cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Private labels and manufacturer counterstrategies

Private label marketing is a device retailers use to appropriate some of the profits latent in the vertical structures they share with manufacturers of well-known brands. This paper explores several counterstrategies used by manufacturers to blunt the force of retailers' private label programmes so that manufacturers can appropriate some of those latent profits themselves. Among the counterstrategies examined are measures to widen the quality gap between the manufacturer's brand and the private label substitute, introducing 'fighting brands' to displace private labels on retailers' shelves, various nonlinear pricing measures, and coupon programmes. Some of these measures work better than others in terms of increasing the manufacturer's profit and stemming the diversion of profits to the retailer. Any measure that increases the manufacturer's profits also improves the overall performance of the market. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
An Automation System of Rooftop Detection and 3D Building Modeling from Aerial Images

This paper presents a prototype system of rooftop detection and 3D building modeling from aerial images. In this system, without the knowledge of the position and orientation information of the aerial vehicle a priori, the parameters of the camera pose and ground plane are first estimated by simple human---computer interaction. Next, after an over-segmentation of the aerial image by the Mean-Shift algorithm, the rooftop regions are coarsely detected by integrating multi-scale SIFT-like feature vectors with SVM-based visual object recognition. 2D cues alone however might not always be sufficient to separate regions such as parking lots from building roofs. Thus in order to further refine the accuracy of the roof-detection result and remove the misclassified non-rooftop regions such as parking lots, we further resort to 3D depth information estimated based on multi-view geometry. More specifically, we determine whether a candidate region is a rooftop or not according to its height information relative to the ground plane, whereas the candidate region's height information is obtained by a novel, hierarchical, asymmetry correlation-based corner matching scheme. The output of the system will be a water-tight triangle mesh based 3D building model texture mapped with the aerial images. We developed an interactive 3D viewer based on OpenGL and C+?+ to allow the user to virtually navigate the reconstructed 3D scene with mouse and keyboard. Experimental results are shown on real aerial scenes.
Bounds for the eigenvalues of separated Dirac operators

We develop a systematic method for calculating real numbers Λ 1 , and Λ 2 such that there are no non-trivial solutions of the equation which belong to L 2 ( a , ∞) for λ> Λ 1 , or λ 2 . We also give conditions under which this equation has no solutions in L 2 ( a ,∞) for any real number λ.
Online faculty qualifications assurance system

Accreditation is the foundation of an institution's reputation. Accreditation is required if an institution and its students are to receive many forms of U.S. federal financial aid. It is not a trivial matter or a luxury; it is all but a necessary condition for the survival of an institution of higher learning in the United States. During the accreditation or reaccreditation process many institutions receive recommendations or findings related to faculty qualifications. The issue becomes even more problematic when the institution offers degrees in emerging disciplines for which there is not a sufficient pool of qualified faculty candidates with respective terminal degrees. The Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) is one such institution that faces this challenge. As SCAD approached a five-year reaffirmation of accreditation event it became clear that a better methodology for documenting faculty qualifications was desired. A quick market survey uncovered no commercially available products that address this need. The SCAD solution was to create an online system that documents faculty qualifications down to the course learning outcome level for each and every course the professor was to teach. This paper will cover the challenges involved in designing, building, and implementing what we believe is the most comprehensive and academically rigorous application of its type in existence today.
"Pepita Jiménez": del idilio a la Restauración

En el prologo a la traduccion de Pepita Jimenez al ingles para la edicion de Appleton en 1886, Juan Valera declaro haber escrito la obra ‘cuando todo en Espana estaba movido y fuera de asiento por una revolucion radical, que arrancaba de cuajo el trono secular y la unidad religiosa’.1 1873, ano en que Valera comienza a redactar su obra, presentaba efectivamente el aspecto de aceleracion caracteristico de las transformaciones historicas. Era el ano en que, despues del fracasado golpe de Estado del 23 de abril— golpe que implicaba al General Francisco Serrano, a cuyo sequito de dependientes politicos Valera pertenecia—, paso el poder al partido federalista, que pronto se vio rebasado por el movimiento cantonalista en la periferia. El desarrollo politico de estos acontecimientos ha sido descrito (con harta hostilidad) por la historiografia,2 y no es necesario entrar aqui en detalles. Basta con indicar la intensidad de la confrontacion entre los viejos poderes y la impaciencia del campesinado, subitamente en ...
Effects of ethanol on neuroblastoma cells in culture: role of gangliosides in neuritogenesis and substrate adhesion.

Murine Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells were exposed to ethanol in culture under two experimental paradigms: (1) short-term (24 hr or less) and low concentrations (0.05 to 0.5%; 8.5 to 86 mM) and (2) longterm (48 hr at 0.5%; 86 mM). Long-term ethanol exposure did not affect Neuro-2A viability, determined by DNA synthesis or the ability to exclude Trypan Blue. Similarly, long-term ethanol treatment did not inhibit differentiation, exhibited by the extension of neurites, promoted by either dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP or by incubation with exogenous ganglioside GMI. The incorporation of exogenous ganglioside GM1 into plasma membranes was not influenced by varying concentrations of ethanol (up to 1.2%; 204 mM). In contrast, ethanol did influence Neuro-2A cell attachment to collagen in a dualistic manner. During short-term ethanol exposure, cell attachment was enhanced. However, when cells were initially exposed to ethanol for 48 hr a marked inhibition of subsequent attachment was observed. Long-term ethanol exposure also inhibited attachment to other substrata, including laminin, fibronectin and vitronectin. Incubation of Neuro-2A cells with either exogenous ganglioside Gull or a mixture of brain gangliosides partially reversed the inhibition of attachment to collagen. This reversal did not appear to be due to any one particular ganglioside structure, however. Mixed brain gangliosides were fractionated into three fractions, according to the number of sialic acid residues. Each of the three fractions were equally effective in partially restoring Neuro-2A cell attachment to collagen after long-term ethanol treatment. The results suggest that the mechanism by which these effects occur is at the level of plasma membrane fluidity, because both ethanol and glycosphingolipid content are known to influence membrane lateral mobility, although other mechanisms, such as changes in headgroup hydration, are possible. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multicasting protocols for high-speed, wormhole-routing local area networks

Wormhole routing LANs are emerging as an effective solution for high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnects in distributed computing and cluster computing applications. An important example is the 640 Mb/s crossbar-based Myrinet. A key property of conventional LANs, which is valuable for many distributed applications, is transparent, reliable network-level multicast. It is desirable to retain this property also in wormhole LANs. Unfortunately, efficient, reliable multicasting in wormhole LANs is problematic because of the potential for deadlocks. As a consequence, current multicasting implementations typically consist of repeated unicast or assume a priori buffer reservations. These solutions, however, tend to increase latency and do not scale well.In this paper we address the problem of providing transparent, reliable, efficient network level multicasting in the wormhole LAN. We describe several protocols for achieving deadlock-free, reliable multicasting using restricted routing and fast buffer reservation techniques. Tradeoffs involving complexity and performance of various solutions are discussed, and are illustrated using simulation. A simple multicast implementation for Myrinet has been carried out, and experimental results are presented.
Emotional intelligence: Popular but elusive construct

There is a growing interest in the concept of emotional intelligence (El), as a result of a new Zeitgeist that embraces nontraditional views of intelligence, and a belief promulgated in the popular press that El holds the promise for solving many of society's most pressing problems. Two important bodies of writing on El, the work of Daniel Goleman and Peter Salovey & John Mayer, are discussed as illustrative of recent theorizing on El. The article discusses conceptual and measurement problems that presently challenge the usefulness of the El construct. It is suggested that El be tentatively viewed as a possible kind of intelligence, awaiting further theory development and validation.
Sexual preferences during artificial menstrual cycles in social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Eight groups of rhesus monkeys each consisting of one male and four ovariectomized females were observed while two of the females were treated with hormones to produce artificial menstrual cycles. These were either synchronized or offset by 7-day increments. Sexually preferred females, defined by the numbers of ejaculations per test, received almost twice as many ejaculations as did non-preferred females during all synchronized and offset cycles and during all cycle phases. However, short-term changes in partner preference occurred when the midcycle phase of non-preferred females coincided with the middle or late progesterone phase of preferred females, suggesting a negative effect of progesterone on behavior during the menstrual cycle. There were highly significant differences between preferred and non-preferred partners for almost all of their sexual and social interactions, and preferred partners showed longer proximity and grooming times as well as higher levels of sexual activity. Partner preferences accounted for more of the behavioral variance between pairs than did female dominance, although males sought the proximity of dominant females independently of their partner preferences. Thus, in a setting uncomplicated by male mate competition, sexual preference by male rhesus monkeys is a robust phenomenon depending on complex interactions between dominance, hormonal status, and the individual behavior of female partners.
The Generation And Measurement of Electrical Fields By Fish: Can We Learn From Them?

There are three general types of electric fish that either generate electric fields, detect electric fields or do both. The g roup tha t wi l l be discussed in this paper are the “weakly electric” fish that both generate and detect electric fields. The weakly electric fish have an electric organ which is located along the after part of the body. It normally discharges at a regular rate under the command of a pacemaker in the brain. The wave form of the output of some species is a continuous wave whereas other species generate a short pulse. Receivers are found in pores of the sk in of the f i sh . An objec t of d i f fe ren t impedance than the water will alter the pattern of voltage, both in amplitude and phase across the skin of the fish. This alteration represents the image of the object that the fish “observes.” The fish often changes behavior to enhance the image. T h e f i s h d o e s s o m e s o p h i s t i c a t e d processing i n r e a l t i m e u s i n g s u m m i n g a n d iterative techniques. These techniques are used in electrical logging and geophysical resistivity surveying and so should be of interest to those using these techniques.
Neuropathogical Features of a Rat Model for Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy with Associated Epilepsy

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is an important neurological problem of the perinatal period. Little is known of the long-term progression of HI insults or the maladaptive changes that lead to epilepsy. Using rats with unilateral carotid occlusion followed by hypoxia at postnatal day 7, this study provides an initial analysis of the epilepsy caused by a perinatal HI insult with chronic and continuous behavioral monitoring. The histopathology was investigated at postnatal day 30 and later at > or =6 months of age using cresyl violet, Timm, and rapid Golgi staining and immunocytochemistry. The resultant epilepsy showed an increase in seizure frequency over time, with a preponderance for seizure clusters and behavioral features of an ipsilateral cerebral syndrome. In addition to parasagittal infarcts and porencephalic cysts in severe lesions, columnar neuronal death was found with cytomegaly in isolated groups of dysmorphic cortical neurons. Cortical dysgenesis was seen in the form of deep laminar cell loss, microgyri, white matter hypercellularity, and blurring of the white and gray matter junction. Mossy fiber sprouting was not only detected in the atrophied ipsilateral dorsal hippocampus of HI rats with chronic epilepsy, but was also found in comparable grades in spared ipsi- and contralateral ventral hippocampi. The cortical lesions in this animal model show histological similarities with those found in humans after perinatal HI. The occurrence of cortical abnormalities that are associated with epilepsy in humans correlates with the consequent detection of spontaneous recurrent seizures.
SYNTHESIS AND N.M.R. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF LEUCINE -dγ

A simple reaction scheme for the synthesis of leucine totally deuterated in the γ position is described. The n.m.r. spectral properties of this derivative are analyzed and its potential usefulness as a probe of leucine sidechain stereochemistry in peptides is discussed.
Effects of Substrate Surface Roughness on Electron-Phonon Coupling in Thin Au Films

As device fabrication and design engineers continue to decrease the sizes of transistors within integrated circuits, the removal of waste heat becomes a limiting factor that impedes further advances in solid state nanotechnology. An in-depth understanding of how heat is transferred in thin metal films is critical to the design of better methods of heat transport in microelectronic applications. This work examines how electron scattering processes in thin Au films is affected by the presence of a dielectric interface. Ten Au films are deposited on Si and glass substrates subject to different fabrication conditions, causing a varying degree of “roughness” between the film and the substrate. The Au samples are subjected to nonequilibrium heating via the femtosecond pulsed transient thermoreflectance (TTR) technique. The rate of electron-phonon equilibration is examined by comparing the temperature decay on the surface of the Au film to the two temperature model (TTM) with insulative boundary conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The effects of pullet body weight, dietary nonpyhtate phosphorus intake, and breeder feeding regimen on production performance, chick quality, and bone remodeling in broiler breeders

Abstract A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, consisting of 52 hens per treatment, was conducted to determine the effects of pullet BW, dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP), and feeding regimen on performance, progeny quality, and bone remodeling. Cobb 500 broiler breeder pullets were reared to 3 different growth curves: 20% under, Cobb standard, and 20% over. Body weights were recorded weekly and feed adjustments made accordingly. At 21 wk, 624 hens were fed one of 2 breeder diets differing only in the amount of dietary NPP: 0.15 or 0.40%. A normal feeding regimen was appropriate for the particular growth curve; an alternative regimen considered the 3 growth curves together as a flock. At 24, 26, and 29 wk, blood was collected from 5 hens per treatment every 4 h over a 24-h period. Plasma samples were analyzed for total alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, Ca, and inorganic P. Eggs per hen housed were diminished in hens fed the low dietary NPP and by low pullet target weight. Hens fed low dietary NPP also had lower egg weights but better eggshell quality. Mortality was significantly higher in hens fed low dietary NPP. Breeder tibia relative strength and ash were also significantly lower in hens fed low dietary NPP, regardless of the quantitative amount. Progeny tibia ash was not affected by any treatment. Total alkaline phosphatase responded to pullet BW, however by wk 29, total alkaline phosphatase also became sensitive to dietary NPP. The NPP by pullet BW interaction for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels became significant by 29 wk, and pullet BW was significant at wk 24. The NPP by pullet growth curve interaction was also critical for plasma inorganic P levels throughout the sampling period. In summary, both 0.15% dietary NPP and reared pullets 20% under standard BW negatively affect egg production but do not impair progeny productivity. Body composition appears to be a main contributor in bone remodeling mechanisms, especially during the transition into egg production.
The Generalized Universal Reynolds Equation: for Variable Property Fluid-Film Lubrication and Variable Geometry Self-Acting Bearings

The present article represents a theoretical further development of Dowson's equation (1). The developments presented herein start from the fundamental Dowson concept and proceed to a final generalization, which, by using a spherical coordinate system, accounts for the previously neglected curvature effect. The generalization brought about by this system of coordinates allows the derivation of the Generalized Universal Reynolds Equation (GURE) to best suit liquid and gas film lubrication, with variable properties. This single equation can now be customized by a simple change in angle, allowing all common classes of self-acting bearings to be modeled. Dowson's development in Cartesian coordinates lends itself only to geometries of small curvatures when compared to the film thickness and thus can be unwrapped. GURE's flexibility of spherical coordinates eliminates the minimal curvature assumption for Cartesian geometries. GURE provides a single-equation approach to cylindrical journal bearings, flat-plate t...
Evaluations complémentaires de sûreté des installations du cycle

La demarche des evaluations complementaires de surete des installations nucleaires, conduite apres l’accident de Fukushima, consiste a examiner les conditions de tenue des installations face a des agressions externes d’origine naturelle d’un niveau significativement superieur a celui du referentiel de surete. Elle comprend aussi l’identification, au sein d’un noyau dur, des fonctions et systemes ultimes necessaires pour eviter, en de telles circonstances, que la situation ne degenere et n’entraine des consequences catastrophiques. Cette approche est valable tant pour les reacteurs que pour les installations du cycle. Les modalites retenues pour conduire cette demarche sur les installations du cycle du combustible exploitees par AREVA sont presentees ci-apres.
Ion broadening parameters for several argon and carbon lines

The ion broadening parameters of several argon and carbon spectral lines are determined by fitting asymmetric theoretical profiles to spectral line profiles obtained in a wall-stabilized arc experiment. Good agreement with previous experimental results is obtained for most of the ``blue'' argon lines and carbon lines examined. Results are presented for several argon ``red'' and ``blue'' lines that have not been examined previously. In most cases, our ion broadening parameter values are larger than published theoretical values.
Comparison between measured and calculated nonuniformities of Nike laser beams smoothed by induced spatial incoherence

We have studied the spatial fluence nonuniformities in single beams from the Nike KrF laser smoothed by the Induced Spatial Incoherence (ISI) technique. This study compares time-integrated CCD camera measurements with a numerical model of ISI speckle used in the NRL FAST2D hydrocode, and with analytic calculations that examine the ensemble-average behavior of that model. The results verify the model and calculations, showing good agreement of both the spatial mode spectra and the total nonuniformity versus pulsewidth and bandwidth.
New substrates and inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase containing bioisosteres of the carboxylic acid group: Design, synthesis, and biological activity

Abstract A series of potential substrates of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) with lipophilic bioisosteres of the carboxylic acid group (2–7) were synthesized and tested. Most of the synthesized compounds showed substrate activities with GABA-AT; 1H-tetrazole-5-propanamine (6) was the best of those tested. The potential time-dependent inhibitor of GABA-AT, 1H-tetrazole-5-(α-vinyl-propanamine) (8), was designed based on the structures of 6 and the antiepilepsy drug vigabatrin (4-aminohex-5-enoic acid, 1). The synthesized compound 8 showed time-dependent inhibition of GABA-AT, but its potency is lower than that of vigabatrin. Methylation of the tetrazole group in 8 resulted in loss of time-dependent activity, suggesting that the tetrazole ring, the carboxylate bioisostere, exists in its deprotonated form in the enzyme active site.
Quadrupolar (donor)2acceptor-acid chromophores for dye-sensitized solar cells: influence of the core acceptor

A series of four quadrupolar (Donor)2Acceptor-acid (D2A) sensitizers, based on two acceptor cores (dibenzophenazine (DBP) or dithienophenazine (DTP)), were synthesized and their optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties were investigated. 4-Hexyl-thien-2-yl groups were employed as donor units, to produce regioisomers depending on their connecting position to the core. This architectural design leads to the investigation of the structure–property relationships of the dyes, both in solution and upon integration in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Within sets of regioisomers, frontier orbital levels and absorption properties differed, but the photovoltaic performances of the DSSCs were similar. When examining the effect of the core, the electronic properties (absorbance, LUMO level) predicted a more favourable electron injection for the DTP systems. However, the open circuit voltages are ∼100 mV greater for the DBP systems.
Cultural Tools and the Classroom Context An Exploration of an Artistic Response to Literature

That writing has unique powers for promoting learning has become a given among many composition teachers and researchers. Peircean semiotics suggest that writing is one of many forms of composing available for mediating thought and activity, and that the value of any form of mediation depends on the context in which it takes place. The present study used stimulated recall to elicit a retrospective account from an alternative school student following his production of an artistic text representing his view of the relationship between the two central characters in a short story. The student's account indicates that in composing his text he (a) initiated his interpretation by empathizing with one of the characters, (b) produced a graphic representation and transformation of the relationship between the two central characters, (c) situated his text in an intertext, and (d) produced a text that both shaped and was shaped by his thinking. Furthermore, the “text” he produced through the stimulated recall intervi...
Child behavior profile types in a general population sample of boys 6 to 11 years old.

Characteristics of Child Behavior Profile (CBP) types were studied in a general population sample of 202 boys aged 6 to 11 years. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and teachers simultaneously rated the Teacher's Report Form. Overall, 39.7% of the boys were classified within a CBP type: 28.8% Internalizing and 10.9% Externalizing. The most common specific type was Somatic Complaints. Teachers rated the Externalizing CBP boys as showing robust externalizing behaviors in school. Also, boys with Externalizing profile types showed severe degrees of psychopathology in both home and school environments. An intraclass correlation of 35 or greater was found to identify boys with sufficiently severe psychopathology to warrant further clinical evaluation. Findings in this general population sample appear consistent with previous results in outpatient samples, and extend our understanding of the validity and clinical value for CBP types.
Combining cognitive and visual distraction: Less than the sum of its parts

Driver distraction has become a leading cause of motor-vehicle crashes. Although visual and cognitive distraction has been studied extensively, relatively little research has addressed their combined effects on drivers' behavior. To fill this gap, a medium-fidelity simulator study examined the driver behavior before, during and after three types of distraction. Driving without distraction was compared to visual distraction, cognitive distraction, and combined visual and cognitive distraction. The results show that the visual and combined distraction both impaired vehicle control and hazard detection and resulted in frequent, long off-road glances. The combined distraction was less detrimental than visual distraction alone. Cognitive distraction made steering less smooth, but improved lane maintenance. All distractions caused gaze concentration and slow saccades when drivers looked at the roadway, and cognitive and combined distraction increased blink frequency. Steering neglect, under-compensation, and over-compensation were three typical steering failures that were differentially associated with the different distractions: steering neglect and over-compensation with visual distraction and under-compensation with cognitive distraction. Overall, visual distraction interferes with driving performance more than cognitive distraction, and visual distraction dominates the performance decrements during combined distraction. These results suggest that minimizing visual demand is particularly important in the design of in-vehicle systems and in the development of distraction countermeasures.
Susan Brownmiller and the history of rape

The historical chapters of Susan Brownmiller's Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape deserve close attention. Her view of rape as a crime of violence and aggression has received some corroboration from recent historical .studies. Her view of rape as a property crime in ancient societies can not only be seen in the laws of the Hebrews and Babylonians, which she considers, but in other early legal codes as well. Rape was defined in them not as an offense against the victim, but as a crime against the male under whose authority she lived. Brownmiller perceives a breakthrough in this dismal history of rape laws occurring in thirteenth‐century England with the Statute of Westminster (1285). This interpretation does not hold up under close examination. It can be shown that the first real advance in rape laws took place in the work of church lawyers of the twelfth century who began to distinguish rape from property crimes and include it among crimes of violence against persons. If historians will set aside the a...
The influence of parenting on infant emotionality: A multi-level psychobiological perspective

Abstract Infant temperament is theorized to have a strong genetic basis. Yet, studies of the stability of temperament and molecular genetics research on temperament have revealed inconsistent findings. One reason may be because research has not taken into account the influence of early social experiences. We review research on aspects of infant emotionality presumed to be temperamental in origin, emotion reactivity and emotion regulation, and integrate research addressing parenting influences on physiology and genetics of infant emotionality with traditional research on behavioral expression of emotionality. Empirical research supports the theory that sensitive and appropriately responsive parenting in infancy is related to more optimal patterns of behavioral and physiological reactivity and regulation. Molecular genetics research with both animal and human populations has produced consistent results when environmental experiences are taken into account. Findings suggest that the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene and the long allele of the DRD4 dopamine receptor gene may be related to distinct patterns of infant emotionality and to later problems with depression, impulse control problems, and externalizing/antisocial behaviors, primarily when paired with insensitive parenting, abuse or neglect, or other adverse family environments. Future directions and limitations in the field are discussed.
The Impact of Vocal Hyperfunction on Relative Fundamental Frequency During Voicing Offset and Onset

Purpose This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with vocal hyperfunction would show decreases in relative fundamental frequency (RFF) surrounding a voiceless consonant. Method This retros...
A STUDY OF SPINLINE DYNAMICS USING ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION

(1982). A STUDY OF SPINLINE DYNAMICS USING ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 14, No. 1-2, pp. 23-33.
BUSSY RABUTIN’S SATIRES ON THE COURT

Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy (1618-93), a member of the Academie francaise, was a writer of epistles and personal biography which chronicle his military exploits and libertine thought. Because he wrote the Histoire amoureuse des Gaules (1665), which mocks the sexual escapades of some members of the court, he was exiled to his estate for nearly two decades, and suffered much disappointment due to his lack of royal favour. The publication of the first letters of Mme de Sevigne, his cousin, were appended to an edition of his book, although her literary reputation eclipsed his, beginning early in the eighteenth century.
Chemical modification of conducting polypyrrole films

Abstract Conducting films of polypyrrole can be modified by introducing substitutents into the cationic pyrrole polymer or by varying the accompanying anion. The electrochemical route for the preparation of these films is particularly convenient for making these modifications since the variations are made in the selection of the monomer or the electrolyte. This eliminates the need for subsequent chemical treatments of the film. As expected, the electrochemical and conducting properties of the film are changed by these chemical modifications.
Terminal hydride in [FeFe]-hydrogenase model has lower potential for H2 production than the isomeric bridging hydride.

Protonation of the symmetrical tetraphosphine complexes Fe2(S2CnH2n)(CO)2(dppv)2 afforded the corresponding terminal hydrides, establishing that even symmetrical diiron(I) dithiolates undergo protonation at terminal sites. The terminal hydride [HFe2(S2C3H6)(CO)2(dppv)2]+ was found to catalyze proton reduction at potentials 200 mV milder than the isomeric bridging hydride, thereby establishing a thermodynamic advantage for catalysis operating via terminal hydride. The azadithiolate protonates to afford, [Fe2[(SCH2)2NH2](CO)2(dppv)2]+, [HFe2[(SCH2)2NH](CO)2(dppv)2]+, and [HFe2[(SCH2)2NH2](CO)2(dppv)2]2+, depending on conditions.
What's in a name? Noncovalent Ar–Cl·(H–Ar′)n interactions and terminology based on structure and nature of the bonding

Interactions are named based on the interacting moieties and on the mechanism of their interaction. These approaches are independent. The former approach relies on the knowledge of structure alone and the latter requires additional knowledge about electronic structure. Knowledge about the nature of the bonding is additional knowledge; it serves to provide detail and this knowledge should not be used to exclude the naming of the interaction based on structure alone.
Performance analysis of antennas for hand-held transceivers using FDTD

The design of antennas for hand-held communications devices depends on the implementation of simulation tools that can accurately model general topologies. The paper presents the analysis of small antennas mounted on hand-held transceivers using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The key features of the FDTD implementation are discussed, with particular emphasis placed upon modeling of the source region. The technique is used to predict the gain patterns and broadband input impedance behavior of monopole, planar inverted F, and loop antenna elements mounted on the handset. Effects of the conducting handset chassis, the plastic casing around the device, and lumped elements integrated into the antenna design are illustrated. Experimental results are provided to verify the accuracy of the computational methodology. The concept of antenna diversity is discussed, and key assumptions and expressions are provided that characterize the multipath fading fields. Several computational examples demonstrate the diversity performance of two receiving antennas on a single handset. >
The influence of intraparticle diffusion in fixed bed catalytic reactors

By using curve fitting techniques, mathematical formulas are obtained for the catalyst effectiveness factors for nonisothermal first-order and second-order irreversible chemical reactions. The effects of intraparticle mass and heat diffusion upon the concentration and temperature profiles in adiabatic and nonadiabatic catalytic reactors are examined. A relation between the maximum interstitial adiabatic temperature and the maximum intraparticle temperature in the reactor is obtained. For some sets of parameters in a nonadiabatic reactor, the concentration and temperature and, consequently, the reactor effluent are sensitive to small changes in the properties of catalyst particles.
The Treatment of Obesity and Its Co-Occurrence With Substance Use Disorders

Obesity and binge eating disorder are detrimental health conditions that are associated with lower qualities of life. Individuals with obesity often face societal discrimination and frequently experience related medical disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Current research suggests neurobiological similarities between obesity, binge eating disorder, and substance dependence. In addition, behavioral similarities link the two conditions; obese and substance dependent individuals often report similar features such as loss of control towards food or substances, respectively, and cravings. Treatment options for obesity have begun to use this information to formulate pharmacological and therapeutic interventions that may provide greater results for weight loss and decreased binge frequency. Similarly, treatment approaches to substance addictions should consider aspects of weight management. Findings from research and treatment studies are presented with the aim of reviewing the current literature of obesity within the context of an addiction framework and providing information on empirically supported approaches to the treatment of co-occurring obesity and substance addiction.
A GIS-based approach to spatial allocation of area source solvent emissions

Abstract Current area source emission inventories estimate total emissions for various industrial, commercial, and consumer activities at the county or higher levels. The lack of emission estimates at subcounty levels severely limits the modeling and planning capabilities in urban and regional air quality management. This paper extends current area source emission inventory methodology by developing a geographical information system (GIS) based approach for allocating county-level emission estimates to subcounty units. The new methodology uses GIS to develop and integrate spatial data, to analyze spatial variations in emissions, and to derive input to cell-based air pollution models. This approach incorporates statistical models to predict the spatial distribution of emission source activities based on widely available data. The paper presents an application of the proposed approach to emission inventory of the adhesives and sealants category in the Sacramento modeling region, California.
Electrical stimulation of the rat ventral midbrain elicits antinociception via the dorsolateral funiculus

The pain-suppressive effects of focal electrical stimulation of sites throughout the ventral midbrain were examined in awake rats. Chronic bipolar electrodes were implanted in medial and lateral regions of the midbrain. Current thresholds for suppression of the tail-flick reflex in response to noxious heat were determined for both a biphasic and a monophasic stimulation parameter at each site. Stimulation of areas throughout the ventral midbrain produced tail-flick suppression (TFS), but no one area was consistently effective in all animals. Monophasic and biphasic stimulation were qualitatively equal in the duration of TFS and the distribution of effective sites. The production of TFS was not correlated with other behavioral reactions to brain stimulation. TFS appeared to be mediated by non-opiate pathways since naloxone administration (10 mg/kg) had no discernible effect on the production of TFS. The current threshold for producing TFS was extremely variable over both short (one half hour) and long (one week) intervals. The incidence of TFS from previously effective sites was significantly less following bilateral dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesions, indicating that the antinociceptive effects of ventral midbrain stimulation are mediated by this spinal pathway.
The Silicone Conundrum Part II: “Low Outgassing” Silicones

Silicones have many desirable properties and as a result are incorporated into a wide range of products. However, they present unique problems that result from their propensity to outgas resulting in residue formation at unexpected places. Hence, the silicone conundrum—when to use these materials and when to beware of potential pitfalls. In this article, an outgassing mechanism unique to “low outgassing” silicones is discussed. Examples are given where this has led to failures and remediation steps are highlighted.
Two atomic constraints unambiguously position the S4 segment relative to S1 and S2 segments in the closed state of Shaker K channel.

It is now well established that the voltage-sensing S4 segment in voltage-dependent ion channels undergoes a conformational change in response to varying membrane potential. However, the magnitude of the movement of S4 relative to the membrane and the rest of the protein remains controversial. Here, by using histidine scanning mutagenesis in the Shaker K channel, we identified mutants I241H (S1 segment) and I287H (S2 segment) that generate inward currents at hyperpolarized potentials, suggesting that these residues are part of a hydrophobic plug that separates the water-accessible crevices. Additional experiments with substituted cysteine residues showed that, at hyperpolarized potentials, both I241C and I287C can spontaneously form disulphide and metal bridges with R362C, the position of the first charge-carrying residue in S4. These results constrain unambiguously the closed-state positions of the S4 segment with respect to the S1 and S2 segments, which are known to undergo little or no movement during gating. To satisfy these constraints, the S4 segment must undergo an axial rotation of ≈180° and a transmembrane (vertical) movement of ≈6.5 Å at the level of R362 in going from the open to the closed state of the channel, moving the gating charge across a focused electric field.
Toxicology of polymers for implant contraceptives for women.

This article reviews the toxicology of polymers that are used in contraceptive implants. The two main classes of synthetic, nondegradable polymers used in the delivery of female contraceptives are silicone elastomers (e.g., Silastic) and ethylene co-vinyl acetate (EVA; ELVAX). The controversies surrounding the silicone breast implants have prompted several studies to evaluate the toxicity of silicones. The epidemiologic data obtained thus far have overwhelmingly concluded that no correlation exists between certain chronic symptoms, such as arthritis, in patients and silicone prosthesis. This conclusion has been echoed by the expert panel report by the Institutes of Medicine. Although the IOM report focused on the safety of silicone breast prosthesis, data emerging from the joint reconstruction area also suggests that Silastic is safe for in vivo use. The toxicological studies on EVA are few, and the conclusion thus far is that they elicit no adverse local or systemic response over extended periods in vivo. In conclusion, the prognosis for Silastic and ELVAX as of now is excellent. However, any future implant development using these polymers should place an emphasis on processing parameters to minimize potential small molecule leachants and establish safety as a function of both site and duration of implantation.
George W. Bush, Barack Obama and the future of US global leadership

The foreign policy world views of George W. Bush and Barack Obama differ dramatically. Bush made terrorism the focal point of his foreign policy and dismissed the idea that either allies or international institutions should constrain America's freedom of action. Obama sees terrorism as one of many transnational problems that require the cooperation of other countries to combat and, as a result, the United States must invest more in diplomatic efforts to build partnerships. Despite these differences, both presidents share one common conviction: that other countries long for US leadership. Bush believed that friends and allies would eventually rally to the side of the United States, even if they bristled at its actions, because they shared America's goals and had faith in its motives. Obama believed that a United States that listened more to others, stressed common interests and favored multinational action would command followers. In practice, however, both visions of American global leadership faltered. Bush discovered that many countries rejected his style of leadership as well as his strategies. Obama discovered that in a globalized world, where power has been more widely dispersed, many countries are not looking to Washington for direction. The future success of US foreign policy depends on the ability of policy-makers to recognize and adapt to a changing geopolitical environment in which the US remains the most significant military, diplomatic and economic power but finds it, nonetheless, increasingly difficult to drive the global agenda.
Optical defects produced in fused silica during laser-induced breakdown

Fused silica irradiated with ∼3-ns 1064-, 355-, and 266-nm laser pulses as well as with ∼120-fs 825-nm pulses is studied by a combination of photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering spectroscopies. Results show that, for laser fluences above the laser-induced breakdown threshold, in all the cases studied, irradiation results in the formation of four defect-related PL bands centered on ∼1.9 (655), 2.2 (565), 2.7 (460), and 4.3 eV (290 nm). Bands centered on 1.9, 2.7, and 4.3 eV are attributed to nonbridging oxygen hole centers (1.9 eV) and oxygen-deficiency defects (2.7 and 4.3 eV). However, defects giving rise to a broad band at ∼2.2 eV are unknown. For all the laser-modified samples studied, Raman spectroscopy reveals a dramatic increase in the intensity of D1 and D2 lines, associated with in-phase breathing motions of oxygen atoms in puckered four- and planar three-membered ring structures, respectively. This indicates laser-induced material densification. Based on these results, we discuss physical processes occurring during the catastrophic laser-induced material breakdown, leading to material densification and the formation of point defects.
The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics

Named an "Outstanding Academic Book" by "Choice" magazine, "The Ordeal of Robert Frost" depicts Frost as a thoroughly contemporary poet, dynamically engaged - in his own way - with the developments of literary modernism and American cultural criticism and with the social and political issues of his time. Placing Frost's critical concerns in a broad context of literary theory, Mark Richardson explores the poet's struggles with the vocation of poetry - spiritually, socially, aesthetically, and personally. Through close readings of Frost's poetry and often ignored prose, Richardson argues that Frost's debates with Van Wyck Brooks, Malcolm Cowley, and H. L. Mencken informed his poetics and his poetic style just as much as did his deep identification with earlier writers like Emerson and William James. Richardson also uncovers Frost's neglected similarities with, and important differences from, Pound and Eliot.
Interaction of dipicolinatodioxovanadium(V) with polyatomic cations and surfaces in reverse micelles.

In confined media such as reverse micelles, molecular probes frequently reside at and interact strongly with the interface. If the interface is charged, it is often difficult to separate effects arising from interactions with the charged species from the effect of the interfacial environment. With reverse micelles as a model system, the work reported here explores the interaction of the charged surfactant headgroups at a self-assembled interface with the dipicolinatodioxovanadium(V) coordination complex. The vanadium complex studied in these experiments serves as an excellent probe to investigate how charged metal complexes interact with lipid interfaces. For comparison, measurements were also carried out probing the interaction of the vanadium complex with a model cationic headgroup, tetramethylammonium bromide. The impact of the environment is gauged by changes in the 51V chemical shift, longitudinal relaxation times, and 1H NMR pulsed field gradient measurements. These measurements suggest that while i...
Message-Passing Algorithms for Coordinated Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

This letter presents distributed algorithms that enable efficient spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In the proposed setting, each node in the system detects different channels in a cooperative fashion in order to improve access to the spectral resources available to the cognitive radio network. The developed scheme utilizes a message-passing framework for efficient channel assignment. Simulation results establish that this class of algorithms outperform existing techniques and improves the overall sensing performance of the system.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin Co|Ni multilayer films studied with ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic x-ray microspectroscopy

Abstract Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy and magnetic transmission soft x-ray microscopy (MTXM) experiments have been performed to gain insight into the magnetic anisotropy and domain structure of ultrathin Co | Ni multilayer films with a thin permalloy layer underneath. MTXM images with a spatial resolution better than 25 nm were obtained at the Co L3 edge down to an equivalent thickness of Co of only 1 nm, which establishes a new lower boundary on the sensitivity limit of MTXM. Domain sizes are shown to be strong functions of the anisotropy and thickness of the film.
Optical absorption of selenium in the α-monoclinic crystal and some solvents

Abstract The optical absorption of α-monoclinic selenium has been measured over the range in wavelength 1.15−0.2775 μ. The data shows a well defined absorption edge at 2.25 eV with further structure appearing as changes in dα/dE at 2.85 eV and 3.75 eV. For comparison the absorption of selenium in solutions in which it is believed to exist in the same eight-membered puckered ring as in the crystal was measured. This absorption is qualitatively different from that of the crystal.