cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of resin infiltrants on mechanical and thermal performance in plaster binder jetting additive manufacturing

Abstract Plaster Binder Jetting (BJ) is one of the major Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies which has been in use since the 1990s. It has many advantages such as the ability to print in full color CMY(K), no support structures, and is relatively faster and less expensive when compared to other AM technologies. Since there is no phase transformation (e.g. powder to molten pool in powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition), BJ does not require support structures and enables higher packing density in the build volume. However, relatively lower mechanical strength when compared to other AM processes has mostly limited it to non-functional applications such as prototyping. This paper investigates novel methods to improve the mechanical and temperature performance of plaster BJ additive manufactured parts via improved infiltration processes and incorporation of infiltrants with higher strength. Potential applications include functional end use products, including tooling, jigs and fixtures for higher temperature applications. Three 2-part epoxy resin systems were evaluated as infiltrants in comparison to epoxy and cyanoacrylate (CA) resins recommended by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Multiple impregnation methods including hot and wet vacuum were evaluated on their infiltration effectiveness. The best impregnation method was then used to prepare tensile, flexural and compressive samples for additional evaluation of each resin. Statistical analysis was conducted to analyze and compare the data. Both resins and infiltrated samples were individually evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to determine glass transition temperatures and other thermal events. Infiltrated specimens of the best performing resins were evaluated for Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) performance utilizing Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). It was found that infiltration is anisotropic, with the higher penetration depth from the sides (between layers) than top and bottom (across layers). Vacuum impregnation resulted in the highest infiltration depth by fully impregnating the 25 mm cubic samples. The best performing epoxy showed a 10% increase in mechanical strength over the OEM epoxy at 76% reduction in cost. The OEM cyanoacrylate had the lowest mechanical strength across all tests. DSC analysis revealed that the plaster and gypsum base material will start to dehydrate above 100 °C and will ultimately limit the parts’ high temperature capabilities. The OEM epoxy showed the highest HDT.
E-Cigarettes: Harmful or Harm-Reducing? Evaluation of a Novel Online CME Program for Health Care Providers.

Patients are asking health care providers about e-cigarettes, vaping, and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Provider advice on ENDS has varied greatly, suggesting a need for evidence-based continuing medical education (CME). A novel free online CME course was developed on ENDS risks and benefits, product types (e.g., vape pens, pods), and screening and counseling best practices for adults, adolescents, and different smoker profiles (e.g., daily, social). From January 2017 through June 2018, 1061 individuals accessed the course: 46% physicians, 7% physician assistants, 7% nurse practitioners, 15% nurses, 4% pharmacists, and 28% allied health/student/other; 41% were international. The course was built from observed online patient-provider interactions. Through video role-plays, expert interviews, and interactive activities, the course engaged learners in the evidence on ENDS. Completers earned 1.5 CME units. A total of 555 health care providers earned 832.5 CME units. Pre- to post-test scores significantly increased from 57 to 90%; 76% rated the course as above average (41%) or outstanding (35%); 99% indicated the course was free of commercial bias. Addressing the growing need for balanced provider education on ENDS, this interactive online CME engaged learners and increased knowledge on devices and evidence-based cessation approaches.
Continuous and Passive Blood Pressure Monitoring Throughout the Day and Night

Monitoring blood pressure serves as a significant indicator for assessing a person's health. In particular, blood volume and arterial blood pressure as the conjunction of arterial resistance and cardiac output represent a critical signal in the evaluation of a person's cardiovascular system. While in-clinic blood pressure monitoring remains the cornerstone of hypertension management, at-home monitoring can give a more complete picture of heart health and can potentially detect masked hypertension, which is only evident outside the clinic [6].
Corrigendum to: Production performance of laying hens at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profiles: efficacy of Lactobacillus species as probiotics

Context Probiotics have potential to improve health of laying hens, thus improving the overall quality of eggs. Aims A study was conducted to evaluate the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus species to improve egg quality and serum biochemistry, and to lower the concentration of sulfur-containing gas compounds from poultry manure. Methods Ninety-six White Leghorn W-36 laying hens (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments: Control and Control + Probiotics. A combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus totalling 1 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for 8 weeks. At Weeks 0, 4 and 8, eggs were analysed for weight, shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit. Faecal matter was analysed for total sulfur, sulfate-sulfur and 20 reduced sulfur compounds. Blood serum was analysed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Key results No significant differences were observed between the two treatments for any of the parameters. Five sulfide gases were detected in manure: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Ratios of various detectable gases were computed. Trends for ratios H2S : (CH3)2S, H2S : CS2, and H2S : COS from manure for both treatments were >1, whereas the ratios H2S : CH3SH and (CH3)2S : CH3SH were <1. Conclusion Overall, probiotics did not enhance production, egg quality or the serum profile. Implications Possibly, the concentration of probiotics was too high, limiting bacterial colonisation and beneficial effects.
Parenteral nutrition in children with severe neurodisability: a panacea?

A 14-year-old adolescent with complex motor disorder and severe cerebral palsy was referred for further management. Over the last year, he developed poor feed tolerance, increasing dystonia and distress with feeding. There was no improvement with medications or continuous jejunal feed. Symptoms improved with enteral hydration or intravenous fluid. In the absence of identifiable cause for their child symptoms and the apparent feed/symptom association, the family wanted to explore all options, including parenteral nutrition (PN). Neurodisability is an umbrella term used to describe a heterogeneous group affected by central nervous and/or neuromuscular deficit. Their motor functional output can be objectively assessed by Gross Motor Functional Classification,1 but the group comprises a diverse and often overlapping range of difficulties. The enteric nervous system, a semiautonomous part of the nervous system responsible for regulating the gastrointestinal (GI) function, is invariably affected with neurodisabilities and can drive some GI complaints.2 With increasing longevity of children on the extreme end of neurodisability, a new chapter of complex GI symptoms begins to unravel, and novel terminologies, such as GI dystonia, although poorly understood, are fast becoming embedded in medical jargons. PN is classically used to provide nutrition when the GI tract is unable to support sufficient nourishment. In most children, the requirement of PN is temporary, but minority will need long-term nutritional support, home PN and intestinal transplantation.3 In the neurologically able child, healthcare professionals can navigate this journey supported with guidelines and a plethora of evidence,4 but are left to the ambiguity of anecdotal evidence and personal experience to deal with the neurodisabled child who develops declining gut function, leading to variation in practice and divergence of care. With the right level of multidisciplinary support and nutrition support teams, PN can sustain the nutritional need throughout childhood and transition to …
Feeling empathy for organizations: Moral consequences, mechanisms, and the power of framing

Abstract Organizations—especially small businesses—are vulnerable to social and economic upheaval. When misfortune befalls organizations, how much do we empathize with them? Here we present a framework for understanding the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of empathy for organizations. One key cause of empathy is framing: Although any organization is comprised of its constituent members, six studies find that the members frame (“members comprising an organization”) evokes more empathy than the organization frame (“an organization comprised of its members”). The effect of framing on empathy is mediated through anthropomorphism—how humanlike an organization seems. Studies also reveal moral consequences of framing. Increased empathy towards an organization translates to increased perceptions that its suffering is unfair, and to increased helping behavior to address that suffering. Theoretically, these results provide a multi-stage model of empathy for organizations. Practically, these results reveal how struggling organizations can increase empathy for their plight.
Acute nail changes after manicure with acrylate containing nail polish

This is contact dermatitis of the periungual and subungual skin of the fingers and thumbs of a woman in her 40s after application of a gel nail polish containing acrylate, dried using ultraviolet light (fig 1). Fig 1 One …
Questioning the Validity of a State Reading List

Quality incorporation of children’s literature has long been supported to help students learn. The purpose of this study was to examine the 79 fiction selections of our state’s sponsored reading list for grades K-2. The list was examined for original publication date, selections recognized as award winners, sex of authors, sex of protagonist, race of protagonists, and the presence of gender or racial bias. Results indicate the sponsored reading list is out of date, needs to contain more award winning selections, and fails to represent a balance of women authors and selections containing female protagonists. Gender bias was minimal and no presence of racial bias was observed.
THE BAM: LABOR, MIGRATION AND PROSPECTS FOR SETTLEMENT

The construction of the showcase Baikal-Amur Mainline (the BAM), which spans over 2,000 miles of unsettled, desolate territory, provides an excellent opportunity to study labor management and organization in a centrally planned economy, and illustrates the interplay of central planning with the relatively unhindered migration of workers. Significantly, in the face of a shrinking labor force, the USSR attracted thousands of young people to Siberia to work on the BAM. Now that the rail line is in place, the more difficult task will be to entice workers to settle in the BAM zone. Until the Soviet Government makes a firm commitment to improving the quality of life in Siberia, prospects for settling the BAM region remain uncertain. (The author wishes to thank Holland Hunter, Gilbert Rozman and Theodore Shabad for their generous help and encouragement.)
The Mechanism of 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic Aldolase II. STUDIES OF THE PARTIAL REACTIONS WITH SUBSTRATE ANALOGUES

Abstract The specificity of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic (KDP-gluconate) aldolase for azomethine formation was studied by incubating α-carbonyl compounds and borohydride with the aldolase and determining the amount of inactivation sustained. Both pyruvate and α-ketobutyrate produced complete inactivation, whereas monohydroxyacetone, α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoglutarate, 5-keto-4-deoxyglucarate, 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate, and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate were partially inhibitory. Hydroxypyruvate and 2-ketogluconate were not inhibitory; thus, it was concluded that the only major restriction upon azomethine formation was against the presence of a hydroxyl group at carbon 3. Formation of an azomethine with α-ketobutyrate prevented subsequent azomethine formation with pyruvate, and α-ketobutyrate under some conditions competed with pyruvate for azomethine formation. Thus, it was concluded that the same lysine residue is involved in azomethine formation for both keto acids. The curves of the effect of concentration of pyruvate and α-ketobutyrate show about a 40-fold lower affinity for α-ketobutyrate. The aldolase catalyzed the exchange of only 1 proton from water into α-ketobutyrate. The initial rate of exchange was at least 37-fold slower with α-ketobutyrate than with pyruvate. 2-Keto-4-hydroxyglutarate was cleaved at 0.1% of the rate with KDP-gluconate, whereas 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate was cleaved at a definite, but much slower, rate. Oxalacetate was decarboxylated at about 0.5% of the rate with KDP-gluconate. These data are interpreted as demonstrating a dissociation of azomethine formation, cleavage, and perhaps proton exchange phases of the over-all reaction catalyzed by KDP-gluconate aldolase.
TVVF: Estimating the vulnerability of hardware cryptosystems against timing violation attacks

Secure hardware designers require a method to evaluate the vulnerability of their systems against fault attacks to make proper security/cost trade-offs. To our knowledge, no systematic approach has been proposed for this purpose. This paper introduces Timing Violation Vulnerability Factor (TVVF), which evaluates the vulnerability of a hardware structure to setup time violation attacks. TVVF, a probablistic metric computed on a circuit's netlist, is comprised of two factors: First, the probability of injecting a specific fault in the hardware structure, and second, the probability of propagating this fault to the output of the structure. TVVF aims at evaluating the security of designs against intentional faults caused by an adversary. In contrast, existing vulnerability metrics such as the Architecture Vulnerability Factor (AVF), evaluate the system reliability against random uncontrolled faults. To show the applicability of our metric, we compute the TVVF for two fault attacks on two AES netlists, which are generated for an FPGA.
Methods in Quaternary Ecology 11. Bryophytes

Mosses are common fossils in Quaternary sediments. The fragments can be readily identified to species, and no fossils found in Quaternary sediments represent extinct species. Because of the detailed ecological information available from living populations, the Quaternary record of fossil mosses is superbly suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction of peatland development and of other moss-rich habitats, and particular information is here presented concerning bryophyte fossils in Canadian deposits. New numerical techniques are being developed to establish quantitative bryophyte paleo-ecology in its own right among Quaternary disciplines.
Is Devolution Democratic? Assessing Collaborative Environmental Management

This paper proposes a normative framework for evaluating the democratic merits of collaborative policymaking processes in which authority is ostensibly devolved from higher levels of government to lower levels or from the public sector to the private sector. The framework casts the democracy of devolution in terms of six criteria: inclusiveness, representativeness, procedural fairness, lawfulness, deliberativeness, and empowerment. The framework is then applied to a random sample of 76 watershed-based stakeholder partnerships in California and Washington State. Although the study reveals potential problems related to the exclusionary nature of some partnerships and the nearly complete absence of national environmental groups, the overall picture is relatively positive. Representation was generally balanced, with environmental and economic stakeholders comparable in terms of number, costs of participation, and level of formal education. Stakeholders typically gave partnerships high marks for procedural fairness, and reported improvements in human and social capital, suggesting quality deliberation. Half of the sampled partnerships had implemented new policies or projects, indicating empowerment. Finally, the study detected no evidence of a diminished role for government in watershed management; federal and state agencies are among the most prevalent and influential participants in stakeholder partnerships.
Catchment hydrological responses to forest harvest amount and spatial pattern

[1] Forest harvest effects on streamflow generation have been well described experimentally, but a clear understanding of process-level hydrological controls can be difficult to ascertain from data alone. We apply a new model, Visualizing Ecosystems for Land Management Assessments (VELMA), to elucidate how hillslope and catchment-scale processes control stream discharge in a small Pacific Northwest catchment. VELMA is a spatially distributed ecohydrology model that links hydrological and biogeochemical processes within watersheds. The study site is WS10 of the H.J. Andrews LTER, a 10 ha forested catchment clearcut in 1975. Simulated and observed daily streamflow are in good agreement for both the pre- (1969–1974) and postharvest (1975–2008) periods (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.807 and 0.819, respectively). One hundred scenarios, where harvest amounts ranged from 2% to 100% were conducted. Results show that (1) for the case of a 100% clearcut, stream discharge initially increased by ∼29% or 345 mm but returned to preclearcut levels within 50 years, and (2) annual streamflow increased at a near linear rate of 3.5 mm year−1 for each percent of catchment harvested, irrespective of location. Thereafter, to assess the impact of harvest location on stream discharge, 20 harvest scenarios were simulated, where harvest amount was fixed at 20% but harvest location varied. Results show that the streamflow response is strongly sensitive to harvest distance from the stream channel. Specifically, a 20% clearcut area near the catchment divide resulted in an average annual streamflow increase of 53 mm, whereas a 20% clearcut near the stream resulted in an average annual streamflow increase of 92 mm.
MR image synthesis by contrast learning on neighborhood ensembles

Automatic processing of magnetic resonance images is a vital part of neuroscience research. Yet even the best and most widely used medical image processing methods will not produce consistent results when their input images are acquired with different pulse sequences. Although intensity standardization and image synthesis methods have been introduced to address this problem, their performance remains dependent on knowledge and consistency of the pulse sequences used to acquire the images. In this paper, an image synthesis approach that first estimates the pulse sequence parameters of the subject image is presented. The estimated parameters are then used with a collection of atlas or training images to generate a new atlas image having the same contrast as the subject image. This additional image provides an ideal source from which to synthesize any other target pulse sequence image contained in the atlas. In particular, a nonlinear regression intensity mapping is trained from the new atlas image to the target atlas image and then applied to the subject image to yield the particular target pulse sequence within the atlas. Both intensity standardization and synthesis of missing tissue contrasts can be achieved using this framework. The approach was evaluated on both simulated and real data, and shown to be superior in both intensity standardization and synthesis to other established methods.
Lanthanum telluride: Mechanochemical synthesis of a refractory thermoelectric material

Recent experimental work on lanthanum telluride has confirmed its significant potential as an n-type material for high temperature thermoelectric (TE) power generation application. The phase of interest, La3−xTe4, has a Th3P4 defect structure where x is the lanthanum vacancy with values ranging between 0 and 1/3. Thermoelectric properties change rapidly with x since the carrier concentration, n, is proportional to the (1−3x) parameter. Controlling the Te to La stoichiometry in lanthanum telluride is thus vital to achieving the optimum self-doping level for the highest dimensionless figure of merit ZT value. We report on a significant improvement in reproducibly preparing this refractory compound over prior lengthy and unwieldy high temperature experimental techniques developed in the 1980's. Mechanochemical processes are utilized to synthesize precise stoichiometries of lanthanum telluride at room temperature, enabling improved characterization, analysis and modeling of its transport properties as a function of the number of La vacancies. We report TE properties for a large range of the allowed compositions, with ZT values greater than 1.0 obtained at 1275 K for several compositions. In addition to stoichiometric optimization within the pure compound, chemical substitutions can enhance performance by decreasing the lattice thermal conductivity and tuning the electrical properties for maximum ZT values at lower temperatures; preliminary studies indicate that the addition of ytterbium increases ZT. Some properties pertaining to device development are discussed. Specifically, lanthanum telluride has a low sublimation rate, and a coefficient of thermal expansion that closely matches a p-type rare earth compound analog (the Yb14MnSb11 Zintl compound).
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to SV40-specific tumour-associated antigens.

CYTOTOXIC thymus-derived lymphoctyes (T cells) from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, ectromelia virus, vaccinia virus, or parainfluenza virus interact only with H–2 compatible virus-infected target cells1–6. When congenic H–2 recombinant mice7 and mice containing mutations within genes mapped at H–2K end specificities6,8 are used, recognition of virus-infected target cells by the effector lymphocytes requires compatibility at either the K or D locus of the H–2 gene complex. These observations led to the hypothesis that cytotoxic T cells recognise either a complex of viral and histocompatibility antigens or virus-induced alterations of the histocompatibility antigens. The same restriction has been described for the cytotoxic T cell response to lymphocytes modified by trinitrophenyl (TNP)9, to minor histocompatibility antigens10,11 and to the male Y antigen12. To investigate the possibility of a similarly restricted specificity of the effector cells of cell-mediated immunity to tumours, cytotoxic cells specific for SV40 tumour-associated specific antigens (SV40-TASA) were generated in two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J and BALB/cAn. The SV40-transformed lines C57SV (SV40-transformed C57BL/6 mouse embryo fibroblasts), MKS/Bu100 (SV40-transformed BALB/c kidney cells13) and LN-SV (SV40-transformed human skin fibroblasts14) were used as immunising and target cells (Table 1). In addition, clones of human–mouse somatic cell hybrids, obtained by fusion of LN-SV and mouse peritoneal macrophages from inbred strains15 were used. These hybrid clones contain the complete mouse genome and, in addition, one to several copies of human chromosome 7, in which the SV40 genome is presumably integrated14,15. C121, N8 and N9 cells are derived from LN-SV fused with C57BL/6 macrophages16 and C136 cells from LN-SV fused with BALB/c macrophages17. These clones express the SV40 tumour (T) antigen (a nuclear antigen)16,17, and the histocompatibility antigens of the murine parental cells (our unpublished results). Neither LN-SV nor any hybrid clones derived from LN-SV make infectious SV4018. Only after fusion with permissive monkey kidney cells can some SV40 particles be rescued. This defective virus exhibits no biological activity. Both LN-SV and human–mouse somatic cell hybrids containing the human chromosome 7 derived from LN-SV exhibit tumour-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), as demonstrated by their ability to protect SV40-inoculated newborn hamsters from developing SV40 tumours19. Both the SV40-transformed mouse cell lines (our unpublished results) and the hybrid clones16,17 are tumorigenic in immunodeficient “nude” mice, but these cells do not grow routinely in immunocompetent syngeneic mice, probably because of strong TSTA20.
Hydride addition to Ru3(CO)12. Synthesis and characterization of the transient formyl cluster complex Ru3(CO)11(CHO)

Abstract The reaction of Ru 3 (CO) 12 ( 1 ) with LiEt 3 BH at −78°C affords the transient cluster formyl complex Ru 3 (CO) 11 (CHO) − ( 2 ) which is observed to decompose by CO loss to give the known hydride cluster Ru 3 (CO) 11 (H) − ( 3 ) rapidly at temperatures above −50°C. The formyl cluster has been characterized by low temperature FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements. Formyl trapping experiments and the effect of Bu 3 SnH on the rate of formyl decomposition are briefly described.
Epithelial morphogenesis of MDCK cells in three-dimensional collagen culture is modulated by interleukin-8

Epithelial morphogenesis is dependent upon a variety of factors, many of which involve complex interactions between cells and their surrounding environments. We analyzed the patterns of differential gene expression associated with Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) renal epithelial cells grown within a collagen gel in three-dimensional (3D) culture compared with those grown atop a collagen gel in two-dimensional (2D) culture. Under these conditions, MDCK cells spontaneously formed either hollow spherical cysts or flat monolayer sheets, respectively. Microarray analysis of gene expression revealed a twofold or greater expression difference in 732 gene sets from MDCK cysts compared with monolayers (false discovery rate or FDR-adjusted P values <0.05). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was reproducibly found to be among the genes whose expression was most dramatically upregulated, and this behavior was verified through real-time PCR analysis. The level of IL-8 protein expression was significantly increased in 3D MDCK cultures compared with that detected in cells in 2D culture. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces MDCK cells in 3D culture to form linear tubule-like structures. We found that HGF stimulation caused MDCK cells in 3D culture to decrease the expression of IL-8 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the addition of recombinant IL-8 to HGF-stimulated 3D MDCK cultures was sufficient to partially reverse the tubulogenic effects of HGF, resulting in the formation of cystic structures. These data suggest that IL-8 participates in the formation of cystic structures by MDCK cells in 3D culture and that HGF may stimulate tubulogenesis through the suppression of IL-8.
Conservation phylogenetics of Ozark crayfishes: Assigning priorities for aquatic habitat protection

Abstract A molecular phylogeny based on nucleotide sequence data from the 16S region of the mitochondrial genome was estimated for 20 species of crayfish native to the Ozark Plateaus region of Missouri and Arkansas, USA. With this phylogeny and information on geographic distribution, ecological specialization, and species abundance, species were assessed for their status as rare and endangered. Three species not previously listed, Orconectes nana, Orconectes macrus , and Cambarus maculatus , merit inclusion as ‘rare’ in the Rare and Endangered Species of Missouri Checklist. Three other species merit inclusion with the status ‘Watch List’: Orconectes hylas, Orconectes medius , and Cambarus hubbsi . Additionally, the status of the following species merit changing from ‘Watch List’ to ‘Rare’: Orconectes peruncus and Orconectes quadruncus . Faunal regions within the Ozark Plateaus were ranked for conservation priority using species richness, taxonomic diversity, and phylogenetic diversity. The White River, Black River, and Mississippi River regions of the Ozarks were found to rank highest in terms of conservation priorities.
A Scenario-Based Hydrocarbon Production Forecast for Louisiana

Conventional oil and gas productions in Louisiana has been in decline for four decades, but in recent years, new technology and capital investment have opened up a significant new resource play in the Haynesville shale, reversing Louisiana’s gas production decline. The need for long-term forecasting has become more important for state planning and for facilitating efficient regulatory development and incentive programs, as the largest oil and gas fields diminish in productivity and the promise of unconventional resources are realized. The purpose of this article is to present a hydrocarbon production forecast for Louisiana using disaggregate resource classes and a transparent analytic framework. A field-level evaluation is employed for producing fields categorized by primary product, resource category, geographic area, and production class. Undiscovered fields are classified according to conventional and unconventional categories and are modeled using a probabilistic and scenario-based forecast. The analytic framework is described along with a discussion of the model results and limitations of the analysis. Louisiana is in the early stages of transitioning to a primarily gas-producing state, and the manner in which the Haynesville shale develops will play a critical role in deliverability and economic prospects in the future.
Promoting professional oncology nursing practice through position papers

The position papers discussed in this article emphasize issues that relate to the clinical practice of oncology nursing and focus on promoting nursing roles, decreasing barriers to nursing practice, and address issues pertinent to nursing education and research. Position papers are not only helpful for advocating policy change with government and regulatory bodies, but nurses can use them to directly improve their work environments.
In situ observation of particle motion and diffusion interactions during coarsening

Abstract In situ observation of the growth and Ostwald ripening of spherical second phase domains in a solid is reported. It was found that at relatively low (3%) volume fractions of coarsening phase, diffusional interactions between particles were sufficiently strong to alter significantly the individual particle coarsening rates from the theoretical predictions of Lifshitz and Slyozov and Wagner (LSW). As a result, the LSW theory was found to be an inadequate description of the coarsening behavior of this low volume fraction system. In addition, particle migration in the solid matrix during coarsening was observed. These experimental particle migration results were found to be qualitatively consistent with a theoretical analysis of particle motion due to interparticle diffusion interactions or nonuniform matrix concentration fields. The generality of the mechanism responsible for the particle migration implies that particle motion, and thus a time-dependent spatial correlation function, during coarsening will occur to some extent in all systems undergoing first order phase transformations.
Genome-wide analysis identifies a general requirement for polarity proteins in endocytic traffic

In a genome-wide RNA-mediated interference screen for genes required in membrane traffic - including endocytic uptake, recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane, and secretion - we identified 168 candidate endocytosis regulators and 100 candidate secretion regulators. Many of these candidates are highly conserved among metazoans but have not been previously implicated in these processes. Among the positives from the screen, we identified PAR-3, PAR-6, PKC-3 and CDC-42, proteins that are well known for their importance in the generation of embryonic and epithelial-cell polarity. Further analysis showed that endocytic transport in Caenorhabditis elegans coelomocytes and human HeLa cells was also compromised after perturbation of CDC-42/Cdc42 or PAR-6/Par6 function, indicating a general requirement for these proteins in regulating endocytic traffic. Consistent with these results, we found that tagged CDC-42/Cdc42 is enriched on recycling endosomes in C. elegans and mammalian cells, suggesting a direct function in the regulation of transport.
Mesoscale Burner Arrays for Gas-Turbine Reheat Applications

Mesoscale burner arrays allow combustion to be conducted in a distributed fashion at millimeter (meso) scale. At this scale, diffusive processes are fast, such that a number of advantages over conventional combustion can be achieved without giving up the possibility to use fluid inertia to advantage. Because the scale of the reaction zone follows from the scale at which the reactants are mixed, very compact flames result. We expect that this compact, distributed form of combustion can provide not only the opportunity of interturbine reheat, but also the potential for lean premixed or highly vitiated combustion to suppress NOx emissions. As a proof of concept, a 4 × 4 array with burner elements on 5-mm centers has been fabricated in silicon nitride via shape deposition manufacturing. The array was designed to use gaseous fuel (methane) and swirl stabilization. Results including pressure drop, flame stability, temperature distribution in the burnt gas, and NOx emissions are reported for both a fully premixed (mixing before entry) and partially premixed (mixing in the array) configuration. These results demonstrated the degree to which premixed performance can be achieved with this design and pointed to ways in which the array design could be improved over this first-generation unit.
Parametric resonance of viscoelastic columns

Abstract The results of an analytical and experimental investigation of the effect of viscoelastic material behavior on the instability regions of a column subjected to a periodic axial load P 0 + P 1 cos ωt are presented. The complex modulus representation is used for the material. The effect of various types of material response is investigated. Viscoelastic effects are found to have a pronounced influence on the instability regions. The instability regions of a polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglass) column are determined experimentally, and the data are found to be in reasonable agreement with the theory.
Transitioning between work and family roles as a function of boundary flexibility and role salience

Abstract This study investigates the manner in which people separate their work and family roles and how they manage the boundaries of these two important roles. Specifically, we focus on how role flexibility and salience influence transitions between roles. Results indicate that the ability and willingness to flex a role boundary and role salience are important predictors of transitions between roles. The joint effects of role flexibility and salience on transitions provided interesting results regarding the importance of role boundary flexibility and of the increasing importance attached to the family role. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications are discussed.
Methods for determining numbers of cells and synapses: A case for more uniform standards of review

Neuron and synapse numbers are important assays in neuroscience. These numbers are estimated by one of four methods: 1) profile counts, 2) assumption-based methods, 3) serial reconstructions, and 4) stereological methods. The criteria for these methods are diverse. This creates a disparity in that some reviewers accept estimates from any of these methods, while others accept only specific methods. An equally important issue is the diversity of sampling strategies, since unbiased estimates of neuronal or synaptic numbers are contingent upon both counting and sampling techniques. The purpose of this commentary is to institute a dialog that will lead to a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the above methods, and to propose guidelines that should lead to more uniform and thus fairer judging of the studies that provide estimates of neuron or synapse numbers. In addition, adoption of more uniform standards for obtaining unbiased numerical estimates should result in the generation of an unbiased database that will be of considerable use in future studies.
Stochastic estimation of extreme stresses in breakwater concrete armor units

Safe design of breakwater concrete armor units requires design values for the maximum stress which will occur in the prototype. Traditional structural analysis techniques require deterministic defi...
THE CAPILLARY SUCTION OF SOME CERAMIC MATERIALS1

The forces which act when clay is mixed with water and when water is removed from wet clay by evaporation have received little study. For this reason, very little definite information regarding the internal mechanism of the drying of clayware is available. In this paper, the writer reviews the experiments and theories of Pukall, Terzaghi, Dixon, etc., lists some of the forces which may act when ware is drying, and defines an important force which he calls “capillary suction.” A simple experiment is described, by means of which this force can be readily demonstrated. The development and final form of an apparatus for measuring the capillary suction of ceramic materials is described and data obtained from measurements on a ball clay, a kaolin, flint, feldspar and mixtures of these substances are reported. Capillary suction decreases rapidly with increase in the flint and feldspar of a ceramic body. By utilizing the capillary suction produced by evaporation of water from a clay surface, water at atmospheric pressure has been made to enter a steel bomb in which the gas pressure was maintained at 200 lbs. per square inch.
Periodic three body orbits in the case of small third mass

Near a symmetric periodic orbit of the plane circular or elliptic restricted probelm, the conditions for a symmetric periodic orbit of the plane general three body problem are reduced, under a natural nondegeneracy condition, to the vanishing of a single real valued function. The implicit function theorem and Hormander's generalized Morse's lemma are then used to analyze the set of zeros of this function.
Acceptance, Belief, and Descartes’s Provisional Morality

This paper explores Descartes’s work with an eye towards abiding issues in moral epistemology. In so doing, I focus on the role played by the so-called provisional morality that surfaces in “Discourse on the Method”. What I argue is that despite the tenuousness with which it seems to be held, Descartes remained committed to the truth of this morality even in the midst of his most strenuous philosophical reflections. Put in the contemporary epistemological terms which provide the context of my discussion, I argue that Descartes believed in the goodness of his provisional morality as opposed to merely accepting its maxims.
A prospective, double-blind, randomized study of high-versus low-dose OKT3 induction immunosuppression in cadaveric renal transplantation.

We undertook a prospective, double-blind study of high-(5-mg) versus low-(2-mg) dose OKT3 for induction immunosuppression (12 days) in cadaveric renal allograft transplantation. Maintenance immunosuppression was identical in both groups and consisted of azathioprine and prednisone initially, with cyclosporine beginning on the 5th postoperative day. Twenty-six patients were randomized. The groups were similar in terms of age, kidney ischemia time, peak PRA, and latest PRA. There were more diabetics and women in the high-dose group. Patient survival at 12 months was 100% in both groups. Graft survival at 12 months was 92% and 100% in the high- and low-dose groups, respectively. Infections were mostly minior and equal in frequency in the two groups. All patients receiving high- or low-dose OKT3 had manifestations of the cytokine release syndrome; these were delayed in onset in the low-dose group. Eleven patients (85%) in each group produced anti-OKT3 andtibodies. Lymphocyte depletion after 1 day was major (>98%) and identical in both groups. CD3 antigens were removed more slowly in the low-dose group but eventually at equal rates in both groups. Cost was significantly lower in the low-dose group. We conclude that while both doses of OKT3 were effective and safe for induction immunosuppression, it may be prudent to use a lower dose of OKT3 for induction immunosuppression because of its potential to reduce cytokine-mediated effects and to avoid the complications of overimmunosuppression and because of the lower costs associated with it.
Direct calculation of the sulphur electrode resistance in sodium-sulphur cells

A simple model is used to compute the resistance of the sulphur electrode as a function of charge. It is shown that the general network used for the simulation of the behaviour of the sulphur electrode can be simplified because of the relatively small value of the polarization resistance. Reasonable assumptions concerning the distribution of reactants and products are discussed. The model is able to assess the contribution of the sulphur electrode to the total cell resistance for a 16 Ah capacity cell.
Toward a Census of Bacteria in Soil

For more than a century, microbiologists have sought to determine the species richness of bacteria in soil, but the extreme complexity and unknown structure of soil microbial communities have obscured the answer. We developed a statistical model that makes the problem of estimating richness statistically accessible by evaluating the characteristics of samples drawn from simulated communities with parametric community distributions. We identified simulated communities with rank-abundance distributions that followed a truncated lognormal distribution whose samples resembled the structure of 16S rRNA gene sequence collections made using Alaskan and Minnesotan soils. The simulated communities constructed based on the distribution of 16S rRNA gene sequences sampled from the Alaskan and Minnesotan soils had a richness of 5,000 and 2,000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively, where an OTU represents a collection of sequences not more than 3% distant from each other. To sample each of these OTUs in the Alaskan 16S rRNA gene library at least twice, 480,000 sequences would be required; however, to estimate the richness of the simulated communities using nonparametric richness estimators would require only 18,000 sequences. Quantifying the richness of complex environments such as soil is an important step in building an ecological framework. We have shown that generating sufficient sequence data to do so requires less sequencing effort than completely sequencing a bacterial genome.
Increased Levels of Polymorphism Surrounding Selectively Maintained Sites in Highly Selfing Species

If selection maintains polymorphism at a site, an increase of neutral variability in the surrounding region is expected, because sites closely linked to alternative alleles at the selected site accumulate mutations as if they were in different populations. Selection thus creates a signal of increased polymorphism relative to the background `noise9 of neutral polymorphism. We show, by a theoretical study, that the effects of balanced polymorphisms on variability are highly localized in inbreeding populations, and that the overall level of variability is strongly reduced by selection against deleterious mutations. This implies that the signals of balancing selection are much stronger than in outcrossing populations.
Growth and metabolic response of premature infants fed whey- or casein-dominant formulas after hospital discharge*

We conducted a double-blind, randomized study to test the hypothesis that a whey-dominant formula permits a growth and metabolic advantage over a casein-dominant formula in preterm infants after hospital discharge. Nineteen low birth weight infants were studied for 6 months from the time of discharge. Ten received a casein-dominant formula, and nine received a whey-dominant formula. Growth (weight, length, head circumference, mid-arm circumference, and skin-fold thickness), biochemical measurements (alkaline phosphatase activity, acid-base status, and hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, and urea nitrogen levels), and quantity of formula intake did not differ significantly between the groups over a 6-month study period. Serum transthyretin and urea nitrogen concentrations differed significantly between the two feeding groups at the day of entry into the study only. The results indicate that, after hospital discharge, premature infants fed a whey-dominant formula do not differ in growth or biochemical measurements from those fed a casein-dominant formula.
Power and Status Exchange, Attribution, and Expectation States

The complex relationship between power and status requires clarification. Why does power seem to confer more status in some situations than in others? Theoretical ideas used to answer this question come from three major areas of social psychology: exchange theories ofpower, the status characteristics and expectation states theoretical research program, and attribution research. Results of an experiment provided partial supportfor the main hypothesis derivedfrom the theory: Differences in status will result consistent with power differences between actors. Power differences produced differences in expectations of ability on selfreport measures but not on a behavioral measure of interpersonal influence. Although knowledge about the power structure was predicted to reduce the status derivedfrom power, no effect of knowledge wasfound. During the experiment, participants'emotional reactions were observed to play a role in the relationship between power and status.
Stress-induced mutation via DNA breaks in Escherichia coli: A molecular mechanism with implications for evolution and medicine

Evolutionary theory assumed that mutations occur constantly, gradually, and randomly over time. This formulation from the “modern synthesis” of the 1930s was embraced decades before molecular understanding of genes or mutations. Since then, our labs and others have elucidated mutation mechanisms activated by stress responses. Stress-induced mutation mechanisms produce mutations, potentially accelerating evolution, specifically when cells are maladapted to their environment, that is, when they are stressed. The mechanisms of stress-induced mutation that are being revealed experimentally in laboratory settings provide compelling models for mutagenesis that propels pathogen–host adaptation, antibiotic resistance, cancer progression and resistance, and perhaps much of evolution generally. We discuss double-strand-break-dependent stress-induced mutation in Escherichia coli. Recent results illustrate how a stress response activates mutagenesis and demonstrate this mechanism's generality and importance to spontaneous mutation. New data also suggest a possible harmony between previous, apparently opposed, models for the molecular mechanism. They additionally strengthen the case for anti-evolvability therapeutics for infectious disease and cancer.
Comparison between stability limits for satellite motion

Three methods of obtaining stability information on satellite motion are compared by means of numerical and analytical computations. The model of the restricted problem of three bodies is used to describe the motion. Kuiper's (1961) approximate results, Szebehely's (1978) approximate results, and computer solutions obtained by successive iterations show close agreement regarding the maximum values of the orbital radii for stability. The lowest value, i.e., the most conservative estimate, is provided by the simplified form of Szebehely's formula.