cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of angiotensin II-induced changes in perfusion flow rate on chlorothiazide transport in the isolated perfused rat kidney

Angiotensin II was used as a probe to study the effect of changes in perfusate flow rate on the renal clearance parameters of chlorothiazide in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Perfusion studies were performed in five rats with no angiotensin II present in the perfusate and in five rats with a 1–4 ng/min infusion of angiotensin II into the perfusate. Angiotensin II had a dramatic effect on the renal hemodynamics, resulting in a 43% decrease in perfusate flow, a 16% decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and a 45% increase in filtration fraction. Values for the fractional excretion of glucose were low and consistent, with or without angiotensin II. Although the unbound fraction (fu)of chlorothiazide was unchanged between treatments, the renal (CLr)and the secretion clearances were reduced by about 50% in the presence of angiotensin II; the excretion ratio [ER=CLr/(fu·GFR)]was reduced by 38% with angiotensin II present in the perfusate. Analysis of the data was complicated by the presence of a capacity-limited transport for renal tubular secretion. Transport parameters (±SD) were obtained and the corrected intrinsic secretory clearance [(Vmax/GFR)/Km]of chlorothiazide was 123 ± 18 without angiotensin II vs. 72.8 ± 30.0 with angiotensin II. These results demonstrate that alterations in organ perfusion can significantly reduce the clearance parameters of chlorothiazide in the rat IPK. These flow-induced changes in intrinsic secretory transport may reflect perturbations other than that of perfusion flow rate alone.
Monochromatic directed walks in arc-colored directed graphs

All graphs considered here are directed and have no loops. For a directed graph D, let V(D) denote the set of vertices of D, 2E(D) its set of arcs, and z(D) the chromatic number of D. D is symmetric iff (x, y)~E(D)~(y, x)EE(D). A directed walk of length k in D is a sequence o f k arcs (not necessarily distinct), e~, e2, ..., ek such that the initial vertex of ei+l is the terminal vertex of e, for i= 1, 2 . . . . , k 1. The directed walk above is called a directed path if all the k + 1 vertices incident with its arcs are distinct. An arc-coloring of D is a mapping of 2E(D) into a set C of colors. A subgraph of D is monochromatic if all its arcs have the same color. Gallai [5] and Roy [7] proved independently the first result connecting the chromatic number of a directed graph with the maximal length of a directed path in it; Every directed graph D contains a directed path of length z ( D ) I . Chwital [2] noticed that the result of Gallai and Roy implies the following extension of a result of Busolini [1]:
Global dynamical behavior of the optical field in a ring cavity

A new class of instabilities for a plane-wave intracavity field in an optical ring resonator is identified. Dynamical systems techniques are explained and applied to the map. A bifurcation diagram is given that organizes the important information, and global pictures are developed that describe the evolution of the attractor and its basin boundary. Anomalous behavior observed in earlier numerical studies is explained.
A modified UPR stress sensing system reveals a novel tissue distribution of IRE1/XBP1 activity during normal Drosophila development

Eukaryotic cells respond to stress caused by the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by activating the intracellular signaling pathways referred to as the unfolded protein response (UPR). In metazoans, UPR consists of three parallel branches, each characterized by its stress sensor protein, IRE1, ATF6, and PERK, respectively. In Drosophila, IRE1/XBP1 pathway is considered to function as a major branch of UPR; however, its physiological roles during the normal development and homeostasis remain poorly understood. To visualize IRE1/XBP1 activity in fly tissues under normal physiological conditions, we modified previously reported XBP1 stress sensing systems (Souid et al., Dev Genes Evol 217: 159–167, 2007; Ryoo et al., EMBO J 26: 242-252, 2007), based on the recent reports regarding the unconventional splicing of XBP1/HAC1 mRNA (Aragon et al., Nature 457: 736–740, 2009; Yanagitani et al., Mol Cell 34: 191–200, 2009; Science 331: 586–589, 2011). The improved XBP1 stress sensing system allowed us to detect new IRE1/XBP1 activities in the brain, gut, Malpighian tubules, and trachea of third instar larvae and in the adult male reproductive organ. Specifically, in the larval brain, IRE1/XBP1 activity was detected exclusively in glia, although previous reports have largely focused on IRE1/XBP1 activity in neurons. Unexpected glial IRE1/XBP1 activity may provide us with novel insights into the brain homeostasis regulated by the UPR.
Real-time emissions from construction equipment compared with model predictions

The construction industry is a large source of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. Measuring and monitoring real-time emissions will provide practitioners with information to assess environmental impacts and improve the sustainability of construction. We employed a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for real-time measurement of carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from construction equipment to derive emission rates (mass of pollutant emitted per unit time) and emission factors (mass of pollutant emitted per unit volume of fuel consumed) under real-world operating conditions. Measurements were compared with emissions predicted by methodologies used in three models: NONROAD2008, OFFROAD2011, and a modal statistical model. Measured emission rates agreed with model predictions for some pieces of equipment but were up to 100 times lower for others. Much of the difference was driven by lower fuel consumption rates than predicted. Emission factors during idling and hauling were significantly different from each other and from those of other moving activities, such as digging and dumping. It appears that operating conditions introduce considerable variability in emission factors. Results of this research will aid researchers and practitioners in improving current emission estimation techniques, frameworks, and databases.
Thinning Border Rows Differentially Affects Hybrids in Corn Yield Trials

Border rows are used in yield trials to negate the effect of neighboring plots. Border rows are often not thinned to a final stand as are the harvest rows and it is assumed differential density in the border rows has a trivial effect on harvest row yield. In this study, 10 corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were planted in 1994, 1995, and 1996 at Urbana, IL, in a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. Experimental units were four row plots with the middle two harvest rows thinned to a final stand of 68 000 plants/ha while the outer two border rows were either thinned as the harvest rows or not thinned. Seed weight (g/100 seed) was significantly and negatively correlated with plants per row (R = -0.57, P > |R| = 0.0001) and significantly and positively correlated with grain yield (R = 0.16, P > |R| = 0.0062). Thinning border rows increased mean grain yield 0.2 Mg/ha and a significant hybrid × treatment interaction was detected. Thinning of border rows decreased the mean square error as much as 26%. Thinning of border rows affected the membership of the highest yielding (elite) group. This is particularly important because it is among this elite group that new hybrids are chosen. We conclude that both border rows and harvest rows should be thinned to a uniform final stand in corn yield trials and failure to do so may result in erroneous conclusions and wrong decisions.
An Antiestrogenic Action of Androgens in Human Breast Cancer Cells

We have recently observed that androgens prevent the estrogen-dependent augmentation of cytoplasmic progesterone receptor (PRc) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and now report the results of studies that further characterize this new example of sex steroid antagonism. Using a single saturating dose assay to monitor changes in MCF-7 PRc concentration, we have observed that androgens are capable of inhibiting both the estrogenic induction and the ongoing stimulation of PRc synthesis, but have no apparent effect upon basal concentrations of this receptor. Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) demonstrate similar degrees of antiestrogenic activity at concentrations between 10-10-10-8 M. Furthermore, a 10-8-M concentration of either androgen completely inhibits the stimulation of PRc synthesis by 10-11-10-8 M 17β-estradiol (E2). This inhibitory effect is maintained during the continued presence of either testosterone or DHT, but rapidly disappears after the withdrawal of androgen from the culture m...
Peer Victimization in School Exploring the Ethnic Context

This article provides an overview of recent research on peer victimization in school that highlights the role of the ethnic context—specifically, classrooms' and schools' ethnic composition. Two important findings emerge from this research. First, greater ethnic diversity in classrooms and schools reduces students' feelings of victimization and vulnerability, because there is more balance of power among different ethnic groups. Second, in nondiverse classrooms where one ethnic group enjoys a numerical majority, victimized students who are members of the ethnic group that is in the majority may be particularly vulnerable to self-blaming attributions. The usefulness of attribution theory as a conceptual framework and ethnicity as a context variable in studies of peer victimization are discussed.
A fourier analysis dynamic birefringence apparatus

Molecular motion in a polymeric system can be studied using dynamic birefringence. Computer interfacing of the dynamic birefringence apparatus and the data treatment using Fourier analysis are reported in this paper. Experiments are done under sinusoidal strain; stress, strain and birefringence signals are monitored. Birefringence is measured using the optical transmission technique. An AIM-65 microcomputer was interfaced with this apparatus for the purposes of data acquisition and data analysis. First-order Fourier coefficients are used to determine the real and imaginary components of the modulus, the strain optical coefficient, and the stress optical coefficient. Higher order Fourier coefficients can be used to study the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in the polymer.
Hyperspectral simulation of chemical weapon dispersal patterns using DIRSIG

Fieldable thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging spectrometers has made it possible to design and construct new instruments for better detection of battlefield hazards such as chemical weapon clouds. The availability of spectroscopic measurements of these clouds can be used not only for the detection and identification of specific chemical agents but also to potentially quantify the lethality of the cloud. The simulation of chemical weapon dispersal patterns in a synthetic imaging environment offers significant benefits to sensor designers. Such an environment allows designers to easily develop trade spaces to test detection and quantification algorithms without the need for expensive and dangerous field releases. This paper discusses the implementation of a generic gas dispersion model that has been integrated into the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model. The gas cloud model utilizes a 3D Gaussian distribution and first order dynamics (drift and dispersion) to drive the macro-scale cloud development and movement. The model also attempts to account for turbulence by incorporating fractional Brownian motion techniques to reproduce the micro-scale variances within the cloud. The cloud path length concentrations are then processed by the DIRSIG radiometry sub-model to compute the emission and transmission of the cloud body on a per-pixel basis. Example hyperspectral image cubes containing common agents and release amounts will be presented. Time lapse sequences will also be presented to demonstrate the evolution of the cloud over time.
Importance of time of germination and soil depth on growth of Prosopis glandulosa (Leguminosae) seedlings in the presence of a C4 grass

In an investigation of the causes of the invasion of woody plants into grasslands, competition between seedlings of Prosopis glandulosa Torr. and Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. was examined. Introduction of P. glandulosa into a B. curtipendula neighborhood significantly reduced P. glandulosa dry mass when compared to P. glandulosa growth alone. The greater the time interval from P. glandulosa germination to addition of B. curtipendula, the less interference the grass had on woody plant growth. Reciprocally, the greater the time interval from B. curtipendula germination to addition of P. glandulosa, the more interference the grass had on woody plant growth. Prosopis glandulosa belowground dry mass was <0.02 g (all in the upper 30 cm of soil) when planted after B. curtipendula at any soil depth, but if planted alone its root dry mass ranged from 2 to 8 g depending on depth. Prosopis glandulosa seedling dry mass increased linearly with soil depth, while B. curtipendula dry mass reached a plateau. In general, belowground dry mass of P. glandulosa was distributed throughout the soil depth examined (decreasing with depth), while 80% of B. curtipendula dry mass was found in the upper 30 cm of soil, suggesting a partitioning of soil resources. Data suggest that P. glandulosa and perhaps other shade-intolerant woody species that establish in grasslands do so in disturbances or vegetation gaps. Gaps may close, but by this time woody plant roots are below grass roots, thus partitioning soil resources and reducing interspecific competition.
A STUDY OF THE SHOCK LOADING OF MATERIALS

Elastic and inelastic processes are involved in the propagation of any particular disturbance and the literature on wave propagation is reviewed. A laser interferometer was constructed to resolve the details in the wave structure and which had sufficient sensitivity to resolve the reverberations of the elastic precursor between the free surface and the oncoming plastic wave. This non-contacting surface technique offers the advantage of excellent time resolution (∼5 nanoseconds) and space resolution (0.06-micron) together with small surface area requirements. The stress pulse was generated in either 6061-T6 aluminum or aluminum oxide with an exploding foil driven Mylar flyer. A stress wave analyzing program (SWAP) was written in Fortran to compute stress time histories in problems involving one-dimensional strain configurations in elastic, plastic, and hydrodynamic materials. SWAP uses the method of characteristics approach and represents all stress wave shapes by a series of shock waves. A sufficient amount of experimental and theoretical evidence has now been gathered to support the assertion that the critical normal fracture stress criterion for spall must be at least extended, if not totally revised. There is a stress-dependent fracture delay time which decreases with in-ceasing stress, not only because more cracks are nucleated, but also because the acceleration of the crack tips increases. Similarly ductile materials require more time to fracture than brittle materials because stresses are relieved not only by fracture but also by flow. The results provide additional evidence for the necessity of including a time-related parameter in the spall criterion.
Training and Practice of School Psychologists in Reading Assessment and Intervention.

Abstract A national sample of school psychologists was randomly surveyed to assess (1) training practices in reading assessment and intervention, (2) their involvement with reading-disabled students, (3) the degree of importance they place on knowledge of assessment and remediation of reading problems, and (4) their perceptions of their expertise in these latter areas. The results revealed major discrepancies between preparation and job responsibilities. The respondents indicated (1) that they had received limited training in reading, (2) that 77% of referrals involved reading problems, (3) that they frequently made reading recommendations, but felt they lacked adequate expertise, and (4) that they supported the need for more expertise in reading. The implications for training and practice are discussed.
Chemical synthesis of an octadecapeptide with the biological and immunological properties of human heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin

An eighteen-amino-acid peptide having the linear amino acid sequence of human heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) has been synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis. The purified peptide could be obtained in yields approaching 25% after purification by size, charge, and high-performance ligand chromatography. This material was pure and identical to native ST by analytical high-performance ligand chromatography, amino acid analysis, paper electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. The formation of the disulfide bonds was critical for biological and immunological activity and were tentatively determined to be between cysteines 5 and 14, 6 and 10, and 9 and 17. This synthetic peptide had full immunological and biological activity when compared to native ST by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the suckling mouse assay respectively.
The 12C(9Be, n)20Ne reaction

Abstract A study of the 12 C( 9 Be, n) 20 Ne reaction has been carried out at bombarding energies of 16 and 24 MeV. The spectra at both incident energies are dominated by a consistent set of levels between an excitation energy of 7.3 ± 0.4 and 15.7 ± 0.3 MeV. The rotational band based on the K π = 0 3 + state appears to be strongly populated. Based on this selectivity, additional evidence is provided in favor of identification of the 8 + state at 15.9 MeV with this 0 3 + band. Angular distributions measured at the higher bombarding energy are compared with statistical compound-nuclear calculations. It appears that a non-statistical mechanism is responsible for the reaction's selective population of states with 8p-4h configuration. Such a mechanism, involving the preferential breakup of the 9 Be into 8 Be plus a neutron, is discussed.
The Prolactin-Deficient Mouse Has an Unaltered Metabolic Phenotype

Prolactin (PRL), best recognized for its lactogenic activity, is also involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in both mammalian and nonmammalian species. Although several mouse models have been used to study the metabolic functions of PRL, a clear-cut consensus has not emerged given the limited and often conflicting data. To clarify the role of PRL in metabolic homeostasis in males and nonlactating females, we used the PRL-deficient mouse. Our objectives were to compare: 1) weight gain, 2) body composition, 3) serum lipid profile, 4) circulating leptin and adiponectin levels, and 5) glucose tolerance in PRL knockout, heterozygous, and wild-type mice maintained on standard chow, high-fat, or low-fat diets. In addition, we compared the lipolytic actions of PRL using adipose tissue explants from mice, rats, and humans. We are reporting that PRL deficiency does not affect the rate of weight gain, body composition, serum lipids, or adiponectin levels in either sex on any diet. Glucose tolerance was slightly impaired in very young PRL knockout male pups but not in adults or in females at any age. Leptin was elevated in male, but not female, PRL knockout mice maintained on a low-fat diet. PRL did not affect lipolysis in adipose tissue explants from mice but significantly inhibited glycerol release from both rat and human adipose explants in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that PRL deficiency has negligible gross metabolic effects in mice.
Acute reduction in extracellular fluid volume and the concentration of antidiuretic hormone in blood.

A new chemical method for the extraction and purification of blood anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) has been applied to the study of the effect of a reduction in extracellular fluid volume on the release of ADH in the dog. The extracellular fluid volume was reduced by peritoneal lavage with a hypertonic solution. This hypertonic solution had an electrolyte composition similar to that of interstitial fluid and a glucose concentration of 10%. Twenty minutes after the start of lavage the concentration of ADH in jugular vein blood had increased six-fold. At this time there was only a relatively small reduction in extracellular fluid volume. The plasma osmolality was increased by 4% as the result of an influx of glucose from the lavage solution. However, the increased blood concentration of ADH was apparently not the result of the increased plasma osmolality. When the plasma osmolality was elevated to a similar extent by the intravenous infusion of a concentrated glucose solution, the concentration of ADH in jugula...
On comparison of experimental thermochemical data with G3 theory.

The results of assessments of methods for computing molecular thermochemical data can depend significantly on how comparison with experimental data is done. This is illustrated for two cases involving G3 theory: the energy of SiF4 and the G2/97 test set.
MATRIX INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF POSITIVELY CHARGED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES IN MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY

Abstract The ionization efficiency of various ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) matrices was investigated. A site of fixed positive charge was generated on an oligonucleotide by addition of a quaternary ammonium. This quaternary ammonium-tagged oligonucleotide was then used as an internal standard to probe the relative ionization capabilities of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), 2′,4′,6′-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in positive-ion mode. MALDI-MS analysis of equimolar mixtures of the quaternary ammonium-tagged oligonucleotide and an unmodified polythymidylic acid, dT 12 , found that 3-HPA yielded more abundant protonated dT 12 molecular ions than either THAP or DHBA. These results demonstrate that the low ion yields previously reported for polythymidylic acid are due to the matrix utilized and are not due to the low proton affinity of thymidine. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines were also incorporated into dT 12 to examine the effect of these different amines on the protonation efficiency of the three matrices under investigation. Similar results were obtained, regardless of the amine-tag utilized, with protonation efficiency following the trend 3-HPA > THAP > DHBA. Consideration of the various factors that might influence the overall production of positively charged polythymidylic acid finds that it is the matrix:phosphodiester backbone interaction that might play the important role in determining the optimal MALDI-MS response. These results are a step towards understanding the matrix properties necessary for optimal production of oligonucleotide molecular ions in MALDI-MS.
The receptors and cells for mammalian taste

The emerging picture of taste coding at the periphery is one of elegant simplicity. Contrary to what was generally believed, it is now clear that distinct cell types expressing unique receptors are tuned to detect each of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. Importantly, receptor cells for each taste quality function as dedicated sensors wired to elicit stereotypic responses.
Semiparametric bounds on treatment effects

We present a variety of semiparametric models that produce bounds on the average causal effect of a binary treatment on a binary outcome. The semiparametric assumptions exploit variation in observable covariates to narrow the bounds. In our main model, the outcome is determined by a generalized linear model, but the treatment may be arbitrarily endogenous. Our bounding strategy does not require the existence of an instrument, but incorporating an instrument narrows the bounds. The bounds are further improved by combining the semiparametric model with the joint threshold-crossing assumption of Shaikh and Vytlacil (2005).
The BTeV pixel detector and trigger system

Abstract BTeV is a collider experiment approved to run at the Tevatron at Fermilab. The experiment will conduct precision studies of heavy flavor decays, with particular emphasis on CP violation, flavor oscillations and rare decays. One of its unique features is a state-of-the-art pixel detector system, designed to provide accurate measurements of the decay vertices of heavy flavored hadrons to be used in the first trigger level. This will enable BTeV to study beauty and charm decays to unprecedented precision. The key features of the pixel vertex detector and the trigger design are reviewed. Some beam test data with prototype pixel sensor and front end-electronics are reported. They are compared with our Monte Carlo simulation predictions.
Behavioral methods in medical rehabilitation.

Abstract The process of assimilation of physical disability and of patient management strategies in medical rehabilitation are analyzed in behavioral terms. Four major problem areas are identified: (1) the aversive characteristics of forced entry from accidental injury or illness into permanent disability; (2) relinquishing pre-onset behavior no longer appropriate because of the disability; (3) acquisition of disability appropriate behaviors; and (4) maintenance of performance or generalization of treatment effects. Each of those problem areas is analyzed in behavior-consequence terms. Case examples are presented to illustrate both analysis of problems in behavioral terms and contingency management strategies for helping.
The Sensitivity of Returns to Research Calculations to Supply Elasticity

Returns to research are thought to be robust under alternative supply elasticity assumptions. We show, both conceptually and numerically, how advances in approximating social benefits make returns to research sensitive to the supply elasticity. Despite this greater sensitivity, these advances retain conceptual and practical advantages. We make recommendations for dealing with the increased sensitivity. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Reliability of Supply Equations Derived from Production Functions

This paper examines the reliability of supply functions derived from empirically estimated production functions. Firm‐level supply equations are derived from production functions for selected agricultural commodities, and these are used to predict firm output and to estimate supply elasticities. The results are then compared with actual or expected output and with supply elasticities estimated directly by regression analysis of time series data. Output predictions ranged from slight under‐estimates to extreme over‐estimates of actual output, with the latter being most prevalent. The derived supply elasticities were generally higher than those obtained by direct regression analysis.
Comments on: Extensions of some classical methods in change point analysis

The authors must be congratulated on an extensive and at the same time detailed and very informative survey of the most recent developments in change-point analysis. In my comments, I will focus on an extension of the results discussed in their Section 7: detection of a change point in functional observations. This contribution is based on the work presented in Gromenko et al. (2014). Climatic data, like temperature and rainfall, are collected at a number of locations, so they can be viewed as sequences of annual curves with an additional index referring to the spatial location of the measurement station; denote a measurement made in year n, at spatial location s ∈ S, and time (of year) t ∈ T , as Xn(s, t). The interest of climatologists is in trends and changes in climate over a region, the United States is typically divided into 5–10 climatic regions. Gromenko et al. (2014) work with precipitation data at K = 59 locations in 12 states in the midwestern US, over the course of N = 60 years, there are 365 measurements per year at each location. These values are typical of such data sets: depending on the part of the world, records may reach 50–150 years back and there are several dozen stations in a climatic region. The statistical model for such data is Xn(s; t) = μn(s; t) + en(s; t), where μn ∈ L2(S × T ) is a deterministic mean function and en ∈ L2(S × T ) is a zero mean random error term. The goal is to test the null hypothesis that the mean functions μn are the same across n. If this hypothesis is true, the long-term annual pattern over a region does not change. The testing problem can thus be stated as H0 : μ1 = · · · = μN vs. HA : μ1 = · · · = μn∗ = μn∗+1 = . . . μN , for some 1 < n∗ < N . In this spatio-temporal setting, it is necessary to specify the spatial covariances as well. It is
Making mathematics come alive: the effect of implementing recommended teaching strategies in the college classroom

This article examines the experiences of adult students during the implementation of recommended adult education practices in a graduate level mathematics methods course for early childhood educati...
Reactivity and selectivity in the cyclization of sila-5-hexen-1-yl carbon-centered radicals

Abstract A trio of sila-5-hexen-1-yl radicals has been prepared from the corresponding halides by reaction with tri- n -butyltin hydride (deuteride). The radicals possessing a dimethylsilyl function α or β to the carbon radical center demonstrated marked reduction in total (but especially exo-trig ) cyclization compared to the all-carbon system. The γ-silyl radical behaved, contrariwise, quite comparably to the all-carbon system. The difference in cyclization found in the α-silyl radical was demonstrated to result from both a pronounced decrease in cyclization rate via the expected exo-trig mode and and from a significantly enhanced rate of hydrogen abstraction from TBTH . Both the α- and γ-silyl radicals cyclized via the endo-trig mode at rates close to that of the parent 5-hexen-1-yl radical itself. The cyclizations studied were demonstrated to be irreversible. The kinetic control thus shown by the preferred formation of endo cyclized product from the α- and β-silyl radicals is highly unusual and represents the first report of carbon-centered 5-hexen-1-yl type radicals violating the Baldwin-Beckwith rule exo-trig cyclization preferred by 5-hexen-1-yl radicals). Rationalization of the cyclization behavior of the α- and γ-silyl radicals involves both steric and electronic factors. The behavior of the most unusual case, the β-silyl radical, which has the lowest cyclization propensity and no exo mode product, remains largely unexplained because its hydrogen abstraction rate from TBTH is unavailable as yet. Some speculative considerations involving the preferred radical conformation in this system and its relation to cyclization are given.
A candidate phenotype for familial dyslexia

The probative analysis of genotype-phenotype relations in familial dyslexia requires operationally defined psychobiological outcome variables that are not confounded by cultural differences of orthography or other factors that may influence the clinical ascertainment and diagnosis of dyslexia. Timing precision, as expressed in coordinated motor action, was used as an objective behavioral measure that can be mapped on current knowledge of central nervous system functions as well as on the most salient nonreading deficits in developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia families with four distinct pedigrees and a normally reading reference group were the study subjects. The results indicated that impaired timing precision in bimanual coordination and in motor speech were transmitted vertically in affected members of about half of dyslexia families. Motor coordination deficits were associated with a disposition to make dysphonemic spelling errors. It is proposed that impaired timing precision identifies a behavioral phenotype in some familial dyslexia subtypes. The detailed analysis of coarticulation in speech production may be one pathway by which impaired timing precision in motor action impinges on reading and writing deficits in developmental dyslexia.
Not waiting for godot: proactive efforts to find potential zoonotic agents.

In Samuel Beckett’s play, “Waiting for Godot,” the main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, wait in vain for Monsieur Godot under a tree; Godot never appears. Various interpretations of the meaning of this play have been put forth but the central fact is that Godot never appears. It can and should be asked why Vladimir and Estragon were waiting and who Godot is?
Similarity as determinant of social influence in affective judgments.

The present study tests the hypothesis that emotional judgments are more influenced by the comparative information provided by similar others than by dissimilar others. Male Ss heard 2 accomplices evaluate a series of 10 slides depicting nude females and details from paintings by Bosch and were given the task of publicly offering their own evaluations. Similarity between Ss and accomplices was manipulated through the attire of the accomplices and through bogus scores on a fake artist subscale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The results show that only evaluations of the nude slides were significantly influenced by the similar accomplice. Similar others may be less influential as evaluative concerns become less emotional (personal) and more cognitive (impersonal).
Cardiac Catheterization in Congenital Heart Diseases

Cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool for diagnosis and evaluation of congenital malformations of the heart. Many physical and roentgenological signs have been clarified by this method. However, there is no substitution for a good history and physical examination. The decision to submit a patient to cardiac catheterization should be made only after complete clinical evaluation of the patient. It should be pointed out that certain risks are involved in this procedure. Therefore, only a trained team can undertake this procedure with success.
Neoadjuvant intratumoral cytokine-loaded microspheres are superior to postoperative autologous cellular vaccines in generating systemic anti-tumor immunity.

Background: Sustained intratumoral cytokine release using poly-lactic acid microspheres (PLAMs) can induce a systemic immune response, shifting immunotherapy to the neoadjuvant setting. Methods: C57BL6 mice with established B16 melanomas underwent a single intralesional injection of IL-12, TNF-a or GM-CSF PLAM, alone or in combination. Tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLN) and spleens were assessed for a specific antitumor response by IFNg release assay and ELISPOT. Results: Intralesional injection of TNF-a, alone or in combination, resulted in significant tumor ablation. The induction of tumor specific reactive T-cells in the TDLN was greatest with IL-12 and TNF-a. Only mice treated with IL-12 and TNF-a demonstrated a substantial T-cell response in cultured splenocytes. This combination resulted in a significant reduction in new tumors after re-challenge. Adjuvant therapy, using irradiated B16 cells in combination with equivalent doses of IL-12 and TNF-a, failed to generate a similar T-cell response or prevent re-challenge. Conclusions: Intratumoral IL-12 and TNF-a loaded PLAM leads to both local eradication of tumor and the induction of specific anti-tumor T-cells in the lymph nodes and spleens, resulting in memory immune response. Neoadjuvant treatment was significantly superior to postoperative autologous cellular vaccines using IL-12 and TNF-a PLAM. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:403–412. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deep-Ocean Bottom Pressure Measurement: Drift Removal and Performance

Abstract Sixteen records from seven Digiquartz deep-ocean bottom pressure sensors have been in deployments of 3–12 month duration under the Gulf Stream in depths of 3300 to 4400 m. Particular attention is given (i) to characterizing any observed drift in their calibration in relation to their construction (bellows or Bourdon-tube) and to their prior history of pressurization, and (ii) to estimating and removing this drift from the records. Bellows-type sensors exhibited significant drift (0.2 to 0.85 db) in all of their deployments. Bourdon-tube sensors had less drift in their first deployment (0 to 0.45 db), and in subsequent deployments had either no drift or a small drift with different shape that may have been due to clock-frequency drift. An exponential decay with time [∼exp(−αt)] was found to best represent the drifts, such a curve was fit in a least-squares sense to each pressure record and then subtracted from it Careful attention is given to estimating the uncertainty of the residual “dedrifted” ...
Microcharacterization of composition modulations in epitaxial ZnSe 1−x Te x

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of the ZnSe1-xTex (x=0.44-0.47) alloy on vicinal (001) GaAs substrates tilted four, six, and nine degree-[111]A or B results in partial phase separation of the alloy with a vertical modulation between different compositions. Transmission electron microscopy images of samples grown on four degree-tilted substrates showed superlattice-like structures, with periods in the range 13.4-28.9Â. Lattice images reveal diffuse interfaces between light and dark bands. Period variations were detected in isolated regions of some samples. We present evidence that the modulation develops at the growth surface, and remains stable in the bulk at temperatures up to 450°C. Satellite spot pairs with approximate indices (h k 1 + δ) were present near the zinc-blende spots in electron diffraction patterns and x-ray diffraction data, as expected from material with a sinusoidal composition profile. The orientation of the spots reveals that the modulation vector is parallel to the growth direction, rather than to [001]. The [111]A- and B-tilted samples showed significant modulation, while the five degree-[110] and on-axis material showed no detectable modulation. The modulation wavelength did not strongly depend on growth temperature in the range examined (285–335°C). Samples showing composition modulation did not exhibit significantly altered low-temperature luminescence spectra from material with no modulation.
THE LIMITS OF GENETIC AND OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY1

Synopsis. The distinction between these two branches of Psychology. Genetic Psychology, incompatible with the Humian position, presupposes as its ‘unit’ the conscious self. This involves distinguishing psychical development from biological. Individual and social factors of developing consciousness. The initial problem of Comparative Psychology is to determine the criterion of consciousness. The ‘continuity theory’ maintains that life implies consciousness; the ‘mechanistic theory’ denies consciousness in organisms whose actions are unvaried reflexes. So far as they differ neither theory proves its own thesis or refutes that of its opponent: both agree in recognising consciousness where there are adapted reactions. A survey of the relevant facts known shows that the scope of comparative psychology is after all as wide as animal life. The problem of the nature of animal consciousness at different stages: in the minimal form of consciousness clearly ascertained, where truth and error generate the habit of purposeful reaction, imagination is implied. But even the higher animals seem only to react to concrete situations which they very imperfectly analyse. The question how far there is a social factor in animal development can only be settled when we have an objective test of true imitation. Child psychology: the comparative method alone applicable to infancy: later the child's own introspection may supplement the study of its thoughts, imitations, and self-assertiveness.
Identifying a high-risk patient after an acute myocardial infarction.

Many patients with a benign clinical course after a myocardial infarction are nevertheless at increased risk of a recurrent cardiac event. The absence of chest pain or electrocardiographic ischemia during post infarction exercise stress dose not always preclude increased risk. Myocardial perfusion imaging, with either exercise or pharmacologic stress, is better able to identify high-risk patients after myocardial infarction.
Influences of positive and negative affect on decisions involving judgmental biases

This study examines the influences of positive and negative affect on decisions involving seven judgmental biases. For nonpersonally relevant biases, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more in-depth thinking and less biased decisions while positive affect would lead to shallower thinking and more biased responses. For the personally relevant self-serving bias, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more shallow processing and more biased responses, while positive affect would lead to more in-depth processing and less biased responses. Significantly biased responses were found for all of the judgmental biases. Results supported the hypotheses for the self-serving biases, but not for the nonpersonally relevant biases, suggesting that affect may have differential influences on personally relevant and nonpersonally relevant judgments.
Market Orientation: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessment of Its Antecedents and Impact on Performance

Abstract The authors conduct a meta-analysis that aggregates empirical findings from the market orientation literature. First, the study provides a quantitative summary of the bivariate findings regarding the antecedents and the consequences of market orientation. Second, the authors use multivariate analyses of aggregate study effects to identify significant antecedents of market orientation and the process variables that mediate the relationship between market orientation and performance. In addition, using regression analysis, the authors find that the market orientation–performance relationship is stronger in samples of manufacturing firms, in low power-distance and uncertainty-avoidance cultures, and in studies that use subjective measures of performance. The authors also find that the market orientation–performance correlation is stronger for both cost-based and revenue-based performance measures in manufacturing firms than in service firms. On the basis of the findings, the authors conclude with a ...
FDI and industrial relations in Central and Eastern Europe: the exceptional case of the Hungarian airline

Foreign direct investment was obviously going to be central to the economic regeneration of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe. However, the demise of the formerly centrally‐planned system was accompanied by the widespread collapse of the old union structures. While these have been replaced, at least in part, by a spontaneous growth of new unions, they have a limited membership and are fragmented in their organization. The usual result is that multinational companies need exhibit little concern regarding the views of their acquired workforce. This paper highlights the rather exceptional case of the Hungarian airline industry in which a moribund, albeit new, union was revitalised to the extent of being able to challenge successfully the overseas employer of its members. While to date unusual, the example may offer lessons for worker organizations throughout the region.
The Demand for Housing: Theoretical Considerations

Abstract This paper focuses on housing′s dual roles of consumption good and investment asset, and studies its intertemporal demand in a multi-period model with uncertainty. While the existence of a competitive equilibrium is proved, the emphasis is on the derivation of comparative statics properties. The results admit an upward sloping own demand curve for housing, which is consistent with observation in some housing markets. Additional restrictions, which ensure a downward sloping housing demand function, are then developed. These restrictions indicate that the assumptions typically employed in the literature on housing demand are unnecessarily restrictive. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: R21, D11, D91.
Dramatic remodeling of advanced atherosclerotic plaques of the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse in a novel transplantation model.

Abstract Objective: Regression of atherosclerotic lesions is an important goal. No extensive experimental evidence shows that it can be achieved for advanced lesions. To study this, we developed a model to maintain a long-term change in the plasma lipoprotein environment of advanced arterial lesions of hyperlipidemic (apolipoprotein E [apoE]–deficient) mice. Methods: The apoE-deficient mice (plasma total cholesterol of 1334 ± 219 [± SEM] mg/dL) on a typical Western diet for 38 weeks had advanced atherosclerotic lesions (ie, beyond the macrophage foam cell stage) throughout the arterial tree. Lesion-containing thoracic aortas were transplanted (replacing a segment of abdominal aorta) into either apoE-deficient or wild-type (WT) (total cholesterol of 86 ± 10 mg/dL) recipients. Grafts were harvested after 9 weeks. Results: Compared with pretransplant lesions (area = 0.0892 ± 0.0179 mm 2 ), lesion size tended to increase in apoE-deficient to apoE-deficient grafts (0.2411 ± 0.0636 mm 2 ; P =.06), whereas a significant reduction was seen in apoE–deficient to WT grafts (0.0214 ± 0.0049 mm 2 ; P Conclusions: Nearly complete regression of advanced atherosclerotic lesions can be achieved with sustained normalization of the plasma lipoprotein profile. Syngeneic arterial transplantation in mice is a novel and valuable model system for atherosclerosis research; and magnetic resonance imaging can detect differences in characteristics in lesions undergoing regression. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:541-7)
Investigations of the interactions of highest charge state ions with surfaces

Experimental results from a series of investigations, the aim of which is to provide an exploratory overview of the wide range of phenomenon associated with the interaction of slow very highly charged ions with solids and solid surfaces, are reported. Incident charge state dependencies of secondary electron, x-ray and secondary ion emission are measured. In addition, microscopic studies are performed using an Atomic Force Microscope to investigate highly charged ion induced surface defects. The ions, used for these studies, range from O7+ to Th80+ and U82+ with low incident kinetic energies (~2 eV/amu to 3 keV/amu). As an overall result, enhancements for the low energy secondary electron, sputter ion and photon emission are observed with increasing charge states. X-ray emission spectra are found to be consistent with the formation of so called hollow atoms above and at the surface as part of the neutralization processes. Small angle scattering behaviour, under specular reflection conditions, indicate very fast decay processes for the hollow atom, outside the solid surface. The microscopic studies reveal interesting nano-size surface defects caused by single highly charged ion incidence.
Enthalpies of formation of Sm2O3(monoclinic) and Sm2O3(cubic)

Abstract New measurements of the enthalpy of formation of Sm 2 O 3 (monoclinic) have been made by oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry and by solution calorimetry. The weighted average value found is ΔH° t (Sm 2 O 3 , (monoclinic), 298.15 K) = −(435.86±0.45) kcal th mol −1 From the difference in the enthalpies of solution of Sm 2 O 3 (monoclinic) and Sm 2 O 3 (cubic), the enthalpy of transition is found to be ΔH° tr {Sm 2 O 3 (cubic)=Sm 2 O 3 (monoclinic), 298.15 K} = (0.9±0.6) kcal th mol −1 and the enthalpy of formation of Sm 2 O 3 (cubic) is ΔH° t (Sm 2 O 3 ,cubic, 298.15 K) = −(436.76±0.73) kcal th mol −1
Two energy scales in YbInCu4 from specific heat in high magnetic fields

Abstract Metallic YbInCu4 undergoes a first-order valence transition at 42 K , where the specific volume increases by 0.5% upon cooling. It is believed that the valence transition is driven by band structure effects that help quench Yb localized moments via a Kondo mechanism. The known phase diagram indicates that the transition can be suppressed with external magnetic fields. We used an adiabatic calorimeter to measure the specific heat in the high-field phase of the material. Data obtained in magnetic fields up to 50 T show an enhanced Sommerfeld coefficient and anomalies in the specific heat that are compatible with a much depressed Kondo temperature. Our data indicate quite different energy scales in the low-field and high-field phases of YbInCu4.