cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Resistivity at Pb-Cu and Sn-Cu Interfaces between 1.3 and 2.1°K

Measurements have been made of the thermal resistivity at lead-copper and tin-copper interfaces for $1.3\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. By the application of a magnetic field the lead or the tin could be transformed from the superconducting to the normal state. This permitted measurements of the changes in the thermal resistivity at the interface between two metals produced by allowing one of the metals to become superconducting. The thermal resistivity at an interface formed by vacuum casting lead onto copper was found to be $9.3{T}^{\ensuremath{-}3.7}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/W with the lead superconducting. An interface formed by growing a single crystal of lead onto a single crystal of copper had an interface resistivity of $9.3{T}^{\ensuremath{-}4.3}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/W with the lead superconducting. Upon application of a magnetic field to make the lead normal, the thermal resistivity at the interface dropped to a value too small to measure reliably, less than 0.04\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/W. These measurements suggest that the heat transfer across Pb-Cu interfaces by electrons is increased considerably by changing the lead from the superconducting to the normal state. The thermal resistivity at the interface between tin and copper, with the tin superconducting, was about $\frac{1}{5}$ as great as that for lead and copper, with the lead superconducting. An alloy zone formed at tin-copper interfaces obscures to some extent the nature of the resistivity at these interfaces. However, heat transfer at Sn-Cu interfaces appears to be dominated by electrons with the tin either superconducting or normal. Heat transfer by electrons at all interfaces behaves qualitatively in a manner similar to the thermal conduction by electrons in the superconductor used. A rod made of alternate layers of Pb and Cu had a much larger thermal resistivity with the lead superconducting than with it normal. This suggests the use of such a sandwich structure as a thermal switch.
Large Format X-ray Pinhole Camera

Summary form only given. National Security Technologies, LLC has successfully implemented many scientific and engineering innovations in the Large-Format Pinhole Camera (LFPHC), which have dramatically increased the detection sensitivity and reliability of the camera in exotic locations, such as the Sandia National Laboratories Z-facility. The LFPHC uses 40 x 76 mm microchannel plates that provide larger magnification capabilities for X-ray imaging. Improvements of the LFPHC have been demonstrated in its fielding at Z, where high-quality images were recorded. A major improvement was the development of a new, user-friendly LFPHC camera back that would tolerate high levels of radiation, electromagnetic interference, and mechanical shock. Key modifications resulted in improved detection sensitivity-, spatial resolution, uniformity along the microchannel plate strip, and stability of the interframe timing and delay. Design considerations and improvements are discussed.
Scene Matching With Feature Detection

The Rockwell Pattern Matcher (RPM) is a feature based image matcher which has been demonstrated on passive IR and active laser images. Edge features are extracted and used to match electro-optical images. Matches have been made to reference images at the same wavelength as well as with reference imagery at the optical wavelength. In addition, a technique using three dimensional edge references has been utilized to automatically compensate the effects of geometric distortions due to different perspectives. Recent advances in computing technology make it passible to perform the required digital processing for a variety of applications.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Research on Integrative Healthcare: Context and Priorities

It is important that integrative healthcare research be conducted to optimize the effectiveness, safety, costs, and social and economic impact of prospective, personalized, patient-centered, comprehensive, and holistic healthcare that focuses on well-being as well as disease management, and that the research itself be well understood. The scope of this research extends beyond evaluation of specific therapies, to include evaluations of multimodality whole system intervention, practitioner-patient relationships, patient goals and priorities, promoting self-care and resilience, personalized diagnostic and therapeutic measures, practitioner well-being, the comparative effectiveness of different educational and outreach strategies in improving health and healthcare, and the environmental/social causes and consequence of health and healthcare. In this paper, we describe the state of the science of research on integrative healthcare, research needs, and opportunities offered by cutting-edge research tools. We propose a framework for setting priorities in integrative health research, list areas for discussion, and pose a few questions on a future research agenda.
A self-tuning decoupling controller for a class of multivariable systems and global convergence analysis

A simple multivariable self-tuning controller is presented which decouples a class of multivariable systems and specifically handles multivariable systems with a different delay associated with each output. The global convergence of this adaptive control algorithm is established. It is shown that the system input-output vectors are always sample-mean-square bounded and the conditional mean-square-generalized tracking error achieves its global minimum, even for nonminimum phase systems, for an appropriate cost function. >
Efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts of ion-exchange regeneration using sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate salts

Abstract The goal of this research was to investigate the efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts of ion exchange (IX) regeneration using conventional NaCl and the alternative salts KCl, NaHCO 3 , and KHCO 3 . The regeneration efficiency was evaluated by considering anion exchange resin (AER) exhausted with nitrate and cation exchange resin (CER) exhausted with calcium. The regeneration efficiency of chloride was higher than bicarbonate for polystyrene AER, while the regeneration efficiency of bicarbonate was higher than chloride for polyacrylic AER. The regeneration efficiency of potassium was higher than sodium for all CERs. Because all salts showed high regeneration efficiency, assessing the environmental impacts of the salts from upstream and downstream phases was deemed key to improving the sustainability of the IX unit process. The increasing environmental burden of the salts was NaCl 3 , while the impacts of NaHCO 3 were greater or less than KCl depending on the impact category. The environmental burden was based on a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of mining and processing, and did not include disposal of the waste regeneration solution. A literature study regarding the environmental impacts of the regeneration ions indicated the potential benefit of the alternative salts over NaCl was due to disposal applications. For instance, disposal of KCl waste regeneration solution to soils can offset the demand for potassium fertilizer inputs and is not harmful to soil structure, and disposal of KHCO 3 and NaHCO 3 waste regeneration solution can offset the chemicals needed during wastewater treatment when nitrification is limited by low alkalinity.
SRF and myocardin regulate LRP-mediated amyloid-beta clearance in brain vascular cells.

Accumulation of amyloid β peptide in cerebral blood vessels has been linked to brain dysfunction. SRF and myocardin transcription factors are induced by cerebral hypoxia and reduce amyloid clearance by regulating SREBP2, a transcriptional repressor that acts on the amyloid aggregate clearance factor LRP1.
An Investigation of Parametric Load Leveling Control Methodologies for Resistive Heaters in Smart Grids

The main goal in this study is to demonstrate that load levelling with demand side management in smart grids can be achieved to reduce peak power consumption while maintaining residential room temperatures at a comfortable level. A prototype enclosure was built and equipped with a heater and thermal measuring equipment. Data was collected during a 17 hour temperature regulation experiment using a traditional on-off (bang-bang) controller similar to those commonly used for residential heating control. A second order mathematical model was utilized to estimate the net thermal resistances and capacitances using system identification techniques at two different temperature set points. The enclosure system was used to determine if peak power could be reduced by slowly varying loads utilizing a different type of controller. Two different linear control techniques (using K-Factor and PI approaches) and the associated power electronics circuitry were implemented and tuned. Both controller systems successfully leveled the load and reduced the peak power demand.
Enemy-free space via host plant chemistry and dispersion: assessing the influence of tri-trophic interactions

It has been argued that generalist natural enemies of insect herbivores provide a major selection pressure for restricted host plant range. This idea is a subset of the enemy-free space (EFS) hypothesis, whereby insect herbivores escape their enemies by being scarce in space and time and/or chemically defended via containing plant allelochemicals. To date, there are only two complete tests of EFS via host plant chemistry and two via host plant dispersion, and only two of these tests support the EFS hypothesis. However, three corollaries to existing views on EFS are sufficiently supported by data to warrant direct testing of the view that EFS is obtained via host plant chemistry's effects on enemies of insect herbivores. So the issue remains. Resolution will require a more collaborative, methodological approach to examine the relative importance of the major multiple factors that shape patterns of feeding specialization of insect herbivores. Predation is certainly one of these factors, but its role is still not clear.
DIAGNOSING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES USING A KNEE ARTHROMETER: DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND CLINICAL EVALUATION

Every year many people suffer from knee injuries. Previous studies on patients with knee injuries have shown that about 40% of knee injuries are Ligament injuries, and about 50% of the ligament injuries are the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries. Along with other methods, knee arthrometers are widely used to diagnose ACL injuries. In the current research, a knee arthrometer was designed and developed to provide a reliable and repeatable measurement of knee laxity under anterior–posterior applied loads. Test–retest configurations to examine repeatability of the device resulted in less than 1.5-mm difference for more than 97% of tests under applied loads of up to 90 N. These tests included 166 tests on the left knees and 147 tests on the right knees of 37 healthy subjects. Also, this device was tested on 27 confirmed ACL ruptured patients, and the results were analyzed to find a better criterion than standard criteria to diagnose ACL rupture using knee
Histamine Synthesis in Man: Inhibition by 4-Bromo- 3-Hydroxybenzyloxyamine

Oral administration of 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine to normal humans resulted in decreased urinary excretion of histamine; the normal increase in urinary levels of histamine after oral histidine loading was prevented. In two patients having systemic mastocytosis, additional evidence of inhibition of biosynthesis of histamine included marked reduction in symptoms attributed to histamine, and prevention of symptomatic exacerbation associated with histidine loading.
Job rewards and concerns for social workers: The impact of changes in funding and delivery of mental health services

Abstract The level of job rewards for social workers has been correlated with the quality of service to clients. A purposive quota sample of 127 Licensed Independent Clinical Social Workers in Massachusetts employed in three settings completed the Job Role Quality Scale. Respondents found Decision Authority, Flexibility, and Impact (sense of helping others) most rewarding. Private practitioners reported a significantly higher level of reward than respondents in public and private agencies. Administrative interventions directed toward increasing job rewards and decreasing job concerns, may reduce social work staff turnover and enhance the quality of service to clients.
Influence of mesoporosity on the sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid onto alumina and silica

Two SiO2 and three Al2O3 adsorbents with varying degrees of mesoporosity (pore diameter 2-50 nm) were reacted with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at pH 6 to investigate the effects of intraparticle mesopores on adsorption/desorption. Anionic 2,4-D did not adsorb onto either SiO2 solid, presumably because of electrostatic repulsion, but it did adsorb onto positively charged Al2O3 adsorbents, resulting in concave isotherms. The Al2O3 adsorbent of highest mesoporosity consistently adsorbed more 2,4-D per unit surface area than did the nonporous and less mesoporous Al2O3 adsorbents over a range of initial 2,4-D solution concentrations (0.025-2.5 mM) and reaction times (30 min-55 d). Differences in adsorption efficiency were observed despite equivalent surface site densities on the three Al2O3 adsorbents. Hysteresis between the adsorption/desorption isotherms was not observed, indicating that adsorption is reversible. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy studies confirm that 2,4-D adsorption does not occur via ligand exchange, but rather via electrostatic interaction. The results indicate that adsorbent intraparticle mesopores can result in consistently greater 2,4-D adsorption, but the amount adsorbed is dependent upon surface charge and the presence of adsorbent mesoporosity. The data also suggest that when mineral pores are significantly larger than the adsorbate, they do not contribute to diffusion-limited adsorption/desorption hysteresis. Adsorbent transformations through time are discussed.
Differing evolutionary patterns underlie convergence on elongate morphology in endemic fishes of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina

An extensive body of research has recently demonstrated patterns of parallel and/or convergent evolution that arise from divergent natural selection pressures exerted across environmental gradients. These studies, although providing some of our best empirical evidence for natural selection, have focused on rather narrow phylogenetic scopes, more often than not comparing patterns of morphological change among closely-related taxa within a single genus. Organisms in replicated populations in these studies are often assumed to have accomplished convergence via similar underlying processes. However, such assumptions cannot be made when looking at evolution across broader phylogenetic and ecological spectra. In the present study, we assessed morphological change across a much broader scale to test whether similar evolutionary and developmental patterns underlie convergence. Specifically, we studied morphological change that has occurred in a novel lake environment (Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, USA) where three phylogenetically-disparate fishes representing different orders have speciated and independently evolved streamlined morphologies relative to their deeper-bodied progenitors occupying nearby streams and coastal regions. Geometric morphometric analyses revealed that, although the bulk of shape change between environments is similar across taxa, significant species-specific responses, concordant with differing expectations based on the ecologies of these taxa, were also found. Moreover, allometry analyses indicated that the developmental patterns underlying this change also differ across taxa. The present study provides evidence that, within a common environment, convergence can be achieved by different evolutionary and developmental patterns in phylogenetically- and ecologically-disparate taxa. Finally, these results contradict the commonly-held hypothesis that fishes should be more streamlined in streams than lakes and emphasize the need to also consider other environmental characteristics, such as water clarity and physical complexity, in studies of divergence. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 636–645.
13N-ammonia myocardial blood flow and uptake: relation to functional outcome of asynergic regions after revascularization.

Abstract OBJECTIVES In this study we determined whether 13N-ammonia uptake measured late after injection provides additional insight into myocardial viability beyond its value as a myocardial blood flow tracer. BACKGROUND Myocardial accumulation of 13N-ammonia is dependent on both regional blood flow and metabolic trapping. METHODS Twenty-six patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction underwent prerevascularization 13N-ammonia and 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography, and thallium single-photon emission computed tomography. Pre- and postrevascularization wall-motion abnormalities were assessed using gated cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or gated radionuclide angiography. RESULTS Wall motion improved in 61 of 107 (57%) initially asynergic regions and remained abnormal in 46 after revascularization. Mean absolute myocardial blood flow was significantly higher in regions that improved compared to regions that did not improve after revascularization (0.63 ± 0.27 vs. 0.52 ± 0.25 ml/min/g, p CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that beyond its value as a perfusion tracer, late 13N-ammonia uptake provides useful information regarding functional recovery after revascularization. The parallel relationship among 13N-ammonia, FDG, and thallium uptake supports the concept that uptake of 13N-ammonia as measured from the late images may provide important insight regarding cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability.
Studies on the microcataphoresis of animal parasites.

ConclusionT. cruzi, L. brasiliensis, L. tropica, E. histolytica, E. coli, G. Iamhlia, E. nana, C. mesnili, I canis, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiurus, A. caninurn, T. spiralis and Strongyloidcs are all negatively charged. Since bacteria and E. histolytica are both negatively charged, it is not possible to purify cultures of the latter by electrolytic methods.
VERITAS: COMBINING EXPERT OPINIONS WITHOUT LABELED DATA

We consider a variation of the problem of combining expert opinions for the situation in which there is no ground truth to use for training. Even though we do not have labeled data, the goal of this work is quite different from an unsupervised learning problem in which the goal is to cluster the data. Our work is motivated by the application of segmenting a lung nodule in a computed tomography (CT) scan of the human chest. The lack of a gold standard of truth is a critical problem in medical imaging. A variety of experts, both human and computer algorithms, are available that can mark which voxels are part of a nodule. The question is, how to combine these expert opinions to estimate the unknown ground truth. We present the Veritas algorithm that predicts the underlying label using the knowledge in the expert opinions even without the benefit of any labeled data for training. We evaluate Veritas using artificial data and real CT images to which synthetic nodules have been added, providing a known ground truth.
Sparse nonnegative deconvolution for compressive calcium imaging: algorithms and phase transitions

We propose a compressed sensing (CS) calcium imaging framework for monitoring large neuronal populations, where we image randomized projections of the spatial calcium concentration at each timestep, instead of measuring the concentration at individual locations. We develop scalable nonnegative deconvolution methods for extracting the neuronal spike time series from such observations. We also address the problem of demixing the spatial locations of the neurons using rank-penalized matrix factorization methods. By exploiting the sparsity of neural spiking we demonstrate that the number of measurements needed per timestep is significantly smaller than the total number of neurons, a result that can potentially enable imaging of larger populations at considerably faster rates compared to traditional raster-scanning techniques. Unlike traditional CS setups, our problem involves a block-diagonal sensing matrix and a non-orthogonal sparse basis that spans multiple timesteps. We provide tight approximations to the number of measurements needed for perfect deconvolution for certain classes of spiking processes, and show that this number undergoes a "phase transition," which we characterize using modern tools relating conic geometry to compressed sensing.
The effects of river fertilization on mayfly (Baetis sp.) drift patterns and population density in an arctic river

The life history, drift behavior, and benthic density of Baetis (Ephemeroptera) were examined in the arctic Kuparuk River in conjunction with a whole river fertilization experiment to determine if river fertilization affected Baetis drift and life history parameters. Drift was significantly higher in the control section of the river than in the fertilized, which suggested that the control section was a less suitable habitat than the fertilized section. There was no strong linear or exponential relationship between drift and benthic density, suggesting neither of these models are adequate to describe density independence versus density dependence. However, drift patterns in the control and fertilized sections suggest that drift is more of a function of absolute food supply than space or density of individuals. Drift was also sampled along a river transect at 6-hour intervals over a diel cycle. No diel periodicity in arctic summer drift was observed. The number of adults, number of eggs/female, and egg volume were calculated for adult Baetis collected in drift samples. There was no clear linear relationship between Baetis female dry mass and the number of eggs produced per female. However, a strong linear relationship was observed between individual egg volume and Baetis female dry mass, suggesting that larger females tended to produce larger eggs rather than more eggs.
Quality Assurance Initiatives in Thailand

Educational Model The traditional college operates on a scholarly discipline model where the disciplines are the context for conveying the cultural heritage, for posing the questions that have perplexed humankind over the ages, for engendering new questions, and for teaching the methods of disciplinary inquiry. Students interact with the best ideas and minds, both historical and contemporary. The Phoenix model, on the other hand, has a more behaviorist starting point focusing on the competencies that the student needs and the most efficient and effective ways to develop these outcomes in the student. These different starting points, perhaps more than any of the other differences noted above, illustrate the contrast between the goals of the University of Phoenix and a traditional institution.
Class, Party, and Race in Four Types of Elections: The Case of Atlanta

I N A RECENT STUDY of voting in Des Moines, Iowa, Robert Salisbury and Gordon Black assessed the effects of party affiliation and class composition on voting results in three kinds of electionspartisan, nonpartisan, and referenda.' They found that party affiliation accounted for more of the variation than did class in partisan elections; that party loomed more important than did class in local nonpartisan elections, although the range of variation was greater than for partisan contests;2 and that no strong relationships were indicated between either party or class and the vote in three out of four referenda (the exception being a vote on the city manager plan).3 The authors of the Des Moines report suggested that their findings should be regarded as specific to that city, and urged further analysis of other cities. In response to this suggestion and as part of a continuing research interest, we have undertaken a partial replication of that study in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. One may immediately say that comparisons between Atlanta and
Green TODs: marrying transit-oriented development and green urbanism

Transit-oriented development (TOD) and green urbanism have gained attention as development models for charting a more sustainable urban future. These two built forms, however, are often dealt with separately, as distinct topics. This paper explores synergies that are created when neighbourhoods are designed as both green and transit-oriented and how ‘Green TOD’ can reduce a project's environmental footprint more than each strategy can achieve individually. Experiences with Green TODs are reviewed for urban regeneration projects in Sweden, Germany and Australia. These projects optimally combine sustainable building, energy and waste practices with high-quality transit access. ‘Green’ transit-based urbanism can substantially shrink the environmental footprint associated with car-oriented suburban development. We estimate that carbon emissions and energy consumption of Green TOD can be nearly 30% less than that of conventional development. Synergies that are created by combining TOD and green urbanism includ...
Prognostic Significance of Tumorigenic Cells With Mesenchymal Features in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background Specific populations of highly tumorigenic cells are thought to exist in many human tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, the clinical significance of these tumor-initiating (ie, cancer stem) cells remains unclear. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity can identify tumor-initiating cells and normal stem cells from several human tissues. We examined the prognostic significance and functional features of ALDH expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods ALDH expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 269 primary surgical specimens of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and examined for association with clinical outcomes and in paired primary tumors and metastatic lesions from eight pancreatic cancer patients who had participated in a rapid autopsy program. The clonogenic growth potential of ALDH-positive pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was assessed in vitro by a colony formation assay and by tumor growth in immunodeficient mice (10–14 mice per group). Mesenchymal features of ALDH-positive pancreatic tumor cells were examined by using quantitative reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction and an in vitro cell invasion assay. Gene expression levels and the invasive potential of ADLH-positive pancreatic cancer cells relative to the bulk cell population were examined by reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction and an in vitro invasion assays, respectively. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results ALDH-positive tumor cells were detected in 90 of the 269 primary surgical specimens, and their presence was associated with worse survival (median survival for patients with ALDH-positive vs ALDH-negative tumors: 14 vs 18 months, hazard ratio of death = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 1.68, P = .05). Six (75%) of the eight patients with matched primary and metastatic tumor samples had ALDH-negative primary tumors, and in four (67%) of these six patients, the matched metastatic lesions (located in liver and lung) contained ALDH-positive cells. ALDH-positive cells were approximately five- to 11-fold more clonogenic in vitro and in vivo compared with unsorted or ALHD-negative cells, expressed genes consistent with a mesenchymal state, and had in vitro migratory and invasive potentials that were threefold greater than those of unsorted cells. Conclusions ALDH expression marks pancreatic cancer cells that have stem cell and mesenchymal features. The enhanced clonogenic growth and migratory properties of ALDH-positive pancreatic cancer cells suggest that they play a key role in the development of metastatic disease that negatively affects the overall survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
CaseNet: a neural network tool for EEG waveform classification

The development of a system to detect online multichannel epileptiform spikes is described. Three main topics are discussed. The first is the preprocessing procedure used on the raw data prior to their presentation to the neural network. Issues reviewed include tradeoffs between preprocessing and system complexity. The second is the development of CaseNet, a neural network development tool used to graphically specify a network architecture from which executable code is generated automatically. Areas discussed include selection of the network architecture, such as choices between supervised and unsupervised learning schemes. The third concerns the interim results of the analysis of single- and four-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) data. The relationship of the spike detection effort to a similar one for seizure detection is also outlined. >
Presence of β2-Microglobulin on B- and T-Cells and Lymphocytotoxicity of Anti-β2-Microglobulin Sera

Isolated normal lymphocytes and those of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were shown by immunofluorescence to bear β2-microglobulin in or on their membranes. Isolated thymocytes displayed similar membrane-associated fluorescence. These findings indicate that both B- and T—cells carry B2-microglobulin in or on their membranes. Antisera against β2-microglobulin were found to be cytotoxic in the presence of complement to normal and tissue culture lymphocytes. The presence of β2-microglobulin found on cells other than B- and T-lymphocytes and the possible function(s) of β2-microglobulin is discussed.
A coupled geomechanics and fluid flow model for induced seismicity prediction in oil and gas operations and geothermal applications

Abstract The combined horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has revitalized economically viable production from tight oil and gas shale reservoirs. This joint technology application enabled extensive unconventional resource exploration and development activities first in the United States followed by around the globe for unlocking the vast hydrocarbon resources. While the contributions from these accomplishments also created an enhancement in the local economies and technological advancements, these activities also have raised significant concern on potential surface and groundwater contamination and air pollution issues and more recently induced seismicity for geohazard risk. In this research study, we provide a summary of induced seismic activities related to oil, gas and geothermal operations in the U.S. The role of the stress alteration and behavior of physicochemical interactions taking place between the fracturing fluids used and the shale matrix under stress have been presented using a coupled geomechanics, fluid flow and physicochemical model. Examples of fluid injection in shale reservoir hydraulic fracturing and waste disposal operations have been provided toward better understanding of the predictive methodologies for induced seismicity and preventive effort for sustainable and safe unconventional operations. The impact of the presence of a fault at various distances away from the injection site nearby the disposal and injection operations on occurrence of the induced seismicity was studied. It was shown that microseismic monitoring along with the coupled geomechanics, fluid flow models and statistical analysis of the microseismic data can provide a good lead for prediction of potential fault reactivation and induced seismicity generation in association with oil and gas production, EOR and EGS fluid injection and waste disposal operations.
The Role of Principals in Professional Learning Communities.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to identify how principals shape the adoption and implementation of professional learning communities. The study employed a sequential mixed-methods approach in which interviews, observations, and document analysis informed survey design. Teachers were surveyed in four elementary schools about the practices and supports they received in grade-level professional learning communities. Qualitative and survey data reveal that principals influence both what teachers undertake in professional learning communities and how well they carry out these activities. The study was limited to a small sample of only four schools in two districts and relied primarily on principal and teacher self-reports. More work is needed to explore the role of principals in a broader sample as well as the relationship between district and building leadership. Findings are discussed in terms of what actions principals can undertake to sustain meaningful professional communities. This article provid...
Einstein’s Special Theory

Einstein’s paper “The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (1905), in which he broached his Special Theory of Relativity, is a model of clarity, concision, and boldness. Einstein opens his paper with a brief statement of the difficulty which prompts his new theory. It is interesting that his point of departure is not the failure to detect the earth’s motion relative to the luminiferous aether but rather certain asymmetries in classical physics which he found troublesome. He gives the example, derived from Faraday’s experiments in 1831, of a magnet and an electric conductor which are in relative motion to each other. Faraday had shown that whether the magnet was at rest and the conductor moving or the conductor at rest and the magnet moving, their proximate, relative motion to each other induced an electric current in the conductor. But in classical physics, the theoretical explanation for this phenomenon was quite different in the one case than in the other. If the magnet is moving past a conductor at rest, then the current is conceived to be caused by an electric field associated with the moving magnet. But if the magnet is at rest and the conductor moves past it, the current is said to be induced by the force exerted by the magnet on the electric charges in the moving conductor, and no electric field arises in the vicinity of the magnet. Now Einstein found these sorts of asymmetrical explanations for identical phenomena simply “unbearable.” As he later explained, The thought that one is dealing here with two fundamentally different cases was for me unbearable. The difference between these two cases could be not a real difference but rather, in my conviction, only a difference in the choice of the reference point. Judged from the magnet, there were certainly no electric fields, [whereas] judged from the conducting circuit there certainly was one. The existence of an electric field was therefore a relative one, depending on the state of motion of the coordinate system being used, and a kind of objective reality could be granted only to the electric and magnetic field together, quite apart from the state of relative motion of the observer or the coordinate system. The phenomenon of the electromagnetic induction forced me to postulate the (special) relativity principle.1
MgSe/CdSe coupled quantum wells with optimized MgSe coupling layer thickness and near infrared intersubband absorption around 1.55 μm

The authors report the optimization of MgSe coupling layer thickness in MgSe/CdSe coupled quantum well (QW) structures and its effect on structural and optical quality as well as electron energy levels in the QWs. The structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with MgSe coupling layer thickness varying from 2 mono-layers (MLs), to 4 MLs. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the thinner the MgSe coupling layer thickness the better the structural quality of the samples. Photoluminescence showed red shift of QW emissions with the decrease of MgSe coupling layer thickness, as a result of stronger coupling of electron states in samples with thinner coupling layers. While in the structures with thinner (2 MLs) coupling layers, the electron energy levels broadening may weaken the intersubband (ISB) transitions, the weak ISB absorption in samples with thicker (4 MLs) coupling layers are likely due to the poorer overall sample quality. Optimized MgSe coupling layer thickness is found to be around 3 MLs, with which a clear coupling effect is observed with ISB absorption around 1.55 μm.
Learning: the construction of a posteriori knowledge structures

This paper is a critical examination of both the nature of learning and its value in artificial intelligence. After examining alternative definitions it is concluded that learning is in fact any process for the acquisition of synthetic a posteriori knowledge structures. The suggestion that learning will not prove useful in machines is examined and it is argued. that its main application in practical Al systems is in providing a means by which a system can acquire knowledge which is not readily formalizable. Finally some of the implications of these conclusions for future Al research are explored.
Endorsements, Advertisements and Grave Robbers: Why States Must (Further) Extend the Right of Publicity beyond Death

The right of publicity is very valuable, and our States must afford this right the protection it deserves whether or not its owner is alive; the right must survive the death of its original owner. This paper outlines the history of the right and its current legal treatment in California, New York, Georgia, and Florida. Additionally, the paper analyzes economic and policy justifications for extending the right and considers a potential model statute. Finally, the paper addresses federal estate taxation treatment for this property right.
Virulence of Seven Isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Three strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and 4 strains of Bearweria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were evaluated for potential use as remedial control agents against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The 7 isolates were screened for relative pathogenicity, and the median lethal time eliciting 50% mortality (LT50) was calculated. In general, the M. anisopliae strains were more virulent, with lower LT50 values, than were the B. bassiana strains. However, B. bassiana strain 787 also showed a high level of virulence. The LT50 values ranged from 0.13 to 4.5 d. Determination of the median lethal concentration required to achieve 50% mortality (LC50) with the remaining 6 isolates showed that B. bassiana strain 787 had the lowest LC50 value but was closely followed by all 3 M. anisopliae strains. The LC50 values for 4 of the isolates ranged from 33 to 40 conidia per termite. The isolates were tested for transmissibility and survivorship under simulated nest conditions. Termite workers dusted with dry conidia (6 × 105 to 2.4 × 107 conidia per termite) were capable of transmitting the pathogen to other colony members. The isolates differed in their inoculum potential, rate of mortality, and response by other workers to fungus-killed cadavers. However, all isolates showed the ability to grow, sporulate, and produce mycosis under these artificial conditions, indicating the potential for causing an epizootic in treated nests. Based on these results, B. bassiana strain 787 was thought to possess the highest potential as a remedial control agent for C. formosanus because of the moderately low LT50 value of 2.9 d and the low LC50 value of 33 conidia per termite in combination with its transmissibility and performance in nesting material.
The Chemical Forms in Which Phenol Red is Secreted into the Bile Of Rats

SummaryRats with ligated renal pedicles and a cannulated bile duct received an intravenous injection of phenol red. Paper chromatography of the bile revealed the presence of two colored substances, one of which was chromatographically identical with phenol red. The other substance could be converted to phenol red by acid hydrolysis and was thus a conjugated form of the dye. The conjugate appeared to be a glucuronide, since it was completely converted to phenol red on treatment with beta-glucuronidase. Within 2 hours after the injection of phenol red, 55% of the dose was excreted in bile as the unchanged compound, and 27% as the glucuronide conjugate. The conjugate, like the parent compound, appeared to be actively secreted into bile.
Using Quantum Mechanical Approaches to Study Biological Systems

ConspectusQuantum mechanics (QM) has revolutionized our understanding of the structure and reactivity of small molecular systems. Given the tremendous impact of QM in this research area, it is attractive to believe that this could also be brought into the biological realm where systems of a few thousand atoms and beyond are routine. Applying QM methods to biological problems brings an improved representation to these systems by the direct inclusion of inherently QM effects such as polarization and charge transfer. Because of the improved representation, novel insights can be gleaned from the application of QM tools to biomacromolecules in aqueous solution.To achieve this goal, the computational bottlenecks of QM methods had to be addressed. In semiempirical theory, matrix diagonalization is rate limiting, while in density functional theory or Hartree–Fock theory electron repulsion integral computation is rate-limiting. In this Account, we primarily focus on semiempirical models where the divide and conque...
Transfer of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers to Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) While Maintaining their Alignment and Impalefection Functionality

Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are synthesized on Al 3003 alloy substrates by direct current plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Chemically synthesized Ni nanoparticles were used as the catalyst for growth. The Si-containing coating (SiNx) typically created when VACNFs are grown on silicon was produced by adding Si microparticles prior to growth. The fiber arrays were transferred to PDMS by spin coating a layer on the grown substrates, curing the PDMS, and etching away the Al in KOH. The fiber arrays contain many fibers over 15 μm (long enough to protrude from the PDMS film and penetrate cell membranes) and SiNx coatings as observed by SEM, EDX, and fluorescence microscopy. The free-standing array in PDMS was loaded with pVENUS-C1 plasmid and human brain microcapillary endothelial (HBMEC) cells and was successfully impalefected.
Physicochemical properties of skim milk powders prepared with the addition of mineral chelators

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mineral chelator addition during skim milk powder (SMP) manufacture on the solubility, turbidity, soluble protein, and heat stability (HS). Three chelators (sodium citrate dihydrate, sodium polyphosphate, and disodium EDTA) at 3 different concentrations (5, 15, and 25mM) were added to skim milk concentrate (30% total solids), and the pH was adjusted to 6.65 before spray drying to produce SMP. Spray-dried SMP samples were tested for solubility index (SI). Additionally, samples were reconstituted to contain 9% total solids, adjusted to pH 7.0, and tested for turbidity, protein content from supernatants of ultracentrifuged samples, and HS. Lower SI values were observed for samples treated with 5mM disodium EDTA and sodium polyphosphate than control samples or samples with 5mM sodium citrate dihydrate. Furthermore, lower SI values were observed with an increased level of chelating agents regardless of chelator type. A decreased turbidity value was found with increasing levels of mineral chelating salt treatment. Low turbidity with increasing levels of added chelators may be associated with the dissociation of caseins from micelles. Furthermore, higher protein content was observed in supernatants of ultracentrifuged samples treated with increased level of chelators as compared with the control sample. Higher HS was observed in samples treated with 5mM compared with samples treated with 25mM mineral chelator. The results suggest improved solubility and HS upon addition of mineral chelators to SMP during its manufacture.
Epidemiological features of severe hand foot and mouth disease cases in Huanggang City in 2009~2013

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of severe hand- foot- mouth disease(HFMD) cases inHuanggang.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of severe HFMD cases reported from2009 to 2013 in Huanggang City.Results Sisty-four severe HFMD cases were reported in Huanggang City from 2009 to 2013.The incidence of severe cases was 0.2% and the case fatality rate was 9.38%. More mild male HFMD cases were developedto severe HFMD than girls(χ2=4.42,P=0.035). Up to 98.4%(63/64) of severe HFMD cases were the children less than 3 yearsold. The incidence of severe cases in different age groups showed statistically significant difference(χ2=117.01,P=0.000). Theincidence showed s reducing trend with the increase of children'age(χ2=57.48,P=0.000). The incidence of severe cases washigher among the scattered children than pre- school preschool infants and pupils(χ2=6.73,P=0.01). Severe cases weredistributed in 7 counties and 68.75% distributed in Xishui County. 79.7% of severe HFMD cases peaked in June and July. Thesevere cases were mainly caused by EV71 infection(59.4%) and among 6 dead cases, 5 were caused by EV71 infection.. Conclusion In recent years, the infection rate of HFMD is increasing year by year. Health education be carried out amonghigh-risk population during epidemic seasons in high incidence areas in order to reduce the prevalence of severe HFMD.
Aspirin use and the risk of bleeding complications after therapeutic bronchoscopy.

Background:Aspirin use has been shown to be safe for patients undergoing certain diagnostic bronchoscopy procedures such as transbronchial biopsies and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transb...
Landscape Architects' Use of Native Plants in the Southeastern United States

In their efforts to provide better land stewardship and management, landscape architects are increasingly addressing site ecology in a wide variety of project types. From urban developments to rural properties, designers are using more sustainable design and management techniques, which include the expanded use of regional native plants. This survey study explores the use of native plants by landscape architects in the southeastern United States. Survey results show that southeastern United States designers are using a significant proportion of regional native plant species in their project specifications. Rather than using native plants strictly for conservation measures, landscape architects have found local species to be better suited to difficult or unique site conditions. The findings show that there is potential for expansion in the production and marketing of plant species indigenous to the southeastern United States.
Low Dose Lead and CNS Deficits

The long term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood have been examined in 132 of 270 young adults who had initially been studied as primary school children in 1975-1978 and the results of an 11 year follow-up are reported from the School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Boston University; and the Neuroepidemiology Unit, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.