cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dental calculus inhibition in rats through pancreatin applications

Poop oral hygiene with concomitant dental plaque and calculus accumulations on teeth is directly associated with inflammation in the periodontal tissues (BRANDTZAEG, 1964). Therefore, investigations to inhibit calculus formation have been performed using human, animal and in vitro systems (JENSEN, 1959 ; GRESSLY, 1963 ; LEUNG and DRAUS, 1959). Enzymes constitute one of the most promising group of agents that have been tested in the field of calculus inhibition (LEUNG, 1964; WEINSTEIN and MANDEL, 1964). Over the last decade and a half, several reports have been published of calculus inhibition by a variety of enzymes (STEWART, 1952; ALEECE and FORSCHER, 1954; JENSEN, 1959 ; ENNEVER and STURZENBURGER, 1961; PACKMAN, et al., 1963 ; HARRISON, et al., 1963). Of the enzyme preparations tested, pancreatin has the widest assortment of individual enzymes and exerts proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic action. Pancreatic enzymes probably inhibit calculus formation by digesting the dental plaque thus disrupting the organic matrix before it is able to calcify. It was the aim of this investigation to establish if daily applications of pancreatin would inhibit dental calculus formation in rats on a calculogenic diet. Also, topical application of agents to the rat dentition is a widely used method in caries inhibition research (SOGNNAES, 1941; MERICLE and MUHLER, 1964). It was also the purpose of the current study to test the practicality of this method in calculus inhibition research. Twelve, l-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experiment (Huntington Farms, 1075, New DeHaven Rd., West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania). The animals were maintained on a calculogenic diet consisting of 66 per cent cornstarch, 32 per cent skim milk powder and 2 per cent dessicated liver powder. (BAER, et al., 1961). Six of the rats in Group A received daily applications of distilled water and served as the controls. The 6 animals of Group B received daily applications of pancreatin N.F. (Fischer Scientific Company, Fairlawn, N.J.). According to the NATIONAL FORMULARY (1965) and a personal communication (Fischer Scientific Company) the pancreatin used contained principally pancreatic amylase, trypsin and pancreatic lypase. It is usually manufactured from beef pancreas and converts not
Analysis of leaching and stability of microporated PEG spheres for fluorescent analyte detection

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres have been used to sense a variety of analytes by encapsulating fluorescently labeled molecules into a PEG hydrogel matrix. This matrix is designed to retain the sensing molecules while simultaneously allowing nearly unhindered analyte diffusion. Some sensing assays, however, depend on the conformational rearrangement or binding of large macromolecular compounds which may be sterically prohibited in a dense polymer matrix. A new microporation process has been developed in order to create small cavities in the spheres containing aqueous solution and the assay components. This configuration insures a small mesh size for the supporting polymer, which limits leaching, while allowing the large assay components space to react within the aqueous cavities. Three hydrogel compositions (100% PEG, 50% PEG hydrogels, and microporated 100% PEG) were studied by embedding traditional pH (FITC) and oxygen sensitive fluorophores (Ru(Phen)). These hydrogels were analyzed for leaching and dynamic response to evaluate the functionality of the new microporated hydrogel.
Thin Sol-Gel Films on Fracture Fixation Material for the Controlled Release of Antibiotics

Previously, the properties of room temperature processed silica sol gel (also called xerogels) as resorbable and biocompatible controlled release systems were described. It was demonstrated that drugs and macromolecules with a variety of properties and characteristics could be released in a controlled manner. In this study, we focus on the synthesis of antibacterial thin solgel films on intramedullary nails and fracture fixation materials. We determine the effect of processing parameters on the in vitro properties and demonstrated a time- and load- dependent release of vancomycin from the film. This study suggests that thin sol-gel films hold great promise for the prevention and treatment of bone infections.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory among multiple sclerosis patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Verbal working memory (VWM) deficits have been a well-replicated finding among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) studies have described a VWM system in healthy samples; however, functional neuroimaging of this system among MS patients is just beginning to appear. METHODS: Fifteen MS patients and 15 sex-, age-, education-, and IQ-matched healthy control (HC) participants completed a 2-Back VWM task as whole-brain FMRI was conducted. RESULTS: Each group exhibited increased brain activity compared to the O-Back control task in regions associated with the 2-Back in previous neuroimaging studies. These included Broca's area, supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortices (PMC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC). MS patients exhibited greater cortical activity than did HC participants in left primary motor and somatosensory cortices, PMC, DLPFC, anterior cingulate, and bilateral SMA. MS patients exhibited relatively less activation in Broca's area, bilateral cerebellum, and other regions not typically associated with the 2-Back (e.g., right fusiform gyrus, left lingual gyrus, right hippocampus). Performance accuracy and reaction time did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Normal performance of a challenging VWM task among high-functioning MS patients is associated with a shift toward greater activity in regions related to sensorimotor functions and anterior attentional/executive components of the VWM system. Posterior memory storage systems appeared unaffected, while portions of the visual processing and subvocal rehearsal systems were less active. Although a shift in neural activity was noted relative to HC participants, deviation from regions normally involved in VWM function was not observed in this patient sample.
Regulation of messenger RNA stability in eukaryotic cells

Regulation of the cytoplasmic stability of mRNAs has recetly been identified as a major control mechanism which governs mRNA levels in a variety of eukaryotic systems. In this review we discuss what is known about several experimental systems that exhibit regulated mRNA stability, describe the mechanisms that cells may use to achieve control of mRNA degradation, and suggest areas of future investigation likely to provide new insights into this process.
Sensitivity of scalp eeg, cortical eeg, and somatosensory evoked responses during surgery for intracranial aneurysms

Abstract BACKGROUND We estimated the relative sensitivity and reliability of scalp EEG, cortical EEG and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to detect significant changes during aneurysm surgery. METHODS Two observers independently reviewed data from 18 patients who were monitored with scalp EEG, cortical EEG, and SSEPs to determine which if any modality demonstrated significant changes during 25 different episodes of temporary intracranial vascular occlusion. RESULTS Kappa scores indicating the degree of agreement between the two observers were highest for the cortical strip EEG (κ = 0.92) and the SSEPs (κ = 0.82) and much greater than for the scalp EEG data (κ = −0.07). The cortical strip recordings showed changes more often than either the scalp EEG or SSEP during temporary vascular occlusion. In no case did the scalp EEG change when neither the strip nor SSEP changed. In only 4% of events did the observers feel that the SSEP changed when the strip did not, but in 16% of cases, the strip changed without changes in any of the other modalities. CONCLUSIONS Recording of EEG from strip electrodes placed on the cortical surface detects changes more frequently than either scalp EEG or SSEPs during vascular occlusion. Different observers were more likely to agree on whether the cortical strip EEG changed during vascular occlusion than the other modalities. This argues for the possible advantages of recording from strip electrodes during aneurysm surgery.
Psychometric Validation of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Application to Subgroups of Eating Disorders

Eating disorder patients show extremes of the personality characteristics measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). For this reason, the TPQ was tested in four subgroups of eating disorder patients. Patients completed the TPQ and their responses were compared with a normative sample of women. Results indicated that the TPQ is an internally consistent and valid instrument to use with eating disorder patients.
Two nonmetric locally connected continua

Abstract Mardesic constructed, assuming the continuum hypothesis (CH), a locally connected Hausdorff continuum which contains no nondegenerate proper locally connected subcontinua. We show that CH is not necessary to construct such an example. We also construct, assuming CH, a perfectly normal locally connected continuum which is not arcwise connected.
Young Adult Palliative Care Challenges and Opportunities

Young adulthood is a time of immense growth and possibilities. As a result, it is also a time when serious illness can have profound effects. This review examines the current data pertinent to young adult palliative care and discusses the challenges and opportunities where palliative medicine can enhance the care provided to this growing and vulnerable population. From the data, 2 primary themes emerged (1) ongoing young adult development not only generates unique biologic disease burdens and clinical treatment options but also requires frequent assessment and promotion and (2) binary health care systems often leave young adults without access to developmentally appropriate health care. Given its interdisciplinary approach, palliative care is uniquely poised to address the challenges known to caring for the seriously ill young adult.
3DCylPIC—A 3D particle-in-cell code in cylindrical coordinates for space charge simulations of ion trap and ion transport devices

Abstract A 3D particle-in-cell code in cylindrical coordinates, that can be used to characterize space charge effects in various ion traps and ion transport devices where cylindrical boundary conditions are more appropriate, is presented. By solving Poisson’s equation on a cylindrical grid at every time step, the presence of an arbitrary amount of charged particles is handled in a completely natural way. Hard sphere scattering and statistical diffusion models can be used to include effects of interaction with a neutral buffer gas. An overview of the code is discussed, and its first application to study RF carpet devices is presented.
The efficacy of a red flags questionnaire for assessing the possibility of fraud

Abstract This field experiment (n = 137 auditors) examined the efficacy of a red flags questionnaire for assessing the risk of material fraud at a client. Two variables — evaluation of a fraud case or a no-fraud case, and use or non-use of a red flags questionnaire — were manipulated. Questionnaire users showed increased comprehensiveness and uniformity in data acquisition. However, questionnaire use had no significant impact on fraud risk assessment for the no-fraud case and was dysfunctional for the fraud case. Possible reasons for the dysfunction are explored and suggestions for future research are presented.
ACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE ON ENZYMES AND ON CERTAIN PBOTEIDS

The following general conclusions may be drawn from the preceding work: Fibrin is altered by formaldehyde and is then less easily digested by pepsin and by trypsin. Papain is apparently unable to digest fibrin even when this is exposed to very weak formaldehyde (1:1000) for a very short time. The casein of milk, on contact with formaldehyde, undergoes rapid alteration and is as a result not coagulated by rennet, or but very slowly. Such altered casein, like similar fibrin, is not readily digested by the proteolytic ferments. The longer the formaldehyde acts on casein and on fibrin the more marked is the result. Pepsin is not affected by a one per cent solution of formaldehyde, even when the mixture has stood for four weeks. Even a five per cent solution of formaldehyde acting for three weeks has no effect on pepsin. Contrary results obtained by others are due to an alteration of the fibrin by the formaldehyde. A putrid solution of pepsin in distilled water one month old digests fibrin as readily as a fresh solution. Rennet is not affected even by a four per cent solution of formaldehyde acting for several weeks. The absence of coagulation at times is due to the action of formaldehyde on the casein of the milk and not on the rennet ferment. Papain is very quickly altered by formaldehyde, even in very dilute solution. Moreover, it is unable to digest fibrin that has been exposed to the action of a very dilute solution of formaldehyde for a short time. Trypsin is altered by formaldehyde to such an extent that digestion of fibrin will not take place, or but very slowly. The extent to which trypsin is affected by formaldehyde depends largely upon the amount of organic matter present, as well as on the amount of ferment in the solution. Amylopsin is not destroyed by very dilute solutions of formaldehyde, but stronger solutions decrease the activity of the ferment, and if used in sufficient concentration will destroy it completely. Ptyalin, like the diastatic ferment of the pancreas, is not destroyed by dilute solutions of formaldehyde. If the latter is used in rather strong concentration and allowed to act for some time it will destroy the ferment. The action of formaldehyde is more rapid and more marked at a slightly elevated temperature than at ordinary room temperature. Malt diastase, unlike the diastatic ferments of the saliva and pancreatic solution, is not destroyed by formaldehyde when this is used in moderate amount and at ordinary temperature. Unlike pepsin, a solution of malt diastase readily undergoes decomposition on standing even for one or more days. This destruction is undoubtedly due to bacteria since it does not take place when formaldehyde is present. Consequently the favoring action which formaldehyde apparently exerts on diastase really consists in the inhibition of the growth of micro-organisms, and hence the diastase is protected against decomposition.
Analysis of Alpha-Particle Elastic Scattering Experiments

By a simple modification of the sharp cutoff (Blair) approximation, a phase-shift analysis has been found to reproduce the experimental alpha-particle elastic scattering data from silver. Only two adjustable parameters were required to fit the experimental data for 22-Mev scattering; four parameters were used for the 40-Mev data. The uniqueness of the fits has not been determined.
Cupredoxins—A study of how proteins may evolve to use metals for bioenergetic processes

Cupredoxins are small proteins that contain type I copper centers, which are ubiquitous in nature. They function as electron transfer shuttles between proteins. This review of the structure and properties of native cupredoxins, and those modified by site-directed mutagenesis, illustrates how these proteins may have evolved to specifically bind copper, develop recognition sites for specific redox partners, tune redox potential for a particular function, and allow for efficient electron transfer through the protein matrix. This is relevant to the general understanding of the roles of metals in energy metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis.
The maternal pheromone and bile acids in the lactating rat

Bile was drawn from virgin rats and from postpartum rats that were with young for 5, 12, 21, and 30 days, respectively. The bile thus drawn was analyzed enzymatically after chromatographic separation to test an hypothesis relating cholic acid and one of its metabolites, deoxycholic acid, to the appearance of the maternal pheromone. Our finding that cholic acid, but not deoxycholic acid, reached a peak that was tied specifically to the period of pheromonal emission led us to advance a revised hypothesis. We now think that cholic acid alone, or more likely a cholic metabolite other than deoxycholic acid, underlies the appearance of the pheromone.
Migraine and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome

We believe there is a significant association between migraine and the prolapse mitral valve syndrome. Propranolol is the drug of choice in these patients for the treatment and prevention of migraine. Increased platelet aggregability may be the common pathophysiologic mechanism as relates to emboli from the valve and possibly in strokes related to migraine. Recognition of the association of the two syndromes will result in appropriate subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis for patients at risk as well as prevention of improper medication to those patients with migraine who are at risk for stroke.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANGINA AND OUTCOMES IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: ANALYSIS FROM THE DUKE DATABANK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Angina pectoris (AP) is a predictor of adverse events in patients (pts) with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF). The implications of AP in HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) are unknown. We aimed to investigate the outcomes of HFpEF pts with AP. HFpEF pts (EF>40%) who underwent
Intraarticular α2-macroglobulin complexes and proteolytic activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

ABSTRACT: In juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), it is likely that the release of proteolytic enzymes from activated synovial fluid neutrophils overwhelms the major protease inhibitor, α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG), and leads to cartilage destruction. Due to the unique nature of the α2-MG-protease complex, proteolytic function is maintained until the complex is cleared. In this study, we sought to determine the concentration of α2-MG-protease complexes in synovial fluid of patients with JRA, the proteolytic activity found in their synovial fluid, and whether the α2-MG complexes are associated with increased proteolytic activity. The JRA patients' synovial fluids had complex levels of 217.0 ± 192.2 nmol/L—significantly elevated compared with plasma values (p 0.05). Seventy-four percent of total elastase activity and 41% of total tryptic activity were contained in the α2-MG-complex fractions. We suggest that the increased concentration of synovial fluid α2-MG complexes with retained elastase activity contributes to continued proteolysis and joint destruction and may affect the subsequent disease course through its role as a modulator of IL-6.
Alpha fetoprotein DNA prime and adenovirus boost immunization of two hepatocellular cancer patients

Background Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal antigen over-expressed by many hepatocellular cancers (HCC). We previously demonstrated that HLA-A2-restricted epitopes derived from AFP are immunogenic in vitro and in vivo despite high circulating levels of this oncofetal antigen. In order to test a more broadly applicable, HLA-unrestricted, inexpensive, cell-free vaccine platform capable of activating tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, we tested full length AFP in a plasmid DNA construct in combination with an AFP-expressing replication-deficient adenovirus (AdV) in a prime-boost vaccine strategy.
STO-3G study of uracil, thymine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-methoxyuracil, and their 4-hydroxytautomeric forms

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations with an STO-3G basis have been performed to investigate the energetics and electronic properties of some 5-substituted uracils and their 4-OH tautomer forms with R including F, CH3, and OMe. In all cases, the diketo form is more stable. An excellent linear correlation between the calculated and experimental ionization potentials was found.
Statistics of 2D solitons

We study the inequivalent quantizations of (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear sigma models with space manifold S1 and target manifold X. If X is multiply connected, these models possess topological solitons. After providing a definition of "spin" and "statistics" for these solitons and demonstrating a spin-statistics correlation, we give various exmples where the solitons can have exotic statistics. In some of these models, the solitons may obey a generalized version of fractional statistics called ambistatistics. The relevance of these 2D models to the statistics of vortices in (2 + 1)-dimensional spontaneously broken gauge theories is also discussed. We close with a discussion concerning the extension of our results to higher dimensions.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Escherichia coli NikR Protein: Equilibrium Conformational Fluctuations Reveal Interdomain Allosteric Communication Pathways

Abstract Escherichia coli NikR is a homotetrameric Ni 2+ - and DNA-binding protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor of the NikABCDE nickel permease. The protein is composed of two distinct domains. The N-terminal 50 amino acids of each chain forms part of the dimeric ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) domains, a well-studied DNA-binding fold. The 83-residue C-terminal nickel-binding domain forms an ACT (aspartokinase, chorismate mutase, and TyrA) fold and contains the tetrameric interface. In this study, we have utilized an equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation in order to explore the conformational dynamics of the NikR tetramer and determine important residue interactions within and between the RHH and ACT domains to gain insight into the effects of Ni 2+ on DNA-binding activity. The molecular simulation data were analyzed using two different correlation measures based on fluctuations in atomic position and noncovalent contacts together with a clustering algorithm to define groups of residues with similar correlation patterns for both types of correlation measure. Based on these analyses, we have defined a series of residue interrelationships that describe an allosteric communication pathway between the Ni 2+ - and DNA-binding sites, which are separated by 40 A. Several of the residues identified by our analyses have been previously shown experimentally to be important for NikR function. An additional subset of the identified residues structurally connects the experimentally implicated residues and may help coordinate the allosteric communication between the ACT and RHH domains.
Atypical colony-like structures developing in control media and in clinical L-form cultures containing serum

Solid and liquid media designed to support growth of cell wall deficient variants were evaluated for the presence of endogenous variants. The media compared in this study consisted of brain heart infusion base containing 10% sucrose, 3% NaCl + 5% sucrose, 3% NaCl, or 5% NaCl + 20% sucrose, and supplemented with filtrates of 10–20% horse serum - Sources A, B, C, suppliers of slaughterhouse (Type I) serum; and S, a supplier of standing herd (Type II) serum - and yeast extract. Three types of yeast supplements used in this study were aqueous extracts of: (1) fresh, or (2) active dry yeast; and (3) 0.5% commercial dehydrated yeast extract. Liquid control media prepared from one supplier gave rise to a pleomorphic Gram positive rod on extended incubation ( > 10 days) in spite of rigorous controls for asepsis during preparation and use. The second and more serious problem concerned repeated encounters with ‘pseudocolony’-like structures in work with clinical material. Correlation with severity of disease, different rates of appearance, and promotion of development by high osmolarity, led to a comparison of this phenomenon in control Type I- vs. Type II-BYE medium. Type I gave rise to numerous ‘pseudocolony‘- like bodies within 3 weeks, while Type II media containing standing herd serum developed < 20 per plate. Media variations known to promote growth of L-phase variants and mycoplasmas were noted to affect time of appearance and numbers of atypical colonies in control, uninoculated Type II-BYE. These included serum level, quality of yeast extract, pH, osmolar supplements, and the O2 tension. The development of these structures in only certain Type II-BYE cultures of clinical fluids does not support the view that disturbance of an agar surface, or the presence of cells (or nuclei) promotes ‘growth’. No atypical colony-like structures or amber bodies developed in plates incubated for 7 weeks in the presence of vapors of phenol + formaldehyde, nor during an additional 10-day interval in a normal gaseous environment. It is suggested that all horse sera tested in this study contained unclassified atypical L-forms with unusual resistance to heat and chemicals.
Flavonoid composition of lemon-yellow sorghum genotypes

Flavonoid composition of lemon-yellow sorghums grown in two locations in Texas, USA was evaluated and compared with that of white and red sorghums using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA). Sorghums from Lubbock were brighter in colour and had minimal weathering compared to those from College Station. Sorghums with red/purple secondary plant colour had the highest levels of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (8-187μg/g) and their levels were highest in grains from College Station (39-187μg/g). Pericarp colour did not have any effect on 3-deoxyanthocyanidin levels (p>0.05). The tan plant lemon-yellow sorghum Tx2953 had the highest levels of flavones (268-362μg/g). Among the genotypes, lemon-yellow sorghums had the highest levels of flavanones (134-1780μg/g), which are located in the pericarp and their levels were increased in the grains with a bright yellow pericarp and minimal weathering. The high flavanone levels in lemon-yellow sorghums makes this sorghum genotype a good source of those compounds.
Early morphological and biochemical changes during 2-Br-(diglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone-induced nephrotoxicity

Early subcellular targets of 2-Br-(diglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ)-mediated nephrotoxicity were investigated by morphological and biochemical criteria. After treatment of male Fischer 344 rats with 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ (30 mumol/kg), proximal tubular morphology was examined by electron microscopy. Changes in the plasma membrane, nuclei, and endoplasmic reticulum were observed within 30 min of 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ administration. These changes consisted of loss of the brush border membrane, margination of heterochromatin, and reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum into discrete aggregates. The desquamation of the brush border membrane into the tubular lumen corresponded with the rapid excretion of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase in urine. As the injury developed, cell swelling with loss of cytosolic density and loss of chromatin staining was observed, and between 2 and 4 hr the nuclei underwent extensive karyorrhexis and karyolysis. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from the corticomedullary junction at 4 hr exhibited extensive fragmentation, which was random in nature. Mitochondria assumed a condensed configuration 2 hr after 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ administration, but this was not followed by high-amplitude swelling prior to cell death and necrosis. Biochemical assessment of mitochondria, isolated from 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ-treated rats at 2 hr, exhibited a significant (20%) decrease in respiratory control ratios (RCR), a consequence of an increase in State 4 respiration. At later time points (8 hr) State 4 respiration returned to control values, but the respiratory control ratio (RCR) remained significantly depressed due to decreases in State 3 respiration. At this time blood urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly elevated (41 +/- 3, mean +/- SD, n = 10). The data suggest that the plasma membrane and the nucleus are early targets of 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ-induced cytotoxicity, and that alterations in mitochondrial structure and respiratory function occur following the initial injury.
Changing concepts in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer.

The management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer has changed significantly over the last few decades. Mortality has decreased as the result of earlier detection, refined surgical approaches, subsequent radioiodine ablation, and the development of more sensitive methods for detecting and monitoring disease recurrence. The latter has been facilitated by serum thyroglobulin measurements, the use of recombinant human thyrotropin, and the use of 18 F-deoxyglucose/positron emission tomography in selected instances where radioiodine imaging fails to locate known or suspected recurrent or metastatic disease.
The history and present status of radiographic screening for breast carcinoma.

Many of the perceived and actual difficulties in the creation of screening centers have been solved or are amenable to solution. The amount of radiation delivered to the breast during mammography no longer poses a significant risk and there is ample evidence that screening mammography can detect occult disease. While substantial evidence is lacking with respect to a decrease in mortality in patients under 50 years of age, there is an unequivocal gain in those over 50 years of age. Other concerns center around the number of trained radiologists available to interpret large numbers of screening mammograms, the use of lay screeners to minimize the physician shortage and the availability of instruction centers to educate those radiologists not formally trained in mammography. The question of quality control is closely tied to the training of the radiologist and must be addressed if screening centers are to function efficiently. All of the above are correctable to a greater or lesser degree, but the problem of cost remains. To survey all women over 40 years of age at a cost of $50.00 per examination would require an expenditure in excess of two billion dollars a year, a staggering sum even in the context of the economy of the 1980s. It is necessary that these costs be lowered if the full potential of a major cancer detection procedure is to be realized. This conference has both the responsibility and opportunity to perform a significant service for the women of the US. We ask all of you to devote your greatest ingenuity to achieving its major purpose, the development of a practical strategy for cost reduction in mammography. While it may not be possible to achieve all that we wish, the formulation of any reasonable plan to increase public access will be a major accomplishment. I remind you of a French aphorism: "The greatest crime is to do nothing because we fear we can only do a little."
State of the Art for Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Diagnostic tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have undergone considerable evolution since the first enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot were introduced 2 decades ago. Newer methods detect infection sooner and yield results much faster. Rapid tests represent a major advance for HIV screening in the United States. Six rapid tests for detection of HIV antibody have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since November 2002. Four of these tests can be done in point-of-care and nonclinical settings because they use whole blood or oral fluid and are simple to perform. An assay for detection of HIV-1 RNA has been approved by the FDA to detect HIV infection before seroconversion has occurred and to confirm results of reactive screening tests; pooled testing of specimens for HIV-1 RNA has increased the cost-effectiveness of this screening tool. These new testing technologies offer unique opportunities to diagnose HIV infection among the estimated 252,000-312,000 persons in the United States who are currently unaware they are infected.
Microbial lipid production as biodiesel feedstock from N-acetylglucosamine by oleaginous microorganisms.

BACKGROUND: The byproducts from shrimp processing are heads and shells which contain a wealth of carbon and could be converted into oils via oleaginous microorganisms. The objective of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using oleaginous microorganisms to convert N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), the major carbohydrate of the hydrolysate of shrimp processing waste, to triacylglycerols as a biodiesel feedstock. RESULTS: Screening experiments were conducted among Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodococcus opacus and Cryptococcus curvatus using GlcNAc as sole carbon and energy source at 30 °C. All three microorganisms were found to grow well on GlcNAc, but the lipid contents in the cells were consistently low (lower than 5%) in the growth phase. However, lipid accumulation by C. curvatus was greatly enhanced upon entering the death phase in the absence of GlcNAc and the lipid content increased to 28.4% at 167.7 h. This indicated that C. curvatus was the optimal tested microorganism for the production of microbial oils from GlcNAc. Phosphate was further evaluated on the growth and lipid production by C. curvatus from GlcNAc. Results indicated that the yields of both biomass during growth phase and lipids at death phase increased with the increase of the ratio of C to P. But the fatty acid profiles of the accumulated lipids did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that shrimp processing waste could be utilized to produce oils as a biodiesel feedstock. The results could be applied to maximize production of oils from shrimp processing waste. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Protesting While Black? The Differential Policing of American Activism, 1960 to 1990

How does the race of protesters affect how police respond to protest events? Drawing on the protest policing literature and on theories of race and ethnic relations, we explore the idea that police...
Who Bears Firm-Level Risk? Implications for Cash Flow Volatility

Public firms in the United States that provide better insurance against productivity shocks to their workers experience higher cash flow volatility. Differences in intra-firm risk sharing between workers and capital owners accounts for more than 50% of the variation in firm-level cash flow volatility. I develop a theory in which wages can act either as a hedge or as leverage, depending on the history of the productivity shocks the firm has faced. Heterogeneous roles of workers in the firm are derived by analyzing the dynamic equilibrium wage contracts between risk-neutral owners and risk-averse workers who can leave with a fraction of the accumulated human capital. Owners of the firm will optimally bear more risk when the value of the firm's human capital is currently lower than it has been. The model successfully explains the joint distribution of cash flow volatility and the wage-output sensitivity. Also, the model produces predictions for the dynamics of cash flow volatility that are consistent with the time series properties of the firm-level data.
ACP Journal Club: in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, effects of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin did not differ by patient age.

Source Citation Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al; ROCKET AF Steering Committee and Investigators. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonv...
Suppression of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders by dietary restriction and environmental enrichment: molecular mechanisms

Dietary restriction (reduced calorie intake with nutritional maintenance) can extend lifespan and may increase the resistance of the nervous system to age-related diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. An environment enriched in intellectual and physical activities can also allay many of the adverse effects of aging on the brain. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of dietary restriction and environmental enrichment on the brain involve stimulation of the expression of neurotrophic factors and 'stress proteins'. The neurotrophic factors and stress proteins induced by dietary restriction may protect neurons by suppressing oxyradical production, stabilizing cellular calcium homeostasis and inhibiting a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Interestingly, dietary restriction and environmental enrichment also increase numbers of newly-generated neural cells in the adult brain suggesting that these behavioral modifications can increase the brain's capacity for plasticity and self-repair. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects of diet and behavior on the brain is leading to novel therapeutic agents that mimick their beneficial effects.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A New Perspective in Asthma

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is an entity of reversible cardiomyopathy known for its association with physical or emotional stress and may mimic myocardial infarction. We report an exceedingly rare case of albuterol-induced TCM with moderate asthma exacerbation. An interesting association that may help in understanding the etiology of TCM in the asthmatic population. Although the prognosis of TCM is excellent, it is crucial to recognize beta agonists as a potential stressor.
Fast illegal state identification for improving SAT-based induction

In this paper, we propose a novel framework to quickly extract illegal states of a sequential circuit and then use them as constraints during the SAT-based induction runs. First, we employ a low-cost combinational ATPG to identify unreachable partial-states among groups of related flip-flops. Second, we propose the concept of necessary-assignment looping to identify additional unachievable partial-states. Third, we extend the above unachievability theory to capture new non-trivial sequential logic dependencies among the circuit signals. Finally, we use a unified framework that utilizes all the above information and aims at maximizing the learning. All the learned illegal states are converted into constraint clauses and are replicated at all the unrolled transition relations to prune the search-space. Experimental results show that, due to the added constraints, many safety properties can be proved at earlier depths and the induction run-times can be significantly reduced.
Optimal informants on childhood disruptive behaviors

The question of which informant on childhood behavior disorders is the most useful an'd valid for which disorders influences diagnostic accuracy and research findings. The present study focuses on 177 boys, most of whom had been referred to outpatient services because they were displaying disruptive behavior. The boys, their mothers, and their teachers responded to a psychiatric interview concerning the boys' behavior. Analyses of conditional agreements between informants show that children, as compared with mothers and teachers, were less adequate informants on their own hyperactivity and inattentiveness. The same applied to children's reports of their own oppositional behavior. In contrast, children's reports of their conduct problems tended to complement the reports by adults. Although informants agreed significantly on the presence of many disruptive child behaviors, there were several on which they did not agree, particularly in the realm of hyperactivity/inattentiveness. There were few age differences between older and younger boys in this sample of 7- to 12-year-olds. The implications of the findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Functional heterogeneity of conflict, error, task-switching, and unexpectedness effects within medial prefrontal cortex

The last decade has seen considerable discussion regarding a theoretical account of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function with particular focus on the anterior cingulate cortex. The proposed theories have included conflict detection, error likelihood prediction, volatility monitoring, and several distinct theories of error detection. Arguments for and against particular theories often treat mPFC as functionally homogeneous, or at least nearly so, despite some evidence for distinct functional subregions. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to simultaneously contrast multiple effects of error, conflict, and task-switching that have been individually construed in support of various theories. We found overlapping yet functionally distinct subregions of mPFC, with activations related to dominant error, conflict, and task-switching effects successively found along a rostral-ventral to caudal-dorsal gradient within medial prefrontal cortex. Activations in the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ) were strongly correlated with the unexpectedness of outcomes suggesting a role in outcome prediction and preparing control systems to deal with anticipated outcomes. The results as a whole support a resolution of some ongoing debates in that distinct theories may each pertain to corresponding distinct yet overlapping subregions of mPFC.
Automatic classification of biomedical information when classification error is unknown.

This paper describes a distribution-free method for the automatic classification of individuals by phenotype of the serum protein α1-antitrypsin. This method achieved 74 per cent agreement and a Kappa value of 0.24 when compared to the conventional classification procedure on an independent testing sample. The methodology is appropriate for many classification problems, particularly when the true classes and the reliability of the conventional procedure are unknown.
Maize Floral Development: New Genes and Old Mutants.

Although transgenic approaches toward plant improvement have begun to yield some modest results, one of the more spectacular achievements in the history of agriculture was attained more simply. According to the most widely held view, maize, with its kernel-laden ears, was derived in the last 10,000 years from teosinte, a grass having only marginal agronomic value (Beadle, 1980; Galinat, 1988). Were the maize ear a more recent invention, its elegant structure would be the subject of several patents. Its multiranked array of kernels presents a great improvement in packing efficiency over the distichous arrangement of teosinte. These tightly packed kernels, instead of being encased individually, as in teosinte, are exposed and free of chaffy bracts. Finally, this dense array of nutritious endosperm is conveniently packaged in a set of protective, but easily removed, husk leaves. How the maize ear might have been engineered by new world farmers who possessed only a rudimentary knowledge of hereditary principles has been a source of great debate (Galinat, 1983; Iltis, 1983), much of it framed in various interpretations of fossil (Mangelsdorf et al., 1967) and anatomical (Doebley and Iltis, 1980; lltis and Doebley, 1980) data. Lying at the root of this controversy is our limited knowledge of how morphogenesis is controlled in plants. Although no definitive answer as to the origin of the maize ear can be offered here, we can try to outline the logic that guides its development. We begin by describing the sequence of events by which the ear normally develops and how this basic pattern is modified to produce the staminate tassel. We then discuss the results of genetic analyses, which suggest that inflorescence development can be modeled as a process involving several semiautonomous programs. Finally, we describe how these formal models of gene interaction can be tested and refined through a variety of molecular approaches.
Correlation of Adiabatic Two-Phase Pressure Drop Data Using the Frictional Law of Corresponding States

A method, based on that developed for single-phase flow, is proposed for the correlation of two-phase frictional pressure drop data. It is validated using air-water data obtained no small horizontal passages of rectangular and circular cross-section for values of total mass flux G in the 50--2000 kg/m[sup 2]s range. The pressure drop for air-water mixtures can be predicted from the proposed correlations provided the critical quality (or superficial gas Reynolds number) and the critical pressure gradient for transition from bubble/plug-to-slug flow are known. A comparison of the proposed method with that of Lockhart and Martinelli is presented and discussed.
A revision of the Dombeya rigida complex (Malvaceae)

ABSTRACT A revision of Dombeya subsect. Rigidae, which comprises two Malagasy species (D. linearifolia and D. rigida), is presented. The classification of these species within Dombeya is preferred to an alternate placement within Helmiopsis. Three subspecies of D. rigida are recognized: subsp. parvifolia, characterized by small leaves, is newly described, and subsp. guazumifolia is newly recognized at that rank. Arenes' two subspecies of D. linearifolia are synonymized, and a new subsp. muricata, characterized by fruit similar to that of D. rigida, is described. Both species display considerable variation in leaf and fruit morphology in the north, but variation is discontinuous, indicating that the species are usually reproductively isolated.
Migration velocity analysis; theory and an iterative algorithm

Imaging complex structures inside the earth requires reasonable velocities that can be provided by applying prestack depth migration to multichannel seismic data. Migration velocity analysis is based on the principle that the images in the migrated data will be distorted when an erroneous velocity is used, and the difference of the imaged depths (residual moveout) at a common image gather is a measure of the error in the velocity.The imaging equations that we derive from Snell's law describe a general, quantitative relationship between migration images and migration velocity. Based on the imaging equations, we analyze properties of common-image gathers and derive analytical formulas to represent residual moveout in some cases. These formulas show what factors affect the sensitivity of velocity analysis, which is useful to assess errors involved in velocity estimates. In addition, we develop a simple-iteration algorithm to correct the layer velocities from residual moveout. The algorithm presented here is applicable to a medium that consists of constant-velocity layers separated by arbitrary smooth interfaces. Some computer implementations are presented for both synthetic data and physical-tank data. They demonstrate the effectiveness of our velocity analysis approach.
High-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties of planetaryCO2-N2 atmospheres

A general method for computing equilibrium thermodynamic and transport properties of reacting planetary atmospheres is summarized. Equilibrium composition and derivatives are established from first principles, permitting calculation of total specific heat, thermal conductivity, and Prandtl number. Results are presented for two CO2 — N2 atmospheres in dissociative equilibrium over a range of temperature and pressure bracketing expected condi- tions during Martian or Venusian entry. and the specific heats, various isentropic functions, and the velocity of sound upon the second derivative. Browne2"5 performed such calculations for the constituents of reacting planetary atmospheres and his results were used here. One of several classical methods (such as the minimization of the mixture free energy) is commonly employed to com- pute the equilibrium properties of the mixture in terms of the thermodynamic functions of the individual species. Closed form solutions6 are practical only for relatively simple chemical systems. For more complex systems an iterative solution7'8 is required. The number of simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations to be solved is equal to the number of chemical elements in the mixture. Consideration is given to a closed system in which the masses of the components are changed by chemical reactions within the system. For a fixed temperature and pressure at equilibrium, the variation of the free energy of a mixture of ideal gases is given by