cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with cocaine use: A case report and brief review

Isolated, spontaneous dissection of the coronary arteries in the absence of trauma is an unusual but well-documented occurrence. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in males in the English language literature, and only one case, nonfatal, was associated with cocaine use. We present the second overall and the first fatal case of cocaine-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection and a brief review of the literature on coronary dissection and the cardiovascular effects of cocaine use. The mechanism of cocaine's toxicity on the heart and vasculature is complex, multifactorial, and predominantly related to cocaine's adrenergic properties. The increased arterial blood pressure from cocaine's inotropic and chronotropic effects combined with its direct vasoconstrictive effect leads to increased shear forces on the coronary endothelium. This elevated stress may be responsible for the formation of an intimal tear and the subsequent dissection of the coronary artery. If the dissected portion of the arterial wall is displaced enough to significantly occlude the true lumen, infarction can result. In light of this possibility, coronary artery dissection must be considered in young patients presenting with symptoms of cardiac ischemia and a history of cocaine use.
When concepts combine

I present a computational level account of how people combine concepts, and I use this account to evaluate current models of conceptual combination. Constrained by this account, I then provide an algorithmic level description of how people combine concepts. The algorithmic level account highlights the importance of two additional processes (comparison and construction) in explaining how some concepts combine and change. I then show that the interpretation of nominal metaphors involves these processes as well. Current approaches to metaphor understanding emphasize the importance of one or the other of these processes, but not both.
The influence of training on perceptions of recruiters' interpersonal skills and effectiveness

In order to employ superior employees, organizations must attract and select the best applicants. One strategy for attracting better employees is to improve the quality of the recruiters that applicants meet during the job choice process. One approach for improving the quality of recruiters is training. The present study obtained data from 216 recruiters and 1571 matched applicants following employment interviews. Regression results suggest that training influenced recruiters' self-perceptions of their interpersonal effectiveness. However, training had very little effect on applicant perceptions of recruiter effectiveness. Implications for organizational recruitment practice and future research directions are discussed.
On irregularity-based damage detection method for cracked beams

A new damage detection technique using irregularity profile of a structural mode shape is proposed in this paper. The mode-shape of a cracked beam is first obtained analytically by using a general function. Its irregularity profile is then extracted from the mode shape by a numerical filter. The location and size of the crack in the beam can be determined by the peak value appearing on the irregularity profile. Two types of numerical filters, i.e., triangular and Gaussian, are examined. It has been found that the former filter is more effective in damage detection than the latter one. Numerical simulations suggest that the irregularity-based method requires a relatively low measurement resolution. Noise stress tests are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of this method under the influence of noise. As a validation, the proposed method is applied to detect crack damage in an E-glass/epoxy laminated composite beam. The successful detection of the crack in the composite beam demonstrates that the irregularity-based method is capable of assessing both the location and size of the crack and can be used efficiently and effectively in damage identification and health monitoring of beam-type structures.
Evolution of “the new frontier” in Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal co‐optation of the feminine archetype

Feminine symbolism in the American frontier myth is an evolving cultural/rhetorical manifestation of a developing archetypal process. The land‐based frontier myth represents a middle stage in which a once‐whole image of the feminine was split by the emergence of patriarchy. An analysis of the films Alien and Aliens reveals that the frontier myth is evolving, at least in this case, into a land/space hybrid, in which the lost feminine is encountered, found to be vengeful at the exploitation of her domain, and then killed by a patriarchalized heroine.
Design and Development of Hand-opening and Pinch Force Sensors

There is growing interest in developing prosthetic limbs capable of providing sensory feedback to amputees. The development of such advanced systems requires accurate, quantitative assessment of the sensation perceived by the amputee. We have designed and fabricated robust, devices to track and record hand-opening distance and pinch force during a series of structured tasks performed by unilateral amputees using their intact hand to mirror perceived sensation in the amputated limb. For hand-opening distance measurement, the subject's thumb and forefinger are coupled to linear potentiometers. While subjects open and close their hand freely, the distance between the thumb and forefinger is estimated in real time by recording the voltage output. For pinch force measurement, a commercially-available mini compression load cell is mounted on a custom-designed aluminum assembly that is adjustable to enable measurement at different hand-opening distances. The load cell generates a voltage signal proportional to the applied pinch force. Calibration was accomplished by applying incremental forces using a compression load testing device while monitoring the voltage output. These measurements will help to quantify the amputee's perception of hand-opening and pinch force and thereby serve towards developing a subject-specific sensor-stimulation map that can be programmed into an advanced prosthesis.
A note on eastern-boundary intensification of flow in Lake Vostok

Abstract Based on the predictions of a simple hypothetical model it is proposed that the circulation within Lake Vostok is asymmetric, with a narrow boundary layer along the eastern wall and a diffuse counter-clockwise recirculation in the interior. This differs from a recent work by Wuest and Carmack [Ocean Model. 2 (2000) 29], who predicted a symmetric, clockwise circulation in the lake. The predicted boundary-layer intensification is due to variation in the depth of the lake, which creates a dynamically important topographic β effect. The eastward intensification of the flow may have important implications for future studies of the lake's ecosystem.
Inheritance of high-resolution melting profiles in assays targeting single nucleotide polymorphisms in protein-coding sequences of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: Implications for parentage assignment of experimental and commercial broodstocks

Abstract Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become markers of choice in genetic studies and may be assayed by a variety of methods. For purposes of confirming pedigrees of experimental and commercial broodstocks of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , we developed PCR primers for exonic amplicons, ranging in size from 61 to 165 base pairs (average 95 bp) and high-resolution melting (HRM) assays for a set of 53 coding SNPs, which were previously identified from EST sequences and mapped in families. We define as canonical the three HRM profiles corresponding to the two homozygotes and the heterozygote expected at the target SNP (e.g. AA, GG, AG or AA, CC, AC), with variation at no other site in the PCR amplicon. We summarize data on Mendelian inheritance of HRM profiles in four, large, full-sib progenies from wild-caught parents and in 16 families with smaller numbers of progeny, a dataset of 24,065 HRM phenotypes. Not surprisingly, these family analyses confirm Mendelian inheritance of canonical HRM profiles, while showing evidence for non-amplifying null alleles and distortions of transmission ratios that can be ascribed to early viability selection. Unexpectedly, these family analyses reveal evidence for heritable, non-canonical HRM profiles, which we further describe. Non-canonical HRM phenotypes are found at 40 of the 53 markers but comprise only 5.37% of all phenotypes in our dataset (whereas technical artifacts account for only 0.4% of phenotypes and measured genotyping error from replicates is just 0.2%). Cloning and sequencing of 142, non-canonical HRM haplotypes, at 26 loci, reveal polymorphism at up to four sites besides the target nucleotide. Thus, HRM assays reveal extensive haplotype diversity within exons; interpreted correctly, this additional phenotypic variation increases the allelic diversity and power of parentage assignment for these Type-I markers.
Resource allocation: Sequential design for analyses involving several types of data

In analyzing the reliability of complex systems, several types of data from full-system tests to component level tests are commonly available and are used. After a preliminary analysis, additional resources may be available and we wish to identify the best new data to collect to maximally improve the prediction of system reliability. In this paper we present methodology for selection of an appropriate criteria for choosing between different allocations, and how to determine what new data should be collected to improve our understanding of the response. Issues discussed including computational efficiency of the methodt, discrepancies between reliability estimate from individual data sources and incorporating cost into a comparison of different data types.
Modeling NAPL dissolution fingering with upscaled mass transfer rate coefficients

The dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) at residual saturation in porous media has sometimes resulted in the development of preferential dissolution pathways or NAPL dissolution fingers. While NAPL dissolution fingering may be modeled using numerical simulators with fine discretization, this approach is computational intensive. We derived an expression for an upscaled mass transfer rate coefficient that accounts for the growth of dissolution fingers within porous media contaminated uniformly with residual NAPL. This expression was closely related to the lengthening of the dissolution front. Data from physical experiments and numerical simulations in two dimensions were used to examine the growth of the dissolution front and the corresponding upscaled mass transfer rate coefficient. Using this upscaled mass transfer rate coefficient, the time when dissolution fingering results in a reduction in the overall mass transfer rate and thus controls the rate of NAPL dissolution was determined. This crossover time is a convenient parameter for assessing the influence of dissolution fingering on NAPL removal. For the physical experiments and numerical simulations analyzed in this study, the crossover time to dissolution fingering control always occurred before the dissolution front had moved 14 cm within NAPL-contaminated porous media, which is small compared to the scale of typical systems of concern. To verify the utility of this approach, data from a three-dimensional physical experiment were predicted reasonably well using an upscaled mass transfer rate coefficient that was determined independently from this experiment.
Mica interference filters with transmission bands of very narrow half-widths

Theoretical aspects, production methods, testing, and application of high-order interference filters are described which employ a thin sheet of mica in place of the usual evaporated dielectric spacer layer. Such filters have been made with half-widths less than 1 A and transmissions of up to 70%. In particular, details are given of the cleaving process, the double refraction and the absorption of mica. A filter mount is described which makes it possible to construct filters of practical size. Measurements are reported on the uniformity of transmission peaks over the 4 cm diameter area of the filters. Theoretical and experimental values are given for the angular field. Other properties discussed are the effect of the filters on resolving power, the background, the spectral region for which they can be constructed and the stability of mica filters with time and with temperature changes. A narrow band filter is described. Another filter described was designed to transmit the 5896 A and reject the 5890 A line of sodium. A third filter rejects all the lines of the krypton spectrum except the 6056 A line which was recommended as the primary standard of length.
Collisional alignment of molecular rotation

Abstract The alignment of the axes of rotation of diatomic molecules produced in successive collisions with atoms is examined in classical trajectory calculations. For I 2 subjected to collisions with Ar under conditions for the generation of seeded molecular beams with high velocity slip, the ratio of I 2 molecules with axes of rotation parallel to the flow to those with axes perpendicular to the flow is estimated to be 1:3.
Evidence for the modification of nucleon properties in nuclei from traditional nuclear physics experiments

We consider the manifestation of the quark presence in nuclei. We discuss deep-inelastic electron scattering at both high and low momentum transfer, and also discuss, at some length, elastic electron-nucleus scattering. Recent experiments have led to the conclusion that the quark distribution in nuclei differs from that which would be obtained from a collection of nucleons with properties unmodified from their free-space values. We stress, however, that if the properties of the nucleon are modified in the nucleus there are important consequences for the analysis of other, more traditional, nuclear physics experiments. We discuss nuclear structure functions near the (nucleon) quasielastic peak and show how modified nucleon properties can explain the quenching of the longitudinal response. Most of our discussion, however, is devoted to a study of nuclear charge distributions. We stress that what is being measured in these experiments is the quark charge distribution. We also provide approximate expressions for the quark charge density in terms of modified nucleon electromagnetic form factors and the nucleon density matrix. Numerical estimates of the size of various effects due to the modification of nucleon properties in nuclei are presented. Well-known difficulties found in relating theoretical charge distributions with those measured in electron scattering may be resolved in this approach since we show that only if the nucleon electromagnetic form factors are unmodified in nuclei is the standard analysis correct. Specifically we show that in the case of $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, certain well-known problems found in relating theoretical and experimental charge densities can be largely resolved by using the matter densities of modern relativistic mean-field theories and the modified electromagnetic form factors we have calculated in an earlier work.
Culture of Isolated Single Cells from Taxus Suspensions for the Propagation of Superior Cell Populations

Single cells isolated from aggregated Taxus cuspidata cultures via enzymatic digestion were grown in suspension culture. High seeding density (4 x 10(5 )cells/ml) and the addition of cell-free conditioned medium were essential for growth. Doubling the concentration of the nutrients [ascorbic acid (150 g/l), glutamine (6.25 mM: ), and citric acid (150 g/l)] had no effect on single cell growth or viability. A specific growth rate of 0.11 days(-1) was achieved, which is similar to the observed growth rate of aggregated Taxus suspensions. The biocide, Plant Preservative Mixture, added at 0.2% (v/v) to all single cell cultures to prevent microbial contamination, had no significant effect on growth or viability. Following cell sorting, single cell cultures can be used to establish new cell lines for biotechnology applications or provide cells for further study.
Laboratory sources of turbulent plasma: a unique MHD plasma wind tunnel

Turbulence has been studied in laboratory plasmas for decades. Magnetic and electrostatic turbulence fluctuations have been implicated in degraded confinement in fusion devices so understanding turbulent transport is critical for those devices. The externally applied magnetic field in most laboratory plasmas has a strong effect on the character of the turbulence (particularly parallel and perpendicular to the applied field). A new turbulent plasma source is described with several unique features. First, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wind tunnel configuration has no applied magnetic field and has no net axial magnetic flux. Second, the plasma flow speed is on the order of the local sound speed (M = 1), so flow energy is comparable to thermal energy. Third, the plasma β (ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure) is of order unity so thermal energy is comparable to magnetic energy. We will review sources of magnetic turbulence in laboratory plasmas and discuss the main analytical tools used in the study of plasma turbulence. Some initial results from the MHD plasma wind tunnel will be presented.
Who tags the tags?: a framework for bookmark weighting

In this work we propose a novel framework for bookmark weighting which allows us to estimate the effectiveness of each of the bookmarks individually. We show that by weighting bookmarks according to their estimated quality we can significantly improve search effectiveness. Using empirical evaluation on real data gathered from two large bookmarking systems, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the new framework for search enhancement.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Abstract The onset of appearance-related concerns associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) typically occurs in adolescence, and these concerns are often severe enough to interfere with normal development and psychosocial functioning. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for adults with BDD. However, no treatment studies focusing on adolescents with BDD have been conducted. The need for an effective treatment in this population led to the development of a brief CBT protocol with family involvement. The treatment focuses on enhancing an adolescent's quality of life through the reduction of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, and incorporates skills training and parent training. Similar treatment packages have already been shown to be efficacious for children and adolescents with similar disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. The following case illustrates the application of this brief CBT protocol for BDD in an adolescent, and highlights clinical considerations needed when adapting CBT for a pediatric population. Treatment was associated with clinically significant improvement in symptoms of BDD, self-esteem, depression, and quality of life. This report extends extant literature by suggesting that CBT may be a helpful treatment for adolescents with BDD.
Comparing Two Questionnaires for Eliciting CAM Use in a Multi-Ethnic US Population of Older Adults.

Abstract Introduction The NAFKAM International CAM Questionnaire (I-CAM-Q) was designed to facilitate cross-study comparisons of CAM usage. This research presents the first empirical study of the I-CAM-Q's performance. Materials and methods Data were collected in two studies in a multi-ethnic (African American, American Indian, and white) population of older adults in the US. In 2010, 564 adults 60+ years were recruited. The I-CAM-Q was interviewer-administered. Data were compared to those collected in 2002 from a random sample of 701 Medicare recipients 65+ years. The 2002 survey included an extensive inventory of specific CAM therapies derived from local ethnographic research. Comparisons of the responses for 14 CAM modalities common to the two studies used logistic regression adjusted for demographics. Results There were no significant differences between the 2002 and 2010 surveys in the proportions reporting 10 modalities, including use of chiropractors, homeopaths, acupuncturists, herbalists, spiritual healers, vitamins, minerals, homeopathic remedies, Qigong, visualization, and prayer for health. Significantly less use of physicians and more use of relaxation techniques were reported in 2010. Herb use and garlic, as a specific herb, were reported significantly less in 2010. Conclusions Overall, the I-CAM-Q obtained results similar to those produced by a population-specific questionnaire. Those differences observed appear to reflect differences in the studies’ inclusion criteria or secular trends in CAM. This study supports the intention of the I-CAM-Q to substitute for local and regional surveys in order to allow cross-study comparisons of CAM use. Further tests, preferably through contemporaneous data collection are needed in other populations.
African American Males and Learning: What Discourse in Sports Offers Schooling

This research investigates language use in a youth basketball program of a neighborhood-based organization and compares it to features of classroom discourse. The central focus is on a key communicative event, the “coaches circle,” where significant verbal exchanges between children and adults occur. Coach-player interactions are also contextualized in the mentoring perspective of the program's coaches council. Implications are drawn for extending the teacher-as-coach school-reform model based on considerations of language development and learning in this community sports setting.
Geostatistical analysis in clustering fMRI time series

Clustering of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series—either directly or through characteristic features such as the cross-correlation with the experimental protocol signal—has been extensively used for the identification of active regions in the brain. Both approaches have drawbacks; clustering of the time series themselves may identify voxels with similar temporal behavior that is unrelated to the stimulus, whereas cross-correlation requires knowledge of the stimulus presentation protocol. In this paper we propose the use of autocorrelation structure instead—an idea borrowed from geostatistics; this approach does not suffer from the deficits associated with previous clustering methods. We first formalize the traditional classification methods as three steps: feature extraction, choice of classification metric and choice of classification algorithm. The use of different characteristics to effect the clustering (cross-correlation, autocorrelation, and so forth) relates to the first of these three steps. We then demonstrate the efficacy of autocorrelation clustering on a simple visual task and on resting data. A byproduct of our analysis is the finding that masking prior to clustering, as is commonly done, may degrade the quality of the discovered clusters, and we offer an explanation for this phenomenon. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of mindfulness in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Background and objectives Research suggests mindfulness-based treatments may enhance efficacy of CBT for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). One hypothesized mechanism of mindfulness is cognitive flexibility; however, research findings to date are mixed as to a) whether cognitive inflexibility represents a characteristic of GAD, and b) whether mindfulness impacts cognitive flexibility. It is proposed that limitations in study methodology may partially account for these mixed findings. The present study investigated cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of mindfulness in a sample with elevated GAD symptoms using a modified emotional Stroop switching task while attempting to control for limitations of previous research. The purpose of the study was: 1) to explore cognitive inflexibility as a potential characteristic of GAD, and 2) to examine whether a brief mindfulness induction has measurable impact on cognitive flexibility. Methods A total of 66 participants (53 with elevated GAD symptoms, and 13 non-anxious) were randomized to a mindful-breathing, music-assisted relaxation, or thought wandering condition prior to completing an emotional Stroop and emotional Stroop switching task. Results Results suggest that GAD may be characterized by an inflexible style of responding, and exposure to mindfulness and relaxation result in partial improvements in cognitive flexibility. Limitations Limitations of this study include small sample size, brief induction period, and use of an analog sample. Conclusions The present findings suggest that mindfulness may be associated with partial improvement in cognitive flexibility.
IGC study of filler–filler and filler–rubber interactions in silica-filled compounds

A modification of the existing methods for evaluating the dispersive and specific components of surface free energy (γd and γs, respectively) was made to investigate filler–rubber and filler–filler interactions by inverse gas chromatography. Four silicas as fillers and various probes that mimic elastomers were employed in this study. It was shown that the pretreatment of silicas with helium could increase γd and decrease γs. Modification of the silica surface with silane could enhance the dispersive interaction and weaken the specific interaction. The temperature dependence of the interfacial interaction was also investigated, and it was found that lower temperatures favored filler–rubber interactions and mixing efficiency. Tests on different sizes of agglomerates demonstrated the existence of a filler–rubber and filler–filler network. It was also found that γd played a role in agglomeration or filler–filler interaction. Our study showed that the larger the specific surface area was, the stronger the dispersive and specific interactions were. The effectiveness of various fillers and elastomer probes was also compared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2517–2530, 2001
Encapsidation of minute virus of mice DNA: aspects of the translocation mechanism revealed by the structure of partially packaged genomes

Minute virus of mice (MVM) packages a single, negative-sense copy of its linear single-stranded DNA genome, but a chimeric virus, MML, in which >95% MVM sequence was fused to the right-hand terminus of LuIII, packages >40% positive-sense DNA. While encapsidation of both MML strands begins efficiently, genome translocation frequently stalls at specific sites in positive-sense DNA. Internalized sequences, derived from the 3' end of the strand, ranged from 1 to 5 kb in length, with species of around 2 kb predominating. When nuclease activity during isolation was minimized, these truncated species were found to be part of pre-excised 5 kb single-strands. Similarly, some partially encapsidated negative-sense DNAs were observed, forming a continuum of protected 3' sequences between 1 and 3 kb in length, but these were less abundant and more uniformly distributed than their positive-sense counterparts, indicating that the negative strand has evolved for efficient internalization. The paucity of protected DNAs shorter than 1-2 kb suggests that translocation is biphasic, proceeding efficiently through the first (3') third of the genome, but prone to stall thereafter. Sequences with conspicuous secondary structure, including stem-loop and guanidine rich regions, were found to interrupt packaging, especially when positioned near the 5' end of the strand. Since VP2 amino-terminal peptides were exposed at the particle surface in all packaging intermediates, extrusion of this peptide precedes translocation of the full-length strand.
A Hellinger distance approach to MCMC diagnostics

Bayesian analysis often requires the researcher to employ Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to draw samples from a posterior distribution which in turn is used to make inferences. Currently, several approaches to determine convergence of the chain as well as sensitivities of the resulting inferences have been developed. This work develops a Hellinger distance approach to MCMC diagnostics. An approximation to the Hellinger distance between two distributions f and g based on sampling is introduced. This approximation is studied via simulation to determine the accuracy. A criterion for using this Hellinger distance for determining chain convergence is proposed as well as a criterion for sensitivity studies. These criteria are illustrated using a dataset concerning the Anguilla australis, an eel native to New Zealand.
Role of tyrosine kinases in bombesin regulation of gastric mucosal proliferative activity in young and aged rats.

In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to examine the responsiveness of the gastric mucosa to the growth-promoting action of bombesin in young (4 months) and aged (22 months) Fischer 344 rats. In addition, the role of tyrosine kinase (Tyr-K) in regulating this action of bombesin was also examined. In young rats, infusion of bombesin (300 ng/kg/h) by osmotic minipump for 2 weeks resulted in a significant 100% increase in mucosal DNA synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. These increases were accompanied by a 32% (p < 0.025) rise in gastric mucosal overall Tyr-K activity and a 71% (p < 0.001) increase in Tyr-k activity associated with pp60c-src, when compared with the corresponding controls. The bombesin-induced stimulation of pp60c-src Tyr-k activity was also associated with a 25% increase in phosphorylation of this protein. In contrast, in aged rats, none of these parameters were affected by bombesin. A similar phenomenon was also observed when mucosal explants from young and aged rats were exposed to bombesin in an organ culture system. Exposure of gastric mucosal explants from young, but not from aged, rats to 10−8 M bombesin for 8 h resulted in a 300% (p< 0.001) increase in ODC activity, a 150% (p< 0.001) rise in Tyr-k activity, and a marked increase (400–600%) in tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of three membrane proteins with Mr of 55, 44, and 41 kDa, when compared with the corresponding controls. However, these increases were totally abolished by genistein, a specific irreversible inhibitor of Tyr-k. We conclude that aging is associated with a loss of responsiveness of the gastric mucosa to the growth-promoting action of bombesin. This is in part due to the peptide's inability to activate certain tyrosine kinases, including pp60c-src.
The role of CD94/NKG2 in innate and adaptive immunity

CD94/NKG2 is a heterodimer expressed on natural killer (NK) and a small subset of T cells. This receptor varies in function as an inhibitor or activator depending on which isoform of NKG2 is expressed. The ligand for CD94/NKG2 is HLA-E in human and its homolog, Qa1 in mouse, which are both nonclassical class I molecules that bind leader peptides from other class I molecules. Although <5% of CD8 T cells express the receptor in a naive mouse, its expression is upregulated upon specific recognition of antigen. Similar to NK cells, most CD8 T cells that express high levels of CD94 co-express NKG2A, the inhibitory isoform. The engagement of this receptor can lead to a blocking of cytotoxicity. However, these receptors have also been implicated in the cell survival of both NK and CD8T cells. The level of CD94 expression is inversely correlated with the level of apoptosis in culture. Thus, CD94/NKG2 receptors may regulate effector functions and cell survival of NK cells and CD8 T cells, thereby playing a crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune response to a pathogen.
A simple model of beach foreshore response to long-period waves

Abstract A field experiment and computer model have been designed and carried out to test the hypothesis that infragravity and lower-frequency waves influence patterns of erosion and deposition on the beach foreshore. The field data show coherent fluctuations in the foreshore sediment level which can be related to low-frequency wave motions. The fluctuations have heights of up to 6 cm with typical time scales of 8–10 min. They can be characterized in two ways: by the progression of the fluctuation up the foreshore slope (landward), and by the decrease in the root-mean-square (RMS) height of the fluctuations as they progress landward. Analysis of run-up time series obtained by time-lapse photography concurrent with the sediment level measurements reveals that long-period waves of undetermined origin are positively correlated with the sediment level fluctuations. This suggests that the waves are responsible for forcing the initiation of sediment level fluctuations. In order to better understand the characteristics of these sediment level fluctuations, a numerical model of elevation changes on the foreshore was developed. Gradients in sediment transport define erosional and depositional areas on the foreshore, hence will determine the response to an initial beach slope perturbation. The results show that any perturbation (a forced departure from equilibrium) in foreshore topography will progress landward while decreasing in amplitude, thereby matching the field observations. Conceptual relationships between beach slope and the profile response clarified by this model are used to explain the initial formation of the perturbations in sediment level.
Current variations of glaucoma filtration surgery.

Purpose of review Trabeculectomy continues to be the most effective incisional surgery for uncontrolled glaucoma. Since its introduction by Cairns in 1968, the procedure has undergone numerous modifications. This article will summarize the current variations of glaucoma filtration surgery and evidence-based review of their potential advantages and disadvantages. Recent findings Recent innovations in glaucoma filtration surgery have focused on wound modulation to enhance long-term surgical outcomes and the search for a small incision surgery with more predictable outcomes, lower complication rates, and rapid visual recovery. Amniotic membranes, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents, and tissue-engineered biodegradable implants are currently being investigated as alternatives to mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil to reduce inflammation and subsequent bleb failure with fewer complications. The Ex-PRESS glaucoma filtration device appears promising with its unique feature of small-incision surgery, fewer intraoperative and postoperative complications, and its ability to lower intraocular pressure significantly, which appears to be comparable with standard trabeculectomy. Summary Knowledge and surgical expertise in handling current variations of glaucoma filtration surgery are essential to offer an individualized approach with the overall goal of optimizing surgical outcomes and minimizing complications.
Signals for CP violation in split supersymmetry

Abstract Split supersymmetry is characterized by relatively light chargino and neutralino sector and very heavy sfermion sector. We study the consequence of CP violation in this scenario by evaluating two-loop contributions to electric dipole moments of fermions from Higgs-photon as well as W – W diagrams. These contributions add coherently and produce electron and neutron electric dipole moments close to present bounds. We then explore Higgs production at a photon–photon collider, and consider the feasibility of measuring CP violating h γ γ coupling induced by chargino loops. Methods of enhancing the sensitivity are discussed. For lower chargino masses and lower Higgs boson masses, the effect of the CP violation can be observed with 90% confidence level significance.
Posttraumatic stress responses in children: awareness and practice among a sample of pediatric emergency care providers.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that up to 4 of 5 children experience symptoms of an acute stress response (ASR) after a motor vehicle-related injury, and approximately 25% will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The degree to which physicians recognize this problem has not been reported. Our objective was to evaluate current awareness and practices of a cohort of pediatric emergency care providers regarding posttraumatic stress in children. METHODS: Participants were identified from a list of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Emergency Medicine and surveyed on their awareness of ASR after motor vehicle-related injury, risk factors for developing PTSD, and practices regarding emergency department (ED) interventions. Surveys from physicians not practicing clinical emergency medicine were excluded. RESULTS: Of 322 surveys returned, 287 responses met inclusion criteria. Among these respondents, 198 (69%) were pediatric emergency medicine board certified or eligible and 260 (91%) practiced in a designated pediatric ED. Only 20 of 287 respondents (7%) believed that children were likely to develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress at levels previously described. Also in contrast to recent literature, 248 respondents (86%) felt that severity of injury was associated with future development of PTSD. Associated parental injury was identified accurately as a risk factor by 250 respondents (87%). Of interest, only 31 respondents (11%) were aware of any available tools to assess risk for PTSD. In addition, 56 of 287 respondents (20%) indicated that they would not use such tools in the ED, most commonly citing time and cost constraints. Finally, only 52 respondents (18%) reported giving any verbal guidance and only 9 (3%) provided any written instructions about posttraumatic stress to their patients and families. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that physicians underestimate the likely development of an ASR and PTSD in the pediatric population. At present, few physicians offer written or even verbal instruction related to the development of posttraumatic symptoms. Physician education along with a systematic approach of assessment and intervention is necessary to address the gap between underrecognition of this concern and desired clinical practice. Language: en
Streamflow generation on a small agricultural catchment during autumn recharge: I. Nonstormflow periods

Some sources and controls on nonstorm streamflow from a 19.8 ha agricultural hill land catchment located in east-central Pennsylvania were hypothesized and identified based on 18O, Si, NO3, Cl and SO4 concentration patterns. Streamflow, springflow, soil water, seepage and shallow groundwater were sampled routinely from 16 October to 20 November 1989, which included three storms (17–20 October, 9 November and 14 November). The first storm caused this catchment to shift from a low to high flow regime typical of the late autumn period. The chemical patterns in streamflow followed a three-part sequence — stormflow, early post-storm drain-down period, and subsequent post-storm base flow period. The stormflow period was characterized by dilution of NO3, Cl, SO4, Si and 18O, whereas the highest NO3, Cl and SO4 concentrations and flow rates occurred during the early post-storm period, suggesting that additional subsurface sources were temporarily activated by the storms. The chemical patterns and concentrations during base flow periods tended to be similar irrespective of preceding rainfall, which suggests that subsurface storage is a key control on streamflow chemistry. Nonstorm streamflow included discharge from springs, and near-stream seepage, and groundwater sampling sites located upstream. The spring and stream chemistry were most similar, but differed from the shallow groundwater and seepage, which were nearly twice as concentrated in NO3. Thus, these sampling sites did not represent all nonstorm streamflow sources. The chemical indices most useful for characterizing the sources and behavior of nonstorm streamflow were NO3 (agricultural land), SO4, Cl and NO3 (storm-activated subsurface source areas), SO4 (spring contributions), Cl and 18O (dilution or mixing), Si (geochemically controlled and stable — latter nonstorm period; dilution controlled — storm period; kinetically controlled — early post-storm). The ratios of these chemical parameters were examined as indices; Si/Cl and SO4NO3 were the most interesting and provided additional tools and insights for characterizing hydrologic source areas.
Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Attributions of Responsibility to Physically Resistive and Nonresistive Rape Victims1

This research examined the interactive effect of women observers' sex-role attitudes and a victim's use of physical resistance on perceptions of victim responsibility for a sexual assault. Women read one of two rape scenarios in which a victim either did or did not physically resist a rapist's attack and made judgments concerning victim responsibility. The observers were categorized as being either traditionally conservative or nontraditionally profeminist in their attitudes toward women and their roles in society. An analysis of responsibility judgments indicated that traditional women perceived a victim who resisted the attack as being more responsible for her own victimization than did nontraditional women, whereas nontraditional women assigned more responsibility to a victim who did not resist than did traditional women. These results are considered from a sex-role socialization perspective; the implications of these findings for legal and health care professionals are discussed.
Lewis S. Feuer: The Scholar as Intellectual

The career of Lewis S. Feuer spanned several disciplines—Philosophy, Sociology, Politics, and History (especially the History of Ideas); his books and articles covered several centuries, and were devoted primarily to exposing the emotional undercurrents that animated the thought of intellectuals. Feuer tended to be highly suspicious of intellectuals, because they were susceptible to the allure of ideologies, which masked a dangerous will to power. His greatest achievement was to connect the contours of political and social thought to the drives of persons and to the context of institutions; his greatest limitation was to miss, at least in the United States, the deeper problem of popular hostility to science and to knowledge itself.
Shadow wave-function variational calculations of crystalline and liquid phases of 4He.

A new class of variational wave functions for boson systems, shadow wave functions, is used to investigate the properties of solid and liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. The wave function is translationally invariant and symmetric under particle interchange. In principle, the calculations for the crystalline phase do not require the use of any auxiliary lattice. Using the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm, we show that the additional variational degrees of freedom in the wave function lower the energy significantly. This wave function also allows the crystalization of an equilibrated liquid phase when a crystalline seed is used. The pair correlation function and structure factor S(k) are determined in the liquid phase. The condensate fraction is calculated as well. Results are given for the single-particle distribution function around the lattice positions in the solid phase.
Oxygen deficit and repayment in exercise.

Oxygen deficits and repayments were measured during mild, moderate, and intense exercise in young adult human male subjects.
Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer: Historical Perspectives and Prospects for the Future

The purpose of this presentation is to review our most important accomplishments in our Nuclear Medicine Division from 1951 through 1986 (35 years) in our attempts to develop I-131 labeled antibodies to treat cancer. These modest successes are compared with our substantial successes in treating 781 patients for well-differentiated thyroid cancer with Na I-131 since 1946, 27 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the adrenal and 11 patients with neuroblastoma with I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine since 1980 and 22 patients with brain tumors with NaCrPO4 P-32 since 1983. It is hoped that these comparisons will furnish helpful guidelines for further development of radiolabeled antibodies to detect and treat cancers.
A bakeable, demountable field ion microscope with a continuous transfer liquid helium cryostat

A stainless field ion microscope head which is bakeable to 250"c and completely demountable is described, and the operational characteristics are presented. The microscope employs the continuous flow technique to cool the specimen cryogenically between 4.2 and 78"~. The liquid helium consumption varies from 0.85 1 h-1 to 0.133 1 h-1 between 11.7 and 34.8"~, with a pressure of 2.5 mtorr helium inside the microscope. The field ion microscope head is particularly well suited for hydrogen promotion experiments. An example of a gold specimen imaged by the latter technique in the present microscope is given.
The use of solid-state NMR and X-ray crystallography as complementary tools for studying molecular recognition

Abstract Solid-state NMR is rapidly becoming available as a routine technique for studying the structure of crystalline or noncrystalline solids. This technique has an advantage over crystallography in that single crystals are not necessary, but it has the disadvantage that the information obtained does not produce a direct picture of the molecule and its environment. On the other hand, solid-state NMR can be done on mixtures, and it gives information about phase distribution in a manner similar to that of X-ray powder pattern analysis. Crystallographic effects such as polymorphism, multiple molecules per asymmetric unit, disorder and salvation can frequently be detected using NMR. Sometimes molecular point group symmetry can also be deduced based on the number of independent nuclei that are detected. The NMR method is sensitive to changes in the electronic structure of a molecule as sensed by the nuclei, and the effects are measured as changes in the isotropic chemical shift of individual nuclei. In this paper, we will give examples of the combined use of X-ray crystallography and 13CP/MAS (cross polarization/magic angle spinning) NMR for studying hostguest materials and cocrystals. We have learned how to use NMR to tell us about keto/enol composition in the solid state, to detect the presence of trapped solvent molecules, to detect hydrogen-bond formation and to evaluate molecular conformation and unusual packing pattern effects. We will also present a brief background of the 13CP/MAS NMR technique and three case studies in which solid-state NMR and X-ray crystallography are used together to understand materials' structures and properties
IL-1 acts on T cells to enhance the magnitude of in vivo immune responses.

IL-1 strikingly enhances antigen-driven responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells. It is substantially more effective than LPS and when added to a priming regime of antigen plus LPS, it strikingly enhances cell expansion. The effect is mediated by direct action on CD4 and CD8 T cells; the response occurs when OT-I or OT-II cells are transferred to B6 IL-1R1−/− recipients and only cells that express IL-1 receptors can respond. The major mechanism through which IL-1 enhances responses is by increasing survival of responding cells. IL-1 enhances the proportion of responding CD4 T cells that differentiate into Th17 cells and increases the proportion of responding CD8 cells that express granzyme B. Of a wide range of cytokines tested, only IL-1α and IL-1β mediate this function. The potency of IL-1 as an enhancer of T cell responses suggests that it could act to enhance responses to weak vaccines and that the pathway utilized by IL-1 might be considered in the design of new generations of adjuvants.