cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic noise approach to traffic flow modeling

Abstract Traffic flow states are described as resulting from a stochastically driven system. Vehicles advance based on the energy profile of their surrounding traffic. We create a stochastic process generated from an ergodicity satisfying Markov chain whose system dynamics sample from the Gibbs distribution. Specifically, we employ Arrhenius microscopic dynamics in order to also capture non-equilibrium behavior and monitor the states favored by the system through its time evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of this traffic system provide information and statistics regarding free-flow, “synchronized” traffic, jam wave formation or dissipation, “stop and go” regimes and a variety of interesting such traffic behavior, summarized in, among others, the fundamental diagram. Generalizations to the current model and a number of ideas for further studies are proposed.
Software testing: from theory to practice

This paper is about the disparity between what is known and what is being learned in academia and what is being used in industry. The author believes there are many reasons. Some of these represent accidental and some essential problems. Most are part of a general issue of quality in the software products. Most problems that make it more difficult to apply testing techniques are part of a larger problem which make them more cost-effective to produce high quality software. The author presents a list of reasons industry does not use the highly advanced, and in some cases, highly developed software testing techniques that are available. The problems are divided into three broad categories: problems in industry; problems in academic research and education; and problems in the interface between the two.
Taphonomy of a Petrified Forest in the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian), Northwest Montana: Implications for Palinspastic Restoration of the Boulder Batholith and Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics

Abstract The taphonomy of a newly discovered petrified forest in the Two Medicine Formation, south of Choteau, Montana, provides new constraints on the pre-thrusting position of the Boulder batholith and Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics. The petrified forest consists of more than 200 charcoalified, subaligned trees encased in an ash flow tuff and an immediately overlying bentonite. The ash flow tuff has been dated at 80.002± 0.114Ma (39Ar/40Ar on plagioclase). The ash flow and bentonite are interpreted to record a single catastrophic eruptive event that toppled and entombed the forest. The mean azimuth of the prostrate trunks, which are interpreted as the direction of travel of the ash flow, is 037° (2σ = 35°). Based upon age, mineralogy, and the absence of other contemporaneous volcanic centers, it is concluded that the Late Cretaceous Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics were the most likely source of the tuff and bentonite that encase the trees. The mean azimuth of the tree trunks is consistent with palinspastic res...
Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy for Malignant Insulinoma

Abstract Introduction: Insulinomas are the most common functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They are rare with an incidence of approximately four cases per million people per year. They ar...
Differential Mitochondrial Function in Remodeled Right and Nonremodeled Left Ventricles in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Abstract Objectives Right ventricular failure is the primary reason for mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH), but little is understood about the energetics of the failing right myocardium. Our aim was to examine mitochondrial function and proteomic signatures in paired remodeled right (RM-RV) and non-remodeled left (NRM-LV) ventricular tissue samples procured during heart-lung transplantation. Methods and Results Contractile dysfunction in RM-RV and preserved contractile function in NRM-LV were determined clinically and by echocardiography. Mitochondria were isolated from fresh paired RV and LV wall specimens of explanted hearts. Respiratory states in response to 4 substrates and an uncoupler were analyzed. Proteomic analysis on the mitochondrial isolates was performed with the use of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The RM-RV mitochondria exhibited higher succinate state 4 levels with lower respiratory control ratio (RCR) compared with state 4 levels for pyruvate-malate (PM) and glutamate-malate (GM). RM-RV mitochondria also exhibited lower state 3 for palmitoyl-carnitine (PC) and state 4 for all complex I substrates compared with NRM-LV. The mean RCR were greater in RM-RVs than in NRM-LVs for PM and GM, which is consistent with tight coupling (low state 4 rates, higher RCRs); however, low RM-RV state 3 rates suggest concurrent substrate-dependent impairment in respiratory capacity. Mitochondrial proteomics revealed greater levels of mitochondrial ADP-ATP translocase and proteins of ATP synthesis, mitochondrial pyruvate and short branched chain acyl-CoA metabolism in RM-RV. Conclusions The mitochondrial respiration and proteomics in RM-RV are different from NRM-LV. These results have important implications in expanding our understanding of RV metabolism and future management of RV failure.
Endowed Real Estate Positions and the Faculty Who Hold Them

This paper profiles endowed/named real estate professorships and the individuals holding these positions at institutions of higher education in the United States. The typical levels of compensation...
Anaerobic biodegradability of Tween surfactants used as a carbon source for the microbial reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene

Three structurally-related, nonionic, polysorbate surfactants (Tween 60, 61, and 65) were used as the sole carbon source to sustain the microbial, sequential reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in a mixed, methanogenic culture derived from a contaminated estuarine sediment. The surfactants were partially degraded and fermented to methane with no measurable accumulation of volatile fatty acids, indicating that methanogenesis was rapid relative to the rates of hydrolysis and acidogenesis. Addition of the methanogenesis inhibitor 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid resulted in acetate accumulation without impact on the sequential dechlorination of HCB. An anaerobic biodegradability assay was performed and the following data were obtained for the Tween 60, 61, and 65, respectively: 53, 62, and 62% COD destruction; 35, 57, and 48% COD to methane conversion; and 38, 38, and 45% COD to acetate conversion. These data suggest that the hydrophobic moiety (stearate) of the surfactants was preferentially degraded, most likely through β-oxidation, to acetate and ultimately to methane and carbon dioxide. Between 38 and 47% of the initial surfactant COD remained after 46 d incubation, which most likely corresponds to the hydrophilic polyoxyethylene moiety. An anaerobic biodegradation pathway of the Tween surfactants is proposed.
Problems and Prospects for State and Local Governments

Using data from the National Income and Product Accounts, this paper analyzes the recent budget crisis in the state and local sector. Two factors primarily external to the sector-the economic slowdown and the decline in capital gains realizations-explain roughly one-third of the swing from surplus to deficit between 1998 and 2002 and two thirds of the swing between 2000 and 2002. However, policy and other factors, including tax reductions enacted by state governments and the recent acceleration in Medicaid spending, also have played an important role. In a historical comparison, we find that macroeconomic factors have played a less important role in the current crisis that they did in the crises of the early 1980s and early 1990s.
Explicit parametrizations of the configuration spaces of anthropomorphic multi-linkage systems

Multi-fingered manipulation systems are important in the study of robotics. These are also challenging systems, in part because of the loop closure constraints required of several (virtual) loops each formed by two fingers and the grasped object. Most existing work describes system configurations using joint parameters, in which loop closure constraints are expressed by highly nonlinear equations. Such a formulation amounts to an implicit parametrization of the configuration space (CSpace) as a lower-dimensional semi-algebraic subset embedded in a higher-dimensional ambient joint parameter space. The non-zero difference between the two dimensions is the codimension of CSpace as seen in the given parametrization. In this paper, we point out that, quite generally, parametrizations leading to lower codimensional configuration spaces provide multi-faceted advantages over those producing higher codimensions. For two example manipulation system—a 3-fingered hand and a planar star-manipulator with any number of fingers— we present explicit parameterizations, which are effectively of codimension 0. We base these parametrizations on our recently developed construction trees of simplices (such as triangles and tetrahedra) for multi-object systems; such a tree gives simplexbased parametrers on CSpace , in which loop closure constraints become simplex formation constraints (such as triangle inequalities and Cayley–Menger determinant constraints). Both example systems are very difficult to deal with using joint angle parameters. Our results here further demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of the simplex-based approach.
Remittances and Household Expenditures on Education in Ghana's Northern Region: Why Gender Matters

ABSTRACTStudies of the impact of migrant remittances on receiving households assume that these households act as a unit in receiving remittances and making decisions about their use. Thus, many of these studies use the gender of the household head as a key control variable. This study questions this assumption, using original qualitative and quantitative data on rural–urban migration of women in Ghana to show that gendered social norms of household provisioning influence the intrahousehold flow of remittances. Regression results indicate that migrant women are more likely to send remittances to other women, creating female-centered networks of remittance flows even within male-headed households. The implications of this for intrahousehold resource allocation are explored through an analysis of the impact of the gender of the remitter and recipient on education expenditure. The results show that regardless of the gender of the household head, households in which women are the primary recipient of remittanc...
Two-dimensional Dopant Diffusion Study using Scanning Capacitance Microscopy

The results of a two-dimensional dopant diffusion study using two new sample preparation techniques and a database-driven deconvolution technique are presented. These techniques are applied to real devices to justify complex implantation and diffusion models. It will be shown that the dose loss behavior is not uniform along the silicon/oxide interface from the source/drain region to the channel region. A new non-uniform dose loss model is proposed and used to explain the experimental results.
Research and simulation of three-level inverter based on different modulations

The circuit topology of the three-phase,three-level,and diode neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter was discussed,and the basic principle of the SVPWM was analyzed.The vector space was divided into six large areas,and each large one was divided into six small areas.The simulation model of the control system for the three-phase three-level PWM inverter was established in the Matlab simulation environment.The simulation results verify that the proposed vector PWM algorithm and realizing method are valid and feasible.
Magnetophoretic-Dielectrophoretic Field-Flow Fractionation

We present a novel embodiment of DEP-FFF that has been enhanced through the addition of a magnetophoretic component. A proof of principle demonstration of the discrimation of magnetically labeled and unlabeled particles is described. This new technique should further extend the applicability of DEP-FFF to the fractionation and isolation of target species in integrated microsystems.
Role of steroid maintenance in sensitized kidney transplant recipients

AIM: To evaluate whether there is a threshold sensitization level beyond which benefits of chronic steroid maintenance (CSM) emerge. METHODS: Using Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network of Organ Sharing database, we compared the adjusted graft and patient survivals for CSM vs early steroid withdrawal (ESW) among patients who underwent deceased-donor kidney (DDK) transplantation from 2000 to 2008 who were stratified by peak-panel reactive antibody (peak-PRA) titers (0%-30%, 31%-60% and > 60%). All patients received perioperative induction therapy and maintenance immunosuppression based on calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). RESULTS: The study included 42851 patients. In the 0%-30% peak-PRA class, adjusted over-all graft-failure (HR 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.20, P = 0.009) and patient-death (HR 1.29, 95%CI: 1.16-1.43, P 60% peak-PRA class, adjusted overall graft-failure (HR 0.90, 95%CI: 0.76-1.08, P = 0.25) and patient-death (HR 0.92, 95%CI: 0.71-1.17, P = 0.47) risks were similar and death-censored graft-failure risk lower (HR 0.84, 95%CI: 0.71-0.99, P = 0.04) for CSM (n = 4966) vs ESW (n = 923). CONCLUSION: In DDK transplant recipients who underwent perioperative induction and CNI/MMF maintenance, CSM appears to be associated with increased risk for death with functioning graft in minimally-sensitized patients and improved death-censored graft survival in highly-sensitized patients.
A simple method for determining the free cortisol index in plasma: measurements in human pregnancy

Abstract The level of free F is influenced by the plasma concentration of CBG and by steroids that compete for the same binding sites as F, such as P. Since these factors vary in different clinical circumstances, measurements of total F may not accurately reflect the amount of unbound, biologically active F. This paper describes a simple charcoal adsorption method for measuring the FFI in plasma. It incorporates several features that enhance its sensitivity, such as the use of 3 H-P rather than 3 H-F as an indicator of steroid binding and the use of highly diluted plasma (1:400). The assay procedure, as described, has been adapted to provide optimal sensitivity for measuring the FFI in plasma from pregnant or estrogen-treated individuals. However, it can be modified readily for determinations of FFI in plasma samples with lower concentrations of CBG by decreasing the plasma dilution, thus providing reproducible measurements of relative differences in free plasma F in various clinical situations. The FFI in normal third-trimester gravidas was 20.9 ± S.E. 2.1 at 0800 hr and 6.8 ± 1.0 at 2400 hr compared to 8.7 ± 1.0 and 1.4 ± 0.2 in nongravidas. FFI values in estrogen-treated women at 0800 hr were 14.7 ± 1.5. The maternal-fetal FFI gradient at elective cesarean section was 1:0.18, supporting the proposition that the placental transfer of F would proceed from mother to fetus.
Previewing: A Catalyst for Differentiating Developmental Function

Unlike the first two chapters which focused on the way in which the caregiver enhances the infant’s development through the use of intuitive behaviors which emerge in the form of previewing, this chapter describes a myriad of developmental skills manifested by the infant during the first two years of life. It is the contention of this chapter that the emergence of these milestones and their corresponding mastery is facilitated by caregiver previewing, the organizing principle which enables the infant to begin predicting upcoming developmental changes and interactional behaviors. Previewing in this context refers to an inexorable process during which all of the behaviors the caregiver manifests spark the emergence and subsequent organization of imminent maturational skills.
Influence of Elbow Flexion and Stimulation Site on Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Biceps Brachii

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can help individuals with physical disabilities by assisting limb movement; however, the change in muscle geometry associated with limb movement may affect the response to stimulation. The aim of this paper was to quantify the effects of elbow flexion and stimulation site on muscle torque production. Contraction torque about the elbow was measured in 12 healthy individuals using a custom elbow flexion testbed and a transcutaneous electrode array. Stimulation was delivered to six distinct sites along the biceps brachii over 11 elbow flexion angles. Flexion angle was found to significantly influence the optimal (i.e., torque-maximizing) stimulation site ( $\chi ^{2} {(}10, {\mathrm N}=24{)} = 135.75, {\mathrm p} = 3.12\times 10^{-24}$ ), with post hoc analysis indicating a proximal shift in optimal stimulation site with increased flexion. Similarly, the biceps stimulation site was found to significantly influence the flexion angle at which peak torque occurred ( $\chi ^{2}{(}5,{\mathrm N}=24{)} = 101.82,{\mathrm p} =2.18\times 10^{-20}$ ), with post hoc analysis indicating an increase in peak-torque flexion angle as stimulation site is moved proximally up the biceps. Since maximizing muscle force per unit stimulation is a common goal in rehabilitative FES, future efforts could examine methods which compensate for the shift in optimal stimulation site during FES-induced limb movement.
Growth Media Affect Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Plant-Derived Polyphenols

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different microbial growth media on the laboratory assessment of antimicrobial activity of natural polyphenolic compounds. The inhibition of the tea polyphenol EGCG on growth of selected oral microorganisms was evaluated in complex media and a protein-free chemically defined medium (CDM). Other antimicrobial agents (polyphenolic grape seed extract, plant alkaloid berberine, methyl salicylate, and chlorhexidine gluconate) were also tested in the study. The presence of proteins and their effects on the antimicrobial activity of EGCG were investigated by the addition of BSA to the CDM. The MICs of EGCG against test oral microorganisms were 4 to 64 times higher in complex media than in CDM. The polyphenolic grape seed extract exhibited similar discrepancies. However, the MICs of the nonpolyphenolic compounds (berberine, methyl salicylate, and chlorhexidine) were not significantly different between the two growth media. The MIC of EGCG against S. mutans UA159 in CDM with added BSA was 16 times higher than that in CDM alone. Therefore, nonproteinaceous CDM should be used to avoid interference of proteins with the active ingredients when testing the antimicrobial activity of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds against microorganisms. This will also minimize the discrepancies noted in results obtained by different investigators.
Seine: a dynamic geometry-based shared-space interaction framework for parallel scientific applications: Research Articles

While large-scale parallel/distributed simulations are rapidly becoming critical research modalities in academia and industry, their efficient and scalable implementations continue to present many challenges. A key challenge is that the dynamic and complex communication/coordination required by these applications (dependent on the state of the phenomenon being modeled) are determined by the specific numerical formulation, the domain decomposition and/or sub-domain refinement algorithms used, etc. and are known only at runtime. This paper presents Seine, a dynamic geometry-based shared-space interaction framework for scientific applications. The framework provides the flexibility of shared-space-based models and supports extremely dynamic communication/coordination patterns, while still enabling scalable implementations. The design and prototype implementation of Seine are presented. Seine complements and can be used in conjunction with existing parallel programming systems such as MPI and OpenMP. An experimental evaluation using an adaptive multi-block oil-reservoir simulation is used to demonstrate the performance and scalability of applications using Seine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"Double-barrel" stent reconstruction of a symptomatic fusiform basilar artery aneurysm: case report.

Background and importance Giant fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these lesions can be difficult, especially when there are poor anatomic collaterals such as posterior communicating arteries. These lesions often have no acceptable treatment. The authors present a case of a patient with a symptomatic, fusiform basilar artery aneurysm successfully treated with a side-by-side (double-barrel), telescoping stent construct. Clinical presentation A 56-year-old man presented with chief concerns of dysarthria and left-sided hemiparesis. MRI and conventional catheter-based angiography revealed a dolichoectatic basilar artery with 3 large fusiform aneurysms throughout its length. Flow through the patient's aneurysm was successfully reduced with a side-by-side stent construct and coiling of the proximal aneurysm dilation. The patient experienced stabilization of his ischemic events and neurologic recovery. A total of 6 Neurform-2 4.5 × 30-mm stents were navigated and positioned from the proximal posterior cerebral arteries to the distal vertebral arteries in a side-by-side (double-barrel), telescoping manner. These were deployed simultaneously by 2 operators to oppose the stent struts as well as the arterial wall. Next, the proximal aneurysmal dilation was coiled to near occlusion. Successful flow redirection and aneurysm thrombosis was observed. Conclusion A novel, endovascular stenting technique for successfully treating symptomatic, giant basilar artery aneurysms is presented. This patient at 4 months was living independently with no further neurologic events or decline.
Effects of substance P and neurotensin on growth hormone and thyrotropin release in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Conscious ovariectomized (OVX) rats bearing a cannula implanted in the third ventricle were injected with 2 μl of 0.9% NaCl containing varying doses of substance P (SP) or neurotensin (NT) and plasma GH and TSH levels were measured by RIA in jugular blood samples drawn through an indwelling silastic catheter. Control injections of physiologic saline iv or into the third ventricle did not modify plasma hormone levels. Intraventricular injection of SP or NT at doses of either 0.5 or 2 μg elevated plasma GH concentrations within 5 min and they remained elevated for 60 min. Third ventricular injection of similar doses of SP or NT had no effect on plasma TSH. An intermediate dose of 1 μg of SP or NT given iv had no effect on plasma GH but NT elevated plasma TSH. Incubation of hemipituitaries from OVX rats with varying doses of SP or NT did not alter GH release into the medium but TSH release was enhanced with NT at doses of 100 or more ng/ml of medium. It is suggested that SP acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) or to inhibit somatostatin release and thereby enhance GH release and that NT acts directly on the pituitary to stimulate TSH release.
Participants as Consultants to Themselves

After several years of working together, Phil Runkel (my colleague) and I surmised that if consultation in OD was to facilitate self renewal at the grassroots level in schools, then it must necessarily break out of the mold of a traditional, hierarchical expert relationship, and move to reduce the inevitable social distance that arises between the consultants and the school’s participants. In the novel, Salinger makes Holden Caulfield believeable as a “catcher in the rye” because Holden poses no social threat to the fictitious children whom he promises to guide as they run through the potentially dangerous fields. We looked toward peer consultation as our metaphor and as a solution to the problem of social distance between consultants and participants.
Prescribing Structure for Validation Arguments: Elemental, Structural, and Ecological Validity.

ABSTRACTContingent argument-based approaches to validity require a unique argument for each use, in contrast to more prescriptive approaches that identify the common kinds of validity evidence researchers should consider for every use. In this article, we evaluate our use of an approach that is both prescriptive and argument-based to develop a validity argument for a novel instrument.The elemental aspect concerns the items; the structural aspect concerns how the items function together; and the ecological aspect concerns how the resulting instrument is related to the context of use. Elemental, structural, and ecological aspects of validity are considered independently. We illustrate this approach by describing our experience constructing a validity argument for a novel, integrated knowledge and motivation instrument for use in teacher education. For each aspect, we illustrate the approach by discussing theory-based assumptions, articulating inferences based on these assumptions, and describing how we coll...
Bacteriophage inactivation as a function of ferrous iron oxidation

Iron-based disinfection has been promoted as a potential low-cost, low-byproduct means of virus mitigation. This research is the first to establish that virus inactivation due to ferrous iron is impacted both by the extent of iron oxidation (from ferrous to ferric iron) and the rate of iron oxidation. Log inactivation of bacteriophages increased linearly with ferrous iron concentration at low doses (<3 mg L−1 Fe), but higher doses limited disinfection, likely due to floc formation. The rate of iron oxidation was controlled by independently varying pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. Bacteriophage inactivation increased with the inverse of ferrous oxidation rate, suggesting that slower iron oxidation rates allow better contact between viruses and reactive ferrous iron. Ferrous iron showed potential for disinfection in conditions of low pH and dissolved oxygen, though these conditions preclude effective iron coagulation/flocculation.
Kinetic Stability of Long-Lived Human Lens γ-Crystallins and Their Isolated Double Greek Key Domains

The γ-crystallins of the eye lens nucleus are among the longest-lived proteins in the human body. Synthesized in utero, they must remain folded and soluble throughout adulthood to maintain lens transparency and avoid cataracts. γD- and γS-crystallin are two major monomeric crystallins of the human lens. γD-crystallin is concentrated in the oldest lens fiber cells, the lens nucleus, whereas γS-crystallin is concentrated in the younger cells of the lens cortex. The kinetic stability parameters of these two-domain proteins and their isolated domains were determined and compared. Kinetic unfolding experiments monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy in varying concentrations of guanidinium chloride were used to extrapolate unfolding rate constants and half-lives of the crystallins in the absence of the denaturant. Consistent with their long lifespans in the lens, extrapolated half-lives for the initial unfolding step were on the timescale of years. Both proteins' isolated N-terminal domains were less kinetically stable than their respective C-terminal domains at denaturant concentrations predicted to disrupt the domain interface, but at low denaturant concentrations, the relative kinetic stabilities were reversed. Cataract-associated aggregation has been shown to proceed from partially unfolded intermediates in these proteins; their extreme kinetic stability likely evolved to protect the lens from the initiation of aggregation reactions. Our findings indicate that the domain interface is the source of significant kinetic stability. The gene duplication and fusion event that produced the modern two-domain architecture of vertebrate lens crystallins may be the origin of their high kinetic as well as thermodynamic stability.
A Literature Review of Social Media-Based Data Mining for Health Outcomes Research

Patient-generated health outcomes data are health outcomes created, recorded, gathered, or inferred by or from patients or their caregivers to address a health concern. A critical mass of patient-generated health outcome data has been accumulated on social media websites, which can offer a new potential data source for health outcomes research, in addition to electronic medical records (EMR), claims databases, the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), and survey data. Using the PubMed search engine, we systematically reviewed emerging research on mining patient-generated health outcomes in social media data to understand how this data and state-of-the-art text analysis techniques are utilized, as well as their related opportunities and challenges. We identified 19 full-text articles as the typical examples on this topic since 2011, indicating its novelty. The most analyzed health outcome was side effects due to medication (in 15 studies), while the most common methods to preprocess unstructured social media data were named entity recognition, normalization, and text mining-based feature construction. For analysis, researchers adopted content analysis, hypothesis testing, and machine learning models. When compared to EMR, claims, FAERS, and survey data, social media data comprise a large volume of information voluntarily contributed by patients not limited to one geographic location. Despite possible limitations, patient-generated health outcomes data from social media might promote further research on treatment effectiveness, adverse drug events, perceived value of treatment, and health-related quality of life. The challenge lies in the further improvement and customization of text mining methods.
A Shocking Discovery

It is hard to imagine a modern culture without electricity. Lights, computers, cell phones, and other modern conveniences are such a central part of our daily existence that the use of electricity is hardly noticed. Most of the items in our lives use a form of electricity called AC which means alternating current. The prevalence of this type of electricity was almost universal until recent technological advances. Now, LEDs, computers, and electric vehicles are all powered by direct current or DC electricity. Today, these two forms of electricity are increasingly interwoven together, but not too long ago, these two types of electricity were the center pieces of one of the most epic societal battles, and it involved two of history’s greatest inventors.
From postcard to book cover: illustrating connections between medical history and digital humanities

This article illustrates the value and impact of collaboration among scholars, archivists, and librarians working across universities and government institutions, and how changes in medium—from a born-physical photograph and printed postcard to a digital reproduction to a simultaneously born-digital and printed book—create new possibilities for scholarly analysis, interpretation, and dissemination, which in turn suggest future directions for research and engagement across fields of inquiry. In doing so, this article argues that history matters by illuminating past networks that, through humanistic inquiry, continue to connect people, ideas, and institutions in the present and into the future.
A 3.4–4.6GHz In-Band Full-Duplex Front-End in CMOS Using a Bi-Directional Frequency Converter

Magnetic-free circulators using phase nonreciprocity of spatial-temporal modulated structures have enabled in-band full-duplex systems on CMOS chips. In this paper, we present an alternative and simple integrated circuit scheme based on a bi-directional frequency converter, which not only realizes nonreciprocal signal flow for in-band full-duplex systems but also improves the isolation performance by completely eliminating any chip-level TX-to-RX coupling. These functions are implemented through a direction/frequency-independent single-sideband down-conversion process, which well splits the on-chip TX and RX frequencies. That principle also leads to extension of isolation bandwidth and integrated receiver down-mixing function. Implemented in a 65-nm bulk CMOS technology, a circuit prototype operates from 3.4 to 4.6 GHz (30% fractional bandwidth) and achieves >25.5-dB measured TX-RX isolation. The measured TX-ANT and ANT-RX insertion loss are 3.0 and 3.2 dB, respectively, and the TX-ANT and ANT-RX IIP3 are 29.5 and 27.6 dBm, respectively. This full-duplex front-end component occupies 0.27mm2 area and has 48 mW of power consumption.
Ground-Based Augmentation System Antenna Array Size Reduction via Self-Cardioid Element

A Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) monitors the signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems and broadcasts differential correction signals. It relies on Multipath Limiting Antennas (MLAs) that can receive signals over almost the entire upper hemisphere while greatly attenuating signals reflected from the ground. The current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-approved system utilizes an MLA that is approximately 182.9 cm tall. In this paper, a substitute MLA is designed that is only 97.05 cm tall (approximately 44% reduction). The size reduction is accomplished by reducing the number of array elements from 19 to 11. We developed a novel self-cardioid antenna element that allows for this reduction.
Effect of crowd wisdom on pricing in the asset-based sharing platform: An attribute substitution perspective

Abstract Technological advancement has led to the emergence of online platforms fueled by the sharing economy across various industries. This study focuses on Airbnb - a specific asset-based sharing platform in the hospitality industry. Applying the theory of attribute substitution, we explore the wisdom of the crowd manifested in online reviews, in impacting pricing. We found that online review valence and volume have a positive association with room price. Depending on the crowdedness of the location this association is stronger or weaker. Customers care more about room popularity (volume) in a certain area when the fast system of decision-making is triggered. When, however, the slow system is triggered, customers consider the crime rate of a location (valence). Findings show how environmental stimuli and customer reviews decide room price - a variable that was decided traditionally by companies (e.g., hotels). The research furthers our understanding on asset-based platforms in the sharing economy.
Predicting large-scale pool fire dynamics using an unsteady flamelet- and large-eddy simulation-based model suite

A low-Mach, unstructured, large-eddy-simulation-based, unsteady flamelet approach with a generalized heat loss combustion methodology (including soot generation and consumption mechanisms) is deployed to support a large-scale, quiescent, 5-m JP-8 pool fire validation study. The quiescent pool fire validation study deploys solution sensitivity procedures, i.e., the effect of mesh and time step refinement on capturing key fire dynamics such as fingering and puffing, as mesh resolutions approach O(1) cm. A novel design-order, discrete-ordinate-method discretization methodology is established by use of an analytical thermal/participating media radiation solution on both low-order hexahedral and tetrahedral mesh topologies in addition to quadratic hexahedral elements. The coupling between heat losses and the flamelet thermochemical state is achieved by augmenting the unsteady flamelet equation set with a heat loss source term. Soot and radiation source terms are determined using flamelet approaches for the full range of heat losses experienced in fire applications including radiative extinction. The proposed modeling and simulation paradigm are validated using pool surface radiative heat flux, maximum centerline temperature location, and puffing frequency data, all of which are predicted within 10% accuracy. Simulations demonstrate that under-resolved meshes predict an overly conservative radiative heat flux magnitude with improved comparisons as compared to a previously deployed hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/eddy dissipation concept-based methodology.
Test infrastructure for EPS steering systems – balancing between requirement-based, experience-based and free testing

Based on the increasing introduction of electric and micro processor technology during the last decades – not only in automotive industry – systematic analytical testing of software (SW) is developing as an independent & autonomous acting engineering discipline. These activities are embedded in the product development life cycle and mainly support the product release process.
Impaired wound healing in mice deficient in a matricellular protein SPARC (osteonectin, BM-40)

SPARC is a matricellular protein involved in cell-matrix interactions. From expression patterns at the wound site and in vitro studies, SPARC has been implicated in the control of wound healing. Here we examined the function of SPARC in cutaneous wound healing using SPARC-null mice and dermal fibroblasts derived from them. In large (25 mm) wounds, SPARC-null mice showed a significant delay in healing as compared to wild-type mice (31 days versus 24 days). Granulation tissue formation and extracellular matrix protein production were delayed in small 6 mm SPARC-null wounds initially but were resolved by day 6. In in vitro wound-healing assays, while wild-type primary dermal fibroblasts showed essentially complete wound closure at 11 hours, wound closure of SPARC-null cells was incomplete even at 31 hours. Addition of purified SPARC restored the normal time course of wound closure. Treatment of SPARC-null cells with mitomycin C to analyze cell migration without cell proliferation showed that wound repair remained incomplete after 31 hours. Cell proliferation as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and collagen gel contraction by SPARC-null cells were not compromised. A significant delay in healing large excisional wounds and setback in granulation tissue formation and extracellular matrix protein production in small wounds establish that SPARC is required for granulation tissue formation during normal repair of skin wounds in mice. A defect in wound closure in vitro indicates that SPARC regulates cell migration. We conclude that SPARC plays a role in wound repair by promoting fibroblast migration and thus granulation tissue formation.
Intellectual Property: Legal and Moral Challenges of Online File Sharing

In this chapter, Richard Spinello discusses the ethics of the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, such as Napster and Grokster, for online file sharing. The first issue he addresses is whether using P2P networks to share music and movie files, for example, constitutes a sort of theft from those who own the copyrights to them. After presenting and assessing arguments on both sides of the issue, he concludes that such sharing is ethically problematic because it involves unfair and unauthorized use of another person’s property. The second issue that he addresses is whether those that enable P2P sharing by writing and publishing the software that makes it possible are culpable and should be held responsible. He argues that their behavior is ethically problematic, since it induces and encourages others to act unethically. Therefore, it is appropriate that they be held responsible.
Direct Effects of the IMF on the Inner Magnetosphere

Several direct and well-established inner-magnetospheric effects following changes in Interplanetary Magnetic Field direction find natural explanations in terms of the Rice Convection Model. A southward turning of the IMF normally causes an increase in both cross-polar-cap potential drop and in polar-cap size. In RCM simulations, these two factors combine to produce a condition termed undershielding, characterized by increased penetration of the dawn-dusk convection electric field into the inner magnetosphere, erosion of the nightside plasmapause, and drainage of plasmaspheric plasma via plumes that stretch to the dayside magnetopause. A northward turning of the IMF causes a condition known as overshielding, characterized by dusk-to-dawn directed electric fields across the inner magnetosphere. A recent run with the coupled BATSRUS/RCM computer code suggests that the overshielding electric field peaks 12-25 minutes after the IMF direction at the dayside magnetopause turns northward, and that this time delay is about the same on both the day- and night-sides of the Earth. Changes in solar wind and IMF conditions may also influence the inner magnetosphere in more subtle ways, through their influence on the plasma-sheet plasma distribution represented by the specific entropy. Results of combining a Tsyganenko magnetic field model and Tsyganenko-Mukai representation of plasma-sheet plasma suggest that a northward turning of the IMF may reduce the specific entropy in the plasma sheet and cause interchange instability in the plasma sheet and auroral ionosphere.
Approximate bidding algorithms for a distributed combinatorial auction

Distributed allocation and multiagent coordination problems can be solved through combinatorial auctions (CAs). However, most of the existing winner determination algorithms (WDAs) for CAs are centralized. The PAUSE auction is one of a few efforts to release the auctioneer from having to do all the work. The PAUSEBID bidding algorithm[6] generates myopically-optimal bids for agents in a PAUSE auction but its running time is exponential on the number of bids. We present new approximate bidding algorithms that not only run in linear time but also increase the utility of the bidders as result of small decrement in revenue.
An Assessment of the Sun-Climate Relation on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries: The Possibility of Total Irradiance Variations

Sunlight supplies most of the energy that drives the dynamics of the terrestrial climate. Speculation on the role of changes in the sun and their influence on changes in the earth’s climate has been ongoing for centuries. Riccioli (1651, 1653) considered the possible connection of sunspot activity with weather in Italy, e.g., the warm and dry weather during September of 1632 when there were no spots in contrast to the cold June of 1642 when there were many spots. Herschel (1801) reported, “I am now much inclined to believe that openings with great shallows, ridges, nodules and corrugations, instead of small indentations, may lead us to expect a copious emission of heat, and therefore mild seasons. And that on the contrary, pores, small indentations, the absence of ridges and nodules, and of large openings and shallows, will denote a spare emission of heat, may induce us to expect severe seasons” (see, e.g., Schove 1983 for a review of the history of the sun-climate connection).
Cross‐Language Priming of Word Meaning During Second Language Sentence Comprehension

The experiment investigated the benefit to second language (L2) sentence comprehension of priming word meanings with brief visual exposure to first language (L1) translation equivalents. Native English speakers learning Mandarin evaluated the validity of aurally presented Mandarin sentences. For selected words in half of the sentences there was synchronized visual exposure for 100 ms of English translation equivalents. This reduced response times relative to sentences without L1 word exposure, and exposure of translation equivalents for an early word in a sentence was instrumental in reducing comprehension errors. Results are discussed with respect to (a) the unique demands on working memory of L2 speech comprehension, (b) the meaning first and sentence location principles of attention allocation in L2 comprehension, and (c) the potential utility of cross-language meaning activation to reduce the frequency of cognitive overload during L2 listening and thereby facilitate the acquisition of a broader range of L2 comprehension skills.
Subcellular distribution of enzymes determined by rapid digitonin fractionation of isolated hepatocytes.

Conditions were determined for rapid separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments by digitonin fractionation of rat hepatocytes. The minimum time required for separation of mitochondrial and cytosolic enzyme markers decreased rapidly with increasing temperature. Kyro EOB, a non-ionic detergent, increases the release of cytosolic enzymes, particularly at lower temperatures. Experimental procedures are described for greater than 90% release of cytosolic enzymes and less than 2% release of mitochondrial enzymes in 3s. By using appropriate concentrations of digitonin and Kyro EOB in a fractionation medium maintained at 1°C and a minimum time of exposure to the medium, nearly separate patterns of release were obtained for enzyme markers for the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The distribution of enzymes that exist in more than one of these compartments was quantified by comparing their rates of release with those of marker enzymes. The cytosol/mitochondrial-matrix distributions for such enzymes in hepatocytes from starved rats were 16%/84% for aspartate aminotransferase, 34%/66% for fumarase and 77%/23% for ATP citrate lyase. In hepatocytes from rats that were induced to synthesize ATP citrate lyase by starvation and re-feeding, the ratio had increased to 95%/5%. The maximum cytosol/intermembrane-space ratio for adenylate kinase was 8%/92%. A procedure is also described for treating commercial digitonin that increases its solubility in water from about 1mg/ml to more than 800mg/ml.
Non-uniform velocity distribution effect on the Betz–Joukowsky limit

A simple analytic correction is derived for the maximum efficiency of an ideal wind turbine rotor, the Betz–Joukowsky limit. The analytic correction accounts for the effect that the non-uniform atmospheric boundary layer velocity distribution has on the Betz–Joukowsky derivation. The maximum power coefficient predicted by using the atmospheric boundary layer velocity profile is slightly higher than that predicted by using a uniform velocity distribution. The application of the correction to a 100 m rotor diameter at 80 m hub height in a neutrally stratified boundary layer flow predicts a maximum power increase of 1–2%, depending on the approach terrain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating zero-crossings of uniformly sampled data

Analysis of the zero-crossing times of angle-modulated signals provides a computationally efficient means of implementing a number of processing functions, including demodulation and spectral estimation. Unfortunately, the sampling of a bandlimited signal is typically accomplished using uniformly spaced amplitude samples rather than detecting the zero-crossing times. The authors investigate the use of linear interpolation to estimate zero-crossing times from the uniformly sampled data. The statistical properties of the errors due to interpolation, additive Gaussian noise, and quantization are considered as functions of the sampling interval. >