cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of streambed hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity in an urban watershed

It has long been understood that streambed hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in surface-subsurface solute exchange. Using a portable falling head permeameter in situ, we estimated the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, K, of the near-surface streambed sediments at a total of 85 locations encompassing two depth intervals: 7.5–10 and 10–12.5 cm. The measurements were conducted in an 80 m reach of Indian Creek, a small urban stream in Philadelphia, PA, USA. We found that the ln K data within each sediment layer were Gaussian, but the combined data set was not. The results indicated that while the mean hydraulic conductivity decreased with depth, horizontal heterogeneity (e.g. the variance) increased with depth. This strong contrast between layers suggests that they should be treated as separated entities in modeling studies. Variogram analyses across the stream suggested symmetry with respect to the thalweg in the upper layer and fractality in the lower layer. The variograms along the streams suggested that the K data are random.
Isothermal Airflow Characteristics in the Animal-occupied Zone of a Slot-ventilated Swine Facility

Airspeed and turbulence measurements were collected in a full-scale swine grower facility. Data were collected in three horizontal planes at eight axial locations from the inlet sidewall. Three inlet slot heights (20, 40, and 60 mm) and two fan stages resulted in six ventilating conditions investigated. The resulting 2 ¥ 3 ¥ 8 factorial experiment showed that fan stage, inlet height, and axial position from the inlet significantly affected (p < 0.01) airspeed variations in the animal-occupied zone (AOZ). Correlations between the AOZ and a convenient measuring plane (MP) were sought. AOZ airspeed was highly correlated with MP airspeed (rxy = 0.91). AOZ turbulent intensity (rxy = –0.51) and turbulent kinetic energy (rxy = 0.75) were moderately correlated with MP airspeed. AOZ turbulence levels were not correlated with MP turbulence levels. A procedure, consistent with the system characteristic technique, is proposed for predicting axial variations in AOZ airspeed. The technique can be used to assess AOZ airspeed levels relative to penning layout and ventilating conditions.
Anomalous deuteron to hydrogen ratio in naturally occurring fission reactions and the possibility of deuteron disintegration

A hypothesis is presented for explaining the experimentally determined anomalous D/H ratio observed in the samples from the naturally occurring fission reaction in the Oklo phenomenon. No other explanation has been given, to our best knowledge, for the large difference between the measured D/H ratio in the Oklo samples and the expected values in a fission neutron spectrum. A multicomponent system consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and helium nuclei is considered. An analytical solution is derived and solved using as boundary conditions the experimentally determined value of the D/H ratio. The solution of the rate equations for hydrogen and deuteron concentrations, assuming a pure fission process without a deuteron sink term, yields a D/H ratio of 445 ppm for a reaction in which the fluence of neutrons is 1021 n/cm2. This exceeds the experimentally observed value of 127 ppm, and the naturally occurring value of 150 ppm. Solving the same rate equations accounting for a deuterium sink term using a hypothesis of deuteron disintegration, and the experimentally observed value of 127 ppm yields a deuteron disintegration constant of 7.47·10−14 s−1. Deutron disintegration would provide a neutron source, in addition to the fission neutrons, driving a subcritical chain reaction over an extended period of time. Relationship of the presented hypothesis to the Vlasov theory of an annihilation meteorite impact explosion explaining the experimentally observed anomalous235U/238U ratio, and to the suggestion of deuteron disintegration as a possible explanation of some observations of deuterium dissociation in palladium and titanium electrodes is discussed. The tritium and helium-3 rate equations are further solved under the deuteron disintegration hypothesis and the relationship of the present work to the work by JONES et al. is discussed.
Adipose Tissue: Ability to Respond to Nerve Stimulation in vitro

Electrical stimulation of nerves to isolated rat and rabbit adipose tissue in vitro causes production of free fatty acids. Starvation increases the response. The response of white (epididymal) fat is prevented by sympathetic denervation. Direct evidence is provided showing that adipose tissue has the capacity to be an effector organ responsive to the nervous system.
Combined convection and radiation in rectangular ducts

Abstract Combined convective and radiative heat transfer in rectangular ducts is analyzed by solving simultaneously the fluid dynamic equations and the radiation transport equation. The major approximations invoked in the analysis are the assumption of parabolic flow for the fluid equations and the use of the moment method for simplifying the radiation transport equation. The analysis is applicable to general compressible, turbulent, developing, radiating flow in rectangular ducts in the presence of scattering particles. In the sample calculations, Mie theory is used for determining the spectral absorption and scattering coefficients of the particles.
Bone Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanistic Insights and Approaches to Prevention

In rheumatoid arthritis, cells within the inflamed synovium and pannus elaborate a variety of cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-17, that contribute to inflammation, and may directly impact bone. The RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway plays a critical role in regulating osteoclastogenesis in articular bone erosions in RA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can modulate this pathway, and may also affect the ability of the osteoblast to repair bone at sites of articular erosion. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of bone erosion in RA and examine current therapeutic approaches to prevent this damage.
Ultrahigh-bandwidth electrically tunable fast and slow light in semiconductor optical amplifiers [Invited]

Slow and fast light enables key functionality in various rf applications and all-optical networks. Semiconductor-based schemes offer electrical control of velocity at very high bandwidths in an extremely compact device. Furthermore, they operate at room temperature and can be easily integrated into various optical systems. Ultrafast nonlinear processes in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have been used to achieve tunable slow and fast light in the terahertz bandwidth. For a 700 fs pulse, we show an electrically and optically controllable advance of 1.9 ps corresponding to an advance-bandwidth product (ABP) of 2.5. Furthermore, by leveraging self-phase modulation in these devices, we extend the performance to an ABP of 3.7. We develop comprehensive theory using a density matrix approach to explain the experimental results. Our results show that an ultrashort pulse propagating through the SOA experiences nonlinear index change due to spectral-hole burning and wave mixing between different spectral components. We derive analytical expressions for the nonlinear index induced by these ultrafast processes and numerically solve the propagation of an ultrashort pulse through the SOA. Our theoretical predictions agree very well with our experimental results. Finally, we show fast light for two ultrashort pulses separated by 7.2 ps, which demonstrates the feasibility of this scheme at high bit rates.
VMD as a Software for Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Super Resolution Imaging and Single Particle Tracking

Super resolution imaging and high-precision single particle tracking are promising techniques to study biomolecular trafficking and localization as well as intracellular structures. The tremendous amount of data acquired from the experiments pose a great visualization and analysis challenge. VMD, a software for visualizing and analyzing trajectories from molecular dynamics simulations, has the ability to handle hundreds of millions of particles and hundreds of thousands of frames in a time-dependent manner. We extended VMD with new functions for handling data from super-resolution imaging and high-precision single particle tracking experiments and performed visualization and data analysis. The analysis can take advantage of VMD's existing capability to display particles in various representations and to compute system properties employing GPUs. The Tcl/Tk interface in VMD adds a layer of flexibility to implement project-specific functionality specified by users. The use of VMD is demonstrated for two examples: (1) employing STORM to reveal the organization of long non-coding RNAs in nuclear bodies; (2) combining single particle tracking and PALM to study AMPA receptor trafficking at live synapses.
Ambulatory B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Correlates in Patients Supported by a Left Ventricular Assist Device

Introduction: There are inadequate data defining the utility of ambulatory B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations in patients supported with a left ventricular support device (LVAD). Hypothesis: We hypothesize ambulatory BNP correlates with echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction while on LVAD support. Methods: Consecutive outpatients were identified who received a continuous-flow LVAD and underwent simultaneous echocardiography and BNP measurement. Data were abstracted from medical records and all echocardiograms were assessed. Echocardiographic parameters were compared by tertile of BNP with analysis of variance and correlated with log converted BNP concentrations using Pearsons correlation analysis. Results: Seventy-four echocardiograms were assessed in 47 subjects (age 53+/-12 years). The median BNP was elevated (median 125; IQR 50,235 pg/mL) in 74 assessments between July 2009 and February 2012, each with a simultaneous echocardiogram. The left atrial diameter (LaD) was larger in the top BNP tertile (O186pg/mL) vs middle tertile vs bottom tertile (BNP!84pg/mL): 4.4+/-0.2 vs 4.2+/-0.6 vs 3.6+/-0.8 cm (P5 0.004). Assessments of RV performance were similar for each tertile of BNP: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE; 6.4+/-2 vs 7.2+/-0.5 vs 6.1+/-1.5 m/s, P50.4), tricuspid regurgitant duration (TRDc; 460+/-2.3 vs 465+/-77 vs 432+/-71 ms, P50.4), right index of myocardial performance (RIMP; 0.56+/-0.2 vs 0.47+/-0.3 vs 0.48+/0.2, P50.7), and cardiac output through right ventricular outflow tract (rCO; 3.1+/1 vs 3.3+/-1.4 vs 3.4+/-1 L/min, P50.9). Similarly, BNP correlated with LaD (r50.5, P!0.001) and LVEDd (r50.3, P50.01) but not with TAPSE (r50.1, P50.5), TRDc (r50.2, P50.3), RIMP (r50.1, P50.5), or rCO (r5 -0.2, P50.3). Conclusions: BNP concentration correlates with measurement of LV architecture and may be a sensitive tool to follow LV remodeling and decompression, but appears to have limited discriminatory power to identify right ventricular failure.
Characterization of biaxially drawn polyethylene terephthalate by polarized infrared spectroscopy

Biaxially drawn polyethylene terephthalate films structural changes, noting alignment and crystallinity using polarized IR spectroscopy
Directing effect of a neighboring hydroxyl substituent on base-catalyzed enolization of a ketone

Abstract Evidence is presented that a neighboring hydroxyl substituent may exert a directing effect on the base-catalyzed enolization of a cyclohexanone derivative.
Expression of knotted1 marks shoot meristem formation during maize embryogenesis

The formation of shoot and root meristems that ultimately give rise to all tissues of the plant body occurs for the first time during embryogenesis. Meristem formation has traditionally been defined in terms of the appearance of histological features of meristems; this approach has led to varying interpretations of the timing of meristem formation relative to other events in embryogenesis. Markers that would provide more objective criteria for the analysis of meristem formation have not been widely available. The maize homeobox gene, knotted1 (kn1), is expressed in shoot meristems throughout postembryonic stages of shoot development. In order to determine whether this gene is expressed in the shoot meristem from its earliest inception, we examined the expression of kn1 in embryos at a series of stages by in situ hybridization to kn1 mRNA and immunolocalization of KN1 protein. Our results show that the onset of kn1 expression is temporally and spatially coincident with the earliest histologically recognizable signs of shoot meristem formation in the embryo, and thus provides a valuable marker for this process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Initial experience of total thoracoscopic and laparoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.

Abstract Background: Morbidity and mortality remain relatively high for transthoracic esophagectomy with open thoracotomy. The literature is limited in describing the total combined laparoscopic and thoracoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective review of 15 patients diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma who underwent thoracoscopic and laparoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy from August 2009 to August 2011. Eleven patients (73.3%) were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, and 4 patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. In total, 8 patients (53.3%) received induction chemoradiation. The mean follow-up time was 10.5±1.9 months. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were reported. Results: The median age was 71 years old. Fifteen patients underwent total thoracoscopic laparoscopic and Ivor Lewis esophagectomy....
The effect of molybdate on glucocorticoid receptor transformation and translocation in intact, viable AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells

Abstract The effect of 20 mM molybdate on the transformation and translocation of glucocorticoid receptors in intact AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells was investigated. To test whether transformation of the receptor was inhibited during in vivo incubations with both molybdate and glucocorticoid, the DEAE cellulose elution profile of extracted receptor was determined. It was found that receptors from both high speed cytosols and nuclear extracts were transformed. To test whether translocation was affected by molybdate, the fraction of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes found in the nucleus was determined. At 37°C, in the absence of molybdate, 55–60%of the glucocorticoid receptor complexes were in the nuclear compartment. Molybdate did not effect the magnitude of nuclear translocation. Control studies suggested that the agent entered the cells, however. Cold exposure (0°C) reduced nuclear translocation to 20–25%. It is concluded that in vivo, either molybdate is not able to interact with the receptor or transformation in vivo is not mediated by the same molybdate-sensitive mechanisms currently being studied using broken cell-preparations.
Chaos and Predictability of Climate

While day-to-day atmospheric fluctuations are not predictable after two weeks or so because of the chaotic nature of the atmospheric dynamics, there is evidence that certain aspects of the atmospheric circulation are predictable on time scales much longer than two weeks in the presence of a time dependent climate forcing. This paper illustrates distinctions between weather predictability and climate predictability by using a truncated atmospheric model in an explicitly chaotic parameter regime. An external forcing with time scale longer than the weather tends to modulate the statistical characteristics of the chaotic atmospheric variations to enhance the predictability of time-averaged climate states. Moreover, there exist climate variables which are more predictable than others.
Development of and preliminary results with an extended Kalman filter for the estimation of the translational and angular velocity of underwater vehicles

This paper reports a novel application of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the estimation of the full state of rigid-body underwater vehicles (UVs) without requiring access to velocity measurements. The theory is presented along with a preliminary experimental evaluation of the performance of the algorithm. The reported EKF employs measurements of vehicle position and orientation, the control input of vehicle actuator forces and moments, and a second-order, nonlinear dynamical plant model for the UV. The standard approach for estimating the full state of a rigid-body UV (translational position, angular position, translational velocity, and angular velocity) is to employ an extended Kalman filter of a kinematic plant model; in contrast, this paper employs an EKF for the full second-order plant dynamics. The standard approach, employing a kinematic plant model, typically requires instrumentation of the full vehicle state, including the translational and angular velocities. The algorithm reported herein is novel because it provides estimates of the translational and angular velocity of the vehicle without requiring those states to be instrumented. To evaluate the performance of this approach in the presence of real-world sensor noise and limitations in modeling of vehicle plant and actuator dynamics, a preliminary experimental evaluation is reported. This experimental evaluation compares the mean of the EKF state estimates to actual instrumented states of an UV in fully-coupled 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) motion.
Effect of microstructure on the erosion of steel by solid particles

Abstract The effect of microstructure on the erosion of AISI-SAE 1078 and 10105 steels by 240 grit A1 2 O 3 particles was investigated at particle velocities V of 40–100 m s −1 and angles of impingement a of 10°–90° relative to the target surface. The microstructures investigated included spheroidite, pearlite, martensite and tempered martensite. Spheroidite and pearlite microstructures eroded by the ductile mode at all velocities, exhibiting a maximum erosion rate at an impingement angle of 40°. The effect of the angle of impingement on the erosion rate of martensite and tempered martensite varied with particle velocity, the erosion mode tending towards a brittle mode with increasing velocity. At all angles of impingement the erosion rate tended to increase with the volume fraction of Fe 3 C. Examination of the eroded surfaces by scanning electron microscopy showed the occurrence of localized plastic flow of appreciable magnitude. No subsurface cracking or void formation was evident. The erosion rate E r could be considered to vary with particle velocity according to the power law E r = kV n where n has a value of about 2 independent of the microstructure and the angle of impact.
Immunocytochemical localization of renin and kallikrein in the rat renal cortex

Simultaneous immunocytochemical localization of renin and kallikrein in the rat renal cortex. Immunocytochemical studies in the past, using alternate serial sections to localize individual antigens, concluded that there was no close relationship between renin– and kallikrein–containing structures in the rat kidney. We have investigated this relationship by simultaneously localizing renin and kallikrein in the same section using immunoperoxidase with two different chromogens. Analysis of serial kidney sections from three rats indicated that kallikrein–containing late distal tubular cells corresponded in their distribution to connecting tubule cells. They were observed in the proximity (
Efficacy of Anti-Endotoxin Monoclonal Antibody E5 Alone or in Combination with Ciprofloxacin in Neutropenic Rats with Pseudomonas Sepsis

Pathogen-free rats were rendered neutropenic, given oral feedings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12.4.4, then monitored for fever. At the onset of fever, rats were given intravenous treatment with either anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibody (MAb) E5 or control MAb B55. Survival was significantly greater in E5- than in B55-treated animals (P < .01). Serum levels of both lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly reduced in E5- versus B55-treated rats 24 h after treatment (P < .01 and < .05, respectively). Rats were also treated with E5 or B55 in combination with a suboptimal dose of ciprofloxacin at fever onset and again 24 h later. Survival was significantly greater in ciprofloxacin-treated animals given E5 than in animals given B55 (P < .005). Posttreatment endotoxin levels were decreased in animals receiving E5 in combination with ciprofloxacin (P < .001) compared with B55-treated animals. These results indicate that therapy with anti-endotoxin MAb E5 alone or in combination with antimicrobial therapy improves survival in this bacteremic infection model of Pseudomonas sepsis.
Nitrogen and Water Stress Affect Winter Wheat Yield and Dough Qualities

Nitrogen recommendations designed to increase wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields may diminish wheat quality. By understanding fertility management impacts on quality, it may be possible to optimize N recommendations to sites and climates. Th e objective of this study was to quantify the combined and individual impacts of N and water stress on winter wheat grain yield, grain protein, dough quality, and water and N use effi ciency. A fi eld experiment using fi ve N rates (ranging from 0 to 1.5 times the current university recommendation) and two water levels (adequate and defi cient) was conducted in South Dakota in 2007 and 2008. Dough characteristics were measured using a farinograph. In 2007, soil N mineralization was high (192 kg N ha –1 ), supplemental water increased grain yield and grain N use effi ciency (GNUE) by 25% and reduced yield loss due to N stress from 1141 to 480 kg ha –1 , whereas relative to 0 N, the recommended N rate increased water use effi ciency by 21% and reduced yield loss due to water stress from 737 to 481 kg ha –1 . Th ese benefi ts were achieved without a loss of dough quality. In 2008, N mineralization was low (99 kg N ha –1 ), water did not impact GNUE, and the adequate water treatment had lower grain protein (12.5 vs. 13.1 g kg –1 ) and arrival (3.3 vs. 4.3 min) and peak times (6.1 vs. 7.8 min) than the defi cient water treatment. Th ese fi ndings suggest that the implementation of strategically applied N fertilizer may require improved estimates of N mineralization.
Synthesis of 13C‐enriched pyrrole from 2‐13C d‐galactose

The synthesis of 13C-enriched pyrrole, labeled adjacent to the nitrogen atom, is described. A convenient and effective bench-top synthesis is given which uses a readily available enriched pyranose sugar, 2-13C d-galactose, as the starting material. In the first step of the synthesis, d-galactose is oxidized to produce mucic acid in 70–75% yield. Mucic acid is then treated with ammonium hydroxide to give ammonium mucate in 99% yield. In the final step, ammonium mucate is pyrolyzed to form pyrrole with a 35% yield. The pyrrole obtained in this manner is greater than 98% enriched at the α position. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sporadic diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) after LASIK.

Purpose To examine the incidence of sporadic diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) in a large series of LASIK eyes and to suggest the hypothesis that the etiology of sporadic DLK differs from that of epidemic DLK. Methods The incidence and severity of DLK was noted in 1352 consecutive eyes that had primary LASIK for myopia or hyperopia and 217 consecutive eyes that had LASIK enhancement. Results Twelve of the eyes having primary LASIK had stage 1 DLK and 5 had stage 2 DLK (.9% total). No eyes had stage 3 or stage 4 DLK. Three of the 217 eyes (1.4%) that had LASIK enhancement had stage 1 DLK. The difference in the rate of DLK for primary LASIK compared with LASIK enhancement was not statistically significant (p = 0.69). All eyes responded to intensive corticosteroid therapy, with the addition of flap lifting and irrigation for the eyes with stage 2 DLK. Two of the eyes (one primary LASIK and one LASIK-enhancement) had implanted epithelial nests associated with the DLK. None of the cases of DLK occurred in eyes of patients who had surgery on the same operating day in this series. Two other eyes that had epithelial abrasions more than 3 months after LASIK or LASIK enhancement developed stage 1 DLK. Conclusions Many cases of sporadic DLK, including cases associated with epithelial trauma after LASIK, are likely attributable to endogenous factors that trigger inflammation. One trigger is the release of epithelium-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1 that stimulate keratocytes to produce chemokines that are chemotactic to inflammatory cells. Cells likely accumulate at the interface because it is potential space, representing a path of least resistance for cell movement. Some sporadic cases may also be related to exogenous factors such as Betadine. Epidemic DLK is likely associated with exogenous factors that stimulate inflammation, such as endotoxin contaminating sterilizer reservoirs or detergents on instruments.
Chemical biology and the limits of reductionism.

Chemical biology and systems biology have grown and evolved in parallel during the past decade, but the mindsets of the two disciplines remain quite different. As the inevitable intersections between the disciplines become more frequent, chemical biology has an opportunity to assimilate the most powerful ideas from systems biology. Can the integrationist mindset of systems biology liberate chemical biology from the compulsion to reduce everything to individual small molecule–target pairings?
The interaction of tone and stress in Optimality Theory

This paper examines the relationship between tone and prosodic positions. I show that prosodic heads prefer higher tone over lower tone, while non-heads exhibit the opposite preference. These generalisations are expressed within Optimality Theory as a family of constraints in a fixed ranking. One set regulates the relation of tone to heads: *HD/L [Gt ] *HD/M [Gt ] *HD/H; the other deals with tone on non-heads: *NON-HD/H H [Gt ] *NON-HD/M [Gt ] *NON-HD/L. These constraints are used to account for the stress system of Ayutla Mixtec: in this language, stress is attracted to a syllable based on its tonal content, but is also influenced by the post-tonic syllable's tone. The implications of the theory for other tone–stress interactions – metrically influenced tone placement and neutralisation – are also examined.
Synthesis and characterization of Mn–FeOx aerogels with magnetic properties

Abstract In an adaptation of sol–gel methods recently described for preparing iron oxide (FeOx) aerogels, we use epichlorohydrin as a proton scavenger to generate mixed metal oxides from ethanol solutions of Mn- and Fe-chloride salts. This reaction forms monolithic gels, which can be processed with supercritical CO2 extraction to form high-surface-area, highly porous Mn–FeOx aerogels. The amorphous as-prepared Mn–FeOx aerogel is transformed into a nanocrystalline form by heating in argon to 300 °C. Elemental analysis shows that a Fe:Mn ratio of 2:1 is attained, and the X-ray diffraction pattern for the nanocrystalline aerogel is consistent with that for spinel MnFe2O4, confirming that Mn(II) from the initial sol–gel mixture is incorporated into the crystal structure of the resulting oxide. The nanocrystalline Mn–FeOx aerogel exhibits magnetic properties consistent with a superparamagnetic material, while still retaining the characteristic morphology of an aerogel nanoarchitecture.
Scapegoating Strategically: Reselection, Strategic Interaction, and the Diversionary Theory of War

Proponents of the diversionary theory of war have often argued that domestic reselection incentives induce office-seeking leaders to pursue aggressive foreign policies. To examine the relationship between strategic interaction and diversionary incentives, this article develops a two-state, two-sided incomplete information deterrence model with domestic reselection. According to the model, reselection mechanisms increase a leader's propensity to pursue aggressive foreign policies. Diversionary incentives in attacking states lead to an increase in war outcomes, while diversionary incentives in defending states may or may not increase the probability of war. The model also predicts that there will be nonmonotonic relationships between economic performance and war and between regime type and diversionary behavior, which may explain the discrepancies among many empirical tests of diversionary theory.
Killing 2 proteinases with 1 (dual-acting) stone.

In this issue of Blood , Olson et al establish the biochemical basis for the specificity and selectivity of a dual-action anticoagulant with the designed feature of rapid neutralization, making it extremely attractive for use in anticoagulated patients if surgery is warranted.[1][1] The endogenous
5-Lipoxygenase-mediated endogenous DNA damage

Lipoxygenases (LOs) convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into lipid hydroperoxides. Homolytic decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides gives rise to endogenous genotoxins such as 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, which cause the formation of mutagenic DNA adducts. Chiral lipidomics analysis was employed to show that a 5-LO-derived lipid hydroperoxide was responsible for endogenous DNA-adduct formation. The study employed human lymphoblastoid CESS cells, which expressed both 5-LO and the required 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). The major lipid peroxidation product was 5(S)-hydroperoxy-6,8,11,14-(E,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid, which was analyzed as its reduction product, 5(S)-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-(E,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5(S)-HETE)). Concentrations of 5(S)-HETE increased from 0.07 ± 0.01 to 45.50 ± 4.05 pmol/107 cells upon stimulation of the CESS cells with calcium ionophore A23187. There was a concomitant increase in the 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal-derived DNA-adduct, heptanone-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine (HϵdGuo) from 2.41 ± 0.35 to 6.31 ± 0.73 adducts/107 normal bases. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins, 11(R)-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-(Z,Z,E,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 15(R,S)-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid revealed that there was cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in the CESS cells. Western blot analysis revealed that COX-1 was expressed by the cells, but there was no COX-2 or 15-LO-1. FLAP inhibitor reduced HϵdGuo-adducts and 5(S)-HETE to basal levels. In contrast, aspirin, which had no effect on 5(S)-HETE, blocked the formation of prostaglandins, 15-HETE, and 11-HETE but did not inhibit HϵdGuo-adduct formation. These data showed that 5-LO was the enzyme responsible for the generation of the HϵdGuo DNA-adduct in CESS cells.
Adult Children's Perceptions of Caregiver Stress and Satisfaction

A guiding hypothesis of gerontological research on caregiving burdens and stress is that caregiver stress and satisfaction are negatively related. I explored this hypothesis using a subsample of adult child caregivers from the 1982 National Long Term Care Survey. Contrary to expectation, I found a positive zero-order correlation between stress and satisfaction. Demographic characteristics of the caregiver, level of parental impairment, level of care provided, and caregiving problems explain 25% of the variance in perceived stress but only 5% of the variance in satisfaction. Adult children most involved in the caregiving experience report both high stress and high satisfaction.
The role of language in shaping the international cultural tourism experience of student-travelers

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN SHAPING THE INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM EXPERIENCE OF STUDENT-TRAVELERS by Avina Ramnani This qualitative, exploratory study sought insight into how language affects the cultural tourism experience in the international tourism context. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews of 13 student-travelers, who traveled with the San Jose State University‟s study-abroad programs. The analysis of the data was carried out within a socio-linguistic context using grounded theory methods. Findings indicated that travel motivations and the perception of significance of the language spoken at a destination were intimately connected. Further, the desire on the part of the studenttravelers to experience the local culture affected the desire for interaction with the host population, which was in turn affected by the language skills of the tourists as well as the host population. Tourism experience was negatively or positively affected by the level of fluency of the student-travelers in the local language, which was affected by the place that the local language held within their initial travel motivations. Fluency in the local language was regarded as a facilitator of positive experiences, whereas lack of knowledge of the local language created a language barrier that inhibited positive experiences. Length of stay, which was a crucial common factor between all student-travelers, was an overarching factor that influenced the role that language played in the shaping of the tourism experiences of these student-travelers.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of N-Ethyl-Acetylcholine Aziridinium Chloride in Mice

Abstract N-ethyl-choline aziridinium (ECA) and N-ethyl-acetylcholine aziridinium (EAA) were shown to be inhibitors of high affinity choline uptake in vitro (IC 50 =0.4 ωMand 1.5 ωM, respectively), and intraventricular administration showed that EAA was more selective in its inhibition of hippocampal choline uptake in vivo . EAA significantly reduced the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus 3 to 28 days following intraventricular infusion, but not in the striatum or parahippocampal cortex. Neither muscarinic receptor binding nor glutamic acid decarboxylase activity were affected in any of the three brain regions. EAA (12 or 16 nanomoles, intraventricular) significantly impaired memory performance of mice in a radial arm maze when tested two weeks after treatment. A subgroup analysis implicated long-term reference memory as the mechanism disrupted.
Primary or secondary synostosis: the culmination of the spondyloarthritis form of erosive arthritis?

To the Editor: When are synostoses congenital in origin and when are they secondary in origin, and the result of fracture healing or an inflammatory process? Maharaj and Chandran1 suggested the publication of the first documented case of synostosis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a …
A novel electrowetting approach for optical phased arrays invited talk - EOSS

The University of Cincinnati has launched a broad program in electrowetting optics for displays, beam steering, retroreflectors, and adaptive camouflage. In this talk, we will review the operational basics of electrowetting microprisms, and the challenges/outlook pertaining to use as fixed-pitch and wide-angle optical phased array.
An All-In-One Silicon Odometer for Separately Monitoring HCI, BTI, and TDDB

We present an on-chip reliability monitor capable of separating the aging effects of hot carrier injection (HCI), bias temperature instability (BTI), and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) with high frequency resolution. This task is accomplished with a pair of modified ring oscillators (ROSCs) which are representative of standard CMOS circuits. We use a ?backdrive? concept, in which one ROSC drives the voltage transitions in both structures during stress, such that the driving oscillator ages due to both BTI and HCI, while the other suffers from only BTI. In addition, long term or high voltage experiments facilitate TDDB measurements in both oscillators. Sub-?s measurements are controlled by on-chip logic in order to avoid excessive unwanted BTI recovery during stress interruptions. Sub-ps frequency resolution is achieved during these short measurements using a beat frequency detection system, and we automate the experiments through a simple digital interface. Measurement results are presented from a 65 nm test chip over a range of stress conditions.
Venous Thromboembolism in Plastic Surgery Patients: Survey Results of Plastic Surgeons

Background Recommendations for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis have been published in the plastic surgery literature. However, no comprehensive survey of the overall incidence of VTE among plastic surgery patients has been undertaken. Objective This study was performed to determine the incidence of VTE in plastic surgery patients, to delineate which procedures have the most risk for VTE, and to establish whether published guidelines are utilized by plastic surgeons. Methods An e-mail survey was sent to 3797 plastic surgeons based in the United States. Of those queried, 1106 (29%) completed the questionnaire. Respondents were asked to report VTE events in their patients over the last 24 months. There were 8 patient-based questions about VTE prophylaxis to determine the preferred method used. Results Overall, 329 VTE events were identified. The most commonly associated procedures were abdominoplasty with another procedure (87 events) and abdominoplasty alone (71 events). Whether abdominoplasty is performed alone or combined with another procedure, the survey revealed similar rates of VTE per 10,000 patients (36 events per 10,000 patients). Plastic surgeons' prophylaxis methods vary, and 38% of the respondents were not aware of the published recommendations. Conclusions Based on our study, abdominoplasty with or without a second procedure has the highest incidence of VTE events among plastic surgery procedures. Combining abdominoplasty with another procedure does not increase the risk for VTE. A significant number of plastic surgeons are not aware of the published recommendations, and there is no consistent VTE prophylaxis used by the plastic surgeons who responded to the survey.
Characterising the effective intensity of multiple-pulse flashing signal lights

Flashing lights used in aviation signal applications can be characterised by the luminous intensity of a steady-burning signal light with the same visual effectiveness. Different formulae exist for calculating the effective intensity of flashing signal lights that use multiple brief pulses of light within each flash. The results of a laboratory study conducted to test these calculation methods revealed that a formulation based on the Blondel–Rey–Douglas effective intensity method was more predictive of judgments of overall visibility than a different formulation published in recent aviation authority guidance. A follow-up experiment yielded confirmation of these findings. Different aspects of visibility resulted in very different judgments, and the limitations of the effective intensity concept to characterise the visibility of a flashing light are also discussed.
Multicore simulation of an AC-radial Shipboard Power System

This work presents an approach to parallelize the simulation of AC-Radial Shipboard Power Systems (SPSs) on multicore computers. Time domain simulations of SPSs are notoriously slow due to the order of SPSs and the presence of time-varying component models. A common approach to reduce simulation run-time is to partition power systems using Bergeron's travelling-wave model and to simulate the subsystems on a distributed computer. In this work a SPS is partitioned along cable capacitor loops using a diakoptics-based approach and the simulation conducted on a quad-core computer. A case study is presented that empirically determines a good number of SPS partitions for a multithreaded simulation, such that the speed gain is maximal and accuracy is preserved.
The Collegiate Shield: Was the Movement Purely Academic?

College education for police officers has been a noble experiment in the move to professionalize law enforcement. Although the educational level of police officers has increased, attempts to achieve professional status and provide society with law enforcement agencies employing only college- educated officers have failed. This paper explores the history and philoso phy of college education for police officers and examines the reasons why, to some degree, the movement has not succeeded. Results suggest that in their zeal, the various commission reports failed to identify and consider five factors: the autonomy of police administrators, that agencies should be representative of the communities they serve, education's effect on pro fessionalism, the necessity of higher education and motivational factors associated with educational attainment. More disturbing are officers' per ceptions that agencies do not support their educational pursuits.
Efforts at cost containment of health-care for congenital heart disease patients in the Northwest

Abstract To provide universal access to affordable medical care, efforts to prioritize care, reduce cost, and improve efficiency have grown in importance to pdiatric cardiologists. Significant changes are occurring in the delivery of health-care in this country with varying new strategies being proposed and/or attempted. The potential impact that these changes will have on the practice of pediatric cardiology, on how physicians deliver patient care, and on our patients themselves, is uncertain. The purpose of this article is to review a few of these changes. Areas that we will discuss include: (1) the anticipated changes in medical practice that are likely to occur with the ‘Oregon Medicaid Plan’; (2) the impact that the newly emerging field of tele-medicine may have whereby we will have the ability to review echocardiographic and other images from a distance; and lastly; (3) the impact that fetal echocardiography has had and likely will continue to have on pediatric cardiology by allowing for progressively earlier prenatal diagnoses of congenital heart disease.
Influence of conductivity tensors in the finite element model of the head on the forward solution of EEG

The influence of conductivity tensor on the forward solution of electroencephalography (EEG) was assessed in the 2D head models of a human subject. The conductivity tensors of the different regions of the head were estimated from the diffusion tensor images by scaling the mean trace values to the published conductivity values. The anisotropic conductivity model was compared with the isotropic conductivity model in terms of the difference between the scalp potentials. The differences were measured by the cross correlation (CC) and the relative error (RE) between two models. The results with 252 individual dipole source show the CC is 0.96 and the RE is 31.24%. Although the CC is high, the large RE indicates that there is a significant amount of asymmetrical magnitude change on the scalp potential by the conductivity tensor. It indicates that the influence will also affect the inverse solutions of localizing the current dipole source.
Developmental trajectories of aggression from late childhood through adolescence: similarities and differences across gender

Although numerous investigations of overt aggressive and antisocial trajectories have been undertaken, there is a dearth of literature examining gender differences and similarities in trajectory patterns and their correlates. To address these gaps, we investigated gender differences in the prevalence rates, predictive validity during transition to adulthood, childhood risk factors, and adolescent correlates of different trajectories of teacher-reported overt aggression (i.e., fights, argues, gets in trouble) among 220 participants (116 girls and 104 boys) evaluated annually from grade 4 to grade 12. Four patterns of trajectories were identified: low, increasing (i.e., adolescent-onset), decreasing (i.e., childhood-limited), and high (i.e., childhood-onset). A large proportion of youth, particularly girls, displayed low levels of aggression over time. A small proportion followed the childhood-onset trajectory. Across gender, the childhood-onset trajectory was associated with the highest rates of maladjustment during the transition to adulthood, the highest number of childhood risk factors, and multiple problems during adolescence. The adolescent-onset trajectory was associated with few childhood risk factors, but with high levels of independent status during adolescence. In contrast, the childhood-limited trajectory was associated with several childhood risk factors, but high levels of parental monitoring and school engagement during adolescence. Romantic involvement differentiated the adolescent-onset and childhood-limited trajectories among girls. Aggr. Behav. Aggr. Behav. 37:1-18, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Effect of sampling different habitat types in regional macroinvertebrate bioassessment surveys

AbstractOne of the dilemmas in designing any large-scale macroinvertebrate bioassessment is deciding where to sample within streams. Streams contain a wide variety of habitats with varying macroinvertebrate assemblages, yet consistency in sampling protocol is needed to interpret results across sites in a region. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) conducted large regional probability surveys in the mid-Atlantic (1993–1998) and the western US (2000–2001). In these surveys, 2 macroinvertebrate sample types were collected at each site: pool and riffle in the mid-Atlantic region, and reachwide and riffle in the western US. We analyzed data from sites where both types of samples had been collected (206 mid-Atlantic and 293 western US sites) to examine the effects of sample type on typical metric and multivariate analyses done in bioassessments. Sample types differed in terms of taxon richness measures and assemblage composition, and differences were more pronounced between mid-Atlantic r...
REIT Selection and Portfolio Construction: Using Operating Efficiency as an Indicator of Performance

Executive Summary. A Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) selection and portfolio construction criteria is developed based on REIT operating efficiency and pricing multiples (price-to-net asset valu...
Changes in locomotor activity parameters with variations in cycle time in larval lamprey.

SUMMARY In larval lamprey, locomotor activity recorded from whole animals and in vitro brain/spinal cord preparations was analyzed to determine how two parameters of locomotor activity, burst proportion (BP; relative duration of motor burst activity) and intersegmental phase lag (ϕ; normalized delay of burst activity along one side of the body), vary with changes in cycle time ( T ). In individual animals, the slopes of BP and ϕ versus T were compared using linear regression analysis, followed by statistical analysis of the slopes to determine whether the parameters changed significantly with variations in cycle time. For locomotor muscle activity in whole animals, the BP values increased significantly with decreases in T (i.e. negative slopes), while the slopes for ϕ values versus T were not significantly different from zero. For locomotor activity in preparations in vitro , the mean slopes for BP values versus T , although negative, were not significantly different from zero, and phase lags were also relatively constant with changes in cycle time. Increases in BP with decreases in cycle time and increases in swimming speed can be expected to generate proportionately more force per cycle, presumably to compensate for the increase in viscous resistance of moving the body more rapidly through water. By contrast, constant intersegmental phase lags will ensure that the relative timing of locomotor burst activity is constant and that an approximately single S-wave along the body is retained during different swimming speeds.