cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of the Pulmonary Circulation in the Perinatal Period

In the fetus, gas exchange occurs in0 the placenta and pulmonary blood flow requirements are therefore low. In the undisturbed near-term fetal lamb (the species in which accurate measurements have been made), pulmonary blood flow is 90–110 ml min-1 100 g-1 wet lung tissue or 30–40 ml min-1 kg-1 fetal body weight. This represents about 8% of total fetal cardiac output, which near term is normally about 450 ml min-1 kg-1 fetal body weight (Rudolph and Heymann 1970; Heymann et al. 1973). The low pulmonary blood flow at this stage of gestation is maintained by a high pulmonary vascular resistance. Shortly after birth, with the initiation of pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure fall rapidly. There is an associated eight- to ten-fold increase in pulmonary blood flow, which in lambs reaches 300–400 ml min-1 kg-1 body weight shortly after birth (Kuipers et al. 1982). In the sheep, pulmonary arterial blood pressure falls towards adult levels within several hours; however, in humans at 24 h of age, normal mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure may still be about twice normal adult levels (Moss et al. 1963). After the initial quite rapid fall in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, there is a slow progressive fall to near-adult levels by 3–6 weeks after birth (Lucas et al. 1961) related to growth of new vessels, to the involution of the large amount of medial smooth muscle found normally in the small pulmonary arteries in the fetus, and also possibly to changes in viscosity as hematocrit falls.
What are the tools of supply chain management (SCM)

This chapter discusses the specific tools that are available in a supply chain management (SCM) environment. It describes the functional and process-competency areas specific to SCM tools. It also discusses some operational and logistics tools of SCM. SCM relates specifically to managing vendors that produce the materials and to the shipping network that delivers the product. The functional competency of the tools for SCM include (1) requirement generation, (2) strategic sourcing, (3) global sourcing, (4) cost analysis, (5) negotiations, (6) value analysis and engineering, (7) relationship management, (8) subcontract administration, and (9) supplier development. The process competency of the tools for SCM include leadership skills, collaboration, strategy development, goal setting and performance, change management, project management, value network management, ethics, finance, and marketing. There are tools that will help an organization increase performance and run more efficiently. These tools are called “operational tools” and include system evaluation, process modeling, productivity, quality, planning systems, scheduling systems, forecasting, inventory systems, enterprise-resources planning, and technology. Logistics tools are mainly those tools that will facilitate and optimize this movement process. The logistics tools include distribution-requirement planning, routing, freight, warehousing, transportation, international effects, information technology, supplier integration, and communication.
High-quality CMV-specific CD4+ memory is enriched in the lung allograft and is associated with mucosal viral control.

The maintenance of CMV-specific T cell memory in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) is critical for host defense and allograft durability, particularly in donor+/recipient− (D+R−) individuals who demonstrate increased mortality. We studied CD4+ and CD8+ CMV-specific memory responses to phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) in a prospective cohort of 18 D+R− LTRs, from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-obtained lung mononuclear cells (LMNC) and PBMC. Unexpectedly, pp65-specific CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ memory responses from LMNC were similar, in contrast to persistent CD8+ predominance in PBMC. Unlike the pulmonary CD8+ predominance during acute primary infection, compartmental equalization occurred in the CMV-specific CD8+ memory pool during chronic infection, whereas CMV-specific CD4+ memory was enriched in the bronchoalveolar space. Moreover, CMV-specific CD4+ memory T cells with multifunctional production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and MIP-1β were significantly increased in LMNCs, in contrast to similar intercompartmental CD8+ memory function. Moreover, the absolute number of CMV-specific CD4+IFN-γ+ memory cells in BAL was significantly increased in LTRs exhibiting viral control compared to those with CMV early antigen positivity. Collectively, these data demonstrate both preferential distribution and functional quality of CMV-specific CD4+ memory in the lung allograft during chronic infection, and show an important association with CMV mucosal immunity and viral control.
Green's functions for dislocations in bonded strips and related crack problems

Green's functions are derived for the plane elastostatics problem of a dislocation in a bimaterial strip. Using these fundamental solutions as kernels, various problems involving cracks in a bimaterial strip are analyzed using singular integral equations. For each problem considered, stress intensity factors are calculated for several combinations of the parameters which describe loading, geometry and material mismatch.
'Tell Your Faggot Friend He Owes Me $500 for My Broken Hand': Thoughts on a Substantive Equality Theory of Free Speech

With two recent decisions in what is being referred to as the T-shirt Wars, Harper v. Poway Unified School District and Nuxoll v. Indian Prairie School District, as operational vehicles, this article explores what I term anti-identity speech and its effects on its targets. Traditional interpretations of the First Amendment rely upon free speech absolutism and formalistic notions of equality (if equality is considered at all) to render anti-identity speech (more narrowly: hate speech) as an evil that must be tolerated by its targets for the greater good. This article posits an alternative view of the right to free speech, which is grounded in a commitment to substantive equality and which would allow for the reasonable restriction of speech that has as its aim or effect the subordination and second-class status of historically disenfranchised minorities. In such discrete instances, speech is analyzed and regulated on the basis of harm, not viewpoint. The speech is restricted for what it does - eroding equality - not for what it says. To put it another way, equality provides the compelling state interest for restrictions of anti-identity, anti-equality speech. A theory thus articulated requires a conceptualization of the end product of anti-identity speech as actual harm - something more than insult or hurt feelings. It also requires that restrictions are related in constitutionally significant ways to the defense of equality. This approach calls to question a number of popular myths anchoring the absolutist view of free speech, as well as demands their answer through a realistic look at the interrelation of language, history, and context. Through an extended analogy between contemporary anti-Gay rhetoric in the United States and anti-Semitic saturation propaganda in Nazi Germany, I show why and how anti-identity speech must be subject to reasonable regulation. While focused largely on the public grade school setting, the arguments presented here are relevant to numerous situations in which the conceptual liquidation of the person is effectuated by speech or expression that then finds refuge in the First Amendment. As such, my arguments are relevant to anti-harassment laws, anti-bullying laws, and anti-hate speech laws.
Periodic orbits of isometric flows

Let M be a compact C ∞ Riemannian manifold, X a Killing vector field on M , and φ t its 1-parameter group of isometries of M . In this, paper, we obtain some basic properties of the set of periodic points of φ t . We show that the set of least periods is always finite, and the set P(X, t) of points of M having least period t for the vector field X is a totally geodesic submanifold, with possibly non-empty boundary. Moreover, we show there are at least m geometrically distinct closed geodesic orbits of φ t , where m is the number of least periods which are not integral multiples of any other least period.
Parametric Instabilities Generated in the Ionosphere by Intense Radio Waves

The earth’s ionosphere is, from energetic grounds, one of the few regions where man can apply sufficient energy to modify the environment significantly. The energy content of 100 cubic kilometers of ionospheric plasma is of the order of 10 megawatt-secs. This estimate, coupled with an electron-ion temperature relaxation time ~ 10 secs, suggests the H. F. frequency transmitters in the megawatt power range can significantly alter the ionosphere provided the electromagnetic energy can be absorbed. Normally, radio waves incident on the ionosphere are reflected. But, as Perkins and Kaw1 have shown, the power densities needed to produce heating of the ionosphere are also sufficient to trigger parametric instabilities2 which cause an anomalous ac resistivity.
Olympus Imaging Fraud Scandal: A Case Study

This case examines the two decade long tobashi scheme by Olympus Imaging Executives to hide $1.7 billion in losses. In the 1980s, a soaring yen and falling dollar caused bottom line income problems for many Japanese companies. Some companies sought to offset the declining revenue with zaiteku, a form of speculative investment. While early activities generated profits in 1987, by 1991 Olympus recorded 2.1 billion losses in yen. Rumors circulated that by the late 1990s, losses had grown larger. Rather than come clean and admit the losses, management continued to ‘double down’ with riskier investments. Olympus created a tobashi scheme to shift losses off the Olympus balance sheet. Olympus created a tobashi scheme to shift losses off the Olympus balance sheet. Companies located in the Cayman Islands were purchased via exorbitant Management and Acquisition Fees. When the first Western President, Michael Woodford, questioned these practices, he was fired after two weeks on the job. Woodford became perhaps the first CEO ever to blow the whistle on his own firm. The subsequent scandal brought arrests of the executive team, an 80% decline in share price, the threat of de-listing on the Tokyo Exchange, and an international look at Japanese Corporate Governance. A detailed list of questions along with extensive teaching notes, bibliography, and references are provided. The case should be of interest in an accounting audit, ethics, governance, or international accounting class.
The Smiles and Related Rearrangements of Aromatic Systems

In 1894, Henriques reported that bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl) sulfide was converted to an isomeric dibasic substance by treatment with alkaline ferricyanide and a subsequent reduction of the intermediate obtained. Hinsberg carried out a similar sequence of reactions with bis(2-hydroxy 1 naphthyl) sulfone. The structures of the isomeric products of the two series were established by Smiles who recognized the occurrence of a novel intramolecular nucleophilic rearrangement. This chapter surveys the reactions, which because of the extensive work of Smiles, have been called Smiles rearrangements. They may be characterized as intramolecular displacements at aromatic rings initiated by nucleophilic centers located two or three atoms distant from the functional group which is displaced. Keywords: smiles rearrangements; aromatic systems; aromatic ring; activation; reverse rearrangements; pyridyl systems; acidity; electronic effects; steric effects; phenazine; phenothiazine; phenoxazine; experimental procedures
The Chemotactic Peptide N-Formyl Methionyl-Loucyl-Phenylalanine Increases Mucosal Permeability in the Distal Ileum of the Rat

Abstract Activation of granulocytes within the lamina propria by luminally derived bacterial products may represent an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of luminal perfusion with N -formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), a bacterial product that attracts and activates granulocytes, on mucosal permeability in different regions of the rat small intestine and colon. Mucosal permeability was measured using blood-to-lumen clearance of 51 Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetate during luminal perfusion with FMLP (10 -3 to 10 -8 M) dissolved in Tyrode's solution. Of the bowel segments studied, mucosal permeability was significantly increased by FMLP only in the distal 10 cm of ileum. The minimal FMLP concentration required to increase mucosal permeability was 10 -6 M. The increased mucosal permeability induced by FMLP could be prevented by depletion of circulating granulocytes with antineutrophil serum. The greater sensitivity of the distal ileum to FMLP did not correlate with a higher tissue myeloperoxidase activity, but it was associated with a higher basal ethylene diaminetetraacetate clearance. These observations indicate that a high basal mucosal permeability to solutes the size of FMLP (5–6 A radius), rather than a greater number of resident granulocytes in the lamina propria, predisposes the terminal ileum to the inflammatory actions of FMLP.
Common White Facial Markings in Bay and Chestnut Arabian Horses and Their Hybrids

Common white facial and leg markings have a multifactorial mode of inheritance in Equus caballus. Evidence for the complexity of the genetic component is the observation that chestnut (e/e) horses have more extensive white markings than do bay (E/-) horses. Computerized records obtained from the Arabian Horse Registry of America, Inc., were used to determine if heterozygous (E/e) bay horses have more extensive white facial markings than do homozygous (E/E) bay horses. Thirty-five sire families were analyzed. Each sire family consists of a sire, his foals, and the dams of those foals. The facial region was divided into five areas, and each horse was given a score from 0 to 5 according to the number of areas with whiteness. Since dams and foals with E/E genotypes cannot be identified in these sire families, mean facial scores were compared in dams and foals that were E/e and E/-. It was assumed that if a difference exists between E/e and E/E horses, the presence of E/E horses in the E/- group would reduce the mean of the E/- group. The results show that Arabian horses with the genotype E/e have more white markings than do horses with the genotype E/-, leading to the conclusion that horses with the genotypes e/e, E/e, and E/E vary as to the quantitative expression of white facial markings, with heterozygotes having an intermediate expression.
Identification of positive-acting domains in GCN2 protein kinase required for translational activation of GCN4 expression.

Abstract GCN4 is a transcriptional activator of amino acid-biosynthetic genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GCN2, a translational activator of GCN4 expression, contains a domain homologous to the catalytic subunit of eucaryotic protein kinases. Substitution of a highly conserved lysine residue in the kinase domain abolished GCN2 regulatory function in vivo and its ability to autophosphorylate in vitro, indicating that GCN2 acts as a protein kinase in stimulating GCN4 expression. Elevated GCN2 gene dosage led to derepression of GCN4 under nonstarvation conditions; however, we found that GCN2 mRNA and protein levels did not increase in wild-type cells in response to amino acid starvation. Therefore, it appears that GCN2 protein kinase function is stimulated posttranslationally in amino acid-starved cells. Three dominant-constitutive GCN2 point mutations were isolated that led to derepressed GCN4 expression under nonstarvation conditions. Two of the GCN2(Con) mutations mapped in the kinase domain itself. The third mapped just downstream from a carboxyl-terminal segment homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS), which we suggested might function to detect uncharged tRNA in amino acid-starved cells and activate the adjacent protein kinase moiety. Deletions and substitutions in the HisRS-related sequences and in the carboxyl-terminal segment in which one of the GCN2(Con) mutation mapped abolished GCN2 positive regulatory function in vivo without lowering autophosphorylation activity in vitro. These results suggest that sequences flanking the GCN2 protein kinase moiety are positive-acting domains required to increase recognition of physiological substrates or lower the requirement for uncharged tRNA to activate kinase activity under conditions of amino acid starvation.
Differential and Interactive Effects of Ligand-Bound Progesterone Receptor A and B Isoforms on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Activity

The classical progesterone receptors (PRs) are expressed in some hypothalamic dopaminergic and brainstem noradrenergic neurons. Progesterone influences prolactin and luteinising hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland, in part by regulating the activity of these catecholaminergic neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PRs on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter activity. When CAD, SK-N-SH and CV-1 cells were transfected with TH promoter constructs and PR-A or PR-B expression vectors, progesterone treatment caused three- to six-fold increases in TH-9.0kb promoter activity in PR-B expressing cells, but a modest increase or no change in PR-A expressing cells. Using CAD cells, deletional analysis mapped the site of PR action to the −1403 to −1304 bp region of the TH promoter. Mutational analysis of putative regulatory sequences in this region indicated multiple DNA elements are required for complete PR-B transactivation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were unable to demonstrate direct PR-B binding to TH promoter DNA sequences. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis indicated PR-B was recruited to the TH promoter. Two different PR-B DNA binding domain mutants had opposite effects on PR-B mediated TH promoter activation. A GS to AA mutation located in the p-box of the first zinc finger of PR-B inhibited progesterone transactivation of the TH promoter, whereas a C to A mutation in the zinc finger increased transactivation. PR-A was able to inhibit PR-B transactivation in a dose-dependent manner, although the degree of PR-A inhibition was dependent on the TH promoter deletion construct. These data indicate that ligand-bound PR-B is recruited to DNA elements in the TH promoter and acts as a transcriptional activator of the TH gene and that changes in the ratio of PR-A to PR-B may affect the ability of progesterone to increase TH expression.
Periodicity and convergence for xn+1=|xn−xn−1|

Abstract Each solution { x n } of the equation in the title is either eventually periodic with period 3 or else, it converges to zero—which case occurs depends on whether the ratio of the initial values of { x n } is rational or irrational. Further, the sequence of ratios { x n / x n −1 } satisfies a first-order difference equation that has periodic orbits of all integer periods except 3. p -cycles for each p ≠3 are explicitly determined in terms of the Fibonacci numbers. In spite of the non-existence of period 3, the unique positive fixed point of the first-order equation is shown to be a snap-back repeller so the irrational ratios behave chaotically.
The politics of making meaning: discourse analysis of a ‘postmodern’ interview

Both constructivist and constructionist models of therapy seek to produce new meanings with clients and families. Critics have pointed out that these therapies may neglect to consider the political and embedded nature of meaning making. This paper describes a discourse analysis of a construction/uctivist interview. Three interlocking conversational strategies employed by the interviewer are identified: exteriority, the disciplining of narrative and locality. These strategies are examined in the light of their effects on the unfolding narrative in the session, both in a productive and a restrictive sense. The function of therapy theory and techniques in subjugating client narratives as well as providing processes for constructing new meaning is discussed.
Spin-rotation effects in bounded spin diffusion

In the NMR theory of paramagnetic fluids, the fast-diffusion regime (sometimes refered to as “bounded diffusion”) refers to the situation where the spins diffuse across the sample enclosure before they substantially dephase due to inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field. We consider this regime with the additional effects of identical-particle spin rotation as described by the Leggett equation for Fermi liquids. We also consider the effects of finite but small polarization. We find that the spin-rotation effect can incorporated into the fast-diffusion perturbation scheme, even for large values of the spin-rotation parameter, μM,and arbitrary tipping angles. We obtain approximate solutions for the free induction decay (FID), the FID lineshape, and spin-echo height. For short times the FID exhibits ringing at the linear spinwave frequency, while for long times the magnetization decays at the pure diffusion rate,but with a shift in the Larmor frequency which depends on the initial tip angle. For spin-echo experiments on a system of isolated pores, we consider the effect of the pore-size distribution on the spin-echo data.
The intractable problem of regional powers

ew forces at work in the post+zold war world are changing the strategic N environment in which American foreign policy operates. Chief among these is the emergence or return of states that are creating new configurations of regional power. ‘These states, by definition, possess the will, means, and ambition to conduct foreign policy in their own neighborhood without close regard to the preferences of the United States or multilateral organizations, including the United Nations. These are “new” powers in that they have recently acquired unprecedented opportunities for autonomous action, facilitated by current widespread confusion in the West over strategic valueswhat really matters and what does not. This confusion makes it unlikely that the United States, absent clear and present danger, would move decisively to prevent the emergence of new centers of strategic power. Maintenance of a global American primacy, although still advocated by some, thus no longer seems a realistic policy goal. As regional politics grow, “renationalization” of strategic policies by other major world states-not an issue during the cold war-cannot be held off for much longer, despite U.S. preferences to the contrary. As regional centers of power emerge, the United States faces important choices about the kinds of broad strategies to pursue in relation to them: acquiescence, encouragement, or resistance. But in order to choose wisely American policymakers must first understand how international politics are increasingly shaped, not by a single, globalized process, but rather by several regional ones. Next, they must appreciate how new elements of powerespecially psychological and behavioral ones-liberated by the end of the cold war are invalidating traditional views of foreign relations. Lastly, they must assess the challenges posed by the combination of new “regionalized” politics and new kids of power. This article takes up these tasks in turn, applies its findings to the various emerging systems, and discusses their implications for U.S. foreign policy.
Maximum score estimation of disequilibrium models and the role of anticipatory price-setting

Abstract In this paper, a general model of disequilibrium quantity determination under median regression assumptions is combined with weak assumptions on the price adjustment to yield a consistent maximum score estimator. In contrast to Sapra (1986) , the supply and demand parameters are separately identifiable and the estimator employs all of the observed data. The price adjustment assumptions can be motivated by the anticipatory pricing model of Green and Laffont (1981) . In contrast to the Green–Laffont model, however, our assumptions only require that long-run Walrasian prices have positive probability. As an illustrative application, maximum score estimates of a model of the US commercial loan market are computed and compared to maximum likelihood estimates. Monte Carlo results are also reported.
Using the singly truncated normal distribution to analyze satellite data

This paper proposes the singly truncated normal distribution as a model for estimating radiance measurements from satellite-borne infrared sensors. These measurements are made in order to estimate sea surface temperatures which can be related to radiances. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to provide estimates for the unknown parameters. In particular, a procedure is described for estimating clear radiances in the presence of clouds and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic is used to test goodness-of-fit of the measurements to the singly truncated normal distribution. Tables of quantile values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic for several values of the truncation point are generated from Monie Carlo experiment Mnally a numerical emample using satetic data is presented to illustrate the application of the procedures.
Increasing the Lateral Resolution of Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy

This paper discusses problems inherent to scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and ways to correct them to increase the resolution of two-dimensional dopant profiling. Specifically this paper looks into issues related to the probe-silicon contact and the damaged surface layer created by the sample preparation technique. Degradation of the measured dopant profile was observed when the probe scanned over the nitride spacers. Attempts to reduce the required contact pressures to increase the lifetime and effectiveness of the probes are addressed. The force required for SSRM was successfully reduced after the damage layer was partially removed by isotropic etching.
Quantum mechanics in finite dimensions, unbiased bases, and quantum information

We discuss the relevance of a form of quantum mechanics in finite dimensions based on Weyl's unitary rotations in ray space developed by the author to the construction of unbiased bases for the determination of a quantum state.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamic properties of solid sodium from quasiharmonic lattice dynamics and molecular dynamics

Quasiharmonic-lattice-dynamics and molecular-dynamics calculations were performed on metallic sodium from the low-temperature region to above melting at several different volumes. A pseudopotential model was used that consisted of a large volume-dependent potential plus a small effective two-body potential. From the molecular-dynamics results for the solid phase, we have constructed the Helmholtz free energy and calculated the thermodynamic properties up to the melting temperature. The anharmonic contributions to the internal energy and pressure are determined directly from molecular dynamics without using thermodynamic perturbation theory. Calculated and experimental values of the zero-pressure volume-temperature curve, isothermal bulk modulus, heat capacity, and Grueneisen parameter are found to be in good agreement. We conclude that the pseudopotential model provides an accurate representation of the potential for energies up to melt; molecular-dynamics simulations accurately represent the classical vibrational contributions to the thermodynamic functions at high temperatures and give a meaningful evaluation of the anharmonicity. The combination of quasiharmonic-lattice-dynamic theory in the quantum regime and molecular dynamics in the classical regime provide a simple and natural representation of the vibrational thermodynamics of a solid.
John Williamson Nevin and American Nationalism

It was difficult to be an American citizen during the first half of the nineteenth century and not be caught up in the swelling tides of American mission and Manifest Destiny. Newspaper editorials waxed prophetic as they predicted ever increasing incidents of revolutions in Europe. Expansionist sentiment suggested the United States assist in the birth of revolutions wherever monarchial reactionaries sought to destroy them. American liberty and republicanism might even be extended to Canada, Cuba, and all the West Indies. "Asia had her day"; said the New York Evening Post, "Europe has had hers: and it remains to be seen whether the diadem must not first be worn by the new world before it reverts again to the old" (Merk 1966:199). Others said we should remain aloof from the actual struggles of Europe, standing aside as "the reserve corps to consummate the triumphs of freedom," ready to serve if liberty called us to arms. In 1848 "the fulfillment of Destiny was delayed by Mexican stubbornness and Whig treason. But why worry?... Europe [had] seen the light, the fire, the polestar, from the depth of her darkness, and [was] successfully shaking off her chains" (Merk:201). American expansionism was really a form of "continentalism"-"a vision of future greatness born of expectations bred by a contemplation of a vast continent to be settled and nourished by the millennial hopes of evangelical religion" (Hudson:56). The people of the earth would be regenerated by the attraction of freedom, Christian piety, and virtue. The revolutions in Europe were themselves evidence of a stirring of the liberty and equality that American represented. Drawing upon Montesquieu's model of republicanism, Robert Bellah has suggested that the principle of social life for a republic is virtue (Bellah 1975:23). Presumably every society is constituted by a set of ideas, values, beliefs, and practices that reflect its perception of reality. As the poet Wallace Ste-
The prediction of velocity and temperature profiles in gravity currents for use in chilled water storage tanks

It has been demonstrated that one way of producing thin thermoclines (temperature gradients) in a chilled water storage tank is by introducing the water horizontally in the form of a gravity current. A gravity current is a fluid intrusion into a body of stagnant fluid at a different density. The incoming fluid is introduced at the bottom of the body of fluid if it is more dense; it is introduced at the top if it is less dense. In the application considered here, chilled water is to be sorted in an efficient manner under the original body of warmer water. Vertical profiles of velocity and temperature in transient, two-dimensional, laminar, thermally driven, constant inflow gravity currents are studied. This provides a basis for understanding the initial stages of the formation of a thermocline in a chilled water storage tank. Two laminar flow formulations were developed to predict velocity and temperature profiles in the inertia-buoyancy regime. One formulation uses a strictly numerical approach, while the other uses a singular perturbation method to analyze the flow. Experimental temperature profiles are compared with the results from both formulations, and show good agreement.
Lateral down-sloping of the acromion: A useful MR sign?

Abstract Objective: The anterior acromion may appear to slope downward in a lateral direction on coronal-oblique magnetic resonance (MR) images of the shoulder. We sought to determine the significance of this finding as a marker of rotator cuff impingement. Patients and methods: MR studies of 58 subjects (26 with impingement, 32 with glenohumeral instability) were retrospectively analysed. Subjective down-sloping of the acromion was compared to standardized acromial measurements made on MR (acromial axis, width of the anterior acromion, and distance of the acromioclavicular joint from the superior glenoid) and clinical diagnosis. Results: Interobserver variance for lateral down-sloping was fair (κ = 0.5). One reader's assessment of lateral down-sloping of the acromion correlated with standardized MR measurements. Subjective lateral down-sloping of the acromion did not, however, correlate with impingement. Conclusion: The subjective finding of a laterally down-sloping acromion on coronal-oblique MR images, while partially validated by standardized measurements, is not predictive of impingement syndrome.
Occupational Perceptions of Males and Females as a Function of Sex Ratios, Salary, and Availability.

Abstract Undergraduate students' willingness to explore, enter, and predict success for themselves in three occupations was examined as a function of subject sex and information about occupational sex ratio, salary, and position availability. Factors considered by the 490 subjects in their decisions about exploration and entry likelihoods were also investigated. A multivariate design was used and results indicated males were more likely to report an interest in further exploration of and entry into the occupations, as well as to predict success for themselves. Males also placed more importance on the factor of salary in their decisions. The sexes differed somewhat in their overall rankings of the importance of various factors in their decisions. Results are discussed in terms of previous research literature and theory.
Ventricular Septal Defect due to Septal Infarction after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

A case is reported of ventricular septal defect resulting from septal infarction following repair of a tetralogy of Fallot. The infarct probably resulted from division of a septal coronary artery during resection of the hypertrophied infundibulum. The superficial position of the septal artery on the right side of the septum in tetralogy makes it surprising that this complication has not been previously reported.
Direct characterization of solid phase resin-bound molecules by mass spectrometry

Abstract In this work we demonstrate that analytes, covalently linked to a polymeric support through a photolabile linker, can be directly analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Mass spectral analysis is performed in a single step requiring no pretreatment of the sample to induce cleavage from the support. Our results show that the UV laser light in the MALDI experiment can be used to simultaneously promote an analyte's photolytic cleavage from a solid support and its gas phase ionization for subsequent mass spectral analysis. In this manner, MALDI facilitates the dissociation and identification of resin-bound analytes in a single analytical procedure without the need for any prior chemical treatment.
Subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss the etiology of multiple gland disease in the context of primary hyperparathyroidism, as well as indications for surgery, operative management and technical considerations of subtotal parathyroidectomy, and postoperative/long-term management. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature using evidence-based criteria. Results Approximately 15% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have multiple gland disease, and a small subset of these cases is due to a familial syndrome. Subtotal parathyroidectomy is one operative approach to the management of multiple gland disease. Subtotal parathyroidectomy for multiple gland disease results in normo-calcemia in at least 95% of cases. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring can help guide the extent of the operation and determine the need to perform a concurrent autograft. After subtotal parathyroidectomy, most patients develop postoperative hypocalcemia and require calcium and possibly calcitriol supplementation; approximately 10% to 15% develop permanent hypoparathyroidism. All patients after parathyroidectomy, especially those with familial primary hyperparathyroidism, should undergo long-term follow-up for surveillance of recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. If persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism occurs after subtotal parathyroidectomy, completion total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplant should be performed. Conclusions Subtotal parathyroidectomy is an excellent surgical approach for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to multiple gland disease from either sporadic or familial causes. (Endocr Pract. 2011;[Suppl 1]17:7-12)
Preparation and Storage of Autoclaved Pectin Solutions

Solutions of autoclaved pectin, designed to be useful as a blood‐plasma extender, have been clarified by centrifugation and use of bacterial filters. Filtration rates and effectiveness of several types of filters are evaluated. Storage studies showed that these solutions can be kept at least two years under refrigeration with little change. At body temperature and the pH of blood, the degradation of pectin into smaller molecules is relatively faster, which may be of importance in promoting elimination at a satisfactory rate and preventing harmful effects.
Composite forecasts of inflation: An improvement in forecasting performance

This study investigates the performance of a composite forecast of inflation for the period 1969:I–1992:IV. This composite forecast is generated by combining the forecasts of four methods commonly used to measure expected inflation. Initially, the results of conditional efficiency tests suggest that a composite forecast can improve performance by encompassing a wider information set. The evidence, from the comparison of various forecast series, shows that the composite forecast improves on the performance of the four individual forecasts and an alternative composite forecast in terms of accuracy and rationality criteria.
Treatment of vaginal agglutination associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Objective: To describe the presentation and clinical course of two patients after development of vaginal agglutination associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Design: Case report. Setting: Tertiary referral center for pelvic reconstructive surgery. Patient(s): Two patients with the diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease who later developed vaginal agglutination requiring treatment. Intervention(s): Surgical lysis of vaginal adhesions and postoperative use of vaginal dilators. Main Outcome Measure(s): Successful treatment of vaginal adhesions. Result(s): Both patients underwent successful surgical lysis of vaginal adhesions and maintained vaginal patency with postoperative use of vaginal dilators. Conclusion(s): Prompt diagnosis of vaginal agglutination in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease and appropriate surgical correction of this complication rather than prophylaxis is the correct treatment course.
Friction-induced vibration and noise generation of instrument panel material pairs

Abstract This study investigated the effect of various parameters of the friction–velocity relationship on the friction-induced vibration of simulated instrument panel components. The effect of subsystem stiffness and damping on the system response was also studied. A simple discretized model was utilized with subsystem properties that were intended to realistically model values of low, medium, and high stiffness components. Specifically, the metric of mean squared velocity was used as an indicator of the noise generated during the stick–slip process. It was found that the difference between the static and the asymptotic kinetic value of friction was the most important friction parameter in determining the resulting behavior. As stiffness and damping are increased, the mean squared velocity decreases. Additionally, results from single excursion tests on a variety of instrument panel material pairs showed good correlation between mean squared velocity and the difference in static and kinetic friction.
Photodissociation Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Weakly Bonded Metal Ion—Ethylene Complexes

The photodissociation spectroscopy of weakly bonded bimolecular complexes can give important insight into fundamental molecular interactions and dynamics. We have applied these techniques to a study of metal ion-ethylene interactions in the Mg+(3s)-C2H4 and Al+(3s2)-C2H4 π-bonded complexes. Experimental work is supported by ab-initio electronic structure calculations. These experiments allow us to explore and compare the chemical binding, electronic structure, and nonadiabatic dissociation dynamics of these complexes.
High-density lipoproteins decrease both DNA binding and mutagenicity of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in V79 Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract The effects of separate lipoproteins or of serum with high or low lipoprotein concentrations on formation of lipophilic carcinogen adducts with DNA and on mutagenicity of the carcinogen was investigated using V79 Chinese hamster lung cells. Binding of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE) to DNA and BPDE induction of 6-thioguanine (6-TG)-resistant mutants in V79 cells was significantly lower after 1 or 4 h when the medium was supplemented with purified HDL. and was lower after 1 h but not 4 h when the medium was supplemented with serum containing a high concentration of mixed lipoproteins (LP). Cells grown in medium without serum or LP supplementation exhibited the highest levels of both BPDE-DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis after 1 h. At 1 h, cells exposed to BPDE in LDL-supplemented medium showed decreased adduct formation and mutagenesis when compared to cells treated with BPDE in PBS-supplemented medium. After 4 h, cells treated with BPDE in LDL-supplemented medium gave the highest levels of adduct formation and the highest mutation frequency. These results suggest that both LDL and HDL effectively decrease the concentration of BPDE available to V79 cells exposed to the mutagen for short periods of time, resulting in decreased interaction of BPDE with DNA and decreased BPDE-associated mutagenesis, but that both BPDE-DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis increased as a function of increased exposure time in the presence of LDL. The results suggest that LDL, but not HDL, uptake by adsorptive endocytosis may be associated with potentiated entry of BPDE into V79 cells as a function of time.
Geographic spread of Pyramica hexamera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini) in the southeastern USA

Summary Pyramica hexamera is a tiny predatory ant that feeds on minute soil arthropods. Originally from East Asia, P. hexamera has been recently introduced to North America, apparently through human commerce. Here we document the known range of P. hexamera in Asia and the New World. We compiled and mapped 73 site records of P. hexamera, all from East Asia and the southeastern US. In Asia, P. hexamera records range from 21.9°N to 36.4°N (earliest date and number of sites in parentheses) in Japan (1949; 25), South Korea (1982; 2), and Taiwan (1992; 6). In the US, P. hexamera records range from 28.6°N to 34.3°N: in Florida (1987; 2), Louisiana (1987; 5), Mississippi (2003; 32), and Alabama (2007; 1). Pyramica hexamera is reported for the first time from Alabama. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012
The Defective Organ of Corti in Shaker-1 Mice

Virtual absence of efferent innervation, late development of extracellular fluid spaces, and early vesicular degeneration of hair cells and nerve endings are findings revealed in the Shaker-1 strain of mice by study with the electron microscope. These morphological abnormalities can be correlated with the physiological measurements that other authors have made of the development of auditory function in these animals.
Minimizing the Impact of Photoswitching of Fluorescent Proteins on FRAP Analysis

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a widely used imaging technique for measuring the mobility of fluorescently tagged proteins in living cells. Although FRAP presumes that high-intensity illumination causes only irreversible photobleaching, reversible photoswitching of many fluorescent molecules, including GFP, can also occur. Here, we show that this photoswitching is likely to contaminate many FRAPs of GFP, and worse, the size of its contribution can be up to 60% under different experimental conditions, making it difficult to compare FRAPs from different studies. We develop a procedure to correct FRAPs for photoswitching and apply it to FRAPs of the GFP-tagged histone H2B, which, depending on the precise photobleaching conditions exhibits apparent fast components ranging from 9–36% before correction and ∼1% after correction. We demonstrate how this ∼1% fast component of H2B-GFP can be used as a benchmark both to estimate the role of photoswitching in previous FRAP studies of TATA binding proteins (TBP) and also as a tool to minimize the contribution of photoswitching to tolerable levels in future FRAP experiments. In sum, we show how the impact of photoswitching on FRAP can be identified, minimized, and corrected.
The effect of pressure on the electronic structure and atomic form factors of group IV semiconductors: A self consistent pseudopotential approach

Abstract We construct a set of linear equations which allow for an aproximately self consistent evaluation of the pseudopotential form factors and band structure under pressure in simple semiconductors. Good results are obtained for Ge and Si.
Estimating the timing of diet shifts using stable isotopes

Stable isotope analysis has become an important tool in studies of trophic food webs and animal feeding patterns. When animals undergo rapid dietary shifts due to migration, metamorphosis, or other reasons, the isotopic composition of their tissues begins changing to reflect that of their diet. This can occur both as a result of growth and metabolic turnover of existing tissue. Tissues vary in their rate of isotopic change, with high turnover tissues such as liver changing rapidly, while relatively low turnover tissues such as bone change more slowly. A model is outlined that uses the varying isotopic changes in multiple tissues as a chemical clock to estimate the time elapsed since a diet shift, and the magnitude of the isotopic shift in the tissues at the new equilibrium. This model was tested using published results from controlled feeding experiments on a bird and a mammal. For the model to be effective, the tissues utilized must be sufficiently different in their turnover rates. The model did a reasonable job of estimating elapsed time and equilibrial isotopic changes, except when the time since the diet shift was less than a small fraction of the half-life of the slowest turnover tissue or greater than 5–10 half-lives of the slowest turnover tissue. Sensitivity analyses independently corroborated that model estimates became unstable at extremely short and long sample times due to the effect of random measurement error. Subject to some limitations, the model may be useful for studying the movement and behavior of animals changing isotopic environments, such as anadromous fish, migratory birds, animals undergoing metamorphosis, or animals changing diets because of shifts in food abundance or competitive interactions.
Recurrence of extreme observations

Suppose a preliminary set of m independent observations are drawn from a population in which a random variable x has a continuous but unknown cumulative distribution function F(x). Let y be the largest observation in this preliminary sample. Now suppose further observations are drawn one at a time from this population until an observation exceeding y is obtained. Let n be the number of further drawings required to achieve this objective. The problem is to determine the distribution function of the random variable n. More generally, suppose y is the r-th from the largest observation in the preliminary sample and let n denote the number of further trials required in order to obtain k observations which exceed y. What is the distribution function of n?
The critical exponent of degenerate parabolic systems

The Cauchy problemut=Δuα +vp,vt=Δvβ +uq is studied, wherex eRN, 0 1 + 2 max(p + β, q + α)/n then there exist both positive global solutions and non-global solutions. In addition, the decaying in time of solutions tout,=Δuα inRn × (0, ∞), an equation which occurs naturally in our study of above systems, is studied and solutions with the fastest decaying in time are constructed.