cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The MCTS operating system

The Multiple Console Time Sharing System, MCTS, implemented at the General Motors Research Laboratories is described. An overview of the logical and physical structures of the operating system is presented.Significant concepts embodied in the operating system are discussed. The system multi-programs among a variable number of tasks, each in an independent virtual memory. A virtual input/output access method is the only one provided. All input/output is performed by polling, no interrupts are used. The operating system is structured exactly like a customer task with only a few special privileges.The MCTS operating system is conceptually simple. The system programmers write in a PL/I-like languaged called MALUS. The system programmers work in an environment very similar to the environment normally associated with an application programmer. The paper discusses the system programmer's environment and some experiences during the development of the operating system.
An Efficient Method to Calculate the Failure Rate of Dynamic Systems with Random Parameters using the Total Probability Theorem

Abstract : Using the total probability theorem, we propose a method to calculate the failure rate of a linear vibratory system with random parameters excited by stationary Gaussian processes. The response of such a system is non-stationary because of the randomness of the input parameters. A space-filling design, such as optimal symmetric Latin hypercube sampling or maximin, is first used to sample the input parameter space. For each design point, the output process is stationary and Gaussian. We present two approaches to calculate the corresponding conditional probability of failure. A Kriging metamodel is then created between the input parameters and the output conditional probabilities allowing us to estimate the conditional probabilities for any set of input parameters. The total probability theorem is finally applied to calculate the time-dependent probability of failure and the failure rate of the dynamic system. The proposed method is demonstrated using a vibratory system. Our approach can be easily extended to non-stationary Gaussian input processes.
The Paradox of Prematurity: The Behavioral Vulnerability of Late Preterm Infants and the Cognitive Susceptibility of Very Preterm Infants at 36 months Post-term

We explored associations among preterm status (very preterm infant (VPI: <30 weeks), moderate preterm (MPI: 30-33(6/7) weeks), late preterm (LPI: 34-36(6/7) weeks), parenting, and 3-year cognitive and behavioral outcomes. We hypothesized that LPIs would demonstrate better health and neurobehavioral outcomes compared with more premature infants, and that preterm status would moderate the association between parenting quality and 3-year outcomes. Sample included 123 preterm infants (gestation <37 weeks) and their mothers from a larger study of high-risk infants with measures of neonatal and socioeconomic risks at hospital discharge; maternal vocabulary at 9-months, child IQ and behavior at 36 months, and maternal depressive symptoms and parenting at all timepoints. Group differences were explored using MANOVAs while predictors of child outcomes were explored using hierarchical regression analyses. MANOVAs indicated that LPIs had more optimal neonatal health during the hospital stay, yet more externalizing (p=.043), aggressive (p=.006) and oppositional behaviors (p=.008) at 3 years compared with VPIs. There were no IQ differences between VPIs, MPIs and LPIs. However, preterm infants who experienced less negative parenting had higher IQs at 36 months (β=-3.245, p=.017), with the greatest effects seen in VPIs (β=0.406, p=.01) compared with LPIs (β=0.148, p=.381). LPIs manifested similar IQ, but more externalizing, oppositional and aggressive behavior symptoms compared to VPIs. VPIs appeared to be differentially susceptible to parenting effects, with VPIs demonstrating the highest cognitive scores in the context of more positive parenting.
Review of Animal Models of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis

Prostate cancer bone metastases are associated with a poor prognosis and are considered incurable. Insight into the formation and growth of prostate cancer bone metastasis is required for development of new imaging and therapeutic strategies to combat this devastating disease. Animal models are indispensable in investigating cancer pathogenesis and evaluating therapeutics. Multiple animal models of prostate cancer bone metastasis have been developed, but few effectively model prostatic neoplasms and osteoblastic bone metastases as they occur in men. This review discusses the animal models that have been developed to investigate prostate cancer bone metastasis, with a focus on canine models and also includes human xenograft and rodent models. Adult dogs spontaneously develop benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer with osteoblastic bone metastases. Large animal models, such as dogs, are needed to develop new molecular imaging tools and effective focal intraprostatic therapy. None of the available models fully reflect the metastatic disease seen in men, although the various models have provided important insight into the metastatic process. As additional models are developed and knowledge from the different models is combined, the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer bone metastasis can be deciphered and targeted for development of novel therapies and molecular diagnostic imaging.
Inhibition of Dendropoiesis by Tumor Derived and Purified Prostate Specific Antigen

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease produced by the prostate gland at high concentrations. Serum PSA may be significantly elevated in prostate cancer and benign prostatic diseases. It has recently become evident that, in addition to being a tissue and/or serum marker, PSA may also have biological effects. Despite the voluminous literature on this biomarker in the diagnosis of prostatic diseases relatively few reports have addressed the issue of the physiological function, biological role and immune effects of PSA in the context of prostate cancer development and progression.Materials and Methods: Human dendritic cell (DC) cultures were generated from CD34+ hematopoietic precursors in the presence of PSA. The DC phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and DC ability to induce T-cell proliferation was detected by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. DCs were also generated in co-cultures with LNCaP cells in the presence of antiPSA antibodies. The concentrations of P...
Fine structural characteristics of the zone of contact between the lower infundibular stem and the pituitary pars distalis in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus.

The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of the pituitary gland in the little brown bat that might influence mechanisms of hypothalamic releasing hormone transport. Paraffin sections were prepared from whole crania to examine in situ the orientations of the three parts of the adenohypophysis (pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis) relative to the components of the neurohypophysis (pars nervosa and infundibular stem) and the basal hypothalamus. Of particular interest was the observation that the axis of the infundibular stem is directed posteriorly from the median eminence and occupies a depression in the dorsal surface of the pars distalis as it approaches the pars nervosa. Previous studies have revealed that neuronal projections containing releasing hormones extend into the infundibular stem in this species. Therefore, we conducted a fine structural study to determine whether the zone of contact between the infundibular stem and the pars distalis could represent a site of specialized interaction between hypophysiotropic hormones and their target cells. The results show that the sparse connective tissue along this boundary contains abundant fenestrated capillaries that are exposed on one side to neurosecretory axons and on the other to cells of the pars distalis. Furthermore, secretory cells nearest these capillaries exhibit ultrastructural evidence of heightened secretory activity. We conclude that the fine structural characteristics of this zone are consistent with localized mechanisms of releasing hormone transport. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics in continuous flow assays: Consideration of unireactant cases

Abstract Apparent deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics that may appear when flow assays are used are discussed. Simulated Lineweaver-Burk plots are presented which show distortions due to product inhibition, reaction reversal, and the absence of initial velocity conditions. By employing an integrated Michaelis-Menten equation the above complications can be properly handled, allowing the true V m and K m values to be determined. Enzyme reaction velocities determined by use of a flow technique are prone to the above-mentioned complications, but they can be readily analyzed using an integrated Michaelis-Menten equation.
Using Kitchen Appliance Analogies to Improve Students' Reasoning about Neurological Results

This article describes and evaluates a new technique for teaching students to interpret studies of patients with brain injuries. This technique asks students to consider how knives and blenders lose specific functionality when they are damaged. This approach better prepares students to make proper inferences from behavioral deficits observed after brain injury, specifically with reference to single and double dissociation. Significantly improved performance on multiple-choice and identification questions included in midterm examinations suggests that the impact of these thought experiments was substantive and long lasting.
AN UNLIKELY UNIFYING DIAGNOSIS OF NEURO AND CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in affected organs. Extrapulmonary manifestations affecting the central nervous system and heart occur in less than 5% of cases and diagnosis can be challenging. a 57-
Dynamics of a Thermoreversible Transition between Cylindrical and Hexagonally Perforated Lamellar Mesophases

A polystyrene−poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) diblock copolymer, S/EP 7/13, exhibits a thermoreversible mesophase transition between low-temperature hexagonally perforated lamellae (HPL) and high-temp...
Nonequilibrium effects and subgap structure in superconducting contacts

We calculate the current-voltage characteristics of a superconductor\char22{}normal-metal\char22{}superconductor junction, including the effects of multiple Andreev reflections and of a non-equilibrium quasiparticle distribution in the superconducting regions adjacent to the normal-superconductor interfaces. We find that only in ideal point contacts can nonequilibrium effects be neglected. Model calculations are performed in two limiting cases in which the nonequilibrium quasiparticle distributions are readily determined. The results are in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations of subgap structure.
High-throughput measurement and classification of organic P in environmental samples.

Many types of organic phosphorus (P) molecules exist in environmental samples1. Traditional P measurements do not detect these organic P compounds since they do not react with colorimetric reagents2,3. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) is an emerging method for accurately characterizing organic P forms in environmental samples4,5. This method is only trumped in accuracy by Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-NMR) -a method that is expensive and requires specialized technical training6. We have adapted an enzymatic hydrolysis method capable of measuring three classes of phosphorus (monoester P, diester P and inorganic P) to a microplate reader system7. This method provides researchers with a fast, accurate, affordable and user-friendly means to measure P species in soils, sediments, manures and, if concentrated, aquatic samples. This is the only high-throughput method for measuring the forms and enzyme-lability of organic P that can be performed in a standard laboratory. The resulting data provides insight to scientists studying system nutrient content and eutrophication potential.
We are, Therefore I Am: A Multisystems Approach with Families in Poverty

The U.S. Bureau of the Census recently indicated that there are 31 million individuals who are living below the poverty line. Although many of these individuals are referred for family counseling s...
Development of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity in rat kidney.

THE studies of Udenfriend and his co-workers1 indicate that tryptophan is first oxidized to 5-hydroxytryptophan and then decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The latter reaction requires the presence of a specific enzyme, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase2. The purpose of the present communication is to describe the development of this enzyme system in the kidneys of fœtal, new-born, and adult rats.
Quasi-Trapping of Low-Energy Electrons in Water Vapour

THE interaction of low-energy (less than 1 eV.) electrons with water vapour has been examined by means of a swarm method1–3 in which water vapour at pressure f1p was added to ethylene, carbon dioxide and methane, at pressures f2p. It was found that when f1p ranged from 1 to 16 mm. mercury, and f2p was of the order of 100–200 mm. mercury, no electron capture occurred for an E/P [V. cm.−1 (mm. mercury)−1] ranging from 0.01 to 4.0. (An exception must be made for the case of water–carbon dioxide where a very small capture cross-section was observed and may be due to the formation of carbonic acid.) However, an interesting and significant increase in the electron transport time was observed and is illustrated in Fig. 1 for mixtures of water and ethylene. In Fig. 1, w−1 is the transport time per cm. of travel in the field direction, and it is observed that: (1) w−1 increases linearly with the ratio f1/f2; (2) w−1 is independent of the total pressure p for the range 100–400 mm. mercury. These results suggest that electrons make collisions of long duration with water and that the lifetime of the ‘quasi-trap’ [H2O]− is limited by collision with ethylene for the pressure-ranges already quoted.
Recent actions taken by the symbols, units, and nomenclature committee

IN REFERENCE to the cgs magnetic units, a brief historical outline is presented of the action taken by international electrical congresses from 1893 to 1904, and by international technical and scientific unions from 1904 to 1932. Emphasis is laid upon the results of the meeting of July 1932 of the symbols, units, and nomenclature committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, as the latest development.
δ13Cp Values from Radiocarbon-Dated Plant Matter as an Important but Underexploited Resource for Terrestrial Paleoclimate Analysis and Archaeology

Variation in stable carbon isotope ratios in C 3 plants can be influenced by climatic and environmental factors. For archaeologists, who regularly collect the measured values of these data as a part of the radiocarbon date reporting process, there is promise in using these data to create a local record of paleoclimatic change relevant to their study areas. Plant δ13C can be expressed as Δ13C values (carbon isotopic discrimination) that can be used in modern experimental studies for stronger paleoclimatic/paleoenvironmental interpretations. As values of Δ13C vary in different species, taxonomic information is necessary for interpretation. In the present study, a record of Irish oak δ13C data are used to construct a local climate history for Ireland. Wetter periods in Ireland inferred from δ13C data correspond to warmer Northern Hemisphere temperatures, in agreement with climate models. Values of δ13C from other species are used to illustrate the importance of using data from taxa with known relationships between climate and stable carbon isotope fractionation. DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16153
Zinc bioavailability in soybean meal

A phytate-containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) diet (13.5 mg Zn/kg) and a phytate-free egg white diet (.3 mg Zn/kg) were used to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of Zn in dehulled soybean meal (SBM) based on Zn depletion-repletion growth bioassays in young chicks. After a 4-d Zn depletion period, chick weight gain responded linearly (P <.01) to graded increments of supplemental Zn (0 to 10 mg/kg) from ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, whether added to the Zn-deficient SPC or egg white diet. Slope, however, was over twice as great for the standard curve relating weight gain to supplemental Zn intake for the egg white diet as for the SPC diet. Addition of 7 to 10 mg Zn/kg from SBM to either Zn-deficient diet increased (P <.01) weight gain, but a similar SBM addition to either diet made adequate in Zn did not increase weight gain. Using standard-curve methodology, RBV of Zn in SBM was 78% when the the SPC diet was used, but it was only 40% when the egg white diet was used. The phytate contained in the SPC basal diet therefore markedly reduced the efficiency of utilizing the supplemental inorganic Zn from ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O. This lowered the slope of the standard curve so that, on a relative basis, the Zn in SBM had a higher RBV value than was the case for Zn utilization in SBM with the phytate-free egg white diet. The 78% Zn RBV value in SBM would seem to have the greatest relevance for practical-type corn-SBM diets.
Oxidation of cobaltite: Part I. process mineralogy

The control of arsenic is important in oxidation roasting and leaching of cobaltite. Oxidation roasting below 823 K did not show any crystal structural change in cobaltite, but heating to 923 K yielded Co-As-oxide, whose composition is varied. Direct oxidation of cobaltite to cobalt oxides with traces of arsenic was observed by roasting at 1023 K or above. The distribution of arsenic within the particles gradually decreased from the outer region to the center of the particles. The arsenic concentration within the particles decreased with the increase of temperature, suggesting temperature dependence on arsenic removal from the lattice of cobaltite. In this article, the process mineralogy of the oxidation of cobaltite is presented at various temperatures. The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, reflected light microscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopic analysis of the roasted cobaltite concentrates together with a rationalized thermodynamic analysis are presented.
Short-Run Energy Demand and Interfuel Substitution by Electric Utilities

Abstract This paper derives fuel-demand equations from a translog profit function, permitting the estimation of elasticities of demand and substitution that are subject only to those restrictions implied by economic theory. The estimated elasticities indicate substantial interfuel substitution in the generation of electric energy. The finding that changes in fuel prices have significant short-run effects on fossil fuel consumption has important implications for public policy. Specifically, the market system appears better able to deal with exogenous shifts in energy supplies than has frequently been assumed in the formulation of public policies toward the energy crisis.
Applications of SPR for the characterization of molecules important in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Characterization of binding kinetics and affinity between a potential drug and its receptor are key steps in the development of new drugs. Among the techniques available to determine binding affinities, surface plasmon resonance has emerged as the gold standard because it can measure binding and dissociation rates in real-time in a label-free fashion. Surface plasmon resonance is now finding applications in the characterization of molecules for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, characterization of molecules associated with pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and detection of neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. In addition it has been used in the characterization of a new class of natural autoantibodies that have therapeutic potential in a number of neurologic diseases. In this review we will introduce surface plasmon resonance and describe some applications of the technique that pertain to neurodegenerative disorders and their treatment.
Entropy Rate Constancy in Text

We present a constancy rate principle governing language generation. We show that this principle implies that local measures of entropy (ignoring context) should increase with the sentence number. We demonstrate that this is indeed the case by measuring entropy in three different ways. We also show that this effect has both lexical (which words are used) and non-lexical (how the words are used) causes.
The Return of the American Voter? Party Polarization and Voting Behavior, 1988 to 2004:

A frequent concern voiced by social commentators has been the persistence of mass disengagement over the past two decades—despite evidence of improving democratic involvement. In particular, since ...
Repeated cocaine injections have no influence on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat nucleus accumbens core or shell

Numerous reports have demonstrated augmented cocaine-evoked release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats pre-treated with cocaine. However, the extent to which repeated cocaine injections affect basal levels of dopamine is unclear. There have been reports of increases, decreases, or no change in basal levels of extracellular accumbal dopamine resulting from repeated psychostimulant administration. The present study assessed the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, in the nucleus accumbens following either acute or repeated cocaine administration. The in vivo microdialysis technique was used to measure accumulation of the dopamine precursor DOPA following intra-accumbal administration of the DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1015 through the microdialysis probe. This method provides an estimate of tyrosine hydroxylase activity within the nucleus accumbens. Results indicate that neither acute nor repeated cocaine administration produced any change in DOPA accumulation in either the nucleus accumbens shell or core. These data indicate that dopamine synthesis is not altered by cocaine administration.
Does Early Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection Prevent Renal Damage

To the Editor.— Doganis et al1 reported a prospective series of treating infants with pyelonephritis and concluded that early treatment does not improve long-term renal scarring. If this is confirmed, it is discouraging because the opposite was thought to be true. The numbers were small in some groups, so a larger study of a longer term is needed to confirm their findings. One issue was whether …
Predicting Treatment-Seeking Behavior in Guatemala: A Comparison of the Health Services Research and Decision-Theoretic Approaches

This study attempts to identify and describe factors associated with the choice of a health care source in rural Guatemala. Because of limited choice options, rural Guatemala makes an excellent location for studying the factors that affect utilization patterns. Illness case histories were collected from a random sample of 270 households in six villages. Then, two different methodological approaches were used to predict treatment actions. First, a sociobehavioral model, which encompasses enabling, predisposing, and need factors, was used to predict treatment choices. Using discriminant analysis we identified factors associated with the use of home remedies, a pharmacy, the health post, a physician, or folk healer. In a second, parallel study, descriptive interviews were used to identify important factors in choosing a treatment strategy. From these interviews, and from responses to hypothetical illness cases, we developed a decision model of treatment actions. Both models were tested against the set of illness cases. Results indicate that both approaches identify similar variables (especially, severity), although selection of variables through the multivariate analysis was much more successful in predicting treatment actions.
School communications 2.0: A social media strategy for K-12 principals and superintendents

The purpose of this qualitative, multiple-case study was two-fold: 1) to describe, analyze, and interpret the experiences of school principals and superintendents who use multiple social media tools such as blogs, microblogs, social networking sites, podcasts, and online videos with stakeholders as part of their comprehensive communications practices, and 2) to examine why the principals and superintendents have chosen to communicate with their stakeholders through social media. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 12 principals and 12 superintendents purposefully selected from four regions of the United States and Canada were conducted. Social CRM served as the framework for the study. Findings revealed four themes that applied to both groups: 1) Social media tools allow for greater interactions between school administrators and their stakeholders; 2) Social media tools provide stronger connections to local stakeholders, to fellow educators, and to the world; 3) Social media use can have a significant impact on a school administrator‟s personal and professional growth; and 4) Social media use is an expectation; it‟s no longer optional. Implications for practice, for boards of education, for educational leadership programs, and for expanding the definition of Social CRM are included.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Drying Characteristics of Modular Carpet Tiles

Various backing materials developed for modular carpet tiles can be heat sensitive and may be damaged if exposed to high temperatures for prolonged periods. This paper presents a model to predict the drying characteristics of carpet tiles for a batch drying process. Drying characteristics are also determined experimentally in a controlled laboratory environment. The analytical framework consists of a three-layer lumped parameter configuration to calculate temperature and moisture profiles. The capillary movement of liquid water is not explicitly calculated in the model, but a sufficient amount of moisture in the solid is assumed to be available to maintain a constant rate drying period.The three-layer model comprises a moist top fiber layer, a middle layer also containing moisture, and a backing layer. To estimate the falling rate drying period, the middle layer is incorporated into the model. In the mathematical model, the top layer is initially saturated with water, but then dries out, providing greater...
Voltage Ride-Through Capability Verification of Wind Turbines With Fully-Rated Converters Using Reachability Analysis

Wind turbines are required to meet grid interconnection codes for voltage ride-through, which mandate that they should not disconnect during a specified range of grid disturbances. One of the tasks of a turbine’s design verification process is to ensure that it will be able to withstand any such event. This paper sets forth a powerful computational technique for design verification of Type-4 permanent-magnet synchronous generator-based turbines with fully-rated grid-side converters. The proposed method can provide assurance as to whether the currents and voltages will remain within acceptable bounds. To this end, reachability theory is employed to find sets that enclose all possible trajectories for the system states caused by a given set of unknown-but-bounded disturbances. The computation of the reachable sets is carried out by using on-the-fly linearization of the nonlinear system dynamics, zonotopes, and interval analysis.
Performance of a nuclear emulsion scanner

Abstract A machine has been constructed which meets many of the needs for scanning of nuclear emulsions as emulsions are used in charged particle nuclear spectroscopy. Methods developed for track detection are reviewed briefly. In more detail an account is given of the performance of the machine in scanning plates exposed at the Michigan 42″ cyclotron over a seven months period. Finally, some special techniques which may have other applications are described.
High-Density Livestock Operations, Crop Field Application of Manure, and Risk of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Pennsylvania

IMPORTANCE Nearly 80% of antibiotics in the United States are sold for use in livestock feeds. The manure produced by these animals contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics and is subsequently applied to crop fields, where it may put community members at risk for antibiotic-resistant infections. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between individual exposure to swine and dairy/veal industrial agriculture and risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based, nested case-control study of primary care patients from a single health care system in Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2010. Incident MRSA cases were identified using electronic health records, classified as community-associated MRSA or health care–associated MRSA, and frequency matched to randomly selected controls and patients with skin and soft-tissue infection. Nutrient management plans were used to create 2 exposure variables: seasonal crop field manure application and number of livestock animals at the operation. In a substudy, we collected 200 isolates from patients stratified by location of diagnosis and proximity to livestock operations.
Randomized Trials of Dietary Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

The hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins might reduce cardiovascular disease risk is based on a large body of basic and human epidemiologic research. Basic research provides a plausible mechanism by which antioxidants might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. A large number of descriptive, case-control and cohort studies provide data suggesting that consumption of antioxidant vitamins is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease. These data raise the question of a role of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and beta-carotene, in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but do not provide a definitive answer. Randomized trial data will be essential in establishing whether or not there is a causal effect of antioxidants in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. For many hypotheses randomized trials are neither necessary nor desirable; however, when searching for small to moderate effects, large-scale randomized trials of adequate dose and duration, in which investigators allocate subjects at random to either active treatment or placebo will provide valuable information about whether there is a causal relationship, and provide reliable estimates of effect size. Results from several large-scale randomized trials of antioxidants are summarized in this paper. At present, there is not sufficient data available to define clearly the role of antioxidants in primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Additional trial data should be forthcoming in the near future which will aid in individual clinical decision-making and in the establishment of guidelines for the general public.
Reflexivity of Discomfort in Insider-Outsider Educational Research

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses my position as an Arab Muslim woman re­searcher who is affiliated with a Western university, researching Arab Muslim Canadian women. I discuss how reflexivity has emerged as an element of my research endeavours. Various notions of reflexivity in educational research have been expressed in the literature, yet I focus on what it means to me as an insider-outsider researcher and how it characterizes my research endeavours. In this paper, I explore the complexity of occupying these multiple subjectivities. REFLE X IVITE S UR UN INCONFORT D’OB S ERVATRICE-INITIEE DAN S LE CADRE D’UNE REC H ERC H E EN EDUCATION RESUME. Cet article explore ma position comme chercheure musulmane arabe affiliee a une universite occidentale etudiant la vie des femmes canadiennes musulmanes arabes. J’y examine de quelle maniere la reflexivite a emerge comme element de mes projets de recherche. Bien que diverses notions de reflexivite aient ete soulevees dans la litterature, je cible ce que cela signifie pour moi en tant que chercheure initiee et observatrice ainsi que de quelle maniere cela teinte mes recherches. J’y analyse la complexite d’incarner ces multiples subjectivites.
Effects of phosphatase and proteasome inhibitors on Borealin phosphorylation and degradation

The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) senses tension defects at the kinetochore to activate the spindle assembly checkpoint, and helps to position the cleavage furrow. The CPC, consisting of INCENP, Survivin, Borealin and Aurora B localizes to the inner centromere at metaphase and re-localizes to the spindle midzone at anaphase; several CPC functions are regulated by post-translational modification. Borealin is phosphorylated at multiple sites and phosphorylation at S219 causes Borealin to migrate more slowly upon electrophoresis. Here we find that Cdk1 can induce a mobility shift of Borealin, suggesting that S219 phosphorylation is under Cdk1 control. However, Cdk1 is inefficient at phosphorylating purified Borealin in vitro. A yeast orthologue of Borealin, Npl1, is dephosphorylated by the phosphatase Cdc14. We find no difference in the mobility shift of Borealin in human cells lacking either Cdc14A or Cdc14B. In contrast, the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid does delay the dephosphorylation of Borealin as cells exit mitosis. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 reduces Borealin phosphorylation in mitosis and increases the steady-state level of Borealin, especially in mutants lacking the C-terminus. However, a second, structurally unrelated proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin did not up-regulate Borealin. These results suggest that the effect of MG132 on Borealin is due to the inhibition of an intracellular protease other than the proteasome.
Interactionally situated cognition: a classroom example

According to situated cognition theory, cognitive accomplishments rely in part on structures and processes outside the individual. This article argues that interactional structures—particularly those created through language use—can make essential contributions to situated cognition in rational academic discourse. Most cognitive accomplishments rely in part on language, and language in use always has both representational and interactional functions. The article analyzes one classroom conversation, in order to illustrate how the interactional functions of speech can facilitate the cognitive accomplishments speakers make through that speech. By showing how closely cognition and interaction can interrelate, the article both supports theories of situated cognition and shows how cognition in at least some educational contexts cannot be extricated from enduring social structures and the construction of social identity.
Trusted autonomy

We describe how agents are the right building blocks for constructing trustworthy systems. Robust software and trusted autonomy represent the future for agent technology and software engineering.
Evaluating the Anthropocene: is there something useful about a geological epoch of humans?

The concept of the Anthropocene has become increasingly prominent in recent years, but is it best defined as a geological period or as part of a longer-term pattern of human actions? And when did it begin? Todd Braje launches this Debate feature by arguing for a shift away from definitions and toward an emphasis on the human causes and consequences. This piece is followed by a series of reactions from geologists and anthropologists, with a concluding reply from the author.
A DIAGNOSTIC AND ETIOLOGIC STUDIES OF SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME

This work was an attempt to elucidate the diagnostic evaluation of sialography+ and histopathological examination of the salivary gland in Sjogren's syndrome. The author investigated the correlation of the sialography and histopathology features of the salivary gland in 89 confirmed cases of Sjogren's syndrome and 26 suspected cases, a total of 115 subjects and the following results were obtained. 1) In determining the histopathological severity of the salivary gland lesions from sialography, the parotid sialography was more useful than the submaxillary sialography. 2) The severity of parotid sialography correlated well that of labial gland histopathology. 3) Biopsy of the labial gland was useful for histopathological diagnosis on Sjogren's syndrome but the histopathological change occurred to a greater degree in the submaxillary gland than in the labial gland. 4) From above results, in histopathological examination of severe case of Sjogren's syndrome, biopsy of the labial gland will be sufficient, but biopsy of the submaxillary gland must be employed for studying mild cases.
Strategies to Mitigate a Mycobacterium marinum Outbreak in a Zebrafish Research Facility

Abstract In 2011, the zebrafish research facility at the University of Oregon experienced an outbreak of Mycobacterium marinum that affected both research fish and facility staff. A thorough review of risks to personnel, the zebrafish veterinary care program, and zebrafish husbandry procedures at the research facility followed. In the years since 2011, changes have been implemented throughout the research facility to protect the personnel, the fish colony, and ultimately the continued success of the zebrafish model research program. In this study, we present the history of the outbreak, the changes we implemented, and recommendations to mitigate pathogen outbreaks in zebrafish research facilities.
Special Report on Standards for Radioactivity: Report on the 1989 Meeting of the Radionuclide Measurements Section of the Consultative Committee on Standards for the Measurement of Ionizing Radiations.

This report describes the activities discussed at the 10th meeting of Section II of the Consultative Committee on Standards for the Measurement of Ionizing Radiations (Comite Consultatif pour les Etalons de Mesure des Rayonnements Ionisants, CCEMRI) held in May 1989 at Sevres (France). Topics included present and future international comparisons of activity measurements, the status and possible extension of the International reference system for activity measurements of gamma-ray emitting nuclides, reports from other working groups, accomplishments at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM), and progress at member laboratories.
Infective abdominal aortitis due to Campylobacter fetus bacteremia: A case report and review of literature

Infectious aortitis (IA) is a rare but life-threatening condition, and most commonly affects the abdominal aorta or thoracic aorta. Various microorganisms have been associated with infectious thoracic aortitis, most commonly Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and Salmonella species. Campylobacter fetus (C. fetus) has been seen as a cause of infective aortitis only in a few case reports. We report a rare case of infective aortitis of the abdominal aorta caused due to C. fetus bacteremia. While C. fetus infections usually occur in patients with immunosuppression, such as malignancy, or those with diabetes mellitus, but our patient was not immunocompromised. Furthermore, the IA occurred in the absence of an aortic aneurysm, unlike its usual presentation. Thus, it is extremely important to establish an early diagnosis of IA and find out the causative organism for appropriate medical treatment, because this condition is potentially life threatening.
Diathermy awareness among surgeons-An analysis in Ireland

Abstract Introduction Diathermy is an integral part of many modern surgical procedures. While diathermy is generally accepted as ‘safe’, electrosurgery-induced injuries are among the more common causes for malpractice litigation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness among surgeons of the principles, risks, precautions and appropriate use of diathermy. Methods All surgeons employed from Senior House Officer (SHO) to Consultant grade in two teaching hospitals were surveyed. Sixty-three surgeons were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire, which recorded level of training and addressed competence in principles, hazards, and precautions to be taken with diathermy. Results Eight Consultants, 5 Specialist Registrars, 19 Registrars and 13 SHO's responded (71% response). All but three subspecialties were represented. Eighty-two percent (37/45) had no formal diathermy training. Despite 89% (40/45) of surgeons regarding diathermy as a safe instrument, 56% felt they had inadequate understanding of the principles and failed to demonstrate an appropriate awareness of the potential risks. Fifty seven percent exhibited a dangerous lack of awareness in managing equipment not yielding the desired effect and 22% were unaware of any patient groups requiring special caution. Only 42% wanted formal training. Conclusion Our results show a dearth of awareness among surgeons regarding diathermy. Given our findings, we urge a shift in attitude towards diathermy, with surgeons adopting a more cautious and safe approach to diathermy use. We recommend that formal training be introduced as a hospital based initiative.
Reduced Osteoarthritis Severity in Aged Mice With Deletion of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor.

Objective Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is elevated in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of MIF in OA in human joint tissues and in vivo in mice with age-related and surgically induced OA. Methods MIF in conditioned media from human chondrocytes and meniscal cells and from cartilage explants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of OA was analyzed histologically in male wild-type and MIF−/− mice at 12 and 22 months of age and following destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery in 12-week-old MIF−/− mice as well as in wild-type mice treated with a neutralizing MIF antibody. Synovial hyperplasia was graded in S100A8-immunostained histologic sections. Bone morphometric parameters were measured by micro–computed tomography. Results Human OA chondrocytes secreted 3-fold higher levels of MIF than normal chondrocytes, while normal and OA meniscal cells produced equivalent amounts. Compared to age- and strain-matched controls, the cartilage, bone, and synovium in older adult mice with MIF deletion were protected against changes of naturally occurring age-related OA. No protection against DMM-induced OA was seen in young adult MIF−/− mice or in wild-type mice treated with anti-MIF. Increased bone density in 8-week-old mice with MIF deletion was not maintained at 12 months. Conclusion These results demonstrate a differential mechanism in the pathogenesis of naturally occurring age-related OA compared to injury-induced OA. The inhibition of MIF may represent a novel therapeutic target in the reduction of the severity of age-related OA.
Health Insurance Coverage among Young Adult Survivors of Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Objective To describe the change in health insurance after heart transplantation among adolescents, and characterize the implications of this change for long-term transplant outcomes. Study design Patients age 15-18 years receiving first-time heart transplantation between 1999 and 2011 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing registry and included in the analysis if they survived at least 5 years. The primary exposure was change or continuity of health insurance coverage between the time of transplant and the 5-year follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between insurance status change and long-term (>5 years) patient and graft survival. Results The analysis included 366 patients (age 16 ± 1 years at transplant), of whom 205 (56%) had continuous private insurance; 96 (26%) had continuous public insurance; and 65 (18%) had a change in insurance status. In stepwise multivariable Cox regression, change in insurance status was associated with greater mortality hazard, compared with continuous private insurance (hazard ratio = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.2; P = .016), whereas long-term patient and graft survival did not differ between patients with continuous public and continuous private insurance. Conclusions Continuity of insurance coverage is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes among adolescent heart transplant recipients who survive into adulthood.
Compound Issues of Global Warming on the High and Low Islands of the Tropical Pacific

The evidence for climate change and global warming, and their relationship to greenhouse gases is briefly reviewed. The terrestrial realm of Pacific high islands is described with particular emphasis on New Guinea along with the combined impacts of natural resource extraction and climate change. The high islands of Hawaii serve as additional examples. Low islands are often limited by water for drinking and agriculture. This resource is more severely strained on highly populated islands where there are often insufficient amounts of it, as well as increased levels of contamination. Rising sea levels exacerbate the problem of limited water resources, especially on low islands, as does increasing frequencies of El Nino and La Nina cycles. The Solomon Islands in the western Pacific are identified as a rising sea-level hotspot due to their proximity to the Pacific Warm Pool. The effect of warming water on tuna resources and their migration patterns are described. Coral reef bleaching and its frequency as a global phenomenon are presented. Coral reefs everywhere have experienced deadly levels of warm and acidified water that threaten one of the most spectacular and diverse ecosystems on Earth.
The Important Role of Women in Social Entrepreneurship

In the broadest sense, entrepreneurship describes the organization and management of a business enterprise. Typically, we associate entrepreneurship with the running of a business and the assumption of associated risks. It is a critical component of a capitalistic society. Indeed, it could be argued that, because business is the primary engine of economic growth in a capitalistic system, entrepreneurship is the fuel for that engine. We examine these issues and suggest ways to overcome these challenges and become better business leaders. We argue that the solutions to many societal problems require social entrepreneurship characterized by the bold, “heroic” behaviors described by Schumpeterian. We argue that women are poised to assume a central role in this brand of entrepreneurship.
Crowther, Samuel Ajayi (1806/08–1891)

Samuel Ajayi Crowther (1806/08–1891) contributed significantly to the development of many Nigerian languages, including Yoruba and Igbo. He translated the Bible and various CMS prayer books into the Yoruba language. This was completed between 1848 and 1850. In 1857, he produced the first book in Igbo, Isoama-Ibo Primer, and in 1882, he wrote the first comprehensive dictionary in Igbo. These works aided the initial efforts at corpus planning and also served as primary sources for later linguistic inquiries.