cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The substance of the scientist-practitioner relation: Freud, rogers, skinner and ellis

Abstract Clinical psychology is defined by the “scientist-practitioner model.” In an effort to better understand this model as well as possible differences in the interpretation of this model, the views of four major theorists of psychotherapy (Freud, Rogers, Skinner and Ellis) are examined regarding what constitutes science and how science is relevant to psychotherapy. Although each finds science to be relevant to their particular model of psychotherapy, and therefore the views of each may be plausibly seen as consistent with a scientist-practitioner model, there are enormous differences between these theorists regarding what science is and the proper relationship between science and psychotherapy. Thus, the scientist-practitioner model is ambiguous. This diversity of interpretation helps explain disagreements at several levels among schools and calls for normative work regrading the relative merits of each interpretation.
fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis

Over the past decade, fMRI techniques have been increasingly used to interrogate the neural correlates of successful emotional memory encoding. These investigations have typically aimed to either characterize the contributions of the amygdala and medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, replicating results in animals, or delineate the neural correlates of specific behavioral phenomena. It has remained difficult, however, to synthesize these findings into a systems neuroscience account of how networks across the whole-brain support the enhancing effects of emotion on memory encoding. To this end, the present study employed a meta-analytic approach using activation likelihood estimates to assess the anatomical specificity and reliability of event-related fMRI activations related to successful memory encoding for emotional versus neutral information. The meta-analysis revealed consistent clusters within bilateral amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus, the ventral visual stream, left lateral prefrontal cortex and right ventral parietal cortex. The results within the amygdala and MTL support a wealth of findings from the animal literature linking these regions to arousal-mediated memory effects. The consistency of findings in cortical targets, including the visual, prefrontal, and parietal cortices, underscores the importance of generating hypotheses regarding their participation in emotional memory formation. In particular, we propose that the amygdala interacts with these structures to promote enhancements in perceptual processing, semantic elaboration, and attention, which serve to benefit subsequent memory for emotional material. These findings may motivate future research on emotional modulation of widespread neural systems and the implications of this modulation for cognition.
Topiramate or valproate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: A randomized open-label comparison

Few randomized, controlled trials evaluating antiepileptic drug (AED) efficacy and tolerability have focused solely on patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). We conducted a pilot, randomized controlled trial comparing topiramate (N=19) and valproate (N=9) in adolescents/adults with JME to evaluate clinical response when these broad-spectrum agents are titrated to optimal effect. Rating scales were used to systematically assess tolerability. Among patients completing 26 weeks of treatment, 8 of 12 (67%) in the topiramate group and 4 of 7 (57%) in the valproate group were seizure-free during the 12-week maintenance period. Median daily dose was 250mg topiramate or 750mg valproate. Two (11%) topiramate-treated patients and one (11%) valproate-treated patient discontinued due to adverse events. Systemic toxicity scores, but not neurotoxicity scores, differed substantially between the two groups; greater systemic toxicity was associated with valproate. Our preliminary findings that topiramate may be an effective, well-tolerated alternative to valproate warrant validation in a double-blind trial.
The Common Good: Theoretical Content, Practical Utility

Despite skepticism about the common good, the idea has both theoretical content and practical utility. It rests on important features of human life, such as inherently social goods, social linkages, and joint occupation of various commons. It reflects the outcome for bargaining for mutual advantage, subject to a fairness test. And it is particularized through a community's adherence to certain goods as objects of joint endeavor. In the context of the United States, these goods are set forth in the Preamble to the Constitution – in general language, subject to political contestation, for a people who have agreed to live together in a united political community. While the Preamble states the ends of the union, the body of the Constitution establishes the institutional means for achieving them. So these institutions are part of the common good as well. These are the enduring commonalities – the elements of a shared good – that ceaseless democratic conflict often obscures but that reemerge in times of crisis ...
On reliable broadcast in a radio network

We consider the problem of reliable broadcast in an infinite grid (or finite toroidal) radio network under Byzantine and crash-stop failures. We present bounds on the maximum number of failures that may occur in any given neighborhood without rendering reliable broadcast impossible. We improve on previously proved bounds for the number of tolerable Byzantine faults [6]. Our results indicate that it is possible to achieve reliable broadcast if slightly less than one fourth fraction of nodes in any neighborhood are faulty, and impossible otherwise. We also show that reliable broadcast is achievable with crash-stop failures if slightly less than half the nodes in any given neighborhood may be faulty. In particular, we establish exact thresholds under a specific distance metric.
The classification, recognition and significance of polyagglutination in transfusion medicine

Polyagglutination, although an uncommon phenomenon in transfusion medicine, is becoming increasingly recognized as a potential pitfall in correct ABO typing and can hinder the rapid allocation of accurately crossmatched blood products. Polyagglutination refers to erythrocytes which demonstrate agglutination with the majority of adult sera upon initial ABO crossmatch testing. Most types of polyagglutination involve alteration of red cell surface antigens through microbial enzymatic activity in patients with sepsis, and subsequent interaction of these newly exposed 'cryptantigens' with naturally occuring IgM antibody which is present in most adult sera. Less common variants include essential inborn variations in red cell development, and have been associated with myelodysplastic syndromes, congenital anemias, and various leukemias; it has been suggested that patients shown to possess these types of polyagglutination may benefit from increased hematologic surveillance. Recognition of polyagglutination in these settings is important to allow successful resolution of ABO typing discrepancies and permit efficient administration of appropriate blood products to these patients, who are often quite ill. The classification and method of laboratory recognition of polyagglutination is reviewed.
Accelerated coronary mri using compressed sensing with transform domain dependencies: a feasibility study

Introduction Coronary MRI still faces major challenges including lengthy acquisition time, limited spatial resolution, signal to noise (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Parallel imaging has been used to accelerate coronary MRI. However, image quality significantly degrades at higher rates (>2). Compressed sensing (CS) has been recently proposed to further accelerate acquisition time; although its use in CMR has been very limited. In this study, we sought to develop a highly under-sampled coronary MRI method based on CS that uses the dependencies of the transform domain coefficients to reduce image blurring and artifacts.
Vascular responses in aortic rings of a consomic rat panel derived from the Fawn Hooded Hypertensive strain.

The present experiments, utilizing the high-throughput vascular protocol of PhysGen (Program for Genomic Applications) characterized the responses of aortic rings to vasoconstrictor (phenylephrine) and vasodilator (acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and reduced tissue bath Po2) stimuli in consomic rat strains derived from a cross between the Fawn Hooded Hypertensive rat (FHH/EurMcwi) and the Brown Norway normotensive (BN/NHsdMcwi) rat. The effects of substituting individual BN chromosomes into the FHH genetic background were determined in animals that were maintained on a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet or switched to a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet for 3 wk. Sex-specific differences were evaluated in male and female consomic rats on similar dietary salt intake. Multiple chromosomes affected various vascular reactivity phenotypes in the FHH × BN consomic panel, and substantial salt-dependent changes in vascular reactivity and sex-specific differences in aortic reactivity were observed in individual consomic strains. However, compared with earlier studies of consomic rats derived from a cross between the BN rat and the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat, only 3–7% of the vascular phenotypes were affected in a similar manner by substituting specific BN chromosomeschromosomes into the FHH genetic background versus the SS genetic background. The findings of the present study stress the potential value of consomic rat panels in gaining insight into genetic factors influencing vascular reactivity and suggest that the chromosomes that appear to be involved in the determination of aortic ring reactivity in different rodent models of hypertension are highly strain- and sex specific.
Evaluating Capital Management: A New Approach

The objective of this article is to develop a methodology for evaluating capital management performance. We have employed a new methodology, fuzzy rule–based systems (FRBS), that allows evaluators to break down complex systems into manageable components. FRBS can also use a variety of data types by converting data into ordinal input measures that are not overly sensitive to small measurement errors. In developing an overall performance measure, the evaluator under an FRBS creates explicit rules for combining inputs that can reflect the complex contextual judgments commonly made by evaluators. Using survey data on 35 large American cities from the Government Performance Project, we develop an FRBS for city capital management.
Nonlinear absorption at 10.6 μm in Hg1−xCdxTe

Abstract Near band-edge illumination of Hg 1− x Cd x Te ( x ≈ 0.2) by short bursts of CO 2 laser radiation has been shown to lead to highly nonlinear absorption and saturation. For sufficiently high infrared intensities the transmission through an absorber is enhanced more than three orders of magnitude. The effect should be useful in temporal shaping of high intensity CO 2 laser pulses.
Characteristics of Common Raven (Corvus corax) Predation on Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) EGGS

Abstract Common Ravens (Corvus corax) are considered an important predator of Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) eggs, but direct observations of predation events are rare. We observed 25 events of Common Ravens at or near artificial nests with infertile crane eggs; 15 of those events resulted in predation. Reconnaissance time averaged 1.8 ± 3.0 min, egg handling averaged 5.8 ± 3.9 min, and total time to reconnoiter, approach, and consume or remove eggs from a nest averaged 8.4 ± 5.7 min. Ravens consumed 67% of the eggs at the nest and cached the other 33%. To eat an egg, ravens always punched a hole in the surface, but hole sizes and shapes differed. To cache eggs, ravens carried eggs away intact, leaving no evidence in the nest, and concealed them 5.5 to 180 m from the nest. The rapidity of some raven depredation events indicates a high potential for success of taking crane eggs from an active but unattended nests. Given the diverse patterns of eggshell remains and ravens' ability to carry whole eggs, dis...
Parameter Estimation and Model Selection in Computational Biology

A central challenge in computational modeling of biological systems is the determination of the model parameters. Typically, only a fraction of the parameters (such as kinetic rate constants) are experimentally measured, while the rest are often fitted. The fitting process is usually based on experimental time course measurements of observables, which are used to assign parameter values that minimize some measure of the error between these measurements and the corresponding model prediction. The measurements, which can come from immunoblotting assays, fluorescent markers, etc., tend to be very noisy and taken at a limited number of time points. In this work we present a new approach to the problem of parameter selection of biological models. We show how one can use a dynamic recursive estimator, known as extended Kalman filter, to arrive at estimates of the model parameters. The proposed method follows. First, we use a variation of the Kalman filter that is particularly well suited to biological applications to obtain a first guess for the unknown parameters. Secondly, we employ an a posteriori identifiability test to check the reliability of the estimates. Finally, we solve an optimization problem to refine the first guess in case it should not be accurate enough. The final estimates are guaranteed to be statistically consistent with the measurements. Furthermore, we show how the same tools can be used to discriminate among alternate models of the same biological process. We demonstrate these ideas by applying our methods to two examples, namely a model of the heat shock response in E. coli, and a model of a synthetic gene regulation system. The methods presented are quite general and may be applied to a wide class of biological systems where noisy measurements are used for parameter estimation or model selection.
African-American girls' dietary intake while watching television.

Objective: Television viewing has been associated with childhood obesity, although the mechanisms that link television viewing to higher BMI have not been established. Therefore, our objectives, in this report, were to describe the amount and types of foods that African-American girls consume while watching television and to examine the associations between African-American girls’ BMI and the food they consume while watching television. Research Methods and Procedures: Data were collected from 210 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls at four field centers by trained and certified nutritionists. Two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from each girl. For each eating episode reported, the girls were asked if they had been watching television while eating. Height and weight were collected using standard methods and used to calculate BMI. Results: The data were analyzed separately by field center. The proportion of average daily energy intake that the girls consumed while watching television ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%. At all field centers, 40% to 50% of evening meals were consumed while watching television. None of the Spearman correlations between girls’ BMI and the amount and type of foods consumed while watching television or at other times during the day were statistically significant (p > 0.05). Discussion: This research revealed that a significant proportion of African-American girls’ daily energy intake is consumed while watching television. Interventions that target reductions in food consumption while watching television or reducing television viewing may be effective strategies to decrease children's energy intakes. These results support a need for research to test the efficacy of these approaches.
Histoplasmosis in Veterans Administration hospitals in middle America.

A series of clinical studies of histoplasmosis based on demonstrations of etiology led to descriptions of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, the principal type in adults, and amphotericin B as an effective therapy. A participant recreates the atmosphere of discovery during the contributions of a team comprising a mycologist, a surgeon and two physicians using cultures of exised lung and sputum to clearly identify cases of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. Subsequently cooperating physicians in several V.A. Hospitals carried out randomized studies of treatment, dosage, and side effects that established Amphotericin B as the sole curative therapy for chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis for 20 years.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC THEORY OF THE MULTI—PRODUCT FIRM USING THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to present the theory of the multi-product firm in situations where the revenue function depends not only on the rate of output but also on changes in the rate of output, and, similarly, where the cost function depends on changes in the rate of factor utilization as well as the rate of their utilization. Since the analysis will utilize the calculus of variations, a general introduction to this technique is also presented. The model analyzed assumes perfect foresight and knowledge concerning the revenue, cost, and production functions, and the calculus of variations is used to derive the conditions for an extremum. The first section presents the mathematical model and the model of the firm, and the optimality conditions are discussed in the second section.
Association between malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract and uterine cervix

Cancers of the cervix and buccal cavity share histologic, epidemiologic, and exposure characteristics. In particular, cigarette smoking and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been cited as etiologic cofactors of both malignancies. Using incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute for the years 1973 through 1984, we evaluated the incidence of second cancers of the buccal cavity following an initial cervical cancer. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were uniformly elevated for both white (SIR = 2.0), and black (SIR = 3.5) women. There were also elevated risks for the development of cervical cancer following an initial buccal cavity cancer (SIRs = 3.3 and 2.5, respectively). A similar pattern was evident for laryngeal cancer among white women. HPV transmission could account in part for the paired occurrence of these two anatomically distinct cancer sites. Cigarette smoking could act as a synergistic cofactor in the malignant transformation of viral genome-harboring tissue.
Teaching and learning computer programming: a survey of student problems, teaching methods, and automated instructional tools

To improve introductory computer science courses and to update the teaching of computer programming, new teaching methods emphasizing structured programming and top-down design have been presented and a variety of automated instructional tools have been developed. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to survey a number of methods and tools used in the teaching of programming; (2) to present, with the aid of this survey, a number of areas where beginning programmers experience difficulties; (3) to present ways of improving some of the tools; and (4) to propose other possible aids.This paper is organized as follows. Section 1 introduces the topic and purpose of the paper. Section 2 reviews several teaching methods discussed in the literature. Section 3 surveys various student-oriented interactive and noninteractive tools. Section 4 discusses nonstudent-oriented aids and presents alternatives by discussing how to adapt similar aids to a student environment. Section 5 provides a summary of the paper and a conclusion. Pertinent problem areas and students' viewpoints are presented in each section.
Synthesis of Protein Conjugates and Development of Immunoassays for AAL Toxins

AAL toxins and fumonisins, produced by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium moniliforme, respectively, are sphinganine-analogue mycotoxins with important health implications. Highly sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid immunoassays are needed to quantify these natural toxins in food products and animal feeds. We developed novel methods for the synthesis of protein conjugates of the AAL toxin TA. Mice were immunized with the conjugates, and the resulting polyclonal antisera were used to devise class-selective ELISAs for AAL compounds. The most selective assays had detection limits for the AAL toxins in the low parts per billion range with no significant cross-reactivities for a number of structurally similar compounds, including fumonisin B1 and sphinganine. Our selected conjugates are candidate immunogens to produce monoclonal antibodies and further polyclonal antisera for the detection of the AAL toxins. Keywords: AAL toxins; fumonisins; synthesis of conjugates of AAL toxin TA; polyclonal mo...
Poverty and the health of American children. Implications for academic pediatrics.

The headline of a recent editorial in the Philadelphia Inquirer posed a loaded question: "How is it that we have such great hospitals—and such poor public health?" (August 22, 1989:14-A). The reference point was Philadelphia in which "hightech progress and abysmal public health performance... coexist too comfortably." Instead of just "cranking out specialists," the editorial said, "academic medicine ought to be taking stock of its broader mission—preventing sickness, making care more easily available and figuring ways to improve the state of public health." The present focus of medical schools has led to sophisticated methods of treatment but has left too much undone, too many unserved, in a nation with the resources and imagination to make life healthier, even for the poorest, most vulnerable of its people.... On matters of public health, academic medicine has been embarrassingly slow to show leadership.... Doctors have won heroic fights to save babies. But
Response of Plants to Root-absorbed Chemical Growth Substances applied in Culture Solutions

A CONTINUOUSLY available supply of biologically active chemicals from a large external pool during the course of experimentation with higher plants is often desirable. Foliage sprays or µl. solution applications of growth substances to the vegetative tips of plants result in the imposition of heroic dosages to restricted parts. Such treatments constitute a crude approach in duplicating an endogenous synthesis and in maintaining physiologically tolerable levels in the plant.
The intelligence of ambiguity

Abstract The major thrust of accounting practice, research and teaching rests on the rational-calculation model of decision making. Recent developments in the organizational theory literature challenge the singleness if not the primacy of the rational-calculational model approach. It is our purpose to examine some of the ideas being put forth in the behavioral sciences and attempt to discern some implications for management in general and accounting in particular. This paper was prompted by and owes a heavy debt to a paper by March (1978).
A Note on Node Aggregation and Benders Decomposition

Node aggregation methods have been previously studied as a means for approximating large scale transportation problems. In this paper, we show how the approximations inherent in Benders' decomposition method can be combined with node aggregation in optimizing large scale capacitated plant location problems.
The Study on the Dynamic Characteristic of High Speed Machine Tool and Experiment Validate

One of the important factors resulting in the high-speed machinery performance is its machine tool dynamic characteristic. It will directly influence the final manufacturing capability of the machinery and it is also the important criterion of evaluating machinery performances. Especially, the dynamic characteristic of spindle assembly has large effect on manufacturing capability of machinery. So it is very important both analyzing dynamic-static characteristic of the spindle assembly and machine tool of high-speed machinery and studying the effect to machinery function. Using Finite Element Analysis software did a Finite Element Analysis of spindle assembly of the high-speed machine tool, and some experiments are done to validate the result the Finite Element Analysis results.
Adoption of the arctic search and rescue agreement: A shift of the arctic regime toward a hard law basis?

Abstract This paper examines the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement—the first legally-binding instrument negotiated and adopted under the auspices of the Arctic Council—and analyzes its implications for the current Arctic regime. Led by the Arctic Council, the Arctic regime was established in a soft law format. However, the soft law nature and restricted mandates of the Arctic Council have limited its capacity to respond to new issues emerging from climate change, particularly those related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, commercial shipping through the region, effects on wildlife, and impacts on indigenous peoples' homelands and culture. The adoption of the Agreement represents a new approach for the Arctic States to respond to these new challenges. At the same time, it does not imply that a legally-binding instrument is necessarily preferable for every issue, and importantly, the new Arctic Agreement does not establish new institutional relationships, suggesting satisfaction among the Arctic States with the existing arrangements. Thus, although the Arctic regime is undoubtedly changing, this change should not be treated today as a shift from soft to hard law. What is more certain is that the Arctic Council will continue to function as a cooperative forum where the Arctic States can address these challenges, and its importance will only increase in coming years.
Lewis' counterfactual analysis of causation

David Lewis offers a counterfactual analysis of causation, limiting his analysis to causation between particular events.1 Exactly what Lewis is analyzing is revealed by the point at which he announces his analysis to be complete. He does so immediately after giving neces sary and sufficient conditions for one event's causing another.2 One event is a cause of another if and only if there is a causal chain that leads from the first to the second. The notion of a causal chain is defined by appeal to causal dependence, which is defined in terms of the truth of certain counterfactuals. The truth value of a counter factual is determined by the truth value of its consequent in those possible worlds in which the antecedent is true which are most similar over-all to the actual world.3 Two sorts of criticisms of Lewis' account have been leveled elsewhere. Jaegwon Kim objects to the account's classification of certain kinds of cases as ones of causal dependence. Among these are ones which Kim says exemplify an 'analytical' or 'logical' relation, and others in which one event is a part of another.4 Bernard Berofsky objects to Lewis' contention that the vagueness of counterfactuals infects causation.5 I agree that the cases cited by Kim and the features of Lewis' analysis cited by Berofsky present problems for his account. However, another potentially far more damaging line of criticism will be offered here. I shall argue that the adequate determination of a set of possible worlds as closest or most similar to the actual must depend upon causal relations. Without appeal to causal relations (though not the particular ones Lewis analyzes here), the truth values expected will not be determined for many counterfactuals whose truth values are pre-analytically clear. And if a set of worlds is determined as closest to the actual without appeal to causal relations, the relevance of those worlds to the causal relations between particular events in the actual world is obscure. Let us begin, however, by elaborating Lewis' account.
The impact of rapid prototyping on specifying user requirements

Prototyping has been recognized as being a powerful and indeed essential tool in many branches of engineering. Although software prototyping is often considered too expensive, correcting ambiguities and misunderstandings at the requirements specification stage is significantly cheaper than correcting a system after it has gone into production. This paper describes how rapid prototyping impacts the Requirements Analysis and Specification phase of the software life cycle. This is illustrated by describing the experience gained from a prototype used to assist in the requirements specification of a system to manage and control an integrated circuit fabrication facility. The cost of the prototype was less than 10 percent of the total software development cost.
Neuroendovascular interventions for intracranial posterior circulation disease via the transradial approach: technical case report.

Objective and importance To describe our experience with the transradial approach for posterior circulation neurointerventional procedures. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has not been described previously for intracranial neuroendovascular procedures. Clinical presentation The clinical and imaging characteristics as well as periprocedural outcomes of patients treated for intracranial posterior circulation disease via the transradial approach were analyzed retrospectively. Intervention Between January 1 and October 21, 2003, four patients with posterior circulation disease (aneurysm, n = 1, and atherosclerotic stenosis, n = 3) were treated via the transradial approach because of tortuous brachiocephalic anatomy. Procedural success was 100%, and there were no procedural complications. No technical difficulties were encountered. Conclusion The transradial approach is an alternative to the femoral approach for posterior circulation neuroendovascular intervention. This approach has several advantages over other approaches, and the vasculature can be less tortuous than that encountered during the femoral approach. These factors can result in increased device trackability and procedural ease.
Synchronized voice and image annotation in remote consultation and diagnosis for the global PACS

ABSTRACT A Global PACS is a medical imaging system which enables the doctors to capture, archive, and retrievemedical images over wide area networks. In previous work, we have developed a distributed software for remote consultation and diagnosis in a Global PACS environment over the Internet or NSFNET. The doctors are able to interactively perform a remote consultation with basic image annotation commands.In this paper, we present a new mechanism for adding voice to this scenario and performing synchroniza-tion of voice and image annotation in a remote consultation and diagnosis session. Annotation data andvoice used in this multimedia application requires synchronization between the two data streams. While the annotation data is small and sporadic, the voice data is continuous and larger than the annotation data. We use time stamps, shared memory, and interprocess communications for synchronization between the two data streams. The time stamped data streams are packetized, stored, and sent via TCP/IP forannotation data transmission and TCP/IP or UDP/IP for voice transmission. The whole consultationsession with voice and image annotation is stored into an event data structure as a part of the patient
A method for the arrest of spreading gas gangrene by oxygen injection.

Abstract This paper is given to present a controlled and scientific method of blocking the spread of gas bacillus infection of extremities and trunk, and as an adjuvant to proper surgery in gas gangrene. It requires no special skill to administer and may be done by anyone under medical supervision.
SUM RULE FOR MULTISCALE REPRESENTATIONS OF KINEMATICALLY DESCRIBED SYSTEMS

We derive a sum rule that constrains the scale based decomposition of the trajectories of finite systems of particles. The sum rule reflects a tradeoff between the finer and larger scale collective degrees of freedom. For short duration trajectories, where acceleration is irrelevant, the sum rule can be related to the moment of inertia and the kinetic energy (times a characteristic time squared). Thus, two nonequilibrium systems that have the same kinetic energy and moment of inertia can, when compared to each other, have different scales of behavior, but if one of them has larger scales of behavior than the other, it must compensate by also having smaller scales of behavior. In the context of coherence or correlation, the larger scale of behavior corresponds to the collective motion, while the smaller scales of behavior correspond to the relative motion of correlated particles. For longer duration trajectories, the sum rule includes the full effective moment of inertia of the system in space-time with respect to an external frame of reference, providing the possibility of relating the class of systems that can exist in the same space-time domain.
Chemisorption Bond Length and Binding Location of Oxygen in a p ( 2 × 1 ) Overlayer on W(110) Using a Convergent, Perturbative, Low-Energy-Electron-Diffraction Calculation

A convergent perturbation scheme known as the layer-doubling method is used to determine the chemisorption position and bond length of an oxygen $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ overlayer on W(110) surface. The use of perturbation treatment allows accurate and economical determination of surface crystallography on this strong-scattering material. Using eight phase shifts and 89 beams in the calculation, the oxygen atoms are found to occupy threefold-coordinated binding sites with a bond length of 2.08 \AA{}.
Linking indigenous knowledge systems and development: The potential uses of microcomputers

This article proposes a multidisciplinary alternative framework to the classical model of the diffusion of innovations, to analyze the potential uses of microcomputers for development. The emphasis on the indigenous knowledge systems translates a paradigm shift in the analysis of technology transfer. This shift requires the integration of the user’s knowledge as the condition of the adoption of the innovation. Expert systems based on indigenous knowledge can help make this shift possible if they are used to understand the cognitive processes of the indigenous knowledge, rather than to mimic their performance.
Changes in serum proteins associated with metamorphosis in salamanders of the family ambystomatidae

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of metamorphosis on the serum proteins of three genera and five species of ambystomatid salamanders was examined by electrophoresis. 2. 2. Four of the five species showed a significant increase in the fastest fraction upon metamorphosis. 3. 3. Three of the five species showed a significant metamorphic increase in the second fastest fraction. 4. 4. Four of the five exhibited a significant metamorphic increase in total protein. 5. 5. The results support earlier hypotheses that a metamorphic increase in the fast components of amphibian blood serum serves to maintain blood volume in the desiccating, terrestrial environment of the transformed organism.
Thermal behavior of shipping casks under fire conditions

Abstract To provide basic information for more reliable prediction of temperatutes in a shipping cask under external fire conditions, a 15-ton lead-shielded cask was subjected to a large, open-air petroleum fire for 1 hr. Experimental results were correlated by electrical analog computation, using various assumed values for important parameters. The radiant absorptivity (α) of the cask was found both by analog computations and by hand calculations to be about 0.6. Although the cask was externally finned, α was calculated from the area of the outer shell excluding the fins, which contribute little to radiant heat transfer. Convection of molten lead in the walls was found to be such that the horizontal temperature gradient in the molten lead was negligible. On the other hand, the maximum vertical temperature gradient was about 8°F per inch of height. Hand-calculation methods are presented for predicting the extent of melting as a function of time for lead-shielded casks of rectangular or cylindrical shape, for any selected fire conditions. Methods are also suggested for estimating the maximum cavity temperature in casks with either lead or non-melting shielding.
Applications of microcomputers in power system protection education

The author describes the use of microcomputers to aid instruction in a course on power system protection. The use of the computer is seen in two distinct areas: to promote understanding of relay control; and to aid fault current calculations. The author describes two programs which have been developed specifically for this course, and also discusses the use of a general circuit analysis program for fault current calculations. It is concluded that the use of the computer leads to increased comprehension of the primary course material, which is the design and performance of protective relay systems, the relay settings, and the coordination of the relays. The use of computer animation to demonstrate circuit breaker control and relay-fuse coordination problems is beneficial. >
Graphical methods for three-dimensional rotation of complex axonal arborizations.

Abstract Methods are described for 3-dimensional visualization and spatial manipulation of complex axonal arborizations. These methods allow 2-dimensional camera lucida drawings of neuron processes passing through serial sections to be redrawn with an altered viewing perspective without need for a computer. Two methods are described: a method for 90° rotation, and a method for approximating smaller angle rotations. The method for small angle rotation was developed to visualize the spatial relationships between cortical laminae (curved as well as planar) and axon branching patterns.
Whose Space Is It

Designers and architects argue that interaction in public spaces is the product of relations between physical, cultural, social, and aesthetic components. As an art historian, my interest in and understanding of the production of public space is necessarily linked to its visual construction and to public art in particular. Urban planners have always included art in public spaces as a means of forming relationships between the people and the space. Governments have similarly understood the political significance of public space and its power to make meaning and have commissioned art accordingly. This essay reflects on the role of aesthetics and public art in the production and transformation of the modern public space in the Arab world by considering two examples from Cairo and Baghdad.
Specific interactions in proteins due to proton fluctuations

A theory of site–site interaction due to proton/charge fluctuations in protein molecules has been developed. It is shown that, with the proper geometric configuration of identical ionizable groups on matching sites, a specific attraction may be established. This attractive force has a bell-shaped pH dependence and is maximal close to the pK of the groups involved. Various types of protein interactions are examined in the light of this theory.
Large Scale Survey Data in Career Development Research.

Large scale survey datasets have been underutilized but offer numerous advantages for career development scholars, as they contain numerous career development constructs with large and diverse samples that are followed longitudinally. Constructs such as work salience, vocational expectations, educational expectations, work satisfaction, and occupational attainment are readily available. With a few notable exceptions, studies of these datasets are infrequent in the career development literature. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of these datasets for career development research, the technical aspects of complex sample design, and software options for analyses. Career development scholars must understand complex sample design and analysis strategies to avoid drawing inappropriate conclusions from analyses of large scale survey data. Through illuminating the potential of large scale survey datasets, providing a more user-friendly introduction to the features of complex sample design, and revi...
Magnetoencephalographic recordings demonstrate attentional modulation of mismatch‐related neural activity in human auditory cortex

It is widely agreed that the negative brain potential elicited at 150-200 ms by a deviant, less intense sound in a repetitive series can be modulated by attention. To investigate whether this modulation represents a genuine attention effect on the mismatch negativity (MMN) arising from auditory cortex or attention-related activity from another brain region, we recorded both the MMN and the mismatch magnetic field (MMF) elicited by such deviants in a dichotic listening task. Deviant tones in the attended ear elicited a sizable MMF that was well modeled as a dipolar source in auditory cortex. Both the MMN and MMF to unattended-ear deviants were highly attenuated. These findings support the view that the MMN/MMF elicited in auditory cortex by intensity deviants, and thus the underlying feature-analysis and mismatch-detection processes, are not strongly automatic but rather can be gated or suppressed if attention is strongly focused elsewhere.
BKCa channel inhibitor modulates the tumorigenic ability of hormone-independent breast cancer cells via the Wnt pathway

In breast cancers, the large conductance Ca 2+ and voltage sensitive K + (BKCa) channels have been hypothesized to function as oncoproteins, yet it remains unclear how inhibi- tion of channel activity impacts oncogenesis. We demonstrated herein that iberiotoxin (IbTX), an inhibitor of BKCa channels, differentially modulated the in vitro tumorigenic activities of hormone-independent breast cancer cells. Specifically, in HER-2/neu-overexpressing UACC893 cells and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, IbTX selectively attenuated anchorage- independent growth with concomitant downregulation of β-catenin as well as total and phosphorylated Akt and HER-2/neu. By contrast, HER-2/neu-overexpressing SK-BR-3 cells were insensitive to IbTX. Molecular analyses showed an absence of β-catenin and a dose-dependent upregulation of total and phosphorylated Akt and HER-2/neu in these cells. Taken together, these studies identify β-catenin as a putative modulator of the inhibitory actions of IbTX in sensitive breast cancer cells.
Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Progression to complete ligament deficiency

In a prospective seven-year study, we treated 32 patients with partial ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) verified by arthroscopy. Twelve knees (38%) progressed to complete ACL deficiency with positive pivot shift tests and increased anteroposterior translation on tests with the KT-1000 arthrometer. Patients with partial ACL tears frequently had limitation for strenuous sports, while those developing ACL deficiency had additional functional limitations involving recreational activities. Three factors were statistically significant in predicting which partial tears would develop complete ACL deficiency: the amount of ligament tearing--one-fourth tears infrequently progressed, one-half tears progressed in 50% and three-fourth tears in 86%; a subtle increase in initial anterior translation; and the occurrence of a subsequent re-injury with giving-way.
Using 3D finite volume for the pressure‐gradient force in atmospheric models

The horizontal pressure-gradient force is traditionally discretized in partial-differential equation (PDE) form in atmospheric models, but may alternatively be discretized as the net normal surface force divided by the mass, which is referred to as the Green–Gauss method in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The latter approach is ubiquitous in engineering because of the utility of unstructured grids; in the meteorological context Lin derived in 1997 a two-dimensional (2D), plane-parallel, Green–Gauss algorithm and showed that it eliminated inaccuracies related to using terrain-following (sigma) coordinates in steep terrain. Although a hierarchy of three-dimensional (3D) algorithms have been developed by the CFD community, with varying cost-to-benefit trade-offs, work remains to be done to take full advantage of the 3D approach in atmospheric models. Here, we move in this direction by extending Lin's 2D algorithm to 3D. As is true of all Green–Gauss implementations, our algorithm is the same regardless of choice of vertical coordinate or number of fluid constituents. We show that the modifications to the 2D algorithm may be written in the form of additive terms composed of differences of the squares of the top and bottom tilts of the finite-volume faces; the cases for which the 2D and 3D algorithms are identical are then straightforward to discern. For plane-parallel geometry, we include explicit finite-volume formulae for the longitude–latitude and general convex quadrilateral planforms, which includes the cubed-sphere grid, with arbitrary geopotentials on the eight corners. Compared with the 2D version, the 3D algorithm yields approximately a 10% reduction in truncation error and, in the context of a general circulation model, it requires only about a 1% increase in run time. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Plasma jet ignition studies

The governing parameters of plasma jet ignition are investigated using CH4-air at an equivalence ratio of 0.7 in a cylindrical combustion bomb, 10cm in diameter by 3.75 cm deep. Three plasma chambers of cavity sizes of 82, 150, and 260 mm3, all having 2 mm orifices are used. In addition, for each size chamber, three different aspect ratios (depth ot diameter of the cavity) are tested. For most of the tests, the spark duration is varied from 0.3 to 2.5 ms, while its energy is maintained at 1.2J. In, addition several plasma media are tested. The results are assessed in terms of a combustion index which is a function of the peak pressure and the time the peak is reached. It is found that besides the plasma cavity and orifice size, the spark duration has a considerable influence on the combustion index and there exists an optimum duration for each plama chamber. There is a wide difference in performance for different aspect ratios for the same cavity size even when the same surface area to volume ratio is used. Thus, the aspect ratio seems to be an important parameter whose value must be chosen with care for best results. For the plasma cavity of 260 mm3 the optimum aspect ratio is found to be equal to 0.46. In this configuration, tests in which the spark energy is varied from 1 to 3J, while its duration is maintained at 2 ms revealed an optimum energy near 2J. The effect of radicals is investigated using different plasma media of CH4, (CH4+6O2+NO2) and (CH4+7O2). In general, CH4 as a plasma medium gives better performance, in agreement with earlier investigators who suggested a possible influence of the H radicals. In our tests, however, further improvement in the combustion index is obtained when the (CH4+6O2+NO2) mixture is used, and this is being attributed to the generation of OH radicals.
Direct Observation and Structural Characterization of the Encounter Complex in Bimolecular Electron Transfers with Photoactivated Acceptors

The encounter complex between photoexcited quinones Q* and various aromatic donors (ArH) is observed directly by time-resolved ps spectroscopy immediately before it undergoes electron transfer to the ion-radical pair [Q•-, ArH•+]. The encounter complex (EC) is spectrally characterized by distinctive (near IR) absorption bands, and its temporal evolution is established by quantitative kinetics analysis. The structural characterization of the 1:1 encounter complex [Q*, ArH] identifies the cofacial juxtaposition of the donor and acceptor moieties for optimal overlap of their π-orbitals. Further comparisons of the (excited-state) encounter complex with the corresponding (ground-state) EDA complex of aromatic donors and quinones establish its charge-transfer character, which directly relates to electron transfer within the encounter complex. The mechanistic significance of the encounter complex to bimolecular electron transfer is discussed (Scheme 1).