cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update

Fibrolamellar carcinomas are a unique type of primary liver cancer. They occur most commonly in children and young adults. Their etiology remains a mystery, as they are not associated with chronic liver disease. Fibrolamellar carcinomas are not indolent tumors, but have an overall better prognosis than typical hepatocellular carcinomas, in part because of the younger age at presentation and the lack of cirrhosis. The most important prognostic feature is whether the tumor is resectable. Histologically, the tumor is made up of large cells that contain abundant mitochondria. The nuclei of the tumor cells have prominent nucleoli. The tumor cells induce the formation of extensive intratumoral fibrosis, which often grows in parallel, or lamellar bands. The tumor cells clearly show hepatocellular features but are also unique in showing both biliary and neuroendocrine differentiation. The uniqueness of fibrolamellar carcinoma extends to their molecular findings. While the genetic abnormalities that lead to fibrolamellar carcinomas are not yet known, studies have shown that they lack mutations in the genes most commonly mutated in typical hepatocellular carcinoma (TP53 and CTNNB1). In this paper, the clinical, pathological, and basic science literature on fibrolamellar carcinoma is comprehensively reviewed. Key areas of needed research are also discussed.
Do Experience and Body Size Play a Role in Responses of Larval Ringed Salamanders, Ambystoma annulatum, to Predator Kairomones? Laboratory and Field Assays

Prey may experience ontogenetic changes in vulnerability to some predators, either because of changes in morphology or experience. If prey match their level of antipredator behavior to the level of predatory threat, prey responses to predators should reflect the appropriate level of threat for their stage of development. For larval salamanders, responses to predators may change with body size because larger larvae are less vulnerable to predation by gape-limited predators or because fleeing responses by large salamanders may be more effective than for smaller salamanders. In a field experiment, small larval ringed salamanders, Ambystoma annulatum, responded to chemical stimuli (‘kairomones’) from predatory newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, with an antipredator response (decreased activity). Laboratory-reared larvae decreased their activity following exposure to newt kairomones, indicating that larval ringed salamanders do not require experience with newts to recognize them as predators. In both experiments, larvae distinguished between chemical stimuli from newts and stimuli from tadpoles (non-predators) and a blank control. In a third experiment, field-caught (experienced) larvae showed a graded response to newt kairomones based on their body size: small larvae tended to decrease their activity while larger larvae showed no change or an increase in activity. This graded response was not observed for neutral stimuli, indicating that it is predator-specific. Therefore, ringed salamander larvae exhibit threat-sensitive ontogenetic changes in their response to chemical stimuli from predatory newts.
Comparative observations of plasma waves at the outer planets

Observations of the plasma-wave spectra from the four major outer planets are examined with particular attention given to the instabilities related to the precipitation of energetic particles. Wave-particle interactions involving hiss, chorus, and electron-cyclotron harmonic emissions are studied. These interactions contribute about 10 exp 13 W into the Jovian atmosphere, and the electron-cyclotron emissions on Saturn are shown to contribute significantly to the precipitation of energetic electrons. Whistler-mode waves are shown to exist at Uranus with intensities that could put 3-40 keV electrons on strong diffusion, but the amplitudes of the emissions are not sufficient to make them a significant part of precipitation. Weak electron-cyclotron harmonic emissions and whistler modes are detected at Neptune, suggesting that the present dataset is based on regions of low wave intensities.
Modeling K,ATP-Dependent Excitability in Pancreatic Islets

In pancreatic ?-cells, K,ATP channels respond to changes in glucose to regulate cell excitability and insulin release. Confirming a high sensitivity of electrical activity to K,ATP activity, mutations that cause gain of K,ATP function cause neonatal diabetes. Our aim was to quantitatively assess the contribution of K,ATP current to the regulation of glucose-dependent bursting by reproducing experimentally observed changes in excitability when K,ATP conductance is altered by genetic manipulation. A recent detailed computational model of single cell pancreatic ?-cell excitability reproduces the ?-cell response to varying glucose concentrations. However, initial simulations showed that the model underrepresents the significance of K,ATP activity and was unable to reproduce K,ATP conductance-dependent changes in excitability. By altering the ATP and glucose dependence of the L-type Ca(2+) channel and the Na-K ATPase to better fit experiment, appropriate dependence of excitability on K,ATP conductance was reproduced. Because experiments were conducted in islets, which contain cell-to-cell variability, we extended the model from a single cell to a three-dimensional model (10×10×10 cell) islet with 1000 cells. For each cell, the conductance of the major currents was allowed to vary as was the gap junction conductance between cells. This showed that single cell glucose-dependent behavior was then highly variable, but was uniform in coupled islets. The study highlights the importance of parameterization of detailed models of ?-cell excitability and suggests future experiments that will lead to improved characterization of ?-cell excitability and the control of insulin secretion.
Aerosol variation in the western hemisphere Arctic

Abstract Aerosol concentration and size parameters have been measured at several sites in the western hemisphere Arctic. A diurnal variation in concentration of the small size fraction of the aerosol (Aitken nuclei) is a frequent occurrence over both ice covered and vegetated Arctic areas on sunlit days in summer and winter. The midday increase in small particle concentration is confined to the thin, near surface, mixing layer. The concentration of the particles large enough to scatter visible light or be impacted inertially, varies by a large amount over short time periods, but does not systematically vary with time of day. The maximum concentration of this size range of particles was measured at the surface several tens of hours after warmer air was advected over the sampling site when the surface was snow covered. Summer experiments on the ice cap of southern Greenland show minimum concentration of all fractions of the aerosol size spectrum when a low pressure system south of Greenland caused moist upslope flow and precipitation to occur. The concentration of both large and small size particles increases as the low tracks eastward, and the maximum concentration of all particles, including large, sharp edged silicates occurs in downslope flow under clearing skies, as high pressure begins to be established over Greenland.
Visualizing Labor in American Sculpture: Monuments, Manliness, and the Work Ethic, 1880–1935

1. The work ethic ideology and American art 2. The Haymarket affair 3. The world's Columbian exhibition of 1893 4. Douglas Tilden's mechanics fountain 5. The Constantin Meunier exhibition 6. American genre sculpture in the progressive era 7. Capitalism, communism, and the politics of sculpture, 1917 to 1935 8. The Samuel Gompers Memorial.
Changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain

Structural changes of neurons in the brain during aging are complex and not well understood. Neurons have significant homeostatic control of essential brain functions, including synaptic excitability, gene expression, and metabolic regulation. Any deviations from the norm can have severe consequences as seen in aging and injury. In this review, we present some of the structural adaptations that neurons undergo throughout normal and pathological aging and discuss their effects on electrophysiological properties and cognition. During aging, it is evident that neurons undergo morphological changes such as a reduction in the complexity of dendrite arborization and dendritic length. Spine numbers are also decreased, and because spines are the major sites for excitatory synapses, changes in their numbers could reflect a change in synaptic densities. This idea has been supported by studies that demonstrate a decrease in the overall frequency of spontaneous glutamate receptor-mediated excitatory responses, as well as a decrease in the levels of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression. Other properties such as γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor-mediated inhibitory responses and action potential firing rates are both significantly increased with age. These findings suggest that age-related neuronal dysfunction, which must underlie observed decline in cognitive function, probably involves a host of other subtle changes within the cortex that could include alterations in receptors, loss of dendrites, and spines and myelin dystrophy, as well as the alterations in synaptic transmission. Together these multiple alterations in the brain may constitute the substrate for age-related loss of cognitive function.
Development of uterine tone in nonbred and pregnant mares

Abstract Uterine tone was monitored daily in nonbred (n=6) and pregnant mares (n=7) on Days 0 to 20. Uterine tone was assessed digitally and scored from 1 (flaccid) to 6 (turgid) by an independent operator who had no knowledge of reproductive status, day, or group. The uterine-tone profile was bimodal in nonbred mares with nadirs (P 0.05) among the 3 groups. Results indicated the following: 1) progesterone was the only factor produced by the corpus luteum that was needed for the development of uterine turgidity and 2) continued exposure of nonbred mares to progesterone caused uterine turgidity equivalent to that in pregnant mares by approximately Day 30. Apparently, continued exposure of the uterus to luteal progesterone in pregnant mares accounts for the eventual attainment of maximal uterine turgidity, exceeding the reported transient increase in tone resulting from local stimulation by the conceptus during the mobility phase.
Resonantly enhanced above-threshold ionization of helium.

The role of multiphoton resonances in the above-threshold ionization of helium at intensities above ${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ is investigated by both theory and experiment from 280 to 297 nm. Strong enhancement is observed in above-threshold ionization electron spectra and is attributed to five- and six-photon resonances to the 1s2p and 1s3d, respectively. Numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation predicts asymmetric resonance profiles with positions and ionization rates which are in good agreement with experiment.
Anatomy of the Coronary Circulation in Living Man: Coronary Arteriography

The in vivo radiographic anatomy of the coronary arteries has been investigated in man with selective catheterization techniques and cine coronary arteriography. No significant difference was expected and none was found between the anatomy observed in living man and that described by others from post-mortem studies. On the other hand, the opportunity of studying the vessels in motion, within the chest cavity, in various standardized radiographic projections offers certain advantages, helpful in the recognition of the individual branches and their relationship to the surrounding structures. The unique superiority of antemortem versus post-mortem studies rests, however, on the primary feature of coronary angiography, namely its diagnostic and prognostic implications for the individual case under study. The present work offers a systemic view of this subject based on the authors' experience of over 2,500 clinical coronary opacifications.
A conceptual model for conservation planning based on landscape species requirements

Abstract Effective conservation planning requires, considering all the complicated biological, social and economic factors which impinge on the ecological integrity of a site, and then focusing inevitably limited conservation resources on those times, places and activities that most impact ecological structure and function. The landscape species concept provides a useful lens for defining conservation landscapes and highlighting potential threats from human activity. This paper outlines a conceptual methodology for landscape conservation being tested by the Wildlife Conservation Society at three sites in Latin America and Africa. Based on the biological requirements of an ecologically functioning population of a landscape species, the “biological” landscape is defined. This landscape is compared to the landscape of human activities through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Focal landscapes sufficient to meet species requirements are defined and threats from human activity evaluated with respect to biological requirements. A suite of landscape species may be selected depending on resources, leading to multiple, often overlapping, focal landscapes. A hypothetical example is presented.
Transformational interactions for P2P e-commerce

Both peer services and web services offer a perspective of services in the role of resources that can be combined to enable new capabilities greater than the sum of the parts. However, current service composition solutions seem to support either highly dynamic discovery or else very loosely coupled service development, but not both. We propose a facilitator service mechanism that can leverage "reflected" XML-based specifications (borrowed from the web service domain) to direct and enable coordinated sequences of message exchanges (conversations) between services. We extend the specification of a message exchange with the ability to specify transformations to be applied to both inbound and outbound documents. We call these extended message exchanges transformational interactions. The facilitator service can use these transformational interactions to allow service developers to decouple internal and external interfaces. This means that services can be developed and treated as pools of methods that can be composed dynamically.
The input admittance of the rectangular cavity-backed slot antenna

The input admittance of the rectangular cavity-backed slot antenna is investigated. The slot is assumed narrow so that the voltage distribution in its aperture is sinusoidal. Equations which represent the input admittance of this slot, backed by a rectangular cavity in which a single propagating wave is assumed to exist, are given. Calculations based on these representations are compared to available measured data. As the depth of the cavity increased the resonant frequency decreased and the bandwidth became narrower. Input admittance curves as a function of electrical slot length are also presented for several size cavities.
MED1/TRAP220 Exists Predominantly in a TRAP/ Mediator Subpopulation Enriched in RNA Polymerase II and Is Required for ER-Mediated Transcription

Human TRAP/Mediator is a key coactivator for many transcription factors that act through direct interactions with distinct subunits, and MED1/TRAP220 is the main subunit target for various nuclear receptors. Remarkably, the current study shows that MED1/TRAP220 only exists in a TRAP/Mediator subpopulation (less then 20% of the total) that is greatly enriched in specific TRAP/Mediator subunits and is tightly associated with a near stoichiometeric level of RNA polymerase II. Importantly, this MED1/TRAP220-containing holoenzyme supports both basal- and activator-dependent transcription in an in vitro system lacking additional RNA polymerase II. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate an activator-selective recruitment of MED1/TRAP220-containing versus MED1/TRAP220-deficient TRAP/Mediator complexes to estrogen receptor (ER) and p53 target genes, respectively. Finally, RNAi studies show that MED1/TRAP220 is required for ER-mediated transcription and estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell growth. These observations have significant implications for our current understanding of the composition, heterogeneity, and functional specificity of TRAP/Mediator complexes.
Evaluation of solid-phase sorbents for the analysis of ropinirole in whole blood.

[ Abstract ] In this paper, the extraction and analysis of ropinirole from whole blood using solid-phase cartridges is presented. Previously published methods for the analysis of this drug have employed plasma samples using Cls cartridges. Liquid-liquid extraction has been employed for analysis of postmortem samples. In the method, drug free blood was spiked with ropinirole (0 to 10 ng) and an internal standard (qulnidine). The samples were buffered with distilled water and centrifuged. The supernatant liquid was applied to previously conditioned endcapped C6, Cls, and C~/SCX solidphase extraction columns. The columns were washed, dried, and eluted with various solvents systems. The eluants were collected and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 100 pL of aqueous 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and analyzed by liquid chromatography using a C18 (4.6 x 150 ram, 5-pm particle size) column and monitored at 250 nm, using diode-array detection. A mobile phase consisting of methanol/0.1% TFA in distilled water (22:78 v/v) was employed. The data was collected and appraised. It was found that 3-mL 200-rag CEC06 C~ (Hexyl endcapped) solid-phase columns that had been washed with 3 x 3 mL water and 3 x 3 acetonitrile and eluted with a solvent system consisting of 95:5 v/v acetonitrile/ammonia performed best. The linear range for this analysis was found to be from 0 to 10 ng/mL. The limit of detection was determined to
Helping hand or heavy hand? Foreign aid, regime type and domestic unrest:

Does foreign aid affect domestic political unrest? ‘Selectorate’ models of political survival predict that foreign aid should lead autocratic governments, but not democratic ones, to restrict civil...
Design of monocular head-mounted displays for increased indoor firefighting safety and efficiency

Four monocular Head-Mounted Display (HMD) prototypes from the Fire Information and Rescue Equipment (FIRE) project at UC Berkeley are presented. The FIRE project aims to give firefighters a system of information technology tools for safer and more efficient firefighting in large buildings. The paper begins by describing the FIRE project and its use of a custom wireless sensor network (WSN) called SmokeNet for personnel tracking. The project aims to address urban/industrial firefighting procedures in need of improvement. Two “user-needs” studies with the Chicago and Berkeley Fire Departments are briefly presented. The FIRE project’s initial HMD prototype designs are then discussed with regard to feedback from the user-needs studies. These prototypes are evaluated in their potential costs and benefits to firefighters and found to need improvement. Next, some currently available commercial HMDs are reviewed and compared in their cost, performance, and potential for use by firefighters. Feedback from the Berkeley Fire Department user-needs study, in which the initial prototypes were demonstrated, is compiled into a concept selection matrix for the next prototypes. This matrix is used to evaluate a variety of HMDs, including some of the commercial units presented, and to select the best design options. Finally, the current prototypes of the two best design options are presented and discussed.
Raloxifene: risks and benefits.

Abstract: Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), was designed to have the expected benefits of long-term estrogen replacement therapy without the risks. This paper reviews the clinical trial evidence for raloxifene benefits and risks, and how they compare with those of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and relate to the choices of postmenopausal women.
Design your outcomes assessment process as an exercise in open-ended problem solving

In this paper, the authors present a way of representing the development of an outcomes assessment process as an exercise in open-ended problem solving, where asking the right questions and understanding your options play significant roles. The purpose of this presentation is to show that the existence of viable options for each question can lead to different designs for different cultures and organizations. While this paper is written for ABET/EAC accreditation, the basic principles may apply to ABET/TAC accreditation.
Design and parameterization of M-band orthonormal wavelets

The authors generalize the parameterization of 2-band (or dyadic) wavelet to the M-band case. A complete characterization of M-band wavelets is given, including a recipe for constructing such wavelets. It is shown that M-band wavelets can be constructed from a perfect reconstruction filter bank with added regularity conditions. The regularity conditions are important both for the numerical stability of the resulting approximation procedures and for increased compactness of the signal representations with such wavelets. >
Intermolecular Interactions: van der Waals Molecules

Recent experiments using electron diffraction techniques, optical and infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy have provided convincing evidence for the existence of bound states of gaseous Ar2, (H2)2, (O2)2, (NO)2 and other simple dimers. The bond strength of these van der Waals molecules is hundreds of times weaker than ordinary chemical bonds. These experimental studies yield information on the structure and stability of van der Waals molecules and can provide new insight into weak intermolecular interactions.
Error analysis of FIR filters implemented using logarithmic arithmetic

The principal factors influencing the design and implementation of most real-time digital filters are accuracy, speed, and ease of implementation. In this work, the effects of roundoff noise in finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filters implemented using a logarithmic number system are examined. Expressions for the ratio of output variance with roundoff errors to output variance without roundoff errors are derived. The noise performance of logarithmic FIR filters is compared to that of floating-point FIR filters. Simulation results are provided which confirm the theoretical results of error analysis.
Optimization of two-dimensional homonuclear relayed coherence transfer NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The optimization of the recently introduced two-dimensional homonuclear RELAY experiment is described. Practical guidelines for optimization of experimental parameters and data processing are presented. The effectiveness of relayed magnetization transfer is found to be strongly dependent on the type of spin system. Explicit calculations predict the relative intensities of RELAY cross peaks for a number of commonly occurring systems. The feasibility of doubly relayed magnetizatioin transfer experiments is discussed and demonstrated for a sample of gramacidin-S and for the trinucleotides A2′--5′A2′-5A.
An overview of generalized anxiety disorder: disease state--appropriate therapy

Abstract Objective: This article reviews the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Background: Patients with GAD often present to primary care physicians; frequently the disorder manifests with somatic symptoms that have no identifiable physiologic foundation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment often prove elusive, and health care resources are inappropriately consumed in the management of a wide array of complaints, including headache, noncardiac angina, fatigue, insomnia, or abdominal discomfort. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical; GAD is frequently associated with other anxiety and mood disorders, major depressive disorder among them. The differential diagnosis of GAD is complex, including medication side effects and substance-related dependence or withdrawal phenomena, as well as endocrine, neurologic, cardiorespiratory, and autoimmune disorders. Conclusions: GAD is differentiated from adjustment disorder with anxiety because only GAD can manifest without identifiable emotional stressors; it is differentiated from panic disorder largely on the basis of the chronicity of GAD and the episodic, abrupt nature of panic attacks, with the involvement of at least 4 autonomic, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, or other symptoms. In addition to psychotherapy, education, lifestyle modifications, and social support, several pharmacologic agents may be appropriate therapy for GAD. Given the chronic, nonremitting, relapsing character of GAD, use of benzodiazepines, which confer short-term relief, is usually ill-advised in long-term treatment because these agents can impair cognitive and psychomotor function, interact with various central nervous system depressants (eg, alcohol), and exhibit substantial potential for abuse, tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal effects. Buspirone and certain antidepressants, including the dual noradrenergic-serotonergic reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, represent first-line therapy for GAD.
Spontaneous onset of type I atrial flutter in patients.

Objectives. This study sought to characterize the spontaneous onset of atrial flutter in patients. Background. Temporary epicardial electrodes are routinely placed on the atria of patients at the time of open heart surgery and brought out through the anterior chest wall for potential diagnostic and therapeutic use in the postoperative period. We utilized these electrodes to study the spontaneous onset of type I atrial flutter in 16 patients in the postoperative period after open heart surgery. Methods. Twenty-seven episodes of the spontaneous onset of type I atrial flutter from sinus rhythm were studied in these 16 patients by recording bipolar atrial electrograms simultaneously with at least one electrocardiographic lead during each episode. Results. In all 27 episodes, the onset of type I atrial flutter was through a transitional rhythm of variable duration (mean 9.3 s) precipitated by a premature atrial beat. In 21 episodes, the transitional rhythm was atrial fibrillation; in 3 episodes it was type II atrial flutter that appeared to generate atrial fibrillation; and in 3 episodes it was a brief (3 to 6 beats), rapid, irregular arrhythmia. Conclusions. Type I atrial flutter does not start immediately after a premature atrial beat. Rather, it starts after a transitional rhythm that is usually atrial fibrillation. Extrapolating from mapping studies of the onset of atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model, we suggest that a transitional rhythm is required for the initiation of type I atrial flutter because during that rhythm, the requisites for development of the atrial flutter reentry circuit evolve.
Anisotropy of Second-Phase Distribution in Phase-Separated and Stretched Glasses

Computer simulation of the change in the distribution of second-phase particles, on stretching a phase-separated glass with randomly dispersed second-phase particles surrounded by a depleted region, indicated the development of a uniaxial anisotropy in distribution. The anisotropy, expressed by the ratio of the magnitude of directional components of nearest-neighbor distances, indicated a maximum at an elongation ratio (final length/initial length) <2, decreasing at further elongation. This is qualitatively similar to the microstructural birefringence data by Thomas. The results further indicate that, the higher the particle density, the greater the maximum anisotropy appearing at the smaller elongation ratio.
The Two Models of Conditioning of Neurotic Anxiety

Behavioral scientists who have been nurtured in the conditioning tradition have naturally thought of unadaptive (neurotic) fears as based, like adaptive fears, on classical conditioning. In recent years a zealous coterie of mentalistic psychologists (e.g. Beck, 1976; Ellis, 1962) have vigorously articulated an opposed position — that neurotic fears are always due to the belief that there is danger where in fact there is none. However, many behavioral clinicians (e.g. Wolpe, 1958, 1983; Rachman, 1977) have recognized that not all clinical fears are classically conditioned — that some do depend on unfounded beliefs that are either verbally communicated or inferred from the fearful behavior of others. An early formal demonstration of this dichotomy was actually provided by Bridger & Mandell (1964) and then ignored for two decades.
Slutwalk and Sovereignty: Transnational Protest as Emergent Global Democracy

A critical challenge for contemporary political thought is to grapple with the ways emerging forms of political practice contest traditional understandings of sovereignty. In order to investigate this, I analyze SlutWalk, which began as a local protest against a Toronto police officer’s statement that women should not dress like sluts if they do not want to be victimized by rape and rapidly expanded into an anti-sexual violence movement spanning six continents. I weave an empirical examination of the SlutWalk movement with a series of theoretical arguments. Empirically, I map the evolution of the protest through online organizing and use first-person accounts by protestors to attempt to illuminate their motivations and goals. I supplement this data with news media accounts, photographs, and video. I also recount the movement’s internal debates, highlighting criticisms that SlutWalk harbors racial bias as well as objections to the tactic of reclaiming language. I compare the first SlutWalk to the re-interpretations of the movement in other places and find that while the same anti-sexual violence messages are reiterated by all SlutWalks, the way these messages are conveyed are adjusted to fit the local culture. Theoretically, I contend that transnational protests cannot be comprehended within the paradigm of modern state sovereignty because they involve coordinated political activity by activist civil society networks unlimited by national borders. I argue that the modern state system is at a transitional point in which the mythos and the material power of the nation-state remain, yet new ways of practicing politics and organizing political authority are beginning to emerge. In order to comprehend these new forms, I develop a conception of post-national democracy which draws on Benhabib’s notions of cosmopolitanism and democratic iterations, Connolly’s view of pluralism, and Brown’s idea of sovereignty. Specifically, I argue that democratic deliberation in the sense of political contestation rooted in agonistic respect can be uncoupled from national governments, but only if both state and individual sovereignty are reconstructed in a way that neutralizes the liberal subject’s fears of permeable borders and an impure body politic. I use SlutWalk’s understanding of consent and bodily sovereignty as a metaphor for opening new ways of thinking about subjectivity, but also recognize the disjunctures between international and interpersonal relations.
ELF5 and DOK7 regulation in anti-estrogen treated cells and tumors

Most women with primary breast cancers that express estrogen receptor alpha (ER or ESR1) are treated with endocrine therapies including the anti-estrogen tamoxifen, but resistance to these anti-endocrine therapies often develops. This study characterizes the expression of hormone receptors, and the mRNA and DNA methylation levels of docking protein 7 (DOK7), and E74-like factor 5 (ELF5), in 21 novel tamoxifen-resistant cell lines and extends the findings to primary and recurrent human breast tumors. Twenty-one tamoxifen-selected cell lines were developed through cloning by limiting dilution of an MCF-7 cell culture treated with 1 μM tamoxifen for 6 months. The parent (MCF-7) and tamoxifen-selected cell lines were characterized for protein expression of ER, progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The mRNA levels of ER, DOK7, and ELF5 were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. Promoter methylation levels of DOK7 and ELF5 were determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-modified DNA. The relationship between hormone receptor status and promoter methylation of DOK7 and ELF5 was further examined using available methylation array data (Illumina HM450) from a set of paired primary and second breast tumors from 24 women. All 21 of the novel tamoxifen-selected cell lines are ER-positive, and HER2-negative, and 18 of the cell lines are PR-negative while the MCF-7 cells were scored as ER-positive, modestly PR-positive and HER2 negative. Expression of DOK7 and ELF5 is significantly up-regulated in half of the tamoxifen-selected cell lines as compared to the parental MCF-7. In contrast, the previously established ER-negative TMX2-28 cell line has decreased expression of both DOK7 and ELF5 and increased DNA methylation in the transcriptional start site region of these genes. ELF5 methylation was lower in second versus primary tumors in women who received anti-estrogen treatment, in PR-negative versus PR-positive tumors, and in the subset of PR-positive first tumors from the group of women who had second PR-negative tumors as compared to those who had second PR-positive tumors. The distinct ELF5 methylation of PR-positive primary tumors from women who had a PR-negative recurrence indicates the possibility of stratification of women for tailored treatment in the early stages of disease.
Hybrid Optimal Power Management of a Ship

Power management of a ship’s electrical system has become important due to increasing loads from manpower-reducing automation, greater power requirements of advanced weapons and sensors, introduction of all electric propulsion, and the increasing cost of oil-based fossil fuels. A coordinated power management strategy of the ship’s electric power grid is desired to optimally allocate power flows and minimize fuel consumption. This paper develops such an optimal power management system for an interconnected, supervisory-level ship power system model based upon a ship power system test bed developed for the Office of Naval Research. The ship power system consists of two electrical generators, one rated at 59 kW to represent a gas turbine engine-generator pair and the other rated at 11 kW to represent a diesel generator, an 8 kW pulsed power load that represents the discharge and charge of a capacitor bank for an electromagnetic railgun system, and 37 kW ship propulsion system comprised of an induction motor coupled to the propeller shaft. The ship propulsion system’s induction motor has switched operation with two modes of operation, propelling and generating; the latter mode means that excess kinetic energy during ship slowing can be used to charge the capacitor bank for loads such as pulsed power loads. Given the switched system model, the paper sets forth a hybrid model predictive control strategy based on a minimization of a performance index that trades off fuel consumption, velocity tracking error, and electrical bus voltage error. The optimization is performed using a relaxed representation of the control problem (termed the embedding method) and collocation for discretization with traditional numerical programming to compute the mode and continuous control inputs. The methodology avoids the computational complexity associated with alternative approaches, e.g., mixed-integer programming. Numerical optimization is performed with MATLAB’s sqpLineSearch. To demonstrate the power management approach, a scenario is simulated where the ship is to follow a changing desired velocity while simultaneously maintaining the bus voltage at a desired value, keeping the 11 kW generator at a fuel efficient operating point, and minimizing the fuel use of the 59 kW generator.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Composition Dependence of the Interdiffusivity in Artificial Amorphous Si/Ge Multilayers

The interdirfusivity in artificial amorphous Si/Ge multilayers is found to be strongly dependent on the average composition of the films. The interdirfusivity of films with different average composition was determined from the decay of the first X-ray satellite. The nonlinear diffusion resulting from the composition dependence was observed by the evolution of the higher-order satellites.
After the treated mole.

![Figure][1] Thirteen months after the successful treatment of a persistent complete hydatidiform mole (panel A: diffusely hydropic, grape-like chorionic villi surrounded by hyperplastic atypical trophoblast), a 27-year-old woman with no family history of cancer presented with fatigue, sore
Nanostructured Glycopolymer Augmented Liposomes to Elucidate Carbohydrate-Mediated Targeting

Carbohydrate receptors on alveolar macrophages are attractive targets for receptor-mediated delivery of nanostructured therapeutics. In this study, we employed reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to synthesize neoglycopolymers, consisting of mannose- and galactose methacrylate-based monomers copolymerized with cholesterol methacrylate for use in functional liposome studies. Glycopolymer-functional liposomes were employed to elucidate macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) and macrophage galactose-type lectin (CD301) targeting in both primary macrophage and immortal macrophage cell lines. Expression of CD206 and CD301 was observed to vary significantly between cell lines (murine alveolar macrophage, murine bone marrow-derived macrophage, RAW264.7, and MH-S), which has significant implications in in vitro targeting and uptake studies. Synthetic glycopolymers and glycopolymer augmented liposomes demonstrated specific receptor-mediated uptake in a manner dependent on carbohydrate receptor expression. These results establish a platform capable of probing endogenous carbohydrate receptor-mediated targeting via glycofunctional nanomaterials.
Diabetic human platelets release a substance that inhibits platelet-mediated vasodilation

This study was performed to investigate the mechanism for impaired vasodilation in response to activated diabetic human platelets. As observed previously, diabetic platelets failed to cause vasorelaxation, whereas normal platelets produced normal vasodilation. However, when activated and perfused through quiescent, NG-nitro-L-arginine-pretreated arteries, diabetic and normal platelets caused similar degrees of vasoconstriction. Inhibition of serotonergic and thromboxane A2 receptors in preconstricted normal arteries also failed to improve vasodilatory responses to diabetic platelets. The amount of ADP released into the supernatant from activated diabetic and normal platelets was similar. Concomitant perfusion of activated diabetic platelets impaired vasodilation produced by abluminally applied acetylcholine but perfusion of normal platelets did not. Whereas activated diabetic platelets failed to produce vasodilation, supernatant from the same platelets caused normal vasorelaxation. Dimethylthiourea and Tiron, intracellular free radical scavengers, normalized the vasodilatory response to diabetic platelets, whereas superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol did not. We conclude that the impaired vasorelaxation in response to activated diabetic platelets is caused by an unidentified, short-acting, platelet-derived substance(s) that interferes with the normal dilatory response.
Hybrid rocket propulsion systems for outer planet exploration missions

Abstract Outer planet exploration missions require significant propulsive capability, particularly to achieve orbit insertion. Missions to explore the moons of outer planets place even more demanding requirements on propulsion systems, since they involve multiple large Δ V maneuvers. Hybrid rockets present a favorable alternative to conventional propulsion systems for many of these missions. They typically enjoy higher specific impulse than solids, can be throttled, stopped/restarted, and have more flexibility in their packaging configuration. Hybrids are more compact and easier to throttle than liquids and have similar performance levels. In order to investigate the suitability of these propulsion systems for exploration missions, this paper presents novel hybrid motor designs for two interplanetary missions. Hybrid propulsion systems for missions to Europa and Uranus are presented and compared to conventional in-space propulsion systems. The hybrid motor design for each of these missions is optimized across a range of parameters, including propellant selection, O / F ratio, nozzle area ratio, and chamber pressure. Details of the design process are described in order to provide guidance for researchers wishing to evaluate hybrid rocket motor designs for other missions and applications.
Non-relativistic QED

A brief presentation is given of the construction of the theory of molecular QED. This is done by first writing a classical Lagrangian function for a collection of non-relativistic charged particles coupled to an electromagnetic field. After selecting the Coulomb gauge, Hamilton’s principle is invoked and the Lagrangian is substituted into the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion and shown to lead to the correct dynamical equations. These are Newton’s second law of motion with added Lorentz force law electric and magnetic field dependent terms, and the wave equation for the vector potential in the presence of sources. Canonically conjugate particle and field momenta are then evaluated, from which the Hamiltonian is derived. Elevation of classical variables to quantum operators finally yields the molecular QED Hamiltonian, which is expressed in minimal-coupling and multipolar forms. In the QED formulation, the electromagnetic field is described as a set of independent simple harmonic oscillators. Elementary excitations of the field, the photons, emerge automatically on quantisation.
Direct Association of PAR4 with P2Y12 Is Required for PAR4-Induced Recruitment of Arrestin-2: Structural and Functional Analysis of a GPCR Heterodimer,

Abstract Abstract 3253 We have previously shown that the PAR4 thrombin receptor and the P2Y12 receptor for ADP co-immunoprecipitate from thrombin-stimulated platelets, but not unstimulated platelets. Here we show that PAR4 and P2Y12 directly interact when expressed in HEK293T cells using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) studies, identify a region in the fourth transmembrane (TM4) domain of PAR4 required for its interaction with P2Y12 and, using a mutant variant of PAR4 in the TM4 domain, demonstrate that PAR4 interaction with P2Y12 is required for arrestin recruitment to PAR4. Luciferase-tagged P2Y12 and YFP-tagged PAR4 were expressed in HEK293T cells and demonstrate specific, saturable interaction by BRET analysis of dimer-dependent light emission at 530 nM. PAR4 and P2Y12 can be co-immunoprecipitated from PAR4-stimulated platelets or HEK293T cells stably expressing both receptors, but the receptors fail to co-precipitate from platelets or HEK293T cells pre-treated with apyrase or P2Y12 antagonist. The PAR1 thrombin receptor and the DP1 prostanoid receptor fail to interact with P2Y12 when evaluated by saturation BRET in HEK293T cells expressing the receptors or by co-immunoprecipitation studies in human platelets. Untagged PAR4 was able to compete with YFP-tagged PAR4 for interaction with luciferase-tagged P2Y12, whereas PAR1 was not. Based upon sequence comparison of PAR1 and PAR4 in the transmembrane domains, the most frequently identified sites of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associations, we have identified 3 amino acids at the base TM4 of PAR4 (LGL194-196) that differ significantly from the SFT(220–222) expressed at the aligned sequence of TM4 in PAR1. Mutation of residues LGL194-196 of PAR4 to SFT results in a mutant variant of PAR4 (PAR4-TM4m) that, when expressed in HEK293T cells, supports only 8.8% of the interaction with P2Y12 compared to the native PAR4 according to saturation BRET (average of n=3). However, homo-dimerization of PAR4 does not require this determinant, as luciferase-tagged PAR4-TM4m mutant supports saturation BRET with YFP-tagged PAR4. The PAR4-TM4m variant expressed in HEK293T cells also fails to co-immunoprecipitate with P2Y12 and with arrestin-2, whereas non-mutant PAR4 supports both of these interactions. This is the first demonstration that direct heterodimeric interaction of two GPCRs expressed in platelets is required to recruit the molecular scaffold arrestin-2. Based upon our previous results demonstrating that arrestin-2 is required to recruit PI3K to PAR4 and for sustained, maximal activation of Akt, we hypothesize that the co-recruitment of P2Y12 and arrestin-2 to activated PAR4 in platelets is required for sustaining PI3K-dependent responses to both Rap1 and Akt activation with potential consequences for maintaining platelet plug stability. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Neuropsychological measurement of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory antisaccade paradigm.

Objective: The aim of the study was to uncover inhibitory control dynamics and assess antisaccade eye-tracking tasks for relevance in a veteran posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) population. Meth...
Assertion, Justificatory Commitment, and Trust

De acuerdo con la explicacion de la asercion defendida, entre otros, por Robert Brandom, un par de condiciones necesarias para que un acto de habla cuente como tal son, primero, que el hablante adquiera el compromiso de justificar su asercion si es requerido para hacerlo y, segundo, que el hablante extiende a su audiencia una licencia para que esta delegue en el primero la responsabilidad de ofrecer una justificacion. En este articulo muestro, con base en lo que llamo la "prueba de la cancelacion", que esta explicacion es incorrecta, dado que es perfectamente posible para un hablante afirmar p al tiempo que rechaza el compromiso de justificar su asercion y se niega a extender dicha licencia. Despues ofrezco el bosquejo de una explicacion alternativa, de acuerdo con la cual un hablante, al afirmar p, necesariamente se presenta a si mismo como confiable respecto a la verdad de p. Finalmente ofrezco razones para preferir esta explicacion a la de Brandom.
Utility of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Surgical Management of Infective Endocarditis.

Background Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently obtained in patients with infective endocarditis, yet its utility in predicting outcomes for valve replacement surgery in patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine how brain MRI findings impact clinical management and outcomes. Methods Demographic and clinical data from electronic medical records at Mayo Clinic were retrospectively reviewed for patients hospitalized with definite or possible infective endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2014. There were 364 patients included in the study. Results Cardiac valve replacement surgery was performed in 195 of 364 (53.6%) patients, and 95 (48.7%) of the surgical patients underwent preoperative MRI, which was associated with preoperative neurologic symptoms in 56 of 95 (58.9%) patients (odds ratio = 12.92; 95% confidence interval, 5.98-27.93; P .001). Postoperative neurologic complications occurred in 24 of 195 (12.3%) patients, including new ischemic stroke in 4 of 195 (2.1%) and new intracerebral hemorrhage in 3 of 195 (1.5%). No patients with microhemorrhages developed postoperative hemorrhage. No significant differences existed in rates of postoperative complications between patients with and those without preoperative MRI. There were no substantial associations between preoperative MRI findings and postoperative neurologic complications, functional outcomes as described by the modified Rankin Scale score, or 6-month mortality. Conclusions In patients undergoing valve replacement surgery, preoperative MRI findings were not associated with differences in postoperative outcomes, irrespective of finding or timing of valve replacement surgery.