cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases and review of the literature

Twelve carcinomas of the urinary bladder with a prominent component of spindle-shaped cells (sarcomatoid carcinomas) that arose in patients from 60 to 83 (average, 71.5 years) years of age are reported. The seven male and five female patients typically complained of hematuria. Seven tumors were sessile and five were polypoid. On microscopic examination, the malignant spindle cells merged with in situ transitional cell carcinoma or various forms of invasive carcinoma, including transitional cell carcinoma (11 cases), adenocarcinoma (2 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (2 cases), and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (2 cases). Immunocytochemical stains were performed in 11 cases; the spindle cells stained for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin. Limited follow-up in this series does not allow for conclusions concerning differences in behavior between sarcomatoid carcinoma and conventional transitional cell carcinoma of similar grade and stage. However, the typically deep invasion of the former tumors and their histologic features indicate that they are highly aggressive neoplasms.
Abstract 2215: Utility of Upfront Arterial and Perfusion Imaging among Ischemic Stroke Patients Presenting within the 4.5 hour Time Window

Background: Although perfusion imaging is being evaluated as a tool to select acute ischemic stroke patients who are most likely to benefit from reperfusion therapies beyond the standard time windows, there is limited data on the utility of perfusion imaging within the IV thrombolytic time window. Methods: A new upfront comprehensive stroke imaging protocol was initiated at Emory University Hospital on July 1, 2010 to include CT angiography (CTA) of the head and neck and CT perfusion (CTP) of the head after non-contrast head CT. All patients presenting within 4.5 hours from last known normal time to Emory University Hospital with suspected stroke were prospectively identified from July 1 to December 31, 2010. Patients with POC Creatinine >1.7, allergy to contrast dye, current metformin use, pregnancy, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on non-contrast head CT or who declined consent were excluded from the protocol. Impact of CTA and CTP on the clinical management was recorded prospectively by stroke team members. Results: During the study period, 87 patients met eligibility criteria for the CTA/CTP protocol of which 83 (95%) underwent this upfront comprehensive imaging protocol and 30 (34%) received IV thrombolytic. CTA identified large vessel occlusion in 24 (29%) patients, including 5 with NIHSS ≤ 10 and 3 with NIHSS ≤ 5. CTP identified decreased cerebral blood volume > 1/3 of the ipsilateral MCA territory in 38% of anterior circulation large vessel occlusions. Overall, stroke team members reported that CTA and/or CTP aided their clinical management in 39 (47%) cases, including aiding in identification of a non-stroke diagnosis (n=18), triage to the NICU (n=9), early triage to endovascular therapy (n=4) and initiation of IV thrombolytic for low NIHSS with large vessel occlusion (n=3). There were no symptomatic ICHs and no contrast-induced nephropathy requiring dialysis during the study period. Door-to-needle time ≤ 60 minutes was achieved in only 23% of patients receiving IV thrombolysis during the study period but had improved to 39% in the subsequent 6 month period, similar to the pre-CTA/CTP protocol. Conclusions: An upfront CTA/CTP protocol to evaluate patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 4.5 hours aided stroke team decision making in nearly half of cases. Implementation of a CTA/CTP protocol was associated with a learning curve of 6 months before door-to-needle time ≤ 60 minutes returned to similar rates as the pre-CTA/CTP protocol.
Control of regulatory T (Treg) cell function by protein kinase C-eta (PKCη): A novel target for cancer immunotherapy

Modulating regulatory T cell (Treg) function to promote anti-tumor immunity is a desirable strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Blockade of checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1 has shown clinical efficacy in metastatic melanoma and other malignancies. We recently reported that Treg stimulation induced the recruitment of protein kinase C-eta (PKCη), together with the GIT-PAK-PIX signaling complex that mediates focal adhesion disassembly, to CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor highly expressed on Foxp3 + Tregs and important for Treg suppression. As a result, PKCη was recruited to the immunological synapse of stimulated Treg. These events promoted Treg-mediated contact-dependent suppression, including suppression of tumor immunity, via a mechanism likely involving depletion of costimulatory CD80/86 ligands from APCs ( Nat Immunol . 2014;15:465–72). PKCη-deficient (PKCη −/− ) Tregs were defective in the suppression of anti-tumor immunity against B16 melanoma and the prostate adenocarcinoma TRAMP-C1 but retained the ability to inhibit experimental colitis, a disease that often occurs in patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. PKCη loss in mouse Treg cells increased both the number of intratumoral CD4 + and CD8 + effector T cells and their ability to produce cytokines upon restimulation. Moreover, shRNA-mediated knockdown of PKCη reduced the suppressive activity of human Tregs. Impaired activation of the GIT-PAK-PIX complex and the resulting defect in CD80/86 depletion are likely responsible for the defective suppressive activity of PKCη −/− Tregs. Altogether, our findings establish the CTLA-4-PKCη signaling pathway as critical for suppressing tumor immunity, and implicate it as an attractive cancer immunotherapy target.
An Alternative Packaging Solution in Achieving Moisture Sensitivity Level One (1) for Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC) Automotive Package

In response to the need in the semiconductor industry to have a higher moisture sensitivity level (MSL) satisfying the no delamination criteria in all interfaces for automotive devices with a reasonable cost are the main objectives in this study. To attain these tasks, knowledge of the material components and a system in the evaluation process are the key to the success of this program. Different evaluation stages were initially defined and executed depending on bill-ofmaterial (BOM) combination and complexities. Activities will also include process refinement, material selection, leadframe design improvement and surface enhancements. Initially, all existing critical process parameter conditions were identified and optimized to ensure a delamination-free package at time zero or after assembly after which moisture soaking is done at different conditions to identify and verify MSL capability. Once found incapable for no-delamination criteria, the change in mold compound material, leadframe design enhancement, and surface roughening will be introduced. For an SOIC package with the biggest silicon die and paddle size identified as the initial qualification test vehicle using a bare copper with spot silver type of leadframe, it was found out that with the optimized process parameter conditions and with the right mold compound can already achieve MSL 1 and even after 500 temperature cycles without any form of delamination in all regions - no need for further leadframe design enhancements, surface roughening treatments and additional process for surface activation. With this result on this specific package type, additional cost adders were avoided. Likewise, this solution will be extended to other package types with different surface finish for Pre-Plated Frames (PPFs) or Nickel-Palladium-Gold (NiPdAu) to check for process consistency and material compatibility.
Everything is Discipline: Toward A Poststructural Critique of Restorative “Justice”

In this investigation, I begin by outlining an overview restorative “justice” practices, tempering it with critical feminist understandings of power. I then build a poststructural theoretical lens, connecting the illusion of power, panopticism and normalization, and how power produces resistance in the context of 21st century U.S. schools. Following, I apply this theoretical lens in a critique of restorative “justice” practices in such schools, exploring how restorative practices are constructed in educational literature and analyzing the popularized image of restorative “justice” as an emerging example of what Kevin Kumashiro has called “commonsensical.” Finally, I conclude with theoretical implications and suggestions for future research so as to grow our poststructural understandings of restorative “justice” and challenge the uncritical ways the broader field of educational scholarship has wrestled with questions surrounding RJP.
Educating the Central Asian Librarian: Considering the International MLIS in Kazakhstan

Author(s): Emmelhainz, Celia | Abstract: Why do Central Asian librarians enter the profession, and how do they decide which educational strategies to pursue in developing their careers? Using 13 conversations and 10 qualitative interviews with Kazakh and Kyrgyz librarians, this chapter finds that librarians enter the profession due to personal interest, by happenstance, or for university funding and continue when they perceive an opportunity for career growth as well as salary mobility. Central Asian librarians evaluate their educational options, including local bachelor's degrees; distance education from Russia; MLIS programs in Asia, Europe, or America; and short-term online training, while balancing family responsibilities and career prospects in and outside of librarianship. Prospects for creating a local MLIS or other improved professional training programs are discussed.
Dialysis shunt thrombectomy utilizing a rotational thrombectomy device in patients with pseudoaneurysms

Aims: To assess the safety and efficacy of dialysis shunt thrombectomy utilizing a rotational thrombectomy device in patients with pseudoaneurysms refractory to declot by conventional treatments. Methods: Between July 2016 and August 2019, 34 dialysis shunt thrombectomies were retrospectively examined in 29 individual patients. All patients presented with pseudoaneurysms and clotted accesses that were refractory to angioplasty balloon sweeps (“push–pull”) to restore patency. The Cleaner® rotational thrombectomy device was used as a bail-out in an attempt to restore patency to the clotted shunt. Procedure success, complications, primary patency, primary-assisted patency, secondary patency, average number of shunt pseudoaneurysms, and average pseudoaneurysm size were documented and analyzed. Results: Thirty-three of the 34 (97%) thrombectomies were successful in restoring patency and facilitating same-day hemodialysis. An average of 1.5 pseudoaneurysms were present per patient (range 1–3 pseudoaneurysms, standard deviation [SD] 0.65 pseudoaneurysms), with an average size of 15.0 mm (range 9.4–31.1 mm, SD 4.87 mm). Postprocedural complications occurred in 14.7% of the cases, none of which were definitively device related. Primary patency to the time of data collection was achieved in 29% of the cases, and the average primary patency for these cases was 124.5 days (range 10–946 days, SD 186.9 days). The average primary-assisted patency was 126.8 days (range 1–564 days, SD 169.8 days). Dialysis accesses were eventually abandoned or surgically revised in ten instances, resulting in an average secondary patency of 157.5 days (range 6–712 days, SD 257 days). Conclusions: In patients with pseudoaneurysms, rotational thrombectomy with the Cleaner® device appeared to be a safe and effective option for restoring patency to thrombosed dialysis accesses refractory to standard push–pull techniques with angioplasty balloons.
Thiamine deficiency in the outpatient psychiatric oncology setting: A case series

Objective B vitamins are essential for the functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is associated with neuropsychiatric syndromes such as Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), which, if untreated, has an estimated mortality of 17-20%. Although the prevalence of thiamine deficiency in the general population is difficult to estimate, it is being increasingly recognized in oncology, especially in the inpatient setting. We describe three cases of thiamine deficiency (TD) in the outpatient psychiatric oncology setting. Method Retrospective chart review of three adult patients, who were seen in the psychiatric oncology clinic and found to have TD on laboratory testing, was done. Patient, disease, and thiamine treatment-related information were obtained, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results The average age was 59 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.00 ± 4.58 (mean ± SD), and mean thiamine level was 59.10 ± 7.69 that ranged from 45 to 68 nmol/L (normal thiamine level reference: 70-180 nmol/L). None of the patients had brain imaging nor cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Risk factors such as unbalanced nutrition, prior GI surgery, renal disease, and chemotherapy were noted. Significance of results TD can have a multifactorial etiology in oncology. Identification of TD in both inpatient and outpatient setting is important. Our report highlights how early identification of TD in the outpatient setting can help prevent further clinical progression.
Laser-produced gaseous plasmonic resonators

We study the electromagnetic scattering properties of a gaseous plasma resonator generated by laser-induced gas breakdown. A simple analytical model is used to describe the scattering resonance of these near-ellipsoidal plasmas and its dependence on their eccentricity and intrinsic plasma properties. This dependence is investigated through Ku band transmission experiments of a waveguide with an embedded single plasma element and optical diagnostics of the laser-induced plasma. The described resonator has the potential to be used as the building block in a new class of metamaterials with fully three-dimensional structural flexibility.
Why not adopt a loser-pays-all rule in criminal litigation?

Abstract In this paper we consider the potential effects that the application of a loser-pays-all rule may have on criminal litigation, including the decision to prosecute, criminal deterrence and legal error. We find that the effects of fee shifting on deterrence and on miscarriage of justice go in opposite directions. We also look at the effects of this rule on the rate of settlements (plea-bargaining) and when one party is wealth-constrained. We apply the insights of our model to current policy discussions such as the use of RICO proceedings and the financing of enforcement authorities in the United States.
Making Joyful Noises: Christian Youth and Young Adults Reflect on Joy and Worship

This essay explores the long association of joy with the Christian life, especially the joy performed and received in Christian worship. Yes, joy, the Spirit gift to an Easter People who together w...
Towards an Investment Facilitation Framework: Why? What? When?

This presentation addresses three issues central to the negotiations of an investment facilitation framework in the WTO.
Implementation of a New Hampshire community-initiated response to the opioid crisis: A mixed-methods process evaluation of Safe Station.

Abstract Background New Hampshire (NH) ranked first for fentanyl- and all opioid-related overdose deaths per capita from 2014 to 2016 and third in 2017 with no rate reduction from the previous year relative to all other states in the US. In response to the opioid crisis in NH, Manchester Fire Department (MFD), the state's largest city fire department, launched the Safe Station program in 2016 in partnership with other community organizations. This community-based response to the crisis—described as a connection to recovery—focuses on reducing barriers to accessing resources for people with substance use and related problems. The study aim is to characterize the multi-organizational partnerships and workflow of the Safe Station model and identify key components that are engaging, effective, replicable, and sustainable. Methods A mixed-methods design included: semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted with 110 stakeholders from six groups of community partners (Safe Station clients, MFD staff and leadership, and local emergency department, ambulance, and treatment partner staff); implementation and sustainability surveys (completed by MFD stakeholders); and ethnographic observations conducted at MFD. Qualitative data were content analyzed and coded using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Survey subscales were scored and evaluated to corroborate the qualitative findings. Results Community partners identified key program characteristics including firefighter compassion, low-threshold access, and immediacy of service linkage. Implementation and sustainability survey data corroborate the qualitative interview and observation data in these areas. All participants agreed that community partnerships are key to the program's success. There were mixed evaluations of the quality of communication among the organizations. Conclusion Safe Station is a novel response to the opioid crisis in New Hampshire that offers immediate, non-judgmental access to services for persons with opioid use disorders requiring community-wide engagement and communication. Data convergence provides guidance to the sustainability and replicability of the program.
Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Lifecyle through Post-Translational Modifications of the Viral E2 Protein

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA tumor virus that infects cutaneous and mucosal epithelia where high-risk (HR) HPV infections lead to cervical, oropharyngeal, and anogenital cancers. Worldwide, nearly 5% of all cancers are caused by HR HPV. The viral E2 protein is essential for episomal replication throughout the viral lifecycle. The E2 protein is regulated by phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advancements made to identify post translational modifications within E2 and their ability to control viral replication.
On the Conflict Between Kahn’s 1936 Reply to Neisser, That ‘My Own Ideas Were Largely Derived From Mr. Keynes’, and Kahn’s Critical Assessment of Keynes’s Math Skills in R. Skidelsky (1992)

The claim made to Robert Skidelsky by Richard Kahn, published in Skidelsky’s 1992 second volume of his autobiography of Keynes, that “…he recalled Keynes himself as being a poor mathematician by 1927…”, is in direct conflict with Kahn’s 1936 reply to Neisser, that "My own ideas were largely derived from Mr. Keynes.” An examination of the mathematical analysis on page 183 of Kahn’s June, 1931, Economic Journal article on the employment multiplier shows that the mathematical style in Kahn’s article is identical to Keynes’s mathematical style of stating the problem and then giving the final result, but in which none of the intermediate steps in the mathematical analysis are provided. Kahn’s answer on page 183 of his article in 1931, which was the result of finding the finite limiting value of a geometrical, declining, infinite series of numbers, is identical to the answer presented by Keynes on page 315 in footnote 1 in chapter 26 of Keynes’s 1921 A Treatise on Probability except for notation. One need only replace Keynes’s q variable with Kahn’s k variable to get the answer provided by Kahn on page 183 of his 1931 article. Nowhere in Kahn’s article is there any explanation or discussion of what he is doing mathematically or technically that allows him to derive the finite limiting value. There are no intermediate steps provided anywhere in the article by Kahn. There is no discussion of the words “geometrical”, ”infinite series ”, ”declining”, or “limit” in the article. All Kahn does is present the initial problem and then present the answer, which is identical to Keynes’s style. Given Keynes’s worked out multiplier analysis, used by Keynes in a speech in May, 1929, the evidence is overwhelming that Keynes showed Kahn, sometime before June, 1931, how his employment multiplier problem was mathematically identical to Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability problem on page 315 in footnote 1 of chapter 26. Given this, then it is clear why Kahn stated in 1936 that "My own ideas were largely derived from Mr. Keynes." Historians of economic thought and economic historians have all overlooked Keynes mathematical analysis of the theoretical and mathematical foundations for the multiplier provided in the A Treatise on Probability. For instance, Paul Samuelson missed a golden opportunity in his 1977 Journal of Economic Literature to show that Keynes had already developed the logical and mathematical technique needed to generate the multiplier, but Samuelson overlooked Keynes’s technical analysis in his work on Keynes’s risk analysis in chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability. The real unanswered question is why, after nine decades, no economist has yet recognized that it was Keynes who showed Kahn how to apply the technical tools to derive the multiplier concept and not the other way around.
In-/Near-Memory Computing

This book provides a structured introduction of the key concepts and techniques that enable in-/near-memory computing. For decades, processing-in-memory or near-memory computing has been attracting growing interest due to its potential to break the memory wall. Near-memory computing moves compute logic near the memory, and thereby reduces data movement. Recent work has also shown that certain memories can morph themselves into compute units by exploiting the physical properties of the memory cells, enabling in-situ computing in the memory array. While in- and near-memory computing can circumvent overheads related to data movement, it comes at the cost of restricted flexibility of data representation and computation, design challenges of compute capable memories, and difficulty in system and software integration. Therefore, wide deployment of in-/near-memory computing cannot be accomplished without techniques that enable efficient mapping of data-intensive applications to such devices, without sacrificing accuracy or increasing hardware costs excessively. This book describes various memory substrates amenable to in- and near-memory computing, architectural approaches for designing efficient and reliable computing devices, and opportunities for in-/near-memory acceleration of different classes of applications.
Descriptive Analysis of Inpatient and Outpatient Cohorts Seeking Treatment After Prescription Opioid Misuse and Medical Toxicology Evaluation.

Medical toxicology expertise has expanded into the addiction medicine realm including outpatient medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and addiction treatment. Concomitantly, the emergency department (ED) and hospital are increasingly seen as important sites for the screening, prevention, and treatment of patients with substance use disorders and addiction. This analysis seeks to characterize patients seen by medical toxicologists for opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD) in the ED and inpatient consultation setting (inpatient) versus in the OUD clinic (outpatient) setting. We searched the American College of Medical Toxicology’s Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry, a prospective, de-identified, national dataset that includes patients receiving medical toxicology consultation following prescription opioid misuse. The dataset also includes patients seen in outpatient MOUD clinics during the same period between June 2013 and November 2015. Intentional self-harm patients were excluded. We analyzed medical history, drug use patterns, and other factors with odds ratios and confidence intervals. Of 110 patients identified, 60 (54.5%) were inpatients and 50 (45.5%) outpatients. Mean age (39 years), gender (68% male), and race breakdown (60% white/non-Hispanic) were similar. The outpatient group was more likely to have Medicare/Medicaid coverage (p<0.0001). By history, the outpatient group was more likely to have past alcohol misuse, intravenous drug use, prescription drug misuse, and prescription opioid misuse. Most inpatient group members sought a recreational high compared to avoiding withdrawal or treating dependence in the outpatient group. Patients treated in the outpatient compared to inpatient setting were more likely to report adverse sequelae from their drug use including long-term drug use, depression, previous rehabilitation attempts, and seeking to avoid withdrawal.
The Trouble with Instruments: Re-Examining Shock-Based IV Designs

Credible causal inference in accounting and finance research often comes from “natural” experiments. These natural experiments can be exploited using several “shock-based” research designs, including difference-in-differences (DiD), regression discontinuity (RD) , and instrumental variables based on the shock (shock based IV). Shock-based IVs potentially rest on a much more solid basis than non-shock IVs, but remain problematic. We illustrate these problems by (i) examining all shock-based IV papers published in two broad datasets; and (ii) re-analyzing three recent, high-quality shock-based IV papers. The IVs in all three papers fail. For Desai and Dharmapala’s (REStat 2009) study of the interaction between tax shelter opportunities and corporate governance, their IVs fail in the first stage when we impose a balanced sample of firms with data both before and after the shock. For Duchin, Matsusaka and Ozbas’s (2010) study of the effect of board independence on performance, their first stage also fails, once we impose balance on a core pre-shock covariate (initial percentage of independent directors). For Iliev’s (2010) RD/IV study of the cost of compliance with SOX § 404, his IV produces large imbalance between treated and control firms on post-shock growth, and thus does not satisfy the “only through” condition for a valid instrument. We discuss common themes in our re-analyses, especially the need for covariate balance between treated and control firms, and the value of using both DiD and shock-based IV designs, rather than IV alone. These themes generalize to the vast majority of other shock-based IV papers in our samples, including more recent papers.
Horizontal structure of monsoon depressions in the western North Pacific at formation time

[1] Tropical cyclones that form from monsoon depressions in the western North Pacific have a larger outer wind structure, and those that form from monsoon gyres tend to be smaller than average. Quantitative values of the horizontal wind structure of monsoon depressions are analyzed from high-resolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses and satellite imagery during 2009. Rather than a circular shape with a diameter of about 1000 km, 80% of the 44 monsoon depressions were elliptical in shape with average diameters of about 812 km north-south and 1098 km east-west. The latitudinal-to-longitudinal ellipticity factor of 0.69 ± 0.14 emphasizes the noncircular structure of these cases, which is important for the weather distribution and likely also for potential tropical cyclone formations. Seventeen tropical cyclones during 2009 formed from monsoon depressions and none from monsoon gyres, which contradicts earlier studies that about 70% form from monsoon gyres.
Impact of pretransplant rifaximin therapy on early post–liver transplant infections

Bacterial and fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). The role of intestinal decontamination in the prevention of post-LT infections is controversial. Rifaximin is widely used for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. The effect of rifaximin on post-LT infections is unknown. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of rifaximin therapy in the pretransplant period on early bacterial infections (EBIs) and fungal infections within the first 30 days after LT. All adult patients who underwent LT at our institution (January 2009 to July 2011) were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients receiving antibiotics other than pretransplant protocol antibiotics were excluded. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of rifaximin therapy for at least 2 days before LT. Infections were defined by the isolation of any bacterial or fungal organisms within 30 days of LT. Multivariate regression analysis, Student t tests, and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare the 2 groups. Two hundred sixty-eight patients were included, and 71 of these patients (26.5%) were on rifaximin at the time of LT. The 2 groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, race, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. There were no significant differences in the rates of EBIs (30% for the non-rifaximin group and 25% for the rifaximin group, P = 0.48) or fungal infections between the 2 groups. There was no increase in antimicrobial resistance among the infecting organisms. There was no difference in survival between the rifaximin and non-rifaximin groups (98% versus 97%, P = 0.36). In conclusion, the use of rifaximin in the pre-LT period was not associated with an increased risk of bacterial or fungal infections in the early post-LT period. Liver Transpl 20:544–551, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Keys and diagnoses of North European aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns are given, based on fresh and freeze-dried material. Numerous externally visible and thus informative characters, that are absent in cleared, slide-mounted specimens, such as body shape colours, wax coating and pattern etc., are utilized. Most of the species are illustrated by photographs of live specimens and drawings. Root-feeding species living in the moss layer or otherwise often present in moss samples are also included, even if their hosts were spermatophytes. The combination of colour images and diagnoses, utilizing easily observed characters, allows the identification of a large number of species already in the field, and many more at home with the aid of a stereo microscope. Host plant relationships and association with ants are summarised, including new records. Brief accounts on aphid life cycles, freeze-drying preparation techniques, etc. are also given to support the use of the keys.
Two-dimensional, frequency domain, adaptive system modeling using 3-D spatiotemporal inputs

An adaptive, two-dimensional (2-D) frequency domain system modeling technique is presented. This technique is implemented in the 3-D spatiotemporal domain. The algorithm derived is based on the recursive like structure, and models the unknown 2-D spatially linear and invariant system by a 2-D autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) structure. For each pair of input and output images of the 2-D unknown system, the algorithm, which uses the steepest descent method, minimizes the error function in the least-square sense by adjusting the coefficients of the 2-D ARMA model at each iteration. The homogeneous convergence factors associated with this algorithm are developed. Computer simulations demonstrate that this algorithm, with the derived homogeneous convergence factor, has excellent adaptation accuracy and convergence speed. This algorithm is successfully applied to modeling a time-varying 2-D system. >
Where Is the Sin in Sincere? Sophisticated Manipulation of Sincere Judicial Voters (With Applications to Other Voting Environments

We present one of the first small-group voting models that allows sophisticated and sincere voters to interact. We investigate sophistication in a particular sequential setting, where an initial decision of one group may be revised subsequently by another voting group. Although the discussion is phrased in terms of judges, courts, and Congress, the model applies to a wider array of situations. We use this framework to investigate the likelihood that courts include sophisticated and sincere judicial voters sitting together. The main conclusion of our investigation is that if sincere voting in the courts were the norm, then we should observe a patter of behavior that is inconsistent with the available evidence: first, subsequent congressional reversals of judicial decisions should be common; second, judicial opinions would tend to be the outcome of liberal/conservative coalitions. Since neither outcome is the prevalent norm of judicial decision-making, we suggest tiat scholars of the judicial system may assume, at least for the time being, that sophisticated behavior among justices is the norm rather than the exception.
Size-adjusted Quantitative Gleason Score as a Predictor of Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Background The risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) following radical prostatectomy for pathologic Gleason 7 prostate cancer varies according to the proportion of Gleason 4 component. Objective We sought to explore the value of several novel quantitative metrics of Gleason 4 disease for the prediction of BCR in men with Gleason 7 disease. Design, setting, and participants We analyzed a cohort of 2630 radical prostatectomy cases from 1990–2007. All pathologic Gleason 7 cases were identified and assessed for quantity of Gleason pattern 4. Three methods were used to quantify the extent of Gleason 4: a quantitative Gleason score (qGS) based on the proportion of tumor composed of Gleason pattern 4, a size-weighted score (swGS) incorporating the overall quantity of Gleason 4, and a size index (siGS) incorporating the quantity of Gleason 4 based on the index lesion. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Associations between the above metrics and BCR were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results and limitations qGS, swGS, and siGS were significantly associated with BCR on multivariate analysis when adjusted for traditional Gleason score, age, prostate specific antigen, surgical margin, and stage. Using Harrell's c-index to compare the scoring systems, qGS (0.83), swGS (0.84), and siGS (0.84) all performed better than the traditional Gleason score (0.82). Conclusions Quantitative measures of Gleason pattern 4 predict BCR better than the traditional Gleason score. Patient summary In men with Gleason 7 prostate cancer, quantitative analysis of the proportion of Gleason pattern 4 (quantitative Gleason score), as well as size-weighted measurement of Gleason 4 (size-weighted Gleason score), and a size-weighted measurement of Gleason 4 based on the largest tumor nodule significantly improve the predicted risk of biochemical recurrence compared with the traditional Gleason score.
Biaxial fatigue loading of notched composites

Thin walled, 2.54-cm (1-in.) diameter tubular specimens of T300/934 graphite/epoxy were fabricated and fatigue cycled in combinations of axial, torsional, and internal pressure loading. Two different four-ply layup configurations were tested: (0/90)S and (+ or - 45)S; all tubes contained a 0.48-cm (3/16-in.) diameter circular hole penetrating one wall midway along the tube length. S-N curves were developed to characterize fatigue behavior under pure axial, torsional, or internal pressure loading, as well as combined loading fatigue. A theory was developed based on the Hill plane stress model which enabled the S-N curve for combined stress states to be predicted from the S-N data for the uniaxial loading modes. Correlation of the theory with the experimental data proved to be remarkably good.
Trust Model for Open Resource Control Architecture

Open Resource Control Architecture (ORCA) is a resource control and management testbed, which provides on-demand resource allocation service. This paper proposes to apply a dynamic, context-aware, computational trust model to ORCA, in which previous behaviors under different operating contexts are used to evaluate the trustworthiness of service manager and site authority actors. This trust model can be extended to support existing policy plug-ins to assist resource allocation. We also implement this trust model and demonstrate that our implemented trust model assigns relatively suited resources to user requests.
Food processing: effects on allergenicity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an increase in the prevalence of food allergy, asthma and severe reactions to foods in the past decade. The reason for this increase is unknown and despite the potential for a lethal outcome, no treatments or therapies are available. Many areas are being explored to understand the increase in food allergy and the role of modern processing techniques is one of them. RECENT FINDINGS The fact that processing influences allergenicity is not a new concept, but due to some definitive studies in the last few years the topic has been revitalized. Not only is the processed form of a particular allergen important in assessment of allergenicity, but the role of the food matrix in which an allergen is processed must also be evaluated. The issue of allergenicity of particular foods is therefore highly complex, and even with our existing knowledge we have just begun to understand some of the contributions of processing to allergenic properties of proteins and foods. SUMMARY Researchers and medical personnel have begun to weigh the benefits and potential disadvantages of assessing the allergenicity of foods in unprocessed forms. In this review, the known effects of processing on the allergenicity of various foods will be discussed along with the implications of the most recent studies on the future direction of research in this area.
New species of Stenopsyche from the northeastern orient (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae) 1

Recent contributions to the knowledge of the genus Stenopsyche are reviewed. A brief synopsis of the genus and its 6 species groups (Schmid 1969) is given; 5 species previously described are herein placed in their respective species groups; and 4 new species of the marmorata group are described from Okinawa, Japan; Taiwan and Zhejiang, China.
Photoelectric controls for street lights

The use of photoelectric devices to control street lights has grown rapidly in recent years. Many new types of devices have been developed but, in several areas, there is uncertainty as to how they can best be used. An analysis of the character of natural light at dusk and dawn is presented, and criteria for control of street lights is defined so that the user may evaluate the control devices to best advantage.
Reconstructing Readability: Recent Developments and Recommendations in the Analysis of Text Difficulty

Largely due to technological advances, methods for analyzing readability have increased significantly in recent years. While past researchers designed hundreds of formulas to estimate the difficulty of texts for readers, controversy has surrounded their use for decades, with criticism stemming largely from their application in creating new texts as well as their utilization of surface-level indicators as proxies for complex cognitive processes that take place when reading a text. This review focuses on examining developments in the field of readability during the past two decades with the goal of informing both current and future research and providing recommendations for present use. The fields of education, linguistics, cognitive science, psychology, discourse processing, and computer science have all made recent strides in developing new methods for predicting the difficulty of texts for various populations. However, there is a need for further development of these methods if they are to become widely available.
Positive Regulation of Corneal Type V Collagen mRNA: Analysis by Chicken–Human Heterokaryon Formation

Abstract Our previous studies have suggested that type V collagen is at least one factor responsible for the characteristically small, uniform diameter of striated collagen fibrils of the corneal stroma. These fibrils, which are heterotypic combinations of collagen types I and V, contain four- to fivefold more type V collagen than those of tendon and sclera. The latter are much larger and more heterodisperse. This high content of type V collagen in cornea is reflected by an equally elevated content of α1(V) chain mRNA in corneal fibroblasts. Thus, the increased production of the molecule in cornea appears to be regulated at the level of transcription and/or mRNA stability. One possible explanation for this is that corneal fibroblasts contain positive regulatory factors that specifically upregulate transcription of the type V collagen genes and/or increase their mRNA stability. To test this possibility, we have produced transient heterokaryons by fusing chicken corneal fibroblasts with two human noncorneal cell lines selected as containing little if any α1(V) mRNA. If the chicken corneal cells contain positive regulators that can act across species, these regulators should result in increased levels of the human α1(V) transcript. The results were evaluated by reverse transcript–polymerase chain reaction employing a primer pair selected for its ability specifically to amplify part of the human α1(V) mRNA. In fusions between chicken corneal fibroblasts and the human cell lines, after a lag of 10–14 h the heterokaryon-containing cultures showedde novoappearance or upregulation of human α1(V) chain mRNA, compared with that of the parental cell lines. Cultures of the mixed cell types that had not been fused showed no such upregulation, so the effect was not mediated by diffusible substances acting between the cells. Chicken tendon fibroblasts, a low producer of type V collagen, when tested in the same assay, evoked no detectible increase in the human transcript. Thus, corneal cells do contain positive regulators for α1(V) chain mRNA, and this effect is at least somewhat cell specific.
Elevated CO2 mitigates chilling‐induced water stress and photosynthetic reduction during chilling

Bean, cucumber and corn plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers at 25/18 °C day/night temperature and either ambient (350 μmol mol -1 ) or elevated (700 μmol mol -1 ) CO 2 concentration, and at 20-30 d after emergence they were exposed to a 24 h chilling treatment (6.5 ± 1.5 °C) at their growth CO 2 concentration. Whole-plant transpiration rates (per unit leaf area basis) during the first 3 h of chilling were about 26, 28 and 13% lower at elevated than at ambient CO 2 for bean, cucumber and corn, respectively. The decline in leaf water potential (Ψ L ) and visible wilting of bean and cucumber during chilling were significantly less at elevated than at ambient CO 2 . Corn Ψ L was not significantly affected by chilling, and corn did not exhibit any other symptoms of chilling-induced water stress. Leaf osmotic potentials (measured before chilling only) of bean and cucumber were more negative at elevated than at ambient CO 2 , and the corresponding calculated leaf turgor potentials were significantly higher at elevated than at ambient CO 2 . Leaf relative water content (RWC) during chilling at ambient CO 2 fell to 62 and 48% for bean and cucumber, respectively. RWC during chilling at elevated CO 2 was never below 79% for bean or 63% for cucumber. Corn RWC was not measured. After 24 h of chilling at ambient CO 2 , net photosynthetic rate (P N ) reductions were 83, 89 and 24% for bean, cucumber and corn, respecitively. P N reductions during chilling were less at elevated CO 2 : 53, 40 and 4% for bean, cucumber and corn, respectively. At ambient CO 2 , none of the species fully recovered to pre-chilling P N , but at elevated CO 2 both bean and corn recovered fully. The average percentage leaf area with visible leaf damage due to chilling was 20.6 and 9.6% at ambient and elevated CO 2 , respectively, for bean, and 32.4 and 23.6% at ambient and elevated CO 2 , respectively, for cucumber. Corn showed no significant permanent leaf damage from chilling at either CO 2 concentration. These results indicate that cucumber was most sensitive to chilling as imposed in this study, followed by bean and corn. The results support the hypothesis that, at least in young plants under controlled-environment conditions, elevated CO 2 improves plant water relations during chilling and can mitigate photosynthetic depression and chilling damage. The implications for long-term growth and reproductive success in managed and natural ecosystems will require testing of this hypothesis under field conditions.
Sex, Drugs, and the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Belle Glade, Florida

Belle Glade, Florida, an agricultural community in the heart of the state's vegetable and sugar cane production areas, has the highest cumulative per capita incidence of AIDS in the United States. A risk reduction intervention program was introduced to lessen unsafe AIDS-related behaviors and to generate data on the epidemiology of HIV infection. Initial attention focused on individuals who were believed to be at the core of the transmission pattern, injection drug users and their sexual partners. We found, however, that injection drug use was much less widespread than anticipated. Results suggested that the primary mode of HIV transmission is heterosexual intercourse—mediated by drug taking (particularly crack smoking) and a flourishing sex industry—a finding that is corroborated by the increased and disproportionate rate of heterosexual AIDS in Belle Glade. The prevalence and types of risk behaviors engaged in would not have been completely explained without the use of ethnographic methods including observation of, and lengthy interviews with, the populations at risk.
Molecular Cloning of Abscisic Acid-Responsive mRNAs Expressed during the Induction of Freezing Tolerance in Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) Suspension Culture

Abscisic acid (ABA) increases the freezing tolerance of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) cell-suspension cultures at 23 degrees C and elicits many metabolic changes similar to those observed during cold acclimation. Induction and maintenance of freezing tolerance by ABA is accompanied by the expression of novel polypeptides and translatable RNAs. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize ABA-responsive cDNAs associated with ABA-induced freezing tolerance in bromegrass cell cultures. Among the 16 ABA-responsive cDNA clones isolated, 9 were expressed only with ABA treatment, 7 showed increased transcript level, and 1 was transiently expressed. Cold responsiveness was determined in three clones with increased transcript levels and in the transiently expressed clone. Deacclimation of ABA-hardened cells was a relatively slow process, because all of the novel transcripts persisted for at least 7 d after cells were cultured in ABA-free medium. Preliminary sequencing of cDNAs has identified several clones that share high sequence homology with genes associated with sugar metabolism, osmotic stress, and protease activity. Clone pBGA61 was fully sequenced and tentatively identified as an NADPH-dependent aldose reductase. The predicted amino acid sequence of the coding region shared 92% similarity with that predicted for barley aldose reductase cDNA. It is proposed that expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and osmotic stress may be required for ABA-induced hardening.
Electron Microprobe Study of Spherules from Atlantic Ocean Sediments

Spherules from Atlantic Ocean sediments studied by electron microprobe, noting terrestrial alteration and contamination of surfaces
Binding energies of germanium clusters, Gen (n = 2−5)

Abstract Gaussian-2 (G2) theory for third-row non-transition elements is used to calculate energies of germanium clusters, Ge n ( n = 2−5). The G2 energies are used to derive accurate binding energies for the clusters. The results for Ge 2 and Ge 3 are in agreement with experiment while there is some disagreement for Ge 4 and Ge 5 . The binding energies are also calculated using the B3LYP density functional method with the 6–311 + G(3df,2p) basis set and compared with the G2 results and experiment.
Many-electron variational ground state of the two-dimensional Anderson lattice

Abstract A variational upper bound of the ground state energy of two-dimensional finite Anderson lattices is determined as a function of lattice size (up to 16×16). Two different sets of many-electron basis vectors are used to determine the ground state for all values of the Coulomb integral U . This variational scheme has been successfully tested for one-dimensional models and should give good estimates in two dimensions.