cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure based design of signal enhancement schemes for solid-state NMR of insensitive half-integer quadrupolar nuclei.

A combination of density functional and optimal control theory has been used to generate amplitude- and phase-modulated excitation pulses tailored specifically for the 33S nuclei in taurine, based on one of several reported crystal structures. The pulses resulted in significant signal enhancement (stemming from population transfer from the satellite transitions) without the need for any experimental optimization. This allowed an accurate determination of the 33S NMR interaction parameters at natural abundance and at a moderate magnetic field strength (11.7 T). The 33S NMR parameters, along with those measured from 14N using frequency-swept pulses, were then used to assess the accuracy of various proposed crystal structures.
The Impact of Managed Care on the Psychiatric Offset Effect

Numerous studies have provided substantial evidence showing that the provision of psychiatric services offsets or reduces the subsequent provision of medical services. Yet, this evidence has not been conclusive, and in recent years it has been theorized that the offset effect may no longer be relevant because other cost-containment strategies, such as the implementation of managed care, may have reduced medical provision to a level such that there are no more savings to be obtained through assuring more equitable access to psychiatric care. This study aims to assess the continuing relevance of the psychiatric offset effect within the context of acute psychiatric inpatient care in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It utilizes a secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort of 1.9 million individuals who were included in the Massachusetts case mix database of discharges from acute medical and psychiatric units between fiscal year (FY) 1994 and FY 2000. The analysis uses latent growth curve modeling and revea...
Sunflower meal as a component of fat-supplemented diets for broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of diets containing sunflower meal (SFM; 32.6% protein and 18.4% crude fiber) with and without supplemental animal-vegetable (A-V) fat on performance of broiler chickens. A complete factorial arrangement of three levels of SFM (0, 10, or 20%) and two levels of A-V fat (0 or 6%) was used. Diets were fed for ad libitum access to broilers from 1 day to 7 wk of age. Body weight, feed consumption, and MEn of the diets were determined at 4 and 7 wk of age. Results show that the inclusion of 10 or 20% SFM had no effect on body weight gain but impaired (P less than .01) feed efficiency (FE; kilograms of feed consumed per kilogram of gain). The use of 6% A-V fat in the diet increased (P less than .01) weight gain and improved (P less than .01) FE at all levels of SFM in the diet. The extent of improvement in FE caused by 6% A-V fat was greatest with the 10% SFM diet. Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy decreased with each 10% increment of SFM and increased with the inclusion of 6% A-V fat in the diet; no interactions were observed.
Aluminum transport out of brain extracellular fluid is proton dependent and inhibited by mersalyl acid, suggesting mediation by the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1).

Abstract Blood–brain barrier transport of aluminum citrate was assessed in rats by microdialysis of the jugular vein as well as the right and left frontal cortices. Previous studies (Allen et al., 1995. Evidence for energy-dependent transport of aluminum out of brain extracellular fluid. Toxicology 92, 193–202; Ackley and Yokel, 1997. Aluminum citrate is transported from brain into blood via the monocarboxylic acid transporter located at the blood–brain barrier. Toxicology 120, 89–97), and the current study, demonstrated that the steady-state brain-to-blood ratio of the unbound extracellular aluminum immediately surrounding the microdialysis probe is less than 1, suggesting the presence of a process other than diffusion across the blood–brain barrier. It was speculated that a monocarboxylate transporter at the blood–brain barrier was maintaining this ratio at less than 1 (Ackley and Yokel, 1997). Monocarboxylate transporters are proton co-transporters. Decreasing extracellular pH (increasing proton availability) increases monocarboxylate transport. After alkalinizing the dialysate perfusing a brain microdialysis probe (to pH=10.2), the steady-state aluminum brain-to-blood ratio increased from 0.35 to 0.80. The addition of the proton ionophore, p -(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (1 mM), to brain dialysate increased this ratio from 0.21 to 0.61. These increased ratios suggest that a proton-dependent process is removing Al from brain extracellular fluid. The monocarboxylate transporter is the only known proton-dependent transporter at the blood–brain barrier. There are two known isoforms of this transporter in the rodent, MCT1 and MCT2. Organomercurial thiol reagents, such as mersalyl acid, inhibit MCT1 but not MCT2. Mersalyl acid (50 mM) addition to brain dialysate increased the steady-state aluminum brain-to-blood ratio from 0.19 to 0.87, suggesting that MCT1 is at least partially mediating the efflux of aluminum from brain extracellular fluid.
Effective product selection in electronic catalogs

Product catalogs are crucial for electronic commerce on the Internet, but it is still a challenging task for casual users to perform effective product selection. Recently, a promising technique for product selection has been proposed: Incremental restriction on interactive tables. It allows customers to build complex queries with a few mouse clicks, but still to browse the available products at any stage. This paper describes effective and ineffective strategies of users working with this technique. These strategies were identified in a study with casual users.
Frontostriatal Dysfunction During Response Inhibition in Williams Syndrome

Background Williams syndrome (WS) has provided researchers with an exciting opportunity to understand the complex interplay among genes, neurobiological and cognitive functions. However, despite a well-characterized cognitive and behavioral phenotype, little attention has been paid to the marked deficits in social and behavioral inhibition. Here we explore the neural systems that mediate response inhibition in WS. Methods We used functional MRI (fMRI) to obtain blood oxygenation level dependence (BOLD) signal maps during the performance of a Go/NoGo response inhibition task from 11 clinically and genetically diagnosed WS patients and 11 age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) control subjects. Correlations between behavioral, neuropsychological measures, and BOLD signal were also conducted. Results Although TD control subjects showed significantly faster response times, no group differences in behavioral accuracy were observed. Compared with control subjects, WS participants demonstrated significantly reduced activity in the striatum, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices. These findings support the hypothesis that persons with WS fail to activate critical cortical and subcortical structures involved in behavioral inhibition. Conclusions Our results provide important evidence for reduced engagement of the frontostriatal circuits in WS and provide putative biological markers for the deficits in response inhibition and the unusual social phenotype.
Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates of Harassment and Discrimination in the Workplace Results From a National Study

This study describes past-year prevalence and effects on mental health and drinking outcomes for harassment and discrimination in the workplace (HDW) in a nationally representative random digit dial phone survey conducted in 2003-2004 (n = 2,151). HDW measures included experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment (SH) and generalized workplace harassment (GWH), and perceived harassment or discrimination because of race or ethnicity. Prevalence was examined by sex, race, age, occupation, marital status, and education. Effects of HDW were assessed controlling for demo-graphics and job and life stressors. Experiencing multiple types of HDW was common. SH was more prevalent among women, and Blacks and those of other or mixed race or ethnicity experienced the highest levels of HDW overall. HDW variables explained additional variance in problem drinking and mental health beyond life and job stressors, particularly for women. This study demonstrates that HDW is a prevalent problem associated with poor mental health and problem drinking in the U.S. workforce.
The Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Early Career Outcomes of Young Men

The NLSY dataset is utilized to measure the extent of employer wage discrimination between white and black males during their first 5 years of post-school employment. We look at the respondent’s first job and the jobs 1 and 5 years after school completion. Oaxaca wage decompositions are employed to gauge the effect of discrimination. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that the discrimination component of the wage gap falls over time. For the first job out of school the unexplained wage gap between blacks and whites is 35%. By year 5, the unexplained component falls to about 13%. Thus, while discrimination continues to play a role in explaining the white–black wage gap over time, its impact decreases as time in the labor market increases.
Laser-induced fluorescence endoscopic imaging for detection of colonic dysplasia

We are studying the use of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) endoscopic images of colonic mucosa for detection of pre-malignant lesions. LIF images were collected through a fiber optic colonoscope, and adenomatous polyps were used as a model of dysplasia. A total of 12 tissue samples containing 29 adenomas, obtained from colectomy specimens from 3 familial adenomatous polyposis patients, were studied. Regions of colonic mucosa were illuminated by a quartz optical fiber with near-UV light from an argon-ion laser. Autofluorescence between 400 and 700 nm was detected by means of an intensified CID camera. In the LIF images, adenomatous polyps appeared lower in intensity than normal mucosa by about a factor of 2. The LIF images were processed by dividing the raw image by a spatially averaged one to correct for differences in the distance to the tissue and in the light collection efficiency of the optics. Relative intensity thresholds were set at values varying between 55% and 90% compared to the spatial average to determine likely areas of disease. The results were compared to histology taken at 2 mm intervals along several transverse cross-sections of the specimens. At a threshold of 75%, 26 true positives, 256 true negatives, 22 false positives, and 3 false negatives were identified, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and percentage of correct determinations of 90%, 92%, 54%, and 92%, respectively. These values are comparable to results of independent diagnoses by two pathologists, demonstrating the potential of LIF to guide biopsy.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A General Approach for Partitioning Web Page Content Based on Geometric and Style Information

In this paper, we describe a general-purpose approach for partitioning Web page content. The novelty of our approach lies in the use of detailed layout information from a Web page renderer to determine spatial locality and identify visual separators, and the use of relaxed matching over presentation style information to determine presentation style similarity. We present several examples to illustrate the generality of our approach.
Optimizing Diabetes Self-care in Low Literacy and Minority Populations—Problem-solving, Empowerment, Peer Support and Technology-based Approaches

Improved glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes has been shown to reduce excess morbidity and mortality. 1 Daily behaviors and activities (diet, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and medication adherence) are key components in maintaining good glycemic control and are therefore critical for effective diabetes management. Patient-level factors have been shown to account for up to 95% of the variance in glycemic control. 2 As such, great emphasis has been placed on implementing behavioral interventions targeting diabetes selfmanagement (DSM) education and skills, particularly among ethnic minority and low-income populations that bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes and have poorer glycemic control. 1 In this issue of the journal, Hill-Briggs et al. 3 examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a problem-based, DSM training adapted for low literacy populations on glycemic control.TheyshowedasignificantchangeinhemoglobinA1cthat wasdiminishedbycontrollingforpatient’sproblem-solvingskills, suggesting that problem solving is a key component for glycemic control. Problem solving coupled with diabetes education for improved knowledge boosts behavior change as it confers more effective coping 4 ;h owever, DSM often requires multiple concurrent and consecutive behavior adjustments that can be overwhelmingly difficult to learn and to maintain for patients with diabetes. The article is interesting and clinically relevant; however, problem solving is one of several strategies to optimize diabetes control in low literacy and minority populations. Although teaching problem-solving skills to individuals with diabetes is an important component of DSM, self-efficacy, empowerment, and social support 5–8 are also critical for them to achieve balance in managing their daily lives and understand how improvements in diabetes management behaviors can be sustained. Improving clinical outcomes for low literacy and minority populations is challenging and requires a multi-pronged approach. It is important to note that tailoring an intervention for low literacy populations may not be as effective as building an intervention specific for populations with low health literacy. Health literacy, distinct from educational attainment,
Design of Flexible Grinding Wheel With Variable Hub Thickness

In this paper, various Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grinding wheels designed to suppress chatter are statically and dynamically analyzed and compared by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). As a result of these analyses, a flexible wheel with a variable thickness hub is proposed. Theoretically, the new wheel should suppress chatter and thus be a major step forward in grinding wheel design.
Noble gases in CH4-rich gas fields, Alberta, Canada

Abstract The elemental and isotopic compositions of helium, neon, argon, and xenon in twenty-one CH4-rich natural gas samples from Cretaceous and Devonian reservoirs in the Alberta, Canada, sedimentary basin were measured. In all but a few cases, radiogenic (4He, 40Ar, and 131–136Xe) and nucleogenic (21,22Ne) isotopes dominated. Based solely on the noble gas composition, two types of natural gas reservoirs are identified. One (Group B) is highly enriched in radiogenic-nucleogenic noble gases and varies little in composition: 3 He 4 He = 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10 −8 , 40 Ar 36 Ar = 5000–6500 , 40∗ Ar 4 He = 0.10 , 136∗ Xe 4 He ~ 0.7 × 10−9, and 21∗ Ne 22∗ Ne = 0.452 ± 0.041 (∗ denotes radiogenic or nucleogenic origin; all 4He is radiogenic). High nitrogen content with 4 He N 2 ~ 0.06 is also characteristic of Group B samples. The remaining samples (Group A) contain a radiogenic-nucleogenic component with a different composition and, relative to Group B samples, the extent of enrichment in this component is less and more variable: 3 He 4 He = 10–70 × 10 −8 , 40 Ar 36 Ar , and 40∗ Ar 4 He ~ 0.25 . The composition of Group B radiogenic-nucleogenic noble gases is consistent with production in crust of average composition. Enrichment in Group B noble gases and nitrogen increases with proximity to the underlying Precambrian basement, consistent with a present-day mass flux into the overlying sedimentary basin. Inferred 40∗ Ar 136∗ Xe 4 He ratios imply a basement source enriched in thorium relative to uranium and potassium (Th/U > 20). Combined, the overall lower total radiogenic-nucleogenic content of Group A reservoirs, the greater variability in composition, and the appearance of Group A noble gases in reservoirs higher in the sedimentary sequence relative to the underlying basement implies that the Group A radiogenic-nucleogenic noble gases are indigenous to the sediments. The most interesting aspect of the Group A noble gases are the very high 3 He 4 He ratios; ~ 10–70 times greater than expected if derived from average crust. The mantle, surface cosmogenic 3He production, cosmic dust, or production in a lithium-enriched environment as potential sources for the 3He excesses are evaluated. The present data set would seem to rule out cosmogenic 3He. The mantle, cosmic dust, or high Li, however, remain viable candidates. The relative abundances of the nonradiogenic, non-nucleogenic noble gases show no correlation with the Group A-B reservoir classification. Compositional variations indicate three-component mixing between air or an air-like component, 10°C air-saturated water, and a third component enriched in xenon. Apparently, the latter cannot be derived from equilibrium solubility degassing of air-saturated water or oil-water mixtures, and may have been derived from devolatilization of C-rich petroleum source sediments.
Clinical responses of the corneal endothelium

The corneal endothelium maintains corneal deturgescence and clarity by a pump-leak mechanism first described by David Maurice. This cell layer can be investigated clinically with specular microscopy, fluorophotometry, and pachymetry. We describe the clinical responses of the corneal endothelium to aging, drugs, glaucoma, contact lens wear, trauma, disease, and surgery.
Cytogenetic studies in prostate cancer: Are we making progress?

Abstract Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy in western countries. Recent work in cell biology and molecular cytogenetics has led to a large amount of data on chromosomal abnormalities in prostatic tumors. A highlight of the literature describing both classical and molecular cytogenetic studies of prostate cancer is presented. By conventional cytogenetics, predominant changes included gain of chromosome 7, loss of Y, deletions of 7q and 10q, and the appearance of double minutes. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, predominant changes included gains of chromosomes 1, 7, 8, 8q sequences, 17, X and Y, and loss of chromosomes 1, 7, 8, 8p sequences, 10, 10q, 16q and 17q sequences, 17 and Y. Newly defined sites by comparative genomic hybridization included loss of genetic material on 2q, 5q, 6q, 9p, 13q, 15q, 17p, and 18q, and gains at 1q, 2p, 3q, 7q, 9q, 11p, 16p, 20, 22, and X. These data indicate that multiple non-random genomic sites are involved in prostate tumorigenesis. This wide and relatively recent gain of information is likely to provide key clues to the biologic basis of this disease.
Spectral Analysis of Polarimetric Weather Radar Data with Multiple Processes in a Resolution Volume

A new approach for the clear air velocity estimation in weather radar is presented. A combination of nonparametric with parametric spectral analysis allows us to identify and extract multiple processes caused by different scatterer types within a single radar resolution volume. An example of clear air observed using an S-band dual polarization radar is presented. Heretofore, migrating birds and wind-blown insects that are mixed within each resolution volume caused such data to be unusable for meteorological interpretation. In this paper, we construct power spectral densities of polarimetric variables. We use the polarimetric spectral densities to differentiate the scatterer types within the observed radar resolution volume. We demonstrate how our combination of non-parametric and parametric spectral analysis can be used to retrieve the true wind velocity in situations with severe contamination by biological scatterers.
Reassessment of the Role of Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases and the Effect of Infection by Toxoplasma gondii on Host Dopamine

Toxoplasma gondii infection has been described previously to cause infected mice to lose their fear of cat urine. This behavioral manipulation has been proposed to involve alterations of host dopamine pathways due to parasite-encoded aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Here, we report successful knockout and complementation of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase AAH2 gene, with no observable phenotype in parasite growth or differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, expression levels of the two aromatic amino acid hydroxylases were negligible both in tachyzoites and in bradyzoites. Finally, we were unable to confirm previously described effects of parasite infection on host dopamine either in vitro or in vivo, even when AAH2 was overexpressed using the BAG1 promoter. Together, these data indicate that AAH enzymes in the parasite do not cause global or regional alterations of dopamine in the host brain, although they may affect this pathway locally. Additionally, our findings suggest alternative roles for the AHH enzymes in T. gondii, since AAH1 is essential for growth in nondopaminergic cells.
Assessment of Biology Majors’ Versus Nonmajors’ Views on Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design

The controversy around evolution, creationism, and intelligent design resides in a historical struggle between scientific knowledge and popular belief. Four hundred seventy-six students (biology majors n = 237, nonmajors n = 239) at a secular liberal arts private university in Northeastern United States responded to a five-question survey to assess their views about: (1) evolution, creationism, and intelligent design in the science class; (2) students’ attitudes toward evolution; (3) students’ position about the teaching of human evolution; (4) evolution in science exams; and (5) students’ willingness to discuss evolution openly. There were 60.6% of biology majors and 42% of nonmajors supported the exclusive teaching of evolution in the science class, while 45.3% of nonmajors and 32% of majors were willing to learn equally about evolution, creationism, and intelligent design (question 1); 70.5% of biology majors and 55.6% of nonmajors valued the factual explanations evolution provides about the origin of life and its place in the universe (question 2); 78% of the combined responders (majors plus nonmajors) preferred science courses where evolution is discussed comprehensively and humans are part of it (question 3); 69% of the combined responders (majors plus nonmajors) had no problem answering questions concerning evolution in science exams (question 4); 48.1% of biology majors and 26.8% of nonmajors accepted evolution and expressed it openly, but 18.2% of the former and 14.2% of the latter accepted evolution privately; 46% of nonmajors and 29.1% of biology majors were reluctant to comment on this topic (question 5). Combined open plus private acceptance of evolution within biology majors increased with seniority, from freshman (60.7%) to seniors (81%), presumably due to gradual exposure to upper-division biology courses with evolutionary content. College curricular/pedagogical reform should fortify evolution literacy at all education levels, particularly among nonbiologists.
Combining Lexical Resources for Contextual Synonym Expansion

In this paper, we experiment with the task of contextual synonym expansion, and compare the benefits of combining multiple lexical resources using both unsupervised and supervised approaches. Overall, the results obtained through the combination of several resources exceed the current state-of-the-art when selecting the best synonym for a given target word, and place second when selecting the top ten synonyms, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the approach.
Functional Control of Intrapulpal Vasculature: II. Physiologic Evidence of a Sympathetic Cholinergic Vasoactive System

Experiments performed with anesthetized dogs confirmed the earlier observation that electric stimulation of the sympathetic portion of a cut cervical vagosympathetic trunk produced a decrease in ipsilateral intrapulpal blood pressure in the maxillary canine. This depressor response persisted in adrenergically depleted or blocked dogs, but it could be reduced or abolished by intravenous administration of atropine.
Observations on the development of unusual melanization of leopard frog ventral skin

The ontogeny of ventral pigmentation of two species of leopard frog, Rana pipiens and R. chiricahuensis, was examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to reveal how the unusual melanistic ventral pigmentation of R. chiricahuensis is achieved at the cellular level. Ventral skin of R. pipiens is always white. Ventral skin of adult R. chiricahuensis is white when frogs are background-adapted to a white substrate, but ventral skin becomes nearly as dark colored as the dorsal skin when frogs darken in response to a black background. Skin samples from tadpoles of both species, newly metamorphosed frogs, and adult frogs were analyzed for chromatophore composition and distribution. Ventral skin of R. pipiens larvae, newly metamorphosed frogs, and adults and of R. chiricahuensis larvae was white due to abundant iridophores and no melanophores. Melanophore density in the ventral integument of R. chiricahuensis was 9.1 ± 2.8/mm2 in newly metamorphosed frogs and 87.0 ± 4.8/mm2 in adult frogs. Pigment within ventral melanophores migrated during physiological color change during background adaptation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
bcl-2 protein expression is widespread in the developing nervous system and retained in the adult PNS

Cell death is a common feature of neural development in all vertebrates. The bcl-2 proto-oncogene has been shown to protect a variety of cell types from programmed cell death. We have examined the distribution of bcl-2 protein in the developing and adult nervous systems. bcl-2 protein is widespread during embryonic development. Proliferating neuroepithelial cells of ventricular zones as well as the postmitotic cells of the cortical plate, cerebellum, hippocampus and spinal cord express bcl-2. Postnatally, bcl-2 is principally retained in the granule cells of the cerebellum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. bcl-2 expression in the CNS declines with aging. In the peripheral nervous system, neurons and supporting cells of sympathetic and sensory ganglia retain substantial bcl-2 protein throughout life. The widespread expression of bcl-2 in CNS and PNS neurons during embryonic development and its selective retention in the adult PNS is consistent with a role for bcl-2 in regulating neuronal survival. In addition, the expression of bcl-2 in some neuronal populations beyond the recognized period of cell death is suggestive of a role for bcl-2 beyond simply protecting neurons from developmental cell death.
Universal Distributed Estimation Over Multiple Access Channels With Constant Modulus Signaling

A distributed estimation scheme where the sensors transmit with constant modulus signals over a multiple access channel is considered. The proposed estimator is shown to be strongly consistent for any sensing noise distribution in the i.i.d. case both for a per-sensor power constraint, and a total power constraint. When the distributions of the sensing noise are not identical, a bound on their variances is shown to establish strong consistency. The estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal with a variance ( AsV) that depends on the characteristic function of the sensing noise. Optimization of the AsV is considered with respect to a transmission phase parameter for a variety of noise distributions exhibiting differing levels of impulsive behavior. The robustness of the estimator in the sense of degrading gracefully when the sensing noise deviates from the Gaussian distribution to impulsive sensing noise distributions such as those with positive excess kurtosis, or those that do not have finite moments is shown. The proposed estimator is favorably compared with the amplify and forward scheme under an impulsive noise scenario. The effect of fading and phase error at the sensors are shown to not affect the consistency of the estimator, but to degrade the asymptotic variance by terms that depend on the fading and phase error distributions. Simulations corroborate our analytical results.
Protein synthesis during the transition from the resting to the growing state in suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose cells

Cells derived from Paul's Scarlet rose (Rosa sp.) were grown in the chemically defined medium of Nesius. When a stationary phase culture was diluted with fresh medium, growth was initiated after a pronounced lag period. DNA replication, as revealed by thymidine labeling and autoradiography, did not begin until 36 h, and mitotic figures were not observed until 48 h after dilution. A 10–15 fold increase in the rate of protein synthesis occurred during the lag period. This was brought about by a 3.5 fold increase in the amount of ribosomal RNA per cell, plus a doubling of both the percentage of ribosomes that are present as polyribosomes and the average number of ribosomes per polyribosome. The spectrum of polypeptides synthesized by these cells during the lag and early log periods of growth was examined. Polyribosomes were extracted from the cells at intervals preceding and accompanying the initiation of proliferative growth. The polyribosomes were translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system and the 35S-methionine-labeled translation products were separated on polyacrylamide slab gels and by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comparatively few differences were observed between stationary phase, lag phase and log phase cells in terms of the spectrum of polypeptides synthesized in vitro. However, these various phases of the growth cycle could be characterized by a relatively high rate of synthesis of a few specific polypeptides. That is, while most proteins are synthesized throughout the growth cycle and even in non-growing cells at approximately the same relative rates, there are a few variable proteins whose synthesis marks a particular phase of the growth cycle.
Challenges in Replicating Interventions

Abstract Purpose To describe and reflect on an effort to document, through a set of 6 interventions, the process of adapting effective youth risk behavior interventions for new settings, and to provide insights into how this might best be accomplished. Methods Six studies were funded by the NIH, starting in 1999. The studies were funded in response to a Request for Applications (RFA) to replicate HIV prevention interventions for youth. Researchers were to select an HIV risk reduction intervention program shown to be effective in one adolescent population and to replicate it in a new community or different adolescent population. This was to be done while systematically documenting those processes and aspects of the intervention hypothesized to be critical to the development of community-based, culturally sensitive programs. The replication was to assess the variations necessary to gain cooperation, implement a locally feasible and meaningful intervention, and evaluate the outcomes in the new setting. The rationale for this initiative and description of the goals and approaches to adaptation of the funded researchers are described. Results Issues relevant to all interventions are discussed, in addition to those unique to replication. The processes and the consequences of the adaptations are then discussed. The further challenges in taking a successful intervention “to scale” are not discussed. Conclusions Replications of effective interventions face all of the challenges of implementation design, plus additional challenges of balancing fidelity to the original intervention and sensitivity to the needs of new populations.
‘You Shall Cut off Her…Palm’? A Reexamination of Deuteronomy 25:11–12

This article argues that the most likely translation for Deut. 25:12a is 'you shall shave the [hair of her] groin'. This reading is philologically and lexically superior to the standard translations, and it resolves the anomaly of one and only one law in the entire Israelite corpus that imposes physical mutilation as a punishment. It also addresses problems that divide commentators into two camps: those who see the punishment as talionic and those who see it as based on the shamefulness of the woman's deed. By reducing the severity of the punishment from the permanency of amputation to the temporary humiliation of depilation, it allows the punishment to be seen as both. She has humiliated a man publicly by an assault on his genitalia (presumably without serious injury to them); her punishment is public genital humiliation, similarly without permanent injury.
From Buchenwald to Bismarck: Historical Myth-Building in the German Democratic Republic, 1945–1989

In the opening lines of his Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte , Karl Marx writes: The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living. And just when they seem engaged in revolutionizing themselves and things, in creating something that has never yet existed, precisely in such periods of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service and borrow from them names, battle cries, and costumes on order to present the new scene of world history in this time-honored disguise and this borrowed language.
Compact 1-W Yb-doped double-cladding fiber amplifier using V-groove side-pumping

A compact packaged fiber amplifier was constructed using a Yb-doped double-cladding fiber, which was V-groove side-pumped by a laser diode operating at 975 nm. Under saturation, the amplifier generated 1 W at 1064 nm. The small-signal gain reached a maximum of 50 dB at 1075 nm and was greater than 40 dB in the range of 1042-1093 nm.
Digital Video Assignments: Focusing a New Lens on Teacher Preparation Programs

Abstract Teacher preparation now requires the integration of technological skills. Here is how one university has met the challenge.
A conceptual review of risk communication network for protecting immigrant knowledge workers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define immigrant knowledge workers (IKWs) as a vulnerable population in the urban emergency management context, and explored how to provide public safety services to IKWs. Due to nomadic features such as high mobility, spatio-temporality, and preferred autonomy, IKWs have difficulties in building required social ties with long-term residents in the urban emergency management system (UEMS). As such, IKWs are easily isolated and become vulnerable to disasters. Design/methodology/approach – This study introduced possible types of network structure, compared each structure’s weaknesses and strengths in terms of risk communication, and suggested the strategic use of brokers for effective risk communication with application of network analysis perspective. Findings – This study argued that the current space-based model causes tension in protecting NKWs and suggested the strategic use of brokers for the facilitated risk communication and for the protection of UKWs in mor...
A stage-based population model for American alligators in northern latitudes

Very little is known about the population dynamics of American alligators in northern latitudes. To better define the characteristics of the northern population, we combined published life-history and vital rate data for studies conducted in North Carolina and South Carolina; for comparison, we gleaned the same information from the literature for the southern (Florida and Louisiana) population. We constructed a 5-stage Lefkovitch matrix model for each population. The models showed that the southern population was stable and slightly increasing (λ = 1.02), whereas the northern population was in decline (λ = 0.870). We integrated potential impacts of climate change into the northern population model to determine how the population might respond to increased temperature and decreased precipitation. An increase in temperature would benefit the northern population; however, a decrease in precipitation or the combined effects of temperature increase and precipitation decrease would negatively affect the viability of the northern population. Two priorities result from modeling these scenarios: 1) a long-term monitoring program is needed to acquire the life-history and vital rate data on the northern population, and 2) current alligator habitat must be conserved or improved to insulate the species from potential drought associated with climate change. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Do all patients with shoulder dislocations need prereduction x-rays?

Abstract Objective Some would advocate against routine use of prereduction x-rays for shoulder dislocations. Our objective was to examine the percent of dislocations that also had fractures as a function of age to determine whether there are some decades of life with a sufficiently low risk of fracture to avoid routine prereduction x-rays. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study in 19 New Jersey and New York emergency departments. We used The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes to identify patients with shoulder dislocations and, among these, those who also had fractures. A priori, we chose to group the patients by decade of life. For patients with dislocations in each age group, we calculated the percent that also had fractures. Results Of the total 5 408 837 visits in the database, there were 7209 patients with dislocations, of which 465 (6.5%) had fractures. We found the lowest percent of fractures in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life (0.7% [95% confidence interval, 0.3%-1.2%] and 0.8% [0.4%-1.3%]). In the 4th and 5th decades of life, the percents were 2.6% (1.7%-3.5%) and 4.6% (3.2-6.0%), respectively, and they steadily increased to 19% or greater in the 8th to 10th decades of life. Omitting the prereduction x-rays for patients in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life would reduce the total number of prereduction x-rays by 40%. Conclusion In the second and third decades of life, less than 1% of patients with shoulder dislocations also had fractures. Because these patients have a sufficiently low risk of fracture, routine prereduction x-rays may not be necessary for them.
Effects of high temperature creep on magnetic properties of steels (pipeline inspection)

An investigation was performed into detection of creep damage in the welded area of high-pressure, high-temperature steam pipelines. The measurements involved the use of a portable magnetic inspection device called the Magnescope. Results indicated a decline in the coercivity and remanence in creep-damaged pipes, probably due to segregation of impurities occurring during creep. The orientation of the inspection head with respect to the weld line affects the ability to detect creep damage. Measurements taken parallel to the weld line showed greater differences in the coercivity and remanence between the damaged and undamaged specimens. Measurements taken perpendicular to the weld line did not show large differences. >
Response of Elastomer Seal Materials to Solid Rocket Exhaust Emissions

To explore the effects of solid rocket motor emissions on spacecraft docking seals, a set of elastomer seals and sheet material were placed in the plume during an open-air ground-based test firing of one of NASA’s solid rocket jettison motors. The seal specimens were placed 86 ft (26.2 m) from the nozzle during an approximately 1.5 s firing outdoors. The conditions near the seals were generally hundreds of pounds per square foot of dynamic pressure and temperatures greater than 400°F (204°C) with high plume velocities. Worst-case flight conditions were imposed; however, high-altitude, near-vacuum conditions were not imposed. Thus, the chemistry, temperature, and pressures of the combustion products are expected to be slightly different compared to flight conditions. Because this was a ground-based test done outdoors, the specimens had the opportunity to be soiled by dusty winds, and it is possible contaminants on the seals may have come off after the firing and prior to examination and testing. The goal w...
Elemental bone iron in the Anasazi Indians

Excavation of a pithouse village of Anasazi Indians occupied during Pueblo II (A. D. 900-1100) near Littlefield, Arizona, uncovered 14 adult, children and infant burial sites. Iron measurements were made of samples of bone and the sand surrounding the bones at each burial site. Iron in the bones were found to be equivalent to present day normal values. Iron content in the sand surrounding the bones was low and no relationship was noted between the bone iron and the sand iron. These findings are probably valid only for regions where there is good skeletal preservation. The findings support the concept that the diet of these prehistoric Anasazi Indians was nutritionally adequate.
Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on state anxiety and subjective well-being in people with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To examine the efficacy of a single progressive muscle relaxation session compared with a control condition on state anxiety, psychological stress, fatigue and subjective well-being in patients with schizophrenia.Design: Randomized controlled trial.Setting: An acute inpatient care unit of an University Psychiatric Centre.Subjects: Sixty-four out of 88 eligible patients with schizophrenia.Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to either a single progressive muscle relaxation session during 25 minutes or a resting control condition with the opportunity to read for an equal amount of time.Main outcome measures: Before and after the single interventions the State anxiety inventory and the Subjective exercise experiences scale were completed. Effect sizes were calculated.Results: Only within progressive muscle relaxation, participants (n=27) showed decreased state anxiety, psychological stress and fatigue and increased subjective well-being. Between-group differences in post scores were foun...
An Overview of Congenital Heart Surgery

This chapter will highlight three particular areas related to congenital heart disease, i.e., staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, arterial repair for the neonate with transposition of the great arteries and surgery for pulmonary hypertension with Eisenmenger’s Syndrome. The status of these particular problems will be reviewed with an emphasis on the results of the current therapy and the potential for innovations in these and other fields in the future.
On the Subject of "Java."

On the Subject of "Java." John Pemberton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 333 pp.
The reduction of implant-related errors and waste in total knee arthroplasty using a novel, computer based, e.Label and compatibility system

Implant related errors and wasted arthroplasty implants represent a significant problem in the healthcare system. Studies estimate that an implant is wasted in two to five percent of total joint replacement procedures. After the introduction of a standardized time-out procedure, our institution still had a wasted implant in one out of every 20 arthroplasty surgeries. We then implemented a computer based, e.Label and compatibility system which standardized the implant labeling, confirmed correct size and side, and ensured compatibility within implant systems. Use of this system decreased wasted implants from 5.7% to 0.8% of total knee arthroplasty cases. This translated to an annualized cost savings of over $75,000 over our study period which could extrapolate to over $82 million per year in savings to the US healthcare system.
The clinical significance and reliability of self-reported smoking status in patients with intracranial aneurysms: A review

Abstract Objective Here we present a review of the pathophysiology of tobacco smoking on intracranial aneurysms, self-reported smoking status in these patients, screening tools and assays available for assessing active nicotine use, means of impacting smoking cessation rates, and the potential impact of smoking cessation on risk of rupture and recurrence of treated intracranial aneurysms. Methods A literature search using PubMed was done to identify all English language studies relating to tobacco use and intracranial aneurysms, smoking and subarachnoid hemorrhage, nicotine breakdown products, and smoking cessation in neurosurgery. Results from the studies were reviewed and summarized. Results Tobacco use is an independent risk factor for formation, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The pathogenesis of aneurysm formation is complex, and related to increased wall shear stress, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and altered gene regulation. Furthermore 80% of all aneurysmal ruptures occur in patients who have used tobacco products. It is suboptimal to rely on self-reported smoking status in order to determine patient risk. Use of objective metrics for ongoing tobacco use may be indicated in selected patients, and may increase smoking cessation rates in these patients. A variety of laboratory and point-of-care tests are available for measurement of nicotine and nicotine breakdown products. Most assays in clinical practice measure the nicotine breakdown product cotinine, which constitutes 75% of nicotine metabolites excreted in the urine and has a substantial half-life of 16 h, compared to nicotine's 2-h half-life. With proper identification, an astute physician may be able to assist in smoking cessation and foster improved patient care. By following recommended guidelines and prescribing pharmaceutical aid, a patient has a 2.5 times greater chance of smoking cessation compared with attempting to stop without physician assistance. Conclusions Smoking increases risk for intracranial aneurysm formation, rupture, re-rupture and need for re-treatment. Measurement of nicotine breakdown products may have clinical utility in the management of patients with intracranial aneurysms. Smoking cessation interventions may be effective, and use of established smoking cessation tools use may lead to improved clinical outcomes in these patients. The effects of smoking cessation efforts on smoking cessation and intracranial aneurysm outcomes is a fertile field for future investigation.
SEU-hardened silicon bipolar and GaAs MESFET SRAM cells using local redundancy techniques

Silicon bipolar and GaAs FET SRAMs have proven to be more difficult to harden with respect to single-event upset (SEU) mechanisms than have silicon CMOS SRAMs. This is a fundamental property of bipolar and JFET or MESFET device technologies which do not have a high-impedance, nonactive isolation between the control electrode and the current of voltage being controlled. All SEU circuit-level hardening techniques applied at the local cell level must use some type of information storage redundancy so that information loss on one node due to an SEU event can be recovered from information stored elsewhere in the cell. Several approaches to the use of local redundancy in bipolar and FET technologies are discussed. At the expense of increased cell complexity and increased power consumption and write time, several approaches are capable of providing complete SEU hardness at the local cell level. >
When choices substitute for versus reinforce each other

When do actions substitute for each other? For example, when does physical exercise substitute for healthy eating? We argue that when actions convey to consumers that they have made progress toward a goal, those actions substitute for other, similar actions, and consumers behave inconsistently. In contrast, when actions convey to consumers that they are committed to a goal, those actions reinforce other, similar actions, and consumers behave consistently. We review variables that define the signals communicated by actions and thus, the likelihood of substitution. This framework explains substitution both in self-regulation (i.e. balancing) and across several phenomena in decision-making, including licensing, variety-seeking, the compromise effect, and scope insensitivity. Additionally, this framework can help marketers and policymakers improve consumer decision-making.