cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bis(di-methyl-formamide)-penta-kis-(μ-N,2-dioxido-benzene-1-carb-ox-imidato)tetra-kis-(1-methyl-imidazole)di-μ-propionato-penta-manganese(III)manganese(II)-di-methyl-formamide-methanol (1/0.24/1.36).

The title compound [Mn6(C7H4NO3)5(C3H5O2)2(C4H6N2)4.17(C3H7NO)1.83]·0.24C3H7NO·1.36CH3OH or Mn(II)(C3H5O2)2[15-MCMn(III)N(shi)-5](Me—Im)4.17(DMF)1.83·0.24DMF·1.36MeOH (where MC is metallacrown, shi3− is salicyl­hydroximate, Me—Im is 1-methyl­imidazole, DMF is N,N-di­methyl­formamide, and MeOH is methanol), contains an MnII ion in the central cavity and five MnIII ions in the MC ring. The central MnII ion is seven coordinate and has a geometry best described as distorted face-capped trigonal prismatic with Φ angles of 6.13, 10.36, and 11.73° and an estimated average s/h ratio of 1.03±0.11. Four of the ring MnIII ions are six coordinate with distorted octa­hedral geometries. Two of the MnIII ions have Λ absolute stereoconfiguration, while the other two MnIII ions have a planar configuration. The fifth MnIII ion is five coordinate and has a distorted square pyramidal geometry with τ = 0.20. Three of the MnIII ions bind one 1-methyl­imidazole ligand. Two of the ring MnIII ions have a 1-methyl­imidazole and a DMF disordered over a coordination site. For one of the ring MnIII ions, the occupancy ratio of the ligands refines to 0.51 (1):0.49 (1) in favor of the DMF. For the other ring MnIII ion, the occupancy ratio of the ligands refines to 0.68 (1):0.32 (1) in favor of the 1-methyl­imidazole. Two propionate anions serve to bridge the central MnII ion between two different MnIII ions. The methyl groups of the bridging propionate anions are disordered over two positions. The methyl group disorder also induces disorder in the H atoms of the adjacent methyl­ene C atom to the same degree. For one of the propionate anions, the occupancy ratio refines to 0.752 (8):0.248 (8) and for the second, the occupancy ratio refines to 0.604 (6):0.396 (6). In addition, the disorder of the methyl group of the latter propionate anion is correlated with a partially occupied [0.604 (6)] methanol mol­ecule. Furthermore, a methanol mol­ecule and a DMF mol­ecule are positionally disordered in the lattice. The occupancy refines to 0.757 (7):0.243 (7) in favor of the methanol mol­ecule. Correlated to the occupancy of the methanol and DMF mol­ecules is a disordered benzene ring of one salicyl­hydroximate ligand. The benzene ring is disordered over two positions with an occupancy ratio of 0.757 (7):0.243 (7). Lastly, the two lattice methanol mol­ecules are hydrogen bonded to the 15-MC-5 mol­ecule. For the partially occupied methanol mol­ecule associated with the disordered propionate anion, the hydroxyl group of the methanol is hydrogen bonded to a carboxyl­ate O atom of the propionate anion. For the partially occupied methanol mol­ecule associated with the partially occupied lattice DMF mol­ecule, the hydroxyl group of the methanol is hydrogen bonded to the phenolate O atom of a salicyl­hydroximate ligand and to the carbonyl O atom of a coordinated DMF mol­ecule.
Double aortic arch with patent ductus arteriosus in a premature infant: an unusual vascular malformation.

Abstract We recently encountered a premature infant with a very unusual form of vascular ring consisting of a double aortic arch with atretic left segment and patent ductus arteriosus. The initial presentation was that of patent ductus arteriosus with left-to-right shunting, but conventional surgical therapy was complicated by the abnormal aortic arch anatomy.
The Chikungunya Epidemic: A look at five cases

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the Chikungunya virus and transmitted by the bite of infected mosquito. The most common symptoms of Chikungunya virus infection are fever, joint pain or rash. Chikungunya virus outbreaks had been identified in countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In late 2013, the first local transmission of Chikungunya virus in the Americas was identified in Caribbean countries and territories. Chikungunya virus disease became a nationally notifiable condition in 2015. There is a threat that Chikungunya will continue to spread to new areas in the Americas. We describe 5 patients who presented to our hospital with Chikungunya infection, shortly after returning from endemic areas. Fever and travel history to endemic areas were documented in all of our cases. Skin rash, arthralgia and contact history were also reported by these patients. Persons with suspected Chikungunya infection should be counseled to avoid mosquito bites during illness to decrease the risk of local transmission. The transmitting mosquitos are present in the US, and limiting the viral spread is essential. In this report, we describe the clinical presentation, risk factors and laboratory tests of each patient, and attempt to ensure awareness on the risk of potential spread of the disease.
Set-Theoretic Semantics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on set-theoretic semantics. Two fundamental acquisitions of modern logic are the notion of formal system and that of interpretation. These two notions somehow complement each other; when a formal language is constructed, the meanings of the symbols, in order to deal with their syntactic relations, are abandoned. The two semantics may have to be used concurrently;first, because a sentence may contain both count terms and mass terms, and second, because the quasi-individual terms obtained from mass terms by a variety of linguistic means, require individuals for their interpretation. There is also, with mass terms, the problem of mixtures, both on the syntactic and on the semantic plane. Because quantifiers cannot be interpreted except in a discrete domain, the proper treatment of mass terms requires a variable-free system. The chapter introduces model theory that has bloomed into an extensive science. But this new discipline does not seem to care much about what was the original object of semantics.
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Are Insufficient to Activate T Cells

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) have been reported to express MHC class II, CD80, CD86, and CD11c and effectively stimulate naive T cells. Because dendritic cells (DC) are known to possess these characteristics, we sought to directly compare the phenotype and function of murine LSEC and DC. Nonparenchymal cells from C57BL/6 mice were obtained by collagenase digestion of the liver followed by density gradient centrifugation. From the enriched nonparenchymal cell fraction, LSEC (CD45(-)) were then isolated to 99% purity using immunomagnetic beads. Flow cytometric analysis of LSEC demonstrated high expression of CD31, von Willebrand factor, and FcgammaRs. However, unlike DC, LSEC had low or absent expression of MHC class II, CD86, and CD11c. LSEC demonstrated a high capacity for Ag uptake in vitro and in vivo. Although acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake has been purported to be a specific function of LSEC, we found DC captured acetylated low-density lipoprotein to a similar extent in vivo. Consistent with their phenotype, LSEC were poor stimulators of allogeneic T cells. Furthermore, in the absence of exogenous costimulation, LSEC induced negligible proliferation of CD4(+) or CD8(+) TCR-transgenic T cells. Thus, contrary to previous reports, our data indicate that LSEC alone are insufficient to activate naive T cells.
A dynamic multistate model of robustness and frailty

Dynamic multistate models can show realistic population dynamics over time, model complex cycles, and encompass the life history of a cohort. This paper uses a recently developed approach to obtain the analytic solution of a time‐dependent multidimensional differential equation. The illustrative robust/frail model presented shows that the assumption of fixed individual frailty can be abandoned in a two living state model that allows transitions between health statuses and nonproportional hazards of death.
Effects of Bodily Contact on Reactions to Crowding1

The present study examined the effects of bodily contact in a crowded environment. Initially, the skin conductance levels (SCL) of 160 males and females were obtained during rest and while bursting a balloon. In a subsequent session, subjects in same-sex groups of four were seated for 30 minutes in either (a) a large room, (b) a small room subjected to unavoidable bodily contact, or (c) a small room which was partitioned to either reduce or prevent bodily contact while allowing visual access. Measures of mood, tolerance for frustration, cognitive task performance, and self reports of annoyance and somatic distress were then taken. Results showed that crowding is stressful and that bodily contact makes a significant contribution to the amount of stress experienced for both men and women. In general, crowded subjects forced to touch showed the greatest increases in SCL, felt most annoyed, were most bothered by spatial intrusion during crowding, and had the lowest tolerance for frustration following crowding. Sex differences in mood following crowding and in reaction to the noncrowded environment were observed and appeared to be mediated by differential social concerns.
Correction to “The symmetry of intersection numbers in group theory”

Theorem 3.1 of “The symmetry of intersection numbers in group theory” is false: the error occurs in the proof of Lemma 3.6. A counterexample is given.
Advances in understanding cancer genomes through second-generation sequencing

Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genome and so high-throughput sequencing technologies offer great potential for improving our understanding of the biology and treatment of cancer. Experimental strategies, computational approaches and cancer-specific considerations for detecting different types of genomic alterations are discussed. Cancers are caused by the accumulation of genomic alterations. Therefore, analyses of cancer genome sequences and structures provide insights for understanding cancer biology, diagnosis and therapy. The application of second-generation DNA sequencing technologies (also known as next-generation sequencing) — through whole-genome, whole-exome and whole-transcriptome approaches — is allowing substantial advances in cancer genomics. These methods are facilitating an increase in the efficiency and resolution of detection of each of the principal types of somatic cancer genome alterations, including nucleotide substitutions, small insertions and deletions, copy number alterations, chromosomal rearrangements and microbial infections. This Review focuses on the methodological considerations for characterizing somatic genome alterations in cancer and the future prospects for these approaches.
Assessment of chronic mercury exposure within the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006.

The purpose of this study was to assess chronic mercury exposure within the US population. Time trends were analyzed for blood inorganic mercury (I-Hg) levels in 6,174 women, ages 18–49, in the NHANES, 1999–2006 data sets. Multivariate logistic regression distinguished a significant, direct correlation within the US population between I-Hg detection and years since the start of the survey (OR = 1.49, P < 0.001). Within this population, I-Hg detection rose sharply from 2% in 1999–2000 to 30% in 2005–2006. In addition, the population averaged mean I-Hg concentration rose significantly over that same period from 0.33 to 0.39 μ/L (Anova, P < 0.001). In a separate analysis, multivariate logistic regression indicated that I-Hg detection was significantly associated with age (OR = 1.02, P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression revealed significant associations of both I-Hg detection and mean concentration with biomarkers for the main targets of mercury deposition and effect: the liver, immune system, and pituitary. This study provides compelling evidence that I-Hg deposition within the human body is a cumulative process, increasing with age and in the population over time, since 1999, as a result of chronic mercury exposure. Furthermore, our results indicate that I-Hg deposition is associated with the significant biological markers for main targets of exposure, deposition, and effect. Accumulation of focal I-Hg deposits within the human body due to chronic mercury exposure provides a mechanism which suggests a time dependent rise in the population risks for associated disease.
Salmonella paratyphi a enteric fever mimicking viral meningitis

Enteric fevers are caused by invasive strains of Salmonella. Classic enteric fever is caused by S. typhi and usually less severe enteric fevers are caused by S. paratyphi A, B, or C. We present a case of S. paratyphi A enteric fever aseptic meningitis. Headache was so prominent in the case presented that a lumbar puncture was performed to rule out meningitis. Rose spots were not apparent in this dark-skinned patient. Our patient did not have increased serum transaminases and did not have leukopenia, which are common findings in enteric fever. The absence of these findings and the relative bradycardia may be explained by the antimicrobial therapy the patient received before admission. After ruling out malaria, clinicians should suspect enteric fever in patients recently returning from endemic areas, in patients presenting with acute fevers without localizing signs.
Investigating Relations Between Facebook Use and Social Capital Among College Undergraduates

This article examines relations between Facebook® (FB) use and social capital among 530 undergraduate students. The results demonstrated that using FB habitually was associated with gains in online bridging and offline network capital. This study also examined 2 motivations for using FB: the motivation to socialize with others and the motivation to improve one's status. Results showed that using FB for sociability reasons was associated with increased online bridging and bonding. Using FB more for status than for sociability was not associated with decreased online bridging and bonding. Finally, the results provided evidence of the sociability motivation mediating the relationship between FB habit and online bridging and bonding. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Langmuir turbulence and three-wave nonlinear dynamics

The parametric decay of a single linearly unstable Langmuir wave into broad spectra of damped daughter Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves is studied by means of the Zakharov partial differential equations in one dimension. In the regime investigated, the multimode daughter wave spectra are found to exhibit locked-in-time behavior, allowing a reduction to an equivalent three-mode system. The dynamics of the reduced system are found to be in quantitative agreement with those of the multimode Zakharov simulations. Qualitative agreement is maintained when the ion-acoustic response is reduced from second order to first order. The nonlinear dynamics of the resulting (complex) third-order system are studied analytically and numerically with emphasis on cases when the daughter modes are unequally damped. The special case of exact linear frequency matching between the pump and daughter modes is also considered.
Noninvasive magnetic detection of cardiac mechanical activity: Experiments

The magnetic susceptibility of the heart and the intracardiac blood is substantially greater than that of the surrounding lung tissue. The periodic redistribution of blood and tissue during the cardiac cycle will thus alter an externally applied magnetic field. These magnetic field changes can be detected by a magnetometer outside the body, and have been termed magnetic susceptibility plethysmography (MSPG) signals. A differential magnetometer, a liquid helium dewar, and a superconducting persistent-current magnet have been developed to detect the x component of the MSPG signal. The theoretical analysis of this instrument is presented to understand the spatial sensitivity of an MSPG susceptometer with a nonuniform magnetizing field. Preliminary measurements are shown to be in fair agreement with the model calculations. Several possible improvements of the technique are discussed.
Critical challenges for EUV resist materials

Although Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is now well into the commercialization phase, critical challenges remain in the development of EUV resist materials. The major issue for the 22-nm half-pitch node remains simultaneously meeting resolution, line-edge roughness (LER), and sensitivity requirements. Although several materials have met the resolution requirements, LER and sensitivity remain a challenge. As we move beyond the 22-nm node, however, even resolution remains a significant challenge. Chemically amplified resists have yet to demonstrate the required resolution at any speed or LER for 16-nm half pitch and below. Going to non-chemically amplified resists, however, 16-nm resolution has been achieved with a LER of 2 nm but a sensitivity of only 70 mJ/cm{sup 2}.
17β-Estradiol Rapidly Increases KATP Activity in GnRH via a Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

17Beta-estradiol (E2) both inhibits and excites GnRH neurons via presynaptic as well as postsynaptic mechanisms. Although it has been demonstrated that E2 can alter the excitability of GnRH neurons via direct actions, the intracellular signaling cascades mediating these actions are not well understood. Previously we have shown that the activity of one of the critical ion channels needed for maintaining GnRH neurons in a hyperpolarized state, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) channel, is augmented by E2 in ovariectomized females. However, the mRNA expression of the K(ATP) channel subunits Kir6.2 and SUR1 are unchanged with in vivo E2 treatment. Therefore, to elucidate the cellular signaling mechanism(s) modulating the channel activity, we did whole-cell patch-clamp recording of enhanced green fluorescent protein-GnRH neurons from ovariectomized female mice to study the acute effects of E2. E2 dose-dependently (EC(50) = 0.6 nM) enhanced the diazoxide (channel opener)-activated K(ATP) channel currents by 1.2- to 2.0-fold, which was antagonized by ICI 182,780. E2-BSA was equally as effective as E2, whereas 17 alpha-estradiol [corrected] had no effect. The protein kinase A (PKA) activator forskolin mimicked the effects of E2, whereas the PKA inhibitor H89 and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I blocked the effects of E2. Similar to E2, STX, a membrane estrogen receptor (ER) agonist that does not bind to ERalpha or ERbeta, also potentiated the diazoxide-induced K(ATP) channel current by 1.5-fold. Therefore, E2 can potentiate K(ATP) channel activity in GnRH neurons through a membrane ER-activated PKC-PKA signaling pathway.
School nurses' perceptions and practices of assisting students in obtaining public health insurance.

BACKGROUND: From January through June 2009, 6.1 million children were uninsured in the United States. On average, students with health insurance are healthier and as a result are more likely to be academically successful. Some schools help students obtain health insurance with the help of school nurses. METHODS: This study assessed public school nurses’ knowledge and beliefs of the impact of health insurance on students’ health and academic success. The study also determined whether public school nurses or their schools were involved in helping students obtain public health insurance, and if so, how they did so. Additionally, the study assessed the public school nurses’ perceived benefits of and barriers to helping students obtain public health insurance. A paper-and-pencil survey was sent to a national random sample of 750 public school nurses. The response rate was 56%. RESULTS: Nearly 60% of respondents had helped students enroll in public health insurance. The majority perceived that helping students obtain public health insurance would reduce school absenteeism (90%), improve attention during school (84%), reduce the number of students held back (80%), reduce school dropouts (72%), and increase academic test scores (69%). Although the majority (53%) of nurses thought schools should assist students’ parents with filling out public health insurance enrollment forms, some expressed reservations about the process. CONCLUSION: School nurses indicated health insurance is important for the health and academic success of students. These beliefs are congruent with state Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP) directors’ perceptions, yet few schools have taken on the role of facilitating student enrollment in public health insurance programs.
Some aspects of the geochemistry of yttrium and the lanthanides

Abstract Recent data on the relative abundances of the lanthanides and yttrium in meteorites, basaltic rocks, granitic rocks and sedimentary rocks are reviewed. It is shown that the data are inadequate to substantiate or to disprove Taylor's derivation from these data of a 1:1 abundance ratio of basaltic to granitic rocks in the continental crust. Graphs are given to illustrate the variation of lanthanides in minerals with paragenesis. Both the paragenesis and the crystal chemistry of minerals affect the composition of the lanthanides.
Effects of a fire-retardant chemical to fathead minnows in experimental streams.

Background Each year millions of liters of fire-retardant chemicals are applied to wildfires across the nation. Recent laboratory studies with long-term fire-retardant chemicals indicate a significant photoenhanced toxicity of products containing sodium ferrocyanide corrosion inhibitors. Our objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of fire-retardant chemicals to fathead minnows during exposure in experimental outdoor streams.
Multiculturalism Permitted in English Only

The authors of this article discuss the discriminatory practices through language in both multicultural and bilingual education. Bilingual education promotes academic instruction in the native language, to varying degrees, while multicultural education stresses the need to valorize and appreciate cultural differences as a process during which linguistic minority students come to voice. However, in multicultural education, the underlying assumption is that coming to voice takes place in English only. Conversely, while bilingual education offers some degree of native language use, standard native languages are preferred while students’ vernaculars are denigrated and ignored, rendering bilingual education colonial-like in nature. Critical and anti-colonial literature, educational research, and current events are used to construct and support the authors’ basic argument that, in order for education to truly be liberatory, it must be respectfully communicated in the vernacular of the students themselves, parti...
Nifedipine reverses the abnormalities in [Ca2+]i and proliferation of B cells from dialysis patients

Nifedipine reverses the abnormalities in [Ca 2+ ]i and proliferation of B cells from dialysis patients. Both animals and patients with chronic renal failure have impaired B cell function due, in part, to elevated levels of cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ]i). Treatment of HD patients with nifedipine has normalized [Ca 2+ ]i of their polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and caused marked improvement in the phagocytic property of the PMNL. This observation may have important clinical implications if this drug exerts a similar effect on other cells such as B cells. We examined [Ca 2+ ]i, proliferation of B cells in response to mitogen, the magnitude of the PTH-induced inhibition of B cell proliferation, and the ATP content of mononuclear cells in 11 hemodialysis patients treated with nifedipine, 12 patients without nifedipine therapy and 11 normal subjects. Serum levels of IgG was also measured in the two groups of patients. There were no significant differences in the age, duration of hemodialysis, blood levels of calcium, phosphorus or PTH (571 ± 193 vs. 484 ± 127 pg/ml) among the two groups of patients. The hemodialysis patients without nifedipine therapy compared to those without nifedipine treatment have significantly (P 2+ ]i (120 ± 1.9nM vs. 94 ± 2.2nM), lower ATP content of mononuclear cells (0.45 ± 0.06 nmol/10 6 cells vs. 0.68 ± 0.04 nmoles/10 6 cells), impaired proliferation (5.8 ± 0.31 × 10 3 cpm vs. 9.8 ± 0.38 × 10 3 cpm) and smaller inhibition of B cell proliferation by PTH compared to those treated with nifedipine. The values in the patients treated with nifedipine were still modestly but significantly different than in normal subjects. The serum IgG levels of the patients without nifedipine therapy (1210 ± 71 mg/dl) were significantly lower than those of the patients treated with nifedipine (1594 ± 81 mg/dl). Thus, the treatment of hemodialysis patients with nifedipine produced marked and significant improvement in the metabolic and functional parameters of B cells despite no changes in blood levels of PTH. These data indicate that the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, interferes with PTH-induced rise in [Ca 2+ ]i of B cells of hemodialysis patients and consequently improves their metabolism and function. These observations if confirmed in other human cells may provide for a rational therapeutic approach to ameliorate the signs and symptoms of uremia.
Effects of current on photosynthesis and distribution of seagrasses

Studies of the effect of current on seagrass physiology and distribution are few, and the influence of current may be severely underestimated. Current flow may enhance nutrient uptake at the leaf surface of seagrasses by reducing the diffusion boundary layer, modifying the scale of turbulence within the canopy and presenting more nutrients to the leaf. Preliminary laboratory studies suggest that currents between 2 and 50 cm s−1 affect leaf production of Zostera marina L. under light-saturated conditions. Canopy modification of flow structure and light capture efficiency by the deflected canopy should be examined as strategies that could help explain species distribution under different current regimes. Current velocity (together with wave action) creates hydraulic regimes that influence seagrass and seedling distribution. Currents and waves have been correlated with meadow configuration, relief and blowout formation and migration, as well as the distribution of seagrass detritus.
Optimization of a Sonochemical Process Using a Novel Reactor and Taguchi Statistical Experimental Design Methodology

The recent increase in the applications of ultrasound for benign environmental remediation, chemical and materials synthesis, and biological processes presents an urgent need to optimize the sonochemical process to reduce the cost of operation and make it economically attractive for large-scale applications. This paper reports for the first time the application of the Taguchi statistical method to design experiments and optimize a sonochemical process. The model reaction chosen for study was the sonochemical oxidation of carbon disulfide, and the response measured was the amount of sulfate (i.e., the predominant oxidation product) formed during the ultrasonic irradiations. The effects of the key process parameters (i.e., temperature, ultrasonic intensity, irradiation gas, and frequency) on the sonochemical reaction were studied. A state-of-the-art sonicator capable of supplying ultrasonic energy at four pre-set frequencies (323, 581, 611, and 1300 kHz) and five different power settings (ranging from 13 to...
Self-Construals, Communication Processes, and Group Outcomes in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups

The objective of this study was to test a theoretical model posited by the author in 1995 that explains the relationships among self-construals (independent and interdependent self-image), communic...
CNOB/ChrR6, a new prodrug enzyme cancer chemotherapy

We report the discovery of a new prodrug, 6-chloro-9-nitro-5-oxo-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine (CNOB). This prodrug is efficiently activated by ChrR6, the highly active prodrug activating bacterial enzyme we have previously developed. The CNOB/ChrR6 therapy was effective in killing several cancer cell lines in vitro. It also efficiently treated tumors in mice with up to 40% complete remission. 9-Amino-6-chloro-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine-5-one (MCHB) was the only product of CNOB reduction by ChrR6. MCHB binds DNA; at nonlethal concentration, it causes cell accumulation in the S phase, and at lethal dose, it induces cell surface Annexin V and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Further, MCHB colocalizes with mitochondria and disrupts their electrochemical potential. Thus, killing by CNOB involves MCHB, which likely induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. An attractive feature of the CNOB/ChrR6 regimen is that its toxic product, MCHB, is fluorescent. This feature proved helpful in in vitro studies because simple fluorescence measurements provided information on the kinetics of CNOB activation within the cells, MCHB killing mechanism, its generally efficient bystander effect in cells and cell spheroids, and its biodistribution. The emission wavelength of MCHB also permitted its visualization in live animals, allowing noninvasive qualitative imaging of MCHB in mice and the tumor microenvironment. This feature may simplify exploration of barriers to the penetration of MCHB in tumors and their amelioration.
Lattice Green's function for crystals containing a planar interface

Flexible boundary condition methods couple an isolated defect to a harmonically responding medium through the bulk lattice Green's function; in the case of an interface, interfacial lattice Green's functions. We present a method to compute the lattice Green's function for a planar interface with arbitrary atomic interactions suited for the study of line defect/interface interactions. The interface is coupled to two different semi-infinite bulk regions, and the Green's function for interface-interface, bulk-interface, and bulk-bulk interactions are computed individually. The elastic bicrystal Green's function and the bulk lattice Green's function give the interaction between bulk regions. We make use of partial Fourier transforms to treat in-plane periodicity. Direct inversion of the force constant matrix in the partial Fourier space provides the interface terms. The general method makes no assumptions about the atomic interactions or crystal orientations. We simulate a screw dislocation interacting with a $(10\overline{1}2)$ twin boundary in Ti using flexible boundary conditions and compare with traditional fixed boundary conditions results. Flexible boundary conditions give the correct core structure with significantly less atoms required to relax by energy minimization. This highlights the applicability of flexible boundary conditions methods to modeling defect/interface interactions by ab initio methods.
TraJECT-3D: Generating realistic mobility traces for tactical network simulation

We present TraJECT-3D (Track and Junction based Exploit over Complex Terrain), a realistic generator of node movement trajectories for simulating tactical Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs). TraJECT-3D models the macro- and micro-mobility of different types of tactical nodes (e.g., soldiers, scouts, vehicles, UAVs) with a bidirectional track and junction strategy. The novel aspects and distinguishing features of our mobility model are: (1) supporting a three dimensional topology which is essential for realistic modeling of tactical scenarios in difficult terrains, and (2) considering variable size group mobility, multiple mission-based formations, and the inclusion of aerial traffic at the macro-mobility level and correlated movements at the micro-mobility. TraJECT-3D is validated by illustrating how the interactions between terrain characteristics, macro-mobility and micro-mobility models reproduce typical phenomena of tactical networks. Evaluation results show that the choice of mobility model heavily impacts node movement and density over terrain which in turn has a large impact on the performance of networking protocols.
Thymic enlargement in association with hyperthyroidism

A female adolescent with hyperthyroidism was found to have an anterior mediastinal mass. Radiological investigation of this mass was consistent with thymic enlargement. Chest roentgenograms one year after treatment showed resolution of the mediastinal mass. A non-invasive investigational approach to such patients is suggested based on a review of the pathological literature.
The roots of sexual arousal and sexual orientation

Unlike members of other species that are genetically wired to be attracted to their sexual partners, humans learn the cues that guide them in choosing their sexual partners and that trigger sexual arousal. Genetically wired mechanisms must be directing the acquisition of those cues and organizing them in information structures that underlie human sexual behavior. Individual sexuality is a combination of the genetic mechanisms and information learned through personal experiences. This article focuses on the roots of human sexuality – on genetically embedded mechanisms, common to all humans, around which the wide variety of sexual behaviors is built. It proposes a model that defines the basic mechanisms and their role in developing individual sexuality. It is suggested that three brain areas host the roots of human sexuality: the auditory area, which provides stimuli that serve as cues for the identification of a mate; an emotional area, which provides cues for emotional arousal; and a corporal area, which controls the physiological expressions of arousal. The amygdala is a main candidate for the emotional area, and the hypothalamus for the corporal area, but other areas may also provide those inputs. Experimental observations that support this model are discussed, and an outline of additional experiments for validating the model is proposed. If validated, the model would provide knowledge that fills a gap in the understanding of human sexuality – knowledge that would benefit individuals, the medical profession, and society as a whole.
A note on recognizing autocorrelation and using autoregression

The presence of autocorrelation in the analysis of a variable sampled sequentially at regular time intervals appears to be unknown to many agricultural meteorologists despite abundant documentation found in the traditional meteorological and statistical literature. It follows that the statistical consequences as well as methodological alternatives are also unknown. Through an example using paired radiometer observations, this note discusses recognition of autocorrelation as well as the importance of testing ordinary least squares regression parameters in the presence of autocorrelated residuals. An autoregression example is presented as one alternative way to analyze the given dataset.
Chloroquine-induced venodilation in human hand veins.

Objective Hypotension induced by parenteral administration of chloroquine is a common and serious adverse effect of this drug. Our aim was to investigate whether chloroquine produces venodilation in vivo and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Vascular effects of chloroquine were studied in healthy volunteers with use of the dorsal hand vein technique at the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. We studied 22 healthy volunteers (19 men and three women). Venous responsiveness was determined with the dorsal hand vein technique, which measures the diameter of the vein. Results Chloroquine was found to produce a dose-dependent relaxation of hand veins preconstricted with the α1-receptor selective agonist phenylephrine. The venodilatory response to chloroquine ranged from 15% ± 19% at an infusion rate of 0.75 μg/min to 61% ± 24% at 48 μg/min. Venodilation was attenuated by the nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) so that the dose of chloroquine required to produce 20% venodilation was increased from 3.7 μg/min to 15 μg/min (p < 0.01). In the presence of a combination of histamine receptor antagonists, there was also a diminution of the vasodilatory response to chloroquine from 72% ± 5% to 44% ± 5% at the infusion rate of 96 μg/min. The response was further reduced to 33% ± 7% by the coinfusion of H1-/H2-receptor antagonists with L-NMMA. Conclusion Chloroquine produces venodilation at infusion rates that achieve local concentrations likely similar to those observed systematically after clinically relevant intravenous doses. The data also suggest a role for nitric oxide and histamine release in mediating this response. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 677–683; doi:
Correlative iPALM and Platinum Replica Electron Tomography Pinpoints Endocytic Proteins on the Mammalian Cell Cortex in 3D

Super-resolution localization microscopy techniques like photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic reconstruction microscopy (STORM) can be used to locate proteins in cells to a resolution of 10 nm which, along with other recent super-resolution techniques, has revolutionized the field of fluorescence microscopy. However, even super-resolution fluorescence microscopy lacks the ability to see detailed structure surrounding the proteins in the way that electron microscopy (EM) has been able to do for decades. Here, we combine interferometric PALM (iPALM) with EM tomography of mammalian cell cortex platinum replicas to localize clathrin-associated proteins on clathrin coated structures in three dimensions at a resolution ∼20 nm. We specifically pinpoint the position of clathrin and epsin on clathrin coated pits and find that epsin is positioned on the outer perimeter of clathrin coated plaques and along the height of the sidewalls of clathrin-coated pits. We continue to enhance this method with changes in sample preparation and we are using the method to study the nanoscale organization of membrane-associated proteins in multiple different mammalian cell lines.
Theoretical Interpretations of Social Class and Racial Differentials in Legal Decision-Making for Juveniles*

This paper examines three theoretical interpretations of the frequently observed relationship between social class, race and legal decision-making for juveniles. The literature provides only weak e...
Thermochemistry of jarosite-alunite and natrojarosite-natroalunite solid solutions

Abstract The thermochemistry of jarosite-alunite and natrojarosite-natroalunite solid solutions was investigated. Members of these series were either coprecipitated or synthesized hydrothermally and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, electron microprobe analysis, ICP-MS, and thermal analysis. Partial alkali substitution and vacancies on the Fe/Al sites were observed in all cases, and the solids studied can be described by the general formula K 1-x-y Na y (H 3 O) x Fe z Al w (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6–3(3-z-w) (H 2 O) 3(3-z-w) . A strong preferential incorporation of Fe over Al in the jarosite/alunite structure was observed. Heats of formation from the elements, ΔH° f , were determined by high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The solid solutions deviate slightly from thermodynamic ideality by exhibiting positive enthalpies of mixing in the range 0 to +11 kJ/mol. The heats of formation of the end members of both solid solutions were derived. The values ΔH° f = −3773.6 ± 9.4 kJ/mol, ΔH° f = −4912.2 ± 24.2 kJ/mol, ΔH° f = −3734.6 ± 9.7 kJ/mol and ΔH° f = −4979.7 ± 7.5kJ/mol were found for K 0.85 (H 3 O) 0.15 Fe 2.5 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 4.5 (H 2 O) 1.5 , K 0.85 (H 3 O) 0.15 Al 2.5 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 4.5 (H 2 O) 1.5 , Na 0.7 (H 3 O) 0.3 Fe 2.7 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 5.1 (H 2 O) 0.9 , and Na 0.7 (H 3 O) 0.3 Al 2.7 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 5.1 (H 2 O) 0.9 respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first experimentally-based report of ΔH° f for such nonstoichiometric alunite and natroalunite samples. These thermodynamic data should prove helpful to study, under given conditions, the partitioning of Fe and Al between the solids and aqueous solution.
α1-ADRENERGIC MECHANISM IN DIABETIC URETHRAL DYSFUNCTION IN RATS

ABSTRACT Purpose: We investigated the contribution of α 1 -adrenoceptor mechanisms to urethral dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. Materials and Methods: Eight weeks after streptozotocin injection (65 mg/kg intraperitoneally) the effects of DM on urethral relaxation mechanisms were evaluated with subjects under urethane anesthesia by simultaneous recordings of intravesical pressure in isovolumetric conditions and urethral perfusion pressure (UPP). Results: In diabetic rats the intravesical pressure thresholds for inducing urethral relaxation and the lowest urethral pressure (UPP nadir) during urethral relaxation were significantly higher by 142% and 86%, respectively, than in normal rats, while baseline UPPs were not significantly different. The mean rate of high frequency oscillations of urethral striated muscle in diabetic rats was also significantly lower by 23% than in normal rats. After α-bungarotoxin treatment (333 μg/kg intravenously) to eliminate striated muscle sphincter contractions the SD of baseline UPPs was significantly larger by 93% than in normal rats. Intravenous administration of terazosin (0.4 mg/kg), an α 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist, significantly decreased the UPP nadir, intravesical pressure thresholds inducing urethral relaxation and the SD by 41%, 87% and 138%, respectively, in diabetic rats but not in normal rats. In the 2 groups of animals after α-bungarotoxin treatment urethral relaxation during a reflex bladder contraction was inhibited by Nω-nitro-L-arginine (40 mg/kg intravenously), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Conclusions: During reflex bladder contractions streptozotocin induced diabetic rats showed smooth and striated muscle dysfunctions of the urethra. The inhibition of α 1 -adrenoceptors, which decreased the UPP nadir and UPP fluctuation, may be useful for treating urethral dysfunction in DM.
Evaluation of Surgical Removal of Fractured Distal Splint Bones in the Horse

Between January 1977 and June 1980, 38 Standardbred and 23 Thoroughbred horses had fractured distal splint bones removed surgically. Standardbred horses were treated significantly more frequently compared with the hospital population. The incidence of distal splint bone fractures in the front legs was significantly greater (p 0.05) than in the rear legs in both breeds. Associated suspensory desmitis was present in 81% of Standardbred and 67% of Thoroughbred horses at the time of surgery. The most common radiographic sign was fracture with associated callus. It was not possible to correlate preoperative radiographic signs with presence of associated suspensory desmitis. One Thoroughbred horse developed a large mass of amorphous bone at the surgical site which required a second surgical procedure. Follow-up information was available on 21 of 38 Standardbred and 17 of 23 Thoroughbred horses. There was no correlation found between preoperative radiographic signs or the location and number of distal splint bone fractures with postoperative results. Twenty-five percent of Standardbreds that had preoperative suspensory desmitis eventually reached at least their previous level of performance. None of the Thoroughbred racehorses with preoperative suspensory desmitis returned to their previous level of performance. Five of 17 Thoroughbred horses were pleasure horses, and all were reported “sound for intended use” following surgery; however, only four of five were used at their previous level of performance. The significant feature in the prognosis of distal splint bone fractures in this series was the presence of associated suspensory desmitis. Postsurgical performance was limited by the recurrence of suspensory desmitis.
Climate variability and tropical tuna: Management challenges for highly migratory fish stocks

Abstract The 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement facilitates the creation of regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) to govern harvests of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. The stability and success of these organizations will depend, in part, on how effectively they can maintain member nations’ incentives to cooperate despite the uncertainties and shifting opportunities that may result from climate-driven changes in the productivity, migratory behavior, or catchability of the fish stocks governed by the RFMO. Such climatic impacts may intensify incentives for opportunism, and create other management challenges for the RFMOs now governing tropical tuna fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Squeezing enhancement in the Jaynes-Cummings model via selective atomic measurements

Abstract The squeezing for a cavity field in the Jaynes-Cummings model is rather modest (∼ 20%) for low average photon number. We show that the squeezing may be greatly enhanced, even for low photon number, by selective atomic ionization. Squeezing up to 75% can be obtained.
Determination of the Au active site and surface active species via operando transmission FTIR and isotopic transient experiments on 2.3 wt.% Au/TiO2 for the WGS reaction

Abstract The kinetics and the active site for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction were investigated by operando FTIR during steady state and isotopic transient experiments on a 2.3 wt.% Au/TiO 2 catalyst. The WGS rate at 120 °C and activation energy measured in the operando IR reactor for the WGS reaction (7% CO, 11% H 2 O, 9% CO 2 , and 37% H 2 ) on the Au/TiO 2 catalyst were 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10 −2 (mol H 2 ) (mol −1 Au) s −1 and 56 ± 3 kJ mol −1 , respectively. We have shown that the kinetics measured over a pressed wafer in a transmission FTIR were similar to those measured in a regular plug flow reactor (PFR). Operando IR data were used to follow the catalyst deactivation as a function of time, and the amount of CO adsorbed on metallic Au species (Au 0 , 2100 cm −1 ) correlated with the WGS rates, while CO adsorbed on partially negatively charged Au species (Au δ − , 2040 cm −1 ) did not. The rate loss did not correlate with the amounts of formate- and carbonate-like species measured by IR but was consistent with a loss of active sites by sintering. Measurements by isotopic transient experiments ( 13 CO– 12 CO) on the Au/TiO 2 catalyst with an average Au particle size of 3 nm showed that less than 3% of the total surface Au atoms on the Au nanoparticles were responsible for the majority of the catalytic activity. Time-resolved IR spectra collected during the isotopic transient experiments showed that CO adsorbed on Au 0 species were involved in the reaction pathway, while the surface formate and carbonate species were spectators under these WGS conditions. Based on these results, we conclude that metallic corner Au atoms are the dominant active sites for WGS on Au/TiO 2 catalysts and that CO adsorbed on Au 0 is an active intermediate. In addition, we present a detailed description of the design, construction, and operation of a transmission FTIR cell capable of performing operando kinetic measurements and isotope switching experiments with a signal decay time of about 95% in 1.5 s.
Uncertainty and its Effect on Capital Investment Analysis

When uncertainty concerning costs, revenues, and project life exists, classical measures of capital investment return are limited in value. Sensitivity analysis indicates that relatively small over estimates and under estimates create relatively large errors in the discounted rate of return for different types of return schedules. Perhaps, then, businessmen are justified in seeking other methods of project evaluation.
Software reuse and simulation

Software reuse technology has the potential of impacting significantly the software development process. This paper addresses issues of software reuse and their application to simulation software. A simple classification scheme is presented to assist in the identification of software components. Historical approaches to reuse are then discussed along with desirable attributes of reuse systems and components. Following this, impacts of reuse technology on the software development process are discussed. The paper concludes with sections on the application of reuse to simulation and a methodology for developing reuse systems.