cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonsurgical treatment of splenic hemorrhage in an adult with infectious mononucleosis: Case report and review

A case is presented of a young adult with splenic hemorrhage secondary to infectious mononucleosis. The patient was managed successfully without surgery and has done well over the long term with progressive resolution of the hematoma on ultrasound. The implications of this case for the management of patients with this syndrome are discussed.
Probing the topology of the glycine receptor by chemical modification coupled to mass spectrometry.

Tetranitromethane (TNM), a small aqueous reagent that specifically modifies solvent-accessible tyrosine residues to o-nitrotyrosine, was used to probe the topology of the GlyR. Homomers of human α1 GlyR were recombinantly expressed via a baculovirus system, affinity-purified, and reconstituted in lipid vesicles of defined composition. The native-like reconstituted receptors were then reacted with TNM, and GlyR reaction products were isolated by SDS−PAGE. After proteolytic digestion, TNM-labeled residues were identified using mass spectrometry by observing the mass shift corresponding to the nitrate moiety. In this manner, we have identified TNM modifications of tyrosine residues at positions 24, 75, 78, 161, 223, and 228 in the receptor. Of significance, nitrations at Tyr 223 and Tyr 228 occur within the first putative transmembrane helix (M1) of the receptor, and their labeling suggests a nonhelical secondary structure for M1 for the glycine receptor. In a previously published report [Leite et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13683], we also identified proteolytic cleavage sites within M1. Taken together, these studies support a topological model where the “historical” M1 segment cannot be entirely α-helical and may contain an extramembranous surface loop. Furthermore, we have also identified a tyrosine modification (Tyr 161) within a region of the N-terminal domain critical in agonist and antagonist binding.
Expression of mRNA for 55-kDa and 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in mouse cerebrovascular endothelium: effects of interleukin-1β, Interferon-γ and TNF-α on cultured cells

Abstract The interactions between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and its receptors have been implicated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effects of cytokines on the steady state levels of TNF receptor (TNFr) mRNA in cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CVE) cultured from EAE-susceptible (SJL/J) and EAE-resistant (BALB/c) mice were examined. Interferon-γ and interleukin-1β up-regulated the levels of both the 55-kDa and 75-kDa TNFr mRNA, while TNF-α had no effect. No differences were observed in cytokine-induced TNFr mRNA levels between BALB/c and SJL/J CVE that might explain differences in EAE susceptibility.
Fat intake and injury in female runners

Our purpose was to determine the relationship between energy intake, energy availability, dietary fat and lower extremity injury in adult female runners. We hypothesized that runners who develop overuse running-related injuries have lower energy intakes, lower energy availability and lower fat intake compared to non-injured runners. Eighty-six female subjects, running a minimum of 20 miles/week, completed a food frequency questionnaire and informed us about injury incidence over the next year. Injured runners had significantly lower intakes of total fat (63 ± 20 vs. 80 ± 50 g/d) and percentage of kilocalories from fat (27 ± 5 vs. 30 ± 8 %) compared with non-injured runners. A logistic regression analysis found that fat intake was the best dietary predictor, correctly identifying 64% of future injuries. Lower energy intake and lower energy availability approached, but did not reach, a significant association with overuse injury in this study. Fat intake is likely associated with injury risk in female runners. By documenting these associations, better strategies can be developed to reduce running injuries in women.
Direct effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone on bovine adrenomedullary cells: adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Release of adrenal catecholamine by carbachol has been shown to be coincident with an increase in intracellular cAMP levels. Bovine adrenal medullary (BAM) cells were prepared and maintained in culture and used to examine the role of cAMP in stimulus-secretion coupling. The addition of ACTH to these cells caused a 10- to 50-fold increase in cellular cAMP without an effect on catecholamine secretion, suggesting cortical cell contamination. Percoll density separation of both BAM cells and adrenal cortical cells revealed that the greatest cAMP responses to ACTH corresponded to the catecholamine-containing cell fractions and not to those density layers where cortical cells sedimented. BAM cells isolated on Percoll did not metabolize [14C]cholesterol to steroids as would be expected were the ACTH-stimulated cAMP accumulations due to cortical cell contamination of the cultures. ACTH stimulated protein phosphorylation in 32P-labeled BAM cells in a manner indistinguishable from that induced by carbachol and forsk...
Cross-linking Measurements of In Vivo Protein Complex Topologies

Identification and measurement of in vivo protein interactions pose critical challenges in the goal to understand biological systems. The measurement of structures and topologies of proteins and protein complexes as they exist in cells is particularly challenging, yet critically important to improve understanding of biological function because proteins exert their intended function only through the structures and interactions they exhibit in vivo. In the present study, protein interactions in E. coli cells were identified in our unbiased cross-linking approach, yielding the first in vivo topological data on many interactions and the largest set of identified in vivo cross-linked peptides produced to date. These data show excellent agreement with protein and complex crystal structures where available. Furthermore, our unbiased data provide novel in vivo topological information that can impact understanding of biological function, even for cases where high resolution structures are not yet available.
An MPI-CUDA Implementation for Massively Parallel Incompressible Flow Computations on Multi-GPU Clusters

Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) with many-core architectures have emerged as general-purpose parallel computing platforms that can accelerate simulation science applications tremendously. While multiGPU workstations with several TeraFLOPS of peak computing power are available to accelerate computational problems, larger problems require even more resources. Conventional clusters of central processing units (CPU) are now being augmented with multiple GPUs in each compute-node to tackle large problems. The heterogeneous architecture of a multi-GPU cluster with a deep memory hierarchy creates unique challenges in developing scalable and efficient simulation codes. In this study, we pursue mixed MPI-CUDA implementations and investigate three strategies to probe the efficiency and scalability of incompressible flow computations on the Lincoln Tesla cluster at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). We exploit some of the advanced features of MPI and CUDA programming to overlap both GPU data transfer and MPI communications with computations on the GPU. We sustain approximately 2.4 TeraFLOPS on the 64 nodes of the NCSA Lincoln Tesla cluster using 128 GPUs with a total of 30,720 processing elements. Our results demonstrate that multi-GPU clusters can substantially accelerate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
Advanced photonic integrated technologies for optical routing and switching

In this paper, we report on the latest advances in implementation of the photonic integrated circuits (PICs) required for optical routing. These components include high-speed, high-performance integrated tunable wavelength converters and packet forwarding chips, integrated optical buffers, and integrated mode-locked lasers.
Self-Administration of Intravenous Nicotine in Male and Female Cigarette Smokers

Although nicotine is the main addictive chemical in tobacco, there have been few studies of pure nicotine self-administration in humans. The goal of this study was to test the parameters of an intravenous (IV) nicotine self-administration model using nicotine doses presumed to be within the range of those of average intake from cigarette smoking. Six male and four female smokers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, which consisted of one adaptation and three experimental sessions. In each experimental session, subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three doses of nicotine (0.1, 0.4, or 0.7 mg). The lowest nicotine dose, 0.1 mg, was chosen to be approximately half the amount of nicotine inhaled from one puff of a cigarette. During each experimental session, subjects first sampled the assigned nicotine dose and placebo and then had the opportunity to choose between nicotine and placebo for a total of six choices over a 90-min period. Out of six options, the average (SEM) number of nicotine choices were 3.0 (0.48) for 0.1 mg, 4.7 (0.48) for 0.4 mg and 4.5 (0.46) for 0.7 mg, indicating a significant effect of nicotine dose on nicotine choice. Both the 0.4 and 0.7, but not the 0.1 mg, nicotine doses were preferred to placebo. These higher doses also produced increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and ratings of drug liking and high. Overall, these findings indicate that smokers chose both the 0.4 and the 0.7 mg nicotine doses over placebo. Our model may be useful in the evaluation of the effects of both behavioral and pharmacological manipulations on nicotine self-administration in humans.
Rank-Based Classification Using Robust Discriminant Functions

In this article, we study ranked discriminant functions that were introduced by Randles et al. (1978a). The ranking method is applied on recently introduced discriminant functions maximum L 1 depth and quadratic discriminant function based on minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimates of the mean and covariance. An extensive simulation study shows that not only does the ranking method provide balance between misclassification error rates but it also yields lower total probabilities of misclassification and higher consistency of correct classification for heavy-tailed distributions.
Effect of diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide) on the photosynthetic growth of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Diquat (2 × 10-4m) inhibited both aerobic and anaerobic growth of Rhodospirillum rubrum. With photosynthetic cultures, diquat affected the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll more readily than cell mass (turbidity). Diquat retarded the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and some protein more readily than that of other cellular constituents such as ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and cell mass. With cells deficient in phosphate, diquat inhibited the uptake-conversion of inorganic phosphate completely only when 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1′-dimethyl urea and ascorbate were also present.
HPLC measurement, blood distribution, and pharmacokinetics of oral clotrimazole, potentially useful antisickling agent

Clotrimazole (CLT) has recently been shown to be a potent and specific inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel and to thereby prevent K+ loss and cellular dehydration of sickled erythrocytes. This evidence suggests that oral CLT may be a useful new therapy for sickle cell disease. Here, we describe the development of an HPLC assay to measure CLT, a method we used to study the pharmacokinetics and transport of CLT in normal volunteers. The assay's linear range extended to 10 mumol/L; the detection limit was 0.1 mumol/L, analytical recovery 97.7%, and run-to-run imprecision (CV) < 4.7%. In unaffected subjects, CLT concentration peaked within 6 h of oral administration and returned to close to baseline by 24 h. High-density lipoproteins appear to be the main carriers of this drug in both normo- and hypertriglyceridemic plasma. We conclude that the method described here is ideally suited for therapeutic monitoring of CLT concentrations.
Understanding and using Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis represents a technique with almost limitless potential to improve the practice of persons in the health professions. However, the technique is not without limitations that deserve careful consideration when going over any meta-analytic finding. The essay provides some perspectives on the possible uses of meta-analyses and standards that permit the evaluation of the worth of any particular meta-analysis. As with primary research, the meta-analytic reviewer must make a decision, and the consumer (reader) must evaluate those choices. This article offers an exploration of those choices and some of the potential consequences of those choices.
2‐Hydoxyglutarate: D/Riving Pathology in gLiomaS

Common pathways and mechanisms can be found in both cancers and inborn errors of metabolism. 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) acidurias and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 mutant tumors are examples of this phenomenon. 2-HG can exist in two chiral forms, D(R)-2-HG and L(S)-2-HG, which are elevated in D- and L-acidurias, respectively. D-2-HG was subsequently discovered to be synthesized in IDH 1/2 mutant tumors including ∼70% of intermediate-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas (GBM). Recent studies have revealed that L-2-HG is generated in hypoxia in IDH wild-type tumors. Both 2-HG enantiomers have similar structures as α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and can competitively inhibit α-KG-dependent enzymes. This inhibition modulates numerous cellular processes, including histone and DNA methylation, and can ultimately impact oncogenesis. D-2-HG can be detected in vivo in glioma patients and animal models using advanced imaging modalities. Finally, pharmacologic inhibitors of mutant IDH 1/2 attenuate the production of D-2-HG and show great promise as therapeutic agents.
Why Violence? A Test of Hypotheses Representing Three Discourses on the Roots of Domestic Violence

Researchers in the social and behavioral sciences medicine and public health have barely begun the process of delineating the nature of violence. Explanations for violence conceptualize the phenomenon in three very different ways - as embodied in (1) individuals (2) social circumstances and (3) social relationships. Data on violence and affection between heterosexual domestic partners support the first and third hypotheses but not the second. These data also suggest that social relations powerfully condition individual behavioral predispositions and thus warrant two inferences: first the most fruitful unit of analysis in violence studies is not the individual but specific individuals in specific social relationships or perhaps the social relationships themselves; second the most fruitful intervention efforts will be those which equalize gender power relations. (authors)
Supporting Positive Language and Literacy Outcomes for Young Dual Language Learners: Introduction

— The 5 articles that constitute this special section follow a roundtable meeting that took place on April 16–17, 2008 in Washington, DC, on the topic of supporting positive language and literacy outcomes for young dual language learners (DLLs; 0–5 years of age). The 2-day meeting in Washington was the outcome of planning efforts by prominent researchers and representatives from several federal agencies interested in articulating the many complex and challenging research issues on language and literacy development that are particular to young culturally and linguistically diverse children.
Template-based memory access engine for accelerators in SoCs

With the rapid progress in semiconductor technologies, more and more accelerators can be integrated onto a single SoC chip. In SoCs, accelerators often require deterministic data access. However, as more and more applications are running simultaneous, latency can vary significantly due to contention. To address this problem, we propose a template-based memory access engine (MAE) for accelerators in SoCs. The proposed MAE can handle several common memory access patterns observed for near-future accelerators. Our evaluation results show that the proposed MAE can significantly reduce memory access latency and jitter, thus very effective for accelerators in SoCs.
Algorithms for discrete function manipulation

An investigation was made of the analogous graph structure for representing and manipulating discrete variable problems. The authors define the multi-valued decision diagram (MDD), analyze its properties (in particular prove a strong canonical form) and provide algorithms for combining and manipulating MDDs. They give a method for mapping an MDD into an equivalent BDD (binary decision diagram) which allows them to provide a highly efficient implementation using the previously developed BDD packages. A direct implementation of the MDD structure has also been carried out, but this initial implementation has not yet been tuned to the same extent as the BDDs to allow a reasonable comparison to be made. The authors have used the mapping to BDDs to provide an initial understanding of the limits on the sizes of real problems that can be executed. The results are encouraging. >
A review of sulphites in foods: Analytical methodology and reported findings

Sulphites in various forms have been added to foods for centuries. Their use became an issue of concern when certain sensitive individuals exhibited adverse reactions to sulphite residues in foods. Analytical methods were developed to monitor these compounds at the regulatory limit of 10 ppm. In this report, analytical methods for determining sulphites in foods are reviewed, along with a critique of their chemistry and procedural schemes. An assessment of the key features of each method category is presented together with some comparative data. The classification scheme used is based upon the fact that determination of the sulphite content of a food is influenced more by the treatment and cleanup of the test solution than by the final determinative step. Based on a 60-year database, the Monier-Williams procedure still remains the method of choice.
Credit Card Reform and Bankruptcy Reform

Consumer advocates won a victory with the passage of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009. (Credit Card Act). The Credit Card Act bans certain pricing practices that were confusing to credit card users. Ironically, the seeds of this legislative victory may have been sown through an earlier legislative defeat - the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention And Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA). In passing the Credit Card Act, the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee cited a study of the effects of BAPCPA on credit card industry profits and prices. The study revealed that the credit card industry may have misled Congress about the probable effects of BAPCPA. The complete and final version of this study was recently published in the American Bankruptcy Law Journal. What follows is a summary.
Cracking investigation of a pressure transmitter tapping line

This article describes the findings of an investigation on cracking of ethylene furnace pressure transmitter tapping lines made of stainless steel type 304H. A detailed failure analysis using several characterisation techniques such as visual and metallographic examinations, SEM/EDX, XRF/C&S as well as finite element analysis uncovered that the cracking was caused by polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking that took place due to presence of condensate, sulphides and oxygen in contact with sensitised material. Several corrective measures to prevent similar failures are discussed.
Primary tumors in the CNS of carnivores.

Nineteen primary tumors of the central nervous system from dogs and 4 from cats are described. In the group of dogs, 15 were from brachycephalic breeds and 10 of these were boxers. Their tumors included 3 glioblastomas, 3 oligodendrogliomas, 3 astrocytomas, 3 ependymomas, 2 medulloblastomas, 4 meningiomas, and 1 malignant meningioma. One ependymoma and 1 meningioma were located in the spinal cord. The 4 neoplasms from cats were meningiomas.
Non-intrusive design of concurrently self-testable FSMs

We propose a methodology for the non-intrusive design of concurrently self-testable FSMs. The proposed method is similar to duplication, wherein a replica of the original FSM acts as a predictor that immediately detects potential faults by comparison to the original FSM. However, instead of duplicating the complete FSM, the proposed method replicates only a minimal portion adequate to detect all possible faults, yet at the cost of introducing potential fault detection latency. Furthermore, in contrast to concurrent error detection approaches, which presume the ability to re-synthesize the FSM and exploit parity-based state encoding, the proposed method is non-intrusive and does not interfere with the encoding and implementation of the original FSM. Experimental results on FSMs of various sizes and densities indicate that the proposed method detects 100% of the faults with very low average fault detection latency. Furthermore, a hardware overhead reduction of up to 33% is achieved, as compared to duplication-based concurrent error detection.
The American Public and the Soviet Union: The Domestic Context of Discontent

This article seeeks to further our understanding of the forces that shape US-Soviet relations. The author examines the notion that the ups and downs in these relations are caused by shifts in the external interests of the two super powers. He concludes that external circumstances of this nature may establish a ceiling beyond which relations cannot improve, but that their fluctuating nature must largely be accounted for by changing domestic political conditions, primarily within the United States. Shifts in US public moods toward the Soviet Union is one particu larly significant internal condition, and the determinants of these moods are examined. As it does not appear that public perceptions of the USSR can be solely accounted for by Soviet behavior, the author examines the hypothesis that public feelings toward Russia are partly shaped by national frustrations within the United States. Specifically, it is hypothesized that, as the economic conditions of the American public deteriorate, this public will feel more hostile toward Moscow, and vice versa. There are two reasons why this might be so. To begin with, externally directed hostility might fulfil a cathartic function for a public which is dissatisfied with its current circumstances. Secondly, and less directly, a government might seek to deflect attention from unsolved domestic problems by exciting animosity toward external rivals. The hypothesis is subjected to statistical testing and appears, on the basis of the evidence, to be confirmed. The author suggests some implications for our study of foreign policy.
Effects of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time on the Risk of Heart Failure

Background— Although the benefits of physical activity for risk of coronary heart disease are well established, less is known about its effects on heart failure (HF). The risk of prolonged sedentary behavior on HF is unknown. Methods and Results— The study cohort included 82 695 men aged ≥45 years from the California Men’s Health Study without prevalent HF who were followed up for 10 years. Physical activity, sedentary time, and behavioral covariates were obtained from questionnaires, and clinical covariates were determined from electronic medical records. Incident HF was identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes recorded in electronic records. During a mean follow-up of 7.8 years (646 989 person-years), 3473 men were diagnosed with HF. Controlling for sedentary time, sociodemographics, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, unfavorable lipid levels, body mass index, smoking, and diet, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of HF in the lowest physical activity category compared with those in the highest category was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.39–1.68). Those in the medium physical activity category were also at increased risk (hazard ratio, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06–1.29]). Controlling for the same covariates and physical activity, the hazard ratio (95% CI) of HF in the highest sedentary category compared with the lowest was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.21–1.48). Medium sedentary time also conveyed risk (hazard ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.04–1.24]). Results showed similar trends across white and Hispanic subgroups, body mass index categories, baseline hypertension status, and prevalent coronary heart disease. Conclusions— Both physical activity and sedentary time may be appropriate intervention targets for preventing HF.
Effects of moderate alcohol intake in fixed or variable amounts on concentration of serum lipids and liver enzymes in healthy young men

To assess the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on fasting serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations, groups of normolipidemic, nonsmoking, nonathletes who were moderate drinkers aged 21-35 y and within 10% of ideal body weight consumed 40 g ETOH/d as beer (fixed drinkers) or maintained usual drinking habits (variable drinkers) for 6 wk, then abstained from all alcohol for 3 wk. A similar group of nondrinkers served as the control group. HDL-C concentrations increased significantly during alcohol consumption and decreased during abstention to initial values in both the variable and fixed drinkers. No significant difference was found between the two drinking groups. LDL-C and TC concentrations in variable drinkers were modestly lower than those in nondrinkers but not in fixed drinkers. No significant differences were found in TG, GOT, and GGT concentrations between the groups or during alcohol consumption or abstention. This study demonstrates that consumption of alcohol in fixed or variable amounts is associated with an increase in HDL-C. This increase is not due to an induction of GGT and GOT as speculated.
Statistical inference methods for recurrent event processes with shape and size parameters

This paper proposes a unified framework to characterize the rate function of a recurrent event process through shape and size parameters. In contrast to the intensity function, which is the event occurrence rate conditional on the event history, the rate function is the occurrence rate unconditional on the event history, and thus it can be interpreted as a population-averaged count of events in unit time. In this paper, shape and size parameters are introduced and used to characterize the association between the rate function λ(·) and a random variable X. Measures of association between X and λ(·) are defined via shape- and size-based coefficients. Rate-independence of X and λ(·) is studied through tests of shape-independence and size-independence, where the shape-and size-based test statistics can be used separately or in combination. These tests can be applied when X is a covariable possibly correlated with the recurrent event process through λ(·) or, in the one-sample setting, when X is the censoring time at which the observation of N(·) is terminated. The proposed tests are shape- and size-based, so when a null hypothesis is rejected, the test results can serve to distinguish the source of violation.
Barriers to Clopidogrel Adherence Following Placement of Drug-Eluting Stents

Background:Nonadherence to clopidogrel after drug-eluting stent (DES) placement is associated with in-stent thrombosis and adverse cardiac events.Objective:To identify the incidence of and barriers associated with nonadherence to clopidogrel in patients receiving DES.Methods:Patients who received a DES between March 1, 2004, and August 31, 2005, from a single academic medical center were eligible. Telephone interviews were conducted 6 or more months following discharge. Nonadherence was defined as premature discontinuation of or less than 80% adherence to clopidogrel. Patients were asked to identify barriers to adherence. Differences between adherent and nonadherent patients were analyzed using χ2 and t-test analysis.Results:Of the 674 patients identified, 257 (38%) participated. The nonadherence rate was 20%. The majority (58%) of nonadherent patients discontinued therapy prematurely. Patients identified the main reason for discontinuation as medical barriers (18.56%), including perceived adverse effects...
The Path of Least Resistance Using Easy-to-Access Information

Recent work on judgment and decision making has focused on how people preferentially use cues, or pieces of relevant information, that are easy to access when making decisions. In this article, we discuss a framework for understanding the ways that cues become accessible. We begin by identifying two components of cues and show how these components can become accessible during different parts a decision process. We highlight evidence for the use of accessible information and discuss implications for future research on heuristics.
Biousian glycopeptides penetrate the blood-brain barrier

Abstract Clinicians have long desired the ability to introduce either exogenous or endogenous neuropeptides directly into the brain in order to alter brain chemistry, but have been thwarted by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB blocks the introduction of most peptides and proteins into the brain. Glycosylation can be employed as an effective and practical strategy that allows the systemic use of neuropeptides in vivo. A series of glycopeptides based on the Leu-enkephalin analogue YtGFS*-CONH2 led to greatly enhanced stability in vivo and effective penetration of the BBB. Transport through the BBB hinges on the biousian nature of the glycopeptides. That is, the amphipathic glycopeptides possess two conflicting solubility states; one state that is completely water soluble, and another at water-membrane phase boundaries. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the BBB transport is absorptive endocytosis. Several Leu-enkephalin analogues studied showed antinociceptive potencies greater than morphine. Moreover, these δ-selective glycopeptides lacked many of the μ-opioid side effects generally associated with classical opiate analgesics. The biousian design was extended to much larger glycopeptides (16–17 residues) related to β-endorphin, which also penetrated the BBB and produced antinociception in mice. Plasmon-waveguide resonance (PWR) studies showed that the amphipathic helices bound to membrane bilayers with micromolar to low nanomolar KD’s. The presence of diverse endogenous neuropeptide transmitters and neuromodulators in the human brain is potentially applicable to the treatment of a wide range of behavioral disorders.
RF characteristics of dual-actuation CMOS-MEMS RF switches

The capacitive type of radio frequency micro-electromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch is investigated for low driving voltages and low power consumption. The RF MEMS switch is actuated by electro-thermal forces and electrostatic forces at the same time, and then held the status by electrostatic forces only after driving. We also use complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology to integrate MEMS devices and integrated circuits (ICs) into a monolithic chip. The RF MEMS switch is fabricated using standard CMOS process, double poly-silicon four metal (2P4M), and the wet etching of MEMS fabrication is then used for post-processed. Experimental results show that the both actuation mechanisms, electro-thermal and electrostatic forces, are workable. The pull-in voltage of the switch for driving is about 7 volts. The insertion loss and the isolation of RF switch at a frequency of 5 GHz are 2.5 dB and 1.6 dB, respectively.
Mechanical Properties Adaptivity by the Design and Exploitation of Metastable States in a Modular Metastructure

Recent studies on periodic metamaterial systems have shown that remarkable properties adaptivity and multifunctionality are often products of exploiting internal, coexisting metastable states. Yet to realize such attractive potential, effecting coexisting metastable states in material systems may require the determination of a periodic constituent which promotes a non-uniqueness when composed within the whole system, thus creating a need for costly, multiscale design. To surmount such concerns, this research first focuses on the development of adaptable, metastable modules: once assembled into modular metastructures, synergistic properties adaptation is found to be a natural byproduct of the strategic module design. Using this approach, it is seen that modularity facilitates a direct pathway to create and effectively exploit metastable states for massive, metastructure properties adaptivity, including a near-continuous variation of mechanical properties or stable topologies and adjustable hysteresis. A model is developed to understand the source of the synergistic characteristics, and theoretical findings are found to be in good agreement with experimental results. Important design-based questions are raised regarding the modular metastructure concept, and a genetic algorithm routine is developed to elucidate the sensitivities of the properties variation with respect to the statistics among assembled module design variables. To obtain target multifunctionality and adaptivity, the routine discovers that particular degrees and types of modular heterogeneity are required. Future realizations of modular metastructures are discussed to illustrate the extensibility of the design concept and broad application base.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Recombination between Chromosomal Is200 Elements Supports Frequent Duplication Formation in Salmonella Typhimurium

Spontaneous tandem chromosomal duplications are common in populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. They range in frequency for a given locus from 10(-2) to 10(-4) and probably form by RecA-dependent unequal sister strand exchanges between repetitive sequences in direct order. Certain duplications have been observed previously to confer a growth advantage under specific selective conditions. Tandem chromosomal duplications are unstable and are lost at high frequencies, representing a readily reversible source of genomic variation. Six copies of a small mobile genetic element IS200 are evenly distributed around the chromosome of S. typhimurium strain LT2. A survey of 120 independent chromosomal duplications (20 for each of six loci) revealed that recombination between IS200 elements accounted for the majority of the duplications isolated for three of the loci tested. Duplications of the his operon were almost exclusively due to recombination between repeated IS200 elements. These data add further support to the idea that mobile genetic elements provide sequence repeats that play an important role in recombinational chromosome rearrangements, which may contribute to adaptation of bacteria to stressful conditions.
An educational intervention to improve hospital tumor conferences.

Abstract Hospital tumor conferences exist to improve patient care through the application of a multidisciplinary approach to cancer management decisions and to provide continuing medical education for physicians and other health professionals who participate in cancer care. Based on educational needs identified by means of direct observation of conference sessions, this study implemented an experimental intervention designed to increase the educational benefits associated with participation in these conferences. Participating hospitals were randomly assigned either to a study group that received an “educational case” intervention (emphasizing progressive disclosure of cases, an active leadership style, and use of educational principles such as stating objectives at the beginning of sessions) or to a control group receiving no intervention. Each of the nine experimental and nine control group hospitals had multiple tumor sessions and case presentations with sessions observed and coded before and after inte...
Some New Bacilli: Bacillus Metaflavus, Bacillus Flavoides, Bacillus Multiformis, Bacillus Canalensis, Bacillus Pomodoriferus.

Bacillus metaflavus Castellani. This bacillus I have grown several times from scrapings of the skin of the axillary and pubic regions. It is a most peculiar organism, and it is very doubtful whether it is a bacillus at all; it is gram-negative.In preparations from agar cultures the organism appears as a long straight, or more often curved, large-sized bacillus; in preparations made from glucose agar cultures 48 hours old globular bodies, cryptococcus-like, 3-7 microns in diameter, are seen in addition to short, thick, bacillary forms. The growth on agar and glucose agar is of a bright yellow color, the surface of the growth may be smooth and shiny or may be crinkled. In stained preparations the organism at times appears as a diplo-bacillus with a large capsule.Bacillus flavoides Castellani. This bacillus has been isolated by me from scrapings of the skin of the axillary and pubic regions. It is Gram-negative. It grows well on all ordinary media, it does not produce gas in any sugar. The growth on glucose ...
A case report of hepatocellular carcinoma and concurrent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and renal angiomyolipoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an inherited, neurocutaneous disorder that presents with the formation of hamartomas involving multiple organ systems. Most commonly affected sites include the kidney, heart, and brain. Pancreatic and hepatic lesions are less commonly reported, and there are currently no definitive screening guidelines for abdominal neoplasms in tuberous sclerosis patients. In this case report, we present a patient with TSC who developed pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, renal angiomyolipoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
THIGH PULL TEST IN TKR: EQUIVALENT OR DIFFERENT TO HEEL PUSH

The use of smart trial components is now allowing a better assessment of soft tissue balancing at the time of total knee replacement surgery. A balanced knee can be defined as one that possesses symmetry, ie. equal and centered lateral and medial forces through the full range of flexion. There is still a need for a standard reproducible surgical test to quickly confirm optimized balancing at surgery with such devices. The Heel Push test is the established standard, by pushing the foot in a cephalad direction while supporting the thigh and keeping the leg stable in the vertical plane. A common variation of this test is the Thigh Pull test where the foot is actively assisted during the cephalad pull of the thigh through deep flexion. The test is an open chain test. The Thigh Pull test may be an improvement since the weight of the leg is alleviated and no supplemental compressive forces are introduced. The directional changes of the lower extremity are thus a result of ligamentous tension and balances. The purpose of this study is to compare the two tests using a standard testing methodology and observe the variation in kinetic parameters in a controlled biomechanical setting. A custom l rig was developed, which independently controls all six degrees of freedom about the knee joint. In addition a commercial navigation system was used to derive instantaneous alignment values and flexion angles between the tibia and femur. The pelvis was fixed to the table and the foot was fitted onto a low friction carriage along a slide rail. The knee design used was cruciate retaining. The pressure mapping system was a wireless tibial trial that provided magnitude of load per compartment. The study is a preliminary cadaveric study reporting the data from two. In this experiment the leg was then tested with the Heel Push and Thigh Pull tests after obtaining optimum soft tissue balance of the cadaveric specimen. From this standard neutral state a series of single surgical variables were introduced to mimic common intra-operative surgical corrections. This was achieved through custom tibial liner and angle shims. The results defied theoretical anticipation. Though the total contact forces with heel push were generally higher than with thigh pull, the relative load distribution between compartments did not follow a trend (see Figure 1). Furthermore in deeper flexion the persistence of relatively high contact pressures would suggest that ligaments still generate intra-articular forces despite the much weaker gravitational effect. The clinical relevance lies in the asymmetry of the load distribution between medial and lateral compartment for the two methods tested. The load asymmetry as tested by the Thigh Pull test may correspond to an open chain in swing phase. This asymmetry would force some axial rotation and tibial femoral alignment deviation that can significantly affect the forces at the time of heel strike. The Heel Push test would be more representative of the compressive forces in a closed chain mode as seen during the stance phase of gait.
Community's Participation:A New Mode of Protecting Against AIDS

Objective This paper is to probe into the construction of a platform of protecting against AIDS with the participation of community to instruct and guide the drug users to treat themselves with Methadone so as to promote effectively the precaution against AIDS.Method A face-to-face education with the participation of community has been done to interfere and guide the drug users to be away from drug and to protect against AIDS. Result 60% of the drug users have transformed with Methadone treatment.Compare with that of last year,the successive race has risen from 55.27% to 71.25%,and the affective has reduced from 13.17% to 11.0%,and the rate of urine masculine gender dropped from 40.12% to 33.50%. This shows that Methadone treatment has a bright future.Conclusion Few drug users keep on with Methadone treatment. Therefore it is necessary to probe into a kind of method with community's participation to instruct the drug users to use Methadone to protect against AIDS and prevent it from spreading.
A Method Considering the Uncertainty Based on Analytical Model and Information Theory for Power System Fault Diagnosis

Based on the analytical model,the uncertainties in fault diagnosis are analyzed in-depth,and a probability evaluation method is employed to deal with the reliability of protections action and circuit breakers trip.A probability matrix,which not only reflects the grid structure and function,but also reflects the action rules of protections and circuit breakers is built.
Advancing the Scientific Foundation for Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become a central focus in clinical child and adolescent psychology. As originally defined, EBP in psychology is the integration of the best available research evidence, patient characteristics, and clinical expertise. Although evidence-based perspectives have garnered widespread acceptance in recent years, there has also been some confusion and disagreement about the 3-part definition of EBP, particularly the role of research. In this article, we first provide a brief review of the development of EBP in clinical child and adolescent psychology. Next, we outline the following 4 points to help clarify the understanding of EBP: (a) knowledge should not be confused with epistemic processes, (b) research on clinician and client factors is needed for EBP, (c) research on assessment is needed for EBP, and (d) the 3-part conceptualization of EBP can serve as a useful framework to guide research. Based on these principles, we put forth a slightly revised conceptualization of EBP, ...
Prediction of Adolescents’ Cigarette Smoking Intentions: A Test of the Mediational Adequacy of the Ajzen-Fishbein Model

The objective of this study is to test the mediational adequacy of the Ajzen-Fishbein (1975) model. Triandis has proposed a competing model for the prediction of intentions. Intentions are predicted by the person’s affect (A) toward the behavior, social factors (S), and the value of perceived consequences (C), according to the following equation: $${\text{BI = W}}_{\text{1}} {\text{A + W}}_{\text{2}} {\text{S + W}}_{\text{3}} {\text{C}}{\text{.}}$$ As with the Ajzen and Fishbein model, the relative contribution of the three components is determined by multiple regression procedures.
Cognitive Development Theory

Cognitive development theory addresses the manner of growth and change in the intellectual processing functions of children, such as individual growth in perception, thought, and understanding of the environment, as they mentally develop, including information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, motor development, social behavior, and memory. Piaget's (1952) seminal work centered on children progressing through four non-age-related, culture transcending stages: sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. Vygotsky's (1986) influential work included addressing the social, historical, and environmental context in which children develop. Later perspectives on cognitive development posit that infants begin the process of development and knowledge acquisition with core principles that guide their future cognitive development. Research shows an influence of the family on various aspects of cognitive development. Keywords: child; cognitive development; cognitive processes; family; learning; schemes; stages of development
Bipolar cell reduction precedes retinal ganglion neuron loss in a complex 1 knockout mouse model.

Abstract Inherited mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency causes Leber’s hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, and optic neuropathies are common in many inherited mitochondrial diseases. How mitochondrial defects pathomechanistically trigger optic neuropathy remains unclear. We observe that complex 1-deficient Ndufs4−/− mice present with acute vision loss around p30, and this vision loss is coincident with an ‘inflammatory wave’. In order to understand what causes the inflammatory wave we explored retinal pathology that occurs from p20-p30. The results indicated that in the period p20-p30 in Ndufs4−/− retinas, there is: significant reduction in bipolar cells, RGC dendritic atrophy, reduced PSD95, increased oxidative stress as manifested by increased 4HNE, HO1 and Cuzn-SOD, increased mitochondrial biogenesis and increased apoptosis. These precede the major induction of ‘inflammatory wave’ at p30 shown previously, but occur earlier than frank RGC loss at p42. In general, complex 1 deficiency in retina triggers oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction that causes death of the most sensitive cells, including bipolar cells and their synaptic contacts and amacrine cells in the early period, 20–24 days. The early death of these cells is the likely precursor to the sharp rise in inflammatory molecules that occurs at day 30 and coincides with vision loss, and greatly precedes the death of RGCs that occurs at p42. These data suggest that metabolic antioxidant support of the most sensitive cells in the retina, or anti-inflammatory suppression of the consequences of their death, are both rational strategies for mitochondrial blinding disease.
A SEEIR Retrospective: Looking Back at the Journal’s First Stage

ABSTRACTThis article presents a statistical analysis of the content of the journal Slavic & East European Information Resources over the years of the author’s editorship: from volume 1, number 1 (2000) through volume 17, numbers 1–2 (2016). Using tables, charts, graphs, and narrative, she examines the following categories: issue and article type, author country, subject country, and subject.