cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]propanesulfonic Acid (HEPPS) and the pH of Its Buffer Solutions from (278.15 to 328.15) K

The values of the second dissociation constant pK2 and related thermodynamic quantities of the ampholyte 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]propanesulfonic acid (HEPPS) have already been published at temperatures from T = (278.15 to 328.15) K. The pH values of two equimolal buffer solutions and eight buffer solutions with ionic strengths similar to that of plasma in blood (I = 0.16 mol·kg−1) have been experimentally determined and then corrected at 12 temperatures from T = (278.15 to 328.15) K using the extended Debye−Huckel equation. The liquid junction potentials (Ej) between the buffer solutions of HEPPS and the saturated KCl solution of the calomel electrode at (298.15 and 310.15) K have been estimated by measurement with the flowing junction cell. These values of Ej have been used to ascertain the operational pH values at T = (298.15 and 310.15) K. The zwitterionic buffer HEPPS was proven to be useful through experimentation as a pH standard well within the region close to blood serum.
TURNOVER OF MEMBRANE AND OPSIN IN VISUAL RECEPTORS OF NORMAL AND MUTANT DROSOPHILA

Electron microscopy was used to investigate membrane turnover in the photoreceptors of Drosophila. Coated pits and vesicles, multivesicular bodies, primary lysosomes, multilamellate bodies, residual bodies and Golgi complexes are present throughout a light/dark cycle. Serial sections reveal that the membrane bounding of multivesicular bodies is only seen at an optimal plane of section. The temperature-sensitive shibire (shi(ts)) mutant has a defect in conversion of coated pits into vesicles which may also affect visual receptors. We used monoclonal antibodies to Rh1 in R1-6 receptors in the compound eye (also to Rh2 in ocellar receptors in the simple eyes) ro relate turnover processes at the visual pigment compared with membrane levels. Compound eye rhabdomeres but not rhabdomere caps stained selectively. Immunogold labelling was equivocal in multivesicular bodies. Further, early in the process of carotenoid replacement therapy, labelling is high in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, demonstrating de novo opsin synthesis.
Substrate-dependent unfolding of the energy coupling motif of a membrane transport protein determined by double electron-electron resonance.

BtuB is a TonB-dependent transport protein that binds and carries vitamin B12 across the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Previous work has demonstrated that the T...
How to Organize Research Consortia [Education/Industry Relations]

A consortium can include multiple institutions, an interdisciplinary team of investigators, and possibly multiple funding agencies. Therefore, a comprehensive plan is needed to deal with the complexities.
Electron stimulated desorption of cations from SiCl4 multilayers adsorbed on Si(111)

We have examined the low-energy (5-50 eV) electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of SiCl 4 multilayers adsorbed on Si(1 11) surfaces. A threshold energy of 17 eV was found for C1 + , the major ESD product. The formation of SiCl + 3 also required 17 eV. This low-energy threshold was assigned to direct ionization of the 7t 2 and 7a 1 bonding orbitals and possible unimolecular decay of the resulting highly excited parent ion. Resonant structure between 22 and 32 eV was also observed in the Cl + channel. This was associated with resonant transitions from the 6t 2 , 6a 1 to the antibonding 8a 1 or 9t 2 levels followed by Auger decay. The resultant 2-hole, 1-electron final states Coulomb explode yielding primarily Cl + desorption. A threshold near 25 eV was observed for all other ESD products (i.e. SiCl + , SiCl + 2 and Si + ). We correlate this threshold with direct ionization of the 6t 2 and 6a 1 levels which then decay to form several 2-hole states which also Coulomb explode.
Collective Excitations in Spin-Density-Wave Systems

The collective excitations of systems which have Overhauser spin-densing-wave ground states are here investigated using a Bogolyubov transformation and the random-phase approximation. It is found that there may be transverse oscillations of the antiferromagnetic spin-wave character as well as longitudinal oscillations of the plasma type. The calculations are based on a short-range model.
The MINERνA Experiment at Fermilab

The NuMI Facility at Fermilab will provide an extremely intense beam of neutrinos making it an ideal place for high statistics (anti)neutrino-nucleon/nucleus scattering experiments. The MINERνA experiment at Fermilab is a collaboration of elementary-particle and nuclear physicists planning to use a fully active fine-grained solid scintillator detector. The overall goals of the experiment are to measure absolute exclusive cross-sections, nuclear effects in ν - A interactions and a systematic study of the resonance-DIS transition region including the extraction of high-x Bj parton distribution functions at low Q 2 .
Invisibilia: revealing invisible data using augmented reality and internet connected devices

Invisibilia seeks to explore the use of Augmented Reality (AR), Head Mounted Displays (HMD) and depth cameras to create a system that makes invisible data from our environment visible, combining widely accessible hardware to visualize layers of information on top of the physical world. Using our implemented prototype, the user can visualize, interact and modify properties of sound waves in real time by using intuitive hand gestures. As such the system supports experiential learning about certain physics phenomena through observation and hands-on experimentation.
Gender and humor in social context

This critical review of research on gender and humor describes a theoretically and pragmatically fruitful framework for studying the intersection of these topics. Gender is conceived as a system of meanings that influences access to power, status, and material resources. Humor is conceived as a mode of discourse and a strategy for social interaction. Within this theoretical framework, it is argued that women and men use humor in same-gender and mixed-gender settings as one of the tools of gender construction. Through it and other means, they constitute themselves as masculine men and feminine women. At the same time, the unique properties of humor make it a valuable tool of gender deconstruction. In the political humor of the women's movement, and in the conversational humor of women friends, resistance to dominant social constructions of gender can be voiced.
Ore genesis by episodic dewatering of sedimentary basins: Application to giant Proterozoic lead-zinc deposits

A primary feature of several giant, conformable, sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits is the occurrence of sulfide ore in a series of discrete lenses interlayered with barren sedimentary units, suggestive of protracted episodic mineralization events. Recently, certain workers have invoked episodic dewatering of basin brines for the formation of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Thus, each of these two types of major lead-zinc deposits could represent products of a fundamental sedimentary brine expulsion process, the former operating mainly in rift environments, the latter mainly in epicratonic basins.
ON THE SCAVENGING EFFECT OF PRECIPITATED AUSTENITE IN A LOW CARBON FE-5, 5NI ALLOY

The scavenging effect of precipitated austenite in a low carbon, commercial Fe-5.5Ni cryogenic alloy was investigated through observation of the dissolution of cementite precipitates during intercritical tempering and study of the associated change in Charpy impact toughness. Cementite precipitates initially located along prior austenite grain boundaries were gradually dissolved into reverted austenite as the intercritical tempering proceeded. The austenite tends to form at or around the carbide particles and may be catalyzed by their presence. The Charpy impact energy is changed through both a decrease in the ductile-brittle transition temperature and an increase in the upper shelf energy. The latter effect is specifically associated with the dissolution of the carbides which act as preferential void nucleation sites in the untempered alloy.
High-throughput electronic biology: mining information for drug discovery

The vast range of in silico resources that are available in life sciences research hold much promise towards aiding the drug discovery process. To fully realize this opportunity, computational scientists must consider the practical issues of data integration and identify how best to apply these resources scientifically. In this article we describe in silico approaches that are driven towards the identification of testable laboratory hypotheses; we also address common challenges in the field. We focus on flexible, high-throughput techniques, which may be initiated independently of 'wet-lab' experimentation, and which may be applied to multiple disease areas. The utility of these approaches in drug discovery highlights the contribution that in silico techniques can make and emphasizes the need for collaboration between the areas of disease research and computational science.
On the embedding of cycles in pancake graphs

Abstract In recent times the use of star and pancake networks as a viable interconnection scheme for parallel computers has been examined by a number of researchers. An attractive feature of these two classes of graphs is that they have sublogarithmic diameter and have a great deal of symmetry akin to the binary hypercube. In this paper we describe new algorithms for embedding: (a) Hamiltonian cycles along with ranking and unranking algorithms with respect to them, and (b) The set of cycles. The analogous problems for star graphs has been solved recently [5].
Mycobacterium gordonae: A Treatable Disease in HIV-Positive Patients

Purpose To evaluate the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium gordonae in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Patients and methods Twenty-one HIV-positive and 15 HIV-negative patients in a tertiary care center. A descriptive, case-control, and cohort study with a review of the literature with a computer-based data research. Results The 15 HIV-negative patients had colonization only. Seven HIV-positive patients had colonization, 12 had possible disease, and 2 had dissemination. The two patients with definitive dissemination improved objectively with treatment. Conclusion Mycobacterium gordonae in HIV-negative patients is rarely a pathogen. In HIV-positive patients with a low CD4 + cell count, it can cause significant disease and treatment is beneficial.
A higher-order theory of hygrothermal behavior of laminated composite shells

Abstract A higher-order shell theory, which includes the effects of transverse shear and transverse normal strains, is developed for describing the behavior of composite shells. The equations, applicable to laminated composite shells of arbitrary shape with arbitrary temperature and moisture distributions, are established in tensor notation without reference to any particular coordinate system. These equations are then written in terms of components with respect to an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system.
Genome-wide analyses of human perisylvian cerebral cortical patterning

Despite the well established role of the frontal and posterior perisylvian cortices in many facets of human-cognitive specializations, including language, little is known about the developmental patterning of these regions in the human brain. We performed a genome-wide analysis of human cerebral patterning during midgestation, a critical epoch in cortical regionalization. A total of 345 genes were identified as differentially expressed between superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the remaining cerebral cortex. Gene ontology categories representing transcription factors were enriched in STG, whereas cell-adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules were enriched in the other cortical regions. Quantitative RT-PCR or in situ hybridization was performed to validate differential expression in a subset of 32 genes, most of which were confirmed. LIM domain-binding 1 (LDB1), which we show to be enriched in the STG, is a recently identified interactor of LIM domain only 4 (LMO4), a gene known to be involved in the asymmetric pattering of the perisylvian region in the developing human brain. Protocadherin 17 (PCDH17), a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, was highly enriched in focal regions of the human prefrontal cortex. Contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), in which mutations are known to cause autism, epilepsy, and language delay, showed a remarkable pattern of anterior-enriched cortical expression in human that was not observed in mouse or rat. These data highlight the importance of expression analysis of human brain and the utility of cross-species comparisons of gene expression. Genes identified here provide a foundation for understanding molecular aspects of human-cognitive specializations and the disorders that disrupt them.
Affordances: Four Points of Debate

In this article, attention is given to 4 issues regarding affordances. The first relates to the ontological status of affordances: Affordances do not have to be perceived to exist. The second concerns whether affordances are necessarily related to (one's own) actions. The third considers the relation between affordances and effectivities. Finally, the nesting of affordances is addressed, as is whether some particular level of description should be considered privileged. Some issues seem settled; others require more theory and experimentation.
Feeding and growth of native, invasive and non-invasive alien apple snails (Ampullariidae) in the United States: Invasives eat more and grow more

The United States hosts one native and five non-native species of aquatic apple snails (Ampullariidae). All are currently found in or around the Everglades in Florida. Two of these introduced species have devastated wetlands in Southeast Asia, but little is known about how they may impact the Everglades. To evaluate potential impacts of introduced apple snails relative to the native species, we investigated plant species preference, consumption rates, growth rates, and growth efficiencies in five introduced and the single native species across eight native macrophytes common in the Everglades. Three of the non-native snails are invasive, one has shown no tendency to expand, and one appears to have minimal direct impact on macrophytes due to its diet. All snails exhibited similar feeding preferences, with Utricularia sp. being the most preferred, Bacopa caroliniana, Sagittaria latifolia, and Nymphaea odorata being of intermediate preference, and Eleocharis cellulosa, Pontederia cordata, Panicum hemitomon and Typha sp. being least preferred (avoided as foods). Consumption and growth was minimal for P. diffusa on all macrophytes. On Utricularia sp. and Bacopa caroliniana, the invasive species Pomacea insularum and P. canaliculata tended to eat more, grow more, and have higher conversion efficiencies than the native P. paludosa or the non-invasive P. haustrum. These contrasts were more often significant for P. insularum than for P. canaliculata. The greater rates of expansion by the invasive species may derive from their enhanced feeding and growth rates.
Photoproduction of K + Particles in Hydrogen at Forward Angles

The method of Donoho and Walker (Phys. Rev. 107, hydrogen has been improved in order to provide a clearer identification of the K particles and to allow measurements at a more forward angle, 10 deg in the lab system. A detection efficiency of 5% was estimated for K particles with BETA = 0.7. This will be tested experimentally in the future. (A.C.)
Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Response to Fish Oil Supplementation of Diets Differing in Fatty Acid Profiles

The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of feeding fish oil (FO) along with fat sources that varied in their fatty acid compositions (high stearic, high oleic, high linoleic, or high linolenic acids) to determine which combination would lead to maximum conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11 CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA) concentrations in milk fat. Twelve Holstein cows (eight multiparous and four primiparous cows) at 73 (+/- 32) DIM were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 4-wk periods. Treatment diets were 1) 1% FO plus 2% fat source high in stearic acid (HS), 2) 1% FO plus 2% fat from high oleic acid sunflower seeds (HO), 3) 1% FO plus 2% fat from high linoleic acid sunflower seeds (HLO), and 4) 1% FO plus 2% fat from flax seeds (high linolenic; HLN). Diets formulated to contain 18% crude protein were composed of 50% (dry basis) concentrate mix, 25% corn silage, 12.5% alfalfa haylage, and 12.5% alfalfa hay. Milk production (35.8, 36.3, 34.9, and 35.0 kg/d for diets 1 to 4) was similar for all diets. Milk fat percentages (3.14, 2.81, 2.66, and 3.08) and yields (1.13, 1.02, 0.93, and 1.08 kg/d) for diets 1 to 4 were lowest for HLO. Milk protein percentages (3.04, 3.03, 3.10, and 3.08) and dry matter intake (DMI) (25.8, 26.0, 26.2, and 26.2 kg/d) for diets 1 to 4 were similar for all diets. Milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations (0.70, 1.04, 1.70, and 1.06 g/100 g fatty acids) for diet 1 to 4 and yields (7.7, 10.7, 15.8, and 11.3 g/d) for diets 1 to 4 were greatest with HLO and were least with HS. Milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations and yields were similar for cows fed the HO and the HLN diets. Similar to milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA, milk TVA concentration (1.64, 2.49, 3.74, and 2.41 g/100 g fatty acids) for diets 1 to 4 was greatest with the HLO diet and least with the HS diet. Feeding a high linoleic acid fat source with fish oil most effectively increased concentrations and yields of milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA and TVA.
Determination of the variation of the fluorescence line positions of ruby, strontium tetraborate, alexandrite, and samarium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet with pressure and temperature

The pressure and temperature dependent fluorescence line-shift of strontium tetraborate has been measured concurrently with x-ray diffraction from the pressure standards sodium chloride or gold. Temperature was found to have a small effect on the fluorescence line-shift under pressure. We found a maximum pressure uncertainty of ±1.8 GPa at 25 GPa (7.2%) and 857 K when making no temperature correction. The fluorescence line-shifts for ruby, Alexandrite, and samarium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet were also determined, using our strontium tetraborate calibration to determine pressure and a thermocouple to measure temperature. Fluorescence measurements were extended up to 800 K for ruby and Alexandrite. Temperature was found to have a small effect on the fluorescence line-shift of samarium-doped yittrium aluminum garnet. We found a maximum uncertainty of ±2.7 GPa at 25 GPa (11.1%) and 857 K when no temperature correction was applied. We determined equations relating to the fluorescence line position from these data, which include a cross derivative term to account for the combined effect of pressure and temperature. We present a method to independently determine pressure and/or temperature from combined fluorescence line-shift measurements of a pair of optical sensors.
The B cell antigen receptor complex: Mechanisms and implications of tyrosine kinase activation

The B cell receptor is a multimeric receptor complex whose constituent chains appear to mediate distinct and possibly interrelated functions. In this review we have focused on how one chain, immunoglobulin (Ig)-α, may function to activate tyrosine kinases and the consequences of that activation. The cytoplasmic domain of Ig-α contains a consensus sequence, the antigen recognition homology 1 (ARH 1) motif, which is found in Ig-β and other antigen recognition receptor associated chains. We argue that this conserved structure reflects an underlying conserved mechanism of secondary effector activation. Our data also indicates that the specificity of each motif (i.e., the elements which restrict secondary effector binding to particular motifs) is encoded within divergent sequences found in each ARH 1 motif. In the particular case of kinase activation by Ig-α, the subsequent phosphorylation of multiple tyrosines on Ig-α, Ig-β, CD19, CD22 and possibly other functionally related chains form recruitment sites for a myriad of secondary signal transducers. In this model, proximal tyrosine kinases and phosphatases do not function so much to mediate the linear transfer of information as to establish and modulate an interrelated network of signal transducers capable of driving complicated cellular responses.
Principles of Strengths-Based Policy

Abstract While there has been considerable attention devoted to developing strengths-based approaches to individual, family, and community organizing practices, much less attention has been paid to social policy. This article proposes six principles of strengths-based policy. It argues that a strengths-based approach to policy is a more perfect reflection that social work values may lead to more effective social policies.
On discontinuity of the pressure

A class of one-dimensional classical lattice gas models with translationally invariant, stable and strongly tempered many-body interactions, is constructed for which the limiting thermodynamic pressure is a discontinuous function of the density (at fixed temperature). This demonstrates that an apparently “mild” restriction on the potential (“supersummability”) employed by Griffiths and Ruelle in proving the continuity of the pressure in lattice systems, plays, in fact, a crucial role.
Metacognition, need for cognition and use of explanations during ongoing learning and problem solving

Abstract Two studies assessed whether: (1) high levels of task-relevant metacognition would be related to good task performance; (2) some kinds of feedback (e.g., explanations) would improve task-relevant metacognition (and hence, performance) more than other kinds of feedback; and (3) some kinds of people would be more likely to seek out and use this beneficial feedback than others. Results showed that: (1) students were able to better estimate their task performance with increasing experience at the task; (2) students who provided better estimates of their task success were more successful at the task; (3) students high in need for cognition sought out problem explanations more often than students low in need for cognition; but (4) students who scored high in trait metacognition did not seek out problem explanations more often than students who scored low in trait metacognition; (5) students who were high in need for cognition performed better at the task than those who were low in need for cognition, and (6) the receipt of problem explanations was only weakly related to high levels of task performance, if at all. The implications of these results are discussed.
Characteristics of infrared sky radiation in the United States

Abstract A new algorithm has been developed for calculating the thermal radiant temperature of the sky. It is based on a simple empirical and theoretical model of clouds, together with a correlation between clear sky emissivity and the surface dewpoint temperature. Hourly sky temperatures have been calculated based on typical meteorological year (TMY) weather data sets. A summary of the results is presented for calculations made at 193 TMY sites within the continental United States. The results are displayed in the form of monthly contour maps, histograms, and graphs for the purpose of determining regions of the country in which the radiative cooling of buildings appears to be a promising heat rejection strategy.
CO2 Capture and Geologic Storage: The Possibilities

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) capture and geologic storage has been postulated as one possible method to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO(2) by injecting and storing it in deep geologic formations. This issue paper analyzes the viability of capture and geologic storage of becoming an effective method to aid in stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CO(2). It is herein shown that such viability is contingent on overcoming major obstacles that are hydrogeological, technical, and economic in nature. Our analysis indicates that capture and geologic storage is likely to have negligible success in reducing the atmospheric buildup of CO(2) in the coming decades. The magnitude of the anthropogenic emissions of CO(2) indicates that a transition of the world economy away from reliance on fossil fuels might be the only path to stabilize its atmospheric concentration.
Mechanisms regulating the origins of the vertebrate vascular system.

In order to sustain growth, differentiation, and organogenesis, vertebrate embryos must form a functional vascular system early in embryonic development. Intrinsic interest in this process as well as the promise of potential clinical applications has led to significant progress in understanding the mechanisms governing the formation of the vascular system, however the earliest stages of vascular development—the emergence of committed endothelial precursors from the mesoderm—remain unclear. A review of the current literature reveals an unexpected diversity and heterogeneity with respect to where vascular endothelial cells originate in the embryo, when they become committed and the mechanisms governing how endothelial cells acquire their identity. Spatially, a widespread region of the early mesoderm possesses the ability to give rise to vascular endothelial cells; temporally the process is not limited to a small window during embryogenesis, but rather, may continue throughout the lifespan of the organism. On the molecular level, recent findings point to several determinative pathways that regulate, modulate, and extend the scope of the Flk1/VEGF signaling system. An expanding array of novel gene products implicated in endothelial cell type determination appear to act synergistically, with different combinations of factors leading to diverse cellular responses, varying patterns of differentiation, and considerable heterogeneity of endothelial cell types during embryogenesis. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biology of the Soybean Looper, Pseudoplusia includens: Characterization of Last-Stage Larvae

The biology and behavior of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), was studied from egg hatch to adult emergence, with special emphasis on last-instar development. On an artificial diet, five, six (predominant), and seven instars were observed, with an average duration of 15.4, 16.8, and 20.7 days, respectively. Pupal development was completed in 7 to 9 days, and adults emerged during midday. These studies provided the criteria necessary for selection of insects of the same relative physiological age from a mixed population.
The primary structure of the hormone-specific, beta subunit of human pituitary luteinizing hormone (hLH).

The amino acid sequence of the β subunit of hLH has been deduced from tryptic and thermolytic peptides of the reduced and carboxymethylated subunito hLH-β consists of 115 residues. A single tryptophan in the molecule occurs at position 8, hLH-β exhibits greater homology with hCG-B (89 identical positions) than with ovine LH-β (77 identical positions). Heterogeneity exists at the carboxy terminal portion of the molecule.
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization of some fatty acids from white and interior spruce

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the fatty acid composition of white and interior spruce seeds. Fatty acid methyl ester derivatives obtained from the seed oils were analyzed by gas chromatography. Elution times for some of the spruce fatty acid methyl ester derivatives did not correspond to those of available standards. Diethylamide derivatives were prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The electron-impact mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the fatty acids of interest indicated cis-11-18:1, cis-5, cis-9-18:2 and cis-5, cis-9, cis-12-18:3.
Theory-Change as Structure-Change: Comments on the Sneed Formalism

It is now more than a year and a half since Professor Stegmuller kindly sent me a copy of his Theorie und Erfahrung (Stegmuller, 1973), thus drawing my attention for the first time to the existence of Dr. Sneed’s new formalism and its likely relevance to my own work. At that time set theory was to me an unknown and altogether forbidding language, but I was quickly persuaded that I must somehow find time to acquire it. Even now I cannot claim entire success: I shall here sometimes refer to, but never attempt to speak, set theory. Nevertheless, I have learned enough to embrace with enthusiasm the two major conclusions of Stegmuller’s book. First, though still at an early stage of its development, the new formalism makes important new territory accessible to analytic philosophy of science. Second, though sketched with a pen I can still scarcely hold, preliminary charts of the new terrain display remarkable resemblance to a map I had previously sketched from scattered travellers’ reports brought back by itinerant historians of science.
Effects of TiCl4 Purity on the Sinterability of Armstrong-Processed Ti Powder

Abstract The sintering behavior of titanium powder produced via the Armstrong process from two different grades of TiCl4 was investigated by a combination of thermal, chemical, and microstructural analysis techniques. It was found that the use of lower grade TiCl4 leads to higher part density due to a difference in sintering behavior that affects the entrapment of volatiles within the sintered body.
Topochemical Dihydrogen to Covalent Bonding Transformation in LiBH4·TEA: A Mechanistic Study

The first mechanistic investigation of a topochemical dihydrogen to covalent bonding conversion is presented. Solid-state decomposition of the LiBH4·TEA (TEA = triethanolamine) dihydrogen-bonded complex into a covalent material was studied using 11B solid-state MAS NMR, FT-IR, XRD, and optical microscopy. The majority of this solid-state reaction occurs by nucleation and two-dimensional growth of the covalent product nuclei. Variable-temperature kinetics and H/D exchange experiments established that proton transfer between the OH groups of the TEA and the BH4- anions, at the reactant/product interface, is the rate-limiting step, with an associated activation barrier of 21.0 ± 2.4 kcal/mol. The activation parameters ΔH⧧ and ΔS⧧ for the same process were calculated to be 20.1 ± 2.4 kcal/mol and −16.8 ± 6.2 eu, respectively, comparable with the analogous values found for the aqueous hydrolysis of BH4- in neutral water, suggesting similar mechanisms for the solid and solution decompositions.
Active and supportive computer-mediated resources for student-to-student conversations

Communication is a central aspect of human learning. Using the Probability Inquiry Environment (PIE) as an example, we examine how external representations (both textual and iconic) mediate face-to-face conversations among students, and support productive mathematical discourse. We provide quantitative data that suggests that seventh grade students who used PIE learned some of the basic principles of probability. Two cases studies are that illustrate how communication supported by computer-mediated representations contributed to this success. The first case study demonstrates how the computer can actively prompt student conversations that lead to learning. The second case study examines how an animated graphical representation supported these productive conversations.
The heating of suprathermal ions above thunderstorm cells

We estimate ion heating in the topside ionosphere directly over thunderstorm cells. The primary heating is due to lower hybrid waves excited through linear mode coupling as intense electromagnetic (EM) whistler mode radiation from lightning is scattered from small scale (2 - 20 m) magnetic-field-aligned plasma density irregularities in the topside ionosphere. For typical radiated EM fields, we find that suprathermal H+ ions in the 6 eV and greater energy range can be heated by 20 to 40 eV as a result of a single lightning discharge. We also show how the number density of 6 eV and greater H(+) ions is enhanced by preheating resulting from the absorption of proton whistlers in the 500-1000 km altitude range. For lightning discharge rates of one or more per second over a 10 exp 4 sq km area, our model predicts a total energy gain for the H(+) ions of 400 eV to 2 KeV and a perpendicular ion flux of about 10 exp 5 to 10 exp 6/sq cm sec. These fluxes should be observable on low altitude spacecraft using presently available instrumentation.
The EUV Unresolved Corona

The unresolved corona for three active regions (ARs) above the solar limb is investigated. Intensities measured for ions formed above 1 MK are presented as a function of height above the solar surface. The observed decrease in intensity with altitude is found to be best fit by an exponential. Furthermore, this exponential decrease is approximately the decrease in emission expected for a hydrostatic planar geometry atmosphere, where the scale height temperature is dependent on the dynamics of the AR. For two of the ARs analyzed, we have found that the best-fit temperature derived from the exponential fits is consistent with an isothermal hydrostatic unresolved corona.
Mama Grizzlies Compete for Office

In the 2010 general elections, a record number of Republican women ran for, and won congressional seats. Many were also endorsed by the Tea Party and/or heralded by Sarah Palin as being “Mama Grizzlies.” This election provides a unique opportunity to examine if ideological and partisan differences among women matter in terms of how they campaign for office. Did they behave any differently than their more liberal counterparts? Did they boast being endorsed by Palin and/or other Tea Party organizations? Did they invoke their gendered or “Mama Grizzly” status to appeal to voters? This study uses data gathered from ninety-two websites of women who ran for Congress in 2010. Overall, it is found that Republican women did not reference the Tea Party, nor embrace being “Mama Grizzlies.” In addition, these candidates shied away from discussing their gendered identities and supporting “women's issues.” Finally, there were few differences between Democratic and Republican women with regard to how they presented them...
Social Perception Problems in Learning Disabled Youth Developmental Lag Versus Perceptual Deficit

This investigation attempted to determine whether or not the gap in social perceptual ability between learning disabled and non-learning-disabled groups would decrease with age. The Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity and The Four Factor Tests of Social Intelligence were administered to 30 students with learning disabilities and 30 students without learning disabilities. The ages of the students were 11, 14, and 17 years. Although social perceptual ability was found to improve with age for both groups, the proportionate differences between the groups remained constant through age 17.
Effect of two-component cultivar mixtures and yellow rust on yield and yield components of wheat

Four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars and three two-component cultivar mixtures were planted in a replacement series both inoculated with or protected from yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in three environments. Each cultivar was susceptible to one or two of the rust races used. Mixtures yielded, on average, 7 and 4% more than their component pure stand means under inoculated and rust-free conditions, respectively. Though all yield components were affected by yellow rust, seed weight was the component that was most consistently influenced. The component genotypes within mixtures varied considerably with respect to yield, and the yield of the same component cultivar included in different mixtures sometimes differed significantly. The correlation between yellow rust severity/tiller and grain yield/tiller in mixture differed among cultivars and depended on their companion cultivar. Variance component analysis indicated that yellow rust was the most important experimental variable influencing grain yield. There was no relationship between yield of the cultivars in pure stands and their yields or competitive abilities in mixture. Disease did not change the competitive ranking of cultivars in mixture. Mixtures with complementary, negative, and overcompensatory interactions were identified. On average, mixtures showed no greater yield stability than did pure stands.
Fundamental Neutron Physics with Long Pulsed Spallation Sources

Abstract We discuss the advantages that a long-pulse spallation neutron source like the ESS can provide for certain types of slow neutron experiments in the general area of nuclear/particle/astrophysics. A long-pulse spallation neutron source can provide the best balance between the need for increased neutron intensity combined with enough information on the slow neutron energy spectrum at the experiment with the neutron source off to maximize the signal/background ratio and help diagnose systematic errors for many different types of experiments in this field. We discuss a few examples of different types of slow neutron experiments which we feel can take best advantage of a long-pulse mode of operation.
An avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit contributes differentially to syllable versus sequence variability of adult Bengalese finch song

Behavioral variability is important for motor skill learning but continues to be present and actively regulated even in well-learned behaviors. In adult songbirds, two types of song variability can persist and are modulated by social context: variability in syllable structure and variability in syllable sequencing. The degree to which the control of both types of adult variability is shared or distinct remains unknown. The output of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit, LMAN (the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium), has been implicated in song variability. For example, in adult zebra finches, neurons in LMAN actively control the variability of syllable structure. It is unclear, however, whether LMAN contributes to variability in adult syllable sequencing because sequence variability in adult zebra finch song is minimal. In contrast, Bengalese finches retain variability in both syllable structure and syllable sequencing into adulthood. We analyzed the effects of LMAN lesions on the variability of syllable structure and sequencing and on the social modulation of these forms of variability in adult Bengalese finches. We found that lesions of LMAN significantly reduced the variability of syllable structure but not of syllable sequencing. We also found that LMAN lesions eliminated the social modulation of the variability of syllable structure but did not detect significant effects on the modulation of sequence variability. These results show that LMAN contributes differentially to syllable versus sequence variability of adult song and suggest that these forms of variability are regulated by distinct neural pathways.
Echoencephalographs of 100 consecutive acute psychiatric admissions

Echoencephalography (ECHO) on 100 consecutive acute short-term psychiatric admissions showed a high (12 per cent) incidence of abnormalities. Incidence of midline ECHO abnormalities was 2 per cent, comparable to similar studies. Ventricular enlargement accounted for the majority of ECHO abnormalities. This study also confirmed a previous report of a relationship between third ventricular size and response to treatment. Use of the ECHO as a screening test for these patients was safe and rapid. Correlative studies tended to confirm ECHO findings.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma at the site of a total hip replacement: review of the literature and case report

Tumors developing in association with metallic implants are being reported with increasing frequency in the orthopedic literature. The authors report the tenth case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma associated with a total hip replacement. The diagnosis was made during an evaluation for rapid radiographic osteolysis surrounding the femoral component detected less than 1 year after revision of a hemiarthroplasty to a total hip replacement. The short latency period and aggressiveness of this tumor mimicking rapid osteolysis prompted a review of the literature, etiology and significance of implant-associated malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
Rat strain differences in the opiate abstinence syndrome.

Albino rats from two outbred and three inbred strains received subcutaneous implants of either morphine or placebo pellets, followed by subcutaneous injections of naloxone hydrochloride, 0.4 mg/kg. The naloxone-precipitated opiate abstinence syndrome was observed 1, 2, or 3 days after implantation of the pellet. Fourteen behavioral and physiological responses were monitored before and after precipitated withdrawal. The strains differed in activity rate and in the number of escape attempts and wet-dog shakes which occurred prior to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The strains differed in activity rate and in the number of escape attempts and wet-dog shakes which occurred prior to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Further strain differences were evident following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in spite of statistical correction for prenaloxone differences. The differences were most evident in the frequency of escape attempts, wet-dog shakes, teeth-chattering episodes, and activity counts. After naloxone injection, responding changed depending upon the length of exposure to the implanted morphine pellet in four of the strains observed; length of exposure did not affect the response profile of Holtzman rats significantly. This study confirms the assumption that differences between strains are significant in terms of their responses to opiates, and emphasizes the need to investigate these differences in further detail.
Superior labrum, anterior–posterior lesions and biceps injuries: diagnostic and treatment considerations

Proximal biceps tendon rupture, biceps tendinitis, and medical biceps subluxation are injuries that occur alone and in association with other pathologic conditions of the shoulder. The literature describes various strategies for imaging and treating these biceps tendon complex injuries but offers no clear consensus on a gold-standard approach. The keys to successful treatment are an accurate diagnosis, identification of associated pathologic conditions, and assessment of functional limitations of the injury.
Rates of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Youth: Age, Sex, and Behavioral Methods in a Community Sample

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess the rate and behavioral methods of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a community sample of youth and examine effects of age and sex. METHODS: Youth in the third, sixth, and ninth grades (ages 7–16) at schools in the community were invited to participate in a laboratory study. A total of 665 youth (of 1108 contacted; 60% participation rate) were interviewed about NSSI over their lifetime via the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview. RESULTS: Overall, 53 (8.0%) of the 665 youth reported engaging in NSSI; 9.0% of girls and 6.7% of boys reported NSSI engagement; 7.6% of third-graders, 4.0% of sixth-graders, and 12.7% of ninth-graders reported NSSI engagement. There was a significant grade by gender interaction; girls in the ninth grade (19%) reported significantly greater rates of NSSI than ninth-grade boys (5%). Behavioral methods of NSSI differed by gender. Girls reported cutting and carving skin most often, whereas boys reported hitting themselves most often. Finally, 1.5% of youth met some criteria for the proposed fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnosis of NSSI. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents engage in NSSI. Ninth-grade girls seem most at risk, as they engage in NSSI at 3 times the rate of boys. Behavioral methods of NSSI also vary by grade and gender. As possible inclusion of an NSSI diagnosis in the fifth edition of the DSM-5 draws near, it is essential to better understand NSSI engagement across development and gender.
A Hierarchical Control Approach to Morphing Dynamics

This paper presents a hierarchical approach to control law design for morphing dynamics. The starting point is a performance map defined on a subspace of the morphing state-space which defines operation regime of the morphing structure. It is shown that a discrete connected graph can be superimposed on the performance envelope, traversing whose nodes makes all morphing states inside the envelope accessible from every other point. The approach is model based and the control laws for transferring the system from one node to another are designed using a successive linear-quadratic-regulator approach. An example is presented based on a two-dimensional, two degree-of-freedom morphing structure to illustrate the hierarchical approach.
Technical Note-A Recursion Algorithm for Finding Pure Admissible Decision Functions in Statistical Decisions

This note develops a recursion algorithm for finding the set of ordinally admissible decision functions in statistical decision problems when such functions have a Cartesian product structure. An example is used to demonstrate the computations. The generality of the algorithm is discussed briefly, and some computational experience is presented.
Evidence for a role of G protein βγ subunits in the enhancement of cAMP accumulation and DNA synthesis by adenosine in human cells

The expression of both A1- and A2a-adenosine receptors occurs in human foreskin and lung fibroblasts (Ahmed et al., 1995, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208:871-878). Studies with highly specific A1- and A2a-adenosine receptor agonists provide indirect evidence that binding of adenosine activates Gs and Gi, after which Gs alpha interacts with beta gamma subunits released from Gi. The interaction of Gs alpha with beta gamma augments cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation, more than does Gs alpha alone. In the present study, we have provided direct evidence for a role of the beta gamma complex in the augmentation of cAMP accumulation by using a recombinant His6 fusion protein containing the carboxyl third of beta ARK1. This portion of beta ARK1 contains G beta gamma binding sequences and acts as a specific beta gamma scavenger (Koch et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12706-12710). In permeabilized fibroblasts, the His6 fusion protein inhibited the augmentation of cAMP accumulation resulting from adenosine binding to both A1 and A2a receptors. In addition, the specific G beta gamma scavenger inhibited the further rise in cellular cAMP levels caused by pretreating cells with pertussis toxin before incubation with adenosine. Finally, we observed that specific A1-adenosine receptor agonists augmented the cAMP accumulation stimulated by A2a-receptor agonists, and this cAMP augmentation was also suppressed by the G beta gamma scavenger. Similar results were obtained when the cells were treated with extracellular ATP and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to stimulate Gs and release G beta gamma subunits, respectively.
A prototype implementation of a model management system for discrete-event simulation models

We describe a prototype implementation of a model management system (MMS) for discrete-event simulation models. The development platform is a relational Database Management System (DBMS) installed on a desktop computer. The conceptual foundation for this MMS is Structured Modeling (SM) and Extended Structured Modeling (ESM). Using the SM and ESM frameworks makes it possible to take an integrated approach to representing and managing both models and data. It also makes possible the use of various DBMS functions to aid in the implementation of MMS functions. In effect, the MMS is constructed as a database application. The user interface to the MMS was implemented using application the Forms and Menus Facilities of the DBMS. A variety of reports documenting the model are generated using the query language of the DBMS. Most important perhaps is the code generation procedure, a complex query procedure that produces SIMSCRIPT II.5 code for simulating the model from the model representation stored in the database.