cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A technique for the preparation of powders for examination by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Several techniques exist for preparing thin foils from powders that have been incorporated in a nickel matrix by electroplating or electroless plating. The yield and quality of foils are, however, generally inadequate for analyses requiring large numbers of thinned powders. A new technique has been developed that utilizes a plating chemistry that results in an electroless nickel (EN) matrix. Because the technique does not require a conductive substrate, it is applicable to non-conductive powders as well as to metal powders. For metal powders to be thinned electrochemically the technique produces a matrix that will thin uniformly along with the metal powders using standard electropolishing techniques. The EN matrix produced is non-magnetic and the uniformity of the electrochemical thinning of foils prepared by this method allows surface features on the powders such as splat caps to be easily observed. Also, because the technique produces a high yield of thin foils, it is useful in transmission electron microscopy studies that require large numbers of powders to be examined. The technique is illustrated along with the results of transmission electron microscopy studies characterizing the microstructure of nickel-base superalloy powders and plasma spray coating powders as a function of powder size. The powders thinned in these studies include Rene 95, low carbon Astroloy, AF-115, IN-100, Merl-76, as well as NiCoCrAlY, vacuum-plasma-sprayed coating alloy powders.
Experimental overlay and pin partial denture.

Abstract A series of tests was made to compare the retention of a removable partial denture by overlay pins with a similar removable partial denture that was retained by clasps. The results indicate that greater retention was attained with overlay pins than with clasps. This design for partial denture retention is difficult to construct, but it can be useful for some patients.
Recognizing the optimum burn-in period

It is generally accepted within the reliability discipline that component failures occur when the strength of the component ie less than the stresses imposed. Due to the unavoidable variations in processing and materials, it will not be unusul to find component or product strength distributions that are bimodal in nature, consisting of a mixture of two Weibull distributions (i.e. weak and strong component distributions). This paper presents an analysis of both field performance and burn-in data collated over a period of time on one particular type of display unit which clearly exhibits some form of bimodality. The text also explains in detail the manner in which optimum burn-in duration can be computed via a Weibull plotting technique or by applying the sequential burn-in procedure.
The solution of the general initial value problem for the full three dimensional three-wave resonant interaction

Abstract The general initial value problem for the full three-dimensional three-wave resonant interaction is solved by inverse scattering. The existence and uniqueness of the solution is established when all waves have a positive energy.
Channel Quality Variation as a Design Consideration for Wireless Data Link Protocols

The data link protocol HDL+, which has been proposed for incorporation into NATO STANAG 4538, employs an innovative combination of Type II Hybrid-ARQ techniques with real-time adaptation of signal constellation and code rate to achieve high throughput performance under a wide variety of channel conditions. The ionospheric HF channels for which HDL+ was designed exhibit important variations in channel quality (SNR, fading and multipath chcracteristics) at a variety of time scales from seconds to minutes. It appears plausible that the design characteristics of the HDL+ protocol couldprove especially valuable in coping with time-varying channel quality over these time scales. In this paper, we ? Present and discuss a model of channel quality variation and a way of incorporating it into an ionospheric channel simulator suitable for performance characterization of HF communications waveforms andprotocols ? Provide overviews of HDL+ and of the STANAG 5066 data link protocol, a widely-used protocol based on conventional (not hybrid) ARQ techniques ? Present and discuss comparative performance data for the HDL+ and STANAG 5066 protocols obtained under test conditions including channel quality variation.
The Starfire Optical Range 3.5-m Adaptive Optical Telescope

The 3.5-m telescope at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR), operated by the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM saw first light in February, 1994 and first operation of the adaptive optics in September, 1997. The primary mirror built by Steward Observatory Mirror Lab is spun cast borosilicate, actively supported and temperature conditioned. The telescope mount was designed to smoothly track low-earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites and therefore has different features than most telescopes designed for astronomy. The protective enclosure retracts vertically, leaving the telescope completely exposed, enabling access to rapidly moving targets. The telescope feeds a coude laboratory containing steering mirrors, deformable mirror, sensors for wave front control and target tracking, high resolution cameras, and lasers for beacons and energy projection experiments. This paper summarizes recent operating experiences and provides lessons learned in terms of thermal conditioning, mount control, mirror control, mirror cleaning, optical alignment, and satellite tracking. The operation and performance of the tracking and higher-order wave front compensation to LEO satellites will be presented. Plans for future upgrades will be described.
Natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of bone phosphoproteins as a function of in vivo new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix in soft tissue and bony environments.

Implants of allogenic demineralized bone matrix were placed in distinct in vivo environments, i.e. calvarial (bony) and subcutaneous (soft tissue) sites. Detailed analyses of the biochemical components were performed. Quantitative levels of osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) deposition within each implant environment varied as a function of new bone formation, and were substantially different in samples from calvarial and subcutaneous sites. Quantification of the extent of phosphorylation of affinity-purified OPN and BSP from such implants indicated that: (i) the number of mols of phosphoserine (P-Ser)/mol of affinity-purified OPN or BSP varied as a function of implant time and bone formation within both implant sites, and (ii) the 'effective P-Ser concentration' provided by the total OPN and BSP within each implant site varied and increased as a function of time, being approx. 5-fold higher for BSP in calvarial compared with subcutaneous implants. Peak levels of mols of P-Ser/mol of BSP coincided with maximum rates of Ca-P deposition in calvarial implants. Levels of OPN phosphorylation from both calvarial and subcutaneous implants also indicated fluctuations as a function of bone formation. Hence the present study, for the first time, provides direct evidence of natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of both OPN and BSP as a function of time of mineralized tissue formation. Further evaluation of the data provides the first evidence of a direct and linear relationship between the rate of Ca-P deposition and the ratio of P-Ser-BSP/P-Ser-OPN for calvarial implants. Data for subcutaneous implants failed to provide such correlation. Overall, the present work demonstrates that the natural biological progression of the process of biomineralization follows strict criteria consistent with the anatomical location. Biomineralization fails to proceed in the same way in a soft tissue environment.
Is the Relationship Between ADHD Symptoms and Binge Eating Mediated by Impulsivity

Objective: Individuals with ADHD may be at risk of developing binge eating disorder (BED). Impulsivity correlates with both BED and ADHD; however, more research is needed to explore whether impulsi...
Oscillatory potential analysis and ERGs of normal and diabetic rats

PURPOSE. To identify and characterize the early alterations of the ERG oscillatory potentials (OPs) under conditions of poor glycemic control associated with diabetes in an animal model. To characterize and correlate the a- and b-wave properties of the ERGs of diabetic animals in parallel with the changes in oscillatory potentials. METHODS. Blood sugars, weights, and ERGs were measured for a group of rats each week for 3 weeks to obtain baseline information. A single injection of streptozotocin was given to the experimental animals. Weights, blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, and detailed ERGs were recorded weekly for up to 12 weeks in control and experimental animals. RESULTS. OP kinetics were found to be inherently related to amplitude. Amplitude-matched OPs were delayed in diabetic animals when compared with baseline data from the same animal. The kinetics of OPs in control animals stayed the same or were slightly accelerated relative to their baseline values. For a given recording condition, OP kinetics were very stable over time and this stability was not disturbed in diabetic animals. Diabetic animals showed a small but significant delay in the a-wave, but no change in b-wave timing. The sensitivity of the b-wave was reduced twofold, but that of the a-wave was not changed. CONCLUSIONS. OPs have been used to evaluate retinal function in both diabetic models and patients. The comparison of amplitude-matched OPs is a robust determinant of changes in kinetics. Researchers and clinicians who use OPs may wish to consider the relationship between OP amplitude and kinetics to avoid confounding assessments of abnormalities. The amplitude versus kinetics relationship does not change form in diabetic animals; it is merely shifted (delayed) on the time axis.
Relationship of Chautauqua Seamount to Seafloor Spreading in the North Pacific Ocean

CHAUTAUQUA SEAMOUNT is one of a north–south trending group of seamounts 155 km west of the island of Kauai (Fig. 1). We1 described the magnetic and gravity fields of Chautauqua Seamount, and its age has subsequently been discussed (ref. 2 and personal communication from J. Francheteau, J. G. Sclater, M. S. Richards and C. G. A. Harrison). We conclude that in the light of evidence presented within the past year, strong arguments can be put forward for a Cretaceous age of Chautauqua Seamount.
Effect of Deposition Rate on the Stress Evolution of Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

The deposition rate plays an important role in determining the thickness, stress state, and physical properties of plasma-sprayed coatings. In this article, the effect of the deposition rate on the stress evolution during the deposition (named evolving stress) of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings was systematically studied by varying the powder feed rate and the robot-scanning speed. The evolving stress during the deposition tends to increase with the increased deposition rate, and this tendency was less significant at a longer spray distance. In some cases, the powder feed rate had more significant influence on the evolving stress than the robot speed. This tendency can be associated with a deviation of a local deposition temperature at a place where sprayed particles are deposited from an average substrate temperature. At a further higher deposition rate, the evolving stress was relieved by introduction of macroscopic vertical cracks as well as horizontal branching cracks.
Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes.

Background & Aims Experimental studies indicate a potential cancer prevention effect for statins. Given the increasing prevalence of statin use, and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the potential association between statins and HCC is an important issue to examine. Methods We conducted a matched case-control study nested within a cohort of patients with diabetes. Cases comprised incident HCC at least 6 months after entry in the cohort. Controls were identified by incidence density sampling from patients who remained at risk at the date of the HCC diagnosis matched by age and sex. We identified filled statin prescriptions as well as several potential confounding conditions, medications, as well as propensity score to use statins. Odds ratios (ORs) as estimates of the relative risk for HCC associated with statin use and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using conditional logistic regression. Results We examined 1303 cases and 5212 controls. The mean age was 72 years and 99% were men. A significantly smaller proportion of cases (34.3%) had at least one filled prescription for statins than controls (53.1%). There were no significant associations between HCC and nonstatin cholesterol- or triglyceride-lowering medications. The unadjusted OR for any statin prescription was 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.517) and the adjusted OR was 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.87). To reduce the potential confounding effect of existing liver disease, we ran the analyses in a subgroup of patients without recorded liver disease; the ORs were slightly attenuated but remained highly significant for any statin prescription (0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.50–0.78). Conclusions Statin use is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of HCC among patients with diabetes.
Plato on the Norms of Speech and Thought

Near the beginning of the Cratylus (385e-387d) Plato’s Socrates argues, against his friend Hermogenes, that the standards of correctness for our use of names in speech are in no way up to us. Yet this conclusion should strike us, at least initially, as bizarre. After all, how could it not be up to us whether to call our children by the names of our parents, or whether to call dogs “dogs”? My aim in this paper will be to show that, although Plato’s argument does not succeed in establishing this apparently bizarre conclusion, it may well succeed in establishing an equally momentous conclusion: that the standards of correctness for our use of concepts in thought are in no way up to us.
Several symbolic augmented Chebyshev expansions for solving the equation of radiative transfer

Three expansion methods are described using Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind for solving the integral form of the equation of radiative transfer in an isotropically scattering, absorbing, and emitting plane-parallel medium. With the aid of symbolic computation, the unknown expansion coefficients associated with this choice of basis functions are shown to permit analytic resolution. A unified and systematic solution treatment is offered using the projection methods of collocation, Ritz-Galerkin, and Weighted-Galerkin, Numerical results are presented contrasting the three expansion methods and comparing them with existing benchmark results. New theoretical results are presented illustrating rigorous error bounds, residual characteristics, accuracy, and convergence rates. 50 refs., 2 figs., 8 tabs.
Optical design using computer graphics

For decades the computer has been the primary tool used for optical design. Typical tasks include performing numerical calculations for ray tracing and analysis and rendering graphics for system drawings. As machines become faster with each new generation, the time needed for a particular design task has greatly reduced, allowing multiple assignments to be performed with little noticeable delay. This lets the designer modify a system and then immediately see the results rendered in graphics with a single motion. Such visual design methods are discussed here, where graphics of systems and plots relating to their performance are produced in real time, permitting the optical designer to design by pictures. Three examples are given: an educational tutorial for designing a simple microscope objective, an unobstructed reflective telescope composed of three spherical mirrors, and a modified Offner relay with an accessible pupil.
Theoretical Conformational Analysis of Thiacrown Macrocycles

A gas phase conformational analysis was performed on four sulfur-containing macrocycles (9-thiacrown-3, 12-thiacrown-4, 15-thiacrown-5, and 18-thiacrown-6) using a combination of empirical and ab i...
Young Mr. Lincoln : between myth and history in 1939

Upon its release, contemporary critics hailed Young Mr. Lincoln as a landmark in American historical cinema. Terry Ramsaye, the elder statesman of film history, commented in The Motion Picture Herald : 'The like of this picture in the nature of its story concept has never before been offered outside the art cinemas.' According to Ramsaye, Young Mr. Lincoln achieved something unique in historical film-making. It not only recorded historical events or document Lincoln's life, but assumed the audience's knowledge and moved beyond to a more subtle engagement with the past. In the ensuing six decades, no one within the disciplines of either film studies or history has pursued Ramsaye's insight. Indeed, subsequent readings have denied or dismissed the film's historical nature. This essays restores Young Mr. Lincoln 's self-conscious historical discourse by first examining the Lincoln tradition in classical Hollywood cinema best exemplified in 1939 by Lincoln in the White House and Abe Lincoln in Illinois , and ...
Random sequential adsorption in porous solids

Abstract The irreversible random sequential adsorption of spherical particles on the surface of a three-dimensional sponge-like porous structure was investigated by computer simulation. Results obtained for various values of particle size and porosity indicate that the adsorption kinetics follow Feder's limiting power law for random sequential adsorption on a plane surface. The maximum coverage θ(∞) was in all cases found to be higher than that for the plane surface case. A good correlation for θ(∞) as a function of particle size and porosity is presented.
Intrathecal meperidine for labor analgesia: preliminary communication

Abstract The authors administered intrathecal meperidine 10 mg to 10 healthy laboring women to determine its analgesic quality, onset, duration, and side-effect profile. When patients requested pain relief, we injected 10 mg preservative-free meperidine in 1 ml normal saline through a 32 gauge spinal catheter. We administered a second dose of meperidine 10 mg if analgesia was inadequate at 10 min. Additional doses of intrathecal meperidine or bupivacaine were administered on request. All patients received local anesthetic intrathecally or by infiltration for delivery. Eight patients were pain-free following meperidine 10 mg, the other 2 patients were comfortable after the second 10 mg meperidine dose. Three patients did not request further labor analgesics and delivered 58, 66 and 244 min following their initial injection of intrathecal meperidine. The mean duration of analgesia in the other 7 patients was 136 ± 58 (mean ± sd) min. Six of the 10 women in the study delivered vaginally; 3 spontaneously and 3 with vacuum or forceps assistance. Four patients delivered by cesarean section for failure to progress. Side-effects (which were easily treated) consisted of: pruritus ( n = 1), vomiting ( n = 2), hypotension ( n = 2) and changes in fetal heart rate pattern ( n = 5). All infants were vigorous and had good Apgar scores at birth. In conclusion, intrathecal meperidine is a promising labor analgesic, but the effect of meperidine on maternal blood pressure, fetal heart rate pattern, and the progress of labor need to be determined.
Structure, Motion, and Exchange Coupling of 15NO2/15NO2 Radical Pairs Occupying Adjacent Solvent Cavities of α-HNIW, a Nitramine Hydrate

Low-temperature photolysis of α-HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazatetracyclo[5.5.05,9.03,11]dodecane) generated three 15NO2/15NO2 radical pairs that were studied by single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at 80 K. In two of the pairs, A and B, the two NO2 molecules occupy solvent cavities that are related by unit translation along the a-axis of the α-HNIW unit cell (radical pair separations of 9.26 and 9.67 A). In the third pair, C, they occupy cavities related by translation along the b-axis (∼13 A). Pair formation was highly specific since no pairs were trapped in cavities related by the b-glide (8.14 A). All three observed pairs survived annealing to 215 K, but from 220 to 294 K they decayed, one by one, without interconverting or separating to isolated radicals. Positive and negative exchange couplings as large as 0.004 cm-1 were estimated through approximate simulation of the position and intensity of transitions involving the nuclear states with hyperfine-induced So−To mixing. ...
Identifying and Providing for Musically Gifted Young Children

The identification of gifted children and provisions for appropriate educational planning should encompass all areas of gifts and talents. This article discusses the importance of identifying musically gifted young children with respect to three major questions: Why is it important to identify musical gifts at a young age? What characteristics and abilities are notable among musically gifted young children? What provisions can be made to nurture the gifts and talents of the child who is musically gifted?
DELAYED DENSITY-DEPENDENT PREVALENCE OF SIN NOMBRE VIRUS INFECTION IN DEER MICE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN MONTANA

Understanding how transmission of zoonoses takes place within reservoir populations, such as Sin Nombre virus (SNV) among deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), is important in determining the risk of exposure to other hosts, including humans. In this study, we examined the relationship between deer mouse populations and the prevalence of antibodies to SNV, a system where the effect of host population abundance on transmission is debated. We examined the relationship between abundance of deer mice in late summer–early autumn and SNV antibody prevalence the following spring–early summer (termed delayed density-dependent [DDD] prevalence of infection) at both regional and local scales, using 12 live-trapping grids for 11–14 yr, across central and western Montana. When all trapping grids were combined (regional scale), there was a significant DDD relationship for individual months and when months within seasons were averaged. However, within individual grids (local scale), evidence of DDD prevalence of infection was observed consistently at only one location. These findings suggest that, although there is evidence of DDD prevalence of infection at regional scales, it is not always apparent at local scales, possibly because the regional pattern of DDD infection prevalence is driven by differences in abundance and prevalence among sites, rather than in autumn-spring delays. Transmission of SNV may be more complex than the original hypothesis of autumn-spring delayed density dependence suggests. This complexity is also supported by recent modeling studies. Empirical investigations are needed to determine the duration and determinants of time-lagged abundance and antibody prevalence. Our study suggests predicting local, human exposure risk to SNV in spring, based on deer mouse abundance in autumn, is unlikely to be a reliable public health tool, particularly at local scales.
Altering the regulatory targets of the Deformed protein in Drosophila embryos by substituting the Abdominal-B homeodomain.

Abstract The homeotic selector genes of Drosophila melanogaster encode transcriptional regulatory proteins that control the determination of different segmental fates. Binding of selector proteins to regulatory DNA sequences is mediated by an evolutionary conserved protein domain, the homeodomain. Although homeodomains encoded by the selector genes are very similar in their amino acid sequence and in vitro DNA-binding properties, here we provide additional evidence that the homeodomain is responsinle for most of the regulatory specificity of the entire protein. A heat-shock promoter/selectro gene was constructed that encodes a Deformed / Abdominal-B chimera in which the Abdominal-B homeodomain is substituted for that of Deformed. Expression of this chimeric protein throughout the embryo causes morphological transformations of anterior segments toward more posterior identities. A number of other homeotic selector genes, all normally repressed by Abdominal-B, are ectopically activated by the chimeric protein. These results support the hypothesis that the target specificity of similar homeodomain proteins is largely determined by the amino acid sequence of the homeodomain.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of rat bradykinin B2 receptor gene.

Abstract The bradykinin B2 receptor mediates the effect of kinin. In order to understand the structure and regulation of its expression, we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the rat bradykinin B2 receptor and its 5′ flanking region from a rat genomic library. The B2 receptor gene spans 7.3 kb in length and contains three exons which are separated by two introns. It encodes a peptide of 366 amino acids. The transcription initiation site was mapped by the primer extension assay. A variant TATA box sequence, an IL-6 response element and a cAMP response element were identified in the 5′ flanking region of the rat bradykinin B2 receptor gene.
Ultrasound Densitometric Analysis of Carotid Plaque Composition Pathoanatomic Correlation

Background and Purpose The components of a carotid artery plaque might affect the risk of ipsilateral stroke. The accuracy of carotid duplex scan in assessing stroke risk reflects the experience of...
Metal-diboride nanotubes as high-capacity hydrogen storage media.

We investigate the potential for hydrogen storage of a new class of nanomaterials, metal−diboride nanotubes. These materials have the merits of a high density of binding sites on the tubular surfaces without the adverse effects of metal clustering. Using the TiB2 (8,0) and (5,5) nanotubes as prototype examples, we show through first-principles calculations that each Ti atom can host two intact H2 units, leading to a retrievable hydrogen storage capacity of 5.5 wt %. Most strikingly, the binding energies fall in the desirable range of 0.2−0.6 eV per H2 molecule, endowing these structures with the potential for room-temperature, near-ambient-pressure applications.
Kinetic and thermogravimetric analysis of the thermal oxidative degradation of flame‐retardant polyesters

Untreated and flame-retarded poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics have been subjected to thermogravimetric analysis in air at several heating rates between 0.1°C/min and 100°C/min. The data have been analyzed using a variety of methods to obtain kinetic parameters for the sequential stages in the thermal degradation process. The data obtained reveal that the phosphorous-only flame retardants do not significantly effect the degradation kinetics. The two bromine-containing flame retardants, however, are capable of modifying the degradation kinetics, with the Dacron 900F material being responsible for a beneficial condensed-phase effect while the TRIS-treated sample is responsible for reduced activation energies and more rapid weight loss.
Designing optical path length, photonic, and plasmonic effects into nanostructured solar cells

The numerical modeling presented here shows the carrier collection and light management potential of nano-scale structure designs in solar cells. This design evaluation procedure includes scattering phenomena arising from photonic (periodic structure) and plasmonic effects and also the effective absorber length impact arising from morphology. This design work points to short circuit current densities of over 17mA/cm2 being attainable under AM1.5G from an a-Si:H absorber nominal thickness of 200nm.
Coincident loss of mitochondria and nuclei during lens fiber cell differentiation

During normal differentiation, lens fiber cells lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and other membrane-bound organelles. In the present study, a slice preparation of the embryonic chicken lens was used with laser scanning confocal microscopy to study the spatial and temporal patterns of organelle breakdown during embryonic development. At all stages examined, mitochondria in lens epithelial cells were present in perinuclear clusters. In contrast, early in development, lens fiber cells contained extremely elongated mitochondria (> 100 microns) that were distributed throughout the cytoplasm and oriented along the long axis of the cells. By the 8th day of embryonic development (E8), the mitochondria in the central fiber cells began to fragment. At the same time, the nuclei in these cells became smaller and more spherical. By E10, mitochondrial staining in the central fibers became punctate. Electron microscopy of this region revealed swollen mitochondria with disrupted cristae. By E12, cells in the central region of the lens lacked mitochondria and nuclei. The loss of nuclei and mitochondria from a given cell was coincident and abrupt (2-4 hr), occurring in a previously unsuspected domain situated about 300 microns from the anterior surface of the lens. A cytoskeletal component, actin, persisted in the central cells indicating that organelle degradation represents a selective process and not simply the global degradation of supramolecular structures. Throughout embryonic development, the organelle-free region grew at approximately the same rate as the lens and, by the time of hatching, had expanded to match the diameter of the pupil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Salivary gland cancer: assessing elusive behavior.

Primary salivary gland neoplasms are rare and are known for their varied phenotypic and biological presentations and behavior. They originate from three major, and numerous minor, salivary glands m...
Spectrum of Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in a Community Teaching Hospital

Objective: The goal of this study was to characterize the spectrum of upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis in a community teaching hospital. Design And Setting: A retrospective analysis was used at a large urban teaching hospital. Material And Methods: We reviewed the records of 90 patients with ultrasound-documented thrombosis of the internal jugular, subclavian, axillary, or brachial veins to determine clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcome. Results: The most common underlying conditions associated with upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis were the presence of a central venous catheter in 65 patients (72%), infection in 25 (28%), extrathoracic malignancy in 20 (22%), thoracic malignancy in 19 (21%), renal failure in 19 (21%), and a prior lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis in 16 (18%). Pain was noted in 31 (34%) patients, and 76 patients (84%) had edema of the involved extremity. The left subclavian vein was involved in 44 patients (49%), and 35 patients (39%) had a central venous catheter in the left subclavian vein. When a central venous catheter was present, the deep venous thrombosis was usually ipsilateral (P <.001). Heparin and warfarin were administered to 65 (72%) and 53 (59%) of the patients, respectively. Eleven patients (12%) died. Of these patients, 8 (73%) had an underlying infection, whereas only 22% of survivors had an infection (P =.0012). Conclusion: Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis typically occurs in patients with a systemic illness in the presence of a central venous catheter. The left subclavian vein is frequently involved because this is a common site for placement of a central venous catheter. Pain is uncommon, but edema of the involved extremity is noted in the majority of patients. The mortality rate of patients in this study with an upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis was 12%; most patients who died had a central venous catheter and an underlying infection. (Heart Lung® 2000;29:113-7.)
Integrating limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes into the landscape of a natural area

A general conceptual watershed-lake model of the complex interactions among climatic conditions, watershed location and characteristics, lake morphology, and fish predation was used to evaluate limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes. Our main hypothesis was that decreasing elevation in mountainous terrain corresponds to an increase in diversity of watershed size and lake area, depth, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and productivity. A second hypothesis was that watershed location and aspect relative to climatic gradients within mountainous terrain influences the limnological characteristics of the lakes. We evaluated these hypotheses by examining watershed location, aspect and size; lake morphology; water quality; and phytoplankton and zooplankton community characteristics among high mountain forest and subalpine lakes in Mount Rainier National Park.
Structure/Function Analysis of Mouse Purβ, a Single-stranded DNA-binding Repressor of Vascular Smooth Muscle α-Actin Gene Transcription

Abstract Plasticity of smooth muscle α-actin gene expression in fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by opposing effects of transcriptional activators and repressors. Among these factors, three single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, Purα, Purβ, and MSY1, have been implicated as coregulators of a cryptic 5′-enhancer module. In this study, a molecular analysis of Purβ, the least well characterized member of this group, was conducted. Southwestern and Northwestern blotting of purified Purβ deletion mutants using smooth muscle α-actin-derived probes mapped the minimal single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding domain to a conserved region spanning amino acids 37–263. Quantitative binding assays indicated that the relative affinity and specificity of Purβ for single-stranded DNA were influenced by purine/pyrimidine content; by non-conserved regions outside amino acids 37–263; and by cell-derived proteins, specifically MSY1. When overexpressed in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells, Purβ (but not Purα) inhibited transcription of a smooth muscle-specific mouse α-actin promoter transgene. Structural domains required for Purβ repressor activity included the minimal DNA-binding region and a C-terminal domain required for stabilizing high affinity protein and nucleic acid interactions. Purβ inhibitory activity in transfected A7r5 cells was potentiated by MSY1, but antagonized by serum response factor, reinforcing the idea that interplay among activators and repressors may account for phenotypic changes in smooth muscle α-actin-expressing cell types.
On the origin of sonoluminescence and sonochemistry.

Recent experimental results on the origins of sonoluminescence and sonochemistry are reviewed and the conclusion reached that most observed effects originate from thermal processes associated with a localized hot-spot created by acoustic cavitation. Sonoluminescence is definitively due to chemiluminescence from species produced thermally during cavitational collapse and is not attributable to electric microdischarge. Homogeneous sonochemistry follows the behaviour expected for high temperature thermal reactions. Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids containing solid powders dramatically increases their chemical reactivity and improves chemical yields for a wide range of synthetically useful heterogeneous reactions. Shock waves generated from the cavitational hot-spot cause high velocity interparticle collisions in such slurries. Brittle solids are shock fragmented, which increases surface area. This increase in reactive surface provides for substantial increases in chemical reactivity. For malleable metal powders, these collisions are sufficiently violent to remove surface oxide coatings and to induce local melting at the site of impact for most metals.
Orientation effect on GaAs/ultrathin polymer/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cell

Abstract The surface orientation of inorganic semiconductors affects the density of surface states, energy levels, and other intrinsic properties of the semiconductor, all of which would have an impact on the performance of related polymer/inorganic hybrid solar cells. With a set of conjugated polymers having different energy levels and band gaps (P3HT, PNDT-DTffBT, and PBnDT-DTffBT), we show that the photovoltaic behavior of GaAs/ultrathin polymer layer/PEDOT:PSS planar solar cells is noticeably affected by the surface orientation of n-GaAs, (1 1 1)B or (1 0 0). In all of these hybrid solar cells, a Schottky barrier is formed between the GaAs and the anode, with these ultrathin polymer layers serving as the electron blocking layer (EBL) and the hole transport layer (HTL). The lower density of surface states of GaAs(1 1 1)B helps reduce the surface recombination and results in a higher short circuit current for (1 1 1)B based hybrid solar cells than for (1 0 0) based ones. However, the higher valence band maximum (VBM) of (1 1 1)B compared to that of (1 0 0) could lead to increased recombination from blocked hole transport, if the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the HTL polymer is lower than the VBM of GaAs. Considering all these effects, P3HT stands out as the best polymer to pair with GaAs in the studied set, with an efficiency of 4.2% achieved for the device based on P3HT/GaAs(1 1 1)B.
FRACTAL ASPECTS OF THE ITERATION OF z Λz(1- z) FOR COMPLEX Λ AND z

Chapter foreword concerning the illustrations, especially the “missing specks” of Figure 1 (2003). As described in Chapter C1, this paper boasts many “firsts” and was instrumental in reviving the theory of iteration. The many new observations it contains concern the set in the μ-plane for which A. Douady and J.H. Hubbard soon proposed the term “Mandelbrot set.” Each observation was stated as a mathematical conjecture or became the source of one. Thus, the figures in this paper played a fundamental historical role.
Temporal Differentiation and Undifferentiation: A Study of the Structure of Indian Adolescents' Perceptions of Time

(1972). Temporal Differentiation and Undifferentiation: A Study of the Structure of Indian Adolescents' Perceptions of Time. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 215-233.
“Realizing” Paul's Visions: The New Testament, Caravaggio, and Paxton's Frailty

This essay examines three different attempts to realize visionary experiences aesthetically: New Testament authors' depictions of Paul's conversion; Caravaggio's paintings of the same; and Bill Paxton's cinematic depiction of the horrific visions of a modern day seer in Frailty . The resulting aesthetic objects are not all realistic, but they all have the potential for an imperial impact upon their audiences' realities. The New Testament accounts of Paul's conversion are not realistic. They are mythic assertions of divine authority demanding obedient belief. Bill Paxton's Frailty contemporizes similar demands in its horrifying account of apocalyptic visionaries and violence. While the film does not offer a specific interpretation of Paul's conversion, its realization of apocalyptic visions raises important reservations about any imperialist vision, even that of the canon. By contrast, Caravaggio's paintings of Paul's conversion are far less imperialistic. While the chapel location of and the use of light within the second Conversion of St. Paul confer mythic authority upon it, the realistic, contemporizing of the episode in the painting itself demands interpretation, not simple belief. Before it, one is responsible for what one chooses to believe more obviously than one is before the New Testament accounts of Paul's conversion or the visions of Paxton's Frailty .
The power crust, unions of balls, and the medial axis transform

The medial axis transform (or MAT) is a representation of an object as an infinite union of balls. We consider approximating the MAT of a three-dimensional object, and its complement, with a finite union of balls. Using this approximate MAT we define a new piecewise-linear approximation to the object surface, which we call the power crust. We assume that we are given as input a sufficiently dense sample of points from the object surface. We select a subset of the Voronoi balls of the sample, the polar balls, as the union of balls representation. We bound the geometric error of the union, and of the corresponding power crust, and show that both representations are topologically correct as well. Thus, our results provide a new algorithm for surface reconstruction from sample points. By construction, the power crust is always the boundary of a polyhedral solid, so we avoid the polygonization, hole-filling or manifold extraction steps used in previous algorithms. The union of balls representation and the power crust have corresponding piecewise-linear dual representations, which in some sense approximate the medial axis. We show a geometric relationship between these duals and the medial axis by proving that, as the sampling density goes to infinity, the set of poles, the centers of the polar balls, converges to the medial axis.
Age-dependent effect of apolipoprotein E4 on functional outcome after controlled cortical impact in mice

The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene leads to increased brain amyloid beta (Aβ) and poor outcome in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, its role in childhood TBI is controversial. We hypothesized that the transgenic expression of human APOE4 worsens the outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in adult but not immature mice. Adult and immature APOE4 mice had worse motor outcome after CCI (P<0.001 versus wild type (WT)), but the Morris water maze performance was worse only in adult APOE4 mice (P=0.028 at 2 weeks, P=0.019 at 6 months versus WT), because immature APOE4 mice had performance similar to WT for up to 1 year after injury. Brain lesion size was similar in adult APOE4 mice but was decreased (P=0.029 versus WT) in injured immature APOE4 mice. Microgliosis was similar in all groups. Soluble brain Aβ40 was increased at 48 hours after CCI in adult and immature APOE4 mice and in adult WT (P<0.05), and was dynamically regulated during the chronic period by APOE4 in adults but not immature mice. The data suggest age-dependent effects of APOE4 on cognitive outcome after TBI, and that therapies targeting APOE4 may be more effective in adults versus children with TBI.
Sulfite-treated lettuce challenges in sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma.

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether lettuce treated with a commercially available sulfite-containing freshener prepared according to manufacturer's directions could provoke reactions in sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma (SSAs). Five adult SSAs with stable asthma who had multiple prior reactions to double-blind, placebo-controlled, sulfite-capsule challenges were studied. Each patient ingested, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, four portions of lettuce (3 oz) pretreated with one of two commercially available, nearly identical vegetable fresheners. One freshener contained sodium bisulfite and was used on one portion of lettuce. The other freshener contained no sulfite and was used on three portions of lettuce. The fresheners were prepared and the lettuce was treated according to label instructions. After baseline spirometry, the SSAs consumed the lettuce samples with the same dressing of their choice, serial spirometry was performed, and a positive reaction was defined as a >20% drop in FEV, decreased 0% to 7%; mean, 3%. Two of the subjects experienced severe reactions to the sulfite-treated lettuce. One of these reactions was life threatening; the other reaction occurred despite placing only 30% of the usual sulfite dose on the lettuce. This study has demonstrated that sulfite-treated lettuce is capable of provoking bronchospasm in SSAs and suggests that such food is one cause of restaurant-provoked asthma in these individuals.
Endoscopic management of inverted papilloma.

AbstractPurpose of reviewInverted papillomas are uncommon benign tumors that may occur in the sinonasal tract. Because of their tendency towards recurrence and their potential for malignant transformation, complete en bloc resection has been the standard treatment modality. With the application of m
Role of mitochondrial development in hepatic commitment of embryonic stem cells

Studies on metabolic pathways, mitochondria and bioenergetics have been implicated in differentiation of precursor or tumor cells to the mature phenotype. Also, similar studies have been carried out on early embryo development to the blastocyst stage. However, there isn't sufficient evidence of mitochondrial studies on a cellular basis in the early stages of commitment to a particular lineage. Thus, the study of bioenergetics during the early differentiation process with protein synthesis as a functional marker will help us understand how the metabolic machinery of embryonic stem cells adjusts to the realization of a particular fate. We have envisaged utilizing the potential of embryonic stem cells as a cell source to commit to the hepatocyte lineage in vitro in this regard. Using cardiolipin, a mitochondrial membrane component as a marker, we have shown a relationship between mitochondrial development and embryonic stem cell commitment to the hepatic lineage. From a mechanistic standpoint, this will broaden the scope of metabolic studies in in vitro ES cell differentiation systems and can be applied to early stage differentiation into cardiac, adipocyte and pancreatic lineages primarily due to their higher metabolic capacity.
Rescaling Environmental Governance: Watersheds as Boundary Objects at the Intersection of Science, Neoliberalism, and Participation

This paper is concerned with the rescaling of environmental governance, and with the social construction of environmental and governance scales in particular. With the aid of case-study data from Canada, it is argued that watersheds, as particular forms of rescaled environmental governance, have increased in popularity because of their status as boundary objects: that is, a common concept interpreted differently by different groups. The paper shows how particular features of the watershed approach—namely, their physical size and the shared discursive framings they employ (‘stakeholder’ and ‘integration’)—make the watershed concept both cohesive enough to travel among different epistemic communities, and plastic enough to be interpreted and used differently within them. As such, it is suggested that the trend of the uptake of the so-called ‘watershed approach’ reflects and is shaped by ideologies underpinned by three different, and occasionally competing, epistemic communities: the scientific, neoliberal, ...
The complexity of pancreatic ductal cancers and multidimensional strategies for therapeutic targeting

The directions of differentiation and the molecular features of ductal pancreatic cancer have by now been explored in reasonable detail. Already, diagnoses and therapeutic strategies benefit from observations distinguishing the major variant types of pancreatic cancer and the differing stages of disease at presentation. Additionally, individual patients differ within each variant type. In certain high-risk groups, this permits focused screening efforts. The tumorigenic influences that characterize individual patients are increasingly considered appropriate in defining clinical treatment plans. As a result, multiple variables affect success when individualizing screening or therapy. These competing variables often limit the potential for success: some variables dominate and should receive greater consideration than others. Simplistic expectations, often falsely optimistic, for individualized care may fail to 'pan out' in the real world. The development of individualized care will be efficient only when the full complexity of the disease is embraced.