensitization to this plant is found in the literature. In view of the frequent use of the Dice&-a spectabilis as a border plant in lawns and gardens and its cultivation in greenhouses, thus offering adequate possibilities of human contact, a report of t,his case seems desirable.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN TOMATO FRUIT‐SET

THE CHANGE-OVER from the static condition of the flower ovary to the rapidly growing condition of a young fruit is a dramatic shift. This important phenomenon, commonly spoken of as fruit-set, is an essential step in the life cycle of all sexually reproducing higher plants. A major contribution to the understanding, of fruit-set was made by Gustafson (1936) who showed -that in some plants the simple application of auxins could brin, about fruit-set even without pollination. Subsequent work has demonstrated that fruit-set in general is at least in part a function of auxin in the ovary. Some genetic limitations to fruit-set?poken of as sterility and incompatability-are known (East, 1929), but the physiological basis for these limitations remains obscure. The requirement of moderately cool night temperatures for tomato fruit-set has been found by Went (1945). A decrease in fruit-set of tomatoes under low light invensiBies of winter has been noted by Hemphill and Murneek (1950). Other studies have indicated the existence of factors influencing fruit-set indirectly, such as flower abscission and pollen sterility (Howlett, 1936) associated with unbalanced carbohvdrate/nitrogen ratios in the plants. The present study was undertaken with the objective of identifying as far as possible the physiological factors involved in fruit-set of the tomato. METHODS.-The plants used in the present study were both fieldand greenhouse-grown, John Baer, self-sterile tomatoes. The stamens of the flowers of this self-sterile strain characteristically develop a brown rino of necrotic tissue at the anther tips which effectively prevents any pollen from reaching the stigma. By the use of these self-sterile tomato flowers complete control of fruit-set is made possible. In the experiments with excised flowers, the flower clusters were cut from the stems with a sharp blade and were immediately placed into separate vials of distilled water. They were then trimmed to 2-3 mature flowers per cluster and a fresh diagonal cut made at the base of the cluster. All stem material was cut away, leaving only the pedicels attached by approximately 0.5 cm. of peduncle. In order to force fruit-set, the flowers were sprayed individually with a 30 p.p.m. solution of PCA (parachlorophenoxyacetic acid). They were then placed in individual vials with 1 per cent agar media containing the materials to be tested. The flower cultures were maintained at a tempera-
Use of Faculty Development to Improve Ambulatory-Care Education

Faculty and academic institutions face significant challenges in delivering effective ambulatory-care teaching to house staff and medical students. The effects of a faculty-development program on individual ambulatory-care faculty's knowledge, skills, and attitudes; and on participants' recommendations for improving the ambulatory-care environment were examined. The faculty development program trained faculty in either clinical teaching (CT), medical decision making (MDM), or preventive medicine (PM). Ten facilitators implemented a faculty-development program for 64 ambulatory-care faculty. On a 5-point scale (1 = definitely not, 5 = definitely yes), participants rated the usefulness of the seminars as 4.8 or greater. For the CT seminars, statistically significant pre- to post-intervention improvements were found for all seven categories of teaching skills covered (p< 0.001). For the MDM seminars, the participants' content knowledge increased from a pretest mean of 49% correct to a posttest mean of 70% co...
Impact analysis of an evidence-based guideline on diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants and young children with unexplained fever.

Several guidelines exist on urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. The objectives of this study were to (1) implement an evidence-based diagnostic guideline on UTI and evaluate determinants of successful implementation, and (2) determine compliance to and impact of the guideline in febrile, non-toilet trained children at the emergency department (ED). We performed a prospective cross-sectional observational study, with observations before and after implementation. Children aged 1 month to 2 years, presenting at the ED with unexplained fever (temperature above 38.5 °C), were included. We excluded children with a chronic underlying disease. Primary outcome measure was compliance to the standardized diagnostic strategy and determinants influencing compliance. Secondary outcome parameters included the following: number of used dipsticks, contaminated cultures, number of genuine UTI, frequency of prescribed antibiotic treatment, and hospitalization. The pre-intervention group {169 children (male 60.4 %, median age 1.0 [range 0.1–2.0])} was compared with the post-intervention group {150 children (male 54.7 %, median age 1.0 [range 0.1–1.9])}. In 42 patients (24.9 %), there was compliance to local guidelines before implementation, compared with 70 (46.7 %) after implementation (p-value < 0.001). Improvement in compliance after implementation was higher in patients 3–24 months and outside the office hours (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Implementation of a guideline for diagnosing UTI in febrile children at the ED has led to a significantly better compliance, especially in children aged 3–24 months. However, this study also underlines the need for a well-defined implementation strategy after launching an (inter)national guideline, taking determinants influencing implementation into account.
General solution for a uniformly impregnated isothermal pellet in a non-uniform environment for a first-order reaction

Etude de l'effet de champ arbitraire de concentration et des variations du coefficient de transfert de matiere sur l'efficacite d'un catalyseur isotherme uniformement impregne pour une reaction du premier ordre. On en derive une solution analytique et la vitesse de reaction des boulettes pour un environnement non uniforme est comparee a celle obtenue dans un milieu uniforme. La vitesse est etudiee comme une fonction du nombre de Biot moyen et du module de Thiele
Mechanisms for hydrogen diffusion in Ti O 2

The predominant hydrogen-containing species in Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (rutile) are O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (hydroxyl) ions, in which the oxygen occupies a regular oxygen ion site, and the O-H bond is perpendicular to the $c$ axis. It is proposed that diffusion of hydrogen parallel to the $c$ axis proceeds by a proton jump from one ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ion to another along the channel as represented by O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}H${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. It is also proposed that diffusion perpendicular to the $c$ axis proceeds by a rotation of the O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ bond to move the proton from one channel to an adjacent channel, followed by a proton jump to another ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ion in the same channel. From a potential-energy model, which includes a Morse function to represent the O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ bond, as well as electrostatic and repulsive terms, the activation energies for hydrogen and tritium diffusion parallel to the $c$ axis were calculated to be (including a zero-point energy correction) 0.60 and 0.69 eV, respectively, in good agreement with the respective experimental values of 0.59 and 0.75 eV. The calculated activation energy for diffusion perpendicular to the $c$ axis was 1.23 eV (no zero-point energy correction), as compared to the experimental values of 1.28 and 1.11 eV, respectively, for hydrogen and tritium. The calculated equilibrium orientation of the O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion in Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and the calculated stretching frequency of this species were also in good agreement with the respective experimental results.
Mechanical strength of low-tempepvature-irradiated polyimides: A five-to-tenfold improvement in dose-resistance over epoxies

Neutronics calculations by Engholm show that without additional shielding even the first fusion test reactors such as the Fusion Engineering Device will produce lifetime doses at magnet insulator locations that exceed the radiation tolerance of glass-fabric-filled (gff) epoxies now used. To explore the possible use of an alternative insulator, the mechanical strength of pure and recently available gff polyimides was studied as a function of gamma-ray irradiation at 4.9 K to 100 MGy (10/sup 10/ rads). After a postirradiation anneal at 307/sup 0/K the flexure and compressive strengths of the gff materials measured at 77/sup 0/K were reduced by up to 40% for 100 MGy while the pure material changed little. Testing done at 300/sup 0/K gave similar results, but all stress values were about 40% less. Compared to earlier epoxy studies we find that, overall, the gff polyimides are 5 to 10 times more radiation resistant than comparably prepared gff epoxies.
Prospective, randomized outcome study of endoscopy versus modified barium swallow in patients with dysphagia

Objective Aspiration pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both acute and long-term care settings. While there are many reasons for patients to develop aspiration pneumonia, there exists a strong association between difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, and the development of aspiration pneumonia. The modified barium swallow test (MBS) and endoscopic evaluations of swallowing are considered to be the most comprehensive tests used to evaluate and manage patients with dysphagia in an effort to reduce the incidence of pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to provide an initial investigation of whether flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) or MBS is superior as the diagnostic test for evaluating and guiding the behavioral and dietary management of outpatients with dysphagia. FEESST combines the standard endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with a technique that determines laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination thresholds by endoscopically delivering air pulse stimuli to the mucosa innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Study Design Randomized, prospective cohort outcome study in a hospital-based outpatient setting. Methods One hundred twenty-six outpatients with dysphagia were randomly assigned to either FEESST or MBS as the diagnostic test used to guide dietary and behavioral management (postural changes, small bites and sips, throat clearing). The outcome variables were pneumonia incidence and pneumonia-free interval. The patients were enrolled for 1 year and followed for 1 year. Results Seventy-eight MBS examinations were performed in 76 patients with 14 patients (18.4%) developing pneumonia; 61 FEESST examinations were performed in 50 patients with 6 patients (12.0%) developing pneumonia. These differences were not statistically significant (ξ2 = 0.93, P = .33). In the MBS group the median pneumonia-free interval was 47 days; in the FEESST group the median pneumonia-free interval was 39 days. Based on Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, this difference was not statistically significant (z = 0.04, P = .96). Conclusion Whether dysphagic outpatients have their dietary and behavioral management guided by the results of MBS or of FEESST, their outcomes with respect to pneumonia incidence and pneumonia-free interval are essentially the same.
Load Reduction Factors for Buried Clay Pipes

Current ASTM installation design of vitrified clay pipes involves the determination of backfill loads and load factors. Trench backfill loads are commonly computed using the Marston load theory, which is conservative because it ignores the load-bearing capacity of sidefill and the existence of lateral earth pressures. The load factors used were originally determined experimentally. Due to the great variability in the soils and installation methods, the field data available for determining the load factors are limited. Finite element analyses were performed to investigate the backfill loads and the distribution of earth pressures around buried vitrified clay pipes under various trench bedding conditions. The load reduction factors were calculated as the ratio of the Marston load to the finite element load. The results showed that the load reduction factor is affected by the backfill height, the pipe diameter, and the trench width.
Spontaneous CP violation in the SU(2)L × U(1)Y model with two Higgs doublets

Abstract Spontaneous CP violation can occur in the SU(2)L × U(1)Y model if there are two Higgs doublets. This model is analyzed accepting standard constraints on the Higgs masses. CP violation occurs both as the result of Higgs boson exchange and the usual KM mechanism of gauge boson exchange. The main contribution to e comes from superweak Higgs boson exchange. The value of e′/e is found to be between 10−3 and 10−5 arising both from the Higgs boson exchange and the KM mechanism. The neutron electric dipole moment is found to be of order 10−26 e · cm arising mainly from the charged Higgs boson exchange. As a special feature of this model the muon longitudinal polarization in the decay K L → g mμ is found between the order of unity and 10−2 arising from the flavor changing neutral Higgs boson exchange.
The effect of helium sedimentation on galaxy cluster masses and scaling relations

Context. Recent theoretical studies predict that the inner regions of galaxy clusters may have an enhanced helium abundance due to sedimentation over the cluster lifetime. If sedimentation is not suppressed (e.g., by tangled magnetic fields), this may significantly affect the cluster mass estimates. Aims. We use Chandra X-ray observations of eight relaxed galaxy clusters to investigate the upper limits to the effect of helium sedimentation on the measurement of cluster masses and the best-fit slopes of the YX − M500 and YX − M2500 scaling relations. Methods. We calculated gas mass and total mass in two limiting cases: a uniform, unenhanced abundance distribution and a radial distribution from numerical simulations of helium sedimentation on a timescale of 11 Gyr. Results. The assumed helium sedimentation model, on average, produces a negligible increase in the gas mass inferred within large radii (r < r500 )( 1.3± 1.2%) and a 10.2 ± 5.5% mean decrease in the total mass inferred within r < r500. Significantly stronger effects in the gas mass (10.5 ± 0.8%) and total mass (25.1 ± 1.1%) are seen at small radii owing to a larger variance in helium abundance in the inner region, r ≤ 0.1r500. Conclusions. We find that the slope of the YX − M500 scaling relation is not significantly affected by helium sedimentation.
Fluoxetine-induced tardive dyskinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease.

Background: This is a report of a 66-year-old male with Parkinson's disease (PD), depression and anxiety who developed tardive dyskinesia (TD) while on fluoxetine.Methods: The patient underwent psychiatric, neurological and neuroimaging examination.Results: The patient's neuroimaging examination was normal, his psychiatric assessment revealed depression and anxiety, and his neurological evaluation diagnosed only mild PD. The patient's TD resolved when fluoxetine was discontinued and recurred upon re-exposure.Conclusion: This case shows that fluoxetine as monotherapy can be associated with TD especially in patients with concomitant PD. Clinicians must be aware of this side-effect and monitor for features of TD due to antidepressants that are often used to treat comorbid depression in patients with PD.
Coin silver as a construction material in low-temperature experiments

Abstract The utility of an alloy of 10% copper in silver (coin silver) as a construction material in certain low temperature experiments is discussed. While possessing thermal and electrical conductivities between copper and brass in zero magnetic field, this easily machined alloy has much less magneto-resistance and 10% of the magnetic specific heat of copper. Moreoevr, it is relativily resistant to creep under mechanical stress. A table of the low-temperature properties of coin silver is presented which includes the results of direct measurements of its magneto-thermal conductivity below 500 mK.
Effects of linear furanocoumarins on an adapted specialist insect (Papilio polyxenes).

. 1. Examination of phytochemical literature reveals that a disproportionately large number of hostplants for species in the genus Papilio Section II, and in particular the machaon complex, contain linear furanocoumarins. 2. Although the linear furanocoumarin xanthotoxin is known to be toxic to generalist lepidopterous larvae, it failed to affect adversely the growth and survivorship of Papilio polyxenes, a member of the P.machaon complex that feeds primarily on Umbelliferae containing furanocoumarins, when incorporated into an artificial diet. 3. On the contrary, growth rate and weight gain were significantly improved in the presence of xanthotoxin. 4. It is proposed, based on this experimental evidence and on hostplant utilization patterns, that furanocoumarins play a significant role in the behavioural and biochemical adaptation of Papilio species to their umbelliferous hosts.
Intensity interpolation for branching in reconstructing three-dimensional objects from serial cross-sections

Intensity interpolation is an operation that recovers the intensity information in the gaps of serial cross sections of three-dimensional objects. It is very important in object reconstruction, especially when the reconstructed object is to be further manipulated for visualization, dissection, or slicing from arbitrary angles. One of the most difficult problems in reconstruction is how to handle the branching situations. Branching occurs where one region in one slice has multiple corresponding regions in the other slice. In this paper, a method to handle branching in intensity interpolation from serial cross sections is proposed. It consists of eight major steps: (1) partial contour to contour correspondence establishment, (2) displacement field determination, (3) intermediate contour generation, (4) interior rim generation, (5) rim correspondence establishment, (6) line segment correspondence establishment, (7) intensity determination, and (8) gap filling. As a significant extension of our previous work which performs intensity interpolation for one-to-one case, the proposed method contains a novel technique to form a displacement field which is used in generating intermediate contours (steps 1 to 3), and adapts some of the previous techniques (steps 4 to 8) to select appropriate corresponding regions for intensity interpolation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The absorption cross sections of H2 and D2 from 180 to 780 Å

Abstract The absolute photoabsorption cross sections of H2 and D2 have been measured photoelectrically in the wavelength region from 180 to 780 A using synchrotron radiation. At photon wavelengths shorter than 650 A, the absorption cross section was found to be structureless and to decrease montonically with decreasing wavelength. In this spectral region, both gases have nearly equal absorption cross sections, varying only within the experimental error. At photon wavelengths greater than λ 650 A, structure is evident in the cross section of both gases and presumably corresponds to the Rydberg States reported by various authors.
Multiple System Atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare adult-onset synucleinopathy associated with dysautonomia and the variable presence of poorly levodopa-responsive parkinsonism and/or cerebellar ataxia. Other clinical symptoms that can be associated with MSA include hyperreflexia, stridor, sleep apnea, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Mean survival from time of diagnosis ranges between 6 to 10 years, and definitive diagnosis is made on autopsy with demonstration of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions consisting of fibrillar α-synuclein. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be positive for cruciform T2 hyperintensity within the pons (the "hot cross bun sign"), volume loss in the pons and cerebellum, and T2 signal loss in the dorsolateral putamen with hyperintense rim on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequencing. Although most cases are sporadic, genetic polymorphisms have been identified both in familial and sporadic cases of MSA, and influence observed phenotypes. Treatment is symptomatic, with both pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies. There are currently no consensus guidelines on management. Current and future research is aimed at identifying biomarkers and developing disease-modifying therapies.
The Last Gene of the fla/che Operon in Bacillus subtilis, ylxL, Is Required for Maximal σD Function

ylxL was found to be the last gene of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis and is cotranscribed with the gene for the flagellum-specific alternate sigma factor, σD. The ylxL gene was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis, and the resultant mutant strain was found to be compromised for σD-dependent functions.
Multi-modal Orientation Cues in Homing Pigeons

Abstract How homing pigeons displaced into unfamiliar territory find their way home has been the subject of extensive experimentation and debate. One reason for the controversy is that pigeons seem to use multiple cues. Clock-shifting experiments show that experienced pigeons use the sun as a preferred compass; when it is not available they rely on magnetic cues. That pigeons can home successfully while wearing frosted lenses suggests that landmarks, while not an essential navigational cue, are important in the final stages. The sensory basis of the “map” or position finding system is probably equally or even more complicated. When conditions around the loft are suitable, pigeons may use olfactory cues to find their way or might use some feature of the earth's magnetic field for their navigation. The Wiltschkos (1989) showed that pigeons raised without free access to ambient odors are not disoriented when anosmic while their siblings raised with free access to the prevailing wind were disoriented. Similar...
Modeling Subgenomic Hepatitis C Virus RNA Kinetics during Treatment with Alpha Interferon

Although replicons have been used to demonstrate hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibition by alpha interferon (IFN-α), the detailed inhibition kinetics required to mathematically model HCV RNA decline have been lacking. Therefore, we measured genotype 1b subgenomic replicon (sg1b) RNA levels under various IFN-α concentrations to assess the inhibition kinetics of intracellular HCV RNA. During nine days of IFN-α treatment, sg1b RNA decreased in a biphasic, dose-dependent manner. Using frequent measurements to dissect these phases during IFN-α treatments of 100 and 250 U/ml revealed that the first-phase sg1b RNA decline began ∼12 h posttreatment, continued for 2 to 4 days, and then exhibited a distinct flat or slower second phase. Based on these data, we developed a mathematical model of IFN-α-induced intracellular sg1b RNA decline, and we show that the mechanism(s) mediating IFN-α inhibition of HCV acts primarily by reducing sg1b RNA amplification, with an additional effect on HCV RNA stability/degradation detectable at a dose of 250 U/ml IFN-α. While the extremely slow or flat second phase of viral RNA inhibition observed in vitro, in which there is little or no cell death, supports the in vivo modeling prediction that the more profound second-phase decline observed in IFN-α-treated patients reflects immune-mediated death/loss of productively infected cells, the second-phase decline in viral RNA with a dose of 250 U/ml IFN-α suggests that a further inhibition of intracellular HCV RNA levels may contribute as well. As such, dissection of HCV IFN-α inhibition kinetics in vitro has brought us closer to understanding the mechanism(s) by which IFN-α may be inhibiting HCV in vivo.