cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory failure in a term infant with cis and trans mutations in ABCA3

A full-term female neonate presented with persistent respiratory failure and radiologic studies consistent with surfactant deficiency. Sequencing of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 gene (ABCA3) revealed three mutations: R280C, V1399M and Q1589X. The infant underwent bilateral lung transplantation at 9 months of age and is alive at 3 years of age. Parental sequencing demonstrated that two of the mutations (R280C and Q1589X) were oriented on the same allele (cis), whereas V1399M was oriented on the opposite allele (trans). As more than one mutation in ABCA3 can be present on the same allele, parental studies are needed to determine allelic orientation to inform clinical decision making and future reproductive counseling.
Nursing assessment in psychiatric home health care

There is an increasing need for home care nursing follow-up for patients with psychiatric diagnoses. Ongoing assessment is the basis on which the nurse plans interventions. This article presents concise, comprehensive information necessary to perform a psychiatric nursing assessment. The discussion divides the assessment into sections: the macrolevel assessment, which includes the community, home, and family responses; and the microlevel assessment, which includes the patient's level of function, the psychosocial stressors, and the caregiver's stressors.
Update of results from the SuperKamiokande detector (June 1999)

The data collected in the SuperKamiokande detector as of June 1999 are presented. This review covers the complete spectrum of neutrino interactions from solar neutrinos, through the entire spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos, and ending with the neutrino beam produced at KEK for a long-baseline experiment. Different interpretations of these data as demonstrations of neutrino oscillations are discussed. The results of a search for nucleon decay are also summarized.
Collaboration Between SLPs and Educators : A Continuing Education Process

Interdisciplinary collaboration is viewed as a challenging enterprise with potential for enhanced educational practice. Such collaboration between SLPs and educators has been utilized for language screening and diagnostic teaching in a variety of language intervention programs from preschool to higher education. Bidirectional information sharing is regarded as essential to effective interdisciplinary collaboration.
Multiphoton ionization of metal atoms produced in the photodissociation of group VI hexacarbonyls

Abstract The photodissociation of M(CO) 6 , M = Cr or W, and the multiphoton ionization spectra of the resulting atoms M(I) have been studied using a tunable visible dye laser M(I) fragments are produced throughout the range between 363 and 585 nm, and multiphoton absorption allows all of the states formed to be probed.
Role of Ascorbic Acid Oxidase in the Hyoscyamine—Scopolamine Ratio in Datura innoxia

Isolated root cultures of Datura innoxia Miller to which benzoin anti-oxime (Cupron) was added showed a change in the habit of growth but no change in the weight of the roots nor in the hyoscyamine and scopolamine content, indicating that ascorbic acid oxidase activity was not involved in alkaloid biosynthesis. An improved method for the germination of D. innoxia seeds was developed.
Representation of the Self in REM and NREM Dreams.

The authors hypothesized that representations of the Self (or the dreamer) in dreams would change systematically, from a prereflective form of Self to more complex forms, as a function of both age and sleep state (REM vs. non-REM). These hypotheses were partially confirmed. While the authors found that all the self-concept-related dream content indexes derived from the Hall/Van de Castle dream content scoring system did not differ significantly between the dreams of children and adults, adult Selves were more likely to engage in “successful” social interactions. The Self never acted as aggressor in NREM dream states and was almost always the befriender in friendly interactions in NREM dreams. Conversely, the REM-related dream Self preferred aggressive encounters. Our results suggests that while prereflective forms of Self are the norm in children’s dreams, two highly complex forms of Self emerge in REM and NREM dreams.
Mathematical Inqu[ee]ry: beyond ‘Add-Queers-and-Stir’ elementary mathematics education

While elementary educators have developed queer pedagogies and perspectives in many subjects from reading to music, science to English as a second language, queer perspectives on elementary mathematics education are remarkably absent. This article differentiates between two common uses of the term ‘queer’ and delineates two sets of approaches based upon them: approaches shaped by ‘queer liberalism’ with a focus on inclusion, which result in what might be called ‘Add-Queers-and-Stir’ elementary mathematics education; and ‘Mathematical Inqu[ee]ry’, a queer theoretical approach, in which students and teachers might queer ‘family,’ ‘rhetoric,’ and ‘time’ in an elementary classroom. Mathematical Inqu[ee]ry goes beyond mere inclusion of queer students and issues into extant frameworks and allows elementary teachers and students to deconstruct and disrupt educational norms as well as imagine new possibilities in mathematics and in the world.
Dosing issues in the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism.

Pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence have focused increasingly on agents that reduce alcohol craving and consumption or that treat psychiatric disorders associated with drinking relapse. Clinicians who treat alcohol-dependent patients must find the optimal dose of these agents to maximize response. Determining the best dosing strategy has been the goal of recent treatment studies with alcohol-dependent patients. One study, for example, showed that an opiate antagonist medication had a dose-dependent relationship with patient outcome and retention In treatment Another dosing consideration Involves the effect of long-term alcohol abuse on drug metabolism (e.g., when treating alcohol-dependent patients for comorbid psychiatric disorders). This was demonstrated in a study of recently abstinent patients who were taking the antidepressant desipramine for major depression. Alcohol-dependent patients had higher hepatic enzyme activities and lower plasma levels of desipramine relative to oral dose than did a comparison group of depressed patients without an alcohol use disorder.
Adipsin and complement factor D activity: an immune-related defect in obesity

Adipsin is a serine protease that is secreted by adipocytes into the bloodstream; it is deficient in several animal models of obesity, representing a striking example of defective gene expression in this disorder. Recombinant mouse adipsin was purified and its biochemical and enzymatic properties were studied in order to elucidate the function of this protein. Activated adipsin has little or no proteolytic activity toward most substrates but has the same activity as human complement factor D, cleaving complement factor B when it is complexed with activated complement component C3. Like authentic factor D, adipsin can activate the alternative pathway of complement, resulting in red blood cell lysis. Decreased (58 to 80 percent) complement factor D activity, relative to lean controls, was observed as a common feature of several experimental models of obesity, including the ob/ob, db/db, and monosodium glutamate (MSG)-injected mouse and the fa/fa rat. These results suggest that adipsin and the alternative pathway of complement may play an unexpected but important role in the regulation of systemic energy balance in vivo.
SIMULATED MARKETS, FARM STRUCTURE, AND AGRICULTURAL POLICIES*

In this investigation estimated relationships of resource markets for United States agriculture are used in a simulation model to study resource demand and farm income under three conditions: (a) those actually prevailing, including the historic mix of agricultural policies, (b) with technical change in agriculture only half the rate realized, and (c) with a free market. The results indicate that compared with “actual” conditions the environment of slow technical change would have modest effects in slowing the demand for farm machinery and the migration of labor from agriculture. It also would result in greater net farm income in the 1960's. A free market would be accompanied by increased investment in farm machinery and a greater exodus of family and hired labor from agriculture. It also would result in a smaller farm building investment and a considerable reduction of farm income. Since economic conditions are so similar in both countries, the implications of these findings are related to Canadian agriculture on the assumption the same model would show the same outcomes for Canada. Dans cette etude, des rapports estimes des marches des ressources pour ľagriculture des Etats-Uns sont employes dans un modele de simulation afin ďetudier la demande des ressources et le revenu agricol net sous trois conditions: (a) celle qui regne reellement, incluant le melange historique de politiques agricoles; (b) celle qui ne montre le changement technique de ľagriculture qti a la moitie du train realise; et (c) celle qui profite ďun marche libre. Les resultats indiquent que ľenrironnement du changement technique modere, quand il est comparee avec les conditions reelles, produirait des effets modestes en diminuant la demande pour des machines agricoles et en ralentissant ľexode de la main-ďoeuvre de ľagriculture. En outre, cet environment aurait pour resultat un revenu agricole net plus fort dans les annees de 1060 a 1970. Vne marche libre serait accompangne de placements augmentes dans les machines agricoles et ďun plus grand exode de la main ďoeuvre familiale et salariee de ľagriculture. Aussi, ceci aboutirait a un investissement moindre dans la construction rurale et a une reduction considerable du revenu agricole. Puisque les conditions economiques des deux pays sont si ressemblantes, les implications de ces conclusions sont rattachees aľagriculture cana-dienne en supposant que le meme modele montrerait les memes resultats pour le Canada.
The effects of diurnal thermoperiod treatments on reproductive function in the estuarine gobiid fish, Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper

Abstract Experiments were conducted with the estuarine gobiid fish, Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper, in various stages of gonadal development to determine the effects of diurnal thermoperiod treatments ( i.e. , thermocycling) on the gonads; attention has been focused on the suppression of gonadal activity by high temperatures. Exposure to temperatures slightly above 24°C for 7.5 h a day is sufficient to induce gonadal regression. Shorter periods of heat treatment at temperatures above 24°C cause gonadal regression. The gonadal response (regression) to thermoperiod does not depend upon the average daily temperature or the total heat ‘dose’, but rather the length of time spent at or above 24°C. Longer exposures to a given high temperature are required to cause gonadal regression than are required to inhibit recrudescence. The results are compared with phenological and climatic data from the natural habitat of the fish. It is concluded that temperature acts as the primary proximate factor regulating reproductive cycling in this species, and that thermocycling experiments of the nature described here allow one better to predict the influence of the thermal environment on the physiology of the animal.
Identification of Human STAT5-dependent Gene Regulatory Elements Based on Interspecies Homology

STAT5 is a transcription factor essential for hematopoietic physiology. STAT5 functions to transduce signals from cytokines to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression. Although several important transcriptional targets of STAT5 are known, most remain unidentified. To identify novel STAT5 targets, we searched chromosomes 21 and 22 for clusters of STAT5 binding sites contained within regions of interspecies homology. We identified four such regions, including one with tandem STAT5 binding sites in the first intron of the NCAM2 gene. Unlike known STAT5 binding sites, this site is found within a very large intron and resides ∼200 kb from the first coding exon of NCAM2. We demonstrate that this region confers STAT5-dependent transcriptional activity. We show that STAT5 binds in vivo to the NCAM2 intron in the NKL natural killer cell line and that this binding is induced by cytokines that activate STAT5. Neither STAT1 nor STAT3 bind to this region, despite sharing a consensus binding sequence with STAT5. Activation of STAT4 and STAT5 causes the accumulation of both of these STATs to the NCAM2 regulatory region. Therefore, using an informatics based approach to identify STAT5 targets, we have identified NCAM2 as both a STAT4- and STAT5-regulated gene, and we show that its expression is regulated by cytokines essential for natural killer cell survival and differentiation. This strategy may be an effective way to identify functional binding regions for transcription factors with known cognate binding sites anywhere in the genome.
Groups with T1 primitive ideal spaces

Abstract We give a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the group C ∗ -algebra of a connected locally compact group to have a T 1 primitive ideal space, i.e., to have the property that all primitive ideals are maximal. A companion result settles the same question almost entirely for almost connected groups. As a by-product of the method used, we show that every point in the primitive ideal space of the group C ∗ -algebra of a connected locally compact group is at least locally closed. Finally, we obtain an analog of these results for discrete finitely generated groups; in particular the primitive ideal space of the group C ∗ -algebra of a discrete finitely generated solvable group is T 1 if and only if the group is a finite extension of a nilpotent group.
LASER TREATMENT OF LARGE CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMAS OF THE PENIS

AbstractPurpose: Cavernous hemangiomas of the penis are rare benign tumors commonly excised for cosmesis and bleeding. Reports of laser treatment of these lesions with the patient under local anesthesia indicate good functional and cosmetic results. We report our experience with 4 cavernous hemangiomas treated with the neodymium:YAG laser.Materials and Methods: Four patients, 8, 16, 31 and 50 years old, had a total of 8 hemangiomas, which were treated with the neodymium:YAG laser at 5 to 15 watts of power for 3-second pulse durations.Results: All patients had excellent cosmetic and functional results. These treatments were done with essentially no blood loss, on an outpatient basis and without complications.Conclusions: The treatment of choice for hemangiomas of the penis in the pediatric and adult population is neodymium:YAG laser coagulation.
Psychiatric problems in adolescents with developmental disabilities.

Abstract One hundred and thirteen adolescents aged 10-21 with developmental disabilities were seen for psychiatric consultation. There were disproportionately more moderate to profoundly retarded individuals, more younger than older adolescents, but no unusual patterns regarding sex or race. A wide range of psychopathology, using DSM-III diagnostic criteria, is noted, with a prominence of conduct disorders and organic mental disorders, but very little drug or alcohol abuse, adolescent suicide, and anorexia nervosa. There is only a tendency for conduct disorders to occur more often in the more severely retarded and for neurotic disorders to occur in the less severely retarded. Those with epilepsy are significantly more likely to have a major psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, acute psychosis, organic mental disorders and manic depressive disorder.
Elastoplastic nonlinear post-buckling analysis of partially restrained space structures

Abstract A method is proposed here to analyze a space structure with large deformation, partially restrained connections, and material nonlinearities using the plastic hinge concept. The assumed stress method is used to derive an explicit form of tangent stiffness satisfying joint equilibrium and displacement compatibility. The unique feature of the method is that it is extremely efficient since the tangent stiffness is expressed in an explicit form and can easily be modified to consider different factors. The method can be used to study both the pre- and post-buckling behavior of space structures. It is verified with experimental and numerical results available in the literature. The robustness of the algorithm is confirmed by applying it to analyze several problems of practical importance. The method is robust yet simple, accurate, and economical.
The use of cognitive self-instruction in the treatment of behaviorally disturbed adolescents

Fifteen behaviorally disturbed, institutionalized adolescents were assigned to one of three conditions: cognitive self-instruction, contingency awareness, or assessment control. School attendance, frequency of impulsive behaviors, and performance in daily living requirements were assessed before and after treatment, and at a 6-week follow-up. The cognitive self-instruction procedure resulted in significant improvements in performance of daily living requirements and a decrease in impulsive behaviors after treatment compared to both the contingency awareness and assessment control procedures. These effects were either maintained or augmented at follow-up.
Crop response functions integrating water, nitrogen, and salinity

Process-based simulation models are used to generate seasonal crop yield and nitrate leaching datasets for several important crops. The simulated data is then used to estimate novel three-input crop response functions that account for the effects of interactions and feedback mechanisms in the whole plant–water–nitrogen–salinity system. Comparisons with available field data show that this appears to be a reliable approach for estimating analytical crop response functions with water, nitrogen, and salinity as input factors. Results also demonstrate the shortcomings of using simpler two-input functions. The estimated functions are continuously differentiable and can be easily incorporated into comprehensive agricultural–economic–environmental optimization models, thus facilitating greater utilization of process-based models by a wider range of disciplines.
Ascaris suum: are trypsin inhibitors involved in species specificity of Ascarid nematodes?

Abstract Inhibitors of porcine trypsin were prepared from aqueous extracts of the parasitic nematodes Ascaris suum (hogs) and Ascaris lumbricoides (human). In this study three experiments were performed. (1) Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against one isoform of trypsin inhibitor from each parasitic nematode. Each antibody reacted with all isoforms from itself as well as all isoforms from the other parasite. (2) Association equilibrium constants were measured by titrating host trypsins (porcine or human) with the isoforms of trypsin inhibitors from A. suum and A. lumbricoides . While three of the combinations formed tight complexes that can be precipitated, the fourth complex, A. suum trypsin inhibitor-human trypsin has a K a that is a 300 to 1000 times weaker interaction than the three other titration pairs. (3) Live A. suum worms were incubated in isosmotic media that contained either porcine trypsin or human trypsin. A. suum worms survived in porcine trypsin and in the controls but were killed and digested after exposure for 5 days in human trypsin. The first experiment suggests that the trypsin inhibitors from A. suum and A. lumbricoides have similar epitopes, while the second experiment suggests that there are differences near the reactive site of the inhibitors. The consequences of these differences are dramatically demonstrated by the third experiment in which live A. suum worms in the presence of human trypsin die and are digested but those in porcine trypsin survive. These experiments suggest that in order to parasitize a host, a nematode requires a complement of protease inhibitors that interact strongly with those host proteases that are in their environment.
Performance of commercial multimedia workloads on the Intel Pentium 4: A case study

In this paper, we present a case study of the execution time characteristics of several popular commercial audio and video applications on a state of the art microprocessor, the Intel Pentium 4. The on-chip performance counters on the Pentium 4 processor are used to perform this study using actual real-world workloads. While the Pentium 4 is capable of executing 3-4 instructions in one cycle, it was observed that commercial audio and video applications take between 1.4 and 3.5 cycles (per instruction) to execute. Despite using large caches and sophisticated out of ordering techniques, the average cycles per instruction is higher than a predecessor like Pentium II. This indicates that while clock frequency has improved, real speedups are not scaling. The performance of multimedia programs is compared with execution characteristics of SPEC CPU 2000 programs. Performance impact of branch predictors, caches and trace caches on the Pentium 4 are analyzed for multimedia and SPEC CPU applications.
Molecular strategies for gene containment in transgenic crops

The potential of genetically modified (GM) crops to transfer foreign genes through pollen to related plant species has been cited as an environmental concern. Until more is known concerning the environmental impact of novel genes on indigenous crops and weeds, practical and regulatory considerations will likely require the adoption of gene-containment approaches for future generations of GM crops. Most molecular approaches with potential for controlling gene flow among crops and weeds have thus far focused on maternal inheritance, male sterility, and seed sterility. Several other containment strategies may also prove useful in restricting gene flow, including apomixis (vegetative propagation and asexual seed formation), cleistogamy (self-fertilization without opening of the flower), genome incompatibility, chemical induction/deletion of transgenes, fruit-specific excision of transgenes, and transgenic mitigation (transgenes that compromise fitness in the hybrid). As yet, however, no strategy has proved broadly applicable to all crop species, and a combination of approaches may prove most effective for engineering the next generation of GM crops.
Decisions in Multiple Goal Contexts: Habitat Selection of the Spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch)

and Summary Enclosure experiments were used to examine the habitat selection process exhibited by the desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch). Habitat structure was controlled while spider responses to temperature and prey availability were assessed. Individual spiders were tested both in trials where only one parameter was varied (single goal) and in trials where both parameters were varied (multiple goal). Naive individuals (lab reared) representing two populations that exist under different thermal regimes were tested as well as crossbred individuals (one parent from each population). Individuals from different populations performed similarly in the experiments. Agelenopsis chose sites affording prey and a narrow “preferred” temperature range in the respective single goal experiments, while it failed to select sites affording both prey and preferred temperatures in the multiple goal experiments. Here individual spiders went either to sites affording preferred temperatures only or to those providing prey but less favorable temperatures. Several alternative explanations for these findings are considered. Shade may cue selection of favorable temperatures by Agelenopsis while both olfactory and vibratory cues apparently are used in locating prey. Zusammenfassung Gefangenschaftsexperimente an der Wustenspinne Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch) dienten der Untersuchung der Habitatwahl. Die Habitatstruktur war in diesen Experimenten kontrolliert, die Reaktionen der Spinnen auf die Parameter Temperatur und Verfugbarkeit der Beute wurden gemessen. Getestet wurden einzelne Spinnen sowohl unter Bedingungen mit nur einem variierten Parameter (Einzelziel), als auch unter Variation beider Parameter (Mehrfachziel). Versuchstiere waren unerfahrene Individuen (Laboraufzucht) aus zwei hinsichtlich der thermischen Umweltbedingungen unterschiedlichen Populationen. Bastarde aus je einem Elter aus jeder Population wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Alle Klassen von Individuen verhielten sich in den Experimenten ahnlich. Agelenopsis wahlte in den jeweiligen Einzelziel-Experimenten jene Standorte aus, die Beute gewahrten, bzw. deren Temperatur in einem engen “Bevorzugungsrahmen” lag. Andererseits gelang es der Spinne in den Mehrfachziel-Experimenten nicht, Standorte auszuwahlen, die sowohl in bezug auf die Beute als auch in ihren thermischen Eigenschaften von hervorragender Qualitat waren. Hier bevorzugten die einzelnen Tiere Platze, die entweder nur nach der Temperatur oder nach der Beute eine besondere Eignung aufwiesen. Verschiedene alternative Erklarungen fur diese Befunde werden in Betracht gezogen. Es scheint, das Agelenopsis sich bei der Auswahl gunstiger Temperaturen an Schattenplatzen orientiert, wahrend sowohl olfaktorische als auch vibratorische Reize beim Orten von Beute eine Rolle spielen.
Second harmonic generation studies of interfacial structure and dynamics

Abstract This review surveys the current state of the field of optical second harmonic generation as it pertains to the study of interfacial phenomena. The experimental and theoretical studies discussed examine fundamental issues regarding the source of the nonlinear polarizability at the interface. Also included are both equilibrium and time-resolved measurements of the structural and thermodynamic properties therein. Experimental investigations of a variety of solid materials in air, vacuum, solution, and in contact with other solids are considered. A discussion of recent studies of the liquid/liquid interface concludes this review.
Comparing Two Tests of Formal Reasoning in a College Chemistry Context

The Test of Logical Thinking (TOLT) and the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking (GALT) are two of the instruments most widely used by science educators and researchers to measure students’ formal reasoning abilities. Based on Piaget’s cognitive development theory, formal thinking ability has been shown to be essential for student achievement in science and chemistry courses. The major difference between TOLT and GALT is two concrete items relating to conservation of mass and volume, which GALT contains over and above TOLT. The first intent of this study was to determine whether the two concrete items represent an advantage for the general chemistry population in terms of test reliability, discriminatory power, and item bias. Accordingly, TOLT and “TOLT + 2” (TOLT with the extra two concrete items) were each administered to a sample of over 900 students enrolled in first-semester general chemistry. The two concrete items were not observed to provide any advantage, and DIF analysis suggests that TOLT is te...
The Behrens-Fisher problem revisited: a Bayes-frequentist synthesis

The Behrens-Fisher problem concerns the inference for the difference between the means of two normal populations whose ratio of variances is unknown. In this situation, Fisher's fiducial interval differs markedly from the Neyman-Pearson confidence interval. A prior proposed by Jeffreys leads to a credible interval that is equivalent to Fisher's solution but it carries a different interpretation. The authors propose an alternative prior leading to a credible interval whose asymptotic coverage probability matches the fre- quentist coverage probability more accurately than the interval of Jeffreys. Their simulation results indicate excellent matching even in small samples.
Sexual dimorphism in numbers of vasotocin-immunoreactive neurons in brain areas associated with reproductive behaviors in the roughskin newt.

Vasotocin (VT) and vasopressin control many endocrine and neuroendocrine functions, including the regulation of reproductive behaviors. In the roughskin newt (Taricha granulosa), VT administration can enhance courtship behaviors in males and egg-laying behaviors in females. This study used immunohistochemistry to investigate whether there are sex differences in VT in specific brain areas, and whether these differences persist in nonbreeding animals. Numbers of VT immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were counted in males and females collected in February, April, June, and August. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples confirmed that testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentrations were higher in males than females, and that 17beta-estradiol concentrations were higher in females than males. In 11 brain areas, no sexual or seasonal differences in the number of VTir cells were found. But in 3 brain regions-the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the nucleus amygdalae dorsolateralis (AMYG), and the anterior preoptic area (aPOA)-there were significantly greater numbers of VTir cells in males than in females, and these differences did not change seasonally. In the aPOA, an area important to male sex behaviors, the sexual dimorphism in VTir was particularly pronounced. In four brain regions, there were significantly greater numbers of VTir cells in females than males, but only in specific seasons. In April-collected (breeding) animals, more VTir cells were found in females than in males in the populations of VT cells within the pars dorsalis hypothalami and ventromedial hypothalamus, brain regions frequently associated with stress responses and female mating behaviors. In August-collected (nonbreeding) animals, more VTir cells were found in females than in males, in the region of the bed nucleus of the decussation of the fasciculus lateralis telencephali and in the nucleus visceralis superior, nucleus isthmi region. Significantly greater numbers of VTir cells were observed in the magnocellular preoptic area of males and females collected in February. These results indicate that the functional interactions between gonadal steroid hormones and VT are complex and appear to involve site-, sex-, and season-specific regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, it seems likely that populations of VT neurons in the BNST, AMYG, and aPOA are involved in regulating male-specific behaviors, and that the VT neurons in the pars dorsalis hypothalami/ventromedial hypothalamus may be involved in female-specific behaviors.
Comparison of an Optical Catheter Office Arthroscope with a Standard Rigid Rod-Lens Arthroscope in the Evaluation of the Knee

In a prospective, randomized study, 47 patients underwent arthroscopic evaluation of the knee in an operating room setting with both a standard rod-lens arthroscope and a newer flexible optical catheter fiberoptic system. The goal of the study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the newer catheter system, which is recommended for use in the office setting. Forty-four patients were included in the data analysis, three were eliminated because we were unable to perform an adequate examination with the catheter scope secondary to intraarticular adhesions or excessive bleeding. A comparison of the two systems revealed an overall underestimation and underrecognition of intraarticular knee pathologic changes. Anterior cruciate ligament tears were missed in 3 of 21 knees; no posterior cruciate ligament tears were detected by the rod-lens arthroscope in 44 knees, but one false-positive result was "seen" using the optical catheter device. Similar trends in diagnosis (sensitivity, 25% to 67%; specificity, 96% to 99%) were seen for tears of the medial and lateral menisci, chondral lesions, and the identification of loose bodies. We conclude from the results of this study that the use of the optical catheter system for arthroscopic evaluation and treatment of the knee in the office setting may result in a significant compromise in visual acuity, resulting in missed and incorrect diagnoses.
Design of radiative shock targets to enable improved diagnostic access

Summary form only given. Our group has been studying radiative shocks using laser targets that contain a gas, most often xenon. Our motivation includes the production of conditions in the laboratory relevant to astrophysical phenomena and astrophysical simulation codes. A specific phenomenon of interest is the production of a dense, collapsed layer in a given material. Past experiments have consisted of a drive disk made of a solid, dense, low-Z material, capping off one end of a polyimide tube, along with various components used in alignment and measurement. A fill tube for inserting xenon gas plugged the other end. A diagnostic viewed the target perpendicular to the tube and obtained an image of high density regions. Pending experiments will require different diagnostics to measure temperature and related quantities, and which therefore must view the shock along the axis of the tube instead of viewing it from the side. The new target design must provide access to the diagnostic which looks up the axis of the main polyimide cylinder. We plan to accomplish this by building a target with a thin film closing the end of the polyimide tube, in a geometry that allows a laser beam to push the thin film out of the way. This will open up the diagnostic view along the tube axis. The main variables in deciding upon the details of this design are the various types of polyimide arms, and thickness and material of the film at the end of the main cylinder. Determining the type of arm involves first investigating available materials and their cost, and second, evaluating the machining capabilities within the lab. Evaluating the proper film thickness and material will involve HYADES computer simulations, a one-dimensional, hydrodynamic code, which detail the behavior of polyimide (C22H10O5N2) and polyethylene (CH) films when varying the film thickness, and laser spot size. The shock must clear 500 mum within 10 ns in order to not interfere with the diagnostic and therefore ruin the data. We will show the final design of this target and examples of experimental prototypes
WHITE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR SCHOOL CLOSINGS IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VIRGINIA, 1959–1964

From 1959 to 1964, Prince Edward County, Virginia, dodged a court desegregation order by refusing to operate public schools. Though the county played an integral role in the national battle over civil rights, scholars and journalists have largely neglected Prince Edward's role in the national drama of race. In 1951, Black high school students went on strike to protest unequal school facilities. This strike led to an NAACP lawsuit that became one of five decided in Brown v. Board of Education. When faced with a final desegregation deadline in 1959, the county put itself in a unique position by becoming the only school district in the U.S. to close its public schools for an extended period of time rather than accept any desegregation. Most White students attended a private, segregated academy; over three-quarters of Black Prince Edward students lost some or all of those years of education. White county leaders believed they were creating a blueprint for defying desegregation in the rural South and perhaps, they hoped, throughout much of the United States. Using archival materials, interviews and secondary accounts, I explain how White county leaders made a public case for the school closings. These leaders' rhetorical strategy was a crucial early draft in the depiction of segregation as a natural state free of racial rancor. The segregationist rhetoric emanating from Prince Edward County was grounded primarily in arguments for privatization, local self-determination, and taxpayers' rights. Such arguments would come to dominate conservative rhetoric nationwide.
Coupled growth in immiscible alloys

This paper discusses the flight experiment 'Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics' schedules to fly aboard the life and microgravity spacelab mission during the summer of 1996. The experiment is designed to directionally solidify samples in immiscible alloy systems in an attempt to obtain an improved understanding of the physics controlling the solidification process. This paper specifically addresses some of the unique difficulties concerning ampoule design for these experiments. As an example, an ampoule material must be utilized that is not wet by the minor immiscible liquid phase. In addition, a means must be provided to accommodate thermal contraction and solidification shrinkage during processing in order to avoid free surface formation on the melt. An attempt has also been made to control thermal end effects in order to obtain a relatively constant growth rate during processing. The final design results in an ampoule assembly that contains insulating segments, dummy samples, moving pistons and a high temperature spring assembly. The details of this design and the results of ground based testing will be discussed.
Cost-effectiveness of myocardial perfusion imaging in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease

Substantial evidence supports the clinical application of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients with suspected or chronic coronary artery disease (CAD). Current recommendations encourage the use of MPI for prognostication and as a ‘gatekeeper’ to cardiac catheterization. Moreover, recent economic evidence indicates that MPI, as a result of improved diagnosis and risk estimation, provides substantial cost savings when compared with other competitive modalities for suspected and known CAD. Thus, on the basis of both clinical and cost considerations, MPI is increasingly viewed as a cost-eective, non-invasive test that can be used to optimize management in patients with CAD. (Eur Heart J Supplements 2001; 3 (Suppl F): F15‐F18)
A global Holmgren theorem for multidimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations

Holmgren's theorem guarantees unique continuation across non-characteristic surfaces of class C 1 for solutions to homogeneous linear partial differential equations with analytic coefficients. Based on this result a global uniqueness theorem for solutions to hyperbolic differential equations with analytic coefficients in a space-time cylinder Q = (0, T) × Ω is established. Zero Cauchy data on a part of the lateral C 1-boundary will force every solution to a homogeneous hyperbolic PDE to vanish at half time T/2 provided that T > T 0. The minimal time T 0 depends on the geometry of the slowness surface of the hyperbolic operator, and can be determined explicitly as demonstrated by several examples including the system of transversely isotropic elasticity and Maxwell's equations. Furthermore, it is shown that this global uniqueness result holds for hyperbolic operators with C 1-coefficients as long as they satisfy the conclusion of Holmgren's Theorem.
Biogeography and ecology: towards the integration of two disciplines

Although ecology and biogeography had common origins in the natural history of the nineteenth century, they diverged substantially during the early twentieth century as ecology became increasingly hypothesis-driven and experimental. This mechanistic focus narrowed ecology's purview to local scales of time and space, and mostly excluded large-scale phenomena and historical explanations. In parallel, biogeography became more analytical with the acceptance of plate tectonics and the development of phylogenetic systematics, and began to pay more attention to ecological factors that influence large-scale distributions. This trend towards unification exposed problems with terms such as ‘community’ and ‘niche,’ in part because ecologists began to view ecological communities as open systems within the contexts of history and geography. The papers in this issue represent biogeographic and ecological perspectives and address the general themes of (i) the niche, (ii) comparative ecology and macroecology, (iii) community assembly, and (iv) diversity. The integration of ecology and biogeography clearly is a natural undertaking that is based on evolutionary biology, has developed its own momentum, and which promises novel, synthetic approaches to investigating ecological systems and their variation over the surface of the Earth. We offer suggestions on future research directions at the intersection of biogeography and ecology.
Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of a once-daily gastroretentive dosage form of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.

Neurontin®, an immediate-release (IR) formulation of gabapentin, was the first drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The effective dosing regimen of gabapentin IR (G-IR) for PHN is 1800 mg/day in three divided doses. In 2011, a gastroretentive (GR) formulation of gabapentin (G-GR, Gralise®) was approved for the treatment of PHN. The effective dosing regimen of G-GR is 1800 mg, once daily taken with the evening meal. Compared with G-IR, G-GR has an apparently better tolerability profile with a 1-2 weeks shorter titration period to reach the same therapeutically effective dose. The differences in the dosing frequency and tolerability between G-IR and GR are mainly because of the difference in formulations and thus pharmacokinetic properties. The GR formulation takes advantage of normal human gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and the unique pharmacokinetic properties of gabapentin. In this review, we compare the IR and GR formulations of gabapentin, overview the GI physiology and GR mechanism of G-GR, and describe the unique pharmacokinetic properties of gabapentin. The effect of GR formulation on efficacy and the incidence of adverse events that are commonly associated with G-IR treatment in PHN patients are also discussed.
Measurement of tropospheric carbon monoxide using gas filter radiometers

The measurement of tropospheric carbon monoxide with gas filter radiometers is examined on the basis of the MAPS experiment. The performance characteristics of an instrument that uses the MAPS detectors, broadband filters, and gas cells in a system similar to the GASCOFIL system described by Morrow and Nicholls (1985) is determined. The signal function for two carbon monoxide channels of the MAPS instrument as it was flown in 1981 is shown. The measurements of the lower pressure channel are weighted to a higher altitude. The signal function, when integrated over altitude and multiplied by the normalization constant, yields the value of the signal. Both signal functions approach zero at the top because the gas concentration approaches zero. The present data reduction technique assumes that there are no clouds in the field of view. If clouds are present, the inferred carbon monoxide mixing ratio is too high, and those points must be rejected from the data set.
An empirical characterization of scientific software development projects according to the Boehm and Turner model: A progress report

A number of recent studies reported on the success of applying agile methods in scientific software development projects. These studies found that agile methods are well suited to the exploratory, iterative, and collaborative nature of scientific inquiry. However, these findings might not be applicable in all situations pertaining to scientific software development projects. In addition, they only constitute a subset of the important factors while deciding which development methods and practices should be adopted. Therefore, it becomes important to conduct further research before making recommendations regarding the adoption of certain development methods and practices in this domain. In this progress report, we discuss our on-going research that will empirically study the characteristics of various scientific software development projects according to a model suggested by Boehm and Turner. We plan to conduct interviews and collect data from various scientific software development projects in the Baltimore-Washington area. We expect that our qualitative results will increase our understanding of the characteristics in those projects favoring plan-driven approaches or agile methods, and the needs and conditions associated with those characteristics. Our research provides guidance to scientific software developers by enhancing their capacity to evaluate and understand their own project characteristics and select effective software practices. As a long-term benefit in the same direction, our qualitative results will generate a set of hypotheses that can be tested in different project environments to better understand and categorize scientific software development projects. Consequently, in the future, more generalizable and actionable recommendations can be made for scientific software development projects.
Intra‐Amniotic Catheter for Pressure Measurement in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring

This report describes a new type of nylon catheter for intra-amniotic pressure measuring. We have monitored the fetal heart rate for some years and on occasions have experienced problems with insertion and blockage of open ended catheters used to measure intra-uterine pressure which is essential for the interpretation of the significance of fetal heart rate changes. Blockage occurs at the distal end of the catheter, due either to the design or to leakage at the point of attachment to the pressure transducer, thus allowing debris to enter and obstruct the distal orifice. The new catheter is designed to overcome these difficulties. The pressure transducer is a device mounted on or near the monitor which converts the pressure in the catheter to an electrical signal. It usually has a Luer fitting for attachment of the catheter.
Periodic and chaotic spatiotemporal states in a phase-conjugate resonator using a photorefractive BaTiO 3 phase-conjugate mirror

The dynamics of an externally pumped phase-conjugate resonator that uses four-wave mixing in BaTiO3 is investigated experimentally. The emergence of spatiotemporal instabilities as the degree of transverse confinement is varied by changing the Fresnel number is described in detail. Local intensity time series show that relaxing the transverse confinement leads the system from a stationary state to periodic, then to quasi-periodic, motions and finally to chaotic behavior. In some regions of parameter space two frequencies are identified in the power spectra of the time series, indicating a route to chaos following the Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse scheme [ Commun. Math. Phys.64, 35– 40 ( 1978)]. Wave-front topological defects are identified by interferometry. As the system’s confinement is varied, the phase-defect density and the spatial correlation index are found to follow similar trends, indicating that the observed spatiotemporal dynamics may indeed be an example of defect-mediated turbulence.
“Good vibration” or domination?: Stylized repetition in mythopoetic performance of masculinity

Performances in the mythopoetic men's movement are designed to restore a deep and essential masculinity theorized by Robert Bly and those who have written handbooks attempting to put Bly's theory into practice. Judith Butler's analysis of gender as performatively constituted by “stylized repetitions of acts” establishes that the masculinity Bly and others wish to restore does not occur prior to the performances they propose to achieve that restoration. Application of Butler's analysis to three constellations of mythopoetic performance (the dividing practice of pathologizing the “soft” or uninitiated male, the attempt to “contain” masculine space, and the nonconsensual initiation of boys) reveals the construction, rather than restoration, of masculinity by the movement. In particular, the nonconsensual initiation of boys represents an ultimately sadistic performance that destabilizes the movement's claims for an essential masculinity and warrants feminist resistance.