cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Intelligence: Surviving and Thriving in Times of Uncertainty

Adaptive Intelligence is a dramatic reappraisal and reframing of the concept of human intelligence. In a sweeping analysis, Robert J. Sternberg argues that we are using a fatally-flawed, outdated conception of intelligence; one which may promote technological advancement, but which has also accelerated climate change, pollution, the use of weaponry, and inequality. Instead of focusing on the narrow academic skills measured by standardized tests, societies should teach and assess adaptive intelligence, defined as the use of collective talent in service of the common good. This book describes why the outdated notion of intelligence persists, what adaptive intelligence is, and how it could lead humankind on a more positive path.
Potential nanoparticle applications for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an unprecedented challenge to establish effective methods of prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology has shown excellent potential in its ability to fight a variety of healthcare problems due to nanomaterials' unique physicochemical properties and controlled nano-bio interactions. Expanding their application to a wide-range of upstream and downstream approaches is necessary to fight COVID-19. At different stages of this virus-caused disease, nanotechnology could offer promising solutions, including a way to combat the large number of fatalities caused by a late-stage cytokine storm. This mini-review provides an overview of the recent studies regarding nanoparticles' applications in vaccines, personal protective equipment, sterilization of contaminated environments, diagnostic testing, and cytokine reduction treatment in combating COVID-19.
Nucleus basalis of Meynert damage and cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), representing the major source of cerebral cholinergic innervations, is vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. To determine associations between NBM properties and cognitive outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). 84 PwMS and 19 controls underwent 3T MRI, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and subtests of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS). NBM volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity (D⊥) were calculated. Analyses assessed relationships between cognition and NBM measures. Linear regressions evaluated the prognostic value of baseline measures in predicting cognitive change over 3 years of follow-up (n = 67). Cognitive tests correlated with NBM diffusivity in PwMS (range r = – 0.29 to r = – 0.40, p < 0.05). After accounting for NBM volume, NBM MD and D⊥ explained additional variance (adjusted R2 range 0.08–0.20, p < 0.05). Correlations between NBM imaging metrics and cognitive tests remained significant when including imaging parameters of other cognitive key brain regions in the models. After controlling for age, education, and baseline cognitive test score, NBM measures predicted change in cognition over follow-up in 5 of 10 and 2 of 10 assessments in the relapsing–remitting sample (n = 43) (adjusted R2 range from 0.23 to 0.38, p < 0.05) and secondary progressive sample (adjusted R2 of 0.280 and 0.183), respectively. NBM damage is linked to cognitive impairment in PwMS.
Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Chapter 7: Infringement)

Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. (i>Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This chapter of the casebook covers infringement. It addresses the element-by-element comparisons required in establishing literal infringement and infringement under the doctrine of equivalents, and also covers means-plus-function claim limitations. The chapter also explores how the statute and case law define acts of infringement. In particular, the chapter discusses the geographic locus of infringing acts, the problem of divided infringement, indirect infringement, and transnational infringement.
Surgical Treatment of Femoral Neck Fractures

As the population ages and life expectancy increases, the prevalence of femoral neck fracture has continued to grow. Femoral neck fractures have significant consequences for the geriatric patient population, with 33% mortality within 1 year of surgery and a 35% chance of never ambulating independently following surgery (Dyer et al., BMC Geriatr. 16:158, 2016). The surgical treatment options for this injury include open reduction with internal fixation versus arthroplasty. Non-displaced or valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures may be amenable to closed reduction percutaneous pinning with cannulated screws or a limited open reduction internal fixation using a sliding hip screw. However, due to the increased risk of nonunion, avascular necrosis, and revision surgery following fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures, either hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty is the mainstay of treatment for these fracture patterns in geriatric patients. The debate over whether to replace or fix minimally displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly remains a topic of controversy. As for arthroplasty, the decision on whether to perform a hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty also remains controversial. Younger, more active, and healthier geriatric patients with preexisting hip osteoarthritis may be more appropriate for total hip arthroplasty due to its improved implant survivorship and hip function scores. Patients with significant medical comorbidities, Parkinson’s disease, and decreased functional demand may be better suited for hemiarthroplasty due to the shorter operative duration with decreased blood loss and lower risk of dislocation. There are many implant considerations to take into account when performing arthroplasty in geriatric patients. It is imperative to understand the benefits and risks associated with the use of cemented or cementless femoral components and unipolar and bipolar femoral heads. While there is a limited role for non-operative treatment of acute femoral neck fractures in the geriatric population, all orthopaedic surgeons need to be knowledgeable about the different surgical treatment options, their benefits, and potential complications.
Noncanonical ER–Golgi trafficking and autophagy of endogenous procollagen in osteoblasts

Secretion and quality control of large extracellular matrix proteins remain poorly understood and debated, particularly transport intermediates delivering folded proteins from the ER to Golgi and misfolded ones to lysosomes. Discrepancies between different studies are related to utilization of exogenous cargo, off-target effects of experimental conditions and cell manipulation, and identification of transport intermediates without tracing their origin and destination. To address these issues, here we imaged secretory and degradative trafficking of type I procollagen in live MC3T3 osteoblasts by replacing a region encoding N-propeptide in endogenous Col1a2 gDNA with GFP cDNA. We selected clones that produced the resulting fluorescent procollagen yet had normal expression of key osteoblast and ER/cell stress genes, normal procollagen folding, and normal deposition and mineralization of extracellular matrix. Live-cell imaging of these clones revealed ARF1-dependent transport intermediates, which had no COPII coat and delivered procollagen from ER exit sites (ERESs) to Golgi without stopping at ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). It also confirmed ERES microautophagy, i.e., lysosomes engulfing ERESs containing misfolded procollagen. Beyond validating these trafficking models for endogenous procollagen, we uncovered a probable cause of noncanonical cell stress response to procollagen misfolding. Recognized and retained only at ERESs, misfolded procollagen does not directly activate the canonical UPR, yet it disrupts the ER lumen by blocking normal secretory export from the ER.
Skeletal unloading decreases production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

The plasma concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] decreases during skeletal unloading and increases when normal weight bearing is restored. To determine whether these changes in plasma 1,25(OH)2D reflect changes in production, metabolic clearance, or both we measured the kinetics of 1,25(OH)2D metabolism in rats whose skeletons were normally loaded, unloaded, or reloaded after a period of nonweight bearing. Skeletal unloading produced a transient but striking fall in the production (-73%) and plasma concentration (-72%) of 1,25(OH)2D without having a significant effect (< 20%) on metabolic clearance. Skeletal reloading returned production to normal. Bone formation predictably decreased during unloading and returned to normal after return to weight bearing. No consistent changes in blood ionized calcium, plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (irPTH), or plasma phosphorus occurred. These data suggest that the changes in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D associated with changes in skeletal weight bearing primarily reflect changes in 1,25(OH)2D production. The data provide no evidence that the changes in 1,25(OH)2D production are a consequence of changes in blood ionized calcium, plasma irPTH, or phosphorus.
The History of Invertebrate Ichnology

Ichnology developed slowly, and only during the past two decades has it attained worldwide status as a scientific discipline. With a few notable exceptions, most trace fossils were originally interpreted as fossil algae or “fucoids.” Although Nathorst demonstrated the animal nature of “fucoids” in 1881, systematic studies of trace fossils were not initiated until Rudolf Richter’s work in the 1920s. Even then ichnological studies lagged until the 1950s, when Seilacher (1953) provided both methodology and a satisfactory working classification. The pace of research was accelerated by Hantzschel’s (1962, 1965) contributions in cataloging trace fossil genera and providing extensive bibliographic data. The developments of the last decade, mentioned only briefly herein, have been concerned mainly with continuous refinement of the discipline.
The influence of antibiotics on pregnancy tests in rats and rabbits.

Abstract Pregnancy tests were made on urine specimens from women by injection of the specimens into rats and rabbits kept on diets with and without antibiotics. 1. 1. One hundred twenty rats on antibiotic-free diet injected intraperitoneally with 2 c.c. of urine collected 2 to 6 hours previously, gave 5.8 per cent false results. 2. 2. Twenty-seven rats on antibiotic-free ration injected intraperitoneally with 2 c.c. of urine, 24 to 30 hours after collection, gave 10.3 per cent false results. 3. 3. Fifty-eight rats obtained from a colony kept 3 to 6 months on commercial diet with antibiotic gave 15.5 per cent of false results when injected with 2 c.c. of urine 24 to 30 hours after collection. 4. 4. Fifty-eight rats from a colony kept on 0.6% Aureomycin T.F.5 for 20 to 60 days gave 10.4 per cent of false results when injected with 2 c.c. of urine 24 to 30 hours after collection. 5. 5. Nineteen rabbits maintained on a diet with antibiotics from 1 to 4 months gave no false results when injected intravenously with 10 c.c. of urine. No false reactions were obtained in rabbits kept on the control diet. The positive tests were more striking in the rabbits fed antibiotics.
The Application of a New Nontracking Butyl to High-Voltage Instrument Transformers [includes discussion]

A new nontracking butyl insulation which will not carbonize even under severe surface contamination has been applied to 15,000-volt outdoor instrument current transformers, and makes practical still higher voltage outdoor butyl designs. The discovery of a novel principle 1 to overcome the susceptibility of organic materials to carbonization and tracking and the application of this principle to butyl rubber have enabled this major advance to be made.
Robust Control of Hybrid Systems: Performance Guided Strategies

In this paper, the problem of robust control of hybrid systems is investigated. The hybrid systems under study are characterized as systems whose inputs contain both analog variables and discrete actions and whose behavior belongs to an uncertainty set which includes both metric modeling errors and discrete structural uncertainties. For a generic class of uncertain nonlinear hybrid systems, a design methodology for hybrid state feedback which maps hybrid states to hybrid control variables is developed based on system performance. Robust stability and performance of the closed-loop hybrid systems are established for systems subject to both analog modeling errors and structural uncertainties.
Software tool evaluation methodology

The recent development of parallel and distributed computing software has introduced a variety of software tools that support several programming paradigms and languages. This variety of tools makes the selection of the best tool to run a given class of applications on a parallel or distributed system a non-trivial task that requires some investigation. We expect tool evaluation to receive more attention as the deployment and usage of distributed systems increases. In this paper, we present a multi-level evaluation methodology for parallel/distributed tools in which tools are evaluated from different perspectives. We apply our evaluation methodology to three message passing tools viz Express, p4, and PVM. The approach covers several important distributed systems platforms consisting of different computers (e.g., IBM-SP1, Alpha cluster, SUN workstations) interconnected by different types of networks (e.g., Ethernet, FDDI, ATM).
From egocentric to cooperative play in young children. A normative study.

Abstract A naturalistic observational study was made of the recorded positive peer interactions in normal nursery school children aged I to 5 years. Six stages were described and assessed in regard to their interrelations with and contributions to the child's developing object relationships. Dimensions considered to be primary referents to the child's increasing internalization of self and object representations were: (I) the degree of interest expressed in the other child; (2) the degree to which the other child was allowed to influence his partner; and (3) the child's developing ego capacities.
A fast implementation of MLR-MCL algorithm on multi-core processors

Widespread use of stochastic flow based graph clustering algorithms, e.g. Markov Clustering (MCL), has been hampered by their lack of scalability and fragmentation of output. Multi-Level Regularized Markov Clustering (MLR-MCL) is an improvement over Markov Clustering (MCL), providing faster performance and better quality of clusters for large graphs. However, a closer look at MLR-MCL's performance reveals potential for further improvement. In this paper we present a fast parallel implementation of MLR-MCL algorithm via static work partitioning based on analysis of memory footprints. By parallelizing the most time consuming region of the sequential MLR-MCL algorithm, we report up to 10.43x (5.22x in average) speedup on CPU, using 8 datasets from SNAP and 3 PPI datasets. In addition, our algorithm can be adapted to perform general sparse matrix-matrix multiplication (SpGEMM), and our experimental evaluation shows up to 3.50x (1.92x in average) speedup on CPU, and up to 5.12x (2.20x in average) speedup on MIC, comparing to the SpGEMM kernel provided by Intel Math Kernel Library (MKL).
Gender and Sentencing of Drug Offenders: Is Chivalry Dead?

Citing figures showing dramatic increases in the number of women imprisoned for drug offenses since 1980, Chesney-Lind (1995: 111) concludes that the ‘war on drugs' has translated into a war on women“ and Durham (1994: 111) suggests that female drug offenders ”… are now being treated like their male counterparts, or even more harshly.“ The purpose of this study is to test the validity of these assertations. We compare the likelihood of incarceration for males and females convicted of drug offenses in Chicago. The results of our analysis reveal that females are significantly less likely than males to be sentenced to prison. Our tests for interaction reveal that preferential treatment is confined to offenders without dependent children and to offenders without a prior conviction for a drug offense. We conclude that chivalry is not dead in Cook County. We also conclude that judges' calculation of the social costs of punishment are not invariant, but reflect the combined effects of the offender's gender, chil...
(Not) Valuing Care: A Review of Recent Popular Economic Reports on Preschool in the US

Abstract Recently, a series of popular economics “Invest in Kids” (IIK) reports in the United States has called for increased investment in children's early education. These national reports articulate a new concept, the “public finance value” of children, and argue for increased investment in preschool because of its positive impact on the long-term fiscal health of the nation. This paper analyzes the IIK reports from 2003–6 to assess their attention to the multidimensional aspects of early care and education (ECE) in the US. Although the reports evaluate increased investment in preschool, they fail to recognize the need for a comprehensive system of ECE that includes support for childcare and the unpaid care and education provided by parents. As a result, the reports undervalue the contributions of women and of the ECE sector itself. Feminist economics offers a broader perspective that would help the IIK authors avoid conceptual traps and recognize the need for more comprehensive reforms.
DETECTION OF METALLIC HONEYCOMB DISBOIVDING BY THEBMAL IMAGING

A thermal imaging system consisting of an infrared camera, control electronics, VCR, and monitor is used for infrared imaging of thermal transients for the purpose of detecting honeycomb debonding. The system has the ability to average successive video frames and can 'freeze-frame' the image on the monitor. As the heat conducts between the honeycomb and its skin, the debonded areas become visible on the monitor. The method can be applied to detector of cracks and thin spots in metal plates. 5 refs.
Technical note: adjustment of all cow evaluations for yield traits to be comparable with bull evaluations.

Abstract Traditional evaluations of cows with genotypes have been adjusted since April 2010 to be comparable with evaluations of bulls so that their value for estimation of single nucleotide polymorphism effects in genomic evaluation programs would be improved. However, that adjustment made them not comparable with traditional evaluations of nongenotyped cows. To create an adjustment for all cows with an evaluation based on US data, Mendelian sampling, which is the difference between predicted transmitting ability (PTA) and parent average (PA), was calculated for milk, fat, and protein yields and divided by a deregression factor. Standard deviations for the deregressed Mendelian sampling (DMS) were grouped by reliability with PA contribution removed (REL no PA ). A multiplicative adjustment to reduce the DMS standard deviation for cows so that it would be the same as for bulls with similar REL no PA was represented as a linear function of REL no PA . Mean cow PA by birth year was subtracted from individual bull and cow PA to create within-year PA deviation groups, and mean DMS was calculated by PA deviation group. Means decreased for bulls and increased for cows with increasing deviation. The differences were fit by linear regression on PA deviation and used to adjust cow DMS. The adjustment reduced PTA of cows with a high PA and increased PTA of cows with a low PA but did not change estimated genetic trend because adjustment was within birth year. The adjustment also reduced variance of cow evaluations within birth year. Traditional evaluations of genotyped cows with a REL no PA of ≥55% were further adjusted so that the difference between those evaluations and direct genomic values calculated using only bulls as predictors was similar to that for bulls. The second adjustment was small compared with a 2010 adjustment and, therefore, had little effect on the comparability of evaluations for genotyped and nongenotyped cows. Cows with converted evaluations from other countries were excluded from the predictor population, and their converted evaluations were adjusted so that the difference between their mean PTA and direct genomic value was the same as the corresponding difference for bulls. For cows with converted evaluations, the adjustment amount differed depending on REL no PA (
Genetic link between Ouachita foldbelt tectonism and the Mississippi Valley–type lead-zinc deposits of the Ozarks

Fluids expelled from the Arkoma basin in response to Late Pennsylvanian–Early Permian orogenesis in the Ouachita foldbelt may have been ultimately responsible for formation of the Mississippi Valley–type lead-zinc deposits in the Ozark region of Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Fluid inclusions in both mineralized and barren rock record the passage of hot, saline fluids regionally throughout most of the Paleozoic section in the Ozarks. Dating studies in addition to structural and geologic observations provide further evidence for fluid migration and mineralization approximately coincident with the Ouachita orogeny. Formation of foreland basins, such as the Arkoma, during convergent tectonism creates conditions exceptionally favorable to the migration of fluids from deep sedimentary basins. Proximity to a basin whose margin has undergone some form of tectonic deformation or uplift may be the unifying factor in the genesis of Mississippi Valley–type deposits in geologically diverse settings.
Using seismic waves to image Earth's internal structure.

Seismic waves generated in Earth's interior provide images that help us to better understand the pattern of mantle convection that drives plate motions.
Advances in photo-thermal infrared imaging microspectroscopy

There is a growing need for chemical imaging techniques in many fields of science and technology: forensics, materials science, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, just to name a few. While FTIR micro-spectroscopy is commonly used, its practical resolution limit of about 20 microns or more is often insufficient. Raman micro-spectroscopy provides better spatial resolution (~1 micron), but is not always practical because of samples exhibiting fluorescence or low Raman scattering efficiency. We are developing a non-contact and non-destructive technique we call photo-thermal infrared imaging spectroscopy (PT-IRIS). It involves photo-thermal heating of the sample with a tunable quantum cascade laser and measuring the resulting increase in thermal emission with an infrared detector. Photo-thermal emission spectra resemble FTIR absorbance spectra and can be acquired in both stand-off and microscopy configurations. Furthermore, PT-IRIS allows the acquisition of absorbance-like photo-thermal spectra in a reflected geometry, suitable for field applications and for in-situ study of samples on optically IR-opaque substrates (metals, fabrics, paint, glass etc.). Conventional FTIR microscopes in reflection mode measure the reflectance spectra which are different from absorbance spectra and are usually not catalogued in FTIR spectral libraries. In this paper, we continue developing this new technique. We perform a series of numerical simulations of the laser heating of samples during photo-thermal microscopy. We develop parameterized formulas to help the user pick the appropriate laser illumination power. We also examine the influence of sample geometry on spectral signatures. Finally, we measure and compare photo-thermal and reflectance spectra for two test samples.
The MicroRNA-17–92 Cluster Enhances Axonal Outgrowth in Embryonic Cortical Neurons

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate dendritogenesis and plasticity. However, the biological function of miRNAs in axons has not been extensively investigated. Here, using rat primary cortical neurons cultured in a microfluidic chamber, we found that the distal axons of the neurons expressed the miR-17-92 cluster, and proteins that regulate production and activity of mature miRNAs, Dicer and Argonaute 2, respectively, were present in the distal axons. Overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster in cortical neurons substantially increased axonal outgrowth, whereas distal axonal attenuation of endogenous miR-19a, a key miRNA of the miR-17-92 cluster, with the miRNA hairpin inhibitor suppressed axonal outgrowth. Moreover, overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster reduced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) proteins and elevated phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the distal axons. In contrast, distal axonal attenuation of miR-19a increased PTEN proteins and inactivated mTOR in the axons, but did not affect these protein levels in the cell bodies. Overexpression of PTEN and attenuation of endogenous PTEN prevailed over the enhancement and inhibitory effects of the miR-19a on axonal outgrowth, respectively. Axonal application of LY294002, a phosphoinositide3-kinase inhibitor, or rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, abolished axonal outgrowth enhanced by overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that axonal alteration of miR-17-92 cluster expression regulates axonal outgrowth and that local modulation of PTEN protein levels by miR-19a likely contributes to the axonal outgrowth.
Ferromagnetic resonance detection by a point-contact bolometer

We exploit nanoscale metallic contacts for detection of ferromagnetic resonance. In our experiments we use mechanical point contacts between a copper wire tip and a ferromagnetic sample of interest to inject both dc and microwave currents into the sample. A small dc voltage develops across the contact subject to microwaves that can be attributed to rectification processes in the contact. The rectification signal was found to increase linearly with the applied dc current as expected for a point contact in the thermal regime. Here the point contact acts as a nanoscale bolometer which monitors the microwave current absorbed by the sample. When the microwave absorption increases at ferromagnetic resonance the rectification signal reveals the resonance. Our point-contact technique enables the electrical detection of ferromagnetic resonance in sample volumes as small as a few cubic nanometers.
An integral representation of the stress intensity factors for three-dimensional static problems

For finding suitable expressions for the stress intensity factors (SIFs) under a general three-dimensional condition, the first stress invariant and the displacement tangent to a crack edge are analyzed. By using Green's theorem, the SIFs are expressed by integrals for the most general situations. K I and K II are expressed by integrals of the first stress invariant and its partial derivative. K III is expressed by an integral of the displacement tangent to the crack edge and its partial derivative. The integrals include a surface integral on a smooth surface of arbitrary shape, and a line integral along part of the surface's boundaries. The expressions are valid for an arbitrarily shaped elastic medium with stationary cracks of arbitrary shape. The expressions provide a new approach for the determination of the SIFs.
Threshold-based declustering

Declustering techniques reduce query response time through parallel I/O by distributing data among multiple devices. Except for a few cases it is not possible to find declustering schemes that are optimal for all spatial range queries. As a result of this, most of the research on declustering has focused on finding schemes with low worst case additive error. However, additive error based schemes have many limitations including lack of progressive guarantees and existence of small non-optimal queries. In this paper, we take a different approach and propose threshold-based declustering. We investigate the threshold k such that all spatial range queries with =
Oxidation of a potassium monolayer on Ru(001) studied with photoemission, NEXAFS and vibrational EELS

Abstract The interaction of oxygen with a monolayer of potassium on a Ru(001) surface has been investigated with photoemission and NEXAFS. O 1s core-level data exhibit for low exposures of oxygen a single peak at 531.8 eV. This indicates together with the earlier observation of KO bond formation by EELS that a single KxOy species with equivalent oxygen atoms is formed. NEXAFS data indicate a partially filled O π* orbital and a strongly shifted σ-resonance. Photoemission, vibrational and Auger data suggest an ionic species which is close to potassium Superoxide with the OO bond oriented parallel to the surface.
Thinking About Strategy Absent the Enemy

I would like to thank Jan Breemer, Eliot Cohen, Michael Desch, Christopher Gacek, Samuel Huntington, Chaim Kaufman, John Maurer, Patrick Morgan, and Miroslav Nincic for their helpful comments and suggestions.
Social status, masculinity, and testosterone in young men

Among other things, sexual selection theory posits that in species with limited male parental investment, males should evolve biological mechanisms to competitively dominate or otherwise compete with one another. It is unclear whether such proposed mechanisms would influence status hierarchies in small human groups. We report the results of a study investigating possible effects of prenatal (index-to-ring finger length ratio or 2D:4D) and salivary testosterone, and masculine identification, on status among 71 male college students living in nine residential groups. The results indicate no role of either prenatal or salivary testosterone in maintaining status hierarchies in these groups. A possible explanation is that peer-assessed status in these groups was arrived at cooperatively rather than through dominance contests.
Covariant Relativistic Statistical Mechanics of Many Particles

In this paper the quantum covariant relativistic dynamics of many bodies is reconsidered. It is emphasized that this is an event dynamics. The events are quantum statistically correlated by the global parameter τ. The derivation of an event Boltzmann equation emphasizes this. It is shown that this Boltzmann equation may be viewed as exact in a dilute event limit ignoring three event correlations. A quantum entropy principle is obtained for the marginal Wigner distribution function. By means of event linking (concatenations) particle properties such as the equation of state may be obtained. We further reconsider the generalized quantum equilibrium ensemble theory and the free event case of the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions, and some consequences. The ultra-relativistic limit differs from the non-covariant theory and is a test of this point of view.
Modified numerical methods based on arithmetic and geometric means

Abstract A modified fourth order Runge–Kutta method based on the combined effects of the arithmetic mean averaging (AM) and the geometric mean averaging (GM) of the functional values is developed. The approach is also applied to establish alternative numerical integration algorithms for the trapezoidal formula, Simpson's rule and Romberg integration. Numerical computations are carried out to compare the results of the modified methods with the results of the standard formulae.
Evolving and Taking CATNAPS to Negotiation/Problem Stories

In this GDN 2010 meeting commentary, the author presents an overview of CATNAPS (Connectedness And Technology for Negotiation And Problem Solving)—as a technology framework for evolving “right” problems/solutions in individual and group negotiation and problem solving. Although the focus in this commentary is mostly on humans, negotiators (agents) may be humans or computers. We consider taking CATNAPS to negotiation/problem stories meaning applying CATNAPS to various specific problems, negotiation/problem stories.
Pressure-induced cellular senescence: A mechanism linking venous hypertension to venous ulcers1

Introduction Slow healing of ulcers in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) has long been thought secondary to venous hypertension. Dermal fibroblasts isolated from venous ulcers have morphologies and protein production suggestive of premature aging. In this study, we hypothesized that neonatal fibroblasts (NNF) cultured under elevated pressure will demonstrate premature aging and that this effect will be augmented by an inflammatory mediator, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Materials and methods A unique pressure incubator was used to culture NNF at atmospheric pressure (ATM), ATM + 30 mmHg, ATM + 60 mmHg, and ATM +120 mmHg. Some pressure-exposed NNF were also cultured with TGF- β (1 ng/ml). Growth rates were determined by flow cytometry. Senescent cells were identified by staining with a marker for cellular senescence, β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). Light microscopy and digital imaging were used to evaluate cell morphology. Paired linear models and comparison of the slopes were used for statistical analysis of growth. χ2 analysis was used to compare senescence rates. Results NNF cultured at ATM + 60 mmHg and ATM + 120 mmHg showed increased SA-β-Gal activity (P Conclusions Pressure-exposed NNF demonstrated an accelerated aging phenomenon similar to fibroblasts isolated from venous ulcers. This aging effect was directly related to the level of pressure. TGF-β did not augment the aging effect. This study suggests that pressure elevations result in altered cell function and accelerated aging that may contribute to the slowed healing seen in patients with venous insufficiency.
Role of glutamate-104 in generating a transition state analogue inhibitor at the active site of cytidine deaminase.

The 19F-NMR resonance of 5-[19F]fluoropyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside moves upfield when it is bound by wild-type cytidine deaminase from Escherichia coli, in agreement with UV and X-ray spectroscopic indications that this inhibitor is bound as the rare 3,4-hydrated species 5-fluoro-3,4-dihydrouridine, a transition state analogue inhibitor resembling an intermediate in direct water attack on 5-fluorocytidine. Comparison of pKa values of model compounds indicates that the equilibrium constant for 3,4-hydration of this inhibitor in free solution is 3.5 × 10-4 M, so that the corrected dissociation constant of 5-fluoro-3,4-dihydrouridine from the wild-type enzyme is 3.9 × 10-11 M. Very different behavior is observed for a mutant enzyme in which alanine replaces Glu-104 at the active site, and kcat has been reduced by a factor of 108. 5-[19F]Fluoropyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside is strongly fluorescent, making it possible to observe that the mutant enzyme binds this inhibitor even more tightly (Kd = 4.4 × 10-8 M...
Progeny Test and Individual Performance as Indicators of an Animal's Breeding Value

Summary 1.The biometrical relations governing the relative accuracy of progeny test and of the parent's own performance as indicators of the parent's breeding value are presented and discussed. 2.A solution under the simplest conditions is presented algebraically and graphically. Under those conditions there must be at least five offspring before the progeny test in a whole population will usually be a more accurate indicator of the parent's breeding value than the parent's own performance. 3.Most deviations from those simplest conditions have only slight effects on the solution. However any general resemblance between the offspring for any other reason than that they are half-sibs through the parent in question sets serious limits on the accuracy of the progeny test. On the other hand if the parents or the records used to represent them are more highly selected than the offspring or their records, the progeny test may become relatively more accurate than under the simple conditions for which the algebraic solution is given. 4.The progeny test is needed most for traits which cannot be expressed in one sex and for traits which are but slightly hereditary. 5.The bases for estimating breeding value are pedigree, own performance, and progeny test. As fast as some selection is practiced on one of these bases, the possibilities for further progress by additional selection on the same basis rapidly diminish and correspondingly increased attention should be given to one of the other bases.
Oligosaccharide Metabolism and Accumulation in Developing Soybean Seeds

Soluble sugar composition of developing soybean seed (Glycine max L. Merr.) vary with cultivar. This study was conducted to determine the relation between soluble sugar accumulation and associated enzyme activites in developing seed of two soybean cultivars, Williams 82 and Wolverine. Activities of sucrose synthase, invertase, galactinol synthase, and alpha-galactosidase were compared to soluble sugar content (hexoses, glactinol, myo-inositol, oligosaccharides) at seven different reproductive growth stages. A twofold higher dry matter content in mature seeds of Wolverine corresponded to a larger seed size and longer linear seed fill. Increases in sucrose synthase and alkaline invertase activities in both cultivars corresponded to accumulation of 90% total dry matter. Acid invertase activity remained below 45 nmol glucose seed-1 min-1 during seed development. Initial raffinose and stachyose formation occurred at beginning maturity in Williams 82 and full seed in Wolverine. This change in sugar partitioning during late seed development was accompanied by twofold and threefold increases in galactinol synthase activity and galactinol content, respectively, and a substantial decrease in the substrate for this enzyme, myo-inositol. Highest levels of galactinol synthase activity at the end of linear seed fill in both cultivars, however, preceded the accumulation of the highest stachyose levels by two growth stages. Activity of alpha-galactosidase increased linearly in both varieties with time. Relatively high activities of sucrose synthase and alkaline invertase during the accumulation of the majority of dry matter in both cultivars suggest that these enzymes may be associated with this process in soybean seeds. Regulation of raffinose oligosaccharide accumulation in developing soybean seeds also may depend on galactosyl transferase activity.
Acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence

Abstract Background: Both inpatient and outpatient treatment centers that focus solely on psychosocial therapies for the treatment of alcohol dependence have high relapse rates. Thus, extensive research has focused on the development of pharmacologic moieties to attenuate the craving for alcohol after acute alcohol detoxification. Three drug therapies are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this purpose: disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. The latter was approved by the FDA in 2004. Objective: This article describes the pharmacologic properties and clinical usefulness of acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Methods: Relevant information was identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966 to March 2005), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–2005), Current Contents (1996–2005), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1982–Week 2, 2004) using the key words acamprosate, alcohol dependence , and alcoholism (MeSH). Results: Acamprosate limited to randomized, controlled clinical trials yielded 33 hits in MEDLINE. Twenty-two articles were reviewed for efficacy end points, and 10 were reviewed for pharmacology and pharmacokinetics data. Acamprosate plus pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics yielded 19 hits, some of which were duplicates from the previously described search. Acamprosate plus meta-analysis (MeSH) yielded 5 hits, naltrexone plus meta-analysis (MeSH) yielded 9 hits, and disulfiram plus meta-analysis yielded 3 hits. The most recent review articles and their reference lists were assessed to ensure completeness of literature searches. Based on these searches, acamprosate is known to be an analogue of taurine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 2 central nervous system neuromodulators. Acamprosate is thought to share some of the cellular actions of taurine affecting GABA and glutaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region that may be responsible for the reinforcing effects received after alcohol consumption. Acamprosate is thought to also suppress excitation-induced calcium entry that results from chronic alcohol exposure, thereby altering the conformation of the N -methyl-d-aspartate receptors. The percentage of patients taking acamprosate who were completely abstinent throughout the different durations of the studies varied from ∼18% to 61%, compared with 4% to 45% with placebo. Diarrhea was the most common adverse effect accompanying acamprosate therapy, and this was generally described as dose related and transient. Conclusions: Acamprosate is associated with modest treatment effects. Its efficacy is similar to naltrexone, and the combination of acamprosate and naltrexone appears to be more efficacious than acamprosate alone, when combined with psychosocial interventions.
Intraventricular conduction disturbances in children

Abstract Intraventricular conduction disturbances are rare in children. They are most often seen in children after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease. Methods of evaluating intraventricular conduction are discussed. The real clinical significance of these conduction delays is unknown.
The dynamic effects of contingent tariffs

Abstract This paper develops a specific-factor variant of the `quality ladders' model without the scale effect property. We analyze the dynamic effects of contingent tariffs that are imposed on imports whenever domestic firms lose their global technological leadership positions to foreign firms. Small `rent-extracting' contingent tariffs do not benefit domestic firms that fall behind and are negatively related to the global rate of technological change in the short run. Large `protective' contingent tariffs allow domestic technological laggards to capture the domestic market and are positively related to the global rate of technological change in the short run.
Ontogenetic variation in food consumption of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) in a central New York stream.

ABSTRACT We examined feeding periodicity of three size groups of the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) at four-hour intervals over a 28-hour period during July in a headwater stream of the Susquehanna River drainage in central New York. Feeding activity was expressed as the ratio of stomach weight divided by the crayfish wet weight. The diel food consumption patterns of all three size groups of rusty crayfish (i.e., ≤ 10 mm, 11–20 mm, and > 20 mm carapace length) were significantly different. Peak feeding of the smallest crayfish occurred during crepuscular periods. Food consumption of the intermediate size crayfish was highest at 2000 h, and feeding of large crayfish was consistently high from 1200 h to 0400 h. Feeding intensity of both small and intermediate size crayfish was highest when feeding intensity of large crayfsh was lowest. Ontogenetic differences in feeding periodicity may be associated with predation pressure from large rusty crayfish on smaller individuals.
Patterned p-doping of InAs nanowires by gas-phase surface diffusion of Zn.

Gas phase p-doping of InAs nanowires with Zn atoms is demonstrated as an effective route for enabling postgrowth dopant profiling of nanostructures. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by the fabrication of high-performance gated diodes and p-MOSFETs. High Zn concentrations with electrically active content of ∼1 × 1019 cm−3 are achieved which is essential for compensating the electron-rich surface layers of InAs to enable heavily p-doped structures. This work could have important practical implications for the fabrication of planar and nonplanar devices based on InAs and other III−V nanostructures which are not compatible with conventional ion implantation processes that often cause severe lattice damage with local stoichiometry imbalance.
A computer-aided classification and retrieval system for united states patents

Abstract A computer-aided classification and retrieval system for United States Patents is described. Patents are clustered by similar “cited-by” patterns using MacQueen's algorithm. The clusters are “enriched” by the addition of citing patents. These maximally connected clusters or “cliques” form the classification. Retrieval is performed by means of a probabilistic indexing scheme based on an authority list composed of terms in the data base. The system is tested on the basis of the requirement that 100 per cent of the cited (relevant) patents of a given test patent must be retrieved.
Virtual sine arm kinematic mount system

A novel kinematic mount system for a vertical focusing mirror of the soft x-ray spectroscopy beamline at the Advanced Photon Source is described. The system contains three points in a horizontal plane. Each point consists of two horizontal linear precision stages, a spherical ball bearing, and a vertical precision stage. The horizontal linear stages are aligned orthogonally and are conjoined by a spherical ball bearing, supported by the vertical linear stage at each point. The position of each confined horizontal stage is controlled by a motorized micrometer head by spring-loading the flat tip of the micrometer head onto a tooling ball fixing on the carriage of the stage. A virtual sine arm is formed by tilting the upstream horizontal stage down and the two downstream horizontal stages up by a small angle. The fine pitch motion is achieved by adjusting the upstream stage. This supporting structure is extremely steady due to a relatively large span across the supporting points and yields extremely high resolution on the pitch motion. With a one degree tilt and a microstepping motor, the authors achieved a 0.4 nanoradian resolution on the mirror pitch motion.
Strange-particle production from neutrino interactions in the BNL 7-foot bubble chamber

Strange-particle production in charged-current and neutral-current neutrino interactions has been studied using the BNL 7-foot deuterium bubble chamber. A total of 37 charged-current and 9 neutral-current events in the data sample contain one or more strange particles. Three events have $\ensuremath{\Delta}S\ensuremath{\ne}0$. The measured total rate for neutral ${V}^{0}$ production in charged-current interactions is (4.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)%. Cross sections are given for low-multiplicity reactions involving neutral strange particles.