cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Load Management Methods for Cost and Emission Reduction

To address the challenge of climate change, reducing emissions due to electric power generation and consumption has received increasing attention worldwide. The previous research efforts have been focused on emission reduction on the generation side, but the positive impacts through demand side load management are often ignored. This paper explores the models of load management to reduce cost and emissions. Five different load management methods are studied and compared using the IEEE 14-bus system and the IEEE 57-bus system. Two of them are centralized methods, i.e., temporal and/or spatial load management schemes that need to have global system information to optimize the overall load management in a whole control area. The remaining three are decentralized methods focusing on the customer side, including a basic self-optimizing method and two advanced self-optimizing methods [sliding window self-optimizing load management and day-ahead self-optimizing load management (DA-SOLM)]. The advanced SOLM schemes need multiple communications between an independent system operator and customers. The results show that the temporal and spatial load management can achieve an effective reduction in cost and emission and the DA-SOLM, especially for a large power system, is able to mitigate locational marginal price spikes.
Using unsupervised learning techniques to assess interactions among complex traits in soybeans

Soybean yield components and agronomic traits are connected through physiological pathways that impose tradeoffs through genetic and environmental constraints. Our primary aim is to assess the interdependence of soybean traits by using unsupervised machine learning techniques to divide phenotypic associations into environmental and genetic associations. This study was performed on large scale, jointly analyzing 14 quantitative traits in a large multi-parental population designed for genetic studies. We collected phenotypes from 2012 to 2015 from a soybean nested association panel with 40 families of approximately 140 individuals each. Pearson and Spearman correlations measured phenotypic associations. A multivariate mixed linear model provided genotypic and environmental correlations. To evaluate relationships among traits, the study used principal component and undirected graphical models from phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlation matrices. Results indicate that high phenotypic correlation occurs when traits display both genetic and environmental correlations. In genetic terms, length of reproductive period, node number, and canopy coverage play important roles in determining yield potential. Optimal grain yield production occurs when the growing environment favors faster canopy closure and extended reproductive length. Environmental associations found among yield components give insight into the nature of yield component compensation. The use of unsupervised learning methods provides a good framework for investigating interactions among various quantitative traits and defining target traits for breeding.
Relationship between thoracic kyphosis and neural axis abnormalities in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have suggested an association between increased thoracic kyphosis and neural axis abnormalities in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, the basis for this finding is unclear, and this association has been mainly noted in retrospective studies on a non-consecutive series of patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between thoracic kyphosis and neural axis abnormalities in patients with AIS. Methods We studied a consecutive series of AIS patients treated with spinal fusion. Thoracic kyphosis (T2 to T12) was measured from preoperative lateral radiographs. All patients underwent a spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to surgery, and MRI reports were reviewed to determine the presence of neural axis abnormalities. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and chi-squared analysis. Results This study included 210 patients with AIS. There were no significant differences in age or gender between patients with t...
Commentary on Kerr et al. (2018): Marijuana, drug use, and mental health in the United States-a tale of two generations.

Adults and adolescents in the United States are experiencing unprecedented increases in depression and suicide, yet while marijuana and other drug use are increasing among adults, they are decreasing among adolescents. The causes and, therefore the remedies, of this public health burden may be fundamentally different between the two generations.
Using the Model for Prediction

The Lake Dillon Model was applied to eight different scenarios considered to encompass the range of possibilities that might be realized over the next 20–25 years. The scenarios comprise five sets of assumptions for development and land use, each of which was applied to hydrologic assumptions for a dry year and for a wet year. Predictions in each case include the total loading of the lake, the source distribution of the loading, and the response of the lake to the predicted amount of loading. The dry-year hydrologic conditions were always set identical to 1981, and the wet-year conditions were set identical to 1982. Use of the hydrologic conditions of 1981 and 1982 is advantageous since the behavior of the lake in these 2 years under present land use is well documented and can thus be compared easily to future years of similar hydrologic conditions but very different land uses.
Cosmological constraints from the correlation function of galaxy clusters

I compare various semi-analytic models for the bias of dark matter halos with halo clustering properties observed in recent numerical simulations. The best fitting model is one based on the collapse of ellipsoidal perturbations proposed by Sheth, Mo & Tormen (1999), which fits the halo correlation length to better than 8 per cent accuracy. Using this model, I confirm that the correlation length of clusters of a given separation depends primarily on the shape and amplitude of mass fluctuations in the universe, and is almost independent of other cosmological parameters. Current observational uncertainties make it difficult to draw robust conclusions, but for illustrative purposes I discuss the constraints on the mass power spectrum which are implied by recent analyses of the APM cluster sample. I also discuss the prospects for improving these constraints using future surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Finally, I show how these constraints can be combined with observations of the cluster number abundance to place strong limits on the matter density of the universe.
Third Occipital Nerve Block and Radiofrequency Ablation

Pain stemming from the C2–C3 zygapophyseal (facet) joint is named “third occipital headache” as the joint is innervated by the third occipital nerve. It is seen in 27 % of patients presenting with cervicogenic headache after whiplash injury. Tenderness over the C2–C3 joint is the only suggestive physical examination finding, and a diagnostic third occipital nerve block is essential to confirm the diagnosis.
Nonwovens in specialist and consumer apparel

Abstract: Protective clothing is the primary application for nonwovens in specialist and consumer apparel. These applications fall into the general areas of personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical apparel and accessories, both of which are highly end-use and task specific. The type of hazard determines the level of protection needed against permeation or penetration of hazardous substances. An emerging area of interest for nonwovens is wearing apparel. For protective and medical garments, a key challenge is balancing protective barrier properties with the desire for comfort. For more traditional apparel, the ability of the nonwoven to drape and conform to the body has been a challenge for designers. The issue of disposability or durability is a consideration for all materials used in apparel. This chapter addresses these issues and applications for nonwovens in apparel.
Mechanisms of Lipopolysaccharide Priming for Enhanced Respiratory Burst Activity in Human Neutrophils

The neutrophil is important in host defense against bacterial and fungal infections (1). That the neutrophil is capable of serving in this crucial role is made possible by-virtue of its unique ability to induce microbial killing, in part, by exposing ingested microorganisms to toxic oxygen metabolites, including superoxide anion ((math)) — products of the respiratory burst, which commences during phagocytosis (2).
On the Possibility of Dynamically Tuning and Collapsing the Ferroelectric Hysteresis/Memory Window in an Asymmetric DG MOS Device: A Path to a Reconfigurable Logic-Memory Device

We propose a novel device architecture based on ferroelectric gated double gate metal-oxide-semiconductor structure in which the memory/hysteresis window can be tuned as well as collapsed by the back-gate (control gate). The back-gate voltage alters the capacitance of the semiconductor channel which in turn modifies the capacitance matching between the semiconductor capacitance and the ferroelectric negative capacitance leading to the dynamic tunability. Such a device concept can open up pathways for a reconfigurable fabric where logic and memory operation can be tightly integrated for data intensive computing.
Test use and assessment practices of school psychologists in the United States: Findings from the 2017 National Survey.

Abstract Although several studies have examined the specific instruments and procedures used by school psychologists when conducting comprehensive psychoeducational evaluations, the last one was published over 20 years ago (viz., Wilson & Reschly, 1996). Given the substantial theoretical and practical advances in assessment since then, the purpose of the current study was to examine the test use and assessment practices of contemporary school psychologists in the United States. Data from the 2017 National Survey of Assessment Practices in School Psychology revealed that test use and assessment practices have evolved significantly. Much of this change consists of the substitution of tests and practices with limited reliability and validity with those with greater psychometric support. Results of this study also indicate that school psychologists regularly conduct multi-method assessments to prevent, identify, monitor, and remediate child and adolescent learning difficulties and other presenting problems in the schools.
Lessons Learned from the Application of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Given the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children and its high rate of comorbid disruptive behavior symptoms, there has been a surging demand for evidence-based behavioral interventions with this population. While applied behavioral analysis (ABA) has been the first-line treatment for ASD, other behavioral interventions such as parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) have gained clinical and research interest due to its promising findings and emphasis on parent involvement. This chapter describes the rationale for the application of PCIT to address challenging behaviors in children with ASD utilizing our clinical experiences and case study research conducted in a university-based PCIT clinic. The chapter also presents the clinical challenges we have encountered and treatment adaptations we have used to meet the unique needs of children with ASD and their families. Through various case examples, we discuss lessons learned, clinical considerations, and recommendations in hopes to further promote research and implementation of PCIT with children with ASD.
Aligning sentence structures in dialogue: evidence from aphasia.

Syntactic alignment in dialogue is pervasive and enduring in unimpaired speakers, facilitating language processing and learning. Recent work suggests that syntactic alignment extends to the level o...
Size-exclusion and the void volume of HPLC column

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the main technique for determination of polymer molecular weight distribution. SEC elution volumes are limited by column void volume and interparticle volume....
Quiescence: Good and Bad of Stem Cell Aging

Stem cells are required for lifelong homeostasis and regeneration of tissues and organs in mammals, but the function of stem cells declines during aging. To preserve stem cells during life, they are kept in a quiescent state with low metabolic and low proliferative activity. However, activation of quiescent stem cells - an essential process for organ homeostasis/regeneration - requires concerted and faithful regulation of multiple molecular circuits controlling biosynthetic processes, repair mechanisms, and metabolic activity. Thus, while protecting stem cell maintenance, quiescence comes at the cost of vulnerability during the process of stem cell activation. Here we discuss molecular and biochemical processes regulating stem cells' maintenance in and exit from quiescence and how age-related failures of these circuits can contribute to organism aging.
As Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acclimates to low-CO2 conditions there is an increase in cyclophilin expression

When exposed to low CO2 levels, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acquires the ability to accumulate CO2 to increase photosynthetic carbon fixation. A cDNA library has been constructed and screened to facilitate the identification of the different genes and proteins involved in this acclimation to low-CO2 conditions. The differential cDNA library screening led to the identification of several cDNAs up-regulated under low-CO2 conditions. One such cDNA shows homology to cyclophilins, a class of immunophilins with a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. This is the first report of an algal cyclophilin. In this report we study the changes in the C. reinhardtii cyclophilin transcript and protein levels during low-CO2 adaptation. Possible reasons for the increased cyclophilin expression in response to the drop in CO2 concentration are discussed.
Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of Natural (+)-Taxusin. 1. Retrosynthesis, Advancement to Diastereomeric trans-Δ9,10-Tricyclic Olefinic Intermediates, and the Stereocontrol Attainable Because of Intrinsic Rotational Barriers Therein

In a study directed toward the expeditious construction of heavily functionalized taxane intermediates, 1-vinyl-2-cyclohexenyl-7,7-dimethyl-exo-norbornan-2-ols such as 9, which are derived from D-camphor are shown to undergo stereocontrolled oxyanionic Cope rearrangement to give tricyclic unsaturated ketones. In the specific example of 13, only three subsequent steps are required to effect 1,2-bridge migration with formation of triketone 6. Once the relative reactivities of the carbonyl groups in 6 were elucidated, its direct conversion to the diastereomeric trans olefins 25 and 26 was accomplished. As expected, both intermediates exhibit restricted rotation due to transannular steric constraints, with 25 being the more thermodynamically stable. These compounds can be regioselectively dihydroxylated, but the more advanced substrates 30 and 32 were shown not to perform well under Wittig olefination conditions. This warranted prior exocyclic olefination in ring C, a strategy which allowed for the highly eff...
Trading My Baton for a Ukulele

The purpose of this autoethnography was to investigate my development as both a musician and teacher as a result of implementing a new ukulele-based course at the middle school level called “Creative Musicianship.” I was interested in exploring the ways vernacular, informal music experiences and instruction influenced my philosophy of teaching and perception of myself as a musician and teacher. I collected data through journal entries, artifacts from the Creative Musicianship class, and my written philosophy of teaching. After compiling and revisiting the data, I organized and analyzed the narrative with attention to transformation of philosophy and identity and considered through Mezirow’s (Adult Edu 28:100–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171367802800202, 1978) transformative learning theory. I concluded that integrating prior experiences as a formally trained musician with new experiences with informal music teaching and learning led to a revision of my frame of reference that was more inclusive. Implications include considerations for music teacher educators to encourage perspective transformation among pre-service music educators and for the music education profession as a whole to support the growth and transformation of practicing teachers.
What Rollercoasters Can Teach Us About Fatigue Life of Bridge Connections

Rollercoasters are challenging structures. Although the ever-changing geometry can guarantee a thrilling ride, the complexity of loading patterns due to the intricate geometry make testing and analysis of these structures challenging. Fatigue-induced damage is one of the most common types of damage experienced by civil engineering structures subjected to cyclic loading such as bridges and rollercoasters. Fatigue cracking eventually occurs when structures undergo a certain number of loading and unloading recurrences. This cyclic loading under stresses above a certain limit induces microcracking that can eventually propagate into failure of a member or connection. Because of the geometric and structural similarities between rollercoasters and bridge connections, similar techniques can be used for structural health monitoring and estimation of remaining fatigue life. Uniaxial fatigue analysis methods are widely used for the analysis of bridge connections. However, there is little guidance for the analysis of complex connections. They can experience variable amplitude, multiaxial, and non-proportional loading. In such cases uniaxial fatigue methods are insufficient and can lead to underestimates. A framework for the understanding and analysis of multiaxial fatigue damage using strain data collected from strain rosettes is presented. Uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue analysis methods proposed for non-proportional loading are compared. Methods proposed are applicable to both rollercoaster and bridge connections. The critical plane method is used for the estimation of multiaxial fatigue life. Results show that non-proportional loading and the accuracy of the critical plane estimation can cause a significant decrease in the estimates of remaining fatigue life. This methodology is anticipated to be used for real-time fatigue prognosis and evaluation tools for bridge networks.
Chapter 23 – An Introduction to Survival Analysis

Introduction 285 Features of Survival Data 285 Survival Function 286 Kaplan-Meier Estimator and Product Limit Estimators 2 87 Calculation and Formula for an Estimate 287 Calculation of Variance 288 Comparing Two Survival Functions 2 88 Comparing Two Survival Functions at a Given Time Point 288 Comparing Two Survival Functions Using the Whole Curve: Logrank Test 289 Example 1: Chronic Active Hepatitis Study 289 Stratified Logrank Test 290 Proportional Hazards Model 2 91 Calculation and Formulas 291 Example 2: Study of Melanoma Patients 291 Common Mistakes 292 Conclusion 292 Summary Questions 292 References 293
Conflicted Religionists: Measuring Political Backlash on Salient Issues:

Scholars have pointed to “political backlash” as a key reason for why people leave religion in the United States. This study adds to the growing body of work that emphasizes backlash to localized c...
Ultra-sensitive lock-in amplifier coupled oscillatory magnetic tweezers for piconewton force manipulation applications

We have developed lock-in amplifier coupled oscillatory magnetic tweezers, aiming to synchronize the oscillatory magnetic force application and single-molecule response detection at the applied oscillatory frequency by incorporating an optical lock-in amplifier detection. The designed home-built lock-in amplifier detection instrument enables an exact reference signal input and hence reveals an accurate and sensitive magnetic response synchronization. We have further demonstrated the approach with the rhodamine 6G stained super-paramagnetic beads by monitoring the below-the-noise-background weak fluorescence signal changes due to the magnetic response of the super-paramagnetic beads under the oscillatory force manipulation. The integration of the lock-in amplifier and the oscillating magnetic tweezers can significantly expand the application of the magnetic tweezers for signal detection below the noise background, such as adapting to the important applications in the detailed exploration of mechanical properties of biomolecules and studies of the protein conformational fluctuation dynamics.
The Jacksonian Hammer: Andrew Jackson to James Buchanan

President Andrew Johnson, perhaps the most “anti-Indian” president in U.S. History, established policies of compulsory relocation of Native American tribes/nations from East Coast regions and force-marched them to the American Southwest (Trail of Tears). Relations between the U.S. government and native nations spiraled downward, and a poisoned relationship was established.
Electromagnetic Interference from Left Ventricular Assist Devices detected in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators.

Introduction Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) can cause implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) oversensing. We sought to assess the frequency of inappropriate shocks/oversensing due to LVAD-related EMI and prospectively compare integrated (IB) versus dedicated bipolar (DB) sensing in patients with LVADs. Methods Single-center study in LVAD patients with Medtronic or Abbott ICDs between September 2017 and March 2020. We excluded patients that were pacemaker dependent. Measurements were obtained of IB and DB sensing and noise to calculate a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Device checks were reviewed to assess appropriate and inappropriate sensing events. Results Forty patients (age 52 ± 14 years, 75% men, 38% ischemic cardiomyopathy) were included with the median time between LVAD implantation and enrollment of 6.7 months [2.3, 11.4 months]. LVAD subtypes included: HeartWare (n=22, 55%), Heartmate II (n=10, 25%), and Heartmate III (n=8, 20%). Over a follow-up duration of 21.6 ± 12.9 months after LVAD implantation, 5% of patients (n=2) had oversensing of EMI from the LVAD (both with HeartWare LVADs and Abbott ICDs) at 4 days and 10.8 months after LVAD implantation. Both patients underwent adjustment of ventricular sensing with resolution of oversensing and no further events over 5 and 15 months of further follow-up. The SNR was similar between IB and DB sensing (50 [29-67] and 57 [41-69], p=0.89). Conclusion ICD oversensing of EMI from LVADs is infrequent and can be managed with reprogramming the sensitivity. There was no significant difference in the R-wave SNR with IB versus DB ICD leads. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Bronchial provocation tests with pharmacological agents.

Inhalation challenge of pharmacologic agents to categorize the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a. powerful tool when appropriate standardization and data interpretation are duly considered. Investigations of both methodology and clinical utility have extended our understanding of many diseases that share bronchial hyperresponsiveness as a common feature.
NMR Structure Determination of an Antibiotic-RNA Complex

The role of RNA in the molecular biology of the cell is well established. It has been more difficult to link the functions of RNA to their three-dimensional folds. The ribosome provides an excellent testing ground for hypotheses of RNA structure and function. The functions of the ribosome:, which include reading of the genetic code through the codonanticodon interaction, catalysis of peptide bond formation, and translocation down the messenger RNA are well characterized and thought to involve RNA. Yet there is little structural information at high resolution on the RNA components of the ribosome.
Elections and the Internet

Abstract This regular column will review new and important resources on the Internet that are relevant to social welfare policy. Each issue will revolve around a specific theme or area of social welfare policy. Readers are invited to suggest possible sites to John G. McNutt, Book and Web Review Editor, at
A history of the measurement of unintended pregnancies and births.

Objectives: This article reviews the history of the measurement of unwanted and unintended pregnancy in fertility surveys in the United States. These concepts were developed in order to help explain trends and differences in birth rates in the United States. Background: Unwanted fertility was first measured systematically in a survey in Indianapolis in 1941. The first national surveys to measure the concept of unwanted fertility were the 1955 and 1960 Growth of American Families Studies. All three of these surveys were limited to married women. In the 1965 National Fertility Survey, the concept of mistimed births was introduced. The 1973, 1976, 1982, and 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) continued to measure trends in unwanted and mistimed fertility, while expanding the population interviewed, from currently married to all marital statuses. The 1993 and 2001 NSFGs have enriched the data on wantedness with new measures of ambivalence and the strength of feelings about having children. Conclusion: Measures of unwanted fertility, while imperfect, have been useful and will continue to be improved in the future.
Scientists' Role in Educational Content Development

As part of NASA's overall plan to create increased learning opportunities related to its scientific and technical enterprises, we developed a successful model for research scientists to participate in educational content creation. We used this model to create multimedia resources designed to improve science and mathematics skills in students and improve public awareness of science through the results of the Hubble Space Telescope. The model places scientists in partnership with teachers, graphic artists, writers, and multimedia Web developers. Teams were led by professional content developers and multimedia production chiefs. We used a systematic production cycle including specification, project definition, frequent reviews, and several testing periods that has proven to generate robust but flexible resources. Local “outreach” scientists and other scientists drawn from the community participated in the content creation at various stages, with well specified roles. The model was used successfully to create curriculum support materials, a traveling museum exhibit, press releases, and a website for the public.
Child, Parent, and Family Treatment: Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions

Publisher Summary This chapter describes only two of the general approaches to intervention with population, namely, conducting cognitive-behavioral treatment to modify deviant and prosocial child behavior, and parental or family interventions emphasizing child management procedures. Many of these techniques were incorporated in a cognitive-behavioral treatment condition. Several treatment procedures are used to reduce a child's inappropriate use of fire and to promote involvement in more desirable activities. Many of these procedures seek to enhance the firesetter's prosocial repertoire, appropriate parental practices, or cohesive and noncoercive family functions. Indeed, many clinical approaches are applied in practice over the years. Furthermore, children or youth may set fires due to acute or chronic frustration; when this frustration reaches an intolerable level, firesetting may serve as a form of helpseeking behavior. In related circumstances, youth may turn to fire to resolve interpersonal conflicts, especially ones dealing with key relationships. In the extreme, such circumstances may reflect the use of fire when a conflict or personal problem is perceived as inescapable, as in some situations when children are traumatized and use fire as a last resort to escape the situation. Finally, anger or revenge may be another motive for setting a fire. Such motives occur when the child may have limited problem-solving skills and perceive the use of fire as an aggressive act to be more effective than other, more prosocial solutions.
Capacity for Independent Living

Issues regarding capacity for independent living are projected to increase as the older adult population doubles in the next few decades. When capacity is in question, clinical assessment is a helpful tool in determining the least restrictive alternatives to guardianship and balancing concerns regarding autonomy and safety. This article provides a synthesis of medicolegal information to help the lawyer or clinician think through core issues in capacity assessment, with a focus on maximizing quality of life for the client throughout the assessment process and after. Keywords: capacity; competency; independent living; assessment; activities of daily living; older adult
Mode of Action of Phleomycin on Bacillus subtilis

Phleomycin appears to act on the cell wall and membrane to induce the release of membrane-associated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the degradation of the DNA. Degradation occurs in a series of energy-requiring endonuclease and exonuclease reactions. These produce, first, single-strand breaks, then double-strand breaks, and finally almost complete solubilization of the cellular DNA. The in vivo inhibition of DNA synthesis by phleomycin is probably a secondary effect caused by the destruction of template DNA.
Cytokine mRNA expression in livers of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Temporally distinct groups of cytokine expression was observed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry in the livers of Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. One group consisted of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), for which mRNAs were induced within 1 day after challenge. A second group consisted of IL-2 and IL-4, for which mRNA was strongly expressed at 1 day but then suppressed at 3 days into the infection. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 mRNA constituted a third group, which was increased at 3 days after challenge. Distributions of cytokine mRNA-expressing cells in the liver was observed by in situ hybridization. Cells expressing TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha mRNA were present throughout liver granulomas, whereas cells that expressed IFN-gamma mRNA were observed mostly along the periphery of granulomas. Cells expressing IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and GM-CSF mRNA were distributed principally in the hepatic sinuses. Cells expressing IL-10 mRNA increased in number early in the infection when L. monocytogenes was multiplying in the liver. We conclude that cytokine mRNA expression during the early phases of L. monocytogenes infection in mice is temporally regulated and that IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha are expressed by cells associated with hepatic granulomas.
A Primer on Unrealistic Optimism

People display unrealistic optimism in their predictions for countless events, believing that their personal future outcomes will be more desirable than can possibly be true. We summarize the vast literature on unrealistic optimism by focusing on four broad questions: What is unrealistic optimism; when does it occur; why does it occur; and what are its consequences.
Physics-Based Trim Optimization of an Articulated Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter in High-Speed Flight

The present study focuses on the optimal trim states of a compound helicopter with an articulated main rotor, at a high-speed of 225 kt. In addition to conventional helicopter trim variables, variation in main rotor revolutions per minute, auxiliary thrust, stabilator pitch and aileron deflection are considered. Simulations are based on a compound derivative of a modified UH-60A helicopter with a 20,110 lb gross weight operating at standard sea level conditions. The results show that to achieve a reduced power requirement the stabilator should be used to bring the aircraft to a nearly nose-level pitch attitude, resulting in a significantly high wing lift share (approaching 70% in this study). Using the ailerons to introduce a roll right moment allows the rotor to operate at a higher lift-offset and generate its share of the lift with greater aerodynamic efficiency on the advancing side. In addition to the use of stabilator and ailerons, reduction in main rotor revolutions per minute is favored for low pow...
Gravity as the Square of Gauge Theory

We explore consequences of the recently discovered duality between color and kinematics, which states that kinematic numerators in a diagrammatic expansion of gauge-theory amplitudes can be arranged to satisfy Jacobi-like identities in one-to-one correspondence to the associated color factors. Using on-shell recursion relations, we give a field-theory proof showing that the duality implies that diagrammatic numerators in gravity are just the product of two corresponding gauge-theory numerators, as previously conjectured. These squaring relations express gravity amplitudes in terms of gauge-theory ingredients, and are a recasting of the Kawai, Lewellen, and Tye relations. Assuming that numerators of loop amplitudes can be arranged to satisfy the duality, our tree-level proof immediately carries over to loop level via the unitarity method. We then present a Yang-Mills Lagrangian whose diagrams through five points manifestly satisfy the duality between color and kinematics. The existence of such Lagrangians suggests that the duality also extends to loop amplitudes, as confirmed at two and three loops in a concurrent paper. By ''squaring'' the novel Yang-Mills Lagrangian we immediately obtain its gravity counterpart. We outline the general structure of these Lagrangians for higher points. We also write down various new representations of gauge-theory and gravity amplitudes that follow frommore » the duality between color and kinematics.« less
The interaction of feature and space based orienting within the attention set.

Processing of sensory information relies on interacting mechanisms of sustained attention and attentional capture, both of which operate in space and on object features. While evidence indicates that exogenous attentional capture, a mechanism previously understood to be automatic, can be eliminated while concurrently performing a demanding task, we reframe this phenomena within the theoretical framework of the ‘attention set’ (Most et al., 2005). Consequently, the specific prediction that cuing effects should reappear when feature dimensions of the cue overlap with those in the attention set (i.e., elements of the demanding task) was empirically tested and confirmed using a dual-task paradigm involving both sustained attention and attentional capture, adapted from Santangelo et al. (2007). Participants were required to either detect a centrally presented target presented in a stream of distractors (the primary task), or respond to a spatially cued target (the secondary task). Importantly, the spatial cue could either share features with the target in the centrally presented primary task, or not share any features. Overall, results supported the attention set hypothesis showing that a spatial cuing effect was only observed when the peripheral cue shared a feature with objects that were already in the attention set (i.e., the primary task). However, this finding was accompanied by differential attentional orienting dependent on the different types of objects within the attention set, with feature-based orienting occurring for target-related objects, and additional spatial-based orienting for distractor-related objects.
A predictive method for determining possible three-dimensional foldings of immunoglobulin backbones around antibody combining sites

Abstract A method has been developed to replace segments of a protein backbone by other segments with standard peptide units and given (φ, ψ) angles. Restrictions were imposed by fixed orientations of the N- and C-terminals and by the absence of steric hindrance between non-bonding atoms. This procedure was applied to the prediction of three dimensional backbone conformations of antibody combining sites based on the amino acid sequences of the six complementarity determining regions. In particular, the detailed backbone structure around the combining site of immunoglobulin MOPC-315 was predicted. Atomic co-ordinates of all non-hydrogen backbone atoms including Cβ of the predicted structure were given so that future comparisons with experimental data and other predictions could be made.
The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission: Overview

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey [1]. Its mission design consists of L-band radiometer and radar instruments sharing a rotating 6-m mesh reflector antenna to provide high-resolution and high-accuracy global maps of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state every 2–3 days. The combined active/passive microwave soil moisture product will have a spatial resolution of 10 km and a mean latency of 24 hours. In addition, the SMAP surface observations will be combined with advanced modeling and data assimilation to provide deeper root zone soil moisture and net ecosystem exchange of carbon. SMAP is expected to launch in the late 2014 - early 2015 time frame.
GEOPOLITICS OF THE SATELLITE INDUSTRY

This paper situates the international satellite industry within three lines of contemporary geographic thought. Second, it reviews the industry's Cold War origins. Third, it explains changing international regulatory structures of satellites, particularly Intelsat, which control access to and use of the technology. Fourth, it summarises the changing role of satellites in the post-Cold War era, including the impacts of deregulation, rising competition between Intelsat and national and commercial providers, and the heated rivalry between satellites and fibre optic carriers. Throughout, it emphasises the ways in which terrestrial power relations alter access and applications to this sector.
Statins and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications: A Retrospective Cohort Study of US Healthy Adults

Background Statin use is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and possibly with increased body weight and reduced exercise capacity. Data on the long-term effects of these associations in healthy adults, however, are very limited. In addition, the relationship between these effects and diabetic complications has not been adequately studied.
Calibration of a steady-state seepage model from transient recovery of field data.

: The South Florida Water Management District (District) constructed three experimental test cells (20 ± 50 feet = 6.1 ± 15.2 m) to determine the seepage influence of a major agricultural canal adjacent to the cells. These three cells represented the first stage of a series of experimental cells to determine the efficiency of algal-bacterial communities (periphyton) to successfully remove phosphorus (P) from the water. This treatment technology is known as Periphyton-based Stormwater Treatment Area (PSTA) and is being considered under the Supplemental Technology Program (Phase II) to comply with the Everglades Forever Act (EFA) of 1994. However, the efficiency of a PSTA in removing nutrients has not been documented yet. To determine the efficiency of PSTA technology to remove phosphorus (P) from the water, it is necessary to quantify all the components of the water budget. The purpose of the cells was to evaluate the potential seepage due to the operational range of stages into and out of the test cells. A steady-state, two-dimensional seepage (FastSEEP/SEEP2D) model was applied and successfully calibrated for that purpose. The model was calibrated using mean seepage flows obtained after drawdowns in each test cell, by pumping water out. These seepage flows as well as the boundary conditions (stages) were estimated by discretizing the recovery data. The recovery data represents the seepage from the agricultural canal into each of the test cells after the drawdowns, since the stages in the canal during the experiment did not change significantly and were high. Each of the three test cells was excavated to different bottom elevations to determine the effect of substrate differences on seepage rates. Values of hydraulic conductivity for five different layers in the models were based on field observations, lithologic descriptions, and slug tests. Modeled seepage produced reasonable results for the three test cells compared with estimated seepage from the recovery data, achieving a satisfactory calibration. The errors of the simulated seepage ranged from −6.1 to 16.8 percent (under and over estimation, respectively).
Growth phases of mammalian cells propagated in a serum-free medium

Three distinct phases of growth of a line of mouse-lung fibroblast-like cells adapted to a serum-free medium are described. These are, attachment and growth, “elution” and growth, and fibril formation. Attachment and elution were shown to be independent of the glass surface per se and the pH (6.8–7.2) of the original medium. The conditions and reasons for fibril formation are unknown at this time but are under investigation.
Kinetics of gas-to-liquid transfer of particles in metal matrix composites

Abstract The distribution of reinforcing particles in metal matrix composites produced by casting techniques depends on the interaction between various solid and liquid phases during transfer of particles from gas to liquid, transfer of particles from liquid to solid and during particle-particle interaction in the liquid. Only the first issue will be addressed in this paper. In order to predict particle behavior during gas-to-liquid transfer thermodynamic and kinetic models have been proposed. The total free energy change involved in the transfer of a particle from gas to liquid must be negative for this transfer to occur spontaneously. A new model based on the force balance on the particle has been developed. The governing equation includes a surface energy component which can be calculated from sessile drop experiments assuming equilibrium surface thermodynamics. The critical acceleration, acr required for particle incorporation may then be evaluated. Nevertheless it must be emphasized that sessile drop data are for vacuum, not for atmospheric environment. In the latter case, oxide films forming on the melt will influence the transfer and alter the value of the required force. In order to try to include the influence of oxide films forming on the surface of the liquid metal in the calculation of the critical acceleration, an approach involving experimental work with a two-bucket centrifugal apparatus was used. From these experiments a critical angular speed for which incorporation occurs can be determined. Thus another critical acceleration for incorporation (ωcr2R) can be calculated. If ωcr2R is equal to the previous acceleration acr the role of oxide films is negligible. If, on the contrary, there are differences they can be attributed to the presence of oxide films on the surface of the metal. Validation of the model has been carried out using data collected from sessile drop experiments and from experiments consisting of centrifuging spheroidal ceramic particles in aluminum melts. During the experiments alumia, zirconia, SiC-coated zirconia, and graphite-coated zirconia particles have been used. The basic criterion for selection of these materials was ϱP >ϱL. Calculation of the incorporation acceleration requires knowledge of wetting angles. Accordingly, sessile drop experiments were also performed to determine the wetting angles for some various metal-ceramic systems that were not available in the literature.
The threshold problem in ecotoxicology.

The most commonly used threshold in environmental toxicology is the LC50 (or modifications thereof) where 50% of the organisms die or are otherwise affected at a certain concentration of a chemical for a particular time of exposure under specified environmental conditions. Most commonly, this particular threshold is derived from single species laboratory tests low in environmental realism. If the field of ecotoxicology truly examines the effects of chemicals on ecosystems (i.e., complex multivariate systems), serious consideration must be given to thresholds other than those now commonly used in the field of environmental toxicology. Attributes at the community and ecosystem level of organization are not demonstrated at lower levels of biological organization, for example, energy flow and nutrient spiralling. Key issues are whether extrapolation is possible from one threshold to another within a level of biological organization and from one level of biological organization to another for thresholds that do not exist at many levels. Thresholds may be artefacts of testing procedures and may not exist in natural systems. Nevertheless, society must make management decisions about risk with available methods, including those designed to identify some point or threshold below which no deleterious effects are observed. However, these methods and their assumptions deserve more explicit and systematic examination than they have received thus far.
Preparation and Characterization of Aqueous Silica-Based Colloidal Composites Containing Immobilized Organometallic Photosensitizers

Aqueous colloidal silica suspensions modified by incorporation of tris(2,2`-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and zinc(II)tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin into the particle matrix were prepared. The photophysical properties of the complexes in this environment were investigated using laser flash photolysis and steady-state luminescence techniques. The excited states exhibit nonexponential kinetics and their lifetimes are increased compared to homogeneous aqueous solutions. The metal-to-ligand charge transfer state of the Ru(II) complex is not affected by the presence of dissolved oxygen, whereas a fraction of the triplet states of the porphyrin is quenched by O{sub 2}. Didodecyldimethylammonium ion was used to build surfactant bilayers supported on the silica surface. The possibility of using this system for transmembrane electron transfer is discussed. 42 refs., 4 figs.
Improving quality of care: development of a risk-adjusted perioperative morbidity model for vaginal hysterectomy

Objective We sought to develop and evaluate a risk-adjusted perioperative morbidity model for vaginal hysterectomy. Study Design Medical records of women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy during 2004 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Morbidity included hospital readmission, reoperation, and unplanned medical intervention or intensive care unit admission; urinary tract infections were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with perioperative morbidity (adjusted for urinary tract infection). The resulting model was validated using a random 2006 sample. Results Of 712 patients, 139 (19.5%) had morbidity associated with congestive heart failure or prior myocardial infarction, perioperative hemoglobin decrease >3.1 g/dL, preoperative hemoglobin Conclusion History of congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction, prior thrombosis, perioperative hemoglobin decrease >3.1 g/dL, or preoperative hemoglobin