cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRAJEDI: Trajectory Dissimilarity

The vast increase in our ability to obtain and store trajectory data necessitates trajectory analytics techniques to extract useful information from this data. In fact, trajectory analysis is an essential function in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and by applying it for the spatial trajectory data, a wide range of transportation problems can be solved. Pair-wise distance functions are a foundation building block for common operations on trajectory datasets including constrained SELECT queries, k-nearest neighbors, and similarity and diversity algorithms. The accuracy and performance of these operations depend heavily on the speed and accuracy of the underlying trajectory distance function, which is in turn affected by trajectory calibration. Current methods either require calibrated data or perform calibration of the entire relevant dataset first, which is expensive and time consuming for large datasets. We present TRAJEDI, a calibration aware pair-wise distance calculation scheme that outperforms naive approaches while preserving accuracy. We also provide analyses of parameter tuning to trade off between speed and accuracy. Our scheme is usable with any diversity, similarity or k-nearest neighbor algorithm.
The state-dependent effects of tax shocks

Abstract This paper studies the state-dependent effects of shocks to tax rates. We begin with a stylized model in which clean analytical expressions are available. The model predicts that a tax rate cut is most stimulative for output in periods in which output is relatively high. The model is also used to discuss some conceptual issues related to the construction of tax multipliers. We then consider a medium-scale DSGE model with tax rates on labor and capital income and on consumption. The model is solved via a third order perturbation. Consonant with the intuition from the analytical model, tax multipliers for all three types of tax rates vary significantly across states, and are most stimulative for output in states in which output is high. To evaluate the normative desirability of tax cuts as a tool to combat recessions, we also study the properties of the tax cut welfare multiplier, which measures the change in aggregate welfare conditional on a tax rate change. In contrast to output multipliers, welfare multipliers are found to be countercyclical. A number of extensions and modifications are considered and our conclusions are generally robust.
Injuries of the medial collateral ligament and spring ligament complexes

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) complex is characterized by a complex anatomical arrangement of the individual ligamentous structures including three joints and the spring ligament complex. Biomechanically it serves as the main stabilizing structure in the ankle region against rotational and pronating forces. Lesions in the region of the MCL complex are more frequent than previously thought and like lesions of the spring ligament complex can lead to pain and instability. A thorough examination including the patient history with possible injury mechanisms often yields valuable information on the diagnosis of injuries to the MCL or spring ligament complex. In many cases these are primarily overlooked and concomitant lesions, such as fractures, syndesmotic and lateral ligament lesions frequently occur; however, the clinical assessment of stability is often primarily impossible in an acute setting. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a key role in identifying the ligamentous components. In addition, MRI plays a supportive role in the preoperative planning before reconstruction of acute and especially chronic lesions. In most cases the surgical treatment of acute ruptures of the MCL is not indicated. Various options for treatment of acute and chronic lesions of the MCL and spring ligament complex are available including the use of free tendon grafts. Controversy exists regarding the operative treatment of MCL lesions in the case of ankle fractures. It is recommended for cases with impinging tissue in the medial gutter serving as a barrier to adequate reduction of the joint and in cases of unstable fractures after reduction.
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection in Barrett’s Esophagus: Endoscopic Surgery

Endoscopic mucosal resection is a technique to remove mucosal irregularities in Barrett’s esophagus to enhance diagnosis and also to provide therapy. The Paris classification of lesions is explained. The basic principal is to lift the lesion by injecting a subepithelial bleb or banding. The polyp created is then snared and removed using a standard polypectomy technique. The various techniques to obtain the specimen, including submucosa dissection, are described. Careful histologic assessment of the specimen is necessary to appropriately stage the lesion and the likelihood of metastases.
The Real Legal Realism

Llewellyn began this book in 1938 in response to mischaracterizations of his views about legal rules. After working on it for two years, he set it aside unfinished. Mouldering for decades among the rest of Llewellyn’s papers at the University of Chicago, it has finally been published, with a masterful introduction and set of notes by Fred Schauer. Although the book offers many valuable insights about what this prominent legal realist thought about legal rules, my emphasis here will be on how it might help put to rest two persistent misreadings of the realists.
Association Between Executive Dysfunction and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: Racial and Ethnic Differences Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the Southeastern US.

Abstract Objective Examining cultural differences in assessment of cognitive/functional disability among older Americans is needed. This analysis examined associations between day-to-day function, measured by activities of daily living (ADL), and cognition, measured by CLOX scores, among older African American (AA) and non-Hispanic White (nHW) community-dwelling women and men. Methods: Design- Cross-sectional. Setting Homes of community-dwelling older adults. Participants- 893 Medicare beneficiaries >65 living in west-central Alabama, without diagnoses of dementia, who were participants in the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Study of Aging, and who had complete data. Measurements- Physical function was assessed by self-reported ADL difficulty; cognitive function by CLOX, a clock drawing-task. Multivariable, linear regression models were used to examine associations within race/sex specific groups. Results After controlling for socio-demographic factors and comorbidities, CLOX1 scores were inversely and significantly correlated with ADL for AA men (β = −0.205, P = 0.003). CLOX2 scores were similarly associated with ADL and IADL for the total group (β = −0.118, P = 0.001, and β = −0.180, P Conclusion While African American women reported the highest difficulty with ADLs and IADLs among all race/sex groups, CLOX1 scores were correlated with ADL for AA men only. CLOX1 may have limitations to identify functional disability for older AA women. [Word Count = 234].
Abstract # 2067 Pathogenic hippocampal Th17 cells linked to depressive-like behavior in mice

Depression is prevalent and debilitating and has been linked to inflammation. Inflammation is associated with increases in CD4 cells that produce IL-17A (Th17 cells) that promote depression in mice. We examined the mechanisms by which Th17 cells promote depressive-like behaviors. Th17 cells, but not Th1 cells, promoted depressive-like behaviors, and Th17 cells accumulated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but not in cerebellum, of mice exhibiting stress-induced learned helplessness depressive-like behavior. Adoptive transfer of Th17 cells into Rag2−/− mice, which are devoid of endogenous T cells, was sufficient to promote susceptibility to learned helplessness, demonstrating that increased peripheral Th17 cells can affect behavior. Moreover, adoptively transferred Th17 cells accumulated in the hippocampus of learned helpless mice, and induced endogenous Th17 cell differentiation. Characterization of hippocampal Th17 cells in learned helpless mice revealed that the Th17 cells express CCR6 and IL-23R, which have previously been shown to be markers of pathogenic Th17 cells, and CXCR5, a marker of follicular T cells. CCR6, but not CXCR5, was required to promote Th17 cell-dependent depressive-like behavior. PD-1 expression on Th17 cells was increased in the mice that received CCR6 deficient Th17 cells, providing a possible link between T follicular cells expressing PD-1 and pathogenic CCR6 expressing Th17 cells in the brain. In conclusion, Th17 cells and associated pathways may be novel molecular targets for depression.
The Pronounced Effect of Microsolvation on Diatomic Alkali Halides: Ab Initio Modeling of MX(H2O)n (M = Li, Na; X = F, Cl; n = 1-3)

Ab initio cluster calculations are reported in which the diatomic alkali halide (MX) species LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl are microsolvated with up to three water molecules. Second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) was used in conjuction with correlation consistent basis sets: cc-pVDZ (Li, Na) and aug-cc-pVDZ (F, Cl, O, H). Cyclic structures, with C[sub 1], C[sub 2], and C[sub 3] symmetries respectively, were found for the addition of one, two, and three water molecules. Harmonic frequencies were determined for the one and two water clusters in order to verify that these are true minima. For the one water cluster, a local minima of C[sub 2[nu]] symmetry was also characterized, as well as the transition state between the two equivalent cyclic structures. The incremental binding energies for the successive addition of water molecules tend to be comparable within each species and very similar between different species as well. The incremental binding energies (in kcal/mol) for each species were determined. 22 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.
Corneal Refractive Surgery in Patients with History of Optic Neuritis

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of recurrence of optic neuritis after corneal refractive surgery in patients with a history of optic neuritis and to examine the safety and efficacy of the procedure in this population. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of patients with a history of optic neuritis who underwent laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) at a single tertiary center from June 1996 to December 2014. Fifteen eyes of 14 patients were included in this study. Visual acuity before and after the surgery was recorded. Patients were followed-up for over five years postoperatively for the recurrence of optic neuritis. Results The average LogMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) preoperatively was 0.12 ± 0.19 (-0.10 to 0.60) and postoperatively was 0.06 ± 0.10 (-0.10 to 0.30). No eyes lost lines of BCVA. The average LogMAR uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) after surgery was 0.12 ± 0.13 (0.00 to 0.48). Twenty-eight percent of patients reached a UDVA of 20/20 or better after refractive surgery. Optic neuritis recurred in 3/15 (20%) eyes and 3/14 patients (21%). Conclusion While corneal refractive procedures appear safe in patients with a history of optic neuritis, our data suggest that their efficacy may be reduced.
Transport Properties of Nanoporous, Chemically Forced Biological Lattices.

Permselective nanochannels are ubiquitous in biological systems, controlling ion transport and maintaining a potential difference across a cell surface. Surface layers (S-layers) are proteinaceous, generally charged lattices punctuated with nanoscale pores that form the outermost cell envelope component of virtually all archaea and many bacteria. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) obtain their energy exclusively from oxidizing ammonia directly below the S-layer lattice, but how the charged surfaces and nanochannels affect availability of NH4+ at the reaction site is unknown. Here, we examine the electrochemical properties of negatively charged S-layers for asymmetrically forced ion transport governed by Michaelis–Menten kinetics at ultralow concentrations. Our 3-dimensional electrodiffusion reaction simulations revealed that a negatively charged S-layer can invert the potential across the nanochannel to favor chemically forced NH4+ transport, analogous to polarity switching in nanofluidic field-effect transi...
Superconductivity in a uranium containing high entropy alloy

High entropy alloys (HEA) are an unusual class of materials where mixtures of elements are stochastically arrayed on a simple crystalline lattice. These systems exhibit remarkable functionality, often along several distinct axes: e.g., the examples [TaNb]1-x(TiZrHf)x are high strength and damage resistant refractory metals that also exhibit superconductivity with large upper critical fields. Here we report the discovery of an f-electron containing HEA, [TaNb]0.31(TiUHf)0.69, which is the first to include an actinide ion. Similar to the Zr-analogue, this material crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice with the lattice constant a = 3.41(1) A and exhibits phonon mediated superconductivity with a transition temperatures Tc ≈ 3.2 K and upper critical fields Hc2 ≈ 6.4 T. These results expand this class of materials to include actinide elements, shows that superconductivity is robust in this sub-group, and opens the path towards leveraging HEAs as functional waste forms for a variety of radioisotopes.
Model-Based Control of a Robotic Fish to Enable 3D Maneuvering Through a Moving Orifice

Three-dimensionally (3D) maneuverable robotic fish are highly desirable due to their ability to explore and survey the underwater environment. Existing depth control mechanisms are typically focused on using either compressed air or a piston to generate changes in volume. However, this often makes the system bulky and therefore impractical for use in small size underwater robots. In this letter, a small and compact 3D maneuverable robotic fish is developed. Instead of using a compressed air tank, the robot is equipped with an on-board water electrolyzer that generates gases in the required amount, in order to achieve changes in depth. The fabricated robotic fish demonstrates fast diving and rising performance. A servo motor is used to generate asymmetric flapping motion on the caudal fin for two-dimensional (2D) planar motion. A 3D dynamic model is derived for the fabricated robotic fish. This 3D model is then embedded into a relative velocity framework, to develop a guidance and control scheme that enables the robotic fish to maneuver through underwater orifices. These underwater orifices may be either stationary or moving. Simulations are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed algorithm.
Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder brought about due to dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta region. PD presents most commonly in older adults and is a disorder of both motor and nonmotor dysfunction. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and older individuals, those with preexisting medical conditions, or both have an increased risk of developing COVID-19 with more severe outcomes. People-with-Parkinson’s (PwP) of advanced age can have both immune and autonomic nervous problems that potentially lead to pre-existing pulmonary dysfunction and higher infection risk, increasing the probability of contracting COVID-19. A lifestyle change involving moderate-intensity exercise has the potential to protect against SARS-CoV-2 through strengthening the immune system. In addition to a potential protective measure against SARS-CoV-2, exercise has been shown to improve quality-of-life (QoL) in PD patients. Recent studies provide evidence of exercise as both neuroprotective and neuroplastic. This article is a literature review investigating the role exercise plays in modifying the immune system, improving health outcomes in PwP, and potentially acting as a protective measure against SARS-Cov-2 infection. We conclude that exercise, when correctly performed, improves QoL and outcomes in PwP, and that the enhanced immune response from moderate-intensity exercise could potentially offer additional protection against COVID-19.
Giant septated petrous apex cholesterol granuloma

Abstract Cholesterol granulomas are benign, cystic lesions of the temporal bone that can cause neurological symptoms when sufficiently large. Though often unilocular, complicated cholesterol granulomas with septated compartments pose additional challenges for surgical drainage. We present an unusual case of a recurrent, symptomatic giant left petrous apex cholesterol granuloma partitioned by the intrapetrous carotid artery. Posterior and anterior compartments were drained separately using contemporaneous translabyrinthine and transsphenoidal approaches to minimize treatment morbidity and maximize treatment benefit.
Spiritual exercises in times of climate change

‘Facts remain robust only when … supported by a common culture,’ observes Bruno Latour. Current debates over the veracity of climate change are, in actuality, crises of facts. Questions of facticit...
The Emergence of Resource-Based Theory: A Personal Journey:

I have recently been encouraged to share my personal reflections on the emergence of resource-based theory. In many ways, I have been reluctant to do so, at least in print, since any such effort wo...
Building family caregiver skills using a simulation-based intervention for care of patients with cancer: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Family caregivers of patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy experience significant distress and challenges related to high symptom burden and complex care demands. This is particularly true for caregivers of patients with head and neck, esophageal, anal, rectal, and lung cancers, who are often receiving combined-modality treatment and may have tracheostomy tubes, gastrostomy tubes, or colostomies/ileostomies. This study aims to evaluate a simulation-based nursing intervention to provide information, support, and training to caregivers during radiation therapy. This randomized controlled trial will include a sample of 180 patients and their family caregivers. Caregivers assigned to the control group will receive usual care and an informational booklet from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Those in the intervention group will receive usual care, the NCI booklet, and three meetings with a nurse interventionist during radiation treatment followed by a booster call two weeks posttreatment. Intervention sessions focus on themes consistent with the trajectory of radiation therapy: the patient experience/needs, the caregiver experience and dyad communication, and transition to survivorship. Outcomes are measured at baseline, end of treatment (T2), and 4 (T3) and 20 (T4) weeks posttreatment, with the primary outcome being caregiver anxiety at T4. This trial is innovative in its use of simulation in a psychoeducational intervention for family caregivers. The intervention is administered at point-of-care and aimed at feasibility for integration into clinical practice. Patient quality of life and healthcare utilization measures will assess how providing support and training to the caregiver may impact patient outcomes. The trial was registered on 08/14/2019 at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT04055948 ).
A high-order generalized Finite Element Method for multiscale structural dynamics and wave propagation

Abstract This paper introduces a high-order multiscale Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method (GFEM) tailored for the solution of structural dynamics and wave propagation problems exhibiting fine-scale and/or localized solution features such as singularities and discontinuities. The proposed method uses an explicit time-marching scheme together with a block-diagonal lumped mass matrix applicable to arbitrary patch approximation spaces and adopts shape functions computed numerically on-the-fly through the solution of local initial/boundary value problems. Numerical results in one-, two-, and three-dimensions for problems exhibiting singularities in the spatial gradient show that the proposed GFEM is able to capture relevant features of the response using structural-scale meshes that are much coarser than those required by Direct Generalized Finite Element Analyses (DGFEAs) of comparable accuracy. In addition, a detailed study of the critical time step size of the method is presented and compared against the one for DGFEA discretizations that provide similar levels of accuracy. It shows that the proposed method has considerably looser time step size restrictions than available DGFEAs.
Evolution of initiation rites during the Austronesian dispersal.

As adaptive systems, kinship and its accompanying rules have co-evolved with elements of complex societies, including wealth inheritance, subsistence, and power relations. Here we consider an aspec...
A Partition-Based Group Testing Algorithm for Estimating the Number of Infected Individuals

Abstract The dangers of COVID-19 remain ever-present worldwide. The asymptomatic nature of COVID-19 obfuscates the signs policy makers look for when deciding to reopen public areas or further quarantine. In much of the world, testing resources are often scarce, creating a need for testing potentially infected individuals that prioritizes efficiency. This report presents an advancement to Beigel and Kasif’s Approximate Counting Algorithm (ACA). ACA estimates the infection rate with a number of tests that is logarithmic in the population size. Our newer version of the algorithm provides an extra level of efficiency: each subject is tested exactly once. A simulation of the algorithm, created for and presented as part of this paper, can be used to find a linear regression of the results with R^2 > 0.999. This allows stakeholders and members of the biomedical community to estimate infection rates for varying population sizes and ranges of infection rates.
Looking for Leadership in Historical Context: An Extension of the RIFLE Method of Randomization Inference

Looking for Leadership in Historical Context: An Extension of the RIFLE Method of Randomization Inference
Revisiting 'Discipline' in Relation to Caring Science as Sacred Science: Revisiting Discipline of Nursing.

The purpose of this manuscript is to invite a revisiting of the concept of the “discipline” of Nursing, with attention to the spiritual consciousness of “Nurse” within the sacred concept of self-ca...
Twenty-Year Reflection on the Impact of World Trade Center Exposure on Pulmonary Outcomes in Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) Rescue and Recovery Workers.

After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11), many rescue/recovery workers developed respiratory symptoms and pulmonary diseases due to their extensive World Trade Center (WTC) dust cloud exposure. Nearly all Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) workers were present within 48 h of 9/11 and for the next several months. Since the FDNY had a well-established occupational health service for its firefighters and Emergency Medical Services workers prior to 9/11, the FDNY was able to immediately start a rigorous monitoring and treatment program for its WTC-exposed workers. As a result, respiratory symptoms and diseases were identified soon after 9/11. This focused review summarizes the WTC-related respiratory diseases that developed in the FDNY cohort after 9/11, including WTC cough syndrome, obstructive airways disease, accelerated lung function decline, airway hyperreactivity, sarcoidosis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Additionally, an extensive array of biomarkers has been identified as associated with WTC-related respiratory disease. Future research efforts will not only focus on further phenotyping/treating WTC-related respiratory disease but also on additional diseases associated with WTC exposure, especially those that take decades to develop, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and interstitial lung disease.
Aristotle's Theory of Language and Meaning: Three Types of Science

How a mind grasps universals is addressed all too quickly in Posterior Analytics II 19. The challenge facing Aristotle is to fill out this quick account in a way that makes the acquisition of universals intelligible. This would be a challenge under any conditions; however, the importance of meeting this challenge is enormous for Aristotle, whose logic and theory of demonstrative science recognize only inferences through universals. The theory of meaning in the De Interpretatione does not identify significant sounds with universal terms; however, universal terms are much more common in ordinary discourse than are proper names for individuals, and Aristotle's claim that the mental state is the same for all humans who share a concept supports the identification of meanings with universals. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, knowledge requires universals. On this point, Aristotle (as we have seen) is in complete agreement with Plato. He differs in making experience the basis for the knowledge of universals. Posterior Analytics II 19 sketches the process involved, making no distinction between the universals required for ordinary discourse and those required for science, or between the universals required for one type of science or another. Elsewhere, Aristotle recognizes three types of theoretical science (mathematics, physical science, and metaphysics). These differ as their objects differ with respect to primacy, universality, and intelligibility. Posterior Analytics II 19 would lead us to expect that universals having the epistemic characteristics required by a particular science would be grasped through the inductive process ( epagoge ). Conversely, if this is not the case, the claim to generality of the Posterior Analytics account of first principles would be undermined.
Approaches for parallel applications fault tolerance

System component failure – hardware and software, permanent and transient – are an integral part of the life cycle of any computer system. The degree to which a system suffers from these failures depends on factors such as system complexity, system design and implementation, and system size. These errors may lead to catastrophic application failure (termination of an application run with a CPU failure), silent application errors (such as network data corruption), or application hangs (such as when network interface card (NIC) malfunction), all wasting valuable computer time. For certain classes of computer systems, dealing with these failures is a requirement to provide a simulation environment reliable enough to meet end-user needs. Also, the more automated these solutions are, requiring minimal or no end-user intervention, the more likely they are to be used to achieve the required application stability. Dealing with failure, or fault tolerance, while minimizing application performance degradation, is an active research area, with no consensus as to what are optimal solution strategies, or even what failures need to be considered. Errors include items such as transient data transmission errors (dropped or corrupt packets), transient and permanent network failures (NIC), and process failure, to list a few. The current MPI standard addresses a limited number of failure scenarios, with application termination being the default response to failure. While the standard provide a mechanism for users to override this default response, it does not define error codes that provide information on system level failures – hardware or software. None-the-less, these need to be addressed to provide end-users with systems that meet their computing needs. Building on experience gained in the LA-MPI, FT-MPI, and LAM/MPI projects, the Open MPI collaboration has implemented, and is continuing to implement optional solutions that deal with a number of failure scenarios, to decrease the application mean-time-to-failure rate, to acceptable rates. The types of errors currently being dealt with include transient network data transmission errors, transient and permanent NIC failures, and process failure. The talk will discuss fault detection, fault recovery methods, and the degree to which applications need to be modified to benefit fromthese, if any. In addition, the performance impact of these solutions on several applications will be discussed.
Management, Classical Theory

Early efforts to formalize principles to guide a growing class of professional managers at the end of the nineteenth century are termed classical management theory. Classical theory sought rationality and order in work through what they called “the one best way,” the most logical division of labor, appropriate structure to relate the activities thus divided (in terms of the variety of activities and the levels of supervision), the correct span of control for directing activities, and the proper allocation of responsibility to a designated authority. Keywords: management theory; scientific management; rational management theory; authority; hierarchy; chain of command; bureaucracy; responsibility
Validation of continuous-time control models by finite experimental data

This paper develops a theoretical framework, and a computational solution, for the model validation problem in the case where the model, including unknown perturbations and signals, is given in the continuous time, yet the experimental datum is a finite, sampled, signal. The continuous nature of the unknown components is treated directly with a sampled data lifting theory, giving results which are valid for any sample period and any datum length. A common class of robust control models is treated in both open- and closed-loop and yields a convex matrix optimization problem. A simulation example illustrates the approach.
Automatic C-to-CUDA code generation for affine programs

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) offer tremendous computational power. CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) provides a multi-threaded parallel programming model, facilitating high performance implementations of general-purpose computations. However, the explicitly managed memory hierarchy and multi-level parallel view make manual development of high-performance CUDA code rather complicated. Hence the automatic transformation of sequential input programs into efficient parallel CUDA programs is of considerable interest. This paper describes an automatic code transformation system that generates parallel CUDA code from input sequential C code, for regular (affine) programs. Using and adapting publicly available tools that have made polyhedral compiler optimization practically effective, we develop a C-to-CUDA transformation system that generates two-level parallel CUDA code that is optimized for efficient data access. The performance of automatically generated code is compared with manually optimized CUDA code for a number of benchmarks. The performance of the automatically generated CUDA code is quite close to hand-optimized CUDA code and considerably better than the benchmarks' performance on a multicore CPU.
Wide expression of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter Glut1 in human cancers

Abstract Glucose uptake has been found to be increased in cancer cells. Previous work has shown increased expression of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter (Glut1) mRNA in some human cancers, indicating that Glut1 may play a significant role in glucose uptake by these tumors. The distribution of Glut1 protein in normal and malignant human tissues is still largely unknown. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that Glut1 is largely undetectable in normal epithelial tissues and benign epithelial tumors but is expressed in a significant proportion of a variety of human carcinomas. We hypothesize that Glut1 expression by human carcinomas indicates an increased glucose uptake, and probably increased utilization of energy, which may correlate with an aggressive behavior. The biological significance of Glut1 expression needs to be determined.
Successful Transplantation of Reduced‐Sized Rat Alcoholic Fatty Livers Made Possible by Mobilization of Host Stem Cells

Livers from Lewis rats fed with 7% alcohol for 5 weeks were used for transplantation. Reduced sized (50%) livers or whole livers were transplanted into normal DA recipients, which, in this strain combination, survive indefinitely when the donor has not been fed alcohol. However, none of the rats survived a whole fatty liver transplant while six of seven recipients of reduced sized alcoholic liver grafts survived long term. SDF-1 and HGF were significantly increased in reduced size liver grafts compared to whole liver grafts. Lineage-negative Thy-1+CXCR4+CD133+ stem cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood and in allografts after reduced size fatty liver transplantation. In contrast, there were meager increases in cells reactive with anti Thy-1, CXCR4 and CD133 in peripheral blood and allografts in whole alcoholic liver recipients. The provision of plerixafor, a stem cell mobilizer, salvaged 5 of 10 whole fatty liver grafts. Conversely, blocking SDF-1 activity with neutralizing antibodies diminished stem cell recruitment and four of five reduced sized fatty liver recipients died. Thus chemokine insufficiency was associated with transplant failure of whole grafts, which was overcome by the increased regenerative requirements promoted by the small grafts and mediated by SDF-1 resulting in stem cell influx.
Perils of Successful Community Services Programming and Research Needs.

Abstract This article provides a basic programming model for the community services coordinator and discusses several informational support sources. Problems that can be associated with successful programming are described as a second model. Such problems include relying on past achievements, the failure to evaluate adequately, and a community services coordinator who is overextended in managing a growing program. A body of knowledge and research regarding models for planning is required for the maturation of the community college field.
The pharmacology and clinical use of methotrexate

METHOTREXATE, the most widely used antimetabolite in cancer chemotherapy, has an essential role in the treatment of such diverse diseases as acute lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oste...
Remote Raman spectroscopy using diode lasers and fiber-optic probes

The authors explore analytical applications of remote Raman spectroscopy using fiber optics. In these applications, emphasis is placed on the use of portable near-infrared excitation sources, including diode and diode-pumped lasers, for the purpose of developing a truly portable instrument. This paper addresses the instrumentation that is being developed for this purpose, including the portable Raman spectrometer and some fiber-optic probe designs.
Impact of Sea-Spray on the Atmospheric Surface Layer

The feedback effects of sea-spray on the heat and momentum fluxes under equilibrium conditions associated with winds of tropical cyclones are investigated using a one-dimensional coupled sea-spray and atmospheric surface-layer (ASL) model. This model is capable of simulating the microphysical aspects of the evaporation of saline water droplets of various sizes and their dynamic and thermal interaction with the turbulence mixing that is simulated by the Mellor–Yamada 1.5-order closure scheme. Sea-spray droplet generation is described by a state-of-the-art parametrization that predicts the size spectrum of sea-spray droplets for a given surface forcing. The results from a series of simulations indicate the way in which evaporating droplets of various sizes modify the turbulence mixing near the surface, which in turn affects further droplet evaporation. All these results are direct consequences of the effects of sea-spray on the balance of turbulent kinetic energy in the spray-filled surface layer. In particular, the overall impact of sea-spray droplets on the mean wind depends on the wind speed at the level of sea-spray generation. When the wind speed is below 40 m s−1, the droplets are small in size and tend to evaporate substantially and thus cool the spray-filled layer, while for wind speeds above 50 m s−1, the size of the droplets is so large that they do not have enough time to evaporate much before falling back into the sea. The sensible heat carried by the droplets is released to the ambient air, increasing the buoyancy of the surface layer and enhancing the turbulent mixing. The suspension of sea-spray droplets reduces the buoyancy and makes the surface layer more stable, decreasing the friction velocity and the downward turbulent mixing of momentum. The results from the numerical experiments also suggest that, in order not to violate the constant flux assumption critical to the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, a displacement equal to the mean wave height should be included in the logarithmic profiles of the wind and thermal fields.
The effect of intradermal and intravenous injections of toxic staphylococcus filtrates in rabbits of varying ages

ECAUSE of lack of time it will be neeessa,ry in presenting t’his paper to condense t,he experimental findings of other investigators and myself. No attempt will be made to present authorities for the introductory statements, other than to say that I have had personal confirmatory experience wit,11 all the fa,cts presented. A full review of the literature and experimental data will be published in other reports. The fol”rom”ing facts seem pertinent to the study to be report,ed. 1. Certain strains of staphylococci produce a soluble substance That passes a Berkefeld V filter aud kills rabbits in twenty-four hours or less when injected int,ravenously or subcutaneously in doses of 0.1 to 1.0 cc. Whole cultures produce the same effect. (Burnet,l and Burky.2) 2. Such filtrates when injected intradermally into rabbits produce a tuberculin-like reaction in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. This reaetion is characterized by erythema, swelling, and varying amounts of necrosis. ( Parker3 and Burky.“) 3. Injected intradermally in humans it produces similar reactions ilr dilutions of 1: 10 and 1: 100. Undiluted toxin has not been injected because of its possible harmful effect, and definite necrosis has not. been seen, but several hypersensitive individuals, have reacted with an inr;ensely red eentral area that has suggested necrosis in its earlier sta,ges. All adult human beings t,ested have shown some reaction, but the most marked reactions have occurred in individuals with some definite staphy!ocoecus infection or in diseases of the focal infection type (Burky’). Newborn infants up to the age of two months are nonrea,etive. Up to one year there is an increasing incidence of positive reactions when about 65 per cent of children show a positive reaction. (Iiobak and Pilot.4) 4. In a group of australian children injected with diphtheria toxinantitoxin mixture that was’ contaminated by a toxic sta.phylococens, 12 died in twenty-four hours with symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, increased temperature, collapse and cyanosis. At autopsy there were no characteristic findings. This type of death, except the vomiting, resembles the picture produced in rabbits. Of the remaining 9 children, 6 showed similar symptoms without death, and 3 showed no symptoms ot’her than an abscess at the site of the inoculation (Burnet”) . Taken by mouth toxic filtrates produce similar symptoms without death (Jordan et a1.6).
Observations of methylmercury in precipitation

Abstract Using a newly developed technique, methylmercury species have been quantified in several precipitation and lake water samples. Mercury species are determined by aqueous-phase ethylation to the volatile dialkyl analogs, followed by cryogenic gas chromatographic (GC) separation. Mercury-specific detection by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry permits detection limits of about 0.1 pg as Hg. Snow samples collected from north-central Wisconsin contained monomethylmercury levels of about 0.25 p M (0.05 ng l −1 Hg) and total mercury concentrations of 20 p M (4 ng l −1 Hg). A time series of rain samples collected during a storm passing over the North Olympic Peninsula in western Washington State showed average monomethylmercury levels of 0.75 p M (0.15 ng l −1 Hg), with total mercury concentrations from 10 to 25 p M (2–5 ng l −1 Hg). Total mercury showed a strong washout effect over the course of the storm, while methylmercury appeared to show a diurnal pattern, with elevated levels during the daylight hours. No dimethylmercury was observed in any precipitation sample. Methylmercury was observed in most lakes studied, with a high of 3.1 p M (0.64 ng l −1 Hg) in Onadaga Lake, New York, and a low of M in Lake Crescent, located in the Olympic Mountains of Washington State.
The effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/gp130 signalling on biliary epithelial cell growth, in vitro.

The effect of IL-6 on the growth of mouse biliary epithelial cells (BEC), in vitro, was tested by comparing BEC obtained IL-6-deficient mice (IL-6(-/-)) to wild-type littermate controls (IL-6(+/+)), in two different media: simple serum-free media (S-SFM), and complete serum-free media (C-SFM) containing forskolin, which stimulates BEC IL-6 production. In S-SFM, neither IL-6(+/+)nor IL-6(-/-)BEC constitutively produced IL-6 mRNA or protein, and there was no difference between IL-6(+/+)and IL-6(-/-)BEC growth. In contrast, when the BEC were maintained in C-SFM, over 48 h, the growth of IL-6(+/+)BEC was 40% greater than IL-6(-/-)BEC (P<0.006). Enhanced IL-6(+/+)BEC growth in C-SFM was associated with induced expression of IL-6 mRNA and IL-6 protein secretion into the medium, upregulation of the IL-6Ralpha (gp80) and phosphorylation of the signal transducing molecule gp130. In C-SFM, anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibodies blocked enhanced IL-6(+/+)BEC growth, whereas exogenous rhIL-6 stimulated retarded growth of IL-6(-/-)BEC. Thus, under conditions that mimic an inflammatory or stressful microenvironment in vivo, BEC produce, secrete and respond to IL-6, via upregulation and activation of the IL-6Ralpha (gp80)/gp130 signaling system in an autocrine/paracrine manner.
In-Hospital Complications Associated With Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in the United States Between 2000 and 2010 Analysis of 93 801 Procedures

Background—Atrial fibrillation ablation has made tremendous progress with respect to innovation, efficacy, and safety. However, limited data exist regarding the burden and trends in adverse outcomes arising from this procedure. The aim of our study was to examine the frequency of adverse events attributable to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and the influence of operator and hospital volume on outcomes. Methods and Results—With the use of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified AF patients treated with catheter ablation. We investigated common complications including cardiac perforation and tamponade, pneumothorax, stroke, transient ischemic attack, vascular access complications (hemorrhage/hematoma, vascular complications requiring surgical repair, and accidental arterial puncture), and in-hospital death described with AF ablation, and we defined these complications by using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. An estimated 93...
Distributed intelligent executive information systems

Abstract Executive information systems (EIS) have been successfully implemented in many organizations. Of all the various EIS commercial products, only one (Executive Edge) presents limited artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. Yet, the ability to include various problem solving agents for collaboratively information processing, filtering and presentation, is highly desirable. It is possible that the successful EIS systems of the future will be built around AI components (expert systems, learning mechanisms and so on..), so that more efficient and effective information processing for executives can be achieved. Since much of executive processing involves complicated problem domains, a single's AI agent effort may be insufficient when the information is broad in scope and complicated in nature. For such situations we propose in this paper a framework called distributed intelligent executive information system (DIEIS). This framework illustrates how multiple resources (consisting of knowledge learning, reasoning, filtering and presentation) can be combined for information processing in an EIS environment. For example, a particular piece of information may be refined and presented based on past experiences and current practices in a particular problem domain with the help of both an expert system and neural computing. The DIEIS framework allows multiple agents to work collaboratively to help complex information processing.
Tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer measurements of ambient nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide in Parlier, California

Abstract Field measurements were conducted to determine atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide gases using two dual-channel tunable diode laser absorption systems. These measurements were made as part of the Central California Ozone Study (CCOS) and were conducted for a total of 28 days from July to September 2000 at the Kearney Agricultural Research Station in Parlier, California. All four trace gases exhibit marked diurnal cycles. Ranges of measured concentrations: 1–38 ppb NO2, 0–26 ppb HNO3, 1–17 ppb HCHO, and 0–1.2 ppb H2O2. Formaldehyde, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios showed unusual behavior during the last intensive measurement period in September 2000.
Genetic evidence of a functional monocyte dichotomy.

Human peripheral blood monocytes are found as two distinct populations based upon differential expression of chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, Fc receptors, and cytokines. cDNA microarray analysis now reveals additional differences between these subsets that suggest dramatically diverse functions. One monocyte subset (CD14++CD16−) appears to be closely paired with neutrophils, and may have as its primary function the removal and recycling of apoptotic neutrophils at sites of inflammation. The other monocyte subset (CD14+CD16+) expresses numerous genes encoding proteins with antimicrobial activity and thus may be more directly involved in peripheral host defense. The production of monocytes capable of efficiently removing dying neutrophils may be necessary to prevent host tissue damage and autoimmune response induction. Therefore, species like humans that produce relatively high levels of circulating neutrophils must also produce relatively high numbers of the recycling monocytes. Conversely, species such as mice and rats that maintain relatively lower levels of circulating neutrophils require fewer recycling monocytes.
Negation and the Contradictory Technics of Rhetoric

Responding to critiques of instrumental approaches to rhetoric and writing, this article explains why such approaches do not necessarily suppress the materiality of language or inhibit the writer's ability to experience that materiality. Relying on Samuel Weber's re-translation of Heidegger's term, Ge-stell, as “emplacement” and Maurice Blanchot's understanding of the contradictory function of negation in language, the article demonstrates how rhetoric both secures language in place with a particular meaning for the sake of an external goal and unsecures language from that meaning. Without endorsing all instrumental approaches to rhetoric and writing (or the concept of instrumentality in general), the article then argues that there is no reliable way to distinguish inherently valuable writing from instrumentally valuable writing.