cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formalization of software models for cyber-physical systems

The involvement of formal methods is indispensable for modern software engineering. This especially holds for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). In order to deal with the complexity and heterogeneity of the design, model-based engineering is widely used. The complexity of detailed verification in the final source code makes it imperative to introduce formal methods earlier in the design process. Because of the widespread use of customized modeling languages (domain-specific modeling languages, DSMLs), it is crucial to formally specify the DSML, and verify if the model meets fundamental correctness criteria. This is achieved by specifying behavioral and structural semantics of the modeling language. Significant model-driven tools have emerged incorporating advanced model checking methods that can provide some assurance regarding the quality and correctness of the models. However, the code generated from these models, using auto code generators remains circumspect, since the correctness of the code generators cannot be assumed as a given, and remains intractable to prove. Therefore, we propose a pragmatic approach, instead of verifying explicit implementation of code generator, verifies the correctness of the generated code with respect to a specific set of user-defined properties to establish that the code-generators are property-preserving. In order to make the verification workflow conducive to domain engineers, who are not often trained in formal methods, we include a mechanism for high-level specification of temporal properties using pattern-based verification templates. The presented toolchain leverages state-of-the-art verification tools, and a small case-study illustrates the approach.
The large N perfect action applied to the 2-dimensional O(3) model

The large N quantum perfect action for the 2-dimensional O(N) model is derived. This action is used to simulate the O(3) model. The scaling properties of this action are studied and compared with the behavior of the standard and the classically perfect action.
Alfalfa yield as related to transpiration, growth stage and environment

The utility of water production models as irrigation management tools is dependent upon their accuracy. Development of precise water production models requires a thorough understanding of how water and other factors interact to affect plant growth and yield. The objective of this experiment was to identify significant environmental variables which control water production function (transpiration vs. yield) variability between harvests and seasons for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) over a seven year (1981–1987) period in northwestern New Mexico. A single line-source design was used to supply a continuous gradient of irrigation (I) to the crop, and transpiration (T) was calculated as the difference between evapotranspiration, as estimated by the water balance method, and modeled soil water evaporation at each I level. Yield per cutting was found to be a function of T, growing degree-day accumulation, average daily solar radiation, year and harvest number within year. A multiple regression equation formulated with these variables explained 82% of the yield variability. Average yield per cut in 1981 at 50 mm of T was l Mg ha-1 and in 1985 at the same level of T was 2 Mg ha-1 based on the regression model. Yield per cut at any given level of T, as estimated by the coefficients of this equation reached a maximum at year 5.7 and a minimum in year 1. Within a season, yield per unit T was generally greatest at cut 1 and lowest at cut 2. Total seasonal yield was found to be a function of T and year which explained 90% of yield variability. Yield varied from 0.83 Mg ha-1 to 18.1 Mg ha-1 and T varied from 186 mm to 1298 mm.
Modulatory Interactions of Resting-State Brain Functional Connectivity

The functional brain connectivity studies are generally based on the synchronization of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. Functional connectivity measures usually assume a stable relationship over time; however, accumulating studies have reported time-varying properties of strength and spatial distribution of functional connectivity. The present study explored the modulation of functional connectivity between two regions by a third region using the physiophysiological interaction (PPI) technique. We first identified eight brain networks and two regions of interest (ROIs) representing each of the networks using a spatial independent component analysis. A voxel-wise analysis was conducted to identify regions that showed modulatory interactions (PPI) with the two ROIs of each network. Mostly, positive modulatory interactions were observed within regions involved in the same system. For example, the two regions of the dorsal attention network revealed modulatory interactions with the regions related to attention, while the two regions of the extrastriate network revealed modulatory interactions with the regions in the visual cortex. In contrast, the two regions of the default mode network (DMN) revealed negative modulatory interactions with the regions in the executive network, and vice versa, suggesting that the activities of one network may be associated with smaller within network connectivity of the competing network. These results validate the use of PPI analysis to study modulation of resting-state functional connectivity by a third region. The modulatory effects may provide a better understanding of complex brain functions.
A reconfigurable FIR filter embedded in a 9b successive approximation ADC

A reconfigurable FIR filter and 9b SAR ADC combination in 0.13 mum CMOS is presented. The filter does not require additional analog circuitry, but is implemented by using the SAR capacitor array with a modified tracking and sampling scheme. The prototype filter-ADC can be digitally configured as a 4-tap filter, as one of two different 12-tap filters, or without any filtering. The prototype occupies an active area of 0.68 mm2, achieves 45 dB SNDR and dissipates 7.3 mW power at 5 MS/s. The lowest frequency notch of the embedded filter attenuates by as much as 30.5 dB in 4-tap mode and 38.4 dB in 12-tap mode.
Parent treatment of command‐elicited negative verbalizations: A question of persistence

Abstract Command‐elicited child negative verbalizations were assessed during the process of training parents to alter the non‐compliant behavior of their preschool children. Two analyses of the negative verbalization data are presented. The first analysis indicated the presence of a treatment generalization effect from noncompliance to negative verbalization. The second analysis evaluated adventitious punishment as a possible explanation for the treatment generalization. Although the mechanism of treatment generalization was not identified, a parent treatment for command‐elicited negative verbalizations was empirically supported. The treatment procedure's lack of face validity is discussed.
Depreciation of Airplanes and Garbage Trucks: Information Value and Fraud Prevention in Financial Reporting

ABSTRACT: This assignment will provide you with a better understanding of the costs and benefits of management's use of judgment in financial reporting. First, you will look at the differences in depreciation policies among three firms in one industry (airlines). This provides an opportunity to examine why firms in the same industry might adopt different depreciation policies for similar assets. Then, you will read about Waste Management, a case in which managers manipulated depreciation estimates to manage earnings. Finally, you will be asked to evaluate a hypothetical proposal to require all firms owning similar assets to depreciate them over the same period. Analyzing depreciation differences between three airlines and speculating about the reasons for those differences will give you an appreciation for how firms can reveal information through their accounting policies. The Waste Management case shows how firms can abuse the discretion that GAAP allows. Assessing a proposal to require uniform depreciat...
Distinguishing narcissistic and borderline personality disorders using DSM-III criteria

Abstract Sixty-three former inpatients met criteria for borderline personality disorders (BPD) (N = 44) or narcissistic personality disorders (NPD) (N = 19), both scored using DSM-III criteria in a fully polythetic model. The frequency distribution of BPD criteria in BPD and NPD and of NPD criteria in NPD and BPD is reported. Phi coefficients of correlation are reported for each BPD and NPD criterion with each diagnosis and, where appropriate, with other criteria. Sixteen and five variable stepwise regressions assessing the relative predictive power of the 16 BPD and NPD criteria for each diagnosis are offered. The implications for changing BPD and NPD criteria as proposed in DSM-IIIR are assessed.
The development of response to continuous auditory stimulation in rats treated neonatally with 6-hydroxydopamine.

This study investigated biochemical substrates of the continuous stimulation effect, i.e. the developmental phenomenon whereby continuous stimulation depresses arousal level. Neonatal rats were injected intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine. Motility, heart rate, and brain amines were measured in theses animals, as well as in injected and noninjected control animals, at 14 and 28 days of age in an own-control design with and without continuous auditory stimulation. Brain norepinephrine was significantly and inversely related to the magnitude of the continuous stimulation effect and experimental-control differences increased with age. These results indicate that an intact catecholaminergic system is necessary for the mediation of increased arousal during stimulation.
A general methodology for determining distributional forms with applications in reliability

Abstract Many distributions have been used as models for the distribution of failure times. This paper considers two distributions which include nearly all of these models as special or limiting cases. Expressions are reported which facilitate parameter estimation and the analysis of associated means, variances and other distributional characteristics. The distributions considered have been fitted to several data sets and the relative performance of the various models for some of these data sets is compared.
Steady subsidence of Medicine Lake volcano, northern California, revealed by repeated leveling surveys

[1] Leveling surveys of a 193-km circuit across Medicine Lake volcano (MLV) in 1954 and 1989 show that the summit area subsided by as much as 302 ± 30 mm (−8.6 ± 0.9 mm/yr) with respect to a datum point near Bartle, California, 40 km to the southwest. This result corrects an error in the earlier analysis of the same data by Dzurisin et al. [1991], who reported the subsidence rate as −11.1 ± 1.2 mm/yr. The subsidence pattern extends across the entire volcano, with a surface area of nearly 2000 km2. Two areas of localized subsidence by as much as 20 cm can be attributed to shallow normal faulting near the volcano's periphery. Surveys of an east–west traverse across Lava Beds National Monument on the north flank of the volcano in 1990 and of a 23-km traverse across the summit area in 1999 show that subsidence continued at essentially the same rate during 1989–1999 as 1954–1989. Volcano-wide subsidence can be explained by either a point source of volume loss (Mogi) or a contracting horizontal rectangular dislocation (sill) at a depth of 10–11 km. Volume loss rate estimates range from 0.0013 to 0.0032 km3/yr, depending mostly on the source depth estimate and source type. Based on first-order quantitative considerations, we can rule out that the observed subsidence is due to volume loss from magma withdrawal, thermal contraction, or crystallizing magma at depth. Instead, we attribute the subsidence and faulting to: (1) gravitational loading of thermally weakened crust by the mass of the volcano and associated intrusive rocks, and (2) thinning of locally weakened crust by Basin and Range deformation. The measured subsidence rate exceeds long-term estimates from drill hole data, suggesting that over long timescales, steady subsidence and episodic uplift caused by magmatic intrusions counteract each other to produce the lower net subsidence rate.
Relation of rat brain acetylcholine levels to duration of self-stimulation and escape behavior.

Abstract Total brain acetylcholine (ACh) was assayed in groups of animals after various periods of operant responding maintained by electrical stimulation of the lateral posterior hypothalamus or of escape behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum. Different groups of trained rats were placed in identical Skinner boxes for periods of 1 to 24 hr. The following groups were studied: controls, self-stimulators receiving electrical stimulation, escapers from brain stimulation or peripherally applied aversive stimulation, self-stimulators not receiving electrical stimulation prior to decapitation, tubocurarine-paralyzed respired rats with electrodes in the posterior-lateral hypothalamus not receiving stimulation, and a group of tubocurarine-paralyzed, respired rats receiving electrical stimulation automatically. It was found that brain stimulation decreased total brain ACh, regardless of whether the stimulation was positive, as during self-stimulation behavior, or negative, as during escape behavior. Animals that received positive stimulation while being paralyzed showed similar decreases in total brain ACh, but the change in ACh was smaller. No changes occurred in animals that were paralyzed that received no electrical stimulation. It is concluded that brain usage produced by electrical stimulation of discrete functional pathways causes a reduction of total ACh, but this is unrelated to the specific motivational properties of the electrical stimuli.
Habermas on Intelligibility

Critique de la theorie de la signification developpee par Habermas a partir de la triade locuteur/interlocuteur/comprehension et qui apparait au fondement de sa theorie de l'action communicative. Defendant l'idee selon laquelle Habermas ne parvient a demontrer la fonction communicative du langage, l'A. montre que la conception pragmatique de la nature meme du langage comme etant oriente vers une comprehension mutuelle est incomplete en ce sens qu'elle exclut la revendication d'intelligibilite qui constitue un aspect essentiel de l'usage du langage
The Cost-Loss Decision Model and Air Pollution Forecasting

Abstract The cost-loss decision model is described as a mathematical programming problem where the objective is to derive the maximum economic benefit from a given forecast. The necessary conditions for using a categorical forecast in preference to a climatological forecast are determined. The model is extended to show how a multi-state forecast can be decomposed into a set of two-state forecasts, which can be used to maximize economic benefits. The two-state model is particularly suited to air pollution forecasting where the objective is to prevent the consequences of a severe air pollution episode. The decomposition of a multi-state is illustrated for the bivariate normal distribution where forecast accuracy is measured in terms of the correlation coefficient between predicted and observed values. The criteria developed for measuring forecast effectiveness are applied to air pollution forecasts made in California.
Indirect detection of non-electrolytes in liquid chromatography with additive saturated eluents

Abstract The eluent in a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic column was saturated with an additive to which the detector was tuned. Analytes of greater mobility than the additive in the system were generally found to solubilize the additive from the stationary phase and to induce positive signals. In one example, simple alkanes were detected at 275 nm through use of p -terphenyl as the additive. Analytes of lower mobility than the additive induced negative signals through a displacement mechanism, as demonstrated with a number of chlorinated compounds. Sensitivity increased as the retention of analyte and additive converged, but decreased if the additive concentration was lowered below saturation.
Keeping Public Institutions Invested in Tobacco

Increasingly through the 1990s, tobacco control advocates questioned the practice of public institutions investing in tobacco company stocks. The questioning was framed in at least three ways. First, is it ethical to fund public expenditures with profits from a product that causes addiction and disease? Second, is it sound social policy to derive public income from a product that increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity? Finally, is it sound fiscal policy to invest in an historically profitable industry facing multiplying legal and regulatory challenges? While the tobacco industry preferred to restrict discussion to the fiscal question, and offered an affirmative answer, its position was weakened by depressed stock prices brought on by actions of the industry as much as by tobacco control activism. As part of a campaign to restore its credibility as an investment vehicle with public fund managers, Philip Morris (PM) commissioned a report from the influential investment managers/advisors Wilshire Associates. However, Wilshire had only recently conducted such a study for the Washington State Investment Board (WSIB), assuring the board that the value tobacco stocks added to an investment portfolio – if any – was too small to be measured. Nonetheless, within a year, Wilshire produced a report for PM which appeared to laud the investment value of tobacco and to dismiss tobacco-excluded investment alternatives. This paper examines how Wilshire produced apparently diametrically opposed reports for clients with different interests. It reveals a pattern of potential conflicts of interest among tobacco companies, financial analysis firms, investment authorities, and institutional fund managers. It demonstrates substantial violations of two generally accepted ethical principles of business consulting: veracity and transparency.
Determining neutron capture cross sections with the Surrogate Reaction Technique: Measuring decay probabilities with STARS

Neutron-induced reaction cross sections are sometimes difficult to measure due to target or beam limitations. For two-step reactions proceeding through an equilibrated intermediate state, an alternate "surrogate reaction" technique [J.D. Cramer and H.C. Britt, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 41, 177 (1970), H.C. Britt and J.B. Wilhelmy, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 72, 222 (1979), W.Younes and H.C. Britt, Phys. Rev. C 67, 024610 (2003)] can be applicable, and is currently undergoing investigation at LLNL. Measured decay probabilities for the intermediate nucleus formed in a light-ion reaction can be combined with optical-model calculations for the formation of the same intermediate nucleus via the neutron-induced reaction. The result is an estimation for overall (n,γ/n/2n) cross sections. As a bench-mark, the reaction 92Zr(α, α ′ ), surrogate for n+91Zr, was studied at the A.W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory at Yale. Particles were detected in the silicon telescope STARS (Silicon Telescope Array for Reaction Studies) and γ-ray energies measured with germanium clover detectors from the YRAST (Yale Rochester Array for SpecTroscopy) ball. The experiment and preliminary observations will be discussed.
Preoperative and Intraoperative Rehearsal in Hypnoanesthesia for Major Surgery

Abstract The applications and limitations of both hypnoanesthesia for major surgery and Schultz's preoperative rehearsal technique are reviewed. The difficulties encountered by an unanticipated operative maneuver and the ensuing disruption of hypnoanesthesia are presented. Recommendations are offered which include preparing the surgical team more thoroughly for the unique demands of hypnoanesthesia, training the patient before surgery with a posthypnotic signal to reenter hypnosis, and utilizing a new variation of Schultz's technique called intraoperative rehearsal.
The Effect of Space charge on Isothermal and non-isothermal Currents in Polyethylene Naphthalate

Abstract This paper presents an experimental results obtained by using three investigation methods. The temperature effect on space charge behavior, in semi crystalline polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), under electrical strength, was analyzed. The Anomalous charging current, which is generally attributed to space charge, was observed. The non-isothermal current exhibited two peaks one located at 130 ∘C near the glass transition temperature T g , and the other, which was associated to pre-melting of crystallites, at 150 ∘C. The DSC analyze showed a T g at 128 ∘C and an endothermic peak at 150 ∘C. From these results it can be concluded that the trapped space charge can not release from the sample and requires an increase of temperature. Above T g , the molecular motion facilitates the de-trapping of the charge.
The uncanny valley of embodied interaction design

The "Uncanny Valley" theory explains the counter-intuitive phenomenon where people may get suddenly uncomfortable with an artificial entity when it becomes very similar to humans. We propose the existence of an "uncanny valley" for embodied interaction, when a user's body motions in the physical space (the locus of interaction) are incompletely mapped into effects in the virtual space (the focus of interaction). It is generally assumed that this mapping should be as veridical as possible to promote seamless embodied interaction. Many design factors (e.g., synchronicity, sensitivity, shared realism) contribute to veridical locus-focus mapping. We intentionally varied the level of veridicality of these different factors, affecting how the user's movements were mapped to virtual effects. Our results indicate that there is a dip (valley) in user preferences when the design contains mixed degrees of veridicality. Thus, when one veridical dimension is limited, designers should likewise reduce the veridicality of other dimensions.
Black Mist and White Collars: Economic Crime in the United States and Japan

Comparative studies of crime have persistently challenged and daunted criminology scholars. For criminologists studying Japan, interest has traditionally been focused on the country’s much-heralded low crime rate. The current study examines white-collar lawbreaking in both the United States and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences in culture, law, criminal justice system response, corporate governance, and regulation. The study concludes that if Japan’s low crime rate is an enigma to criminologists, then its ample amounts of white-collar and corporate crime appear that much more puzzling. Given that the depth of the problem of white-collar crime goes far beyond adjudicated cases, Japan’s remarkably low rate of common crime is likely eclipsed by its rate of white-collar and corporate crime. The study concludes that the different legal and cultural contexts of the “law in inaction” go far in explaining the official nonrecognition of white-collar and corporate crime in both the United States and Japan.
Type declarations as subtype constraints in logic programming

This paper presents a type system for logic programs that supports parametric polymorphism and subtypes. This system follows most knowledge representation and object-oriented schemes in that subtyping is name-based, i.e., t1 is considered to be a subtype of t2 iff it is declared as such. We take this as a fundamental principle in the sense that type declarations have the form of subtype constraints. Types are assigned meaning by viewing such constraints as Horn clauses that, together with a few basic axioms, define a subtype predicate. This technique provides a (least) model for types and, at the same time, a sound and complete proof system for deriving subtypes. Using this proof system, we define well-typedness conditions which ensure that a logic program/query respects a set of predicate types. We prove that these conditions are consistent in the sense that every atom of every resolvent produced during the execution of a well-typed program is consistent with its type.
A branching process model of gene amplification following chromosome breakage.

Abstract We have devised a mathematical model of gene amplification utilizing recent experimental observations concerning dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene amplification in CHO cells. The mathematical model, based on a biological model which proposes that acentric elements are the initial intermediates in gene amplification, includes the following features: (1) initiation of amplification by chromosomal breakage to produce an acentric structure; (2) replication of acentric DNA, once per cell cycle; (3) dissociation of replicated acentric DNA; (4) unequal segregation of acentric DNA fragments to daughter cells at mitosis; (5) subsequent reintegration of acentric fragments into chromosomes. These processes are assumed to be independent for each element present in a cell at a given time. Thus, processes of unequal segregation and integration may occur in parallel, not necessarily in a unique sequence, and may be reiterated in one or multiple cell cycles. These events are described mathematically as a Galton-Watson branching process with denumerable infinity of object types. This mathematical model qualitatively and quantitatively reproduces the major elements of the dynamical behavior of DHFR genes observed experimentally. The agreement between the mathematical model and the experimental data lends credence to the biological model proposed by Windle et al. (1991), including the importance of chromosome breakage and subsequent gene deletion resulting from resection of the broken chromosome ends as initial events in gene amplification.
A Critical Evaluation of the Principles Governing the Advantages of Intra-arterial Infusions

From the literature, there appears to be inadequate evidence supporting the clinical use of intraarterial infusions as a method of drug administration. This problem has been evaluated with consideration of the advantages gained in increased total drug delivery and increased drug effectiveness in the region supplied by the infused artery and consideration of the advantage of reduced systemic drug delivery following intraarterial infusion. Carefully chosen simplifying assumptions allow precise determination of the advantages of regional or systemic drug delivery when drug delivery is evaluated by the total time integral of drug concentration. Simplified experimental approaches are suggested for the precise measurement of these advantages. Drug effectiveness is more difficult to evaluate because of the usual nonlinear relationship between effect and concentration. However, certain relationships between the advantage of regional drug delivery and the advantage of regional drug effects are elucidated. This analysis offers new insight into the factors which determine the value of intraarterial drug administration and hopefully will help guide both future experimental studies in this area and clinical application of this method.
Primary hepatic or splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a non-fortuitous association?

Dear Sir, Due to the close association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, many studies have been conducted in the last 3 years to determine the prevalence of HCV infection in the patients affected by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Reports concerning the possible etiological role of HCV in lymphoproliferative disease have mostly originated from Italy, where a high prevalence of HCV infection (20–35%) in B-cell-type NHL is found [10, 11]. Similar results have also been reported from parts of the United States [20] and Japan [9]. By contrast, few additional studies originating from the United Kingdom [12] or from France [5] failed to demonstrate a correlation between HCV and NHL, suggesting a role for the prevalence of discrepancies of HCV infection among populations of different geographical areas. We have studied 119 German patients at first diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (105 cases of B-cell-type NHL and 14 cases of T-cell-type NHL) since 1995 to determine the prevalence of serologic markers of HCV infection. Biopsy material was classified according to the Revised European–American Lymphoma (REAL) classification [7]. Using third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), none of the patients with non-BTable 1 Histological and virological characteristics of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients. NHL non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma according to the Revised European–American Lymphoma (REAL) classification; HCV hepatitis C virus
Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Clinical Gastroenterology

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a real-time optical imaging technique that is similar in principle to ultrasonography, but employs light instead of sound waves and allows depth-resolved images with near-microscopic resolution. Endoscopic OCT allows the evaluation of broad-field and subsurface areas and can be used ancillary to standard endoscopy, narrow band imaging, chromoendoscopy, magnification endoscopy, and confocal endomicroscopy. This review article will provide an overview of the clinical utility of endoscopic OCT in the gastrointestinal tract and of recent achievements using state-of-the-art endoscopic 3D-OCT imaging systems.
Stimulation by Phorbol Ester and Diacylglycerol of Luteinizing Hormone Glycosylation and Release by Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells

We studied the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) activators on LH glycosylation and release and the effect of 17β- estradiol on PKC activator-induced LH release. Rat anterior pituitary cells were incubated for 4 h with diluent, GnRH, and the PKC activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), L-α-l,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (C8), and l-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol. LH translation and glycosylation were monitored by measuring incorporation of [14C]alanine ([14C]A) and [3H]glucosamine ([3H]GA), respectively, into total (medium + cell) immunoprecipitable LH. Immunoreactive LH (IRLH) was measured by RIA. PMA (10-9 M) and l-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (50–200 MM) had no significant effects. PMA at 10-7 M elevated (P < 0.01) medium IRLH, medium and total [3H]GA-LH, and medium but not total [14C] A-LH. PMA at 10-7 M increased (P < 0.01) uptake and incorporation of [3H]GA, but not [14C]A, into total pituitary protein. C8 increased both medium IRLH and total [3H]GA-LH (P < 0.01) without altering total [14C]A-LH. Two hundr...
The thermal instability of a rotating fluid sphere heated within. II

It is shown that the characteristic value problem specifying the state of marginal stability of a rotating incompressible fluid sphere heated within, can be reformulated in terms of a variational principle.
(S)-(−)-1-Phenyl­ethanaminium 4-(4,4-di­fluoro-1,3,5,7-tetra­methyl-3a,4a-diaza-4-borata-s-indacen-8-yl)benzoate

The title compound, C8H12N+·C20H18BF2N2O2−, crystallizes with a significant amount of void space [4.0 (5)%] in the unit cell. The structure displays N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the components. The plane formed by the benzoic acid moiety of the BODIPY-CO2− is twisted by 80.71 (6)° relative to the plane formed by the ring C and N atoms of the tetramethyldipyrrin portion of the molecule.
Knowledge as experience: Exploring new dimensions of social work inquiry

The influence of the empiricist paradigm has narrowed the range of knowledge considered as a legitimate base for practice. In order to reclaim a broader view, this paper proposes several strategies for reconceptualizing the boundaries of human experience so as to incorporate tacit, intuitive ways of knowing. Principles deriving from this conception are offered as guides for a different kind of inquiry for social work.
A comparison of the polysaccharides extracted from dried and non-dried walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells☆

Abstract Suspension-cultured sycamore cells (Acer pseudoplatanus) were disrupted in aqueous K-Pi buffer and the insoluble residue (the cell wall) purified by extraction with organic solvents and air-dried (dry cell walls) or by washing with aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate and stored frozen (wet cell walls). Polysaccharides solubilized from the purified wet and dry cell walls by enzymatic digestion and chemical extraction were isolated and their glycosyl-residue compositions compared. No significant differences were found in the types or yields of the polysaccharides solubilized by enzymatic digestion and chemical extraction of the wet and dry cell wall preparations. Moreover, the glycosyl-residue compositions of the so-called ‘α-cellulose’ fraction that remains after extraction of the wet and dry cell wall preparations with alkali was indistinguishable from the glycosyl-residue compositions of the walls prior to extraction.
Expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after uncontrollable or controllable stress.

Neurotrophic factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are known to be affected by exposure to stressful experiences. Here, we examine the effects of behaviorally controllable (escapable tailshock, ES) or uncontrollable (inescapable tailshock, IS) stress on the expression of FGF-2 and BDNF mRNA in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampal formation (HF) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. ES rats were placed in Plexiglas boxes equipped with a free spinning wheel & IS rats were placed in identical boxes with the wheels fixed. ES & IS rats were yoked such that they received the same tailshocks, but the ES rat could terminate each shock for both rats. No stress controls (NS) remained in their home cages. Rats were sacrificed 0, 2, 24, or 72 hr after termination of the stress session. In situ hybridization was performed to measure FGF-2 and BDNF mRNA in the mPFC and HF. In the mPFC, ES produced a significant increase in FGF-2 mRNA expression in 0 and 2 hr post-stress. In the HF, ES produced a greater increase in FGF-2 mRNA expression than IS and NS only in CA2. ES also produced an increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the anterior cingulate at 0 hr post-stress. No effects of stressor controllability on BDNF were observed in the HF, although both ES and IS decreased BDNF mRNA in the DG. FGF-2 in the mPFC may be involved in emotional regulation (“coping”) during stressful experiences.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in the Anterior Pituitary. II. Stimulation by Glucocorticoids*

The present studies were undertaken to determine whether glucocorticoids (GC) regulate TRH gene expression in cultured anterior pituitary (AP) cells. AP cells derived from 15-day-old male rats were cultured for up to 18 days in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-L-15 medium supplemented with 1) fetal calf serum (FCS), 2) charcoal-treated FCS, 3) normal rat serum, or 4) serum from rats that were adrenalectomized, rendered hypothyroid, and gonadectomized (ATG rat serum). Dexamethasone (Dex) or corticosterone (Cort) was added to the culture medium at various concentrations with exposure times ranging from 4-18 days. TRH and prepro-TRH-(25-50) in cellular extracts and release media were measured by RIA, and pro-TRH mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Dex substantially stimulated cellular TRH and prepro-TRH-(25-50) accumulation under all culture conditions investigated, i.e. in medium supplemented with any of the four sera. TRH gene expression did not occur in medium supple...
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis may be congenital or acquired. A classic clinical presentation is described as neurogenic claudication. Physical signs of sensory loss, weakness, and attenuation of reflexes often are mild and limited in distribution. Neuroimaging of the lumbosacral spine with MRI and electrodiagnostic (electromyographic [EMG]) tests are the most informative diagnostic modalities. Conservative management often is successful, but surgical decompression may be indicated in refractory cases.
An integrated CMOS time interval measurement system with subnanosecond resolution for the WA-98 calorimeter

The time interval measurement system of the WA-98 calorimeter is presented. This system consists of a constant fraction discriminator (CFD), a variable delay circuit, a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), and a Wilkinson analog-to-digital converter (ADC) all realized in a 1.2-/spl mu/m N-well CMOS process. These circuits measured the time interval between a reference logic signal and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) signal that had amplitude variations of 100:1 and 10-ns rise and fall times. The system operated over the interval range from 2 ns to 200 ns with a resolution of /spl sim//spl plusmn/300 ps including all walk and jitter components. The variable delay circuit allowed the CFD output to be delayed by up to 1 /spl mu/s with a jitter component of /spl sim/0.04% of the delay setting. These circuits operated with a 5-V power supply. Although this application was in nuclear physics instrumentation, these circuits could also be useful in other scientific measurements, medical imaging, automatic test equipment, ranging systems, and industrial electronics.
Posttranslational Modification Influences the Effects of MgrA on norA Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

MgrA is a global regulator in Staphylococcus aureus. Differences in the effects of MgrA on norA expression have been reported for different strains, which varied in rsbU, a gene that affects the expression of sigB, which encodes an alternative σ factor involved in stress responses. We hypothesized that MgrA was modified by sigB-dependent factors that affected its ability to control the expression of the norA efflux pump. Heterologously expressed MgrA purified from Escherichia coli was incubated with crude extracts (CE) from strains RN6390 (rsbU) and SH1000 (rsbU+) and tested for binding to the norA promoter. Purified MgrA exhibited greater binding to norA promoter DNA after being incubated with SH1000 CE than MgrA incubated with the RN6390 CE. Phosphorylation of MgrA occurring in cell extracts caused it to lose the ability to bind norA promoter DNA. Overexpression of pknB, encoding a candidate serine/threonine kinase, produced increased phospho-MgrA and led to a fivefold increase in the transcript level of norA for both RN6390 and SH1000, as well as a fourfold increase in the MICs of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin for these two strains. The levels of expression of pknB in RN6390 and SH1000, however, indicated that additional factors related to rsbU or sigB contribute to the differential regulatory effects of MgrA on norA expression.
Modeling a Share or Proportion with Logit or Tobit: The Effect of Outcommuting on Retail Sales Leakages

In this study the effects of commuting and demographic variables on the amount and distribution of outshopping were modeled using household-level survey data in which the proportion of expenditures within specific categories of goods were reported across neighboring retail market areas. The effects on the propensity to shop outside the core study area were estimated using the two-limit tobit and logit models. Influences on the relative distribution of that outshopping were modeled by multinomial logit. The multinomial logit and tobit models were shown to produce similar estimates, with empirical results indicating that retail sales leakages are increased for outcommuters for certain types of goods.
It's been a good field trip

Paul Bohannan apporte ici sa contribution a une reflexion sur l'histoire de l'anthropologie. Il reflechit sur la richesse de sa carriere d'anthropologue de terrain (depuis son travail chez les Tiv du Nigeria jusqu'a ses recherches sur le divorce aux Etats-Unis) et d'universitaire. Il note qu'il a vecu pres de la moitie de l'histoire de l'anthropologie culturelle, et qu'il a travaille pour la discipline depuis les annees 40. Il tire les lecons de cet engagement intensif et tente de degager des directions fructueuses pour l'anthropologie du futur
Enduring Consequences of Right-Wing Extremism: Klan Mobilization and Homicides in Southern Counties

Research on the consequences of social movements typically aims to identify determinants of success or to draw attention to ways that social movements are able to secure new benefits for constituents by gaining concessions from political authorities. Yet social movements, even those that are ultimately defeated, may have an enduring impact on the communities in which they were once active. This impact may be far removed from the movement’s stated goals and may be detrimental to constituents and to society at large. We identify an empirical relationship between Ku Klux Klan activism in the 1960s and increased numbers of homicides in southern U.S. counties in subsequent decades. We explain this finding by drawing attention to ways in which right-wing extremism can disrupt community cohesion, generate mistrust in legal authorities, and promote interpretations of conflict and conflict resolution that weaken constraints on violent behavior.
Chromatin structure mapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vivo with DNase I

Most methods for assessment of chromatin structure involve chemical or nuclease damage to DNA followed by analysis of distribution and susceptibility of cutting sites. The agents used generally do not permeate cells, making nuclear isolation mandatory. In vivo mapping strategies might allow detection of labile constituents and/or structures that are lost when chromatin is swollen in isolated nuclei at low ionic strengths. DNase I has been the most widely used enzyme to detect chromatin sites where DNA is active in transcription, replication or recombination. We have introduced the bovine DNase I gene into yeast under control of a galactose-responsive promoter. Expression of the nuclease leads to DNA degradation and cell death. Shorter exposure to the active enzyme allows mapping of chromatin structure in whole cells without isolation of nuclei. The validity and efficacy of the strategy are demonstrated by footprinting a labile repressor bound to its operator. Investigation of the inter-nucleosome linker regions in several types of repressed domains has revealed different degrees of protection in cells, relative to isolated nuclei.
Clinical significance of RBC alloantibodies and autoantibodies in sickle cell patients who received transfusions.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of alloimmunization to RBC antigens in sickle cell patients was analyzed by a retrospective review of the records of pediatric and adult sickle cell patients who received transfusions and who were followed over a 10-year period. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Charts of pediatric and adult sickle cell patients followed at Schneider Children's Hospital (SCH) and Long Island Jewish Medical Center between 1989 and 1999 were retrieved. Patients followed at SCH were classified as pediatric, regardless of age. Data on transfusion history, alloimmunization, and transfusion reactions from 1990 were retrieved from computerized blood bank records. Transfusion history, development of alloantibodies and autoantibodies, and transfusion reactions were correlated with clinical evidence of hemolysis or other adverse reactions from the charts. All patients received ABO- and Rh-compatible blood transfusions for which a partial or extended antigen match was not performed. RESULTS: Among pediatric patients, 29 percent developed clinically significant alloantibodies, and 8 percent developed autoantibodies. Seven patients developed delayed hemo- lytic and/or serologic transfusion reactions, two with hyperhemolysis, two with clinical evidence of hemolysis, and three with serologic evidence only. The two patients with hyperhemolysis had received extended antigen-matched RBC transfusions to provide blood compatible with their existing antibodies. Among adult patients, 47.0 percent developed significant alloantibodies, and 9.7 percent developed autoantibodies. Five incidences of delayed hemolytic and/or serologic transfusion reactions occurred, one with hyperhemolysis and four with serologic evidence only. CONCLUSION: The alloimmunization rate is 29 percent in pediatric and 47 percent in adult sickle cell patients when partial or extended RBC antigen match is not performed. However, the delayed serologic and/or hemolytic transfusion reactions did not result in severe clinical outcome in most instances. The most important adverse event was hyperhemolysis, which may be triggered by a transfusion, but was not prevented by matching for RBC antigens. In most instances, the cause of hyperhemolysis was multifactorial.
CONCURRENT VERBAL-MANUAL PERFORMANCE IN INVERTED AND NON-INVERTED WRITERS

Levy and Reid's (1978) handedness and laterality hypothesis was examined using hand steadiness in a unimanual/bimanual condition, with and without verbal loading. Results supported their prediction only for degree of laterality but not for motor performance.
Sequence analysis of an artificial family of RNA‐binding peptides

Diverse peptide sequences recognizing the λ boxB RNA hairpin were previously isolated from a library encoding the 22-residue λ N peptide with random amino acids at positions 13–22 using mRNA display. We have statistically analyzed amino acid distributions in 65 unique sequences from rounds 11 and 12 of this selection and evaluated the resulting structural and functional predictions by alanine-scanning mutagenesis and circular dichroism spectrometry. This artificial sequence family has a consensus structure that continues the bent α helix of λ N up to position 17 when bound to λ boxB. A charge pair (E14R15) and hydrophobic patch (A21L22 or V21L22) have important functional roles in this context. Notably, amino acid covariance reveals six specific pairs of random region positions with >95% significant linkage and strong overall helical (i+1, i+3, and i+4) couplings. The covariance analysis suggests that (1) the sequence context of every residue in each insert has been optimized, (2) selected sequences are local optima on a rugged fitness landscape, and (3) it is possible to detect more subtle structural features with artificial protein sequence families than natural homologs. Our results provide a framework for investigating the structures of in vitro selected proteins by functional minimization, reselection, and covariance analysis.
GRANULITE-FACIES CONDITIONS PRESERVED IN VANADIUM- AND CHROMIUM-RICH METAPELITES FROM THE PARADISE BASIN, WIND RIVER RANGE, WYOMING, U.S.A.

Nous documentons la presence de metapelites ayant des niveaux anormalement eleves de plusieurs elements de transition, y inclus V, Cr and Zn, dans une suite de roches archeennes de la region de Paradise Basin, dans la chaine de Wind River, au Wyoming. Ce sont des roches a sillimanite contenant jusqu'a 0.56% de V 2 O 3 et 0.32% de Cr 2 O 3 . Les mineraux coexistants sont aussi enrichis en V et Cr, y inclus le grenat, la hercynite et la biotite. Nous avons calcule les valeurs de KD pour V et Cr par rapport a Al pour le grenat, la sillimanite et la hercynite. La repartition de V/Al entre grenat et sillimanite est a peu pres egale (K D = 0.98), tandis que Cr/Al est fortement favorise par le grenat (K D = 6.9). La hercynite favorise fortement V/Al par rapport a grenat et sillimanite (K D egal a 15) et Cr/Al par rapport a grenat et sillimanite (K D egal a 27 et 189, respectivement). La hercynite contient en plus la plupart du zinc, sous forme de la composante gahnite, formant jusqu'a 10% d'une solution solide. Les conditions P-T enregistrees dans le coeur des mineraux de la matrice indiquent un paroxysme metamorphique au facies granulite, a plus de 9.5 ′ 0.1 kbar et 780 ′ 50°C. Dans cette matrice, la composition de la bordure des mineraux indique des conditions de plus faible intensite qui definissent une portion du trace P-T lors de la retrogression. Il n'y a aucune evidence d'introduction d'elements le long de veines ou de fractures: les quantites inhabituelles de V. Cr, et Zn seraient fournies par lessivage de materiaux plus anciens, deposes sous forme de grains clastiques.