cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors in choosing atypical antipsychotics: toward understanding the bases of physicians' prescribing decisions.

Abstract Objective Off-label prescribing of medications, polypharmacy, and other questionable prescribing practices have led investigators to examine a large VA pharmacy database to determine if physician prescribing decisions appear reasonable. Method The current study addresses the question of physician prescribing of atypical antipsychotics in 34,925 veterans with schizophrenia, using a series of signal detection analyses. Results These results suggest that only three factors (hospital size, age, and secondary diagnosis) allow classification of patients prescribed atypicals into three groups with frequencies of use of atypicals ranging from 43% to 79%, and that these results are consistent with reasonable clinical practice. Conclusions Results of two-stage signal detection analyses are readily interpretable by clinicians and administrators who are faced with the task of evaluating how physicians prescribe medications in clinical practice. Physicians’ decisions to prescribe atypical antipsychotics are based on both patient and fiscal considerations. This likely reflects a combination of clinical judgment and institutional guidelines.
Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals—XXII. Improved targetry and radiochemistry for production of 123I and 124I

An improved 4π water-cooled target for production of 123I of >99.4% radionuclidic purity via the 124Te(p,2n)123I reaction with 25.8-MeV protons on 256 mg cm−2124Te of >99.8% isotopic enrichment is described. Radiochemical methods and results for obtaining 123I as iodide by sorption techniques, and a quantitative procedure for recovery (99.8 ± 0.2%) of the ultrahigh enrichment 124Te are described. The methods are applicable to 124I production if the incident proton beam is reduced to 12 MeV. Optimized thick target production yields for 123I and 10.6 and 0.093 mCi μAh−1, respectively.
Structure of mycobactin J

Mycobactin J-1, an iron chelate fromMycobacterium paratuberculosis, was characterized by mass spectrum and by1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and13C NMR spectra of the parent molecule and of cobactin J-1. The core structure of mycobactin J-1 contained the phenyloxazoline ring system common to the mycobactins. The benzene ring was disubstituted. The two hydroxamate functions were furnished by 1 linear 6-N-hydroxylysine residue and 1 cyclic 6-N-hydroxylysine residue as in other members of this class of compounds. The acyl function at the mycobactic acid hydroxamate center wasn-cis-hexadec-2-enoyl. The hydroxyacid of the cobactin portion of mycobactin J-1 was 2,4-dimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoic acid. This latter residue differs from those of other known mycobactins by the presence of the isopropyl group.
Public and clinical policy considerations in maximizing children's oral health.

"Tooth decay remains the single most common chronic disease of childhood—five times more common than asthma," announced US Surgeon General David Satcher standing before 21 grinning first-graders in a Washington, DC, grammar school at the May 2000 release of his report, Oral Health in America. 22 The first Surgeon General's report to focus on a single organ system covers a wide range of topics of interest to pediatrics, from lack of insurance to shortcomings in Medicaid, from oral lesions to issues of care coordination, from public health infrastructure to health professional workforce. In addressing children, the report substantiates that dental and oral diseases are common, often severe, consequential, and ironically overwhelmingly preventable. Dental problems, like the one described by "our nation's doctor," also are well known to parents and communities. The federal government's National Health Interview Surveys report that 1 in 18 children has an unmet need for dental care according to their parents. This need is three-fold greater than the unmet need for medical care and five-fold greater than the unmet need for eyeglasses and prescriptions. 15 The unmet need for dental care rises to 1 in 4 children with special health care needs who are uninsured. 16 Communities also frequently rank dental care as their primary pediatric health problem, but public perception and common experience among many people in the United States is that children enjoy remarkably good oral health and dental care. Indeed, the prevalence of dental caries has decreased markedly over the past 30 years and is now, on average, at its lowest recorded levels, 5 and the use of dental services by affluent children is high. 8 What explains these seeming contradictions between disease prevalence on the one hand and common observations of excellent health on the other? Why is there a paucity of dental visits for many children and ready access for others? Are oral conditions consequential and deserving of our attention? How do their persistence reflect the larger pediatric health care environment? What approaches might finally resolve this "silent epidemic"? What are the potential roles for pediatricians? These questions are addressed in this article.
Synthesis of cyclic dimeric methyl morpholinoside—a common synthetic precursor to cyclic dinucleotide analogs

Abstract An eight-step synthesis of cyclic dimeric methyl morpholinoside (c-di-MM), a common synthetic precursor to a number of cyclic dinucleotide analogs is reported. The synthesis of c-di-MM proceeds through a morpholine monomer prepared from readily available inexpensive starting materials and culminates with a key macrolactamization reaction to provide the macrocycle in 15% overall yield.
The evolution of parasitism in the red algae: Molecular comparisons of adelphoparasites and their hosts

In several groups of parasites including insect, flowering plant, fungal, and red algal parasites, morphological similarities of the parasites and their specific hosts have led to hypotheses that these parasites evolved from their hosts. But these conclusions have been criticized because the morphological features shared by parasite and host may be the result of convergent evolution. In this study, we examine the hypothesis, originally put forth by Setchell, that adelphoparasitic red algae, that is, parasitic red algae that are morphologically very similar to their hosts, evolved from their specific red algal hosts. Rather than comparing morphological features of parasites and hosts, small-subunit 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA and the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITSs) of the nuclear ribosomal repeat are compared for five parasites, their hosts, and related nonhosts from four red algal orders. These comparisons reveal that each of these adelphoparasites has evolved either directly from the host on which it is currently found, or it evolved from some other taxon that is closely related to the modern host. The parasites Gardneriella tuberifera, Rhodymeniocolax botryoides, and probably Gracilariophila oryzoides evolved from their respective hosts Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, Rhodymenia pacifica, and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, respectively. The parasite Faucheocolax attenuata evolved from either Fauchea laciniata or Fauchea fryeana and subsequently radiated onto the other host species. Presently this parasite is found on both hosts. Lastly, some parasitic genera such as Plocamiocolax are polyphyletic in their origins. A species of Plocamiocolax from an Antarctic Plocamium cartilagineum appears to have evolved from its host whereas the common Plocamiocolax pulvinata that occurs along the west coast of North America likely evolved from Plocamium violaceum and radiated secondarily onto its present day host, Plocamium cartilagineum.
Target detection and identification using synthetic aperture acoustics

Recent research has shown that synthetic aperture acoustic (SAA) imaging may be useful for object identification. The goal of this work is to use SAA information to detect and identify four types of objects: jagged rocks, river rocks, small concave capped cylinders, and large concave capped cylinders. More specifically, we examine the use of frequency domain features extracted from the SAA images. We utilize Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for target detection, where an SVM is trained on target and non-target (background) examples for each target type. Assuming perfect target detection, we then compare multivariate Gaussian models for target identification. Experimental results show that SAA-based frequency domain features are able to detect and identify the four types of objects.
Strategic frameworks for understanding employer participation in school‐to‐work programs

The knowledge and skills inherent in human capital are increasingly recognized as the essence of competitive advantage. Extending the emerging literature on capability building, this paper explores the strategic decision of participating in school-to-work programs from the transaction cost and resource-based view of the firm. Using data from a national sample, we find that both strategic perspectives help to explain decisions to participate in school-to-work activities. Our findings indicate that school-to-work programs and activities may be understood as interorganizational strategies from a transaction cost view and evidence of a firm's motivation to develop human capital to build competitive advantage from a resource-based view. Implications for school-to-work public policy development in the United States and future research are identified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What happens when bootstrapping the smoothing spline

The usual smoothing spline method is modified by a bootstrap bias correction inserted. It is shown that such a modification is asymptotically equivalent to a higher order method in sense they share the same best obtainable mean square error convergence rate. Similar results about the kernel method and their relation are discussed. It turns out that all of our effort towards better mean square error convergence rates result in some equivalent higher order kernels. The Fourier analysis canied out by Rice and Rosenblatt (1983) is used as the working horse.
Oxidation of Crude Oil in Porous Media

Experimental results on the oxidation reaction kinetics in the forward combustion oil recovery process are presented. A total of 48 runs were made wherein a stationary thin layer of coked unconsolidated sand was burned isothermally in a combustion cell. Individual runs were made at various temperature levels to permit determination of the effect of temperature upon the reaction. An expression was obtained for the burning rate of carbon as a function of carbon concentration, combustion temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. The carbon burning rate for two types of crude oil indicated a first order reaction with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. The effect of combustion temperature on the reaction rate constant matched the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy was similar for the 2 crude oils examined. The activation energy decreased for a porous media containing clay. The rate of oxidation of crude oil at reservoir temperature was found to be significant. Other significant findings included information on hydrogen-carbon content of fuel residues, fuel reactivity and the products of combustion. (17 refs.)
The barrier island system

Abstract Barrier islands are part of a major coastal system composed of six interactive sedimentary environments. The six environments are also elements needed to impose the designation “barrier island” on littoral sand bodies. The elements are: (1) mainland; (2) backbarrier lagoon; (3) inlet and inlet deltas; (4) barrier island; (5) barrier platform; and (6) shoreface. The morphodynamic and sedimentary evolution of each element affects adjacent environments, as well as the entire system. The interactive elements are defined and described by their morphologic, sedimentologic and stratigraphic relationships to the barrier island and the barrier island system. The stratigraphic relationships of the various elements of the system may be a valuable tool for paleogeographic reconstruction and sand body mapping.
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer for Parkinson's disease: Anterograde distribution of AAV2 vectors in the primate brain

Delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative diseases has not been efficacious in clinical trials despite their known potency for promoting neuronal growth and survival. Direct gene delivery to the brain offers an approach for establishing sustained expression of neurotrophic factors but is dependent on accurate surgical procedures to target specific anatomical regions of the brain. Serotype-2 adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vectors have been investigated in multiple clinical studies for neurological diseases without adverse effects; however the absence of significant clinical efficacy after neurotrophic factor gene transfer has been largely attributed to insufficient coverage of the target region. Our pre-clinical development of AAV2-glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) for Parkinson's disease involved real-time image guided delivery and optimization of delivery techniques to maximize gene transfer in the putamen. We have demonstrated that AAV2 vectors are anterogradely transported in the primate brain with GDNF expression observed in the substantia nigra after putaminal delivery in both intact and nigrostriatal lesioned primates. Direct midbrain delivery of AAV2-GDNF resulted in extensive anterograde transport to multiple brain regions and significant weight loss.
Chronic lithium-induced down-regulation of MARCKS in immortalized hippocampal cells: potentiation by muscarinic receptor activation.

: Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that exposure of rats to chronic lithium results in a significant reduction in the hippocampus of levels of the protein kinase C (PKC) phosphoprotein substrate MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate), which persists after withdrawal and is not observed following acute administration. In an immortalized hippocampal cell line (HN33), we have determined that phorbol esters rapidly down-regulate PKC activity and lead to a subsequent PKC-dependent reduction in content of MARCKS protein. We now report that chronic exposure of HN33 cells to LiCl (1–10 mM) produces a dose- and time-dependent down-regulation of MARCKS protein. The lithium-induced reduction in MARCKS is dependent on the concentration of inositol present in the medium and is reversed and prevented in the presence of elevated inositol concentrations. When HN33 cells were exposed to lithium at clinically relevant concentrations (1 mM) under limiting inositol conditions, activation of muscarinic receptor-coupled phosphoinositide signaling significantly potentiated the lithium-induced down-regulation of MARCKS protein. It has been suggested that a major action of lithium in the brain is linked to its inositol monophosphatase inhibitory activity in receptor-mediated signaling through the inositol trisphosphate/diacylglycerol pathway, resulting in a relative inositol depletion. Our data provide evidence that this initial action of lithium may translate into a PKC-dependent long-term down-regulation of MARCKS protein expression in the hippocampus.
IUD-induced delay in postcoital rise in 20 -hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in the female rabbit.

The influence of a silicone rubber tube IUD upon the serum 20a-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (2Oa-Oh-p) was examined in a group of female rabbits. These results were compared with those from rabbits who received the same tests but did not have the IUD. All animals were mated after insertion of the IUD. Beginning one hour after mating blood samples were drawn every five hours and were examined for 2Oa-Oh-p) concentration. Then each animal was opened by a ventrolateral incision and the number of ovarian stigmata were counted at 12 and 24 hours after the incision. In the control group the highest levels of 2Oa-Oh-p were detected at 1.67 plus or minus 1.03 hours. In the animals with the IUD the highest peak of 2Oa-Oh-p occurred at 4.20 plus or minus 1.10 hours. In both groups the lowest value was at 9 hours. The difference between groups was significant at p less than .005. The number of stigmata on the ovary did not differ significantly. It appears that the IUD causes a delay in the post-coital rise in 2Oa-Oh-p in this reflex-ovulating species.
Are Leadership Positions with High Turnover Rates “Haunted”?

The article reviews the research article “Leaving a Legacy: Position Imprints and Successor Turnover in Young Firms,” by M.D. Burton and C.H. Beckman published in “American Sociology Review” issue #72. The study looks at companies that have high employment turnover rates in specific executive positions and proposes that the initial person who occupied the position leaves an imprint that makes it difficult for those that follow them to fill. The study concludes that early decisions that young companies make can have long-term consequences.
Motor cortical activity in a memorized delay task.

Two rhesus monkeys were trained to move a handle on a two-dimensional (2D) working surface in directions specified by a light at the plane. They first captured with the handle a light on the center of the plane and then moved the handle in the direction indicated by a peripheral light (cue signal). The signal to move (go signal) was given by turning off the center light. The following tasks were used: (a) In the non-delay task the peripheral light was turned on at the same time as the center light went off. (b) In the memorized delay task the peripheral light stayed on for 300 ms and the center light was turned off 450–750 ms later. Finally, (c) in the non-memorized delay task the peripheral light stayed on continuously whereas the center light went off 750–1050 ms after the peripheral light came on. Recordings in the arm area of the motor cortex (N= 171 cells) showed changes in single cell activity in all tasks. In both delay tasks, the neuronal population vector calculated every 20 ms after the onset of the peripheral light pointed in the direction of the upcoming movement, which was instructed by the cue light. Moreover, the strength of the population signal showed an initial peak shortly after the cue onset in both the memorized and non-memorized delay tasks but it maintained a higher level during the memorized delay period, as compared to the non-memorized task. These results indicate that the motor cortex is involved in encoding and holding in memory directional information concerning a visually cued arm movement and that these processes can be visualized using neuronal population vector analysis.
Titanium nitride coated tungsten cold field emission sources

Titanium nitride (TiN) thin film coatings were studied by field emission microscopy and spectroscopy. Coated tungsten tips were found to be capable of emitting extremely high currents at low extraction voltages (∼1 mA at 900–1700 V). Current fluctuations for >400 μA total emission from a single tip were 7% rms, measured over ∼ 1 h. Electron energy distributions measured <0.4 eV (full width at half‐maximum). Since TiN thin films are commonly used in the microelectronics industry, TiN coatings have the potential for being a relatively simple and widely accessible method for improving the performance of cold field emission sources.
Coherent Zeeman resonance from electron spin coherence in a mixed-typeGaAs/AlAs quantum well

Coherent Zeeman resonance from electron spin coherence is demonstrated in a Λ-type three-level system, coupling electron spin states via trions. The optical control of electron density that is characteristic of a mixed-type quantum-well facilitates the study of trion formation as well as the effects of many-body interactions on the manifestation of electron spin coherence in the nonlinear optical response.
Nutrition therapy for hepatic glycogen storage diseases

Hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are a group of rare genetic disorders in which glycogen cannot be metabolized to glucose in the liver because of one of a number of possible enzyme deficiencies along the glycogenolytic pathway. Patients with GSD are usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, poor physical growth, and a deranged biochemical profile. Dietary therapies have been devised to use the available alternative metabolic pathways to compensate for disturbed glycogenolysis in GSD I (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), GSD III (debrancher enzyme deficiency), GSD VI (phosphorylase deficiency, which is less common), GSD IX (phosphorylase kinase deficiency), and GSD IV (brancher enzyme deficiency). In GSD I, glucose-6-phosphate cannot be dephosphorylated to free glucose. Managing this condition entails overnight continuous gastric high-carbohydrate feedings; frequent daytime feedings with energy distributed as 65% carbohydrate, 10% to 15% protein, and 25% fat; and supplements of uncooked cornstarch. In GSD III, though glycogenolysis is impeded, gluconeogenesis is enhanced to help maintain endogenous glucose production. In contrast to treatment for GSD I, advocated treatment for GSD III comprises frequent high-protein feedings during the day and a high-protein snack at night; energy is distributed as 45% carbohydrate, 25% protein, and 30% fat. Patients with GSD IV, VI, and IX have benefited from high-protein diets similar to that recommended for patients with GSD III.
Applications for surface-micromachined polysilicon thermal actuators and arrays

Abstract Electro-thermal (E-T) actuators have been developed to complement the capabilities of electrostatic actuators. The thermal actuators presented here can be arrayed to generate high forces. Equally significant is that the single actuators and arrays of actuators operate at voltages and currents that are directly compatible with standard microelectronics. This paper demonstrates how combinations of two or more electro-thermal actuators can be applied to a variety of basic building-block micromechanical devices: array of ten lateral actuators; array of ten vertical actuators; vertically actuated two-axis tilting mirror; corner-cube retroreflector actuated by lateral array; grippers over the die edge with flip-over wiring; rotary stepper motor; flip-up optical grating on rotary stepper motor; linear stepper motor; and a linear stepper motor for assembly of hinged structures.
Carbon in natural goethites

Abstract Carbon, as a possibly “indigenous” minor element impurity in goethites, appears to exist in two principal forms: 1. (1) CO2 trapped in the mineral structure and 2. (2) organic matter. With one exception the total carbon content of the samples in this study ranges between 0.2 and 2.0 weight percent (reported as CO2). Total carbon δ13C values have a range from −27.2 to −8.1 per mil. Values of the mole fraction of trapped CO2 in the goethite total carbon as determined for seven samples vary from 0.11 to 0.50. Much of the variation of total carbon δ13C values in these samples can be attributed to different trapped CO2/organic matter ratios in the different goethites. By analogy with speleothems and soil carbonates, δ13C values of trapped CO2 could indicate whether the environment of goethite formation was relatively open or closed to mixing with CO2 from the Earth's atmosphere. In goethite samples subjected to H2O2 treatment, calculated organic matter δ13C values range from about −35 to −24 per mil. These values probably reflect a predominance of organic matter derived from C3 plants in this particular sample population. 13 C 12 C ratios in organic matter associated with goethite could be a source of information on the Earth's ancient biosphere.
England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel – James McDermott

In 1988 there appeared a host of books on the defeat of the Spanish Armada of 1588, which generated further studies taking advantage of critical responses and continuing research. James McDermott w...
Targeting specific eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a given Hamiltonian using arbitrary selection criteria

We present a method for calculating some select eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of a given Hamiltonian. We show that it is possible to target the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of interest without diagonalizing the full Hamiltonian, by using any arbitrary physical property of the eigenvectors. This allows us to target, for example, the eigenvectors based on their localization properties (e.g., states localized at a given surface or interface). We also show that the method scales linearly with system size.
Optimality of myopic policy for a class of monotone affine restless multi-armed bandits

We formulate a general class of restless multi-armed bandits with n independent and stochastically identical arms. Each arm is in a real-valued state s ∈ [s 0 , s max ]. Selecting an arm with state s yields an immediate reward with expectation R(s). The state of the arm that is selected stochastically jumps from its current value s to either s max or s 0 with probability p(s) or 1 − p(s) respectively. The state of the arms that are not selected evolve according to a function τ (s). We assume that τ (s), p(s), and R(s) are all monotonically increasing affine functions, and τ (s) is a contraction mapping. We then derive a condition on τ (s) under which the simple myopic policy, which selects at each time the arm with the highest immediate reward, is optimal. This extends and generalizes recent results in the literature pertaining to arms evolving as two-state Markov chains.
Reaction‐Forming of Mullite Ceramics Using an Aqueous Milling Medium

Mullite and mullite/ZrO2 ceramics were fabricated starting from Si/Al2O3 and Si/Al2O3/ZrO2 powder mixtures, which were mixed and attrition milled with TZP balls in water. Isopressed powder compacts were subjected to a heat treatment in air, during which the Si was oxidized to SiO2. At } 1410°C, reaction between Al2O3 and SiO2 occurred, resulting in mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). Depending on the composition of the starting powders, the end product was either single-phase mullite or a mullite composite. The reaction process was monitored by thermogravimetry and dilatometry. It was found that the microstructure and mechanical properties of the reaction-formed mullite ceramics were significantly improved by ZrO2 additions.
Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences

Chronic renal failure (CRF) results in profound lipid disorders, which stem largely from dysregulation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Specifically, maturation of HDL is impaired and its composition is altered in CRF. In addition, clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their atherogenic remnants is impaired, their composition is altered, and their plasma concentrations are elevated in CRF. Impaired maturation of HDL in CRF is primarily due to downregulation of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and, to a lesser extent, increased plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Triglyceride enrichment of HDL in CRF is primarily due to hepatic lipase deficiency and elevated CETP activity. The CRF-induced hypertriglyceridemia, abnormal composition, and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants are primarily due to downregulation of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor, as well as, upregulation of hepatic acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). In addition, impaired HDL metabolism contributes to the disturbances of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. These abnormalities are compounded by downregulation of apolipoproteins apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoC-II in CRF. Together, these abnormalities may contribute to the risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and may adversely affect progression of renal disease and energy metabolism in CRF.
Low-dose priming before vaccination with the phase I chloroform-methanol residue vaccine against Q fever enhances humoral and cellular immune responses to Coxiella burnetii.

Although the phase I Coxiella burnetii cellular vaccine is completely efficacious in humans, adverse local and systemic reactions may develop if immune individuals are inadvertently vaccinated. The phase I chloroform-methanol residue (CMRI) vaccine was developed as a potentially safer alternative. Human volunteers with no evidence of previous exposure to C. burnetii received a subcutaneous vaccination with the CMRI vaccine in phase I studies under protocol IND 3516 to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. This clinical trial tested escalating doses of the CMRI vaccine, ranging from 0.3 to 60 μg, followed by a booster dose of 30 μg, in a placebo-controlled study. Although priming doses of the CMRI vaccine did not induce a specific antibody detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, booster vaccination stimulated the production of significant levels of anti-C. burnetii antibody. Peripheral blood cells (PBCs) of vaccinees responded to C. burnetii cellular antigen in vitro in a vaccine dose-dependent manner. After the booster dose, PBCs were activated by recall antigen in vitro, regardless of the priming dose. These findings suggest that vaccination with the CMRI vaccine can effectively prime the immune system to mount significant anamnestic responses after infection.
Exposure of airway smooth muscle cells to cigarette smoke extract

to the editor: We read with interest the article by Aravamudan and colleagues ([1][1]) on cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle. As explained in a recent Perspectives ([4][2]), mitochondria are at the center of a reactive oxygen species-
85% power conversion efficiency 975-nm broad area diode lasers at − 50°C, 76 % at 10°C

Optimized single stripe 975-nm broad area devices deliver 76% power conversion efficiency at 10degC. Cooling the material leads to 85% efficiency at -50degC. External differential quantum efficiency is the dominant term.
Space-time adaptive processing for range-folded spread-Doppler radar clutter mitigation

This paper concerns the detection of radar targets masked by Doppler-spread surface backscatter from points beyond the radar's maximum unambiguous range. Current methods for mitigating this so-called “range-folded” clutter, such as reducing the pulse-repetition frequency or the use of nonrecurrent waveforms, typically involve some loss in the useable Doppler space fraction available for target detection. This paper uses blind source separation methods to exploit the known Doppler separation afforded by non-recurrent waveforms in order to estimate the spatial wavefront of the clutter across a linear receive array. Spatial adaptive processing using this estimated wavefront is then used to suppress range-folded clutter without sacrificing usable Doppler space. Simulation results are presented which quantify performance in terms of SCNR gain achieved.
Airborne CoSMIR Observations Between 50 and 183 GHz Over Snow-Covered Sierra Mountains

An airborne Conical Scanning Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSMIR) was developed recently for calibration/validation of the new-generation DMSP F-series microwave radiometer, the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager/Sounder. The CoSMIR is a total-power radiometer that measures radiation at nine channels over the frequency range of 50-183 GHz. The instrument employs a two-axis gimbaled mechanism to generate the conical scan with periodic calibration. Its scan geometry is software programmable and can be designed to serve the scientific requirements of an experiment. A series of CoSMIR flights was conducted over the coastal regions of California in March and December of 2004, in which the instrument was programmed to acquire both conical and across-track scan data sets simultaneously. Two of these flights on March 25 and December 2 contained segments over the snow-covered Sierra Mountain Range and were selected to demonstrate the novel features of this new instrument
Electroretinogram measurements of cone spectral sensitivity in dichromatic monkeys

The corneal electroretinogram (ERG) was used to investigate the spectral sensitivities of cones in 12 dichromatic squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) whose color-vision capacities were established in behavioral tests. Three different varieties of dichromacy were represented among these animals. A flicker-photometric procedure was used in which the ERG response to a rapidly flickering monochromatic test light was compared with the response elicited by a similarly flickering reference light. The spectral-sensitivity functions obtained by the use of this technique are similar to previous estimates of cone spectral sensitivity in dichromatic squirrel monkeys derived from direct microspectrophotometric measurements.
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Fractures.

Stanley Hoppenfeld and Vasantha L. Murthy, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. 606 pages. $59.00. Stanley Hoppenfeld’s familiar texts on physical diagnosis and surgical anatomy have helped to educate several generations of North American orthopaedic surgery residents. The current book, which Hoppenfeld coedited with his colleague, Vasantha Murthy, MD, who is an assistant clinical professor of rehabilitation medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, represents an interesting attempt to merge the disciplines of rehabilitation and orthopaedic surgery in order to promote optimal treatment of fractures. The intended audience is not clearly specified, but the text presumably is geared toward residents in orthopaedic surgery and physiatry. It might also be a useful addition to a departmental library. The book begins with an introductory section reviewing fracture-healing, biomechanics, and treatment options, including exercises, modalities, assistive devices, braces, and splints. Chapters on gait and open fractures are also included in this section. The remainder …
Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia.

Objective To discuss the phenomenon of opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and investigate the data and clinical recommendations available on this topic. Design A literature search on the topic of OIH was performed. Relevant studies pertaining to OIH were included in this review. Results Existing studies and reviews on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of OIH are discussed with updated data and literature references. Conclusion As more opioids are prescribed, especially to treat chronic nonmalignant pain, OIH becomes more of a relevant and significant issue. Although the exact mechanisms of OIH are not clearly understood further research is required to broaden and develop our knowledge of this topic.
Modeling of nitride based core/multishell nanowire light emitting diodes

A comprehensive theoretical model for InGaN core/multishell nanowire (CMS NW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been developed that accurately predicts both electrical and optical properties of CMS NW structures. Using the model, the electron and hole injection in a CMS NW device was studied, showing that the InGaN quantum well (QW) serves as a high electron mobility channel for electron injection while the poor hole conductivity in the p-GaN outer layer confines hole injection to an area directly below the p-contact. Light generation in the CMS NW was found to occur only directly below the p-contact in the InGaN QW as a result of the isolated hole injection. The model was found to accurately predict the optical emission of the CMS NWs for both changes in thickness and Indium composition of the InGaN QW when compared to experimental values from the literature. Piezoelectric effects were not found to play a significant role in the CMS NWs, suggesting that alloy broadening and excitonic emission are the dominant role in determining the FWHM of the CMS NW emission.
Quorum sensing controls expression of the type III secretion gene transcription and protein secretion in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and enteropathogenic E. coli cause a characteristic histopathology in intestinal cells known as attaching and effacing. The attaching and effacing lesion is encoded by the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type III secretion system, the intimin intestinal colonization factor, and the translocated intimin receptor protein that is translocated from the bacterium to the host epithelial cells. Using lacZ reporter gene fusions, we show that expression of the LEE operons encoding the type III secretion system, translocated intimin receptor, and intimin is regulated by quorum sensing in both enterohemorrhagic E. coli and enteropathogenic E. coli. The luxS gene recently shown to be responsible for production of autoinducer in the Vibrio harveyi and E. coli quorum-sensing systems is responsible for regulation of the LEE operons, as shown by the mutation and complementation of the luxS gene. Regulation of intestinal colonization factors by quorum sensing could play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by these organisms. These results suggest that intestinal colonization by E. coli O157:H7, which has an unusually low infectious dose, could be induced by quorum sensing of signals produced by nonpathogenic E. coli of the normal intestinal flora.
The Value Basis of Environmental Concern

This article describes and presents initial empirical tests of a theory that links values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior within a preference construction framework that emphasizes the activation of personal environmental norms. Environmental concern is related to egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric value orientations and also to beliefs about the consequences of environmental changes for valued objects. Two studies generally support the hypothesized relationships and demonstrate links to the broader theory of values. However, the biospheric value orientation postulated in the theoretical literature on environmentalism does not differentiate from social-altruism in a general population sample. Results are discussed in terms of value change, the role of social structural factors (including gender) in environmentalism, theories of risk perception, and the mobilization strategies of social movements, including environmental justice movements.
Kinematic control and visual display of redundant teleoperators

A framework is proposed for helping the operator of a redundant teleoperator to perform tasks in a 3D environment. The aid is implemented on a graphics workstation. Kinematic control of the redundant teleoperator is performed by specifying end-effector trajectories and using a numerical inverse kinematic algorithm to determine positions of the intermediate links of the teleoperator. Also proposed are graphic displays that aid the operator in the execution of tasks. Experiments with a twelve-degrees-of-freedom vehicle manipulator system that were conducted to compare these suggestions with other methods of kinematic control and display indicate that the proposed framework results in superior performance by reducing both task completion times and collision with obstacles in the environment. >
Do defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism underlie the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases

The pathogenesis of nerve cell death in neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. An attractive hypothesis is that an impairment of energy metabolism may underlie slow excitotoxic neuronal death. Several studies have demonstrated mitochondrial or oxidative defects in neurodegenerative diseases. Impaired energy metabolism results in decreases in high-energy phosphate stores and a deteriorating membrane potential. Under these conditions, the voltage-sensitive Mg2+ block of NMDA receptors is relieved, allowing the receptors to be persistently activated by endogenous concentrations of glutamate. In this way, metabolic defects may lead to neuronal death by a slow 'excitotoxic' mechanism. Recent studies indicate that such a mechanism occurs in vivo, and it may play a role in animal models of Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. If a similar mechanism occurs in neurodegenerative diseases in humans it may be possible to use either excitatory amino acid antagonists or agents to improve neuronal bioenergetics as therapeutic treatments for these disorders.
Cdh1-Anaphase-Promoting Complex Targets Skp2 for Destruction in Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Growth Inhibition

As a subunit of a ubiquitin ligase, Skp2 is implicated in facilitating cell cycle progression via degradation of various protein targets. We report here that Skp2 is rapidly degraded following cellular stimulation by the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and that this degradation stabilizes the cell cycle arrest protein p27. The Skp2 degradation is mediated by Cdh1-anaphase-promoting complex (APC), as shown by depletion of Cdh1 with small interfering RNA, and by reconstitution of ubiquitylation reactions in a purified system. Blockage of Skp2 degradation greatly reduces TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest, as does expression of a nondegradable Skp2 mutant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TGF-beta-induced Skp2 degradation is mediated by the Smad cascade. The degradation of Skp2 stabilizes p27, thereby ensuring TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest. These results identify a novel mechanism for tumor suppression by TGF-beta and explain why dysfunction of APC in the TGF-beta pathway in responsive cells is associated with cancer.
The common site for otitis media in human temporal bones--a quantitative histopathological study.

Recently, a temporal bone came to our attention that showed an initial site of otitis media, with a subepithelial round cell infiltration present only in the promontory. This led us to undertake the present study, to gain basic information about the sites of predilection of otitis media by studying the degree of inflammation present in the subepithelium of the middle ear cleft. According to Meyerhoff et al . (1978) granulation tissue is most frequently observed in the epitympanum when chronic active otitis media is present. However, while they reported seeing an increased incidence of granulation tissue, they did not describe the severity of inflammation of the sub epithelium in different portions of the middle ear cleft. By identifying the degree of inflammation, and locating it exactly, we will add to our understanding of how otitis media affects ears with certain anatomical differences.
Relationship of Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure With Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain

BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) is an early indicator of subclinical cardiac dysfunction, even when LV ejection fraction (LVEF) is normal, and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) is a better predictor of cardiovascular events, including heart failure, than office BP. We investigated the association of office and ambulatory BP measurements with subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in a community-based cohort with normal LVEF. METHODS Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring were performed in 577 participants (mean age 70±9 years; 60% women) with LVEF ≥50% from the Cardiovascular Abnormalities and Brain Lesions (CABL) study. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to assess the associations of BP measures with GLS. RESULTS Higher ambulatory and office BP values were consistently associated with impaired GLS. After adjustment for pertinent covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, LV mass index, and antihypertensive medication), office diastolic BP and ambulatory systolic and diastolic BPs (24-hour, daytime and nighttime) were independently associated with GLS (P = 0.003 for office DBP, P ≤ 0.001 for all ambulatory BPs). When ambulatory and office BP values were included in the same model, all ambulatory BP measures remained significantly associated with GLS (all P < 0.01), whereas office BP values were not. CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory BP values are significantly associated with impaired GLS and the association is stronger than for office BP. Ambulatory BP monitoring might have a role in the risk stratification of hypertensive patients for early LV dysfunction.
Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession

In the United States, the Great Recession was marked by severe negative shocks to labor market conditions. In this study, we combine longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study with U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data on local area unemployment rates to examine the relationship between adverse labor market conditions and mothers' experiences of abusive behavior between 2001 and 2010. Unemployment and economic hardship at the household level were positively related to abusive behavior. Further, rapid increases in the unemployment rate increased men's controlling behavior toward romantic partners even after we adjust for unemployment and economic distress at the household level. We interpret these findings as demonstrating that the uncertainty and anticipatory anxiety that go along with sudden macroeconomic downturns have negative effects on relationship quality, above and beyond the effects of job loss and material hardship.
Absorption and gastric secretion of iodine-131 and chlorine-36 in dairy calves.

SummaryMetabolism of I131 and Cl36 was investigated by simultaneous daily administration of the two radioisotopes to milk fed dairy calves. Plasma levels of I131 averaged 1/5 and abomasal I131 contents 3 times corresponding Cl36 values. Thus, net gastric secretion of iodine exceeded that of chlorine by 15 times. Percentages of daily administered I131 and Cl36, respectively, excreted during the last 3 days of dosing averaged 15.6 and 12.2% in urine and 31.5 and 0.4% in feces. Chlorine-36 in ingesta from the large intestine was completely water-extractable compared to less than 20% of the I131 in the same samples.
STORM SURGE FORECASTING METHODS IN ENCLOSED SEAS

Storm surges in enclosed seas although generally not as large in amplitude as their oceanic counterparts are nonetheless of considerable importance when low lying shoreline profiles, shallow water depth, and favourable geographical orientation to storm winds occur together. High water may result in shoreline innundation and in enhanced shoreline erosion. Conversely low water levels are hazardous to navigation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of storm surge forecasting in enclosed basins with emphasis on automated operational procedures. In general, operational forecasting methods must be based on standard forecast parameters, require a minimum of computational effort in the preparation of the forecast, must be applicable to lakes of different geometry and to any point on the shore, and to be able to resolve water level changes on an hourly basis to 10 cm in the case of high water level excursions associated with large lakes and less than that for smaller lakes. Particular physical effects arising in lakes which make these constraints difficult to fulfill are the reflections of resurgences of water levels arising from lateral boundaries, the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer and the presence of such subsynoptic disturbances as squall lines and travelling pressure jumps.
“The Liberty of Self-Degradation”: Polygamy, Woman Suffrage, and Consent in Nineteenth-Century America

"These are strange times," charged Kate Field in 1886, "when a female Mormon lobby asks Congress to give to Utah the liberty of self-degradation!" The degradation Field spoke of was polygamy, a practice she condemned as "monstrous," a "rock that need[ed] blowing up with the dynamite of law." Popular lecturer, political activist, and arbiter of intellectual taste and fashion, Field was also a passionate opponent of polygamy and of the Mormon hierarchy that practiced it in Utah Territory. Her "Mormon Monster" lectures drew sellout audiences in the mid-1880s. Her talk was crafted to appeal to the broadest possible spectrum of listeners, guiding their thinking while entertaining them with her unrelenting and unembarrassed discussion of a slightly naughty topic.' Field rode the crest of a wave of antipolygamy sentiment in the mid-1880s. Her work crystallized the ironies of the liberty of self-degradation, but she was by no