cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science, scientists, and policy advocacy.

I am concerned that we scientists in conservation biology, ecology, natural resources, environmental science, and similar disciplines are collectively slipping into a morass that risks marginalizing the contribution of science to public policy. Advocating personal positions on ecological policy issues has become widely tolerated as acceptable professional behavior and is even encouraged by a substantial fraction of the scientific community (Marris 2006; Scott et al. 2007). Scientists are uniquely qualified to participate in public policy deliberations and they should, but advocating for their policy preferences is not appropriate. Despite an extensive debate in the literature on the proper role of science and scientists in policy deliberations, points of general agreement and specific differences often get lost amid the semantic confusion caused by inconsistent definitions for key words or concepts (Trudgill 2001). Table 1 provides the precise definitions I have used throughout this essay. Those of us who provide scientific information to decision makers and the public should strive to be more vigilant, precise, demanding, and rigorous in distinguishing between policy-neutral and policy-inculcated scientific information. Science is only one element of the complex deliberations over major ecological policy questions that take place in a democracy, but science is critical, and scientists can and do play an important role (Sarewitz 2004; Lackey 2006). My unequivocal overall view on the role of scientists in ecological policy and management is, first, that scientists should contribute to the policy process. This is not only the right thing to do, but we are also obligated to do so, especially if our work is funded by public resources. I do not hold with the notion that it is sufficient for scientists to publish their findings solely as scholarly papers. The assertion that scientists should be involved in providing
On Regularization of Least Square Problems via Quadratic Constraints

We consider uncertainty reduction in least square problems raised in system identification with unknown state space. We assume existence of some prior information obtained through a finite series of measurements. This data is modeled in the form of a finite collection of quadratic constraints enclosing the state space. A simple closed form expression is derived for the optimal solution featuring geometric insights and intuitions that reveal a two-fold effort in reducing uncertainty: by correcting the observation error and by improving the condition number of the data matrix. To deal with the dual problem of finding the optimal Lagrange multipliers, we introduce an approximate, positive semidefinite program that can be easily solved using the standard numerical techniques.
Inflammation and asthma

Extreme sensitivity of airways to multiple stimuli characterizes asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness can be produced experimentally in otherwise healthy subjects or animals by inflammatory damage (e.g., induced by respiratory viruses or by inhaled oxidants). Evidence is presented that cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in experimental hyperreactivity and that similar inflammatory cascades may play a similar role in clinical asthma. Although the importance of epithelial cells and neutrophils has been identified in the present studies, other inflammatory mechanisms (e.g., sensory nerve release of substance P, epithelial mast cells, eosinophils) may also play key roles. In exercise-induced bronchospasm, the stimulus (e.g., cooling or drying) must affect a cell (e.g., one near the epithelial surface) by decreasing temperature or by increasing osmolality. This signal may cause mediator release and a subsequent cascade, leading to contraction of smooth muscle. Environmental irritants (e.g., ozone) inhaled during exercise may potentiate these effects by producing further inflammation.
Correlations between seismic parameters, EM parameters, and petrophysical/petrological properties for sandstone and carbonate at low water saturations

Empirical relations are found between measured petrophysical/petrologic, seismic, and electrical properties of sandstone and carbonate samples by least‐squares fitting at room pressure and ambient saturation. The measured parameters include porosity (φ), fluid permeability (k), clay content (C), grain density (ρg), bulk density (ρb), P‐wave velocity (Vp), electrical conductivity (σ), and dielectric constant (κ). The samples are from reservoir analog sites in the Ferron Sandstone in central Utah and the Ellenburger carbonate in central Texas. Crossplots and regression analysis are done separately for the sandstone and the carbonate samples.For the sandstone samples, predictions with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.75 include ρb from φ, ln k from φ and C, κ from ln k and φ, κ from ρb and C, and κ from ln k. Predictions with 0.65 < R2 < 0.75 include κ from Vp and ρb, κ from Vp and φ, Vp from ln k and C, κ from ln φ, and κ from ρb. In general, σ is difficult to predict, with the best R2(0.48) obt...
Rapid modeling and analyzing networks extracted from pre-structured news articles

In the face of uprisings and revolutions happening in several countries within short period of time (Arab Spring 2011), the need for fast network assessments is compelling. In this article we present a rapid network assessment approach which uses a vast amount of pre-indexed news data to provide up-to-date overview and orientation in emerging and ongoing incidents. We describe the fully automated process of preparing the data and creating the dynamic meta-networks. We also describe the network analytical measures that we are using to identify important topics, persons, organizations, and locations in these networks. With our rapid network modeling and analysis approach first results can be provided within hours. In the explorative study of this article we use 108,000+ articles from 600+ English written news sources discussing Egypt, Libya, and Sudan within a time period of 18 months to show an application scenario of our approach. In particular we are looking at the involvement of other countries and their politicians during time periods of major incidents.
Maternal Hemoglobin Depletion in a Settled Northern Kenyan Pastoral Population

Objectives: This study examines maternal hemoglobin depletion in a cross-sectional sample of Ariaal women living in northern Kenya. Maternal hemoglobin depletion occurs when women do not have enough dietary iron to replace the high levels of iron allocated to the fetus during pregnancy. Methods: To study this phenomenon, reproductive histories, socioeconomic status, anthropometry, and hemoglobin levels were collected from a cross-section of 200 lactating Ariaal women in northern Kenya. Results: Ariaal women show increasing levels of hemoglobin with increasing time since birth and lower hemoglobin levels with increasing parity, indicating an incomplete repletion of dietary iron over women’s reproductive lifetime. Women who lived in a more livestock-dependent village had higher hemoglobin levels and lower prevalence of clinical anemia than women who lived in villages more dependent on agriculture, indicating that differences in diet may alleviate the effects of iron depletion. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that Ariaal women are iron depleted due to pregnancy, incompletely replete hemoglobin during the course of lactation, and show depletion of hemoglobin with increasing parity. Women in this community may be able to improve their iron status through a greater reliance on food sources rich in dietary iron. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:768–774, 2010. ' 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
LABORATORY DETECTION OF THE RING-CHAIN MOLECULE C5H2

The highly polar ring-chain C5H2, a carbene with a singlet electronic ground state, has been detected with a Fourier transform molecular beam microwave spectrometer in the same diacetylene-neon discharge in which a carbene with the same elemental formula but a linear backbone was recently found. Thirteen a- and b-type rotational transitions between 6 and 27 GHz were measured to 1-2 kHz, and precise values of the three rotational constants and two centrifugal distortion constants were determined. With these, the entire microwave and millimeter-wave spectrum of C5H2 can be calculated to an accuracy of 0.2 km s-1 or better. The identity of the new molecule as C5H2, which is fairly certain because of the close agreement between the measured rotational constants and those calculated ab initio, is conclusively confirmed by detection of the totally deuterated and two partially deuterated isotopic species at exactly the expected isotope shifts.
Gentamicin-mediated suppression of Hurler syndrome stop mutations restores a low level of alpha-L-iduronidase activity and reduces lysosomal glycosaminoglycan accumulation.

Hurler syndrome is the most severe form of a lysosomal storage disease caused by loss of the enzyme α-L-iduronidase (encoded by the IDUA gene), which participates in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) within the lysosome. In some populations, premature stop mutations represent roughly twothirds of the mutations that cause Hurler syndrome. In this study we investigated whether the aminoglycoside gentamicin can suppress stop mutations within the IDUA gene. We found that a Hurler syndrome fibroblast cell line heterozygous for the IDUA stop mutations Q70X and W402X showed a significant increase in α-L-iduronidase activity when cultured in the presence of gentamicin, resulting in the restoration of 2.8% of normal α-L-iduronidase activity. Determination of α-L-iduronidase protein levels by an immunoquantification assay indicated that gentamicin treatment produced a similar increase in α-L-iduronidase protein in Hurler cells. Both the α-L-iduronidase activity and protein level resulting from this treatment have previously been correlated with mild Hurler phenotypes. Although Hurler fibroblasts contain a much higher level of GAGs than normal, we found that gentamicin treatment reduced GAG accumulation in Hurler cells to a normal level. We also found that a reduced GAG level could be sustained for at least 2 days after gentamicin treatment was discontinued. The reduction in the GAG level was also reflected in a marked reduction in lysosomal vacuolation. Taken together, these results suggest that the suppression of premature stop mutations may provide an effective treatment for Hurler syndrome patients with premature stop mutations in the IDUA gene.
Topiramate: Effects on cognition in patients with epilepsy, migraine headache and obesity:

This paper reviews the clinical implications of topiramate (TPM)-induced cognitive deficits in patients with epilepsy, migraine headache, obesity, and in normal populations, followed by reviews of the literature describing the reversal of such deficits upon medication discontinuation. It also discusses animal investigations of TPM's role of neuroprotection in brain injury. TPM's most intolerable adverse effects (AEs) are on verbal fluency and reaction time, resulting in high discontinuation rates in patients taking it for epilepsy and migraine headache. However, because TPM is so effective in the treatment of epilepsy and migraine headache, its use is expected to continue. There appears to be greater tolerance of TPM's cognitive AEs when it is used in the treatment of obesity, perhaps because of the lower doses required. Research attempting to predict the populations most vulnerable to the cognitive effects caused by TPM is ongoing. Studies suggest that one such population may include patients with a past psychiatric history. Slow titration and administration of the lowest possible doses may decrease risk of cognitive deficits.
A VIEW OF THE SLAVE TRADE FROM THE MARGIN: SOUROUDOUGOU IN THE LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE OF THE NIGER BEND

The region of Souroudougou played a dynamic role in the regional slave trade of the western Niger Bend during the nineteenth century, supplying slaves to neighboring states. A number of mechanisms, termed here ‘indirect linkages’, connected sources of slaves in Souroudougou to the broader regional slave trade. These took the form of commercial activity by Muslim mercantile groups, banditry and alliances formed between neighboring states and local power brokers in Souroudougou. At the same time, the growing slave trade triggered important internal processes of change in the local social landscape, termed here the ‘espace de competition’. In particular, heightened individual and group competition transformed established codes of behavior and social networks.
Role of the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway in Secretory Stress and Regulation of INO1 Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) enables the cell to cope with the buildup of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR loss-of-function mutants, hac1Delta and ire1Delta, are also inositol auxotrophs, a phenotype associated with defects in expression of INO1, the most highly regulated of a set of genes encoding enzymes of phospholipid metabolism. We now demonstrate that the UPR plays a functional role in membrane trafficking under conditions of secretory stress in yeast. Mutations conferring a wide range of membrane trafficking defects exhibited negative genetic interaction when combined with ire1Delta and hac1Delta. At semipermissive temperatures, carboxypeptidase Y transit time to the vacuole was slower in Sec(-) cells containing an ire1Delta or hac1Delta mutation than in Sec(-) cells with an intact UPR. The UPR was induced in Sec(-) cells defective in subcellular membrane trafficking events ranging from ER vesicle trafficking to distal secretion and in erg6Delta cells challenged with brefeldin A. However, the high levels of UPR induction observed under these conditions were not correlated with elevated INO1 expression. Indeed, many of the Sec(-) mutants that had elevated UPR expression at semipermissive growth temperatures failed to achieve wild-type levels of INO1 expression under these same conditions.
STUDIES ON HUMAN ANTIBODIES. I. STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE DISSOCIATED POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS.

Specific precipitates and purified human antibodies were reduced and alkylated and subjected to starch gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea to dissociate and separate the L and H polypeptide chains. Dissociated antibodies to dextran, levan, teichoic acid, blood group A substance, and tetanus toxoid showed sharp bands corresponding to L polypeptide chains. The patterns differed for antibodies of different specificities. Some differences were also seen among antibodies of the same specificity from different individuals. Purified antidextran antibodies showed particularly simple patterns resembling those of purified human γ myeloma proteins. In some cases only one L chain band was present.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Markers Are Associated with Obesity in Nondiabetic Subjects

Objective: Adipocyte and hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is activated in dietary and genetic models of obesity in mice. We hypothesized that ER stress was also activated and associated with reduced insulin sensitivity (SI) in human obesity. Research Design and Methods: We recruited 78 healthy, nondiabetic individuals over a spectrum ofbodymassindex(BMI)whounderwentoralandivglucosetolerancetests,andfastingscadipose and muscle biopsies. We tested expression of 18 genes and levels of total and phosphorylated eukaryoticinitiationfactor2,c-jun,andc-JunN-terminalkinase1inadiposetissue.Wecompared gene expression in stromal vascular and adipocyte fractions in paired samples from 22 individuals, and tested clustering on gene and protein markers. Results: Adipocyte expression of most markers of ER stress, including chaperones downstream of activating transcription factor 6, were significantly correlated with BMI and percent fat (r 0.5; P 0.00001). Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2but not of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 or c-jun wasincreasedwithobesity.ERstressresponse(aselsewhere)wasalsoincreasedwithobesityinasecondset of86individuals,andinthecombinedsample(n161).Theincreasewasonlypartiallyattributabletothe stromalvascularfractionandmacrophageinfiltration.ERstressmarkerswereonlymodestlycorrelatedwith SI. Clustering algorithms supported ER stress activation with high BMI but not low SI. Conclusions:MultiplemarkersofERstressareactivatedinhumanadiposewithobesity,particularly for protective chaperones downstream of activating transcription factor 6. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 4532–4541, 2008)
The Use of LEED in Planning and Development Regulation: An Exploratory Analysis

Some jurisdictions in the United States have enacted green building policies and incentives that use a building assessment system to rate their sustainability. One such system is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Using data from a survey of LEED policy administrators and a comparison of LEED policies, this research seeks to understand the status and structure of such policies, their impacts on the built environment, how they work in practice, and the role of planners. The article outlines three types of policies that use the LEED system— government requirements, requirements for private development, and incentives— and finds that LEED policies have been very narrowly applied. Planners have an important role in administering green building polices because they address issues beyond building design and construction and require a holistic and integrative perspective.
Bole Epiphytes on Three Conifer Species from Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada

Abstract To compare effects of aspect, height on tree, and host species on species richness and cover of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on conifers, we sampled Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Picea sitchensis, and Tsuga heterophylla on the north and south sides in the first, second, and third meters of tree trunks in Vladimir J. Krajina Ecological Reserve. A total of 11 taxa of mosses, 26 of liverworts, and 4 of lichens were recognized. Bryophytes, especially liverworts, dominated in both cover and number of occurrences, with the most common being Dicranum scoparium, Isothecium myosuroides, Bazzania flaccida, and Scapania bolanderi. Rhytidiadelphus loreus was abundant at the tree bases but not at other heights. There was no host specificity. The rough mat growth form comprised both the highest cover and greatest number of species of bryophytes on each of the three tree species. This study demonstrates that under the right bark conditions liverworts can be more abundant than mosses and both more abundant tha...
Modulation of Glutathione Levels and Metabolism

Glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), a tripeptide present in substantial concentrations in virtually all mammalian cells, plays a variety of roles in catalysis, metabolism, transport, and in cellular protection. A review of glutathione metabolism was presented at the first International Conference on Radioprotectors and Anticarcinogens (1); see also (2–6). A summary of glutathione metabolism is presented in Fig. 1. Understanding of the biochemistry of glutathione has led to procedures by which cellular levels of glutathione may be decreased or increased; glutathione metabolism may be modulated in other ways by selective inhibition of certain enzymes.
Mortgage Termination Risk: A Review of the Recent Literature

This paper presents a review and synthesis of the past fifteen years of research on mortgage termination risk. Understanding termination risk is fundamental to explaining the workings of the now $1...
Assessment of Learning: Test Design and Administration Factors That Affect Student Performance

New AACSB accreditation standards require schools to show that students have met the schools' learning goals. This paper discusses the use of "stand-alone testing" to measure student learning in accounting. We address the appropriateness of using percentile ranks based on national norms, instead of using the percentage of correct responses, to interpret student performance. We also examine the design of the questions, the extent to which topics are covered in required accounting courses, and the relative difficulty of recalling a question's content. Regression results show that the average percent correct is significantly negatively related to the complexity of a question's design and the difficulty of recalling a question's content. The average percent correct is marginally positively related to the extent of repetition in coursework. In addition, our analysis suggests that designing a valid assessment program requires faculty to consider how long they want knowledge to be retained.
The Feminist Jurisprudence of Jack B. Weinstein

As this Symposium demonstrates, Jack B. Weinstein continues to write decisional law that has edified and stimulated expert readers for many decades. The Weinstein trove also contains feminist jurisprudence. Starting no later than 1974 and into the current millennium, Judge Weinstein has been ameliorating the burdens of gender-oppression. This Article groups decisions published by the Judge into six gender-related themes: women of low income, sentencing female offenders, women’s civil rights, “the woman’s Constitution,” women’s redress for personal injury, and feminism beyond women. It also identifies what is feminist about this extraordinary compendium.
Transverse rotation of the segments of the lower extremity in locomotion.

Transverse rotations of the pelvis, femur, and tibia occur in all normal individuals (Table IV). Inward and outward rotations of the segments are related to weight-bearing. Inward rotation takes place during the phase from minimal weight-bearing to full weight-bearing, and outward rotation occurs du
Hyperfine Structure andgJValue of theD322and of theF924States ofAu197

The hyperfine structure (hfs) and ${g}_{J}$ value of the metastable $(5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2})^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and of the $(5{d}^{9}6s6p)^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}}$ levels in ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$ have been measured by the atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method. The results for the hfs interaction constants, which have been corrected for second-order interactions with neighboring fine-structure levels, are $A(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=199.8425(2)$ Mc/sec, $B(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}911.0766(5)$ Mc/sec, $C(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=0.000212(14)$ Mc/sec, $A(^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}})=432.276(1)$ Mc/sec, $B(^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}540.026(17)$ Mc/sec, and $C(^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}})=0.00326(10)$ Mc/sec. A detailed interpretation of these measurements together with those of Goodman and Childs on the $(5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2})^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ level yields a value for the quadrupole moment of $Q=0.594(10)$ b without the Sternheimer correction. We are not able to obtain a consistent value for the octupole moment. From the Zeeman effect of the hfs we find ${g}_{J}(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=0.799(1)$ and ${g}_{J}(^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}})=1.334(2)$.
Sexual Health Research With Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: Experiences of Benefits and Harms

Young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are often underrepresented in sexual health research because of concerns about safety, privacy, and the potential for research harms. Empirical data are needed to understand YBMSM experience of participating in research, benefits and harms (discomfort), to inform policy and regulatory decisions. Using qualitative methods, this article examines 50 YBMSM, aged 15-19 years, experiences of benefits/harms, challenges of participating in sexual health research, and contextual factors impacting research experiences. Participants were asked about benefits and harms experienced in answering questions about sexual orientation, first same-sex attraction, and same-sex sexual experiences after completing an in-depth interview. Interviews were transcribed and coded. Inductive open coding was used to identify themes within and between interviews. Participants were able to describe perceived direct benefits resulting from research interview participation, including awareness of risky sexual behaviors, a safe space to share early coming out stories and same-sex sexual experiences, and a sense of empowerment and comfort with one's sexual orientation. Indirect benefits described by participants included perceptions of helping others and the larger gay community. Few participants described harms (discomfort recalling experiences). Our data suggest that participating in qualitative sexual health research focused on sexual orientation, sexual attraction, and early same-sex sexual experiences may result in minimal harms for YBMSM and multiple benefits, including feeling more comfortable than in a general medical visit.
Optimization Analysis on State Variables for Power Transformers

This paper analyzes the validity of state variables for transformers based on evaluation guide for dealing with the problems in transformer condition evaluation.The optimization direction for non-outage maintenance strategy of transformers is proposed on the basis of the current application situation of energized and online monitoring technologies.
Carcass, muscle and meat characteristics of lean and obese pigs.

Six pigs obtained from a lean selected strain and six pigs obtained from an obese selected strain were slaughtered at about 110 kg live-animal weight. Carcasses were evaluated; hams were dissected into bone, skin, fat and lean, and loin samples were obtained for fiber type characteristics, percentage of fat and moisture, collagen analysis, sensory characteristics, textural properties and objective color analysis. Carcasses from lean pigs were longer, had less backfat and larger longissimus muscle cross-sectional areas than carcasses obtained from obese pigs. Hams from lean pigs had less fat, more bone and more lean than hams from carcasses of obese pigs. The percentages and cross-sectional areas of red and white muscle fibers of the longissimus muscle from lean and obese pigs were not different. However, lean pigs had intermediate fibers that were only 79% as large (P less than .10) as intermediate muscle fibers from obese pigs. Intermediate fibers represented only 7 and 10% of total fiber area, whereas white fibers represented 84 and 79% of total fiber area in longissimus muscle of lean and obese pigs, respectively. Overall, lean pigs tended to possess fewer fibers (-16%) per unit of area than obese pigs, indicating that total muscle fiber hypertrophy was partially responsible for the increased longissimus muscle area of the lean strain. Sensory properties of longissimus meat samples from lean and obese strains were not different. However, the shear force requirement of the longissimus samples from the lean strain were slightly, but significantly (P less than .10), higher than those from the obese strain. No differences were observed in meat color.
A fiber-optic reflectometer for high resolution ranging of intraocular structure

Optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) uses short-coherence-length light sources and interferometric detection to perform optical ranging measurements of micron dimensions.1 OCDR provides noninvasive, noncontact, high-resolution measurement that is attractive for a variety of clinical diagnostic applications. OCDR can perform direct measurements of anterior eye structure and is potentially useful as a real-time diagnostic for keratorefractive surgical applications where precise measurements of corneal thickness are required. In addition, measurement of intraocular structure can facilite the diagnosis and monitoring of a variety of eye diseases. We have previously demonstrated OCDR measurements of excimer laser corneal ablation depth, corneal thickness, and anterior chamber depth.2
Inflammation and positive affect: Examining the stress-buffering hypothesis with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

The present study examined the influence of positive affect (PA) on levels of inflammation within the context of Pressman and Cohen's (2005) stress-buffering model, which suggests that PA confers protective health benefits through its ability to mitigate the pathogenic influence of stress. We hypothesized that greater PA would buffer against the influence of perceived psychological stress (PPS) on systemic inflammation, operationalized as C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/L). Specifically, we predicted that PA would moderate the relationship between PPS and CRP. Cross-sectional data were drawn from Wave IV (2008-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Participants (n=3093) ranged in age from 25 to 34years old (M=29.0±1.79). Using a moderated hierarchical regression analysis, PPS and PA significantly interacted to predict levels of CRP (p<0.05). Examination of the simple slopes revealed a disordinal interaction between PPS and PA, such that higher PA was protective against elevated CRP levels, but only when individuals also reported greater levels of PPS. Thus, the data partially support the stress-buffering model of PA and extend existing evidence regarding the complexity by which PPS and PA influence health. Findings also provide caution of future assumptions that relationships among PA, PPS, and physical health markers, such as CRP, are always positive (e.g., PA) or negative (e.g., PPS) in nature.
Chapter Two: Closer to Ground Level: Airport Ownership and Finance

Bednarek demonstrates that US airports are locally owned and managed, primarily by cities, counties, and states. Increasingly since 1945, airports have also been turned over to independent public authorities in the name of management efficiency and easier financing. Internationally, the post-war period saw a strong movement toward the privatization of public airports, with one of the most cited examples being the privatization of the British Airport Authority. Privatization has had its champions in the USA, but with few exceptions the nation’s commercial airports remain in public rather than private hands. Most airport financing is local and private, but federal funding has also been crucial and the subject of intense political debate concerning the creation and use of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund.
Efficacy of Teaching the Gambee Suture Pattern Using Simulated Small Intestine versus Cadaveric Small Intestine

Objective To determine if instruction using simulated small intestine (SSI) is as effective as using cadaveric small intestine to teach the Gambee suture pattern to second year veterinary students. Study Design Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Sample Population Second year veterinary students (n=59). Methods Students were randomly assigned to groups using SSI or equine cadaver small intestine (CSI) to learn the Gambee suture pattern. The same educator, an experienced surgical instructor, instructed all students. Instruction consisted of verbal description of the technique with a schematic diagram followed by a demonstration. Students then practiced the technique with supervision and verbal feedback. One week later, 3 board certified surgeons experienced in surgical instruction evaluated each student suturing equine CSI and scored them using a rubric developed and validated for surgical skills assessment. Results Fifty-nine students were enrolled (4 students were absent for the lab during which the assessment was performed; 55 students were available for evaluation). Of the 55 students evaluated, 26 were in the SSI group and 29 were in the CSI group. There was no significant difference between CSI and SSI groups in ability to perform the Gambee suture pattern using equine CSI 1 week following training. Conclusion SSI is as effective as equine cadaveric small intestine tissue to teach the Gambee suture pattern to second year veterinary students. If cadaver tissue is unavailable or undesirable, SSI could be used to instruct suture placement techniques.
Complex Contagions on Configuration Model Graphs with a Power-Law Degree Distribution

In this paper we analyze k-complex contagions sometimes called bootstrap percolation on configuration model graphs with a power-law distribution. Our main result is that if the power-law exponent $$\alpha \in 2, 3$$α∈2,3, then with high probability, the single seed of the highest degree node will infect a constant fraction of the graph within time $$O\left \log ^{\frac{\alpha -2}{3-\alpha }}n\right $$Ologα-23-αn. This complements the prior work which shows that for $$\alpha > 3$$α>3 boot strap percolation does not spread to a constant fraction of the graph unless a constant fraction of nodes are initially infected. This also establishes a threshold at $$\alpha = 3$$α=3. The case where $$\alpha \in 2, 3$$α∈2,3 is especially interesting because it captures the exponent parameters often observed in social networks with approximate power-law degree distribution. Thus, such networks will spread complex contagions even lacking any other structures. We additionally show that our theorem implies that $$\omega \left n^{\frac{\alpha -2}{\alpha -1}}\right $$ωnα-2α-1 random seeds will infect a constant fraction of the graph within time $$O\left \log ^{\frac{\alpha -2}{3-\alpha }}n\right $$Ologα-23-αn with high probability. This complements prior work which shows that $$o\left n^{\frac{\alpha -2}{\alpha -1}}\right $$onα-2α-1 random seeds will have no effect with high probability, and this also establishes a threshold at $$n^{\frac{\alpha -2}{\alpha -1}}$$nα-2α-1.
The Longitudinal Effects of Parenting on Adaptive Behavior in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Several studies have reported declines in adaptive behavior amongst children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) starting in middle childhood. We examined the effects of maternal responsivity on adaptive behavior in 55 children with FXS visited 5-6 times in their homes from early through middle childhood. Our analyses indicated that sustained maternal responsivity had a significant positive impact on the trajectories of communication and to a lesser extent other adaptive behavior domains through middle childhood with many effects remaining significant after controlling for autism symptoms and developmental level. For children who showed declines in adaptive behavior during middle childhood, sustained high levels of maternal responsivity minimized the amount of decline observed in the communication, socialization, and daily living domains.
Complete separation of the tube from the mask during removal of a disposable laryngeal mask airway.

Objectif: Decrire une complication survenue avec le masque larynge jetable (ML). Elements cliniques : Une femme de 23 ans devait subir l'excision locale d'un large melanome de la paroi thoracique et une biopsie du ganglion de Troisier sous anesthesie generale. Pendant l'utilisation du ML-Unique jetable, le tube d'intubation s'est completement separee de la partie distale du masque. La defaillance de l'appareil d'intubation n'a pas entraine de sequelles. Le ML a ete examine par LMA North America et la compagnie a declare qu'aucune interpretation definitive ne pouvait expliquer la cause de la separation du tube d'avec la partie orale. Conclusion: L'usage du ML n'a ete associe qu'a de rares complications de peu d'importance, mais chaque tube devrait faire l'objet d'un examen meticuleux avant l'usage pour verifier la presence de defectuosites de fabrication ou resultant de la sterilisation.
Why Are Arctic Linkages to Extreme Weather Still up in the Air

AbstractShifting weather patterns, particularly increasing extreme events, are observed in populous midlatitudes, and connections to climate change are becoming clearer. The specific roles of rapid Arctic warming and sea ice loss in this story are a topic of intense research and controversy. Instead of converging on answers however, the science seems as unsettled as ever. Many new studies find evidence supporting Arctic–midlatitude linkages, while others report no robust signals. This article presents my interpretation of recent literature to illuminate possible causes of this discrepancy, which include a low signal-to-noise ratio, shortcomings in experiment design, ill-suited metrics of circulation changes, and deficiencies in models used to simulate atmospheric responses to rapid Arctic warming.
Surgery for a fracture of the hip within 24 hours of admission is independently associated with reduced short-term post-operative complications

Aims We aimed to characterise the effect of expeditious hip fracture surgery in elderly patients within 24 hours of admission on short-term post-operative outcomes. Patients and Methods Patients age 65 or older that underwent surgery for closed femoral neck and intertrochanteric hip fractures were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program between 2011 and 2014. Multivariable propensity-adjusted logistic regressions were performed to determine associations between early surgery within 24 hours and post-operative complications, controlling for selection bias in patients undergoing early surgery based on observable characteristics. Results A total of 26 051 patients were included in the study; 5921 (22.7%) had surgery within 24 hours of admission, while 20 130 (77.3%) patients had surgery after 24 hours. Propensity-adjusted multivariable logistic regressions demonstrated that surgery within 24 hours was independently associated with lower odds of respiratory complications including pneumonia, failure to extubate, or reintubation (odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.90), and extended length of stay (LOS) defined as ≥ 6 days (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.90). Conclusion In elderly patients with hip fractures, early surgery within 24 hours of admission is independently associated with less pulmonary complications including pneumonia, failure to extubate, and reintubation, as well as shorter LOS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1216–22.
Women’s Embodied Self: Feminist Perspectives on Identity and Image, by Joan Chrisler and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2018

Joan Chrisler and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo examine a core issue in women’s experience, the relationship between women and their bodies. In their text, they cover the standard topics addressed in tex...
Translating Khmer Second Person Pronouns: Respect, Relations, and Social Conventions in the Gospel of John

This paper is a case study in the challenges of translating the Greek New Testament into Khmer, the language of Cambodia. The paper focuses on Khmer’s honorific system of second-person pronouns in order to show the difficulties of translating across language families and to highlight the amount of theological interpretation that every Khmer translation entails. Through three examples drawn from the Gospel of John, the paper explores the challenges that Jesus’ presence at the heart of Christian piety poses for a pronominal system that encodes social values such as relation and respect. The paper ends with a reflection on the possible advantages of the study of idiolect for the translation of honorific pronouns.
Thermochemistry of gas-phase and surface species via LASSO-assisted subgraph selection

Graph theory-based regression techniques, such as group additivity, have widely been implemented for fast estimation of thermochemistry of large molecules. The essence of these techniques lies in graphs that molecules are decomposed to. These graphs are selected based on heuristics and as a result, they may not give optimal accuracy and are hard to choose for non-nearest-neighbor electronic effects such as ring strain, steric hindrance, and resonance structures. Here, we explore LASSO, a feature selection algorithm, to select the optimal set of graph descriptors for predicting the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfH°. We gather hydrocarbon gas-phase data from the NIST Webbook and the Burcat's databases. We find that models using LASSO-based graph descriptors from the exhaustively enumerated graph descriptor space predict ΔfH° more accurately than the traditional group additivity. We compare our framework with state-of-the-art machine-learning models for the QM9 data set. The mean absolute error of 1.39 kcal mol−1 is comparable to published machine learning models. To cope with the computational cost of complete enumeration, we present: (1) a semi-supervised LASSO learning method and (2) an adsorbate subgraph mining algorithm. The former prunes the graph descriptor space on-the-fly during the LASSO regression and is applied to a gas-phase hydrocarbon data set. The latter enumerates a truncated graph descriptor space from adsorbate graphs of surface science data. For lignin monomer adsorbates on Pt(111), considered here as an illustrative example, descriptors selected from the adsorbate subgraph space result in a mean absolute error and a root mean square error of 2.08 and 3.03 kcal mol−1, respectively. We discuss a simple method that identifies outliers in descriptor space that result in large model errors so the accuracy can be improved with the addition of suitable data.
Modeling the Impacts of Climatic Extremes on Interregional Freight-Transportation System:

The wellbeing of a nation is conditioned on an optimal distribution of commodity-flow. The freight transportation system, however, is exposed, and highly vulnerable, to climatic hazards. This becomes more problematic in the long term when climate change is projected to continue or worsen. Studying the long-term climate vulnerability of interregional commodity shipment is a challenging task given complexities inherent in (a) the dynamic formulation of factors such as location, production, the interaction of regional economies, and commodity distribution patterns, and (b) the stochastic arrival and intensity of natural hazards. This article studies the impact of projected climatic extremes in the State of New York on long-term interregional commodity-flow. It investigates the nature of and extent to which vulnerabilities in transportation infrastructure may cause sudden and profound changes in the routing assignment and cost of commodity-flows. We approximate commodity-flow assignment through a dynamic, lon...
Mechanistic simulation study of expanding-solvent steam-assisted gravity drainage under reservoir heterogeneity

Abstract Expanding-solvent steam-assisted gravity drainage (ES-SAGD) is a potential method to reduce steam-oil ratio (SOR) of SAGD, which is a critical concern especially for highly-heterogeneous reservoirs. The main objective of this research is to investigate the flow characteristics of heterogeneous reservoirs in which solvent is more likely to lower SOR of SAGD. SAGD and ES-SAGD with normal hexane are simulated for fifty geostatistical realizations consisting of clean sand and shale, qualitatively representative of the middle member of the McMurray formation. Thermodynamic models are calibrated with experimental phase behavior data for reliable comparison between SAGD and ES-SAGD, including the water solubility in oil at elevated temperatures. Results show that the SOR reduction by steam-solvent coinjection is positively correlated with the increase in SAGD's SOR due to heterogeneity. Enhancement of bitumen flow by dilution is more important for lowering SOR for those reservoirs in which the permeability variation makes slow-flow regions during SAGD. Simulation results show that a larger amount of bitumen tends to be diluted by solvent in those reservoirs for which SAGD exhibits slow production of bitumen. Then, the observed results are analyzed by use of SAGD analytical equations that clarify several influential factors for bitumen flow beyond the edge of a steam chamber. It is shown that dilution of bitumen by solvent in steam-solvent coinjection becomes more significant where flow barriers limit the local bitumen flow under SAGD even at high temperatures. In such slow-flow regions, the bitumen flow rate can be substantially increased by accumulation of solvent in ES-SAGD, which reduces the oleic-phase viscosity and increases the oleic-phase saturation and, therefore, relative permeability. Solvent accumulation within a steam chamber can also reduce thermal losses because of lower operating-chamber temperatures.
Quellcode der Unit Win

Jedes Fenster verdeckt bei seiner Erzeugung einen Teil des Bildschirmes. Dieser mus gespeichert werden, damit spater beim Schliesen des Fensters der Bildschirm wieder korrekt restauriert werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wird der Datenpuffer pu eingerichtet, der folgendermasen definiert ist:
Zur Kritik der empiristischen Forschungspraxis

Auf der Grundlage der Falsifikationstheorie des kritischen Rationalismus, wie sie von K. R. POPPER, P. K. FEYERABEND und I. LAKATOS entwickelt wurde, richtet sich die Kritik dieser Untersuchung gegen die weithin zur Alleinherrschaft gelangte empiristische Forschungspraxis der Sozialwissenschaften. Diese Forschungspraxis opfert weithin das Wachstum unseres Wissens uber menschliche und gesellschaftliche Probleme einem zum Selbstzweck geratene Streben nach Exaktheit und Sicherheit. Im Rahmen der Falsifikationstheorie gelingt es, ein Uberprufungsmodell zu entfalten, aus dem ersichtlich wird, wie weit fruchtbare Theorien von der empirischen Basis entfernt sind, und es deshalb der Entwicklung einer Reihe von allgemeinen und spezifischeren Beobachtungs- bzw. Hintergrundtheorien bedarf, um eine Uberprufung erst zu ermoglichen. Dabei stellt sich heraus, das infolgedessen in einem Test nicht mehr eine Vereinbarkeit oder ein Widerspruch zwischen einem Basissatz und einer Theorie, sondern allein ein solcher zwischen einer thematisierten Theorie und den Beobachtungs- bzw. Hintergrundtheorien angezeigt werden kann. Daraus ergeben sich einschneidende Probleme fur die Frage der Kriterien der Akzeptabilitat von Theorien, da wir zunachst nicht wissen konnen, welcheder sich widersprechenden Theorien auszuscheiden ist. Dieses Problem ist allein mit dem Prinzip des progressiven Wandels zu losen, demgemas wir nicht mehr Theorien als solche beibehalten oder verwerfen, sondern Serien von Theorien insofern sie einen progressiven Wandel, d.h. Wachstum an Wahrheitsgehalt oder Verminderung an Falschheitsgehalt, implizieren
Individual characteristics of chemically modified human hairs revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

Hair that is treated with several different chemical reagents including those that are proteolytic, denaturing, or disulfide bond-reducing agents, undergoes structural alterations both internally and externally as revealed by scanning electron microscopic analysis. Some of these agents produce varying degrees of morphologic alterations in hairs obtained from different individuals. It would seem that this technique can be useful in the discrimination of human hairs from different individuals, since the chemically induced topological changes on the hair shaft apparently exhibit a high degree of intraindividual consistency.
The Local Compositional Order and Dislocation Structure of Grain Boundaries in Ni 3 Al

The local compositional order and dislocation structure of grain boundaries in Ni3Al, with and without boron, were examined using electron microscopy techniques. Lattice imaging studies showed that small angle twist, tilt and mixed boundaries and large angle (near Σ = 5) [001] twist boundaries are ordered up to very close to the interface plane. A compositionally disordered region ~1.5 nm thick is present in the vicinity of a large angle general boundary in boron-doped Ni3Al, while similar boundaries in boron-free material are ordered. Image simulations were performed and it was shown that the experimental observations of a locally disordered region cannot be explained as being an artifact. Dislocations with Burgers vectors that correspond to anti-phase boundary (APB)-coupled superpartials were found in small angle [001] twist boundaries in both boron-free and boron-doped Ni3Al and a small angle [011] tilt boundary in boron-doped Ni3Al. The APB energies determined from the dissociation of the boundary dislocations were smaller than reported for bulk Ni3Al. For small angle twist boundaries the presence of boron reduced the APB energy at the interface until it approached zero.