cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of combustible dust clouds on premixed flame extinction in normal- and micro-gravity

Abstract An experimental and numerical study was carried out on the effects of combustible solid particles on the extinction of atmospheric, strained, laminar premixed methane/air, and propane/air flames in normal- and micro-gravity. The study was conducted in the opposed-jet configuration in which single flames were stabilized either below or above the gas stagnation plane by counter-flowing a reacting mixture against ambient-temperature air. Spherical 50-μm glassy-carbon and 32-μm Lycopodium particles were injected from either the mixture or the air sides, and the flame extinction states were experimentally determined. The results provided insight into the effects of fuel type, gas-phase composition, strain rate, gravity, as well as particle type, number density, and injection orientation. The combustible particles could have a negative or positive effect on the gas-phase reactivity, depending on the prevailing strain rate and the orientation of injection. The effect of combustible particles on flame extinction was found to reverse when the orientation of the particle seeding is reversed. Experiments and simulations revealed that particle reactions that are not possible in upstream seeding become possible in downstream seeding due to differences in particle residence times and prevailing temperature fields. The effects of gravity on the particle–gas interactions were identified and explained. Gravity could notably modify the chemical response of reacting particles, which, in turn, affects the extinction behavior of the gas phase.
Abstract 838: Distinct effects of S6K homologues on breast cancer cell survival.

The 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) acts downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is an important target for cancer therapy. mTOR inhibitors are, however, of limited success, partly due to the activation of Akt caused by persistent inhibition of mTOR/p70 S6 kinase or S6K1 via a negative feedback loop. S6K exists as two homologs, S6K1 and S6K2. While both homologs are overexpressed in breast cancer, little is known about the function of S6K2. The objective of the present study is to determine whether S6K homologs perform redundant or distinct functions with respect to Akt activation and breast cancer cell survival. Silencing of S6K1 inhibited whereas knockdown of S6K2 potentiated cell death by various apoptotic stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL). In contrast to S6K1, depletion of S6K2 decreased Akt phosphorylation in MCF-7 and T47D cells. Ectopic expression of constitutively-active Akt in MCF-7 cells restored cell survival in S6K2-depleted cells. We have previously shown that activation of Akt induces downregulation of Bid via p53. Knockdown of S6K2 caused an increase in p53 and silencing of Bid blunted the ability of S6K2 deficiency to enhance TNF-induced apoptosis. Thus, our study demonstrates for the first time that the two homologs of S6K have distinct effects on Akt activation and cell survival and that S6K2 depletion enhanced cell death via the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid. Thus, targeting S6K2 may be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat cancers. (This work was supported by the grant CA71727 from the NCI). Citation Format: Savitha Sridharan, Alakananda Basu. Distinct effects of S6K homologues on breast cancer cell survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 838. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-838
CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

The management of urgent cardiovascular problems such as acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and unstable coronary syndromes has dramatically improved over the past few decades. Beginning in the 1960s with the development of coronary care units and continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring techniques, cardiovascular medicine has witnessed a decisive reduction in acute myocardial infarction deaths caused by in-patient electrical instability. This new era also spawned the use of lidocaine, new positive inotropic drugs, loop diuretics, and invasive bedside procedures. Lives were saved and mortality was reduced from 30% to 15%, but such advances were also accompanied by a host of new complications that occurred as a consequence of modern intensive care treatment. In the 1980s the mortality of acute myocardial infarction fell from 15% to 7% with the development of thrombolytic therapy but occasionally very serious bleeding complications emerged, with intracranial hemorrhage being the most feared. The introduction of powerful new therapies such as intravenous amiodarone carried additional concerns of toxicity and adverse drug interactions. The old problem of electrolyte imbalance, often a consequence of aggressive loop diuretic use, continues to be a common source of arrhythmias and cardiac conduction abnormalities for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The more frequent use of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs) and the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), though proving to be highly valuable, has also led to a host of infrequent but potentially serious new complications. The goal of this article is to provide a backdrop for understanding, and hopefully in some cases preventing, serious complications that can occur as a consequence of managing complex cardiovascular disorders in the ICU.
Proton and Electron Transfer to the Secondary Quinone (QB) in Bacterial Reaction Centers: The Effect of Changing the Electrostatics in the Vicinity of QB by Interchanging Asp and Glu at the L212 and L213 Sites†

The bacterial reaction center (RC) plays a central role in photosynthetic energy conversion by facilitating the light induced double reduction and protonation of a bound quinone molecule, QB. Two carboxylic acid residues, Asp-L213 and Glu-L212, located near QB, were previously shown to be important for proton transfer to QB. In this work, the ability of Glu to substitute for Asp at L213 and Asp to substitute for Glu at L212 was tested by site-directed mutagenesis. Both single mutants and a double mutant in which Asp and Glu were exchanged between the two sites were constructed. The electron transfer rate constants kBD (D+QAQB- --> DQAQB), and kAB(2) (DQA-QB- + H+ --> DQA(QBH)-), that are known to be sensitive to the energy of the QB- state, were found to be altered by Asp/Glu substitutions. Both rates were fastest ( approximately 10-fold) in RCs with Asp at both sites, slowest with Glu at both sites ( approximately 50-fold) and relatively unchanged by the caboxylic acid exchange. These changes could be explained if Asp was predominantly ionized and Glu was predominantly protonated at both sites (pH 7.5). The charge recombination kBD suggests an observed approximately 5 pKa unit difference of Glu over Asp. Modeling of kBD by strong electrostatic interactions ( approximately 3-4 pKa units) among negatively charged acids and QB- indicated a lower intrinsic pKa for Asp compared to Glu at either site of approximately 2-3 units. The mechanism of the kAB(2) reaction was determined to be the same in all mutant RCs as for native RCs. A quantitative explanation of the effect of the electrostatic environment on kAB(2) was obtained using the two-step model proposed for native RCs [Graige, M. S., Paddock, M. L., Bruce, J. M., Feher, G., & Okamura, M. Y. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 9005-9016] which involves fast protonation of the semiquinone followed by rate-limiting electron transfer. Using simple models for the quinone/quinol conversion rate, it is shown that the optimal electrostatic potential for the QB site is close to that found in native RCs.
Comparing the effects of explicit and implicit false-evidence ploys on Mock Jurors' verdicts, sentencing recommendations, and perceptions of police interrogation

In police interrogation, an explicit false claim to have evidence raises important legal and constitutional questions. Therefore, some interrogation manuals recommend implicit false-evidence ploys (FEP) that ask suspects about potential evidence without making a direct claim to possess the evidence. Similar to the hypotheses in a recent study of implicit FEP and confession rates, we hypothesized that individuals would perceive implicit FEP as less coercive and deceptive when compared to explicit FEP that involve direct claims of false evidence. Although mock jurors rated all FEP as highly deceptive and coercive and as more deceptive than controls, we found that participants did not view implicit and explicit FEP differently and that ploy specificity (implicit or explicit) failed to affect verdicts or recommended sentences. These findings suggest that although interrogation trainers and scholars in law and psychology discriminate between the methods, jurors do not.
A new approach to the synthesis of the carbon framework of SC-84536, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor

SC-84536, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is targeted for the treatment of osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, and asthma. The initial technology for constructing this molecule was acceptable only for the preparation of small quantities of material, but was not practical for larger scale work. This Letter describes our effort toward developing an alternative synthetic route for the carbon framework of SC-84536.
Verifying interoperability and application performance of PMUs and PMU-enabled IEDs

This paper presents a new test methodology for verifying the interoperability and application performance of PMUs and PMU-enabled IEDs at the device and system level. Two types of tests are defined to evaluate the performance of synchrophasor devices from two different aspects: design and application. The interoperability between PMUs, time synchronization options, and phasor data concentrators (PDCs) can be verified by design test methodology. A fault location algorithm using two-end synchronized measurements is used to evaluate the application performance. A reference PMU algorithm and synchrophasor system test set-up have been developed to perform the tests. Nine commercial PMUs and four GPS receivers with different synchronization options are selected to perform the tests. The test results are summarized at the end.
Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism

Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism. Elaine H. Kim and Chungmoo Choi. eds. New York: Routledge Press, 1998. vii. 324 pp., photographs.
Base excision DNA repair levels in mitochondrial lysates of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a senile dementia with increased incidence in older subjects (age >65 years). One of the earliest markers of AD is oxidative DNA damage. Recently, it has been reported that preclinical AD patient brains show elevated levels of oxidative damage in both nuclear and mitochondrial nucleic acids. Moreover, different oxidative lesions in mitochondrial DNA are between 5- and 10-fold higher than in nuclear DNA in both control and AD postmortem brains. We previously showed that there is a significant loss of base excision repair (BER) components in whole tissue extracts of AD and mild cognitive impairment subjects relative to matched control subjects. However, comprehensive analysis of specific steps in BER levels in mitochondrial extracts of AD patient brains is not available. In this study, we mainly investigated various components of BER in mitochondrial extracts of AD and matched control postmortem brain samples. We found that the 5-hydroxyuracil incision and ligase activities are significantly lower in AD brains, whereas the uracil incision, abasic site cleavage, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate incorporation activities are normal in these samples.
Language of Instruction as a Moderator for Transfer of Reading Comprehension Skills among Spanish-Speaking English Language Learners.

This three-year longitudinal study investigated the role of language of instruction in moderating the relationships between initial levels of English oral language proficiency and Spanish reading comprehension and growth in English reading comprehension. The study followed Spanish-speaking English language learners in English-only literacy instruction, an early-exit bilingual program, or a late-exit bilingual program, from third through fifth grade. Students in all groups experienced significant growth in English reading comprehension. For the English-only group, initial levels of Spanish reading comprehension were not related to growth in English reading comprehension. However, for students in the two bilingually instructed groups, those who began with stronger Spanish reading comprehension skills grew faster in English reading comprehension than students without initial strong Spanish reading comprehension skills.
Learning and teaching axiomatic geometry

To sum up, we have examined the various difficulties-mathematical, conceptual, and logical-involved in learning and teaching axiomatic geometry. Taking as a typical axiomatic approach one that couples Emil Artin's treatment of affine geometry with Choquet's handling of the basic order and orthogonality phenomena of Euclidean geometry, we have tried to identify these difficulties in some detail. We have noted that this particular approach isolates the graver difficulties, separating them from one another in such a way that they can be mastered by comparatively simple techniques. For both student and teacher the burden is shifted to the fuller understanding of certain fundamental concepts, such as that of a geometrical transformation, which permit making an early contact with algebra-specifically, with group theory-in the spirit of Descartes and Felix Klein. We have proposed an organization of the school program in geometry from grade K or grade 1 through grade 12 aimed at gradually acquainting the student with these basic concepts and their technical uses as they emerge from the persistent contemplation of the physical, mathematical, and logical facts. We have stated our conviction that by the 10th grade students should be prepared to understand the strategy and the significance of the axiomatic approach, and by the 11th and 12th grades to carry through that approach in adequate detail. We have taken explicitly into account the need to arrange the school geometry program in such a way that students can reach terminal points appropriate to their capacities, needs, and interests. We must emphasize that what has been presented here is no more than a rough outline, to be filled out on the basis of further psychological, mathematical and curricular investigations. I am confident that these suggestions can mature into a school geometry program not only far more significant intellectually and technically than those now commonly offered but also one easier to learn and to teach. This is not just a matter of personal belief, because many elements of the proposed program have actually been tried out in one form or another with success. What is now needed is a grand effort to assemble the tested and untested parts into an experimental whole.
Peripheral Recipient Endothelium following Corneal Transplantation

The central graft endothelium and peripheral recipient endothelium of 16 corneas of 14 patients following corneal transplantation were studied using the technique of specular microscopy. There was a wide discrepancy in the morphologic profile between the endothelium from these two regions of the cornea, suggesting that both donor and recipient endothelium maintain their morphologic autonomy following corneal transplantation. There was evidence that graft endothelium may be more active participant in the healing process at the graft-recipient junction than the recipient endothelium.
Digital and Mixed-Signal Verification Differences

Mixed-signal verification (MSV) presents a significant cost and time to market reduction opportunity. However, a simple translation of methodology from today’s sophisticated digital verification (DV) to MSV will fall short of the needs of complex mixed-signal systems. The shape and feel of MSV methodology must be significantly different from DV.
Stretched strings in noncommutative field theory

Motivated by recent discussions of IR-UV mixing in noncommutative field theories, we perform a detailed analysis of the nonplanar amplitudes of the bosonic open string in the presence of an external B field at the one-loop level. We carefully isolate, at the string theory level, the contribution which is responsible for the IR-UV behavior in the field theory limit. We show that it is a pure open string effect by deriving it from the factorization of the one-loop amplitude into the disk amplitudes of intermediate open string insertions. We suggest that it is natural to understand IR-UV mixing as the creation of intermediate ''stretched strings.'' (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Expression of adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel subunits in female rat reproductive tissues: Overlapping distribution of messenger ribonucleic acid for weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 and sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 2

Abstract Objective: Potassium channel activation has been shown to decrease uterine tone and is a target for inhibition of uterine activity in the treatment of preterm labor. In addition, potassium channel activation also appears to be involved in oocyte maturation. The specific potassium channels responsible for these channel currents have not been identified but are known to be responsive to such agents as pinacidil and to be inhibited by glibenclamide. These findings suggest the presence of an adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel that is a complex of a weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 or 6.2 and sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 1 or 2. Study Design: The technique of reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of messenger ribonucleic acid for sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 1 and 2 and weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 and 6.2 in the ovary and myometrium of the pregnant rat. In situ hybridization histochemical analysis was used to identify the specific cell types expressing each messenger ribonucleic acid. Results: Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis found expression of messenger ribonucleic acid for sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunits 1 and 2B and messenger ribonucleic acid for weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 in rat myometrium and ovary during gestation. There was no evidence for expression of weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.2 messenger ribonucleic acid in the ovary or the myometrium of the pregnant rat. In situ hybridization histochemical examination localized expression of messenger ribonucleic acid for sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 2B and messenger ribonucleic acid for weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 to uterine myocytes and granulosa cells of the corpus luteum. The cells expressing sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 1 messenger ribonucleic acid could not be identified because of the scarcity of this messenger ribonucleic acid. Messenger ribonucleic acid for sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 1, messenger ribonucleic acid for sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 2B, and messenger ribonucleic acid for weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1 were also observed in the placenta by in situ hybridization histochemical examination. Conclusion: The results suggest that the major adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel expressed in the myometrium and the corpus luteum during pregnancy is a complex of sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunit 2B and weak inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 6.1. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1121-6.)
Marketing and Innovations Management: An Integrated Perspective

1 . Introduction. 2. Marketing input into the innovation process: "Voice of the Customer" or "Noise of the Customer"? 3. Changing the Focus. 4. Connecting the Adoption Dots: Understanding the Diffusion of Innovations. 5. Launching Innovations in a New Era of Consumerism. 6. Conclusions. References.
“You Just Don't Know How Much He Meant”: Deviancy, Death, and Devaluation

This article is an examination of the ways in which value is not ascribed to the lives and deaths of young Latino men. Because “Latino/a” functions as a signifier for social deviancy in the United States, the social and physical deaths of young Latino men are always already justified in mainstream media. Yet because certain practices and performances of young Latino masculinity are often constructed as the negative “excess” of gender and sexual norms, oftentimes young Latino men cannot be ascribed value through alternative representations either if they attempt to counter accusations of racialized social deviancy by providing evidence of gender and sexual normativity. This article provides a detailed examination of the dominant and alternative narratives that would not or could not ascribe social value to one such early death: Brandon Jesse Martinez Jr. (1980–2000).
Megatherapy and stem cell transplantation for Ewing's family of tumors: a critical review of current literature.

: Although a multimodal approach consisting of chemotherapy and local control with surgery and/or radiation has improved survival in children with Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors, the prognosis for patients with high-risk disease remains poor. More aggressive treatments with high-dose myeloablative chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue have been utilized in an attempt to improve survival in these patients. Although many studies have been published, it is difficult to interpret the data since patient populations were heterogeneous with respect to disease stage, prior therapy, conditioning and stem cell source. Furthermore, there was no uniform definition of high risk, the sample sizes were small and most studies lacked appropriate control groups. Assessment of the utility of megatherapy will require prospective controlled studies.
Protective Properties of Vaccinia Virus-Based Vaccines: Skin Scarification Promotes a Nonspecific Immune Response That Protects against Orthopoxvirus Disease

The process of vaccination introduced by Jenner generated immunity against smallpox and ultimately led to the eradication of the disease. Procedurally, in modern times, the virus is introduced into patients via a process called scarification, performed with a bifurcated needle containing a small amount of virus. What was unappreciated was the role that scarification itself plays in generating protective immunity. In rabbits, protection from lethal disease is induced by intradermal injection of vaccinia virus, whereas a protective response occurs within the first 2 min after scarification with or without virus, suggesting that the scarification process itself is a major contributor to immunoprotection. IMPORTANCE These results show the importance of local nonspecific immunity in controlling poxvirus infections and indicate that the process of scarification should be critically considered during the development of vaccination protocols for other infectious agents.
How to “Cell” a Genomic or Proteomic Screen

As proteomic and genomic screens multiply, researchers are bombarded with data. Yaffe provides his views on how researchers can improve the cellular application of the results and ideas for how journals can influence data presentation and interoperability.
Beyond conflict: Culture, self, and intercultural learning among Iranians in the U.S.☆

Abstract Based on ethnographic research on the cultural adaptation of Iranian immigrants and exiles in California, this paper considers the role of the self in intercultural learning, and suggests that the relationship between the self and culture be considered a significant factor in the ways individuals learn other cultures. Among the 30 professional and 24 adolescent Iranians interviewed, there were two primary modes of relating self to culture that seemed linked to two possible levels of intercultural learning: One involving behavioral-level learning that did not entail changes in the subjective sense of “inner self”; and the other involving a deeper level transformation of behavior linked with subjectively experienced changes in the realms of value, meaning, and identity constituting the inner self. Though cultural conflicts between Iranians and Americans were significant, for the majority of Iranians the process of cultural adjustment was not experienced as a source of cultural shock, conflict, or confusion, but as a learning experience in which the self played a primary role as mediator for cultural learning. The paper proposes that the dominant research orientation of the intercultural field, characterizable by a concern with culture differences and culture conflict, has often obscured consideration for the dimensions of cultural learning that transcend the experience of conflict.
Precision of dual-photon absorptiometry

Precision of dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) measurements was determined in a lumbar spine phantom and in humans. Approximately half of the measurements were made before and half after a153gadolinium source change. The phantom was measured with different amounts of acrylic, which simulates human soft tissue, in order to evaluate the influence of body thickness on bone mineral density (BMD). Results of scans analyzed with two software versions from Lunar Radiation Corp., the widely used 08B and a prototype 08C, are compared. DPA with a cold source significantly overestimated BMD in the phantom in the presence of large amounts (more than 25 cm) of soft tissue equivalent with version 08B but not with the newer version 08C. Similiarly, in nine subjects, there was a significant decrease in spine BMD after a source change when scans were analyzed with version 08B (mean difference 0.026 g/cm2,P=0.002) but not with 08C (0.01 g/cm2,P=0.234). No systematic effect of source change on femoral BMD measurements was observed. The SD of the mean difference of two measurements of the nine subjects was 0.019 g/cm2 (1.6% of the mean value) for the spine with software version 08B and 0.024 g/cm2 (2.0%) with version 08C, 0.03 g/cm2 (3.3%) for the femur neck, 0.03 g/cm2 (4.0%) for the greater trochanter, and 0.04 g/cm2 (4.9%) for Ward's triangle region of the proximal femur. The spine phanton was scanned on two other commercial bone densitometers in order to assess inter-instrument variation. Phantom measurements of L2-4 BMD made on two Lunar Radiation Corp model DP3 scanners which differed by 2% were 10 and 12% higher than those with a Norland Corp. model 2600 scanner.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CD8+ T-cells that express interferon-gamma contribute to HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Author(s): Schrier, Rachel D; Hong, Suzi; Crescini, Melanie; Ellis, Ronald; Perez-Santiago, Josue; Spina, Celsa; Letendre, Scott; HNRP Group | Abstract: BackgroundHIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to affect cognition and everyday functioning despite anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Previous studies focused on mechanisms related to monocyte/macrophage mediated inflammation. However, in the ART era, there is increasing evidence for the involvement of CD8+ T-cells in CNS pathogenesis.MethodsTo investigate the relationship between T-cell responses and neurocognitive impairment (NCI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell intracellular cytokine (IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα) and lytic marker (CD107a) expression were assessed in HIV infected subjects who underwent comprehensive neurocognitive (NC) evaluation and either initiated or changed ART.ResultsData were collected from 31 participants at 70 visits. The frequency of cytokine expressing T-cells in CSF was significantly higher than in peripheral blood for CD4+T-cells: TNFα, IL-2, IFNγ and CD8+T-cells: IL-2 and IFNγ. Analysis of T-cell activity and NCI as a function of CSF HIV RNA levels suggested a general association between NCI, high CSF CD8+ (but not CD4+T-cell) cytokine expression and CSF HIV RNA l103 copies/ml (pl0.0001). Specifically, CSF CD8+ T-cell IFNγ expression correlated with severity of NCI (r = 0.57, p = 0.004). Multivariable analyses indicated that CSF CD8+T-cell IFNγ and myeloid activation (CD163) contributed equally and independently to cognitive status and a composite variable produced the strongest correlation with NCI (r = 0.83, p = 0.0001). In contrast, CD8+ cytolytic activity (CD107a expression) was negatively correlated with NCI (p = 0.05) but was dependent on CD4 levels g400/μl and low CSF HIV RNA levels (l103 copies/ml). In our longitudinal analysis of 16 subjects, higher CSF CD8+IFNγ expression at baseline predicted NC decline at follow-up (p = 0.02). Severity of NCI at follow-up correlated with level of residual HIV RNA in CSF.ConclusionsPresence of IFNγ expressing CD8+ T-cells, absence of cytolytic CD8+ T-cells, high myeloid activation, and failure of ART to suppress HIV replication in CSF contribute to increased risk of HAND.
Fever of unknown origin and neutropenia in a young boy

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A 21-month-old male was referred for evaluation because of fever, irritability, and a slight decrease in oral intake. One week after the onset of fever he developed a generalized erythematous rash. After several days of rash, the skin of the palms and soles began to desquamate. His pediatrician noted a single ulceration on the hard palate and diagnosed handfoot-and-mouth syndrome (enteroviral infection). Antibiotics were not administered. Despite treatment with alternating doses of ibuprofen and acetaminophen, the fever persisted and he was referred to our center for further evaluation.
Obtaining Representative Ground Water Samples in a Fractured and Karstic Formation

Environmental concerns about the migration of toxic contaminants in subsurface systems can be addressed only if ground water can be accessed in a manner that yields a sample that is representative of the mobile load of contaminants. Ground water was sampled from a number of wells along recharge pathways between fractured shale and karstic carbonate formations to determine the effect of sampling methods on the colloid abundance and the chemical and hydrologic mechanisms controlling the abundance of ground water colloids. Low-flow minimal drawdown purging and sampling produced samples with much lower and more consistent turbidity than had been obtained during compliance monitoring of the same wells using much higher flow rates and purging of three well volumes. Although some low-yielding wells required very low pumping rates to prevent drawdown, water quality parameters stabilized fairly quickly. The total volume of water removed during purging was small (usually only a few liters), and did not appear to be related to either the casing volume or the screen volume of the well. This lack of correlation may indicate that a limited volume of the formation is samples at the low flow rates. Since only a portion of long screened intervals appear to bemore » sampled, care must be given to placement of the sample tubing to access zones where contaminant migration is expected.« less
Dairy Cow Culling Decision. 2. Profitability and Genetic Trend in Herds with Culling on Production Versus Income

Abstract A technique has been described for culling cows on a combination of screening the entire herd on short-term income and then culling the cow making the smallest contribution to herd income over probable remaining herd life. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects on herd profitability and herd genetic trend of culling on a combination of short-term and long-term cow income instead of culling on age adjusted production. In addition, the effect of timing of the culling decision either prebreeding (to save insemination costs) or postbreeding (when time of next freshening can be predicted) on herd income was evaluated. Culling on projected income increased herd income over 20 yr by 4.3 to 4.8% relative to culling on age adjusted production for complete lactation. Breeding only the highest producing cows and then culling infertile cows at the point of peak income in the lactation increased herd income over 20 yr by 4.3 and 5.7% relative to breeding all cows and then culling the lowest producing cow in the herd when a heifer freshened. Cow culling on income projections decreased the genetic trend to 65.3 to 86.2% of the gain observed with cow selection on age adjusted production. Due to the potential economic benefits from both choosing culls prebreeding and utilizing a profitability criterion for cow culling, income projection techniques that describe the reproductive performance of the open cow need to be developed.
Osteogenic sarcoma in the American black

This clinicopathologic study of 100 American black patients with osteogenic sarcoma diagnosed and treated at this Medical Center from 1921-1979, inclusive, demonstrates a progressively increasing proportion of black patients admitted for this disease. The relative upsurge became especially pronounced in the 1970s. The ages of the patients ranged from 3 to 58 years (median, 16, mean 19.2 years). The age distribution shows that blacks, on the whole, are younger than whites when they develop these tumors, and this is particularly evident in the black girls. Skeletal locations for osteogenic sarcomas, in general, are similar in both races, except that the tibia and the fibula were involved significantly more frequently in the blacks while the humerus was afflicted less commonly. The clinical stage of disease on presentation, the duration of signs and symptoms, the histologic subclassification of the tumors, and the radiographic appearances closely matched in both races. The numbers of patients with Paget's sarcomas were also evenly distributed. Twenty-nine patients are currently alive with the 2-year and 5-year disease-free survival being 42% and 32%, respectively. There are no differences in the survival of black as compared to white patients, either for the entire duration of the study or for the period after 1974. The poorer prognosis of cancer in blacks does not apply to osteogenic sarcoma patients.
Beam Hardening, Noise, and Contrast Considerations in Selective Iodine Digital Radiography

Temporal and dual beam energy subtraction are discussed in conjunction with selective imaging of iodine. Several different kinds of energy subtraction are described and their relative sensitivities to noise are predicted. Effects due to beam hardening are demonstrated for temporal and energy subtraction. Hardening errors are more severe for the latter case by about a factor of three. A possible hardening correction is presented for energy subtraction and an experimental example is provided. Techniques for choosing optimized spectra and data handling for dual beam energy subtraction are presented. These include qualitative principles for spectral selection, identification of the individual noise contributions from the two beams, use of weighted least squares fits, and beam hardening and exposure reduction through the use of filtration.
Use of the Ultrasonic Doppler Method for Timing of Valvular Movement Application in the Differential Diagnosis of Extra Heart Sounds

The ultrasonic Doppler method was employed to time the rapid movements (opening and closure) of the mitral and aortic valves. To exclude signals due to slowly moving structures (heart walls), the Doppler tracing was processed by a filter that eliminated low frequencies. Clear tracings containing two deflections, one due to the opening and the other to the closure of each valve, were obtained. The valvular origin of the deflections was verified by recordings simultaneous with intratardiac pressures in five dogs. The ultrasonic Doppler tracing was found to be a satisfactory aid in the differentiation of various extra heart sounds in 24 patients. Thus, the second heart sound precedes, the third heart sound follows, and the opening snap is simultaneous with the signal due to mitral opening. The fourth heart sound is simultaneous with the atrial component of the unfiltered Doppler signal. Ejection clicks and systolic clicks are simultaneous with or follow the signal due to aortic opening. Because of its simpli...
Potentiation by the beta subunit of the ratio of the ionic current to the charge movement in the cardiac calcium channel

The voltage-activated rabbit cardiac calcium channel alpha 1 subunit was expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The charge movement of its voltage sensor was measured and related to the opening of the ion-conducting pore. The half-activation potential for charge movement was 35 millivolts more negative than that for pore opening. Coexpression of the cardiac calcium channel beta subunit reduced this difference without affecting charge movement. Thus, intramolecular coupling between the voltage sensor and the channel pore opening can be facilitated by a regulatory subunit.
Transworld depravity and divine omniscience

This paper argues against the sufficiency of Alvin Plantinga’s free will defense, as presented in God, freedom, and evil as a response to the logical problem of evil. I begin by introducing the fundamental issues present in the problem of evil and proceed to present Plantinga’s response. Next, I argue that, despite the argument’s wide acceptance in the field, a central notion to the defense, transworld depravity, is internally inconsistent and that attempts to resolve the problem would result in an abandonment of the original terms of the discussion. Finally, I consider some potential alternatives for a free will defense beyond the one presented by Plantinga and conclude that the logical problem of evil may have more worth as a philosophical topic than has been thought in recent years.
Near infrared spectra of muscovite, Tschermak substitution, and metamorphic reaction progress: Implications for remote sensing

Near infrared (NIR) spectra of Precambrian metagraywacke in the Black Hills, South Dakota, demonstrate that reflectance spectroscopy can be used to monitor progressive changes in mineral chemistry as a function of metamorphic grade. The wavelength of a combination Al-O-H absorption band in muscovite, measured using both laboratory and field-portable NIR spectrometers, shifts from 2217 nm in the biotite zone to 2199 nm in the sillimanite + K-feldspar zone. The band shift corresponds to an increase in the Al vi content of muscovite, determined by electron microprobe, and is thus a monitor of Al 2 Si -1 (Fe,Mg) -1 (Tschermak) exchange. Spectroscopic measurements such as these are useful in the case of aluminum-deficient rocks, which lack metamorphic index minerals or appropriate assemblages for thermobarometric studies, and in low-grade rocks (subgarnet zone), which lack quantitative indicators of metamorphic grade and are too fine grained for petrographic or microprobe studies. More important, spectroscopic detection of mineral-chemical variations in metamorphic rocks provides petrologists with a tool to recover information on metamorphic reaction histories from high-spectral-resolution aircraft or satellite remote sensing data.
Learning as a practical achievement: an interactional perspective

Despite the definitional difficulties associated with learning and instruction, they evidently occur as social realities for those involved in the practical, day-to-day work of learning and instructing. In this paper we offer an interactional perspective of learning and instruction by relying on the commonsense recognizability of learning to investigate what participants themselves do to achieve and recognize learning's work.
No severe and global X chromosome inactivation in meiotic male germline of Drosophila

This article is a response to Vibranovski et al. See correspondence article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/10/49 and the original research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/9/29 We have previously reported a high propensity of testis-expressed X-linked genes to activation in meiotic cells, a similarity in global gene expression between the X chromosome and autosomes in meiotic germline, and under-representation of various types of tissue-specific genes on the X chromosome. Based on our findings and a critical review of the current literature, we believe that there is no global and severe silencing of the X chromosome in the meiotic male germline of Drosophila. The term 'meiotic sex chromosome inactivation' (MSCI) therefore seems misleading when used to describe the minor underexpression of the X chromosome in the testis of Drosophila, because this term erroneously implies a profound and widespread silencing of the X-linked genes, by analogy to the well-studied MSCI system in mammals, and therefore distracts from identification and analysis of the real mechanisms that orchestrate gene expression and evolution in this species.
Biology of Nosema plodiae sp. n., a microsporidian pathogen of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), (Lepidoptera:Phycitidae).

Abstract The morphology and developmental cycle of a previously undescribed species of Nosema are described from the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The pathogen invades a variety of tissues and organs, including fat bodies, muscles, the gut wall, Malpighian tubes, and the salivary and silk glands. In laboratory tests larvae were readily infected by feeding them fresh spores. Larvae with acute infections showed signs and symptoms of disease 6 days after initial feeding; such larvae were stunted, and usually succumbed before pupation. Larvae with subacute infections survived to the adult stage. Pathogens invaded developing ova, and transovarian transmission was observed. Larvae of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hubner), and the dried fruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (Linnaeus), did not become infected when fed spores; however, larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) acquired subacute infections.
The psychometric property and validation of a fatalism scale

In this article, we conceptualised fatalism as a set of health beliefs that encompass the dimensions of predetermination, luck and pessimism. A 20-item scale was developed as a measurement instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the dimensionality of the scale. Three external variables (i.e. genetic determinism, perceived benefits of lifestyle change and intention to engage in healthy behaviour) were used as reference variables to test the construct validity of the scale. Data from a web-based national survey (N = 1218) showed that the scale was unidimensional on the second order, and with good reliability (alpha = 0.88). The relationships between the external variables and the first- and second-order factors provided evidence of the scale's external consistency and construct validity.
Experimental simulations of sulfide formation in the solar nebula

Sulfurization of meteoritic metal in H 2 S-H 2 gas produced three different sulfides: monosulfide solid solution [(Fe,Ni) 1− x S], pentlandite [(Fe,Ni) 9− x S 8 ], and a phosphorus-rich sulfide. The composition of the remnant metal was unchanged. These results are contrary to theoretical predictions that sulfide formation in the solar nebula produced troilite (FeS) and enriched the remaining metal in nickel. The experimental sulfides are chemically and morphologically similar to sulfide grains in the matrix of the Alais (class CI) carbonaceous chondrite, suggesting that these meteoritic sulfides may be condensates from the solar nebula.
Healthcare via Cell Phones: A Systematic Review

Regular care and informational support are helpful in improving disease-related health outcomes. Communication technologies can help in providing such care and support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the empirical evidence related to the role of cell phones and text messaging interventions in improving health outcomes and processes of care. Scientific literature was searched to identify controlled studies evaluating cell phone voice and text message interventions to provide care and disease management support. Searches identified 25 studies that evaluated cell phone voice and text messaging interventions, with 20 randomized controlled trials and 5 controlled studies. Nineteen studies assessed outcomes of care and six assessed processes of care. Selected studies included 38,060 participants with 10,374 adults and 27,686 children. They covered 12 clinical areas and took place in 13 countries. Frequency of message delivery ranged from 5 times per day for diabetes and smoking cessation support to once a week for advice on how to overcome barriers and maintain regular physical activity. Significant improvements were noted in compliance with medicine taking, asthma symptoms, HbA1C, stress levels, smoking quit rates, and self-efficacy. Process improvements were reported in lower failed appointments, quicker diagnosis and treatment, and improved teaching and training. Cost per text message was provided by two studies. The findings that enhancing standard care with reminders, disease monitoring and management, and education through cell phone voice and short message service can help improve health outcomes and care processes have implications for both patients and providers.
ANALYSIS OF AN ADAPTIVE ITERATIVE LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR FREEWAY RAMP FLOW IMPUTATION

We present an adaptive iterative learning based flow imputation algorithm, to estimate missing flow profiles in on ramps and off ramps using a freeway traffic flow model. We use the LinkNode Cell transmission model to describe the traffic state evolution in freeways, with on ramp demand profiles and off ramp split ratios (which are derived from flows) as inputs. The model based imputation algorithm estimates the missing flow profiles that match observed freeway mainline detector data. It is carried out in two steps: (1) adaptive iterative learning of an ”effective demand” parameter, which is a function of ramp demands and off ramp flows/ split ratios; (2) estimation of on ramp demands/ off ramp split ratios from the effective demand profile using a linear program. This paper concentrates on the design and analysis of the adaptive iterative learning algorithm. The adaptive iterative learning algorithm is based on a multi-mode (piecewise non-linear)equivalentmodel of the Link-NodeCell transmission model. The parameter learning update procedure is decentralized, with different update equations depending on the local apriori state estimate and demand estimate. We present a detailed convergence analysis of our approach and finally demonstrate some examples of its application.
Gene expression changes: five years after creation of elastase-induced aneurysms.

Abstract Purpose Intracranial saccular aneurysms are associated with chronic remodeling of the arterial wall. The pathobiology of aneurysm growth and rupture is poorly understood. The present study was performed to study the gene expression patterns in elastase-induced saccular aneurysms in rabbits 5 years after aneurysm creation, compared with unoperated control arteries. Materials and Methods Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms were created in 25 rabbits and followed up for 5 years. Thirteen rabbits died during follow-up for reasons unrelated to the aneurysms. RNA was isolated from aneurysm tissue and the control contralateral common carotid artery in five of the 12 surviving animals, and analyzed for gene expression by using human gene microarrays. Genes with statistical differences between groups ( P Results Fifty-three of 13,353 genes (0.4%) were differentially expressed in the aneurysms compared with the unoperated control arteries. Molecular and functional pathway analysis revealed that immunoregulatory molecules, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and structural molecules were differentially expressed in the aneurysms compared with controls. RT-PCR results of selected genes confirmed the differential expression identified by using the gene chip microarray. Conclusions Significant modulation in a variety of biochemical and cellular functions in chronic aneurysms provides molecular insights into the pathophysiology of saccular aneurysms.