cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hole transport in substituted polydiphenylacetylene light-emitting devices: mobility improvement through carbazole moiety

Abstract Carrier-transport control is a critical factor in achieving high performance of organic light-emitting devices (LEDs). We have compared hole conduction between polydiphenylacetylene (PDPA) derivatives without and with a carrier-transport moiety, such as poly[1-( p - n -butylphenyl)-2-phenylacetylene] (PDPA- n Bu) and poly[1-( p - n -carbazolyphenyl)-2-phenylacetylene] (PDPA-Cz), respectively. Hole transport is studied by current–voltage measurements and fitted using the space-charge limited current model. It is shown that the hole mobility can be improved several orders of magnitude by attaching carbazolyl side groups to the PDPA back bone (PDPA-Cz), as compared to that of PDPA- n Bu. The electroluminescence is studied and compared in heterostructured LEDs using PDPA- n Bu and PDPA-Cz as hole-transport layers. It is found that carrier transport and balance have significant roles in the performance of the substituted PDPA-based electroluminescent devices.
The Magnetic Field Pile-Up and Density Depletion in the Martian Magnetosheath: A Comparison with the Plasma Depletion Layer Upstream of the Earth’s Magnetopause

Using magnetometer and electron observations from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and theWind spacecraft we show that the region of magnetic field pile-up and density decrease located between the Martian ionosphere and bow shock exhibit strong similarities with the plasma depletion layer (PDL) observed upstream of the Earth’s magnetopause in the absence of magnetic reconnection when the magnetopause is a solid obstacle in the solar wind. A PDL is formed upstream of the terrestrial magnetopause when the magnetic field piles up against the obstacle and particles in the pile-up region are squeezed away from the high magnetic pressure region along the field lines as the flux tubes convect toward the magnetopause. We here discuss the possibility that at least part of the region of magnetic field pile-up and density depletion upstream of Mars may be formed by the same physical processes which generate the PDL upstream of the Earth’s magnetopause. More complete ion, electron, and neutral measurements are needed to conclusively determine the relative importance of the plasma depletion process versus exospheric processes.
Scaffolded Inquiry-Based Instruction with Technology: A Signature Pedagogy for STEM Education

Inquiry-based instruction has become a hallmark of science education and increasingly of integrated content areas, including science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Because inquiry-based instruction very clearly contains surface, deep, and implicit structures as well as engages students to think and act like scientists, it is considered a signature pedagogy of science education. In this article the authors discuss the nature of scaffolded inquiry-based instruction and how it can be applied to the use of emerging technologies, such as data mashups and cloud computing, so that students not only learn the content of STEM, but can also begin answering the critical socioscientific questions that face the modern era.
Current and Density Observations of Packets of Nonlinear Internal Waves on the Outer New Jersey Shelf

AbstractClosely spaced observations of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) were made on the outer continental shelf off New Jersey in June 2009. Nearly full water column measurements of current velocity were made with four acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) that were moored about 5 km apart on the bottom along a line approximately normal to the bathymetry between water depths of 67 and 92 m. Density profiles were obtained from two vertical strings of temperature and conductivity sensors that were deployed near each of the interior ADCP moorings. In addition, a towed ScanFish provided profiles and fixed-level records of temperature and salinity through several NLIW packets near the moorings. Several case studies were selected to describe the propagation of the NLIWs. One to three solitary waves of depression were observed in five selected packets. There were also occurrences of multiple-phase dispersive wave packets. The average propagation speed corrected for advection of the observed waves was 0.51 ...
Dynamical equivalence and unbounded polynomial differential systems

On considere la notion d'equivalence locale dans des voisinages d'un ensemble limite sur une variete invariante commune. On trouve des conditions pour qu'un systeme differentiel polynomial ait une solution qui devient non bornee avec un temps croissant
Pathways for Fluorescence Quenching in 2-Aminopurine π-Stacked with Pyrimidine Nucleobases

Fluorescent analogues of nucleobases are very useful as probes to study DNA dynamics, because natural DNA does not fluoresce significantly. In many of these analogues, such as 2-aminopurine (2AP), the fluorescence is quenched when incorporated into DNA through processes that are not well understood. This work uses theoretical studies to examine fluorescence quenching pathways in 2AP-containing dimers. The singlet excited states of π-stacked dimer systems containing 2AP and a pyrimidine base, thymine or cytosine, have been studied using ab initio computational methods. Computed relaxation pathways along the excited-state surfaces reveal novel mechanisms that can lead to fluorescence quenching in the π-stacked dimers. The placement of 2AP on the 5' or 3' terminus of the dimers has different effects on the excitation energies and the relaxation pathways on the S(1) excited state. Conical intersections between the ground and first excited states exist when 2AP is placed at the 3' side, whereas the placement of 2AP at the 5' side leads to the switching of a bright state to a dark state. Both of these processes can lead to fluorescence quenching and may contribute to the fluorescence quenching observed in 2AP when incorporated in DNA.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND DEFECT STRUCTURE OF ZIRCONIA: I. MONOCLINIC PHASE

The defect structure of monoclinic zirconia was investigated by measuring the oxygen partial pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity and sample weight. Techniques were developed to calculate the degree of nonstoichiometry and the mobility of the charge carriers from electrical and weight change data. ZRO2 was found to be an amphoteric semiconductor at 1000°C with the transition from n-type to p-type conductivity occurring at 10–16 atm. The predominant defect in the oxygen excess region was shown to be completely ionized zirconium vacancies. The positive holes arising from the zirconium vacancies were found to have an extremely small mobility.
Adoption : understanding the past, present, and future through stories

In this article, we focus on how understandings of the past influence the process of integrating older special needs children into family life. We present the stories of two families who adopted older special needs children as they reconstructed the past, experinced the present, and projected the future. We draw upon social, pragmatic, and postmodern theories of the past to guide our interpretations and understandings of these families' adoption experiences. The dominant ideology of family influenced their story construction, and it was against this conception that their stories were evaluated. We followed the Litners and the Becks as they used the past to create stories that enabled and disabled their family life in the present and in the future. From the Litners' and the Becks' stories, we learned that when families are too limited by a cultural conception of an ideal adoptive family, their ability to use the past to create stories to help them live in the present and to project a shared future becomes ...
Reduced sulfhydryls maintain specific incision of BPDE-DNA adducts by recombinant thermoresistant Bacillus caldotenax UvrABC endonuclease.

Abstract Prokaryotic DNA repair nucleases are useful reagents for detecting DNA lesions. Escherichia coli UvrABC endonuclease can incise DNA containing UV photoproducts and bulky chemical adducts. The limited stability of the E. coli UvrABC subunits leads to difficulty in estimating incision efficiency and quantitative adduct detection. To develop a more stable enzyme with greater utility for the detection of DNA adducts, thermoresistant UvrABC endonuclease was cloned from the eubacterium Bacillus caldotenax ( Bca ) and individual recombinant protein subunits were overexpressed in and purified from E. coli . Here, we show that Bca UvrC that had lost activity or specificity could be restored by dialysis against buffer containing 500 mM KCl and 20 mM dithiothreitol. Our data indicate that UvrC solubility depended on high salt concentrations and UvrC nuclease activity and the specificity of incisions depended on the presence of reduced sulfhydryls. Optimal conditions for BCA UvrABC-specific cleavage of plasmid DNAs treated with [ 3 H](+)-7 R ,8 S -dihydroxy-9 S ,10 R -epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (BPDE) (1–5 lesions/plasmid) were developed. Preincubation of substrates with UvrA and UvrB enhanced incision efficiency on damaged substrates and decreased non-specific nuclease activity on undamaged substrates. Under optimal conditions for damaged plasmid incision, ∼70% of adducts were incised in 1 nM plasmid DNA (2 BPDE adducts/5.4 kbp plasmid) with UvrA at 2.5 nM, UvrB at 62.5 nM, and UvrC at 25 nM. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the Bca UvrABC for monitoring the distribution of chemical carcinogen-induced lesions in DNA.
Hybrid metal carbonyl-oxide clusters: Synthesis and structure of [Et4N]2[(OC)5WSbW3(CO)9(μ3-OMe)2(μ3-O)WO2(OR)] (R = Me, H)

The novel hybrid metal carbonyl-oxide cluster [Et 4 N] 2 [(OC) 5 WSbW 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -OMe) 2 [μ 3 -O)WO 2 (OMe)] produced from W(CO) 6 and NaSbO 3 contains a SbW 3 tetrahedron that is triply bridged by the tungsten trioxide [WO 3 (OMe) 3 ] 3 - . The terminal methoxide is loosely coordinated and can be hydrolyzed to produce the hydroxide derivatives.
Persistent c-fos Induction by Nicotine in Developing Rat Brain Regions: Interaction with Hypoxia

Prenatal nicotine exposure evokes postnatal CNS cell loss. We administered nicotine to pregnant rats throughout gestation and neonatal brains were examined for expression of c-fos, a nuclear transcription factor involved in differentiation and cell death. The nicotine group showed persistent c-fos overexpression in the forebrain long after termination of exposure; in the brainstem, overexpression was apparent both after birth and at the end of the second postnatal week. In contrast to these effects, postnatal administration on d 1-4 caused persistent c-fos only at systematically toxic doses and treatment at subsequent ages did not cause induction at all. We also determined whether prenatal nicotine exposure would sensitize the brain to a subsequent postnatal episode of hypoxia comparable to that experienced during parturition. Hypoxia evoked acute stimulation of c-fos with a regional selectivity and ontogenetic profile differing from those of prenatal nicotine and this acute response was reduced by prenatal nicotine treatment. Persistent c-fos elevation is a harbinger of cell death, a relationship that provides an underlying mechanism for eventual cell deficits that appear after fetal nicotine exposure. Nicotine's interference with the acute c-fos stimulation caused by a subsequent episode of hypoxia may indicate a further compromise of cellular repair mechanisms.
Insomnia in a post-acute brain injury sample.

Objective : The purpose was to establish the frequency of insomnia within the post-acute TBI population and compare it with insomnia rates among other rehabilitation outpatients. Design : A prospective study was undertaken of 50 consecutive post-acute TBI admissions and a comparison group of 50 rehabilitation outpatients evenly divided between spinal cord injury (SCI) and musculoskeletal (MSK) cases. Setting : Subjects were recruited at various outpatient clinics of a major rehabilitation hospital. Patients : Among the TBI subjects, the predominant cause of injury was motor vehicle accident; both mild and severe injuries were well represented in the sample; and, on average, patients were almost 4 months post-injury. The comparison and TBI groups did not differ significantly with respect to education or marital status. However, the MSK group was older and a higher proportion of the SCI group was female. Measures : The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and sleep diaries...
Nanostructured Pt-M/C (M = Fe and Co) catalysts prepared by a microemulsion method for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Nanostructured Pt–M/C (M = Fe and Co) catalysts have been synthesized by a microemulsion method and a high-temperature route. They have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry in 1 M H2SO4 and for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The Pt–M alloy catalysts synthesized by the microemulsion method show higher electrochemical active surface area than those prepared by the high-temperature route, and some of them exhibit improved catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction compared to pure Pt. Among the various alloy catalysts investigated, the Pt–Co/C catalyst prepared by the microemulsion method shows the best performance with the maximum catalytic activity and minimum polarization loss. Mild heat treatment of the catalysts prepared by the microemulsion method at moderate temperatures (200 °C) in reducing atmosphere is found to improve the catalytic activity due to a cleaning of the surface and an increase in the electrochemical surface area.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the gray, short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

Twenty-six polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from (AC) n and (AG) n microsatellite-enhanced genomic libraries of the gray, short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica . All 26 loci showed high allelic diversity, with allele numbers ranging from five to 11 in a subset of 35 animals. Normal Mendelian inheritance was confirmed for 24 loci by analysing allelic segregation in 10, two-generation, families. Non-amplifying (null) alleles were detected at two loci, which we recommend be used only if pedigree data are available. We conclude that all of these microsatellite markers would be useful for quantitative trait locus mapping and population genetic studies.
Around-the-World Relativistic Sagnac Experiment

In 1971 Hafele and Keating carried portable atomic clocks east and then west around the world and verified the Sagnac effect, a special relativity effect attributable to the earth's rotation. In the study reported here observations of the effect were made by using electromagnetic signals instead of portable clocks to make clock comparisons. Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals that can be viewed simultaneously from remote stations on the earth; thus an around-the-world Sagnac experiment can be performed with electromagnetic signals. The effect is larger than that occurring when portable clocks are used. The average error over a 3-month experiment was only 5 nanoseconds.
Inhibition of ascorbate autoxidation by a dialyzed, heat-denatured extract of plant tissues

Abstract Preparations obtained from various plant sources were analyzed for their effect on the autoxidation of ascorbic acid and norepinephrine. The former reaction was followed by spectro-photometric detection of ascorbic acid at 265 nm, the latter one by measuring the formation of noradrenochrome at 480 nm. Extracts were prepared from Philodendron leaves and the edible portion and seeds of green peppers ( Capsicum Annuum ). The tissues were minced, homogenized in 10 volumes of 16 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and centrifuged at 35,000g for 30 min. The supernatant was dialyzed in 12,000 m.w. cut-off tubing, denatured in boiling water and centrifuged at 10,000g for 10min. Aliquots (5–50 ul) of the supernatant were assayed in 5 ml 16 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 100 uM ascorbate or norepinephrine. The denatured extracts had marked dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the autoxidation of ascorbic acid, with negligible influence on the formation of noradrenochrome. EDTA inhibited both reactions. The selectiveness of the extract toward the autoxidation of ascorbic acid makes it unlikely that the inhibitory effect is based on sequestering metal-ions.
Factors influencing net width and sea floor contact of a survey bottom trawl

Increased understanding of the factors affecting trawl geometry can lead to reduced variance in trawl catch efficiency, a primary goal of successful bottom trawl surveys. To this end, variation in net width and footrope distance from the bottom, two important determinants of the catch process, were related to certain aspects of vessel operations, catch weight, and environmental conditions using generalized additive modeling (GAM). Net width was most affected by the interactive effect of towing depth and trawl wire length, generally increasing with increasing depth and wire lengths, except at the deepest sites where the net narrowed slightly. Net width also increased linearly with increased towing speed and wave height, and varied non-linearly with the negative log of sediment particle diameter. Conversely, net width decreased with increasing catch weight, particularly catches of heavy benthic invertebrates, such as snails and sea stars. Footrope distance from the bottom decreased the more a net was used and with increasing catch size, particularly for heavy benthic invertebrates. Footrope distance from the bottom increased with decreasing sediment particle diameter and with the interactive effect of depth and trawl wire length. Our results suggest that the precision of survey catch per unit effort estimates can be improved through the implementation of minor changes in trawling procedures, prediction of area-swept in the absence of suitable net measurement data, and validation of tow performance.
Religious Coping in Families of Children with Autism

We assessed the role of religion in the coping of families of children with autism. Forty-five parents completed the Brief RCOPE; identified stressors of autism; and completed measures of psycholog...
Dependence of human plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity upon high-density lipoproteins2

The conclusion that HDL2 suppress lecithin: cholesterol acyltransf erase activity has been re-examined using three assay methods. Removal by ultracentrifugation of lipoproteins of d 1.125 g/ml reduced activity to 53% (n = 15) of control plasma. Replacement of VLDL and LDL was without effect, but addition of HDL2 restored activity. Addition of HDL2 to d 1.125 g/ml infranate in quantities greater than had been present in original plasma had no further effect on activity, and addition of HDL2 to plasma had no effect on activity. It is concluded that HDL2 are required for full expression of plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity.
Pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein in human intestine.

Pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein (PSG) transcripts have been identified in a number of placental and non-placental tissues. Using a placental PSG cDNA probe to screen a normal human intestinal cDNA library we have isolated 22 hybridizing clones. These clones could be divided into four groups. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that one group of clones correspond to functional and another group correspond to non-functional PSG cDNAs. The other two groups are homologous to the nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and biliary glycoprotein (BGP), both of which are members of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family. Thus, PSG, NCA and BGP are co-expressed in normal human intestine. RNA and immunoblot analysis, along with polymerase chain reaction amplification further confirm the expression of PSG in human intestinal tissue. (Mol Cell Biochem120: 159–170, 1993)
Complete plastid genome sequence of Vaccinium macrocarpon: structure, gene content, and rearrangements revealed by next generation sequencing

The complete plastid genome sequence of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was reconstructed using next-generation sequencing data by in silico procedures. We used Roche 454 shotgun sequence data to isolate cranberry plastid-specific sequences of"HyRed" via homologycomparisonswithcompletesequencesfromseveral species available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Eleven cranberry plastid contigs were selected for the construction of the plastid genome-based homologies and on raw reads flowing through contigs and connection information. We assembled and annotated a cran- berry plastid genome (82,284 reads; 185x coverage) with a length of 176 kb and the typical structure found in plants, but with several structural rearrangements in the large single-copy region when compared to other plastid asterid genomes. To evaluate the reliability of the sequence data, phylogenetic analysis of 30 species outside the order Ericales (with 54 genes) showed Vaccinium inside the clade Asteridae ,a s reported in other studies using single genes. The cranberry plastid genome sequence will allow the accumulation of crit- ical data useful for breeding and a suite of other genetic studies.
Anterior internal fixator versus a femoral distractor and external fixation for sacroiliac joint compression and single stance gait testing: a mechanical study in synthetic bone.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical stability and compressive forces across the sacroiliac (SI) joint of an anterior internal fixator compared to the femoral distractor and external fixator for vertically unstable pelvic fractures.
A New Notch in the HIF Belt: How Hypoxia Impacts Differentiation

In the current issue of Developmental Cell , work by Gustafsson and coworkers demonstrates that hypoxia synergizes with Notch to inhibit differentiation of myogenic and neural precursor cells (Gustafsson et al., 2005). This effect requires a newly described interaction between the transcriptionally active form of HIF-1α and the intracellular domain of Notch.
Energy-aware schedule optimization on multicore systems

Optimized task scheduling with reduced energy consumption is ever demanding in the era of multicores. Power-aware scheduling does not guarantee thermal safety of systems components. Temperature plays an important role in the effective functioning of embedded systems. Therefore, temperature-aware task scheduling is a necessity to reduce the hotspots in such systems and to ensure overall thermal safety. In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm based solution to task scheduling of different applications on a multi-core system with power and thermal safety. Results on different benchmarks show the effectiveness of our techniques.
Temporal lobe magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging following selective amygdalohippocampectomy for treatment-resistant epilepsy

Objectives – Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) may show circumscribed or extensive decreased brain N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr) in epilepsy patients. We compared temporal lobe MRSI in patients seizure-free (SzF) or with persistent seizures (PSz) following selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH) for medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). We hypothesized that PSz patients had more extensive temporal lobe metabolite abnormalities than SzF patients. Materials and methods – MRSI was used to study six regions of interest (ROI) in the bilateral medial and lateral temporal lobes in 14 mTLE patients following SAH and 11 controls. Results – PSz patients had more temporal lobe ROI with abnormally low NAA/Cr than SzF patients, including the unoperated hippocampus and ipsilateral lateral temporal lobe. Conclusion – Postoperative temporal lobe MRSI abnormalities are more extensive if surgical outcome following SAH is poor. MRSI may be a useful tool to improve selection of appropriate candidates for SAH by identifying patients requiring more intensive investigation prior to epilepsy surgery. Future prospective studies are needed to evaluate the utility of MRSI, a predictor of successful outcome following SAH.
Reappraisal of histologic features of the acute cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction based on an allogeneic rodent model.

We employed a rat model of complete major histocompatibility complex-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation to better characterize the histologic expression of the acute cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR), compared with changes due to the preparative regimen. Cyclosporin A abolished the development of this GVHR. Low levels of dyskeratotic cells were present in all groups (allogeneic and syngeneic transplants with and without cyclosporin A) and, alone, were insufficient to diagnose a cutaneous GVHR. A consistent histologic feature of the GVHR was significant lymphoid infiltration of the dermis. The pattern of cytotoxic folliculitis involved follicular epithelium above the entry of sebaceous glands. Immunostain for major histocompatability complex class II, IA, and IE antigens revealed that dendritic cells within the follicle were limited to this upper region and that lower follicular epithelium did not upregulate expression with evolution of the GVHR. Based on this model, we conclude 1) that the diagnostic scheme for the acute cutaneous GVHR should include lymphoid infiltration of the dermis, 2) that the preparative regimen (including total body irradiation) induces persistent low levels of dyskeratotic cells (two to three cells/linear mm of epidermis), and 3) that the pattern of follicular involvement may relate to the distribution of dendritic cells and to an inability of lower follicular epithelium to upregulate major histocompatability complex class II antigens.
21 L/S RATIO AND PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL IN AMNIOTIC FLUID

The L/S ratio test associated with the determination of phospha-tidylglycerol (PG) allows to obtain the lung profile of the fetal pulmonary maturity. In this study the L/S ratio is compared with the measurement of PG in human amniotic fluid. Both determinations were done in the same sample at the same time. The percentage of PG was determined in the amniotic fluid acetone precipitated fraction by adding the total density readings of the phospholipid compounds and calculating the percentage of PG when present. This procedure was performed in 1,354 amniotic fluid samples obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. It was found that the higher the L/S ratio the greater the amount of PG present in the amniotic fluid. (see Table) PG was detectable in 90% of the samples having an L/S ratio of 3 or more. Therefore the presence of PG with 10% of error, can be predicted when L/S ratio is greater than 3, thus avoiding identification of the compound by two-dimensional chromatography, since performance of this procedure may be more complicated according to available facilities.
Separation in nonlinear time models

Little is known about the expressive completeness of connectives in temporal logic systems with a nonlinear time model. We introduce separation —a general tool for proving completeness in nonlinear time models. We then use the separation theorem to show expressive completeness of a finite set of connectives in various branching time models.
Carbon nanofiber electrodes and controlled nanogaps for scanning electrochemical microscopy experiments.

The electrochemical behavior of electrodes made by sealing carbon nanofibers in glass or with electrophoretic paint has been studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Because of their small electroactive surface area, conical geometry with a low aspect ratio and high overpotential for proton and oxygen reduction, carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes are promising candidates for producing electrode nanogaps, imaging with high spatial resolution and for the electrodeposition of single metal nanoparticles (e.g., Pt, Pd) for studies as electrocatalysts. By using the feedback mode of the SECM, a CNF tip can produce a gap that is smaller than 20 nm from a platinum disk. Similarly, the SECM used in a tip-collection substrate-generation mode, which subsequently shows a feedback interaction at short distances, makes it possible to detect a single CNF by another CNF and then to form a nanometer gap between the two electrodes. This approach was used to image vertically aligned CNF arrays. This method is us...
Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison

pOLYANDRY has long been a popular subject for speculation and occasionally for research by anthropologists.1 Recently efforts to explain the origin and functioning of this rather unusual institution have been supplemented by attempts to define it (Fischer 1952; Leach 1955; Gough 1959; Prince Peter 1955a). It can be most simply defined as that form of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband at a time.2 In fraternal polyandry, which is by far the most common kind, a group of brothers, real or classificatory, are collectively the husbands of a woman (or women). This kind of polyandry has been reported from many parts of the world (Westermarck 1922:107 ff.), but its best-documented and most prevalent occurrence is in Tibet, described by Prince Peter (1955c: 176) as "the largest and most flourishing polyandrous community in the world today," and in India. Mandelbaum (1938:581 f.) notes that "in South India polyandry is of especially frequent occurrence. Six polyandrous tribes have been reported for Cochin; the Nayars of Travancore and the Irava of British Malabar have this form of marriage; while the Todas are the classic example of a polyandrous people in the textbooks of anthropology." The Singhalese are known to practice polyandry to some extent (Leach 1955). In North India the Jats of the northern Punjab, and especially those who are Sikhs, have been repeatedly reported to practice polyandry (Briffault 1959:137; Kirkpatrick 1878:86; Prince Peter 1948:215). The most consistent practitioners of polyandry in India today are probably the residents of certain sub-Himalayan hill areas in Himachal Pradesh, the northern Punjab, and northwestern Uttar Pradesh. It is the polyandry of this relatively little-known region which I propose to discuss in this paper. Non-Tibetan, Indo-Aryan-speaking Hindus inhabit the lower ranges of the Himalayas from southeastern Kashmir across northernmost India and through Nepal. These people are collectively termed Paharis ("of the mountains"). They constitute a distinct culture area bordered by the peoples of Tibet to the north and by those of the Indo-Gangetic plains to the south. With the latter peoples they share historical origins as well as linguistic and cultural affinites (Berreman 1960). Among Paharis, polyandry has been reported in several districts (cf. Das-Gupta 1921) and has been studied in some detail in Jaunsar Bawar, a subdivision of Dehra Dun district in northwestern Uttar Pradesh (Majumdar 1944; Saksena 1955). All of the Pahari areas in which it occurs are in the western Himalayan hills and are inhabited by people who share the Western dialect of the Pahari language (Grierson 1916:101). There are no re-
Electrical and electromagnetic hazards in the manufacture of thin film solar cells

Abstract In the manufacture of thin film photovoltaic cells, electrical and electromagnetic fields generated from process equipment may present health and safety hazards. Radio-frequency plasma-deposition and sputtering equipment may emit non-ionizing radiation into the occupational work-space Lasers and other electrical equipment may present hazards to employees in the form of electrical shock, eye injury and electromagnetic radiation. These hazards are characterized by reference to their potential to affect health and by reference to people exposed. The identified hazards are occupational; they do not jeopardize the health and safety of the public outside the plant. Existing controls of electromagnetic radiation are adequate, but monitoring techniques and devices should be improved, and frequent measurement programs should be introduced. Control technology effective in preventing hazards from lasers and high-voltage devices is well-established. Control technology options are reviewed.
Study to increase the resolution and range of a light imaging system

Collimated transillumination is a technique based on the observation that some of photons from a laser beam can traverse an entire tooth, and other tissues in an apparent straight light path and therefore make a shadow of any pathology on the receiver similar to x-rays. To observe the very weak, transmitted, unscattered light rays a special patented system has been developed using collimated, narrow light beams and a highly sensitive, post collimated receiver which rasterscans the entire sample. The image is then transferred to a film. To increase the sensitivity a high resolution mode (HR) has been added.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mycosis fungoides arthropathy

We report the case of a patient with mycosis fungoides who developed a progressive arthropathy from malignant synovial infiltration. The arthropathy responded to treatment with a chimeric, human-mu...
Subclavian Steal Syndrome in Anomalous Connection of the Left Subclavian Artery to the Pulmonary Artery in D-Transposition of the Great Arteries

Several reports have documented the occurrence of an isolated left subclavian artery in association with both tetralogy of Fallot and double-outlet right ventricle. In certain cases a congenital subclavian or pulmonary artery steal syndrome exists in which the left subclavian artery is connected to the main pulmonary artery via a ductus arteriosus. We describe a subclavian steal syndrome secondary to anomalous origin of the left subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery in d-transposition of the great arteries in a patient with Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD). Cardiac anomalies are rare in SCD and this constellation of findings have not previously been described.
A Lagrangian-Based Algorithm for a Multiple Depot, Multiple Travelling Salesmen Problem

In this manuscript, we consider the problem of motion planning of m Dubins' vehicles through n points in a plane. The initial location and heading of the vehicles is specified and is assumed to be distinct for each vehicle. A motion plan for a vehicle is given by the sequence of points and the corresponding angles at which each point must be visited by the vehicle. We require that each vehicle return to the same initial location (depot) at the same heading after visiting the points. The objective of the motion planning problem is to choose at most q(les m) Dubins' vehicles and find their motion plans so that all the points are visited and the total cost of the tours of the chosen vehicles is a minimum amongst all the possible choice of vehicles and their tours. This problem is a generalization of the multiple depot, multiple travelling salesmen problem (MDMTSP) in two directions - the problem involves the determination of choice of vehicles and their respective headings at each of their assigned points. This problem is NP-hard. We propose a two step approach to solving this problem - (1) the combinatorial problem of choosing the vehicles and their associated tours is based on Euclidean distances between points and (2) once the sequence of points to be visited, the heading at each point is determined based on a dynamic programming scheme. The solution to the first step is based on a generalization of Held-Karp's method for the MDMTSP. We modify the Lagrangian heuristics, in the literature, for finding a close primal solution from the Held-Karp's (dual) solution. Empirical results seem to indicate that this scheme seems to provide primal solutions which are within 5% of the optimum in the span of 25 dual iterations for instances which have about 45 cities to visit and 6 vehicles.
Comparison of Biello, McNeil, and PIOPED criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli on lung scans.

The McNeil, Biello, and newly proposed PIOPED (from the National Institutes of Health-sponsored study, Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Detection) interpretive methods for detection of pulmonary embolism on lung scans were compared in 96 patients who also underwent pulmonary angiography. Segmental findings on 99mTc perfusion and aerosol ventilation scans, chest radiographs, and pulmonary angiograms obtained within 48 hr of each other were encoded along with other information into a data base to facilitate analysis. The McNeil, Biello, and PIOPED criteria were applied to the encoded data. Although the PIOPED set of criteria yielded the most favorable likelihood ratio for predicting an angiogram showing pulmonary emboli and a favorable likelihood ratio for predicting an angiogram not showing pulmonary emboli, it had the highest number of indeterminate studies. The McNeil criteria demonstrated the least favorable likelihood for predicting pulmonary emboli on an angiogram. The Biello and McNeil...
Adaptive Fit Versus Robust Transformation: How Organizations Respond to Environmental Change

Previous research has examined a variety of ways by which firms adapt to environmental change and surprise. Most recommendations emphasize ways to achieve an adaptive fit between a firm and its environment. The authors propose that an alternate response to the uncertainty caused by a dynamic environment—robust transformation —should be examined as well. Organizational routines for dealing with complexity are seen as shaping the institutional response to environmental uncertainty.Resilience capacity is introduced as an internal factor that influences the repertoire of available routines and helps a firm decide whether routines directed toward adaptive fit or robust transformation are more appropriate to implement.
Alternatives to immunosuppressive drugs in human islet transplantation

Although intensive insulin therapy has resulted in improved metabolic control and decreases in the incidence of complications, the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia remains an issue, as does the continued potential for complications. Islet transplantation, a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes, has been shown to improve blood sugar levels and decrease or even abrogate the incidence of hypoglycemia. The lack of tissue availability and the toxic effects of immunosuppressants, however, limit the application of islet transplantation as a cure for diabetes. This article discusses possible alternatives to immunosuppressive drugs in human islet transplantations.
Molecular and biologic markers of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell dyscrasia localized in the bone marrow. Recent studies have shown that MM is preceded in virtually all cases by a premalignant state called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). This review focuses on non-IgM MGUS and its progression to MM. Although certain clinical markers of MGUS progression have been identified, it currently is not possible to accurately determine individual risk of progression. This review focuses on the various biologic and molecular markers that could be used to determine the risk of MM progression. A better understanding of the pathogenesis will allow us to define the biological high-risk precursor disease and, ultimately, to develop early intervention strategies designed to delay and prevent full-blown MM.
Simultaneous analyses of cocaine, cocaethylene, and their possible metabolic and pyrolytic products

A method was developed for simultaneously analyzing cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BZE), norbenzoylecgonine (BNE), norcocaine (NCOC), ecgonine (ECG), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (HBZE), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), cocaethylene (CE), norcocaethylene (NCE), and ecgonine ethyl ester (EEE) in blood, urine, and muscle. Available deuterated analogs of these analytes were used as internal standards. Proteins from blood and muscle homogenate were precipitated with cold acetonitrile. After the removal of acetonitrile by evaporation, the supernatants and urine were subjected to solid-phase extraction. The eluted analytes were converted to their hydrochloride salts and derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol. The derivatized products were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC)/mass spectrometer by selected ion monitoring. The limit of detection (LOD) for COC, BZE, NCOC, EME, CE, NCE, and EEE was 2ng/ml, while the LODs for BNE, ECG, HBZE, and AEME were 25, 640, 50, and 13 ng/ml, respectively. This method was successfully applied in analyzing 13 case samples from aviation accident pilot fatalities and motor vehicle operators. AEME concentrations found in the 13 samples were consistent with those produced solely by the GC inlet pyrolysis of COC controls in blood. Anhydroecgonine cannot be used as a marker for the abuse of COC by smoking because it is also pyrolytically produced from COC metabolites on the GC inlet. The developed method can be effectively adopted for analyzing COC and related compounds in urine, blood, and muscle by a single extraction with increased sensitivity through formation of hydrochloride salts and using a one-step derivatization.
Active Women before/after an Intervention Designed to Restore Menstrual Function: Resting Metabolic Rate and Comparison of Four Methods to Quantify Energy Expenditure and Energy Availability

It is hypothesized that exercise-related menstrual dysfunction (ExMD) results from low energy availability (EA), defined as energy intake (EI)—exercise energy expenditure (EEE). When EI is too low, resting metabolic rate (RMR) may be reduced to conserve energy. Purpose: To measure changes in RMR and EA, using four methods to quantify EEE, before/after a 6-month diet intervention aimed at restoring menses in women with ExMD; eumenorrheic (Eumen) active controls (n = 9) were also measured. Methods: Active women with ExMD (n = 8) consumed +360 kcal/d (supplement) for 6 months; RMR was measured 2 times at 0 months/6 months. EI and total energy expenditure (TEE) were estimated using 7-day diet/activity records, with EA assessed using four methods to quantify EEE. Results: At baseline, groups did not differ for age, gynecological age, body weight, lean/fat mass, VO2max, EI and EA, but mean TEE was higher in ExMD (58.3 ± 4.4kcal/kgFFM/d; Eumen = 50.6 ± 2.4; p < .001) and energy balance (EB) more negative (–10.3 ...
Thermodynamic basis for promiscuity and selectivity in protein-protein interactions: PDZ domains, a case study

Like other protein-protein interaction domains, PDZ domains are involved in many key cellular processes. These processes often require that specific multiprotein complexes be assembled, a task that PDZ domains accomplish by binding to specific peptide motifs in target proteins. However, a growing number of experimental studies show that PDZ domains (like other protein-protein interaction domains) can engage in a variety of interactions and bind distinct peptide motifs. Such promiscuity in ligand recognition raises intriguing questions about the molecular and thermodynamic mechanisms that can sustain it. To identify possible sources of promiscuity and selectivity underlying PDZ domain interactions, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of 20 to 25 ns on a set of 12 different PDZ domain complexes (for the proteins PSD-95, Syntenin, Erbin, GRIP, NHERF, Inad, Dishevelled, and Shank). The electrostatic, nonpolar, and configurational entropy binding contributions were evaluated using the MM/PBSA method combined with a quasi-harmonic analysis. The results revealed that PDZ domain interactions are characterized by overwhelmingly favorable nonpolar contributions and almost negligible electrostatic components, a mix that may readily sustain promiscuity. In addition, despite the structural similarity in fold and in recognition modes, the entropic and other dynamical aspects of binding were remarkably variable not only across PDZ domains but also for the same PDZ domain bound to distinct ligands. This variability suggests that entropic and dynamical components can play a role in determining selectivity either of PDZ domain interactions with peptide ligands or of PDZ domain complexes with downstream effectors.
A Trial of Prazosin for Combat Trauma PTSD With Nightmares in Active-Duty Soldiers Returned From Iraq and Afghanistan

ObjectiveThe authors conducted a 15-week randomized controlled trial of the alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin for combat trauma nightmares, sleep quality, global function, and overall symptoms in active-duty soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) returned from combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.MethodSixty-seven soldiers were randomly assigned to treatment with prazosin or placebo for 15 weeks. Drug was titrated based on nightmare response over 6 weeks to a possible maximum dose of 5 mg midmorning and 20 mg at bedtime for men and 2 mg midmorning and 10 mg at bedtime for women. Mean achieved bedtime doses were 15.6 mg of prazosin (SD=6.0) and 18.8 mg of placebo (SD=3.3) for men and 7.0 mg of prazosin (SD=3.5) and 10.0 mg of placebo (SD=0.0) for women. Mean achieved midmorning doses were 4.0 mg of prazosin (SD=1.4) and 4.8 mg of placebo (SD=0.8) for men and 1.7 mg of prazosin (SD=0.5) and 2.0 mg of placebo (SD=0.0) mg for women. Primary outcome measures were the nightmare item o...
Evaluating HACMP/6000: a clustering solution for high availability distributed systems

The requirements for highly available computer systems have evolved over time. In a commercial environment end-users and consumers do not tolerate systems that are unavailable when needed. This paper describes and evaluates the High Availability Cluster Multi-Processing (HACMP/6000) product. HACMP/6000 is a clustering solution for high availability distributed systems. Our approach in showing the effectiveness of HACMP/6000 is both qualitative and quantitative. We use availability analysis as a means of our quantitative analysis. Availability analysis is undertaken using a state-of-the-art availability analysis tool-System Availability Estimator (SAVE). Results obtained from the analysis are used for comparison with a non-HACMP/6000 system.
Community epidemic detection using time-correlated anomalies

An epidemic is malicious code running on a subset of a community, a homogeneous set of instances of an application. Syzygy is an epidemic detection framework that looks for time-correlated anomalies, i.e., divergence from a model of dynamic behavior. We show mathematically and experimentally that, by leveraging the statistical properties of a large community, Syzygy is able to detect epidemics even under adverse conditions, such as when an exploit employs both mimicry and polymorphism. This work provides a mathematical basis for Syzygy, describes our particular implementation, and tests the approach with a variety of exploits and on commodity server and desktop applications to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Golgi during Development

The Golgi is essential for processing proteins and sorting them, as well as plasma membrane components, to their final destinations. Not surprisingly, this organelle, a major compartment of the secretory pathway, is an important venue for regulating many aspects of development in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Through its role as a site for protein cleavage and glycosylation as well as through changes in its spatial organization and secretory trafficking, the Golgi exerts highly specific effects on cellular differentiation and morphogenesis by spatially and temporally constraining developmental pathways.