cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A climate rationale for research and development on photovoltaics manufacture

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is critical to many climate policy goals, as PV electricity results in little or no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during use, utilities and governments view PV installations as a way to accelerate progress towards emissions reduction targets. However, typical analyses of the GHG implications of the PV lifecycle ignore inter-temporal effects, in which the initial GHGs emitted in PV manufacturing phase must be offset by avoided fossil-fuel combustion emissions during use. Thus, the overall climate benefits of PV are a function of both GHG efficiency of PV manufacture, and electricity generation efficiency of deployed modules during use. Improvements to PV manufacture result in immediate climate benefits, in contrast with improvements in module efficiency which may offset greater GHG emissions, albeit over decades of useful life. This study presents a novel framework using the cumulative radiative forcing (CRF) metric to demonstrate the significant climate benefit of improving PV manufacturing processes predominantly located in GHG-intensive geographies and determines the equivalent increase in module efficiency that provide the same climate benefit. The findings show low-carbon PV manufacturing increases the life-cycle climate benefit by 20% and is equivalent to increasing the module efficiency from a baseline value of 17% to 21.7% and 16% to 18.7% for mono-Si and multi-Si modules, respectively. With commercial module efficiency having increased annually by only 0.25% over the last 12 years, the implication is that improving PV manufacturing may be more effective than module efficiency improvements for increasing the climate benefit of terawatt scale PV installations.
Assessment of management capacity to improve the value of health-care systems: a survey

Abstract Background Strong management is important for high-value health-care systems if returns on global health investments are to be delivered and the Sustainable Development Goals met by 2030. Managers are responsible for care delivery systems and strategies, making sure that health services benefit the population they intend to serve. Most managers in resource-limited settings work at the district level and below, with little training in non-clinical skills. They are often health care providers who have been promoted into management roles. Here, we aimed to understand the most challenging aspects of the health-care management role in resource-constrained settings and to identify gaps in managers' skills and knowledge in order to better design programmes and tools to support managers in their delivery of care. Methods We sent a web-based branching survey to frontline global health managers via Devex between October, 2014, and January, 2015. The survey used multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions about skills within five categories of management in global health: finance; human resources; facility/supply chain or inventory management; clinical, field, or laboratory team management; and relationships with community and partners. Before the survey, we did a literature review, held a virtual discussion with experts, and piloted the survey to refine areas of management and enable targeted training. The pilot survey was also completed by mid-career professionals attending the Global Health Delivery Intensive at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health in July, 2013. Findings We included data from from 350 survey respondents in 44 low-income countries, the virtual discussion panel with 131 experts from five continents, and responses from 33 Global Health Delivery Intensive attendees from 11 countries. Our findings indicated that health-care managers are short on time, are required to multitask without an understanding of priorities, and that they lack management skills, motivation, and information. We refined our intensive global health delivery course to meet what were identified as the most pressing challenges, and we offer an online community of practice to facilitate peer-to-peer learning and expert guidance to these areas. In 2016, 52 professionals from 24 countries participated in the eighth annual Global Health Delivery Summer Intensive. More than 90% of respondents (n=49) said they planned to incorporate their learning to make changes to their professional approach or practice. Interpretation Universities can play an important role in convening managers and helping them to facilitate knowledge dissemination and translation. Future investments are needed to ensure global health professionals can access continuous professional development opportunities. Funding The Abundance Foundation.
“The Dirt Came Up”: Domestic Service and Women's Agency in Oaxaca City, Mexico

More than two million Mexican women, including over 60,000 in the southeastern state of Oaxaca (population 3.8 million), generate income through paid domestic labour. Within the local political economy, this low-paid, low-status job commodifies the unpaid household chores that local gender role norms ascribe to women. Although the potential economic, social, and physical exploitation of uneducated, poor women domestic workers in a “dead end job” is well documented across the globe (see Hoerder, 2015), less is known about the goals and experiences of women who work in service as a way to “get ahead” through and after schooling. Through ethnographic analysis of the lives of Oaxacan domestics who possess high education levels, this paper explores ways that local socioeconomic and geographic conditions and patterns coincide and contrast with broader debates regarding the gendering of urbanization and employment in underdeveloped regions. This issue is especially compelling in an impoverished state that is notorious for low schooling levels, high rates of international migration, and the nation's highest percentage (80 percent) of workers in the informal sector (CONEVAL 2013). This study contributes to our understanding of the importance of informal sector employment for urban women—both with and without advanced schooling—whose agency has led them to work in domestic service while negotiating precarious economic circumstances.
State-Owned Multinationals: An Introduction

This chapter summarizes the contents of the book State-Owned Multinationals: Governments in Global Business, which provides an overview of our current understanding of the behavior of state-owned multinational companies (SOMNCs), or companies that are owned by the government and that have value-added activities outside their home country. The study of these firms can yield interesting insights as a result of the changes in their ownership and their foreign expansion. These changes challenge our conceptualization and understanding of both current explanations of state ownership as well as the models of the multinational. The book contains a selection of the key contributions to our comprehension of this phenomenon published in Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), the leading journal of international business research; as well as new material that provides detailed explanations of the phenomenon.
Mandatory Mediation and Its Variations

The use of arbitration to resolve international investment disputes clearly represents an improvement over “gunboat diplomacy” and its implicit threat of violent confrontation. Nonetheless, investors, States and other stakeholders have begun to express dissatisfaction with some elements of arbitration in the international investment treaty context. First, arbitration proceedings can be quite lengthy, and their transaction costs seem to be increasing. Second, parties’ compliance is not guaranteed. Some States suggest they may refuse to abide by arbitral awards. Third, the process focuses parties on their legal rights when non-legal issues may be equally important and useful to achieve resolution. Fourth, arbitration can sometimes marginalize parties’ unique socio-cultural characteristics and inhibit parties from identifying and building upon their mutual interests. Last, losing parties (and even some of those who have won) are unlikely to perceive arbitration as providing them with a meaningful opportunity to exercise self-determination in the resolution of their disputes. As a result of these concerns, some stakeholders—investors, States and interested international bodies—have begun to express interest in the consensual process of mediation. The term, “mediation,” however, is used quite loosely at this point, and there is no single definition or model of the process. Rather, there are several variations, and each is likely to serve certain objectives better than others. Each is also likely to be more appropriate at certain points in the life of a dispute. This essay will describe these variations and their suitability in different contexts. It will also examine the advantages and disadvantages of making participation—or at least consideration of the mediation process—mandatory. IIAs could, for example, require the use of mediation whenever a dispute arises between parties. Such agreements could even condition parties’ submission to arbitration upon documented proof of a previous attempt to reach agreement through mediation. There are significant concerns about mandatory mediation, however. This essay will examine those concerns and describe important and potentially useful variations that permit parties to tailor the scope of what will come within a mandatory mediation requirement. This essay’s intent is simultaneously modest and ambitious: (1) to provide stakeholders with important information regarding the key variations of mediation that are available in the United States; (2) to provide stakeholders with important information regarding their options in defining the scope of a mandatory requirement; (3) to enable stakeholders to avoid a premature focus upon only the most obvious and controversial of those variations; and (4) to provide stakeholders with some examples of creative adaptation that may inspire further creativity and thoughtful adaptation to the international investment context.
Malignant peripheral ameloblastoma arising from the gingiva: A case report

Ameloblastomas account for 9%-11% of all odontogenic tumors and usually arise from the mandible. Peripherally arising ameloblastomas are exceedingly rare, comprising 1%-2% of all ameloblastomas. We present a case of peripheral ameloblastoma with malignant differentiation in a 72-year-old male patient. The patient underwent a biopsy of the left palatoglossal fold, and histological examination of the specimen demonstrated a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in situ with at least superficially invasive growth and features suggestive of peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma. The patient chose radiation therapy as opposed to surgical excision.
Novel and rapid LC-MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of methylphenidate in dried blood spots.

Aim: Development and validation of a novel, sensitive, specific and rapid dried blood spots (DBS)-LC–MS/MS method for methylphenidate (MPH), an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder drug. Method...
Introduction: Prior to the Eight Century

The Israelite settlement of Canaan in the thirteenth century B.C.E. was concentrated in the hill country.1 (See figures 1–1 and 1–2.) That such areas were so sparsely populated compared to the neighboring plains was due not so much to chance or to a small Canaanite population as to their relative undesirability. The crucial impediment to settlement of the hill areas was the high cost of water. The plains, on the other hand, had cheap water and fertile soil but they also had numerous plainsmen equipped with chariots (Judg. 1: 19)2. For the most part, the Israelites were either unable to conquer the plains or (what comes to the same thing) did not think them worth the price in blood. So, we are informed in Joshua 17: 14–18, the Israelites, in their land of milk and honey, bent their backs and lived less than lavishly by the sweat of their brows.
Molecular basis for the α 1 -protease inhibitor deficiency

THE α1-protease inhibitor (formerly α1-antitrypsin) is in herited by a series of autosomal codominant alleles that determine its concentration and electrophoretic mobility. Serum from individuals with severe α1-protease inhibitor deficiency usually contains an electrophoretically slow-moving α1-protease inhibitor (type ZZ) in an amount 10–40% of that found in the normal population (type MM). This deficient state is associated with either an early-onset form of familial emphysema or familial infantile cirrhosis1.
Stand age versus tree diameter as a driver of forest carbon inventory simulations in the northeastern U.S.

Estimating the current status and future trends of carbon (C) stocks and stock changes in forests of the northeastern United States is desired by policy makers and managers as these forests can mit...
3D Motion Graphics for 2D Artists: Conquering the Third Dimension

Add 3D to your mograph skillset! For the experienced 2D artist, this lavishly illustrated, 4 color book presents the essentials to building and compositing 3D elements into your 2D world of film and broadcast. Concepts and techniques are presented in concise, step-by-step tutorials, hundreds of which are featured throughout. Featured applications include Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effects, and Cinema 4D.Lessons include exploring the expanded 3D functionality of the Adobe Creative Suite applications (After Effects, Photoshop, and Illustrator) through a series of practical tutorials. More advanced lessons then follow, with tutorials and insight provided in specifically geared lessons for 2D artists working in Cinema 4D, 3ds Max, and ZBrush.4-color presentation is further enhanced by various sidebars, tips, and "gotchas" to watch for through-out the book. The downloadable resources contain hours of project files with which you can work along the tutorials in the book.
A positive psychology intervention for patients with bipolar depression: a randomized pilot trial.

Background: There are few effective treatments for bipolar depression, a common and debilitating illness.Aims: We aimed to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a four-week, telephone...
3.8 Hard Cases Where Counterproof Is Sufficient But Not Conclusive

This article addresses the competing views of how presumptions operate when evidence is offered challenging the presumed fact. It discusses both the approach of FRE 301 as well as the approach adopted by the Uniform Rules of Evidence.
Paul and Asklepios: The Greco-Roman Quest for Healing and the Mission of Paul:

The apostle Paul says little in his letters about physical health or healing, whether for himself or his congregations. This is surprising in view of the vital importance of healing in other religi...
Vaccination differences among U.S. adults by their self-identified sexual orientation, National Health Interview Survey, 2013-2015.

Introduction Very few studies have explored the associations between self-identified sexual orientation and comprehensive vaccination coverage. Most of the previous studies that reported health disparities among lesbian, gay and bisexual populations were not based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Starting in 2013, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) included questions to ascertain the adult’s self-identified sexual orientation that allowed national level vaccination estimation by sexual orientation. This study examined associations of self-reported vaccination coverage for selected vaccines among U.S. adults by their sexual orientation. Methods We analyzed combined data from 2013–2015 NHIS, a nationally representative probability-based health survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population ≥18 years. For vaccines other than influenza, weighted proportions were calculated. Influenza coverage was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier procedure. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted prevalence differences for each vaccine overall and stratified by sexual orientation and to identify factors independently associated with vaccination. Results Significant differences were observed by sexual orientation for self-reported receipt of human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A (HepA), hepatitis B (HepB), and influenza vaccination. Bisexual females (51.6%) had higher HPV coverage than heterosexual females (40.2%). Gay males (40.3% and 53.6%, respectively) had higher HepA and HepB coverage than heterosexual males (25.4% and 32.6%, respectively). Bisexual females (33.9% and 58.5%, respectively) had higher HepA and HepB coverage than heterosexual females (23.5% and 38.4%, respectively) and higher HepB coverage than lesbian females (45.4%). Bisexual adults (34.1%) had lower influenza coverage than gay/lesbian (48.5%) and heterosexual adults (43.8%). Except for the association of having self-identified as gay/lesbian orientation with greater likelihood of HepA, HepB, and influenza vaccination, sexual orientation was not associated with higher or lower likelihood of vaccination. Health status or other behavioral characteristics studied had no consistent relationship with vaccination among all populations. Conclusion Differences were identified in vaccination coverage among the U.S. adult population by self-reported sexual orientation. This study is the first to assess associations of sexual orientation with a comprehensive list of vaccinations. Findings from this study can serve as a baseline for monitoring changes over time. All populations could benefit from improved vaccination.
Characterization of Ti Ringspot-Associated Virus, a Novel Emaravirus Associated with an Emerging Ringspot Disease of Cordyline fruticosa.

Ti ringspot is an emerging foliar disease of the ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa) in Hawaii that is quickly spreading throughout the islands. Symptoms include small chlorotic ringspots on leaves that...
Monitoring Tropospheric Water Vapor Changes Using Radiosonde Data

Abstract Significant increases in the water vapor content of the troposphere are expected to accompany temperature increases due to rising concentrations of the greenhouse gases. Thus it is important to follow changes in water vapor over time. There are a number of difficulties in developing a homogeneous data set, however, because of changes in radiosonde instrumentation and reporting practices. We report here on preliminary attempts to establish indices of water vapor which can be monitored. The precipitable water between the surface and 500 mb is the first candidate. We describe our method for calculating this quantity from radiosonde data for a network very similar to the network Angell uses for detecting temperature trends (see Angell, 1990). Preliminary results suggest that the noise level is low enough to detect trends in water vapor at the individual stations. While a slight increase in global water vapor is hinted at in the data, and the data suggest there may have been a net transfer of water from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere, these conclusions are tentative. We also discuss the future course of this investigation.
A Case-Based Approach to Constipation in Primary Care

Primary care physicians frequently evaluate patients with constipation. The history is crucial in uncovering warning symptoms and signs that warrant colonoscopy. Particular elements in the history and rectal examination also can provide clues regarding the underlying etiology. Regardless of etiology, lifestyle modifications, fiber, and laxatives are first-line therapies. Patients who fail first-line therapies can be offered second-line treatments and/or referred for testing of defecatory function. In those with severely refractory symptoms, referrals to a gastroenterologist and a surgeon should be considered.
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cognitive impairment in coronary atherosclerosis.

Abstract Objective To understand if presence of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) is associated with higher prevalence of cognitive impairment at baseline and its decline over time. Methods A cohort of participants with stable coronary atherosclerosis underwent acute mental stress testing using a series of standardized speech/arithmetic stressors. The stress/rest digital vasomotor response to mental stress (sPAT) was assessed to measure microvascular constriction during mental stress. Patients received 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging at rest, with mental stress and with conventional (exercise/pharmacological) stress. Cognitive function was assessed both at baseline and at a 2 year follow-up using the Trail Making Test parts A and B and the verbal and visual memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Results We studied 486 individuals (72% male, 32.1% Black, 62 ± 9 (mean ± SD) years old). After multivariable adjustment for baseline demographics, risk factors, and medication use, presence of MSIMI was associated with 21% and 20% slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B, respectively (p for all Conclusion MSIMI is associated with slower visuomotor processing and worse executive function at baseline and with greater decline in these abilities over time.
Excited States Lifetimes Near Surfaces

Results from calculations of energy shifts and broadening of neutral and negative ion states near clean and impurity covered metal surfaces are presented. The results of these calculations shows that, in general, several different atomic states can be populated close to the surface. It is shown that for the proper description of charge transfer in such situations, it is crucial to include the effects of intra-atomic electron correlation.
Load-independent hydrogel friction

Abstract Biology largely manages tribological challenges either by eliminating sliding altogether or by protecting sliding interfaces with soft aqueous gels. In the body, aqueous gels are often thin (thickness, t
Urologic Disease in the Aging Male: A Look Across the Lifespan

Men’s health centers create portals of entry into healthcare systems. This chapter uses Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data and the American Urological Association Men’s Health Checklist to structure an overview for addressing male health concerns from adolescence and young adulthood through old age. Center leaders and care providers should be aware and knowledgeable about conditions across the range of ages, from disorders of sexual differentiation and other congenital disorders to fertility concerns in cancer survivors and a large number of prevalent urological diseases. A matrix of services must be available for downstream referral and escalation of care for conditions such as testis cancer, undiagnosed diabetes, and many comorbid conditions associated with urological diseases such as hypertension, sleep apnea, and heart disease. The opportunity to intervene and make an impact on major problems such as mental health is discussed. Future innovations will be required to address emerging trends in medicine such as transgender care and disparities in access and quality of care identified for testis, prostate, and other urological cancers.
Comparison of a new 18F renal tracer, Al18F-NODA-butyric acid, with 131I-OIH in normal rats

1208 Objectives Al18F-NODA-butyric acid complex was recently identified as a potential renal tracer (JNM 2011, 52, Suppl.1,170P). The goal of this work was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of the 18F agent using dynamic microPET/CT and by comparison with those of 131I-OIH, the clinical radioactive standard for the measurement of effective renal plasma flow. Methods Radiolabeling of the NODA-butyric acid (NODA-BA) ligand was performed using Al18F method; the labeled compound was isolated by HPLC. Biodistribution studies were performed in rats (n = 5) at 10 and 60 min post-injection, using 131I-OIH as an internal control. Urine, blood samples and vital organs were collected, counted and %ID/organ determined. Urine was also analyzed for metabolites by HPLC. Dynamic microPET/CT studies were conducted in rats. Results An aqueous, one step Al18F labeling of NODA-BA produced the Al18F-NODA-BA complex with high radiochemical purity (> 98%). The labeled complex was stable at pH 7.4 for 5h at 25 °C. The percent injected dose in the urine at 10 and 60 min was 58 ± 4% and 92 ± 3% that of 131I-OIH, respectively. The hepatic/gastrointestinal activity was less for the 18F tracer than for the 131I tracer both at 10 and 60 min; however, Al18F-NODA-BA was better retained in blood at 10 min (8.5 ± 0.8%) than was 131I-OIH (5.1 ± 0.5%). The kidney activity was comparable at 10 min (~ 5 %) but was higher for Al18F-NODA-BA at 60 min (1.9 ± 0.4% for 18F tracer vs. 0.7 ± 0.4% for 131I tracer). The 18F tracer was excreted intact in the urine, with no metabolic products. Dynamic PET showed a rapid transit of the 18F tracer through the kidneys into the bladder. Conclusions These encouraging results warrant further investigation of Al18F-based compounds as PET radiotracers for the evaluation of renal function. Research Support NIH Grant R37 DK38842
Ultra Low-Power Hardware-Assisted Signal Screening in Wearable Systems

Advances in technology have led to development of wearable sensing, computing and communication devices that can be woven into the physical environment of our daily lives, enabling a large variety of new applications in several domains including wellness and health care. Despite their tremendous potential to impact our lives, wearable health monitoring systems face a number of hurdles to become a reality. The enabling processors and architectures demand a large amount of energy, requiring sizable batteries. In this chapter, we discuss granular decision making architectures for physical movement monitoring applications. Such modules can be viewed as tiered wake up circuitries. The signal processing based decision making, in combination with a low-power microcontroller, allows for significant power saving through an ultra low-power processing architecture. The significant power saving can be obtained by performing a preliminary ultra low-power signal processing and hence, keeping the microcontroller off when the incoming signal is not of interest. The preliminary signal processing is performed by a set of special purpose functional units, also called screening blocks, that implement template matching functions. Furthermore, an optimization problem is presented, in this chapter, to select screening blocks such that the accuracy requirements of the signal processing are accommodated while the total amount of power is minimized. Finally, this chapter concludes with experimental results on real data from wearable motion sensors. These results show that granular decision making modules fine tuned for signal pre-screening can achieve 63.2% energy saving while maintaining a sensitivity of 94.3% in recognizing physical activities.
Determinants of U.S. direct investment in the E.E.C.: Further evidence

Abstract This study attempts to identify the determinants of U.S. direct foreign investment in the E.E.C. Previous studies are examined and an alternative specification is presented. The results indicate that the size of the market, growth of the market, height of trade barriers, and lagged net plant and equipment expenditures are important. Even so, the author feels that the data is too weak to permit strong policy statements from being made, as has been done in some of the previous papers.
Toward Integrated Reconstruction of Past Climates

Reconstructions of past climates rely to a large extent on the difficult interpretation of climate proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, and sediments. In their Perspective, Trenberth and Otto-Bliesner argue that important issues such as the seasonality of past climate and changes in large-scale climate patterns such as the El NiA±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can only be resolved if climate modelers and paleoclimate experts work closely together. They warn that conclusions about changes in ENSO from records that do not resolve interannual variability are especially fraught with difficulty.
DEVELOPMENT OF SHIP WAVE DESIGN INFORMATION

During the last three decades several field and laboratory investigations have been conducted in which the waves generated by a wide variety of vessels have been measured. There is a need to synthesize the data published from these studies and to develop general ship wave prediction methods for designers. To complete this task some additional ship wave data must be collected. This paper initiates the effort to develop these prediction methods. A summary and critique of available data are given. Then, the appropriate portion of these data is employed to develop a ship wave height predictor model that gives the maximum ship wave height as a function of ship speed and displacement, water depth, and distance from the sailing line. This is an interim model that is quite applicable but can be improved pending additional data. Finally, planned future efforts to further develop design wave prediction methods are discussed.
Contribution of the Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter NKCC1 to Cl− secretion in rat OMCD

In rat kidney the “secretory” isoform of the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1) localizes to the basolateral membrane of the α-intercalated cell. The purpose of this study was to determine whether r...
A Software System for Interactive and Quantitative Analysis of Biomedical Images

A comprehensive software system called ANALYZE has been developed which permits detailed investigation and structured evaluation of 3-D and 4-D biomedical images. This software system can be used with any 3-D imaging modality, including x-ray computed tomography, radionuclide emission tomography, ultrasound tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and both light and electron microscopy. The system is a synergistic integration of fully interactive modules for direct display, manipulation and measurement of multidimensional image data. Several original algorithms have been developed to optimize the tradeoffs between image display efficiency and quality. One of these is a versatile, interactive volume rendering algorithm. The inclusion of a variety of semiautomatic segmentation, quantitative mensuration, and process design tools (macros) significantly extends the usefulness of the software. It can be used as a “visualization workshop” to prototype custom applications. ANALYZE runs on standard UNIX computers without special-purpose hardware, which has facilitated its implementation on a variety of popular workstations, in both standalone and distributed network configurations.
High-frequency InP/InGaAs pin photodiodes with efficient response at short wavelengths

It is shown that InP-based pin photodiodes can be operated at high frequency with high quantum efficiency over a broad range of wavelengths (0.6-1.6 mu m). Good window layers for high-speed detectors can be made with n/sup ++/ InP for two reasons: the high carrier concentration enables low sheet resistance to be obtained with very thin layers, and the Burstein-Moss effect significantly reduces the absorption coefficient of the layer in the lambda =0.7-0.9 mu m range. This provides a low-resistance cap layer that is highly transparent over the lambda =0.7-1.6 mu m range and is lattice-matched to the InGaAs(P) active layer. At lambda =0.86 mu m, the detectors demonstrate a flat heterodyne response up to 3 GHz, with 3-dB roll-off of 8 GHz and DC quantum efficiency of approximately 80%. Their current-carrying capability makes them attractive for use in systems that require high local-oscillator power. The detectors are well suited for use with all the semiconductor laser sources available the traditional AlGaAs/GaAs and InP/InGaAsP as well as the new, strained-layer, quantum-well InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs and InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs lasers. >
Language, Logic, and Law: Death of Reason or Dearth of Reasons?

This article outlines a theory of language logic and law. First, it presents a theory of truth as a correspondence between a material fact and a description of that fact. Binary logic is then examined and determined inadequate to represent legal decision making because not all statements are true or false, only. Some statements are unknown or unknowable. The paper develops the basic functors for a ternary logic in order to resolve the paradox of material implication, to give legal theory adequate representational tools for exact modelling and critique of the law. That is a truly innovative and unique contribution of this article to the science of logic. The paper then looks to normative inferencing and argues that normative inferencing is possible using ordinary logical methods: implication, analogy, etc. After developing these theories of truth and logic, a theory of language is developed. Language is not inevitably indeterminate because statements are ultimately reflections of and refractions from material facts. All three inquiries lead to the conclusion that the radical critique of legal reasoning (the 'death of reason critique') is not well founded. Legal science is possible because language is not inevitably indeterminate and truth exists and is knowable. Legal science in turn can be used to shape substantive justice. Critical jurists can and should take up scientificity as a key to effective legal reform.
Genomic imbalances in neonates with birth defects: high detection rates by using chromosomal microarray analysis

OBJECTIVES. Our aim was to determine the frequency of genomic imbalances in neonates with birth defects by using targeted array-based comparative genomic hybridization, also known as chromosomal microarray analysis. METHODS. Between March 2006 and September 2007, 638 neonates with various birth defects were referred for chromosomal microarray analysis. Three consecutive chromosomal microarray analysis versions were used: bacterial artificial chromosome–based versions V5 and V6 and bacterial artificial chromosome emulated oligonucleotide–based version V6 Oligo. Each version had targeted but increasingly extensive genomic coverage and interrogated >150 disease loci with enhanced coverage in genomic rearrangement–prone pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions. RESULTS. Overall, 109 (17.1%) patients were identified with clinically significant abnormalities with detection rates of 13.7%, 16.6%, and 19.9% on V5, V6, and V6 Oligo, respectively. The majority of these abnormalities would not be defined by using karyotype analysis. The clinically significant detection rates by use of chromosomal microarray analysis for various clinical indications were 66.7% for “possible chromosomal abnormality” ± “others” (other clinical indications), 33.3% for ambiguous genitalia ± others, 27.1% for dysmorphic features + multiple congenital anomalies ± others, 24.6% for dysmorphic features ± others, 21.8% for congenital heart disease ± others, 17.9% for multiple congenital anomalies ± others, and 9.5% for the patients referred for others that were different from the groups defined. In all, 16 (2.5%) patients had chromosomal aneuploidies, and 81 (12.7%) patients had segmental aneusomies including common microdeletion or microduplication syndromes and other genomic disorders. Chromosomal mosaicism was found in 12 (1.9%) neonates. CONCLUSIONS. Chromosomal microarray analysis is a valuable clinical diagnostic tool that allows precise and rapid identification of genomic imbalances and mosaic abnormalities as the cause of birth defects in neonates. Chromosomal microarray analysis allows for timely molecular diagnoses and detects many more clinically relevant genomic abnormalities than conventional cytogenetic studies, enabling more informed decision-making and management and appropriate assessment of recurrence risk.
Regional patterns of riparian characteristics in the interior Columbia River basin, Northwestern USA: applications for restoration planning

Recent declines in anadromous Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) have been attributed, in part, to degradation of freshwater habitat. Because riparian areas directly affect instream habitat, assessing riparian characteristics is essential for predicting salmon habitat quality and for prioritizing restoration projects. We quantified land use modification of anadromous fish-bearing streams in the interior Columbia River basin at multiple resolutions. We identified riparian areas in several land use and land cover classes using remotely sensed data. We then interpreted aerial photographs at random locations within each class to quantify riparian modifications at a local (stream reach) scale. Riparian areas in agricultural and urban areas were significantly narrower (~30 m, median) than those in forested or shrub/grass areas (~70 m). The largest proportion of modified riparian areas occurred in low-gradient streams with floodplains in semi-arid ecoregions. Riparian vegetation in these areas is unlikely to provide adequate in-stream functions, making these areas a natural starting point for restoration prioritization. We investigated how existing riparian restoration projects were spatially related to riparian land use and found that restoration effort varied among subwatersheds. Effective strategies for restoring high quality salmon habitat will be watershed-specific and must restore natural watershed processes. By using a hierarchical analysis to identify regional strategies, restoration or conservation activity can be focused in specific basins and thereby increase the likelihood that efforts will significantly improve habitat conditions for listed salmonids.
Human Biodistribution and Dosimetry of the PET Radioligand [ 11 C]Flumazenil (FMZ)

We measure the whole-body distribution of IV injected [11C]Flumazenil (FMZ) as a function of time in adult subjects and determine the absorbed radiation doses. After injection with 770 MBq of [11C]FMZ (nominal), each of six subjects underwent nine consecutive whole body PET scans. Twelve source organs were identified using PET attenuation and emission images. Activity within each organ as a function of time was determined from the sequence of the nine PET scans. Source organ time activity curves were integrated and normalized by the injected dose to yield source organ residence times for the no voiding situation. Separate bladder residence-time calculations were performed for the cases of a 1- and a 2-h voiding interval. Using the source organ residence times as input, the program OLINDA/EXM (Stabin et al. in J Nucl Med. 46:1023-1027, 2005) was used to perform dosimetry calculations for the various body organs and for the whole body. For the no voiding situation, the average whole-body radiation equivalent dose was 3.02 × 10−3 mSv/MBq of injected [11C]FMZ. The average effective dose and effective dose equivalent was 7.57 × 10−3 and 1.12 × 10−2 mSv MBq−1, respectively. The organ receiving the highest equivalent dose was the urinary bladder wall with an average of 6.32 × 10−2 mSv MBq−1. On average, the administration of less than 790 MBq (21 mCi) of [11C]FMZ yields (no voiding model) an organ equivalent dose of under 50 mSv [the single dose limit for research studies under US regulations (21CFR361.1) to body organs other than blood forming organs, gonads or the lens of the eye] to all organs. Equivalent dose to the blood forming organs and gonads from a 790 MBq administered FMZ dose is well under the 30 mSv limit provided under 21CFR361.1. Additionally, administration of less than 1320 MBq (35.7 mCi) yields an effective dose [International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) 60 tissue weighting scheme] of under 10 mSv, which is the ICRP IIb (minor to intermediate) risk category limit.
Self-service queue and user management in shared clusters

Under a shared campus cluster model, with many different investing research groups, and annual new cluster acquisitions, constantly adding and removing students and collaborators from resources owned by partner faculty, campus IT staff set out to design a cluster management solution to empower faculty to manage access to their purchased resources. This system needed to also allow IT staff to quickly provision resources, provide accurate accounting and tracking of faculty purchases over time, and provide one location for data about the cluster program.This paper describes the applications developed to empower faculty to directly grant and remove access to their resources and improve the ability of IT staff to provision, track, and manage these resources.
Coherence in UV resonance Raman spectroscopy of liquid benzene and toluene, but not ice

We have measured UV resonance Raman scattering at and near the resonance absorption lines of liquid benzene and toluene. Resonance occurs for excitation on the symmetry-forbidden but strongly phonon coupled states in the 1B2u band, ~230-270 nm, resulting in enhancements corresponding to the vapor phase absorptions rather than those of the liquid phase. This effect is related to the coherence forced by the internal molecular resonance required to absorb light at this energy. The resonance gains (~1000x) are larger than expected due to the narrower vapor phase lines. Several multiplet and overtone modes are enhanced along with the strongly coupled ring-breathing mode. A contrasting case of resonance Raman of ice is also discussed; in this case resonance is observed for excitation energy corresponding to absorptions that depend upon the final state shielding by the neighbors, and corresponds with the solid phase absorption. This typifies the more common, slow, time dependence of the resonance Raman process.
Energy Efficient Ethernet for Real-Time Industrial Networks

To increase the energy efficiency of Ethernet networks, in 2010, the IEEE published the IEEE 802.3az amendment, known as Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE). The amendment introduces a new operational mode, defined as Low Power Idle (LPI), that allows to considerably reduce the power consumption of inactive Ethernet links. In this paper, we address the application of EEE to Real-Time Ethernet (RTE) networks, the popular communication systems typically employed in factory automation, characterized by tight timing requirements. We start with a description of the EEE basics and, subsequently, focus on the introduction of EEE in the industrial communication scenario. Then, we specifically address the implementation of effective EEE strategies for some popular RTE networks. The analysis is carried out on configurations commonly deployed at low levels of factory automation systems. The obtained results show that considerable power savings can be achieved with very limited impact on network performance.
Conditional expected durations of play given the ultimate outcome for a correlated random walk

Abstract In this paper, we use difference equation methods to present a derivation of the conditional expected durations of play for the correlated walk conditional upon absorption at 0 and absorption at a.
SIMILARITY BETWEEN TRYPTIC PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM EQUINE MU AND RABBIT GAMMA CHAINS OF AFFINITY LABELED ANTILATOSE ANTIBODIES OF RESTRICTED HETEROGENEITY

Equine IgM and rabbit IgG antilactose antibodies of restricted heterogeneity were affinity labeled with two different bromoacetyl lactose reagents. Tryptic peptides derived from the heavy chains of the antibodies were anlyzed for their amino acid compositions. Surprizingly they were quite similar. The possible genetic implication of this interesting observation is briefly discussed.
Effect of Various Parameters on Effective Engineering Properties of 2 × 2 Braided Composites

Abstract Textile composites can be tailored to meet specific thermomechanical requirements for structural applications. Textile composites have good stiffness and strength properties; moreover, they have potentially better impact and fatigue resistance than laminated composites. Along with good properties, they have reduced manufacturing cost because much of the fabrication can be automated. To exploit these benefits, thorough understanding of the effect of various factors on their material behavior is necessary. Dominant forms of textiles are weaves, braids, and knits. The focus of this research is on 2 × 2 biaxial braided composites, which are considered a potential material for lightweight aircraft and have a wide variety of applications in the recreational, medical, and aerospace industries. Obtaining effective mechanical properties is the first order of concern in any structural analysis. This work presents an investigation of the effect of various parameters such as braid angle, waviness ratio, mate...
Thin-layer chromatographic separation and analysis of polynuclear aza heterocyclic compounds

Abstract Many thin-layer Chromatographic systems can be used for the general separation of aza heterocyclic compounds from polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Several can be used for the separation of the aza compounds from each other. With alumina as the adsorbent the sterically hindered aza heterocyclic compounds can be readily separated from the non-hindered aza compounds. The use of the trifluoroacetic acid spot test on the thin-layer plate is discussed. Spectral data for the aza compounds are presented and discussed.
Solid‐state 13C‐NMR studies of changes in crosslinked carbon structure of natural rubber during heating under air and nitrogen environments

The chemical changes that occur in thermal degradation of sulfur-cured natural rubber were investigated using 13 C-NMR analysis. The crosslinked carbons formed during the vulcanization process appear in the NMR spectra as peaks representing the various structures formed. Samples of vulcanized rubber were heat-aged at 100 and 150°C under both air (oxidative) and nitrogen (inert) environments to assess both temperature and oxidative effects. Changes were observed by measuring peak areas under the crosslinked carbon peaks. A- and B-type cis monolinkages were found to decompose much faster by oxidative factors at both 100 and 150°C than under nitrogen at either temperature. The polylinkages, however, showed the opposite result of thermal degradation predominating over oxidative factors. Cis-trans isomerization of the main chain carbons was observed at the higher temperature while absent at 100°C.
Analysis of heat transfer in arbitrary shaped ducts - Interaction of forced convection and radiation

Abstract Combined convective-radiative heat transfer in the hydrodynamically and thermally developing region of rectangular and equilateral-triangular ducts is numerically investigated in this paper. The radiative heat transfer contribution is modeled by a differential method, the method of moments. The three-dimensional governing equations of momentum and energy are discretized by an explicit finite-difference algorithm, the method of lines (MOL). This system of discretized algebraic equations are then solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of three major parameters affecting combined heat transfer, namely, conduction-radiation parameter, N, optical thickness, τ b , and wall emissivity, ϵ w , are analyzed in detail. This numerical scheme is found to be simple, accurate and efficient, and it is especially suited for combined heat transfer. The predicted results for pure convective heat transfer are in good agreement with available data published in open literature.