cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observed Surface Energy Effects in Confined Diblock Copolymers

By using thin layers of random copolymer, we have varied the specificity of block-wall interactions for films of diblock copolymer confined between parallel walls. For highly specific interactions (bare walls), one block component segregates to both interfaces, and the frustration due to incommensuration between film thickness and the diblock{close_quote}s bulk period is accommodated by the formation of layers parallel to the walls with perturbed period. In contrast, reduced specific interactions (random-copolymer-coated walls) allow the frustration to be accommodated by perpendicular ordering of the diblock, such that both block components are present at the walls. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Metabolism of the Uterus of the Rat During Early Pseudopregnancy and Its Regulation by Estrogen and Progestogen

Uterine oxygen consumption and β-glucuronidase activity were measured in adult rats during the estrous cycle, pseudopregnancy and after ovariectomy and steroid replacement therapy. Peak oxygen utilization occurred during diestrus-2 and proestrus of the estrous cycle. Following the induction of pseudopregnancy by cervical stimulation, 2 distinct patterns of metabolism were observed. The first 5 days of pseudopregnancy were characterized by an increased utilization similar to that during late diestrus and proestrus; this was termed the “active phase.” From the sixth day of pseudopregnancy until luteal regression a prolonged decline in oxidative metabolism was measured, which was termed the “inactive phase.” No changes in specific activity of β-glucuronidase activity occurred during the estrous cycle. However, after cervical stimulation, a significant rise in specific activity was recorded between Day 0 (estrus) and Day 1 of pseudopregnancy, followed by a gradual but steady decline throughout the remainder o...
Are large time differences in meteorite formation real

Considerations are given concerning the interpretation of the results of two types of cosmochronological dating in order to examine the validity of the conclusions inferred from these results that the time intervals between the formation of various meteorite samples are very great. It is theorized that the isotopic differences between Angra dos Reis and other basaltic achondrites may be due to real fluctuations between the relative abundances of s-process and r-process nucleosynthesis products at a level delta about 0.001.
Adult Student Services Online

Important components of an adult student services office are the focus of this chapter. Examples of outstanding programs are highlighted, and areas of support for institutions at various planning stages of program development are presented.
Topical Fluoride Application and Lesion Progression in vitro

The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of topical fluoride application on white spot enamel and the effect that this application would have on a second acid exposure (lesion progression).Artificial white spot lesions of approximately 200 μm were created with an acidified gel technique, central control sections were removed, and the remaining tooth halves were randomly paired, with one half serving as an untreated control while the other received a single four-minute application of 1.23% (w/v) fluoride solution of either NH4F, Na2SnF6, APF, or TiF4. Both tooth halves were sectioned following progression and examined with polarized light microscopy. Lesion depth, internal pore volume, and presence, size and shape of dark zones were determined. The considerable variation among progressed lesions revealed no significant benefit from any topical fluoride treatment.
Salvage of end-stage erectile dysfunction using vascularized fibula as autologous implant.

Abstract Introduction Patients in whom medical and surgical options for the treatment of erectile dysfunction have failed pose a unique challenge to reconstructive genitourinary surgeons. We report a novel reconstructive option for the treatment of end-stage erectile dysfunction using a microsurgically transferred vascularized fibula as an autologous implant in a patient in whom multiple inflatable prostheses had failed. Technical Considerations A reconstructive team, consisting of urologic and plastic reconstructive surgeons, transferred a vascularized fibula into the corporeal body in 1 patient to restore sexual function. Using this technique, successful intercourse was achieved by 6 months of follow-up. We describe the surgical technique of autologous implant of a vascularized fibula in the salvage treatment of end-stage erectile dysfunction. Conclusions Patients with multiple failed inflatable penile implants can present a formidable challenge to reconstructive surgeons with regard to restoring adequate sexual function. The standard approach to the patient after repeated episodes of unsuccessful salvage of penile prosthesis due to infection and/or extrusion is to remove the prosthesis, leaving the patient impotent. Vascularized autologous tissue transfer provides an option to salvage end-stage erectile dysfunction.
Video teleconference use among geographically dispersed work groups: a field investigation of usage patterns and user preferences

Use of video teleconferencing (VTC) has been on the rise for several years, yet researchers have often discussed the failure of VTCs to support communication. The VTC facility at the MITRE Corporation is used more than would have been predicted by other research. Surveys were mailed to 300 MITRE employees who were known to have used our VTC facility or to have traveled (or both) during August of 1991. The survey asked respondents to describe at least one geographically dispersed work group of which they are a member, and it asked them to discuss how they choose among various approaches to communication, including holding face‐to‐face meetings and VTCs. Respondents felt that VTC is highly useful. It is best used for meetings that have little emotional content or requirements for interpersonal contact. The content of the meeting, however, was not the primary reason given for choosing between travel and VTCs. Cost and inconvenience of travel were cited as reasons for using VTC, and unavailability of VTC was ...
MODELING TRAFFIC CRASH-FLOW RELATIONSHIPS FOR INTERSECTIONS: DISPERSION PARAMETER, FUNCTIONAL FORM, AND BAYES VERSUS EMPIRICAL BAYES METHODS

Statistical relationships between traffic crashes and traffic flows at roadway intersections have been extensively modeled and evaluated in recent years. The underlying assumptions adopted in the popular models for intersections are challenged. First, the assumption that the dispersion parameter is a fixed parameter across sites and time periods is challenged. Second, the mathematical limitations of some functional forms used in these models, particularly their properties at the boundaries, are examined. It is also demonstrated that, for a given data set, a large number of plausible functional forms with almost the same overall statistical goodness of fit (GOF) is possible, and an alternative class of logical formulations that may enable a richer interpretation of the data is introduced. A comparison of site estimates from the empirical Bayes and full Bayes methods is also presented. All discussions and comparisons are illustrated with a set of data collected for an urban four-legged signalized intersection in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1990 to 1995. In discussing functional forms, the need for some goodness-of-logic measures, in addition to the GOF measure, is emphasized and demonstrated. Finally, analysts are advised to be mindful of the underlying assumptions adopted in the popular models, especially the assumption that the dispersion parameter is a fixed parameter, and the limitations of the functional forms used. Promising directions in which this study may be extended are also discussed.
Generation of molecular markers for the identification of isolates of Puccinia jaceae, a potential biological control agent of yellow starthistle

Abstract Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) (YST) is an important invasive plant that infests millions of hectares in the western USA and Canada. Isolates of the exotic rust fungus Puccinia jaceae have been evaluated as a potential biological control for YST. The objectives of this study were to characterize isolates of P. jaceae by amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) DNA analysis and to develop primers that will allow the identification and monitoring of isolates. AFLP analysis indicated that Eurasian isolates of P. jaceae from different hosts exhibited unique fingerprint patterns primarily based on host/pathogenicity preference. Overall similarities in AFLP profiles of isolates of P. jaceae ranged from 68.1 to 94.6%. The three isolates originally collected from YST clustered with similarities of 87.3–94.6%. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were screened for fragments unique to P. jaceae pathogens of YST. Two primers, (GACA)4 and (ACG)5, produced 1170 and 912-bp fragments, respectively, in three isolates of P. jaceae var. solstitialis. The fragments were sequenced, and primers were designed and tested with isolates of Puccinia spp. and accessions of Centaurea spp. Primers from the GACA repeat amplified a 1091-bp product only with the three isolates of P. jaceae that infect YST. Primers from the ACG repeat amplified a 851-bp product with the same three P. jaceae var. solstitialis isolates, and an isolate collected from Centaurea maculosa, which is a weak pathogen of YST. These primers will be useful for monitoring isolates that may be released in future field trials to manage YST populations.
Larval Development and Metamorphosis in Sipuncula

In a brief review of development of the phylum Sipuncula, four patterns of development are recognized: (1) direct with no pelagic stage; (2) one larval stage, a lecithotrophic trochophore; (3) two larval stages, a lecithotrophic trochophore and a lecithotrophic pelagosphera; (4) two larval stages, a lecithotrophic trochophore and a planktotrophic pelagosphera. Larval types and their metamorphoses are described, with special attention to the development and morphology of the larval cuticle. In the majority of species studied, the egg envelope is transformed into the larval cuticle at metamorphosis of the trochophore. The cuticle of many planktotrophic pelagosphera larvae is characterized by surface papillae of diverse form and pattern. The underlying cuticle in some species is composed of layers of fibers at right angles to one another.
Neoplasms in Lumbricus terrestris L.

Cancerogene Chemikalien oder Rontgenstrahlen verursachten am Regenwurm (Lumbricus terrestris) verschiedene neoplastisch aussehende Beschadigungen.
Review of wear mechanisms in hip implants: Paper II – ceramics IG004712

Ceramics are used in hip implants and have been found to produce lower wear rates. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ceramics compared to other implant materials. Different types of ceramics that are being used are reviewed in terms of the wear characteristics, debris released, and their size together with other biological factors. In general, the wear rates in ceramics were lower than that of metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene combinations. Results from several clinical studies are summarized in this paper providing full details from the published literature in this overview.
Inertia effects in laminar radial flow of power law fluids

Abstract An approximate expression for the pressure distribution for the radial flow of a non-Newtonian fluid (power law) between two parallel disks is obtained by using the momentum and energy integral methods. It is shown that inertia has a significant effect on the pressure distribution especially for those fluids with a power law index, n ⩾ 1 .
Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat: Treatment with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide and Indomethacin Enhances Cellular Repair and Locomotor Function

Abstract Trauma to the rat's spinal cord results in a lesion characterized by ingrowth of glial cells, accumulation of macrophages, and the progressive development of necrosis and cavitation. Since, when appropriately activated, both astrocytes and macrophages secrete growth-promoting cytokines, we examined whether treatment with drugs that stimulate the secretory activities of these cells might promote tissue repair and reduce necrosis in the traumatized spinal cord. The spinal cord of rats was crushed extradurally at T8 and the rats were injected intraperitoneally with (i) a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ImuVert to activate cytokine secretion, (ii) Indomethacin to reduce necrosis by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, (iii) a combination of LPS+ Indomethacin, or (iv) vehicle. After 28 days the lesion site was examined quantitatively by light microscopical image analysis. The lesion of vehicle-treated control animals showed large cavities, extensive infiltration by debris-engorged macrophages, and relatively few axons. Treatment with LPS or ImuVert significantly reduced the degree of cavitation and increased the number of cells and axons in the lesion. Treatment with LPS+Indomethacin was significantly more effective than treatment with LPS alone, while treatment with Indomethacin alone was ineffective. To test whether the histopathological differences between treated and control rats might be reflected in functional improvement, rats were subjected to a contusion (weight-drop) injury and their walking ability was quantified by the Tarlov scale for 28 days postoperatively. Treatment with LPS+Indomethacin significantly improved locomotor function of animals subjected to a moderate (1.25 g × 20 cm) injury. We conclude that tissue repair and functional recovery after spinal cord injury are enhanced by combined treatment with agents that promote the secretory activities of the nonneuronal cells and that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These results indicate that the search for more effective treatments should include studies on combinations of drugs having different pharmacological specificities.
A model for risky cash flows and tax shields

We extend the WACC and APV frameworks by incorporating risky cash flows and the potential loss of tax shields. A closed-form solution is derived for the expected effective tax shields. Our model explains the under-leverage puzzle, and provides better estimates for the required equity return through the improved WACC and APV formulae. It offers four empirically testable predictions.
SU‐GG‐T‐483: Does Breath‐Hold Immobilization Affect Tumor Radioresistance in Breast?

Purpose: A 15–30s Breath Hold (BH) is often used in radiation therapy for breast cancer patients to minimize heartdose, however its effect on tumor oxygenation and radiosensitivity is unknown. The purpose of this study is to utilize published data on the physiological changes induced by BH to predict the effect of BH on breast tumor oxygenation and radiosensitivity. Methods and Materials: We utilized the arterial hemoglobin de‐saturation of oxygen due to BH measured by Ferretti et al. (J Appl Physiol, 1991) to calculate arterial oxygen tension before and after BHs of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150s. The change in tissue oxygenation due to BH was then estimated by modifying the pO2 distribution for breast tumor measured by Vaupel et al. (Wien Med Wochenschr, 2002) according to the relationship expected from the Krogh oxygen diffusion model assuming either a constant oxygen consumption rate, or that the hypoxic fraction remains unchanged. Finally, the mean Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) was calculated before and after BH. Results: Before BH, the mean tumor OER was 2.2 (standard deviation = 0.2). For a 30s BH, the mean OER decreased to 2.1 (standard deviation = 0.2) assuming a constant hypoxic fraction and to 1.6 (standard deviation = 0.3) assuming a constant oxygen consumption rate. The percent decrease in mean OER after BHs of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150s was 4%, 6%, 9%, 10%, and 12% assuming a constant hypoxic fraction, and was 29%, 37%, 40%, 41%, and 42% assuming a constant oxygen consumption rate. Conclusion: De‐saturation of arterial oxygen during a 30s BH may cause a reduction in mean tumor OER of between 4–29%. However analysis with additional parameters and experimental validation is required and will provide added insight into effects of BH.
TFTR materials issues and problems during design and construction

TFTR as well as its contemporaries, T15, JT60 and JET, have important contributions to make towards our understanding of plasma conditions In the thermonuclear regime. One of the main objectives of TFTR is to produce fusion power densities approaching those in a fusion reactor, ∼1 Wcm−3, at Q∼1 − 2. TFTR will be the first tokamak to routinely use deuterium tritium, and produce ∼1019 fusion neutrons per pulse. With startup of TFTR on December 24, 1982, the demonstration of physics feasibility of “breakeven” is close at hand. Since TFTR performance will be reactor relevant, the capability of materials/components to withstand the hostile effects of a plasma environment will be presented. It is Intended that designers of future fusion devices benefit from the materials technology developments and applications on TFTR. In an attempt to comply with this mandate, this paper will describe TFTR issues on materials, their developments, selections, problems and solutions. Special emphasis will be given, in particular, to the impurity control devices in TFTR, namely, the limiter and surface pumping system located inside the vacuum vessel. The plasma will interact with these components and they will be subjected to disruptions, a vacuum of 10−6 to 10−8 torr and a nominal temperatures of <250°C. “Painful” materials development problems encountered will be reviewed, as well as important “lessons learned.” A briefing on the materials of construction will be given, with some comments on the problems that developed and their solutions.
Effects of Ovariectomy on GnRH Neuronal Morphology inRhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are typically simple, fusiform cells; however, over the course of prepubertal development increasing numbers take on a 'spiny' appearance. Following gonadectomy there is a decrease in the frequency of these spiny GnRH neurons. These observations which were made in the rat suggest that GnRH neurons are directly affected by the gonadal steroid milieu, though they do not themselves contain receptors for these steroidal hormones. In that there are important species differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis between rats and primates, the present study was undertaken to determine whether a reduction in ovarian hormones would produce similar changes in the morphology of GnRH neurons in the monkey. A further aim was to determine whether such changes were localized to a specific brain region. Immunocytochemically defined GnRH neurons were compared in adult rhesus macaques which had been ovariectomized for 6 weeks to 2 years (n = 7) and intact, cycling animals (n = 8). Within the intact group, there were significantly more spiny GnRH neurons in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) than in the preoptic area (POA) (about 50% of the total in the MBH compared to 33% in the POA). Following ovariectomy the frequency of spiny cells in the MBH dropped to less than 30%, but was not significantly reduced in the POA. These results suggest that changes in systemic gonadal steroid levels result in changes in the morphology of GnRH neurons preferentially in the MBH, a region that is considered critical in the generation of GnRH pulsatile release in the monkey.
A Standard Protocol for Blood Pressure Measurement in the Newborn

Objectives Improvements in neonatal care have resulted in increasing survival of extremely premature infants whose hospital course often runs into weeks or months. Some interventions during the acute care of these neonates, such as umbilical catheterization and use of steroids, not infrequently result in elevation of blood pressure (BP). It is, therefore, essential that these infants be monitored accurately for possible hypertension during their convalescence. Unfortunately, normative data on BP in this population are scant and comparison of data from various studies is hampered by methodologic differences in design. Studies in adults address the necessity for a restful state, adopting a comfortable position, and attempts to reduce the startle response to initial cuff inflation. Studies in the newborn using the oscillometric technique have not addressed these concerns. A standard BP measurement protocol was studied to determine the effect of ensuring a restful state, startle response to cuff inflation, and infant position on BP in clinically stable low birth weight infants after the first week of life. Study design The Dianamap oscillometer was used to measure BP in infants with a birth weight Results Sixty-four infants were studied. Birth weights ranged from 901 to 2423 g and gestational ages from 26 to 37 weeks. Overall, mean BP was significantly lower in the prone than supine positions (45.7 +/- 0.7 vs 47.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, P Conclusion The statistically significant difference between the prone and supine position and among successive measurements in each position are not clinically relevant. The clinically significant differences between measurements obtained with this standard protocol and routine nursing measurements or published data are the result of ensuring a restful state after cuff application. We believe that measurements thus obtained are more representative of true resting BPs in these infants. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
En Echelon Folds: A Case History from Jacksonwald Syncline of Foreland Folds in Newark Rift Basins of Eastern North America: ABSTRACT

The Jacksonwald syncline of the Newark rift basin, like other en echelon folds in both the onshore and offshore Triassic-Jurassic basins, has characteristics typically found in foreland fold and thrust belts. The syncline, comprising Carnian to Sinemurian strata, is a shallow plunging synform (15° toward N55°W) with an axial surface dipping 83° toward S35°W. The fold has a subangular hinge with straight planar limbs, typical of buckle folds. Axial planar, spaced solution cleavage is well developed in siltstones. Although early clastic dikes in the border fanglomerates are rotated, the cleavage is unfanned and maintains a constant orientation. Quartz and calcite, dissolved along cleavage seams, were precipitated in extensional veins oriented perpendicul r to the fold axis and to elongate mud cracks. Conjugate shear fractures near the postulated border fault strike N79°W and N5°W, and show sinistral and dextral slip, respectively. Displacement along these shears indicates that sinistral slip is 5 times greater than dextral. Along the basin margin, tectonic layer-parallel shortening by pressure solution exceeds compaction shortening by 2:1. The fold is intruded by an undeformed Sinemurian diabase dike of Rossville composition, parallel to the extension veins. The data show a consistent strain pattern, from the Upper Triassic through the Lower Jurassic, of northeast shortening and northwest extension, and suggest that en echelon folds formed along an east-trending sinistral shear couple. This stress field is consistent with dextral oblique slip along the Flemington fault, observed by Burton and Ratcliffe. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1440------------
Transport of the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current about 39°N, 70°W: 2004–2008

Abstract Begun in spring 2004, a sustained measurement program – Line W – is returning high-resolution observations of the North Atlantic's Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) southeast of New England. The study focuses on the cold limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation near the boundary between the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The field study consists of a 6-element, continental-slope-spanning moored array on a line underlying an altimeter satellite ground track, and periodic reoccupations of a full-depth hydrographic section along the line extending from the continental shelf towards Bermuda. Here, data from the first 4 years of the array (May 10, 2004–April 9, 2008) are analyzed along with 9 realizations of the section. The array, a mix of Moored Profiler and discrete, fixed-depth instrument moorings, returned temperature, salinity and horizontal velocity data with various temporal and depth resolutions. After averaging to filter inertial, tidal and other high-frequency motions, the combined moored data set was binned to the lowest common temporal resolution of 5-days (the nominal burst sample interval of the Moored Profilers) and interpolated to 2-dbar vertical resolution. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, tracer chemical concentrations and direct velocity data were acquired on the hydrographic cruises. The present work focuses on the 4-year-mean and time-varying meridional transport in 4 layers bounded by neutral density surfaces: Upper and Classical Labrador Sea Waters, Iceland-Scotland Overflow Waters and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters. The 5-d, 4-layer-summed meridional transport estimates range between −3.5 and −79.9 Sv with a record mean average transport of −25.1 Sv and standard deviation of 12.5 Sv. Bias adjustment to account for the finite width of the moored array increases the 4-layer mean transport estimate to −28.7 Sv. At time scales longer than about 1 month, the variations in equatorward DWBC transport appear correlated with meridional position of the Gulf Stream North Wall with stronger transport observed when the Stream is displaced south.
An Explanation of “Emotional” Phenomena without the use of the Concept “Emotion”

(1941). An Explanation of “Emotional” Phenomena without the use of the Concept “Emotion”. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 283-293.
Proposed structure of the tumor-localizing fraction of HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative).

— Synthesis of the tumor-localizing preparation HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative) results in the formation of dimers and oligomers of hematoporphyrin joined by labile linkages. Studies with HPD and an HPD analog containing the chlorin analog of mesoporphyrin suggest the presence of two different linkages, either of which yields a tumor-localizing product. One such linkage is apparently derived from a hematoporphyrin-based oligomer present in commercial preparations of hematoporphyrin as an impurity. The other linkage is formed during the chemical steps leading to the conversion of hematoporphyrin to “HPD”.
Correlation of the Health Sciences Reasoning Test With Student Admission Variables

Objectives. To assess the association between scores on the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT) and pharmacy student admission variables. Methods. During the student admissions process, cognitive data, including undergraduate grade point average and Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) scores, were collected from matriculating doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students. Between 2007 and 2009, the HSRT was administered to 329 first-year PharmD students. Correlations between HSRT scores and cognitive data, previous degree, and gender were examined. Results. After controlling for other predictors, 3 variables were significantly associated with HSRT scores: percentile rank on the reading comprehension (p<0.001), verbal (p<0.001), and quantitative (p<0.001) subsections of the PCAT. Conclusions. Scores on the reading comprehension, verbal, and quantitative sections of the PCAT were significantly associated with HSRT scores. Some elements of critical thinking may be measured by these PCAT subsections. However, the HSRT offers information absent in standard cognitive admission criteria.
A Tour of a New Paradigm: Relationships and Work

The authors provide a reaction to the Major Contribution by Richardson in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist on the counseling for work and relationships perspective. The authors examine the trajectory of Richardson’s work, beginning with her seminal article in 1993, which set the stage for a new paradigm for vocational psychology. Richardson’s current contribution fulfills the promise of her earlier work by creating a profound and pragmatic model for counseling that affirms market work, care work, relationships, and the complex social forces that frame these fundamental life experiences. The authors describe the core elements of the new paradigm and identify a few growth edges for this important new perspective. The authors recommend that scholars and practitioners examine their values about the good life and a good society as a means of expanding the scope and impact of Richardson’s work. The article concludes with an exploration of the practice and training implications of Richardson’s work.
Cyanobacterial Ecotypes in Different Optical Microenvironments of a 68°C Hot Spring Mat Community Revealed by 16S-23S rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region Variation†

We examined the population of unicellular cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) in the upper 3-mm vertical interval of a 68°C region of a microbial mat in a hot spring effluent channel (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming). Fluorescence microscopy and microsensor measurements of O2 and oxygenic photosynthesis demonstrated the existence of physiologically distinct Synechococcus populations at different depths along a light gradient quantified by scalar irradiance microprobes. Molecular methods were used to evaluate whether physiologically distinct populations could be correlated with genetically distinct populations over the vertical interval. We were unable to identify patterns in genetic variation in Synechococcus 16S rRNA sequences that correlate with different vertically distributed populations. However, patterns of variation at the internal transcribed spacer locus separating 16S and 23S rRNA genes suggested the existence of closely related but genetically distinct populations corresponding to different functional populations occurring at different depths. Developments in genetic-sequence-based identification methods and microenvironmental-analysis techniques have significantly enhanced the ability to describe the ecology of bacterial populations in situ (2). Our research has focused on the ecology of phototrophic bacteria in alkaline hot spring microbial mats, where cellular morphologies are of limited use in distinguishing populations. The original descriptions of these mats were relatively simple: a green surface layer containing unicellular cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) overlying an orange layer containing green nonsulfur (Chloroflexus-like) bacteria. Cultivation-independent genetic-sequence-based analysis of 16S rRNA gene segments has been used to sample the diversity and distribution of Synechococcus populations in these communities (33). These studies have shown that numerous genetically distinct Synechococcus populations appear to be adapted to and organized along temperature-defined niches due to thermal gradients in hot spring effluent channels (7, 9). These results were consistent with earlier studies of cultivated Synechococcus that were not genetically characterized (23), as well as recent studies in which isolates were genetically characterized (16). In nearly all instances, two or three Synechococcus sequences were detected at a given temperature by 16S rRNA analysis (7–9, 25). We investigated the possibility that multiple 16S rRNA sequences at the same temperature site represented Synechococcus populations that coexist by adapting to different light environments within the mat. We analyzed Synechococcus populations over the vertical interval at a 60°C site (25). Here, the degree of 16S rRNA sequence variation between populations
Relationships between LDH-A, Lactate, and Metastases in 4T1 Breast Tumors

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) expression, lactate concentration, cell metabolism, and metastases in murine 4T1 breast tumors. Experimental Design: Inhibition of LDH-A expression and protein levels were achieved in a metastatic breast cancer cell line (4T1) using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology. The relationship between tumor LDH-A protein levels and lactate concentration (measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, MRSI) and metastases was assessed. Results: LDH-A knockdown cells (KD9) showed a significant reduction in LDH-A protein and LDH activity, less acid production, decreased transwell migration and invasion, lower proliferation, reduced glucose consumption and glycolysis, and increase in oxygen consumption, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cellular ATP levels, compared with control (NC) cells cultured in 25 mmol/L glucose. In vivo studies showed lower lactate levels in KD9, KD5, and KD317 tumors than in NC or 4T1 wild-type tumors ( P Conclusions: We show for the first time that LDH-A knockdown inhibited the formation of metastases, and was accompanied by in vivo changes in tumor cell metabolism. Lactate MRSI can be used as a surrogate to monitor targeted inhibition of LDH-A in a preclinical setting and provides a noninvasive imaging strategy to monitor LDH-A–targeted therapy. This imaging strategy can be translated to the clinic to identify and monitor patients who are at high risk of developing metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5158–69. ©2013 AACR .
Numerical Investigation of Plasma Actuator Configurations for Flow Separation Control at Multiple Angles of Attack

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of aerodynamic plasma actuators as a means of active flow control over a low speed airfoil at multiple angles of attack each corresponding to two different flow separation mechanisms (i.e., laminar separation bubble and turbulent flow separation at stall conditions). Detailed parametric studies based on steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes simulations were performed for a NACA 0012 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 10 5 . In particular, parametric studies were performed to investigate the influence of the number, the location, the imposed body force magnitude and steady vs. unsteady operation of the plasma actuators on the flow control effectiveness. First, the effectiveness of plasma actuators was studied when applied to the airfoil at a relatively low angle of attack, which involved the development of a laminar separation bubble (LSB). Next, the effectiveness of plasma actuators was analyzed at a high angle of attack where the stall of the airfoil occurs with a fully turbulent flow assumption. The results show that plasma actuators can provide significant improvement in aerodynamic performance for the flow conditions and geometry considered in this study. For LSB control, as much as a 50% improvement in the lift to drag ratio was observed. Results also show that the same improvement can be achieved using an unsteady or multiple actuators, which can require as much as 75% less time averaged body force compared to a single, steady actuator. For the stalled airfoil case, significant recovery in aerodynamic performance was observed for a single, steady actuator. However this was achieved using a voltage input eight times higher than what was used for LSB control. For the stall conditions considered in this study, unsteady and multiple actuator configurations do not provide the same enhancement as a single, steady actuator, which may be due to the nature of the flow separation (turbulent, trailing edge separation). The results of both cases show that the optimum location for the effectiveness of a plasma actuator would be just upstream of the separation location, which implies the usefulness of multiple actuator systems for flow control over a range of operating conditions.
Evolution of the Placental Barrier to Fetal Infection by Murine Enteroviruses

A murine model that demonstrated a placental barrier to fetal enterovirus infection in late pregnancy was extended to middle and early gestation. Inoculation with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in middle and early gestation infected 73% and 90% of placentas and 7% and 78% of fetuses, respectively. In situ hybridization (ISH) of tissues obtained after middle-gestation inoculation revealed TMEV in the placental decidua and spongiotrophoblast layers but generally not in the labyrinth (the layer adjacent to the fetus) or fetus (similar to late gestation). In contrast, ISH of placentas harvested after early-gestation inoculation identified TMEV predominantly in the labyrinth, in which vasculature was often replaced by hyalinized hemorrhagic tissue and small cell infiltrates; fetuses contained virus in heart, pericardium, great vessels, lung, pleura, brain, and liver. The placental barrier to enterovirus transmission appears to develop between early and middle gestation. Enterovirus infection before this time may induce placental damage, fetal infection, or both.
Ecological Predictors of Disciplinary Style and Child Abuse Potential in a Hispanic and Anglo-American Sample

Recent attention to multicultural issues has sparked recognition that parenting is also a culturally construed phenomenon. The present study involved a diverse sample of 90 Anglo-American and Hispanic parents examining predictors based on distal/proximal levels as conceptualized in the ecological model. The study examined background characteristics (e.g., minority status, educational level, income), intrapersonal (anger, parenting competence, parenting satisfaction), and extrapersonal (social support) factors in the prediction of child abuse potential and dysfunctional disciplinary style. Parents participated anonymously in an in-home assessment. Neither minority status nor income predicted abuse potential or parenting style beyond what was accounted for by educational level. The pattern of findings for the sample suggests the relative importance of anger expression, parenting self-efficacy, and social support satisfaction in both abuse potential and disciplinary style for both Hispanic and Anglo-American parents. Future research directions with diverse samples are considered, including the need for measures specifically designed to assess parenting issues in diverse cultural groups.
Resin duct density and size predicts mortality in ponderosa pine trees of Northern Arizona

In the presence of herbivores, plants must allocate a portion of their accumulated carbon towards defense to survive. For example, trees susceptible to bark beetle attack are primarily reliant on resin production for protection. Tree mortality may be reflected by individual differences in the ability of plants to produce defensive structures and compounds. We compared the radial growth rates, resin duct production, density, and size between living and dead ponderosa pine trees in northern Arizona using standard dendrochronology techniques. As a result, we found four main findings: 1) living ponderosa pines had 33% more resin ducts than dead pines (t = 2.97, P < 0.003); 2) resin duct size was 13% larger in living than in dead pines (t = 3.00, P < 0.003); 3) both resin duct density and size were predictive of mortality (Wald’s Z = 1.9, P < 0.05); and 4) resin duct production was positively correlated with growth rate. Our results suggest dendrochronology can quantify defense structure production and predict tree mortality in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona.
Six-coordinate halogen complexes of rhodium(III) and iridium(III) with 2,2′,2″-triammoniotriethylamine, N(CH2CH2NH3)3+3 as the cation

Abstract Several new hexahalo complexes of the formulas [N(CH2CH2NH3)3][MX6] (M = Rh, Ir; X = Cl, Br) and [N(CH2CH2NH3)3][RhCl3Y3] (Y = Br, l) were prepared. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectra.
Information Sources in Gray Literature

Auger’s monograph on gray literature is the premier resource on this important, complex and often frustrating information resource. The fourth edition, updated to reflect the increasing importance ...
AIPL1, a protein implicated in Leber's congenital amaurosis, interacts with and aids in processing of farnesylated proteins

The most common form of blindness at birth, Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Mutations in six different retina-specific genes, including a recently discovered gene, AIPL1, have been linked to LCA in humans. To understand the molecular basis of LCA caused by aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) mutations, and to elucidate the normal function of AIPL1, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using AIPL1 as bait. The screen demonstrated that AIPL1 interacts specifically with farnesylated proteins. Mutations in AIPL1 linked to LCA compromise this activity. These findings suggest that the essential function of AIPL1 within photoreceptors requires interactions with farnesylated proteins. Analysis of isoprenylation in cultured human cells shows that AIPL1 enhances the processing of farnesylated proteins. Based on these findings, we propose that AIPL1 interacts with farnesylated proteins and plays an essential role in processing of farnesylated proteins in retina.
Salt, Phosphate and Oil Temperature Effects on Emulsion Capacity of Fresh or Frozen Meat and Sheep Tail Fat

The effects of K 2 HPO 4 , NaCl and oil temperature on emulsion ca pacity (EC) and microstructure of fresh and frozen Turkish beef was studied by utilizing a model system. EC of frozen meat was 6.4% higher than fresh meat. EC also increased with increasing phosphate levels increasing 8.5 and 10.4% over the control with 0.50 and 0.75% phosphate respectively. EC increased 1.6% for 3.0% salt over 2.5% salt. Microstructure photographs of the phosphate containing emulsions indicated the protein aggregates diminished and the emulsion was more homogeneous
Characterization and Modeling of Underwater Acoustic Communications Channels for Frequency-Shift-Keying Signals

In a fading channel, bit error rate for frequency-shift-keying keyingsignals is determined predominantly by the envelope amplitude fading statistics of the signal. The narrowband envelope amplitude distributions are measured from the TREX04 data (as a function of frequency) using M-sequence signals centered at 17 kHz with a 5 kHz bandwidth. The results do not fit the Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami rn-distributions. In contrast, we find that the data are fitted well by a K-distribution. We also analyze the data in terms of long-term and short-term statistics. The long-term and short-term fading statistics are well fitted by the lognormal distribution and Rayleigh distribution respectively, choosing the average time scale to be ~ 0.2 sec. The joint probability distribution function of a lognormal and the Rayleigh distribution is approximately the R-distribution.
A Practical Wavelet Domain LMK Algorithm for Predicting Multimedia Traffic

Wavelet transform is an emerging technique that has a significant advantage in analyzing time domain signals. When combined with LMS (Least Mean Square), wavelet based predictor can achieve better performance than time domain predictor for VBR (Variable Bit Rate) video traffic. However the computational complexity in predicting each wavelet coefficient is high. In this paper, first, the Least Mean Kurtosis (LMK) which uses the negated kurtosis of the error signal as the cost function, is proposed to estimate wavelet coefficients; then by analyzing the wavelet coefficients of two consecutive data sets, a fast WLMK is proposed to reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results show that the fast WLMK not only incurs smaller prediction error but also reduces the computational complexity greatly.
Dynameomics: Data‐driven methods and models for utilizing large‐scale protein structure repositories for improving fragment‐based loop prediction

Protein function is intimately linked to protein structure and dynamics yet experimentally determined structures frequently omit regions within a protein due to indeterminate data, which is often due protein dynamics. We propose that atomistic molecular dynamics simulations provide a diverse sampling of biologically relevant structures for these missing segments (and beyond) to improve structural modeling and structure prediction. Here we make use of the Dynameomics data warehouse, which contains simulations of representatives of essentially all known protein folds. We developed novel computational methods to efficiently identify, rank and retrieve small peptide structures, or fragments, from this database. We also created a novel data model to analyze and compare large repositories of structural data, such as contained within the Protein Data Bank and the Dynameomics data warehouse. Our evaluation compares these structural repositories for improving loop predictions and analyzes the utility of our methods and models. Using a standard set of loop structures, containing 510 loops, 30 for each loop length from 4 to 20 residues, we find that the inclusion of Dynameomics structures in fragment-based methods improves the quality of the loop predictions without being dependent on sequence homology. Depending on loop length, ∼ 25-75% of the best predictions came from the Dynameomics set, resulting in lower main chain root-mean-square deviations for all fragment lengths using the combined fragment library. We also provide specific cases where Dynameomics fragments provide better predictions for NMR loop structures than fragments from crystal structures. Online access to these fragment libraries is available at http://www.dynameomics.org/fragments.
Functionalizing cell-based therapy for age-related macular degeneration.

i N THIS ISSUE OF THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALmology, Tezel and associates1 report the results of allogeneic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplants in mmune suppressed patients with age-related macular degenration (AMD) who underwent subfoveal choroidal new essel (CNV) excision (“Adult RPE Transplants in Exudaive AMD”). Combined RPE transplant and CNV excision as been attempted in eyes with AMD, but it has not led to ignificant visual improvement in most patients. By contrast, n animal models of retinal degeneration, RPE transplants escue photoreceptors and preserve visual acuity.2–4 Possible auses of RPE transplant failure in human patients include mmune rejection, inability of transplanted RPE cells to urvive and differentiate on the aged submacular Bruch embrane, choriocapillaris degeneration, or a combination hereof. The study by Tezel and associates provides strong evidence hat immune suppression is necessary to avoid rejection of llogeneic sheets of uncultured adult RPE transplanted into the ubretinal space of AMD eyes undergoing CNV excision. he study was designed and executed carefully. In many respects, he study provides a model for the conduct of ophthalmic linical research in cell-based therapy, including proper election of techniques for measurement of visual acuity, ontrast sensitivity, and fixation locus as well as angioraphic imaging. Currently, additional noninvasive imaging ests (e.g., high-resolution optical coherence tomography OCT], combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and OCT) nd multifocal electroretinography may be incorporated into uch trials. The latter tests may reveal the morphologic eatures of the RPE transplant and overlying photoreceptors s well as the degree of photoreceptor rescue. Tezel and associates reported significant complications, ncluding both extraocular and ocular events. In fact, one f the major findings of the study is that elderly patients do ot tolerate readily a six-month course of systemic azathiorine, prednisone, and cyclosporine. For this reason, three atients were treated with monotherapy. As the authors ndicate, the ocular complication rate probably will deline as improvements in the approach are introduced e.g., choice of donor cells, surgical technique).