cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Model of Career Change.

Career change research has suffered from the absence of a comprehensive theoretical framework. The proposed model of career change is based on career change research and previously tested turnover theory. Both the determinants and process of career change are explained by the model. Longitudinal panel studies are suggested for testing of the model.
When the rules are reversed: action-monitoring consequences of reversing stimulus-response mappings.

How does switching tasks affect our ability to monitor and adapt our behavior? Largely independent lines of research have examined how individuals monitor their actions and adjust to errors, on the one hand, and how they are able to switch between two or more tasks, on the other. Few studies, however, have explored how these two aspects of cognitive-behavioral flexibility interact. That is, how individuals monitor their actions when task rules are switched remains unknown. The present study sought to address this question by examining the action-monitoring consequences of response switching—a form of task switch- ing that involves switching the response that is associated with a particular stimulus. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) while participants performed a modified letter flanker task in which the stimulus-response (S-R) mappings were reversed between blocks. Specifically, we examined three ERPs—the N2, the error-related negativity (ERN), and the error positivity (Pe)—that have been closely associated with action monitoring. The findings revealed that S-R reversal blocks were associated with dynamic alterations of action-monitoring brain activity: the N2 and ERN were enhanced, whereas the Pe was reduced. Moreover, participants were less likely to adapt their poster- ror behavior in S-R reversal blocks. Taken together, these data suggest that response switching results in early enhancements of effortful control mechanisms (N2 and ERN) at the expense of reductions in later response evalu- ation processes (Pe). Thus, when rules change, our attempts at control are accompanied by less attention to our actions.
Defining constraints graphically

A number of constraint-oriented, interactive graphical systems have been constructed. A typical problem in such systems is that, to define a new kind of constraint, the user must leave the graphical domain and write code in the underlying implementation language. This makes it difficult for less experienced users to add new kinds of constraints. As a step toward solving this problem, the system described here allows the graphical definition of constraints. An interface has been built in which a user can conveniently construct a new kind of object, annotating it with the relations that it must obey.
India-Pakistan Relations: International Implications

India’s independence in 1947 from the British colonial rule and its subsequent division into two nations – India and Pakistan - has sowed the seeds of continuing conflict between the two countries since their independence. The partition of India was primarily based on the religious divide between the two communities – the Hindus and the Muslims. After India’s partition, the major issue of conflict between the two countries has been the Muslim dominated northern state of Jammu and Kashmir, currently a part of India. This bilateral conflict has had international implications over the years. Decades of conflict, which includes three major wars, has contributed to a nuclear race between the two countries and growth of terrorism in the region. These two regional outcomes of the conflict have assumed global significance with the growing international threat of nuclear proliferation and terrorism. The paper analyzes the bilateral conflict between India and Pakistan and the subsequent emergence of the global threats. The paper also emphasizes normalization of the bilateral relations as the key prerequisite to ensure peace and security for the region and also for relieving the global society from the perils of a growing nuclear threat and expanding forces of terrorism.
Thermodynamics of solutions with solvent and solute in different pure states

Isoactive-solvent (ISAC) theory is a thermodynamic framework for the case where the components of a solution exist in different pure states: liquid solvent and gaseous solutes (absorption of gases); solid solvent and liquid solutes (sorption of liquids); and liquid solvent and solid solutes (solubility of mixed electrolytes). Properties of mixed solutes are predicted from known activities of single solutes by assuming that solute-solute (but not solute-solvent) molecular interactions are ideal. Equations for an ISAC ideal solution are exact in the limiting case of a solution of identical solutes. The thermodynamic potential is a Legendre transformation of the Gibbs free energy: Ψ = G − μ1n1, where the solvent is component number 1. The ISAC standard state is the real single-solute mixture.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Trumps Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Predicting Cardiovascular Risk in Low-Risk Populations

See related article, pp 18–26 Identifying risk factors that predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been the holy grail of epidemiologists. Identifying such risk factors can be used to target individuals in whom modifiable risk factor should be mitigated. Among the first studies to identify cardiovascular risk factors was the Framingham Heart Study. A cohort in the town of Framingham, MA was followed for many years, and the risk of cardiovascular events was related to the presence of several risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antihypertensive therapy, systolic blood pressure (BP), and diabetes mellitus. In 1961, after 6 years of follow-up, the term “factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease” was used by Dr William Kannel.1 These factors of risk, now known as cardiovascular risk factors, have been validated by many studies2; they are now the basis of guiding cardiovascular risk-reduction such as lowering cholesterol.3 For example, the current Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines use the Framingham risk calculator to direct cholesterol lowering therapy.3 However, these risk factors that relied on simple measures of cardiovascular risk were not found to be perfect in predicting outcomes.2 Although a number of investigations have tried to identify additional risk factors, the number of markers that can predict cardiovascular events and more importantly improve the Framingham risk score is few.4 Nonetheless, novel risk factors, such as the assessment of kidney damage, and better ways to measure BP merit further study. In this …
On line experiments-the results of the Online Widener Laboratories

The Online Widener Laboratories (OWL) provide an interactive online experience that is used in several web-enhanced courses. The extensive use of Java applets for complex simulations allows for 24/7 availability and multiple simultaneous users using a moderately sized server. This system has been used to supplement both laboratory courses and conventional lecture based courses. In the laboratory courses, the online system provides an interactive experience to help students organize data and plan their experiments and analytical approach. In lecture courses, this system allows for interactive homework assignments that simulate real world problems. Students' responses have been generally positive. Measurements of the systems effectiveness include time-savings in the actual laboratory and student evaluations and measures of time spent working modules. Also, evidence suggests that students use the web-site on their own to study topics not required for their particular course.
A novel control method for interleaved transition mode PFC

Interleaving architecture extends high performance, low cost, transition mode PFC to higher power levels. Because the existing master slave interleaving control requires a slave channel operating in DCM mode, switching loss and EMI noise are increased. In this paper, a novel interleaving control method is proposed without using the master slave concept. The proposed method is able to realize 180 degrees phase-shift as well as true transition mode operation to achieve the optimal system performance.
People with leprosy (Hansen’s disease) during the Middle Ages

Abstract Leprosy or Hansen’s Disease represented a major social, moral, and health concern during the Middle Ages. Few diseases have evoked the social responses that leprosy did during the Middle Ages. Medieval explanations, social norms, perceptions, and medical responses to leprosy and people with the disease are surveyed. Some medieval communities took dramatic exclusionary measures to socially isolate individuals with the disease. Other communities, while acknowledging the disease, treated individuals similar to ordinary citizens and with compassion.
X-ray and neutron reflectivity for the investigation of polymers

The use of X-ray and neutron reflectivity to study polymers in the condensed state and in solutions is revieved in this article. Basic theoretical and experimental concepts of specular reflectivity are presented. Research in the application of neutron and X-ray reflectivity is discussed along with the relevance of these studies to important issues in polymer science. These include investigations of ordered and disordered homopolymers and block copolymers in solution and in the condensed state. Finally, a discussion of off-specular, diffuse scattering is presented with its potential use in polymer science.
Planning for Postdisaster Resiliency

The focus of this article is planning for resiliency in the aftermath of a catastrophe. First, the authors offer their conception of planning for resiliency as a goal for recovering communities, and the benefits of planning in efforts to create more resilient places. Next, they discuss major issues associated with planning for postdisaster recovery, including barriers posed by federal and state governments to planning for resiliency, the promise and risks of compact urban form models for guiding rebuilding, and the failure to involve citizens in planning for disasters. Finally, they discuss lessons from prior research that address these issues and policy recommendations that foster predisaster recovery planning for resilient communities.
Extremely elevated serum ferritin levels in a university hospital: Associated diseases and clinical significance

purpose To establish the frequency with which serum ferritin levels ≥ 1,000 ng/mL occur in a general hospital population, and to determine the clinical significance of this finding. patients and methods All serum ferritin determinations performed between June 1992 and July 1993 at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center were reviewed and patients with serum ferritin levels ≥ 1,000 ng/mL identified. The medical records of these patients were then reviewed. results Of 1,826 serum ferritin determinations performed during the study period, 122 (6.7%) were ≥1,000 ng/mL. Associated clinical syndromes found in the 95 patients with serum ferritin ≥1,000 ng/mL included liver disease (20.0%), renal disease (17.9%), malignant disease (17.9%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (16.8%), non-HIV systemic infections (15.8%), chronic transfusions (10.5%), and sickle cell syndromes (10.5%). No syndrome usually associated with extreme serum ferritin elevations was identified in 8.4% of patients, and 16.8% of the patients fell into more than one category. The highest mean serum ferritin levels occurred in the chronically transfused and sickle cell groups. Concomitant serum transferrin saturation values were determined with 82 (86.3%) of the elevated serum ferritin levels and did not correlate well with them. The highest mean transferrin saturation levels occurred in the liver disease group. Transferrin saturation ≥50%, suggestive of iron overload, was significantly more frequent in the liver disease group (P = 0.002); and saturation ≤15%, suggestive of iron- deficient erythropoiesis, was significantly more frequent in the HIV group (P = 0.001). conclusion Outside the setting of clinical syndromes associated with iron overload (liver disease, transfusions, sickle cell syndromes), serum ferritin levels ≥1,000 ng/mL serve as a nonspecific marker for a variety of significant disorders, including infectious and neoplastic diseases. Further study of the regulation of ferritin production may provide insight into the pathogenesis of disorders associated with extreme serum ferritin elevations.
Coronary Artery Bypass Operation: Psychological and Medical Problems

A patient who had undergone two coronary artery bypass procedures is interviewed and discussed with respect to his adaptation to the operation and his illness. The complex biochemical, social and psychological interactions, often overlooked when proposing this operation as a life-saving procedure to patients, are emphasized. This patient's difficulty in adapting demonstrates how threatening such an illness can be to a person who is hard-driving, success-oriented and self-sufficient. An attempt is made to set up a rehabilitation program in which the patient is allowed as much independence and activity as possible in order to encourage an image of physical strength and prowess and to restore self-esteem.
The impact of gender and attractiveness on observer perceptions of stutterers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of physical attractiveness and personality, intellectual and social characteristics in observer perceptions of stutterers. A total of 140 observers representing four groups: professional business men (PM) (N=28); professional business women (PW) (N=27); blue collar (BC) (N=17, 5M, 12F); and students (ST) (N=68, 5M, 63F). Attractiveness was determined by asking 45 judges (24F, 21M) to rank order photographs of four male and four female young adults. The attractive and unattractive males were ranked first and last by 93.33% of the judges, whereas the attractive and unattractive females were ranked first and last by 100% of those surveyed. The four individuals identified above were trained to imitate a variety of fluency patterns and secondary characteristics of stuttering during a video recorded reading of the ‘Grandfather’ passage. Each speaker received an overall score of 31–36 severity rating, based on the Stuttering Severity Instrument: For Children and Adults (Riley, 1980). By use of a format as as Likert Scale questionnaire, each observer rated each speaker on a seven-point scale. All observers viewed and rated videotaped presentations of attractive and unattractive male and female stutterers for personality, intellectual, physical and social characteristics. The data revealed no significant differences with respect to the individual group ratings for the unattractive stutterers. However, a significant omnibus F was obtained for the group ratings for the attractive subjects. Additional data will be presented regarding the nature of observer ratings based on the gender of the stutterer.
Effective size and defendant bias in eyewitness identification lineups.

Two aspects of fairness in eyewitness identification lineups are discussed: the effective size of a lineup, and the degree of bias towards or away from the defendant. Procedures are proposed for measuring both aspects of lineup fairness and a range of hypothetical examples is given. An appendix discusses and explains procedural and computational details, and provides a table of critical ranges of identification proportions for lineups of varying sizes and for different numbers of observers.
Stock Prices, Consumer Sentiment, And Economic Activity: Some Robust Bilateral Causality Tests For The US And The UK

This paper performs robust bilateral Granger causality tests for stock prices, consumer sentiment, and economic activity for the US and the UK. The robust test procedures involve the use of recently developed time series analysis of nonstationary data with possible structural breaks. Applying a battery of such tests, the paper finds the underlying data to be generally nonstationary and noncointegrated, even after allowing for possible breaks in the data, thus implying that the standard bilateral Granger causality tests are robust. The empirical results indicate the presence of unidirectional causality from stock prices to consumer sentiment for both countries. Given that stock prices drive consumer sentiment, we perform additional causality tests to determine the effect of consumer sentiment on the economy. Our finding of a unidirectional causality from consumer sentiment to the economy in both countries is consistent with a chain of causality from stock prices to consumer sentiment to the economy.
The role of vitamin D metabolites in the management of bone abnormalities in renal disease.

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the field of vitamin D metabolism (1–7). There is better understanding of the factors controlling the formation of the various metabolites of the vitamin and the role of these metabolites in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. In addition, methods have been developed for the measurement of blood levels of the various vitamin D analogs (8–13). These advances have permitted us to better understand the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of bone abnormalities in renal disease and the requirement of the various compounds for the management of these derangements. Therefore, the indications for, and the optimal time for the initiation of therapy with the various vitamin D metabolites for the management of renal osteodystrophy should be reconsidered. Bone abnormalities occur in patients with renal disease and normal renal function (14), in those with mild to moderate renal insufficiency (15), as well as in patients with advanced renal failure (16–20). Although the severity of the bone disease may vary among these groups of patients, the nature and characteristics of bone pathology are similar.
Smart Technology in Lung Disease Clinical Trials

This article describes the use of smart technology by investigators and patients to facilitate lung disease clinical trials and make them less costly and more efficient. By "smart technology" we include various electronic media, such as computer databases, the Internet, and mobile devices. We first describe the use of electronic health records for identifying potential subjects and then discuss electronic informed consent. We give several examples of using the Internet and mobile technology in clinical trials. Interventions have been delivered via the World Wide Web or via mobile devices, and both have been used to collect outcome data. We discuss examples of new electronic devices that recently have been introduced to collect health data. While use of smart technology in clinical trials is an exciting development, comparison with similar interventions applied in a conventional manner is still in its infancy. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of using this omnipresent, powerful tool in clinical trials, as well as directions for future research.
Some Actions of Taurine on Ionic Currents of Myocardial Cells and Myometrial Cells

The sulfur amino acid taurine has been reported: (i) to be a positive inotropic (cardiotonic) agent in failing hearts, in both animals and human; (ii) to be depleted in myocardial cells in ischemic heart disease; and (iii) to cause heart failure when deficient in diet of animals (e. g., cats) that cannot synthesize taurine. The taurine content of the heart is elevated in patients and animals with congestive heart failure1. Taurine has been used as a treatment for patients with congestive heart failure (e. g., 3 g per day) by Dr. Azuma et al. In Japan and Korea, soft drinks (e. g., soda pop and fruit drinks) that contain taurine (e. g., 1 g) as an additive are widely available.
Sharing Representations for Long Tail Computer Vision Problems

The long tail phenomena appears when a small number of objects/words/classes are very frequent and thus easy to model, while many many more are rare and thus hard to model. This has always been a problem in machine learning. We start by explaining why representation sharing in general, and embedding approaches in particular, can help to represent tail objects. Several embedding approaches are presented, in increasing levels of complexity, to show how to tackle the long tail problem, from rare classes to unseen classes in image classification (the so-called zero-shot setting). Finally, we present our latest results on image captioning, which can be seen as an ultimate rare class problem since each image is attributed to a novel, yet structured, class in the form of a meaningful descriptive sentence.
Relation Between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy: A Systemic Review With Meta-analysis

A Lucendo, A Arias, J Tenias. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(6):624–629 To assess and quantify the relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and oral immunotherapy (OIT) in patients with immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy. This meta-analysis included 15 studies in the final review. Overall, data from 711 patients (567 children and 144 not determined) were retrieved. The size of the study populations ranged from 1 to 247 cases. A systematic literature search to identify articles dealing with EoE and immunotherapy was performed independently by 2 authors (AA, JMT) using Pubmed, Embase, and SCOPUS. Studies were …
The Number of Cellular Elements in Milk

The new method for determining the number of cellular elements in milk, recently devised by Prescott and Breed (1910), reveals such an inaccuracy in the older methods for determining the number of these cells that it again raises the question of how many body cells may be expected in milk under normal and pathological conditions. On this account, an investigation was undertaken to determine the number of cells present under a variety of conditions as a preliminary to experimental work to determine the significance of these cells in milk and the cause of the variations which are known to occur.
Palatal Push-back with Muscle Graft Pharyngoplasty in the Treatment of Velopharyngeal Incompetence. A Preliminary Report

The use of free autogenous muscle grafts in the treatment of palatopharyngeal insufficiency has previously been reported (Thompson, 1974). The graft consists of the four bellies of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle together with their tendons taken from the foot and inserted through an external lateral cervical incision (extending from the tip of the mastoid process along the anterior border of the sternomastoid muscle for a distance of 5 cms.), so as to create a musculo-tendinous ring encircling the palatopharyngeal isthmus (Fig. 1) with the muscular element in the posterior pharyngeal wall behind the superior constrictor muscle, from which reinnervation of the graft occurs. The results indicated that a palatopharyngeal gap up to 1 cm. might be expected to respond satisfactorily, but larger gaps with incomplete success.
Different types of retinal inhibition have distinct neurotransmitter release properties

Neurotransmitter release varies between neurons due to differences in presynaptic mechanisms such as Ca2+ sensitivity and timing. Retinal rod bipolar cells respond to brief dim illumination with pr...
Prevalence and Characteristics of Inflammation in Prostate Cancer

Background: The presence of lymphocytic inflammatory aggregates (LIAs) is a common finding in submitted prostate tissue and frequently not mentioned. Recent studies linked prostate cancer (PCa) to chronic inflammation of prostate and exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, and suggested that viruses may play a role in development of PCa. Another study demonstrated that pathogenesis of prostatic neoplasia (in the PhIP treated rat prostate) proceeds …
Competitive victimhood: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature

Competitive victimhood (CV), which is a tendency to see one's group as having comparatively suffered relative to an outgroup, has been gaining attention in social psychology. An increasing number of researchers have begun to address CV, both directly and indirectly. The present review organizes the literature related to CV around three themes: intractable conflict, structural inequality, and intra-minority intergroup relations. Although literature related to CV is diverse, CV has been consistently linked to important aspects of intergroup relations (e.g., continuation of and resistance to resolving conflict) and intrapersonal processes (e.g., biased memory and self-perception). This review highlights the pervasive and impactful role of CV, while also drawing attention to cultural developments that explain the rising interest in CV in contemporary research.
Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites

Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites with rodlike fillers are a versatile class of materials that are being explored for a wide range of applications. Realizing the full commercial potential of these novel materials hinges upon our ability to produce composites with well-defined and controllable properties. This, in turn, requires an in-depth understanding of the structure-property relations for the electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites. In this chapter, we review major theoretical and fundamental experimental studies of polymer nanocomposites, with particular emphasis on the main factors that determine their electrical properties. We will also discuss the major gaps in our current understanding of these materials and the greatest opportunities in the field.
Replantation of extremities

Summary Successful replantation requires a physiologically oriented team, including skilled surgeons with available relief and a skilled anesthesiologist with relief. Regional centers provide the most efficient management, having more frequent exposure to major injuries and increased experience with replant procedures. A management protocol (Table 3) outlines the major steps in the care of such patients. This author prefers regional anesthesia for most cases. Supplemental intravenous sedation reduces anxiety and its effects on the microvasculature. For axillary and interscalene brachial plexus blocks of the upper extremity, bupivacaine is most suitable. Management of lower extremity replantations usually entails a femoral sciatic, epidural block or a general anesthetic. The anesthesia team must remember the importance of vascular physiology and rheology on outcome. Also, they must pay attention to (1) concomitant risks of emergency procedures (coexisting injury, intoxication, a full stomach, and so forth); (2) expeditious management, which reduces warm ischemia time; (3) patient comfort in the operating theater; and (4) a cooperative and informed team approach. Given these factors and proper patient sedation, a reasonable success rate can be expected. In the future, advances in anesthesia care will involve better management of fluids and methods to prolong sensory and sympathetic blockade.
Antegrade Ureteral Stenting

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for antegrade ureteral stenting procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Scalability of a trench capacitor cell for 64 Mbit DRAM

The authors address cell leakage issues and conclude that a unique field-plate isolated trench capacitor cell structure, already demonstrated at the 16-Mb level with over 1 s of data retention (50% bit fail measured at 90 degrees C), is scalable to 64-Mb DRAM (dynamic RAM). As the trench size is reduced to 0.6 mu m, the trench curvature helps reduce the trench-to-trench punch-through leakage. Substrate concentration of approximately 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ is sufficient to suppress the punch-through current with a 0.5- mu m trench spacing. Diode and gate-induced breakdown voltages remain well above the operating voltage. Trench capacitor dielectric is scalable to less than 5-nm equivalent oxide thickness. >
The miracle of the comic

The essay reads Hofmannsthal’s Der Schwierige as a response to the question of how to write a modern drama. The radical character of the play’s generic innovations has been widely overlooked, it argues, because these innovations work to transfigure rather than abolish the traditional dramatic arc – according to a principle of ironic refraction that represents, for Hofmannsthal, a uniquely Austrian approach to the specter of history’s end.
The Legal Framework for Tax Compliance

When the time comes to file a tax return, a taxpayer must take into account the legal framework for the entire tax compliance process. This process includes determining one’s own tax liability, timely reporting and paying the liability, and considering that the taxpayer and the Service each have a limited amount of time to make changes to the initial reported amount. The first step, determining one’s own tax liability, is no small task. Determining how much to pay the government has no natural analog as in other areas of the law. Although the idea that stealing is bad is instilled in us at such an early age that it seems natural, trying to decide how much tax to pay without guidance from the government would be fruitless. The government communicates its expectations for what each taxpayer is required to pay through statutes, administrative guidance, and judicial opinions. The substantive law is an immense body of law, and a framework for tax compliance ought to discuss how to translate it. Translating the government’s expectations for determining one’s own tax liability requires construing statutes, weighing administrative guidance, and evaluating precedent. The second step in tax compliance is reporting and paying the tax liability. Unfortunately, these two concepts are not as interconnected as one might think so they require separate discussion. The requirements for reporting and paying have completely difference sources of law, are subject to different penalty rates for noncompliance, and are treated differently when it comes to extending due dates. A taxpayer may also amend her initial reporting. When there is an error in the taxpayer’s favor she may request a refund by filing an amended return. The final step involves the consideration of how long the taxpayer and the Service have to ask for more money. Generally, each has three years to do so. The taxpayer has three years to claim a refund if she has overpaid, and the Service has three years to assess additional tax if the taxpayer has underpaid. These limitations periods are subject to various exceptions. These exceptions are generally more lenient on the government who legitimately needs more time to examine a taxpayer’s reporting in certain situations.
Loss-of-function mutation in Mirta22/Emc10 rescues specific schizophrenia-related phenotypes in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion

Identification of protective loss-of-function (LoF) mutations holds great promise for devising novel therapeutic interventions, although it faces challenges due to the scarcity of protective LoF alleles in the human genome. Exploiting the detailed mechanistic characterization of animal models of validated disease mutations offers an alternative. Here, we provide insights into protective-variant biology based on our characterization of a model of the 22q11.2 deletion, a strong genetic risk factor for schizophrenia (SCZ). Postnatal brain up-regulation of Mirta22/Emc10, an inhibitor of neuronal maturation, represents the major transcriptional effect of the 22q11.2-associated microRNA dysregulation. Here, we demonstrate that mice in which the Df(16)A deficiency is combined with a LoF Mirta22 allele show rescue of key SCZ-related deficits, namely prepulse inhibition decrease, working memory impairment, and social memory deficits, as well as synaptic and structural plasticity abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex. Additional analysis of homozygous Mirta22 knockout mice, in which no alteration is observed in the above-mentioned SCZ-related phenotypes, highlights the deleterious effects of Mirta22 up-regulation. Our results support a causal link between dysregulation of a miRNA target and SCZ-related deficits and provide key insights into beneficial LoF mutations and potential new treatments.
A family of linear phenolic polymers with controlled hydrophobicity, adsorption and antioxidant properties

A series of linear polymeric antioxidants with controllable antioxidant, hydrophobicity and surface adsorption properties was synthesized using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymers had a poly(methacrylamide) backbone and contained functional catechol-like 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl-, gallol-like 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzyl- and bromo-substituted 3,4-dihydroxy-5-bromobenzyl-(2H, 3H and BrH, respectively) groups, as well as N-hexyl (Hex) moieties. The polymers were abbreviated as P2HZHex, P3HZHex or PBrHZHex, where Z is the molar percentage of the polyphenol units in the polymer chains. Both the chemical functionality and the relative content of the polyphenol and hexyl units governed the hydrophobicity, adsorption and antiradical activity of these polymers. An increase in the content of the hexyl units in the polymer chains resulted in higher thicknesses of the adsorbed polymer monolayers and an increase in the water contact angles of the gold surface. Importantly, polymers with gallol-like side groups exhibited antioxidant activity (as determined using the DPPH assay in methanol solutions) and affinity to metal substrates that were superior to those of their catechol-like and bromo-substituted counterparts. The tunability of interfacial binding, hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties of these polymers are properties essential for the use of these polymers in coating applications.
Matching-adjusted comparisons demonstrate better clinical outcomes with SC peginterferon beta-1a every two weeks than with SC interferon beta-1a three times per week.

Abstract Background Subcutaneous (SC) peginterferon beta-1a and SC interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) have demonstrated efficacy in treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) but have never been compared in direct head-to-head clinical trials, the gold-standard comparison. A well-balanced matching-adjusted comparison of weighted individual patient data on SC peginterferon beta-1a, and aggregate data from published phase 3 clinical trials of SC IFN beta-1a, was conducted to provide additional information on the comparative efficacy of these two agents. Methods Individual patient data from a study of SC peginterferon beta-1a 125mcg every two weeks (ADVANCE) and pooled summary data from four published studies of SC IFN beta-1a 44mcg three times per week (OPERA I and II, CARE-MS I and II) with similar populations were utilized. A comparison was conducted by weighting individual peginterferon beta-1a-treated patients, using estimated propensity of enrolling in SC IFN beta-1a treatment to match multiple key aggregate baseline characteristics of SC IFN beta-1a-treated patients. After matching, weighted annualized relapse rate (ARR), 24-week confirmed disability worsening (CDW), and clinical no evidence of disease activity (clinical-NEDA) were calculated and compared for peginterferon beta-1a and SC IFN beta-1a. Results After matching, baseline characteristics were well balanced across treatment groups. At 2 years, ARR after matching was 0.256 for patients receiving peginterferon beta-1a (effective n=376) and 0.335 for those receiving SC IFN beta-1a (n=1218) ( P =0.0901). The percentage of patients who were relapse free over 2 years was significantly higher with peginterferon beta-1a than with SC IFN beta-1a (75.1% vs. 57.4% [after matching], P P =0.0007). Clinical-NEDA occurred in a significantly higher proportion of patients treated with SC peginterferon beta-1a versus SC IFN beta-1a (74.1% vs. 48.1%; P Conclusions This matching-adjusted comparison using data from four phase 3 trials with SC IFN beta-1a formulations demonstrated that patients with RRMS treated with SC peginterferon beta-1a 125mcg every two weeks achieved better clinical outcomes than patients who received SC IFN beta-1a 44mcg three times per week.
Design of Prevention Interventions

The design of disease prevention and health promotion interventions is a complex process that involves careful decision-making about the health behaviors one aims to change or other outcomes one aims to achieve. This includes understanding the etiologic mechanisms associated with the behavior, such as the prevalence and the risk and protective factors that contribute to it; the intervention strategies that will be effective in producing behavior change; the population subgroups to target with these strategies; the most appropriate modes of program delivery and implementation; how to take into account the developmental stage and other characteristics of the target population; and other issues. A key task in intervention design is to develop and apply a thorough understanding of theory on the determinants of the target health behaviors or other outcomes as well as how to affect change in those behaviors and other outcomes. For the prevention science field to achieve its ultimate goal of improving public health, there must be ongoing development and testing of interventions that build on the latest basic scientific findings, methods, and theory. This chapter provides an overview of the intervention design process and describes three key stages in the process, including the application of a theoretical framework, building the intervention, and pilot testing the intervention.
Medications that cause weight gain and alternatives in Canada: a narrative review

Background The cause of the obesity epidemic is multifactorial, but may, in part, be related to medication-induced weight gain. While clinicians may strive to do their best to select pharmacotherapy(ies) that has the least negative impact on weight, the literature regarding the weight effects of medication is often limited and devoid of alternative therapies. Results Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antihyperglycemics, antihypertensives and corticosteroids all contain medications that were associated with significant weight gain. However, there are several medication alternatives within the majority of these classes associated with weight neutral or even weight loss effects. Further, while not all of the classes of medication examined in this review have weight-favorable alternatives, there exist many other tools to mitigate weight gain associated with medication use, such as changes in dosing, medication delivery or the use of adjunctive therapies. Conclusion Medication-induced weight gain can be frustrating for both the patient and the clinician. As the use of pharmaceuticals continues to increase, it is pertinent for clinicians to consider the weight effects of medications prior to prescribing or in the course of treatment. In the case where it is not feasible to make changes to medication, adjunctive therapies should be considered.
“Homosexualization” revisited: an audience-focused theorization of wartime male sexual violence

This paper builds upon and challenges existing literature regarding the causes of wartime male sexual violence (particularly Sivakumaran’s concept of “homosexualization”). The author argues that no...
324) Characterizing Expectations for Functional Outcomes in Emergency Department Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain

Over 13% of Emergency Department (ED) visits are for musculoskeletal pain, but little is known about ED patients’ expectations for pain management and pain-related functional outcomes. This cross-sectional study surveyed adults seeking care at an academic ED with a primary complaint of neck, back or extremity pain. Survey data included the previously validated Patient Centered Outcomes Questionnaire to rate pain interference with activities on a scale of 0 (none) to 100 (worst imaginable) across usual, desired, successful, and expected outcome levels, as well as patient-reported use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities for pain relief. Responses were analyzed from 106 patients, with mean age 42.4 years (SD 15.6); 52% female; 63% African American and 27% Caucasian. For primary location of pain, 46% identified back, 32% leg, 13% arm, and 11% neck. Median duration of pain was 3 days (IQR 1-7), and 36% reported previous episodes of this pain. Reported median usual pain interference with activities in the past week was 66 (IQR 40-94). Patients desired a median 100% reduction (IQR 89-100%) in interference, but considered 77% reduction successful (IQR 49-100%), and only expected a 52% reduction (IQR 9-91%) after treatment. Most patients were willing to take opioid (73%) and non-opioid (79%) pain medications, despite only 32% having taken an opioid and 55% having taken a non-opioid for pain. Most were also willing to engage in non-pharmacological treatments including direct/passive modalities such as heat, cold packs, acupuncture, and massage (84%); indirect/psychosocial modalities such as music, prayer and meditation (80%); and physical/active modalities such as yoga, exercise, and physical therapy (66%). However, current use of non-pharmacological modalities only ranged from 36-50%. This foundational data highlights an opportunity to incorporate patient perspectives in setting treatment goals and expanding treatment options for integrated, multi-modal pain management in the ED.
In a father’s mind: paternal reflective functioning, sensitive parenting, and protection against socioeconomic risk

This study utilized attachment theory as a framework for understanding how fathers’ reflective functioning (RF) and social emotional (SE) and autonomy (AU) supportive behaviors relate to children’s...
A Structural Result for Personalized PageRank and its Algorithmic Consequences

Many natural and man-made systems can be represented as graphs, sets of objects (called nodes) and pairwise relations between these objects (called edges). These include the brain, which contains neurons (nodes) that exchange signals through chemical pathways (edges), the Internet, which contains websites (nodes) that are connected via hyperlinks (edges), etc. To study graphs, researchers in diverse domains have used Personalized PageRank (PPR) [6]. Informally, PPR assigns to each node v a vector πv , where πv (w) describes the importance or relevance of node w from the perspective ofv. PPR has proven useful in many applications, both practical and graph-theoretic. Examples include recommending who a user should follow on Twitter [7] (v may wish to follow w if πv (w) is large) and local graph partitioning [2] (the set of nodesw with large πv (w) can be viewed as a community surrounding v).
Design as a Value System

Lawrence Halprin DESIGN AS A VALUE SYSTEM I want to describe design not in its usual meaning but as a value system. We are quite clear­ ly in the grip of a real dilemma of goals and objectives in our society, if not in the world. Certainly we are in our profession. On die one hand, there is great affluence. Materialism is rampant; money-making is a primary motivation; and die Harvard MBA is everywhere. Because of the primacy of television as a source of information we are surrounded by surrogate experience, not real- life experience, and it is hard to tell what is real or unreal anymore. As a columnist has said, somediing is horribly wrong. Everything is packaged these days and the packaging has become die real reality. We are surrounded by image-making architects who design very special places where columns are hollow. It's hardly a good idea to lean against them because you could be sued for denting them. The entire project, actually, has a hollow ring. Everything seems to be designed to evoke a stage-set image diese days, having very little to do with die actual activ­ ities going on within die building or die landscape. Everywhere developers are hiring architects and landscape architects to authenticate their deals by making buildings and open spaces which, like advertisements, call attention to the project. It has become a form of corporate pimping, if you will. It leaves the architect to serve out his role as what Philip Johnson calls a design whore. The designs are pro­ foundly phony, Disneylandish structures and landscapes without meaning, or profundity, or sense of value. They are full of sound and fury, but signify nothing socially relevant.
Application of In Situ TEM to Investigate Irradiation Creep in Nanocrystalline Zirconium

This work characterizes the irradiation creep response of nanocrystalline zirconium by nanoscale quantitative tensile loading and ion irradiation experiments performed simultaneously in situ inside a transmission electron microscope. Microfabricated devices consisting of a freestanding Zr tensile specimen 100 nm in thickness on an elastic Si test frame were produced, and subsequent ex situ ion irradiations were performed on devices with 1.4 MeV Zr ions to a nominal damage level of 0.26 displacement per atom. Subsequent in situ creep experiments performed with and without 1.4 MeV Zr ion irradiation at different applied tensile loads revealed that creep rates were enhanced by the simultaneous radiation damage. This coupled in situ nanomechanical and irradiation methodology enables rapid quantification of both the irradiation creep compliance and associated microstructural evolution.
Type of Judge Influences Judgments of College Women's Responses to Increasingly Coercive Sexual and Nonsexual Social Situations.

Research examining women’s ability to respond to sexually risky situations has relied on trait-based measures or experts’ judgments to determine the effectiveness of women’s responses. To date, no work has examined whether there are differences among relevant judges with respect to these evaluations. As part of a larger study, 100 undergraduate women listened to descriptions of sexual and nonsexual social situations, viewed clips of a male actor making increasingly coercive verbal requests to each situation, provided a videotaped response to each request, and evaluated the effectiveness of their own responses in decreasing risk for sexual victimization. Women’s responses were provided to experts in sexual violence research (n = 8) and undergraduate men (n = 107) who also rated their effectiveness. All raters were asked to attend to both verbal and nonverbal behaviors when providing their ratings. As verbal coercion increased across both types of situations, responses were rated by undergraduate women and undergraduate men as more effective, suggesting that responses become more effective as risk increases for a negative outcome. Experts rated women’s responses to moderate coercion as being more effective than responses to low coercion but rated responses to high coercion as less effective than responses to moderate coercion. Additionally, experts and undergraduate women rated women’s responses to the sexual victimization risk vignettes as more effective than responses to the nonsexual social situation vignettes. In most cases, experts and undergraduate women’s ratings were not statistically different from one another; however, undergraduate men rated undergraduate women’s responses to both the sexual victimization risk and the nonsexual social situation vignettes as less effective than experts or undergraduate women. This article discusses applications of these findings for future prevention efforts focused on maximizing the effectiveness of women’s responses in sexually risky situations.