cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Listening: A narrative approach to everyday understandings and behavior

Abstract Like their counterparts in anthropology, sociology, and philosophy, behavioral economists and social psychologists are concerned with the individual's conceptual understanding of the causes and meanings of events. However, both disciplines have focused primarily on process or outcomes —the effects of these categorizations on judgments and choices—rather than on origins or contents . A number of important questions remain: Where do these conceptual categories come from? Which accounts are most persuasive in various contexts? Etzioni (1988) argues that value (normative) and non-rational emotional (affective) considerations are most important, and supports the claim that conceptual systems are significant causes of behavior. This suggests a clear research agenda: to explore these conceptual systems to learn more about the ways in which actors both share meaning and understand specific events and situations. But commonly-used experimental designs and formats may be too restrictive. We use the metaphors of ‘listening’ and ‘conversation’ to describe an alternative approach, which we employed. Our results led us to conclude that a free-narrative approach is a rich method, one that is particularly appropriate for the study of everyday understandings and real-world behavior.
A simple model of nonlinear Hadley circulation with an ITCZ : Analytic and numerical solutions

Abstract Simple analytic solutions are constructed for an axially symmetric, nonlinear, slightly viscous circulation in a Boussinesq atmosphere in the presence of intense convection at an intertropical convergence zone. The latitude–height extent of the Hadley circulation is obtained, as well as its streamfunction, zonal wind, and temperature distribution. Numerical solutions of the viscous primitive equations are also obtained to verify the analytic solutions. The strength of the circulation is stronger than previous results based on dry models and is now close to the observed value. The extent of the Hadley region is also quite realistic.
Paired Peer Placement with Peer Coaching To Enhance Prospective Teachers' Professional Growth in Early Field Experience.

Abstract The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine and document developmental concerns of participants in a paired peer placement peer coaching program. Research participants were 26 elementary education majors who were randomly paired for their first teaching experience. Data were collected from students' observations, feedback from each other, and participants' reflections on their teaching experiences. Themes from the data were classified according to a continuum of concerns. Data from this study support practicum students' developmental growth across a continuum of concerns from survival/self-concerns, to curriculum/instructional concerns, to pupils/impact on learning concerns.
Negative chemical ionization mass spectra of multifunctional polar, and underivatized compounds of biological interest

Abstract Intense pseudomolecular ions were observed for underivatized, multifunctional compounds of low volatilty (e.g., bile acid conjugates, alkaloids, antibiotics) by employing the direct probe technique of NCI MS; especially effective was the use of CF 2 CL 2 as the reagent gas for producing chloride ion adduct negative ions.
Microbial Sensory Rhodopsins: Photochemistry and Function

The review covers recent progress on microbial sensory rhodopsins, visual pigment-like retinylidene photoreceptors that function in phototaxis by archaeons, such as Halobacterium salinarium, and by unicellular eukaryotic algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Six demonstrably different sensory rhodopsins are known in halophilic archaea. The best characterized is sensory rhodopsin I (SR-I), a color-sensitive receptor that relays attractant and repellent photosignals to a tightly bound transducer protein HtrI (halobacterial transducer for sensory rhodopsin I). New advances in the mechanism of signal transduction by the SR-I/HtrI complex from molecular-biological and biophysical approaches are summarized. Effects of HtrI on light-induced proton transfers in the receptor are discussed for their possible role in signaling. Current knowledge concerning the growing family of related archaeal sensory rhodopsins is presented. The evidence for a sensory rhodopsin in phototaxis by C. reinhardtii and other unicellular eukaryotic algae is reviewed. The molecular information is more limited than for the archaeal organisms, but the physiological information is rich and complex. Compelling data exist for a single retinal-containing receptor mediating both phototaxis and photophobic responses in C. reinhardtii. From retinal analog studies, the isomeric configuration and ring/chain conformation of the retinal in the receptor appear to be identical to those of the archaeal sensory rhodopsins. Also, photoisomerization from all-trans- to 13-cis-retinal appears to be the trigger for signaling, as in the archaeal pigments. Conflicting early studies suggesting an 11-cis-retinal chromophore and signaling without photoisomerization are analyzed and possible explanations for those reports are suggested. As a general conclusion, the microbial sensory rhodopsins provide an opportunity to explore photochemistry and protein/protein interaction in photosensory transduction in genetically tractable organisms.
Identification of a Novel Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit Highly Expressed in Muscle

Abstract Differential association of regulatory B subunits with a core heterodimer, composed of a catalytic (C) and a structural (A) subunit, is an important mechanism that regulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We have isolated and characterized three novel cDNAs related to the B′ subunit of bovine cardiac PP2A. Two human (B′α1 and B′α2) and a mouse (B′α3) cDNA encode for alternatively spliced variants of the B′ subunit. The deduced primary sequences of these clones contain 12 of 15 peptides derived from the purified bovine B′ subunit. Differences between the deduced sequences of the B′α splice variants and the cardiac peptide sequences suggest the existence of multiple isoforms of the B′ subunit. Comparison of the protein and nucleotide sequences of the cloned cDNAs show that all three forms of B′α diverge at a common splice site near the 3′-end of the coding regions. Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the B′α transcripts (4.3-4.4 kb) are widely expressed and very abundant in heart and skeletal muscle. The expressed human and mouse B′α proteins readily associated with the PP2A core enzyme in both in vitro and in vivo complex formation assays. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that epitope-tagged B′α was localized in both the cytosol and nuclei of transiently transfected cells. The efficiency of binding of all three expressed proteins to a glutathione S-transferase-A subunit fusion protein was greatly enhanced by the addition of the C subunit. Expression of the B′α subunits in insect Sf9 cells resulted in formation of AC•B′α heterotrimers with the endogenous insect A and C subunits. These results show that the B′ subunit, which is the predominant regulatory subunit in cardiac PP2A, is a novel protein whose sequence is unrelated to other PP2A regulatory subunits. The nuclear localization of expressed B′α suggests that some variants of the B′ subunit are involved in the nuclear functions of PP2A.
Development and validation of the motivation scale for disability sport consumption

Abstract While there is a growing body of knowledge on disability sport consumer behavior ( Byon et al., 2011 , Byon et al., 2010a ), these studies used scales explicitly designed for non-disability sport contexts, showing only reasonable model fit and not examining factors specific to the disability sport consumer experience. This publication represents the first attempt to identify specific disability sport motives and develop a scale, the Motivation Scale for Disability Sport Consumption (MSDSC). Newly identified disability sport motives include inspiration, supercrip image and disability cultural education. These were examined in conjunction with factors from Trail and James (2001) and Trail (2010) . Data were collected at the 2011 collegiate wheelchair basketball championships; results were collected to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicated that a 9-factor model was most appropriate. Significant motives included physical attraction, drama, escape, inspiration, physical skill, social interaction, violence, and supercrip image. The model fit was improved over the Byon studies and was comparable to relevant non-adaptive motive studies ( Lee et al., 2009 , Trail and James, 2001 , Robinson et al., 2004 ). This scale represents a tool for practitioners and academics to effectively examine spectators of disability sport.
Effect of certain genetic factors on the sugars produced in corn kernels at different stages of development.

Summary Three sugars, d -glucose, d -fructose, and sucrose, were found in corn kernels containing different combinations of the genes su, su 2 , wx , and sh 2 . Raffinose was found in su su 2 kernels. The various sugars were identified by preparation of crystalline derivatives. The sucrose content of corn kernels decreases with age after 14 days when various combinations of su, su 2 , and wx genes are present. d -Fructose content was higher than d -glucose content in all but two determinations, and both sugars decreased substantially with age after 14 days. The sh 2 gene causes a build-up of sucrose between the 21st and 35th day after pollination.
It’s just not good science ☆

Reply to Commentary, Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., Memon, A., Mazzoni, G., Merckelbach, H., and Loftus, E. F. (2007). False claims about false memory research. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18–28.
Development of environmentally friendly, antifouling coatings based on tethered quaternary ammonium salts in a crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane matrix

The concept of tethering quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) to a crosslinked polysiloxane matrix to produce a hybrid antifouling/fouling-release coating was investigated. A statistical experimental design was used to determine the effect of QAS concentration on biocidal activity toward a marine bacterium, Cellulophaga lytica (C. lytica). In addition to measuring biocidal activity, coating film quality as well as stability upon water immersion were evaluated. The results of the study showed that biocidal activity was strongly dependent on QAS concentration. For addition-curable coatings, the presence of 4 wt% QAS moieties resulted in approximately 50% reduction in C. lytica biofilm retention without any leachate toxicity. Attempts to increase the level of QAS moieties to increase biocidal activity resulted in coating delamination from the substrate and unacceptable film quality upon artificial seawater immersion due to excessive swelling. As a result, a moisture-curable system based on tethered QASs was investigated since moisture curing allows for higher crosslink densities to be achieved which would be expected to minimize swelling upon artificial seawater immersion. The moisture-curable coating developed showed enhanced stability upon artificial seawater immersion, greater than 80% reduction in C. lytica biofilm retention, and greater than 90% reduction in biofilm growth for the marine algae, Navicula incerta.
Effects of non-grayness on melting and solidification of a semi-infinite, semi- transparent medium

Abstract The effects of non-grayness on the melting (solidification) of a semi-infinite, semi- transparent medium is investigated by using a phase-change model that allows for the existence of a two-phase zone between the purely liquid and purely solid regions. The two-phase zone is the region of local melting caused by the penetration of radiation into the isothermal region. The effects of isotropic and anisotropic scattering of radiation on melting are illustrated. Numerical results presented for the melting and solidification of sapphire show that non-grayness significantly affects the rate of propagation of the melt (solidification) front.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetism of FeMoO4Cl, a new two-dimensional antiferromagnet with OMoO superexchange pathways

Abstract FeMoO 4 Cl crystallizes in the tetragonal system with unit cell dimensions a = 6.672(3)and c = 5.223(3)A˚in space group P4/nmm with Z = 2. The structure is built from FeMoO 4 Cl layers stacked along the c axis and is closely related to α-VOPO 4 -type compounds. Individual layers can be described as sheets of corner-sharing MoO 4 tetrahedra and FeO 4 Cl square pyramids. The temperature dependence of χ ′ M for a powder sample exhibits a broad maximum at 104 K characteristic of extensive short range antiferromagnetic correlation within the layers. This is a result of surprisingly strong Fe(III) Fe(III) exchange interactions transmitted by O Mo O pathways. Long range three-dimensional order is confirmed by the hyperfine splitting of the zero field Mo¨ssbauer spectrum, T Ne´el = 69.2 ± 0.1K. Analysis of the combined quadrupole-Zeeman split hyperfine spectrum of the powder at 1.7 K leads to θ = 90° for the angle between the internal hyperfine field ( H hf ) and V zz , the principal axis of the electric field gradient. Single crystal Mo¨ssbauer and X-ray powder diffraction data are also discussed.
Computer Algorithms and Detector Electronics for the Transmission X-Ray Tomography

This paper is addressed to the problem associated with transmission tomography and its implications in solving large numbers of simultaneous equations and associated parameters, such as multimillion weighting factors. Mathematical approaches to this problem in several directions are briefly reviewed and a technique (linear superposition technique with compensation) developed for this purpose, along with results obtained with this method is presented. Another important aspect of the multiple scanning tomography is counting statistics which requires the count rate be in the order of 5 MHz or more for the pulse counting to have statistical accuracy of 0.5% or better. Several alternative detectors besides conventional Sodium Iodine (NaI(Tl)) detector, namely, plastic scintillator (with enhanced photoelectric absorbtion by, for instance, tin loading) and various semiconductor detectors, such as CdTe and possible HgI2 are under investigation. Plastic scintillators will naturally be a suitable candidate owing to their fast light decay characteristics. A tin loaded plastic scintillator (HE 140 type) is under investigation and some of the preliminary results are reported. With the semiconductor detectors, the preliminary charge collection time observations and calculations indicate that these new exotic detectors (CdTe and HgI2) can be applicable to the high rate operations primarily by virtue of their short charge collection times and moderately good energy resolutions.
Degradation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cholangiocytes.

To attenuate injury during cholestasis, adaptive changes in bile acid transporter expression in the liver provide alternative bile acid excretory pathways. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) (SLC10A2), only expressed in the liver on the cholangiocyte apical membrane, is rapidly regulated in response to inflammation and bile acids. Here, we studied the mechanisms controlling ASBT protein levels in cholangiocytes to determine whether ASBT expression is regulated by ubiquitination and disposal through the proteasome. Protein turnover assays demonstrated that ASBT is an unstable and short-lived protein. Treatment with MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, causes time-dependent increased ASBT levels and increased intracellular accumulation of ASBT. In cells cotransfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged ASBT and hemagglutinin-tagged ubiquitin, we demonstrated coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization of ASBT and ubiquitin. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced down-regulation of ASBT is abrogated by a JNK inhibitor and is accompanied by an increase in ASBT polyubiquitin conjugates and a reduced ASBT half-life. In phosphorylation-deficient S335A and T339A mutants, the ASBT half-life is markedly prolonged, IL-1β-induced ASBT ubiquitination is significantly reduced, and IL-1β fails to increase ASBT turnover. These results indicate that ASBT undergoes ubiquitin-proteasome degradation under basal conditions and that ASBT proteasome disposal is increased by IL-1β due to JNK-regulated serine/threonine phosphorylation of ASBT protein at both Ser-335 and Thr-339. These studies are the first report of regulation of a bile acid transporter expression by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics in our four-dimensional world

An argument is given concerning how one may extrapolate results (for the lowest-lying states) of two-dimensional theories to our four-dimensional world. The (rigorously derived) bound-state equation of two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics is considered and solutions are found for the pseudoscalar mesons, including charmed states (with no adjustable parameters). Employing the argument presented here to extrapolate to four dimensions yields good agreement with experiment, whereas a direct comparison yields poorer agreement.
Bringing big ideas in math to small children: math circles and other enrichment activities for elementary school students and teachers

In this talk we give a brief overview of innate mathematical knowledge and ability for children entering formal schooling and discuss the role of curriculum in continuing the development of mathematical thinking in children. We discuss the distinction between doing mathematical tasks and doing mathematics and the use of mathematics enrichment to support students in learning and doing mathematics. We then describe math circles and discuss how these can serve to introduce deep mathematics to elementary-school children and their teachers.
Replacing the echolalia of children with autism with functional use of verbal labeling

We evaluated the direct and generalized effects of cues-pause-point language training procedures on immediate echolalia and correct responding in two children with autism. The overall goal was to teach the children to remain quiet before, during, and briefly after the presentation of questions and then to verbalize on the basis of the cues (pictures) whose labels represented the correct responses. A multiple baseline design across question/response pairs demonstrated that echolalia was rapidly replaced by correct responding on the trained stimuli and there were clear improvements in one child’s responding to untrained stimuli. These results replicate and extend previous research with adults with mental retardation and autism which demonstrated that cues-pause-point procedures can be effective in teaching individuals displaying echolalia to use their verbal labeling repertoires functionally.
C1-Pathways in Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5: Genome Wide Gene Expression and Mutagenesis Studies

Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5 utilizes single carbon compounds such as methanol or methylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy. Expression profiling reveals distinct sets of genes altered during growth on methylamine vs methanol. As expected, all genes for the N-methylglutamate pathway were induced during growth on methylamine. Among other functions responding to the aminated source of C1-carbon, are a heme-containing amine dehydrogenase (Qhp), a distant homologue of formaldehyde activating enzyme (Fae3), molybdenum-containing formate dehydrogenase, ferredoxin reductase, a set of homologues to urea/ammonium transporters and amino-acid permeases. Mutants lacking one of the functional subunits of the amine dehydrogenase (ΔqhpA) or Δfae3 showed no growth defect on C1-compounds. M. universalis FAM5 strains with a lesion in the H4-folate pathway were not able to use any C1-compound, methanol or methylamine. Genes essential for C1-assimilation (the serine cycle and glyoxylate shunt) and H4MTP-pathway for formaldehyde oxidation showed similar levels of expression on both C1-carbon sources. M. universalis FAM5 possesses three homologs of the formaldehyde activating enzyme, a key enzyme of the H4MTP-pathway. Strains lacking the canonical Fae (fae1) lost the ability to grow on both C1-compounds. However, upon incubation on methylamine the fae1-mutant produced revertants (Δfae1R), which regained the ability to grow on methylamine. Double and triple mutants (Δfae1RΔfae3, or Δfae1RΔfae2 or Δfae1RΔfae2Δfae3) constructed in the revertant strain background showed growth similar to the Δfae1R phenotype. The metabolic pathways for utilization of methanol and methylamine in Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5 are reconstructed based on these gene expression and phenotypic data.
Small‐angle X‐ray scattering studies of microdomain structure in segmented polyurethane elastomers

The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) technique has been used to characterize the detailed microphase structure of two crosslinked segmented polyurethane elastomers. Both copolymers contain trifunctional polypropylene ether triols in the rubbery elastomeric block, but are synthesized with different hard segments: a symmetric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) chain extended with butanediol (BD); and an 80/20 mixture of asymmetric 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and symmetric 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) chain extended with ethylene glycol (EG). Calculations of SAXS invariants and determinations of deviations from Porod's law are used to examine the degree of phase segregation of the hard- and soft-segment domains. Results show that the overall degree of phase separation is poorer in the asymmetric TDI/EG-based copolymer than in the symmetric MDI/BD-based copolymer. Determination of diffuse phase boundary thicknesses, however, reveals that the domain boundaries are sharper in the asymmetric TDI/EG system. The contrasting morphologies found in the two systems are interpreted in terms of differences in hard-soft segment compatibility, diisocyanate symmetry, and diisocyanate length. Coupled with conformational considerations, this information is used to construct a new model for polyurethane hard-segment microdomain structure. Important features of the model are that it takes into account the effects of hard-segment sequence length distribution and allows for folding of the longer hard-segment sequences back into the hard-segment domain.
Abstract 3329: Investigations into the tumor specific regulation of HER2 by Grp94 in breast cancer

Background: Grp94 is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) paralog of the Hsp90 family of chaperones. Overexpression of Grp94 in tumors correlates with advanced stage and poor survival in various cancers and is closely linked to cancer growth and metastasis. Until recently, the major focus of cancer related studies on Grp94 was on the involvement of this protein in the secretion of IGF-II and the regulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and integrins. Objective/Hypothesis: Our group combined compound library screening with computational tools to develop potent and selective inhibitors of Grp94 and of Hsp90, the cytosolic HSP90 paralog. We hypothesize that these small molecules are important pharmacologic tools to investigate, in a tumor-by-tumor manner, Grp94 and Hsp90 associated oncogenic mechanisms. Approach/Results: Using the Hsp90 paralog specific inhibitors we produce preliminary evidence for an unanticipated role for Grp94 in maintaining the architecture of high density HER2 formations at the plasma membrane, particularly in cancer cells where HER2 is required to channel an amplified signaling through the receptor. Our data indicate that under conditions in which stress is imposed on the cell by proteome alterations (i.e. HER2 overexpression), the chaperoning function of Grp94 is vital for proper HER2 functioning. In these cells Grp94 translocates to the plasma membrane where it functions to maintain an active conformation of HER2 and to stabilize downstream signaling through the receptor. Our data show that inhibition of Grp94 in these cells is sufficient to destabilize membrane HER2, inhibit its signaling properties and target HER2 towards a degradative pathway. These effects are associated with cancer cell viability loss and induction of apoptosis. Significance: These findings reveal a novel mechanism of HER2-regulation at the plasma membrane, where Grp94 is implicated in HER2 regulation at this location in the specific case of HER2 positive tumors. They also provide a strong rationale for the use of these inhibitors in the investigation of Grp94 associated oncogenic mechanisms. Further, this study proposes the development of Grp94-based cancer therapeutics for HER2 overexpressing breast cancer. Citation Format: Pengrong Yan, Hardik Patel, Chenghua Yang, Tony Taldone, Gabriela Chiosis. Investigations into the tumor specific regulation of HER2 by Grp94 in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3329. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3329
Student Preferences for Class Scheduling: A Conjoint Analysis

The marketing concept is an effective tool by which college administrators can improve their educational product. This study portrays the class selection process as a consumer choice situation, and suggests that colleges can become more responsive to students' needs by considering factors which influence class selections. Students' preferences were found to be for small classes scheduled during the morning hours, offered two times a week, and taught by full-time faculty. These findings were based on a conjoint analysis which measured the relative importance of four classroom situation variables.
Receivership in American Unions

I. Introduction, 231. — II. Occasions for suspension and receivership, 237. — III. Degrees of severity, 238. — IV. Initiative and authority, 240. — V. Provision for a trial or hearing, 243. — VI. Requirement of a two-thirds vote in the board, 246. — VII. Appeals, 246. — VIII. Status of unions and members during receivership, 248. — IX. Time limit, 249. — X. Constitutions cited as models, 251. — XI. Summary, 254.
The Utility of Identity: Explaining Support for the EU after the Crash

The sweeping victories of Euroskeptic and far right parties in the 2014 European Parliament elections reflect public discontent with the European Union that has been growing since the beginning of the great recession. Using data from Eurobarometer 71.3 (Summer 2009), which were collected soon after the onset of the economic crisis, we test a conditional hypothesis derived from a combination of utilitarian theories of political support and social-identity theory. Specifically, we examine the extent to which the effects of individuals’ economic perceptions on their support for the EU are conditioned by the way they conceive of their national and EU identities. The analysis reveals that sociotropic rather than egocentric economic evaluations tend to drive EU support among people with stronger attachments to the nation.
Dynamic delamination fracture toughness of a graphite/epoxy laminate under impact

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness in a (90/0)5s T300/934 graphite/epoxy laminate was investigated using impact loading. Delamination cracks of three different sizes were embedded at the midplane of the composite specimen. The threshold impact velocity that causes propagation of the delamination crack was used in the dynamic analysis with the finite element method. From the finite element solution, the time-history of the strain energy release rate was calculated. The critical strain energy release rate was taken to equal the maximum value of the response history.
Perfectionism, the impostor phenomenon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students

Extensive attention has been paid over the past three decades to the stressors involved in training in the health professions. Although empirical studies have identified demographic subgroups of students most likely to become distressed during training, less research has been carried out to evaluate the impact of students' personality characteristics on their adjustment. Severe perfectionism is one such personality trait that has been shown to increase the risk for anxiety and depressive disorders in other populations. Another set of personality traits linked to increased psychological problems has been labelled the 'impostor phenomenon', which occurs when high achieving individuals chronically question their abilities and fear that others will discover them to be intellectual frauds. Both perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon would seem to be pertinent factors in the adjustment of health professional students; however, these character traits have not been empirically examined in this population. In the present study psychological distress, perfectionism and impostor feelings were assessed in 477 medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students. Consistent with previous reports, the results showed that a higher than expected percentage of students (27.5%) were currently experiencing psychiatric levels of distress. Strong associations were found between current psychological distress, perfectionism and impostor feelings within each programme and these character traits were stronger predictors of psychological adjustment than most of the demographic variables associated previously with distress in health professional students. Implications for future research, limitations of this study and clinical recommendations are discussed.
Outcomes of children of extremely low birthweight and gestational age in the 1990s.

Advances in perinatal care have improved the chances for survival of extremely low birthweight (<800 grams) and gestational age (<26 weeks) infants. A review of the world literature reveals that among regional populations, survival at 23 weeks' gestation ranges from 2 to 35%, at 24 weeks' gestation 17 to 62% and at 25 weeks' gestation 35 to 72%. These wide variations may be accounted for by differences in population descriptors, in the criteria used for starting or withdrawing treatment, in the reported duration of survival and differences in care. Major neonatal morbidity increases with decreasing gestational age and birthweight. At 23 weeks' gestation, chronic lung disease occurs in 57 to 86% of survivors, at 24 weeks in 33 to 89% and at 25 weeks' gestation in 16 to 71% of survivors. The rates of severe cerebral ultrasound abnormality range from 10 to 83% at 23 weeks' gestation, 9 to 64% at 24 weeks and 7 to 22% at 25 weeks' gestation Of 77 survivors at 23 weeks' gestation, 26 (34%) have severe disability (defined as subnormal cognitive function, cerebral palsy, blindness and/or deafness). At 24 weeks' gestation, the rates of severe neurodevelopmental disability range from 22 to 45%, and at 25 weeks' gestation 12 to 35%. When compared with children born prior to the 1990s, the rates of neurodevelopmental disability have, in general, remained unchanged. We conclude that, with current methods of care, the limits of viability have been reached. The continuing toll of major neonatal morbidity and neurodevelopmental handicap are of serious concern.
Muscle inflammatory cells after passive stretches, isometric contractions, and lengthening contractions

We tested the hypotheses that lengthening contractions, isometric contractions, and passive stretches increase muscle inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and that prior conditioning with lengthening contractions, isometric contractions, or passive stretches reduces neutrophils and macrophages after subsequent lengthening contractions. Extensor digitorum longus muscles in anesthetized mice were subjected in situ to lengthening contractions, isometric contractions, or passive stretches. Six hours or 3 days after a protocol of contractions or passive stretches, neutrophils and macrophages were quantified in muscle cross sections. Three days after isometric contractions or passive stretches, neutrophils were elevated (P < 0.05) 3.7- and 5.5-fold, respectively, relative to controls. Both macrophages and neutrophils were increased 51.2- and 7.9-fold, respectively, after lengthening contractions. Prior lengthening contractions, isometric contractions, or passive stretches reduced inflammatory cells after lengthening contractions performed 2 wk later. The major finding of this study was that passive stretches and isometric contractions elevated neutrophils without causing overt signs of injury. Because both passive stretches and isometric contractions elevated neutrophils and afforded some protection from contraction-induced muscle injury, neutrophils and/or the related inflammatory events may contribute to the induction of a protective mechanism.
Regional Geology and the Chemical and Trophic State Characteristics of Florida Lakes

ABSTRACT A limnological survey of 165 Florida lakes was conducted between September 1979 and August 1980 to determine their chemical and trophic state characteristics. A wide range of limnological conditions was documented. Average lake pH values ranged from 4.1 to 9.2 and average total alkalinity concentrations ranged from 0 to 204 mg/L as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Average specific conductance values ranged from 11 to over 5600 μS/cm at 25° C. Mean total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.063 to 4.6 mg/L and mean total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 3 to 834 mg/m3. Although lake trophic states ranged from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic, Florida lakes as a group can be characterized as productive, softwater lakes. Over 75 percent of the sampled lakes had total alkalinity concentrations below 40 mg/L as calcium carbonate and total hardness concentrations below 75 mg/L as calcium carbonate. Most of the sampled lakes were either mesotrophic (52 percent) or eutrophic (35 percent) because total phos...
Marital Quality, Gender, and Markers of Inflammation in the MIDUS Cohort

Marital quality is an important factor for understanding the relationship between marriage and health. Low-quality relationships may not have the same health benefits as high-quality relationships. To understand the association between marital quality and health, we examined associations between two indicators of marital quality (marital support and marital strain) and two biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) among men and women in long-term marriages using data from the Survey of Midlife in the United States (N = 542). Lower levels of spousal support were associated with higher levels of inflammation among women but not men. Higher levels of spousal strain were weakly and inconsistently associated with higher levels of inflammation among women and men; the effects were diminished with the addition of psychosocial and behavioral covariates. These findings suggest marital quality is an important predictor of inflammation, especially among women.
Crystal structure of Bence Jones protein rhe (3 A) and its unique domain-domain association.

Abstract The crystal structure of protein Rhe, a lambda type VL dimer, has been determined at a resolution of 3 A by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement supplemented with anomalous scattering data. A crystallographic sequence was assigned from an interpretation of the electron density map in an optical comparator and is compared with a chemically determined partial amino acid sequence. The monomeric unit of Rhe, as determined crystallographically, contains 113 amino acids, 110 belonging to the variable region and three belonging to the constant segment of a light chain. The single polypeptide chain constituting the monomer forms a nine-stranded β-barrel characteristic of V domains. The β-pleated sheet surrounds an ellipsoidally shaped interior core of approximately 10 A × 15 A × 25 A in size. The monomers that are related by the crystallographic dyad are held together as dimers by interdomain hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. At one end of the dimer is an opening which is lined exclusively by residues from the hypervariable regions. A comparison of Rhe with Rei, a kappa type VL dimer (Epp et al., 1975), revealed that monomers of Rhe and Rei dimerized differently. Their respective dyad and pseudodyad of dimerization are not the same, and this causes a variation in the overall steric arrangement of the hypervariable regions in the two cavities. In adition a dissimilarity was observed in the non-hypervariable segment linking the first and second hypervariable regions. This segment is in the form of a loop and it includes most of the residues participating in the interdomain interactions stabilizing dimer formation in both proteins and these loop positions differ by as much as 7 A. Our results also show that there is a good correlation between the dissimilarity of the loop position and the difference in the domain-association. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the positions of the corresponding non-hypervariable loops in V domains may be determined in part by the residues in the hypervariable regions. Accordingly, the three-dimensional structure of Rhe suggests that this nonhypervariable loop in VL and its counterpart in VH may have an important biological function in antibody specificity and variability by virtue of their influence over the architecture of the complementarity site.
A Content Analysis of Web Sites Promoting Smoking Culture and Lifestyle

The present study examined smoking culture and lifestyle Web sites listed on Yahoo!, a popular Internet search catalog, to determine whether the sites were easily accessible to youth, featured age or health warnings, and mentioned specific tobacco brands. A content analysis of photographs on these sites assessed the demographics of individuals depicted and the amount of smoking and nudity in the photographs. The sample included 30 Web sites, all of which were accessible to youth and did not require age verification services to enter them. Cigarette brand names were mentioned in writing on 35% of the sites, and brand images were present on 24% of the sites. Nearly all of the photographs (95%) depicted smoking, 92% featured women, and 7% contained partial or full nudity. These results underscore the need for greater research and monitoring of smoking-related Internet content by health educators and tobacco control advocates.
Field-portable lensfree holographic color microscope for telemedicine applications

We report a field-portable lensfree on-chip holographic microscope that can image confluent color samples, with sub-micron resolution over a wide field-of-view (FOV) of ~ 20 mm2. This color microscope is suitable for field use as it weighs less than 150 grams and its dimensions are smaller than 17×6×5 cm3. The unique design of this lensfree microscope utilizes three computational methods, namely: (i) pixel super-resolution to achieve sub-micron resolution with unit magnification over a large FOV, (ii) multi-height phase-recovery that enables imaging of confluent samples, and (iii) YUV color space averaging that mitigates `rainbow' like color artifacts, typically observed in holographic imaging. To demonstrate the performance of our computational color microscope, we imaged a 1951 USAF test chart and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear samples. This holographic color microscope with its light-weight, cost-effective design, and wide FOV could be useful for tele-pathology applications including for example diagnosis of cervical cancer or malaria.
What keeps you up at night? Key issues of concern for lodging managers

Abstract A survey of hospitality managers worldwide found that human-resources issues were the foremost concern for the industry. Most of the managers surveyed were from the United States or Europe, with small percentage from other locations. Some 57 percent of those surveyed identified human-resources issues as the industry's major challenge. Other concerns paled by comparison. A total of 40 percent of the respondents cited the following issues, after mentioning human-resources topics (in descending order of frequency): (1) understanding the customer, (2) effectively using capital, (3) aligning stakeholders' interests, (4) using information technology, and (5) valuing brands.
Protonium formation in the p̄ -H collision at low energies by a diabatic approach

We present a diabatization technique in combination with the recently developed hyperspherical close coupling (HSCC) method. In contrast to the strict diabatization, our simple diabatization procedure transforms only sharp avoided crossings in the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves into real crossings. With this approach, the weak collision channels can be removed from the close-coupling calculations. This method is used to study the antiproton-hydrogen collision at low energies. In the case of a scaled down (anti)proton mass, we show that a 10-channel calculation is enough to obtain converged cross sections at low energies. The results also indicate that protonium formation occurs mostly to the lowest states of the different excited protonium manifolds.
39. Can't you just cut them off? Meeting the educational and emotional needs of the patient with anal HPV/dysplasia

HPV infection among sexually active people is ubiquitous. Concern regarding the consequences of cervical HPV infection is not significant in most asymptomatic women who present for annual GYN screening. However, men and women who are referred for diagnosis of an HPV condition presenting as condylomata or an incidental finding of colonoscopy or following haemorrhoidectomy often present with highly emotional concerns and questions. Primary care providers frequently lack basic information with which to appropriately address issues such as: Will I ever get rid of these warts? Will I always be contagious? Did I get these from my current partner? Does this mean my current partner was unfaithful to me? Do I have to tell future partners? Am I going to die? I feel unlovable! Sometimes I think about just giving in and dying of cancer. My PCP told me they were haemorrhoids! Can’t you just cut them off?? Why didn’t anyone recommend anal screening after my treatment for cervical cancer? My husband was treated for anal cancer. Should I be checked? I asked my PCP and oncologists what caused my anal cancer. They said they didn’t know. Now I read online that it’s caused by an STD?! Responding to these concerns, promoting a hopeful attitude, and supporting a fragile self-esteem are important aspects of an anal dysplasia practice. This presentation will provide some practical approaches to anal HPV education and counselling.
Structure of NFAT Bound to DNA as a Monomer

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a calcium-dependent transcription factor that cooperates with a myriad of partner transcription factors to regulate distinct transcription programs. Transcription activation by NFAT without the cooperation of co-stimulatory signals in lymphocytes can also impose a genetic program of anergy. Although the ternary NFAT1/Fos-Jun/DNA complex has been structurally characterized, how NFAT1 recognizes DNA in the absence of cooperative partners and how such a binary NFAT/DNA complex may lead to the assembly of distinct high-order NFAT transcription complexes are still poorly understood. We have determined the crystal structure of the entire Rel homology region (RHR) of human NFAT1 (NFATc2) bound to DNA as a monomer. We also present footprinting evidence that corroborates the protein-DNA contacts observed in the crystal structure. Our structural and biochemical studies reveal the mechanism by which the monomeric Rel protein NFAT recognizes its cognate DNA site. A remarkable feature of the binary NFAT/DNA complex is the conformational flexibility exhibited by NFAT1 in the four independent copies of the NFAT/DNA complex in the crystal structure, which may reflect a mechanism by which NFAT1 interacts with a variety of protein partners as it mediates disparate biological responses.
Unified dielectronic and radiative-recombination cross sections for U90+

We have calculated unified photorecombination cross sections and independent-processes photorecombination cross sections for ${\mathrm{U}}^{90+}$ in the vicinity of the KLL resonances. For this case, where the radiative width of a level dominates the Auger width, we find relatively strong interference effects between the direct (radiative) and indirect (dielectronic) recombination processes. In particular, we find that the unified photorecombination cross section for the 1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$+${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2s+h\ensuremath{\nu} line is suppressed by a factor of 2 in the presence of the 1s2s(1)2p(3/2) resonance. Overall, however, the KLL recombination cross section is reduced by only 2--3 %, at most.
Estimating Vehicle Roadside Encroachment Frequencies by Using Accident Prediction Models

The existing data to support the development of roadside encroachment-based accident-prediction models are limited and largely outdated. Under FHWA and TRB sponsorship, several roadside safety projects have attempted to address this issue by proposing rather comprehensive data collection plans and conducting pilot data collection efforts. It is clear from these studies that the required cost for the proposed roadside field data-collection efforts will be very high. Furthermore, the validity of any field-collected roadside encroachment data may be questionable because of the technical difficulty of distinguishing intentional (or controlled) from unintentional (or uncontrolled) encroachments. A method to estimate some of the basic roadside encroachment parameters, including vehicle roadside encroachment frequency and the probability distribution of lateral extent of encroachments, using existing accident-based prediction models is proposed. The method is developed by utilizing the probabilistic relationships between a roadside encroachment event and a run-off-the-road accident event. With some assumptions, the method is capable of providing a wide range of basic encroachment parameters from conventional accident-based prediction models. To illustrate the concept and use of such a method, some basic encroachment parameters are estimated for rural two-lane undivided roads. In addition, the estimated encroachment parameters are compared with those estimated from the existing encroachment data. The illustration indicates that this method can be a viable approach to estimating basic encroachment parameters of interest and, thus, has the potential of reducing the roadside data collection cost.
IS REAFFERENCE NECESSARY FOR VISUAL ADAPTATION

Stimulation due to self-induced movement in production of adaptation to prismatic displacement
Transmission of kuru from man to rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) 8 and one-half years after inoculation.

NEUROLOGICAL disease has appeared in a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) following an asymptomatic incubation period of 8 years and 5 months after inoculation intracerebrally (i.c.) and intravenously (i.v.) with a 10% suspension of brain tissue from a human kuru patient. Clinical signs were remarkably similar to those observed in patients naturally affected with kuru and in sub-human primates in which the disease has been experimentally induced by inoculation of the kuru virus. Histopathological examination of the brain of this rhesus monkey has confirmed this first successful transmission of kuru to an old-world monkey. Previously the chimpanzee and four species of new-world monkeys (spider, Ateles; capuchin, Cebus; squirrel, Saimiri; and woolly, Lagothrix) have been found to be susceptible to kuru.