cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wound-induced increases in phenolic content of fresh-cut lettuce is reduced by a short immersion in aqueous hypertonic solutions

Abstract Wounding during the preparation of fresh-cut lettuce induces the synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), and the synthesis and accumulation of specific phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid) that contribute to subsequent tissue browning. Increased PAL activity and phenolic content were not induced in non-wounded lettuce that was kept in close proximity to wounded tissue through either a vapor or aqueous signal. The phenolic content of fresh-cut Iceberg and Romaine lettuce was reduced in tissue pieces immediately immersed for 2 h in hypertonic aqueous mannitol solutions (0.3–0.9 M) after cutting. Re-wounding tissue segments 1 day after the initial excision did not produce a second rise in PAL activity in those pieces in which wound-induced increases in PAL activity had been suppressed by a previous soak in hypertonic aqueous mannitol solutions. It appears that the hypertonic solution did not cause the loss of a portion of the wound signal through efflux of water from the tissue, but rather induced a general stress-related resistance to further abiotic stresses.
Efficient radar signature prediction using a frequency-aspect interpolation technique based on adaptive feature extraction

A radar cross section (RCS) interpolation technique in both frequency and aspect is proposed for the efficient prediction of radar signatures from computational electromagnetics data. Our approach is based on a multiple-arrival model for the induced current on the target. The model parameters are determined by an adaptive feature extraction (AFE) algorithm, which uses an iterative search-and-extract procedure to find the individual model features. Random frequency and aspect sampling is used to circumvent the ambiguity in selecting the features. Numerical examples are presented to test the interpolation algorithm. It is found that sufficient accuracy in the predicted radar features can be achieved even when the original computed data is sampled at 5:1 below the Nyquist criterion in either frequency or aspect. The algorithm is also applied to efficiently predict the radar images of the benchmark VFY218 airplane at UHF band with good results.
PET/CT with sodium 18F-fluoride for management of patients with prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men aside from skin cancer. It is estimated that 233,000 new cases of prostate cancer will occur in the United States in 2014 ([1][1]). Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Approximately 29,480 men in the United
Power, Pain, and the Interspecies Politics of Foie Gras

This article examines the practices, logics, and politics of foie gras production and consumption. It argues that scholars need to rethink both pain and sentience to account for the fact that ducks...
Bis(trichloromethyl) Carbonate

[32315-10-9] C3Cl6O3 (MW 296.73) InChI = 1S/C3Cl6O3/c4-2(5,6)11-1(10)12-3(7,8)9 InChIKey = UCPYLLCMEDAXFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a phosgene surrogate) Alternate Name: triphosgene. Physical Data: mp 81–83 °C; bp 203–206 °C. Solubility: sol methanol, ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether, hexane, THF, ethyl acetate; dec slowly in cold water. Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent is somewhat moisture sensitive, but scrupulously anhydrous conditions are not necessary. Rapid handling of the reagent in open air, in the absence of a glove bag or dry box, is usually satisfactory. This reagent should only be handled in a fume hood. Triphosgene should be handled with exactly the same precautions as the more dangerous phosgene,2 although the reagent is considered much safer due to its lower vapor pressure and higher stability.3
Further Geometric Properties of Schubert Varieties

In this chapter, using standard monomial basis, we prove Cohen–Macaulayness and normality for Schubert varieties; these geometric properties are proved even for the cones over Schubert varieties. We also give a characterization of arithmetically factorial Schubert varieties. The chapter also includes determination of the singular locus of a Schubert variety, and the tangent space at a singular point of a Schubert variety.
Recent Discussions of Moral Evolution

Ethical writers, like biologists, are no longer concerned with the mere fact of evolution. They are dealing with more specific questions of causes and methods. And, as with biology, two stages in the study may be expected. Biologists were at first interested in the historical question: What was the origin of species? They were temporarily satisfied with the answer: Natural selection, operating in conjunction with heredity and variation. Now, however, a clue to the specific method of heredity has been found in Mendelism, the causes operative in producing variation are being discovered by experimentation, and biology is entering upon a constructive stage which promises great results for agriculture, and perhaps also for human health and well-being. Ethics is as yet almost entirely in the descriptive stage. Perhaps we are staggered at the complexity of present problems, and timidly leave to the practical reformer or politician the responsible task of making positive suggestions. But, when the past evolution has been thoroughly analyzed, it may be hoped that social reform and moral education will be more intelligent. The interest of these problems for the student of religion is also obvious. For, to illustrate by one suggestion out of many, we ask: What causes the difference in the ideals of different ages and races? Is it religion, or philosophy, or economic needs and conditions solely? And shall the religious teacher who would hasten the Kingdom of God appeal to the conscience or to the legislature, or, in the conviction that neither of these avails, shall he stand still and wait for the inventor and the inevitable social revolution? It would be absurd to say that we are yet in a position to answer this old question conclusively, but it is not too much to say that no one can now afford to give dogmatic answers without first considering the complexity of the interaction which is increasingly coming into view between religious, political, economic, aesthetic, and ethical factors.
Development of a Bitter-Type Magnet System

A 10-T water-cooled Bitter-type magnetic system is under development at the Dusty Plasma Laboratory of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. We present here methods used for preliminary magnet designs, which include minimizing ohmic heating and placement of water-cooling holes on current-carrying resistive Bitter conductors. Subsystems, such as the pressure vessel and vacuum chamber, motivate the coil design. The proposed power and cooling water delivery subsystems that drive and cool the magnet are also presented. A finite-element analysis is conducted on the proposed water delivery system. A one-tenth magnetic field scale-model of the magnet is currently being constructed. Upon completion and testing of the prototype magnet system, the large-scale model will be produced. Planned experiments include the propagation of magnetized waves in dusty plasma under various boundary and rotational shear flow conditions, among others in a 10-T field on a timescale of at least 10 s.
The Simplicity of Diffeomorphism Groups

It was known since 1961 (Anderson [2]) that the group of stable homeomorphisms of a manifold is a simple group. Later on, the work of Chernavski, Kirby and Edwards showed that the group of stable homeomorphisms is the same as the group of homeomorphisms isotopic to the identity. This led Smale to conjecture that the group Diff r (M)0 of C r diffeomorphismss of a smooth manifold M, with compact supports, isotopic to the identity, with compactly supported isotopies, should be simple.
Transient stability enhancement of DFIG based variable speed wind generator by resistive type solid state fault current limiter

Transient stability is one of the prime concerns for the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based variable speed wind generator (WG) system during the fault, as DFIGs stator windings are directly connected to the grid. In this paper, a resistive type solid-state fault current limiter (R-type SSFCL) is proposed to augment the transient stability of the DFIG based variable speed WG system. A three-line-to-ground (3LG), double-line-to-ground (2LG) and single-line-to-ground (1LG) faults were applied to one of the double circuit transmission lines of the test system to investigate the R-type SSFCL transient stability performance. Besides, a bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) and a LR-type solid-state fault current limiter (SSFCL-LR) are also considered to compare their performance with the proposed R- type SSFCL. Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results show that the SSFCL enhances the transient stability of the DFIG system. Moreover, the R- type SSFCL works better than the BFCL and SSFCL-LR in every aspect.
Abdomen and spinal cord segmentation with augmented active shape models

Active shape models (ASMs) have been widely used for extracting human anatomies in medical images given their capability for shape regularization of topology preservation. However, sensitivity to model initialization and local correspondence search often undermines their performances, especially around highly variable contexts in computed-tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images. In this study, we propose an augmented ASM (AASM) by integrating the multiatlas label fusion (MALF) and level set (LS) techniques into the traditional ASM framework. Using AASM, landmark updates are optimized globally via a region-based LS evolution applied on the probability map generated from MALF. This augmentation effectively extends the searching range of correspondent landmarks while reducing sensitivity to the image contexts and improves the segmentation robustness. We propose the AASM framework as a two-dimensional segmentation technique targeting structures with one axis of regularity. We apply AASM approach to abdomen CT and spinal cord (SC) MR segmentation challenges. On 20 CT scans, the AASM segmentation of the whole abdominal wall enables the subcutaneous/visceral fat measurement, with high correlation to the measurement derived from manual segmentation. On 28 3T MR scans, AASM yields better performances than other state-of-the-art approaches in segmenting white/gray matter in SC.
Microwave photonic interference canceller: Noise figure reduction via balanced architecture

We demonstrate a microwave photonic Interference canceller with a balanced architecture capable of relative-intensity noise suppression. Experimental results show that the system can cancel > 25 dB interference over 200 MHz instantaneous bandwidth and tune over a frequency range of 2–8 GHz.
Reduction in electrocardiographic lateral precordial voltage after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.

A 31-year-old man underwent implantation of a subcutaneous ICD in the left upper abdomen after being diagnosed with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) following an episode of exertional synco...
Design and Analysis of STTRAM-Based Ternary Content Addressable Memory Cell

Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is widely used in applications where searching a specific pattern of data is a major operation. Conventional CAMs suffer from area, power, and speed limitations. We propose Spin-Torque Transfer RAM--based Ternary CAM (TCAM) cells. The proposed NOR-type TCAM cell has a 62.5% (33%) reduction in number of transistor compared to conventional CMOS TCAMs (spintronic TCAMs). We analyzed the sense margin of the proposed TCAM with respect to 16-, 32-, 64-, 128-, and 256-bit word sizes in 22nm predictive technology. Simulations indicated a reliable sense margin of 50mV even at 0.7V supply voltage for 256-bits word. We also explored a selective threshold voltage modulation of transistors to improve the sense margin and tolerate process and voltage variations. The worst-case search latency and sense margin of 256-bit TCAM is found to be 263ps and 220mV, respectively, at 1V supply voltage. The average search power consumed is 13mW, and the search energy is 4.7fJ/bit search. The write time is 4ns, and the write energy is 0.69pJ/bit. We leverage the NOR-type TCAM design to realize a 9T-2 Magnetic Tunnel Junctions NAND-type TCAM cell that has 43.75% less number of transistors than the conventional CMOS TCAM cell. A NAND-type cell can support up to 64-bit words with a maximum sense margin of up to 33mV. We compare the performance metrics of NOR- and NAND-type TCAM cells with other TCAMs in the literature.
High-precision chronology for Central American maize diversification from El Gigante rockshelter, Honduras

The first steps toward maize (Zea mays subspecies mays) domestication occurred in the Balsas region of Mexico by ∼9,000 calendar years B.P. (cal B.P.), but it remains unclear when maize was productive enough to be a staple grain in the Americas. Molecular and microbotanical data provide a partial picture of the timing and nature of morphological change, with genetic data indicating that alleles for some domestication traits were not yet fixed by 5,300 cal B.P. in the highlands of Mexico. Here, we report 88 radiocarbon dates on the botanical remains from El Gigante rockshelter (Honduras) to establish a Bayesian chronology over the past ∼11,000 y spanning the transition to maize-based food production. Botanical remains are remarkably well preserved and include over 10,000 maize macrofossils. We directly dated 37 maize cobs to establish the appearance and local change of maize at the site. Cobs are common in deposits dating between 4,340 and 4,020 cal B.P., and again between 2,350 and 980 cal B.P. The earliest cobs appear robustly domesticated, having 10-14 rows, suggesting strong selection for increased yield. The later cobs are comparable to these earliest ones, but show clear emergence of diverse traits, including increased cob width, rachis segment length, and cupule width. Our results indicate that domesticated landraces of maize productive enough to be a staple grain existed in Central America by 4,300 cal B.P.
Climate as an agent of change in forest landscapes

Climate is the primary force that controls forest composition and the broad-scale distribution of forests. The climate has always been changing, but the changes now underway are different—they are faster and they are intermingled with other disturbances promoted by increasing human pressures. The projected climate change during the twenty-first century will alter forest habitats—dramatically for some species. These pressures will simultaneously affect the survival, growth, and regeneration of a species. Here, we present an approach to visualizing the risk to individual tree species created by climate change by plotting the likelihood of habitat change and the adaptability of trees to those changes. How will the forests actually respond? Many factors play into the final outcomes, including the vital attributes and abundance of a species, its migration potential, the fragmented nature of the habitats in the landscape into which the species must move, and other factors. Our research is attempting to address each of these factors to inform a more realistic picture of the possible outcomes by the end of the century. We describe three programs that have been developed to support this analysis: DISTRIB, which empirically models the distribution of suitable future habitats under various climate-change scenarios; SHIFT, which is a cell-based spatial model that simulates species migration across fragmented landscapes; and ModFacs, which accounts for the impacts of 9 biological traits and 12 disturbance factors on final species fates. We conclude with a discussion of research needs and how humans can potentially assist forests in their adaptation to climate change.
Autism Spectrum Symptomatology among Children with Duplication 7q11.23 Syndrome.

Gold-standard diagnostic assessments of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology were conducted on 63 children (mean CA: 8.81 years) with 7q11.23 duplication syndrome, one of the copy number variants identified by Sanders et al. (Neuron 70:863–885, 2011a) as associated with ASD. ASD classification rate was 39.6% for the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and 25.4% for the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2). Based on these assessments combined with clinical judgment, 19.0% of children were diagnosed with ASD. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, as are differences in rate of diagnosis as a function of sex, age, and ADOS-2 module administered and differences in intellectual and adaptive behavior abilities as a function of presence or absence of ASD diagnosis and ADOS-2 module administered. Implications are addressed.
Scientific authorship, pluralism, and practice

In this article, I argue that understanding authorship requires that we grapple with the plurality of distinct accounts of scientific authorship. As a result, we should be careful in how we identify and quantify unethical practices such as ghostwriting. Judgements about who should be able to decide who is an author raise interesting questions about the autonomy of scientific practices.
A $$\texttt {p}(\cdot )$$-Poincaré-type inequality for variable exponent Sobolev spaces with zero boundary values in Carnot groups

We prove a $$\texttt {p}(\cdot )$$ -Poincare-type inequality for variable exponent Sobolev spaces with zero boundary values in Carnot groups. We then establish the existence and uniqueness (up to a set of zero $$\texttt {p}(\cdot )$$ -capacity) of a minimizer to the Dirichlet energy integral for the variable exponent case.
LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION AND ITS RELATION TO MODALITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the similarity and difference between signed and spoken languages. In general, there is no apparent property of spoken languages that does not have a substantive equivalent in signed languages, with the single exception of transmission through an acoustic medium. This proposition has been most extensively documented with respect to ASL, but the work that has been done on other such languages is entirely consistent with the generality of that conclusion. These languages have been conclusively shown by the research of the past thirty years or so to be full instantiations of the cognitive systems called natural languages, worthy of study as such and in their own right. To say that signed and spoken languages are all instances of the human natural language faculty, sharing a fundamental systemic architecture and subject to common substantive constraints, is not to say that the two sorts of system must necessarily be alike in every single area in which each displays significant structure.
Long-Range spatio-temporal modeling of video with application to fire detection

We describe a methodology for modeling backgrounds subject to significant variability over time-scales ranging from days to years, where the events of interest exhibit subtle variability relative to the normal mode. The motivating application is fire monitoring from remote stations, where illumination changes spanning the day and the season, meteorological phenomena resembling smoke, and the absence of sufficient training data for the two classes make out-of-the-box classification algorithms ineffective. We exploit low-level descriptors, incorporate explicit modeling of nuisance variability, and learn the residual normal-model variability. Our algorithm achieves state-of-the-art performance not only compared to other anomaly detection schemes, but also compared to human performance, both for untrained and trained operators.
The catalytic activity of the CD45 membrane‐proximal phosphatase domain is required for TCR signaling and regulation.

Cell surface expression of CD45, a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), is required for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction. Like the majority of transmembrane PTPases, CD45 contains two cytoplasmic phosphatase domains, whose relative in vivo function is not known. Site-directed mutagenesis of the individual catalytic residues of the two CD45 phosphatase domains indicates that the catalytic activity of the membrane-proximal domain is both necessary and sufficient for restoration of TCR signal transduction in a CD45-deficient cell. The putative catalytic activity of the distal phosphatase domain is not required for proximal TCR-mediated signaling events. Moreover, in the context of a chimeric PTPase receptor, the putative catalytic activity of the distal phosphatase domain is not required for ligand-induced negative regulation of PTPase function. We also demonstrate that the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine of Lck, a site of negative regulation, is reduced only when CD45 mutants with demonstrable in vitro phosphatase activity are introduced into the CD45-deficient cells. These results demonstrate that the phosphatase activity of CD45 is critical for TCR signaling, and for regulating the levels of C-terminal phosphorylated Lck molecules.
Experimental Shock-Initiated Combustion of a Spherical Density Inhomogeneity

A planar shock wave that impulsively accelerates a spherical density inhomogeneity baroclinically deposits vorticity and enhances the mixing between the two fluids resulting in a complex, turbulent flow field. This is known as the classical shockbubble interaction (SBI) and has been a topic of study for several decades [1,2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12], and closely related the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) [13, 14]. While the classical SBI problem concerns a reactively neutral bubble, the present experimental study is the first of its kind in which a spherical bubble filled with a stoichiometric mixture of H2 and O2 diluted with Xe is accelerated by a planar shock wave (1.35 < M < 2.85) in ambient N2, and will be referred to as reactive shock-bubble interaction (RSBI).
Factor VII deficiency impairs cutaneous wound healing in mice.

Skin keratinocytes express tissue factor (TF) and are highly associated with skin wound healing. Although it has been demonstrated that perivascular TF expression in granulation tissue formed after dermal injury is downregulated during healing, studies of the mechanism of factor (F) VII, a TF ligand, in skin wound healing are lacking. We reported the use of a dermal punch model to demonstrate that low-expressing FVII mice (∼1% of wild type [WT]) exhibited impaired skin wound healing compared with WT controls. These low-FVII mice showed defective reepithelialization and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration at wound sites. This attenuated reepithelialization was associated with diminished expression of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1). In vitro, Egr-1 was shown to be essential for the FVIIa-induced regulation of keratinocyte migration and inflammation. Both Egr-1 upregulation and downstream inflammatory cytokine appearance in keratinocytes depended on FVIIa/TF/protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2)-induced signaling and did not require subsequent generation of FXa and thrombin. The participation of Egr-1 in FVIIa-mediated regulation of keratinocyte function was confirmed by use of Egr-1-deficient mice, wherein a significant delay in skin wound healing after injury was observed, relative to WT mice. The results from these studies demonstrate an in vivo mechanistic relationship between FVIIa, Egr-1 and the inflammatory response in keratinocyte function during the wound healing process.
Newton Forms of a Polynomial (POLY)

This chapter describes an algorithm for generating Newton forms of a polynomial. the transitions between the different forms can be obtained by a well-known theorem of interpolation. The chapter presents an overview of algorithms TAYLOR, STIRLING, and REVERSE STIRLING. An application of algorithm NEWTON is to convert factorial series to ordinary power series. The chapter presents a program, which incorporates the algorithm VALUE, TAYLOR—including the ability to produce just a few of the Taylor coefficients—STIRLING, and REVERSE STIRLING. The chapter discusses subroutine specifications. It also presents a sample output for POLY.
Effect of Pre-Hospital Use of the Assessment of Blood Consumption Score and Pre-Thawed Fresh Frozen Plasma on Resuscitation and Trauma Mortality

Background Early blood product resuscitation reduces trauma patient mortality from hemorrhage. This mortality benefit depends on a system that can rapidly identify actively bleeding patients, initiate massive transfusion protocol (MTP), and mobilize resources to the bedside. We hypothesized that process improvement efforts that identify patients early and mobilize appropriate blood products to the bedside for immediate use would improve mortality. Study Design Pre-implementation, MTP activation was at the discretion of the trauma surgeon, and only PRBCs were immediately available. In June 2016, the Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) score was incorporated in our pre-hospital triage process, and a process for thawed plasma to be available was developed. We performed a retrospective review of patients who were hypotensive on arrival or had MTP activated. We compared mortality and MTP component ratios 15 months pre- vs 15 months post-implementation. Results Activations of MTP increased 6-fold, while the specificity of the process remained the same. In patients receiving MTP, appropriate blood product transfusion ratios increased 44%. Overall and penetrating trauma mortality improved by 23% and 41%, respectively. When divided by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), penetrating trauma mortality decreased by 65% for the ISS subgroup 15 to 24 and by 38% for ISS subgroup ≥ 25. Length of stay, ICU length of stay, and readmission rates were not significantly different. Conclusions Delivery of balanced blood product resuscitation is essential to confer mortality benefits. Process improvement directed at early recognition of the hemorrhagic patient, immediate product availability, and product delivery to the bedside for transfusion allows for mortality reduction without increased resource use.
Wireless Power Transfer with Additional Third Harmonic: Theoretical Analysis, Design, and Demonstration

The power rating for Electric Vehicles wireless charger keeps increasing as the technology develops. With limited space and volume, the maximum transferring power has reached a bottle neck even with an optimized coupling winding design. It is well known that third harmonic injection can increase the maximum power transfer for line-frequency inverter. However, for high frequency resonant converters, it is a big challenge to utilize third harmonic as the resonant network is a band-pass filter for fundamental frequency only. Also, the switching frequency is closed to resonant frequency and the phase relationship between fundamental and third harmonic mostly relies on impedance match. This paper explores the feasibility of third harmonic injection in resonant converters, and theoretically proves the additional third harmonic can lead to a maximum 40% extra output power. A W-filter which is low impedance for both fundamental and third harmonic is proposed. To adjust the phase relationship, a dither feedback across the nonlinear output diode rectifier is proposed. A minimum system and a wireless power transfer (WPT) system have been constructed by W-filters in simulation. Experimental results based on a 20-W scale-down prototype are presented to illustrate the proposed system.
A personal journey on using polymerization in aqueous dispersed media to synthesize polymers with branched structures

Abstract This short review is dedicated to celebrate Prof. Shoukuan Fu’s 80th birthday by discussing several of my accomplished projects over the past twenty years, which all applied radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media for producing polymers with branched structures. These projects include the use of microemulsion polymerization for syntheses of fluorescent nanoparticles, hairy nanoparticles and hyperbranched polymers; the use of miniemulsion polymerization for synthesis of star polymers and light-emitting nanoparticles; the use of seeded emulsion polymerization for synthesis of hairy nanoparticles and hyperstar polymers; and the use of precipitation polymerization for synthesis of hollow polymer nanocapsules. Discussion of these projects demonstrates intriguing features of polymerization in biphasic dispersed media via either conventional radical polymerization or controlled radical polymerization to effectively regulate the branched structure of functional polymers.
Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease.

Abstract Introduction Peyronie’s disease is an acquired condition of the connective tissue of the penis that affects 0.5–20.3% of the male population and is marked by fibrotic plaques in the tunica albuginea. It can result in penile curvature/deviation, painful erections, and sexual dysfunction. Several treatment modalities have been proposed, with studies from the past decade investigating extracorporeal shockwave therapy’s (ESWT) potential efficacy in Peyronie’s management. Aims To investigate the effects of ESWT on Peyronie’s disease parameters such as penile curvature, plaque size, erectile function, and penile pain. Methods We reviewed the literature examining the effects of ESWT on Peyronie’s disease. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures after receiving extracoporeal shockwave therapy included changes in degree of penile curvature, penile plaque size, International Index of Erectile Function-5 questionnaire score, and visual analogue scale score. Results Randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy of ESWT in Peyronie’s disease do not show a statistically significant benefit in curvature reduction, plaque size, or erectile function, although a recent meta-analysis demonstrates a benefit in plaque size reduction. A statistically significant reduction in penile pain has been observed across multiple studies. Conclusion Extracorporeal shockwave therapy may be beneficial in the management of Peyronie’s disease for refractory penile pain and plaque size reduction. However, penile pain typically resolves spontaneously over time, and shockwave therapy can pose a substantial financial burden to patients. A multi-institutional randomized controlled trial with standardization of methods and strict inclusion criteria regarding disease duration would prove beneficial in determining the true efficacy of shockwave therapy in Peyronie’s disease. Krieger JR, Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, et al. Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Peyronie’s Disease. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:499–507.
Outcome of 1000 Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Treated by Surgery in the Pre- and Post-imatinib Eras.

Objective To characterize the results of surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the pre and post-imatinib eras at a single institution and to identify current prognostic clinicopathologic factors. Background Imatinib has radically changed the management of GIST, yet the magnitude of impact on outcome across the spectrum of GIST presentation and relevance of historical prognostic factors are not well defined. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1000 patients who underwent surgery for GIST at our institution from 1982 to 2016. Patients were stratified by presentation status as primary tumor only (PRIM), primary with synchronous metastasis (PRIM + MET), or metachronous recurrence/metastases (MET), and also imatinib era (before and after it became available). Cox proportional-hazard models and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to model and estimate overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results OS was longer in the imatinib era compared with the pre-imatinib era in each presentation group, including in Miettinen high-risk primary tumors. Among PRIM patients from the pre-imatinib era, tumor site, size, and mitotic rate were independently associated with OS and RFS on multivariate analysis. PRIM patients in the imatinib era who received imatinib (neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant) had higher risk tumors, but after adjusting for treatment, only size >10 cm remained independently prognostic of RFS [hazard ratio (HR) 3.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.00-7.40, P Conclusions Patients treated in the imatinib era had prolonged OS across all presentations. In the imatinib era, among site, size, and mitotic rate, high-risk features were associated with treatment with the drug, but only size >10 cm correlated with outcome. Imatinib should still be prescribed for patients with high-risk features.
Advancing metabolism research to overcome low litter survival in metabolically stressed mice.

Elucidating the mechanism underlying the transmission of metabolic disease to subsequent generations requires robust preclinical mouse breeding strategies. Western diets rich in fat and carbohydrat...
Symptoms (Sx) in English (E) and Spanish (S) speaking children with cancer.

9096 Background: Sx in children receiving treatment for cancer are poorly described and often reported by proxies. Study aims were to 1. Characterize sx of pediatric oncology outpatients 2. Evaluat...
The concentration of cleared derivatives: Can access to direct CCP clearing for end-users address the challenge?

Cleared derivatives contracts are now concentrated among a small and dwindling number of institutions. Many policymakers and regulators have argued that this concentration has adverse consequences, some of which may have systemic risk implications. The authors explore the benefits and challenges of encouraging major end-users of derivatives to become direct clearing members of central counterparties (CCPs). If done prudently, increasing and diversifying the pool of clearing members and redistributing outstanding derivatives contracts across them may help CCPs become more resilient.
Exploratory factor analysis of the Adapted Skillstreaming Checklist for children with autism spectrum disorder.

The Adapted Skillstreaming Checklist measures social/social-communication skills and behavioral flexibility/regulation of children with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability. Pri...
Evaluation of Tobacco Smoke and Diet as Sources of Exposure to Two Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines for the U.S. Population: NHANES 2013-2014.

Background: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are a group of hazardous substances produced during combustion of tobacco or high-temperature cooking of meats. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a major carcinogenic HAA in tobacco smoke. Methods: Urinary AαC, used as a marker of AαC exposure, was analyzed on spot urine samples from adult participants of the 2013–2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1,792). AαC was measured using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive combusted tobacco smokers were differentiated from nonusers of tobacco products through both self-report and serum cotinine data. Results: Among exclusive smokers, sample-weighted median urinary AαC was 40 times higher than nonusers. Sample-weighted regression models showed that urinary AαC increased significantly with serum cotinine among both exclusive tobacco users and nonusers with secondhand smoke exposure. Among nonusers, eating beef cooked at high temperature was associated with a significant increase in urinary AαC, whereas consuming vegetables was associated with decreased AαC. In addition, smoking one-half pack of cigarettes per day was associated with a significant increase of 23.6 pg AαC/mL calculated at geometric mean of AαC, controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, increase in AαC attributable to consuming the 99th percentile of beef cooked at high temperature was 0.99 pg AαC/mL. Conclusions: Both exclusive smokers and nonusers of tobacco in the general U.S. population are exposed to AαC from tobacco smoke, with additional, lesser contributions from certain dietary components. Impact: AαC is an important biomarker that is associated with tobacco smoke exposure.
Updates in Healthcare Maintenance and Monitoring of Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of Biologic Therapies

As the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) expands, it is increasingly challenging for pediatric gastroenterologists and pediatric primary care providers to stay abreast of the available therapies and the associated side effects, required monitoring, and specific health maintenance needs for these patients. Here, we review the currently available therapies and general treatment strategies for the management of pediatric IBD, along with clinical considerations in the context of general pediatric care. The number of therapies for the management of IBD has grown rapidly in recent years. While pediatric providers have become adept with the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapies, and large safety registries have helped us understand the risks of these biologic agents, there is much left to learn about the pediatric use of newer therapies, such as vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib. Biologic therapies and other targeted anti-inflammatory therapies are increasingly used in children with IBD. Pediatric primary care providers and pediatric gastroenterologists must be aware of the risks, benefits, and additional implications of these therapies. Vaccination strategies, recognition and management of routine or opportunistic infections, assessment of rashes, and cancer screening represent areas of particular importance in these children.
Low energy electron induced chemistry: CH3Cl on Ag(111)

Abstract The chemistry, induced by 50 eV electrons, of CH3Cl on clean, Cl-covered and D-covered Ag(111) at 100 K has been studied using TPD, XPS, UPS and Δφ. Electron induced dissociation (EID) occurs very efficiently with an initial total cross section of, at most, (5.5±0.5)×10−16 cm2 for 1 ML CH3Cl coverage. For coverages up to 1 ML, CH3 and C2H5 radicals, some CH4 and C2H6 and, perhaps, some C2H4 molecules desorb during EID; very few Cl-containing species desorb. At the surface, the following are synthesized and retained: H and Cl atoms; CHx (x = 2,3), −C2H5 and, possibly, =CHCH3 and −CH=CH2 fragments; an and C2H4 molecules. The relative concentrations of these species depend on electron fluence (EF) and CH3Cl coverage. In TPD, CH3Cl and C2H4 desorb molecularly; H atoms and hydrocarbon frragments react to produce H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3 H8, C4H8 and C4H10 below 300 K; the only higher temperature product is AgCl, which desorbs at 750 K. No dehydrogenation occurs during TPD. Preadsorbed Cl has a dramatic influence; compared to 1 ML CH3Cl on clean Ag(111), the production of saturated hydrocarbons, CH4, C2H6 and C3H8, is suppressed and the desorption of olefins shifts to lower temperatures. When D is preadsorbed, EID leads to TPD of partially deuterated, saturated hydrocarbons CH3D, CH2D2, C2H4D2, C2H5D, C3H5 D3, C3H6D2 and C3H7D. For multilayers (3–10 ML), desorption of H2, CH3, CH4, C2H4, C2H5, C2H6, C Cl, HCl and CH3Cl is observed during EID. The TPD products appearing below 300 K are desorption-limited HCl, C2H4, C3H6 and C4H8, and reaction-limited H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8. A strongly bound CxHyClz (x > 1) is formed during EID; it decomposes to form HCl, H2 and surface carbon above 400 K. AgCl continues to appear at high temperatures but the amount drops as the initial multilayer CH3Cl coverage increases.
Active Triangulation 3D Imaging Systems for Industrial Inspection

Active 3D imaging systems use artificial illumination in order to capture and record digital representations of objects. The use of artificial illumination allows the acquisition of dense and accurate range images of textureless objects that are difficult to acquire using passive vision systems. An active 3D imaging system can be based on different measurement principles that include time-of-flight, triangulation, and interferometry. Here, an in-depth presentation of triangulation-based 3D imaging is provided, including both scanning laser and structured light projection systems, with a focus on industrial applications. The characterization of triangulation is discussed using both an error-propagation framework and experimental protocols.
Linking gender, sexuality, and affect: The linguistic and social patterning of phrase-final posttonic lengthening

This paper furthers our understanding of the social forces driving prosodic variation by reporting on production and perception studies of phrase-final posttonic lengthening in American English. Building on past research showing gender-based variation in the production of phrase-final lengthening, I show that this gender effect surfaces only when comparing straight men and straight women. Gay men and straight women lengthen their phrase-final posttonic syllables equally, and both groups do so more than straight men. A matched-guise social-perception experiment shows that listeners associate increased lengthening not only with femininity and male gayness, but with expressive affect. I suggest that the link between increased lengthening and expressive affect is forged iconically and that this link underlies the gender and sexuality patterns observed in the production study. What surfaces from this work theoretically is how variability in expressions of affect may drive correlations between gender/sexuality-based categories and linguistic variants.
Efforts Toward the Electrochemical Cyclization of Unsaturated Anilides

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for the 2001 F. M. Becket Summer Research Fellowship.
A Computationally Efficient Evolutionary Algorithm for Stochastic D-FACTS Optimization

Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are important contributors to smart transmission systems. They can offer a level of power flow control and improve transfer capability of an existing network which can be used to mitigate congestion and integrate renewable energies into a grid. Distributed FACTS is a lightweight version of FACTS which can be redeployed conveniently. It has become a more attractive power flow control technology due to its lower cost and ease of installation. This paper proposes a novel evolutionary algorithm to solve a stochastic model for D-FACTS allocation, studying their impacts on operating costs and the computational efficiency of the model. The results are presented are compared against a previously developed linear programming model and show a positive economic impact from the use of D-FACTS, as well as a significant reduction in computational time for this type of model.
Quantitative analysis of the influence of capillary pressure on geologic carbon storage forecasts case study: CO2-EOR in the Anadarko basin, Texas

Abstract Numerical models are a critical tool for forecasting subsurface multiphase flow associated with geologic carbon storage. The uncertainty of model results stems from many factors, including uncertainty in multiphase flow parameters. Specifically, relative permeability and capillary pressure relationships depend on both the rock properties and fluid properties, and the latter may be highly nonlinear as fluid temperature, and pressure conditions change. Forecasts of trapping mechanisms, phase behavior, and plume movement are impacted by choice of relative permeability and capillary pressure functions and how those functions are calibrated and constrained. In particular, one of the most neglected aspects of such simulations is meaningful capillary pressure processes. A primary goal of this study is to quantify the difference in forecasts for models that utilize capillary pressure functions calibrated with measured data from the results of models without such. Additionally, the relative permeability models developed here were derived from measured capillary pressure data. Those data were used to constrain saturation endpoints in the relative permeability curves and dictate how that relative permeability was distributed spatially. The main conclusions drawn from this analysis include (1) heterogeneity in relative permeability plays a significant role in simulated forecasts of CO2 migration, trapping mechanisms and storage capacity, as well as oil and water production, and (2) capillary pressure, and in particular, the magnitude of capillarity also plays a significant role in these processes. Conversely, if the magnitude of capillarity is small relative to in situ fluid pressures, it imparts insignificant effects on these processes.
Equilibrium state thermodynamic properties of rare gas dimers and trimers obtained from equations of state and statistical thermodynamics: Application to neon, argon, krypton and xenon

Abstract The equilibrium thermodynamic properties of gas phase dimerization and trimerization of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe are calculated from equations of state (EOS). The equilibrium constants, changes in enthalpy, Gibbs energy, entropy and heat capacity are determined over 10-kelvin ranges are reported. These quantities are calculated from accurate and precise equations of state available from the NIST Thermophysical Tables. In addition, the molar entropies and heat capacities are calculated for the dimers, and molar entropies for the trimers. Statistical thermodynamic (ST) methods are used to complement these calculations and employ dimer partition functions obtained from a sum-over-state approach that includes both bound and metastable rovibrational states. For the trimers, such calculations are carried out only for neon, for which the rovibrational energies of the bound states are available. The results of the EOS and ST calculations for the Ne – Xe dimers are in good agreement with each other, while those for the neon trimer are less so. The effect of excluding the metastable states from the dimer partition functions is demonstrated. The results indicate that the thermodynamic properties of dimerization/trimerization for polyatomic molecules may be obtained if accurate EOS data is available, suggesting that the method may be applied to polyatomic molecules. Relationships between the enthalpies of dissociation of the dimers and trimers and the enthalpies of vaporization of the respective liquids are demonstrated.
Do Rights Violations Deter Refugees

Do crackdowns by destination countries deter refugees? Much of the existing literature conflates containment measures (forcibly restricting refugees in their home region or country) and deterrence policies (discouraging refugees by making the destination appear less attractive). In addition, empirical studies have focused almost exclusively on Western countries and analyzed the effects of acceptance rates or policy reforms on the number of asylum applications lodged. In contrast, this paper examines whether rights violations deter asylees and refugees by leveraging a global dataset drawn from reports by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. I find that deportation, detention, and encampment do not decrease asylum applications or refugee arrivals, and may actually raise them in some cases. While reduced access to the labor market may deter very small numbers of asylees and refugees, there are other sound reasons for destination countries to eschew restrictive employment policies.
Effects of Fire on Hypogeous Fungi, Spore Dispersal and Dependent Flora Establishment in Soils

In our initial survey of dispersal of spores into areas disturbed by the 1988 Huckleberry burn, in the John D. Rockefeller Memorial Parkway, we focused on small mammal dispersal of hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungi which had been touted as a primary means of dispersal (Trappe and Maser 1977, Ure and Maser 1982), and the recruitment and physiognomy of conifer seedlings germinating in the burned areas. Interestingly, the small mammals captured at the Huck burn sites were feeding on both epigeous and hypogeous, as well as, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi. The seedlings that had germinated in the burned areas were non-mycorrhizal until late in the season. These results are somewhat contradictory to hypotheses offered in the literature. For these reasons, additional objectives, such as including both hypogeous and epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi, were established to examine the process of ectomycorrhizal colonization more closely.