cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermopower and resistivity of Au-V near the Kondo temperature

Abstract Experimental data on the thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity of dilute Au -V alloys are presented, as are resistivity results for Au -Al. A maximum of 5.8 μV/°K in the thermoelectric power near 200°K is reported, and a drop in the vanadium contribution to the resistivity with increasing temperature is found (consistent with Kume's work) in the measured range of 75 - 940°K. Evidence is offered suggesting that the Au -V anomalies are consistent with the quasi-bound state theory. The low solubility of V in Cu (≈ 0.1%) impeded attempts at studying Cu -V alloys.
Creating market anticipation: An exploratory examination of the effect of preannouncement behavior on a new product’s launch

Preannouncements are strategic marketing communications directed at market participants including investors, suppliers, distributors, and buyers. Most empirical literature focuses on antecedents influencing a firm’s preannouncement behavior and on outcomes related to deleterious responses by competitors. This study differs and follows the large body of extant research that examines preannouncing behavior as a deliberate marketing communication process aimed at influencing market participants in the firm’s favor. The authors develop and test a model of preannouncement behavior that affects the success of a new product launch through market anticipation, competitive equity, and new product development resources. The findings indicate that preannouncement behavior engenders new product success through its positive effect on market anticipation—a favorable industry-wide bias in advance of new product introduction—and emphasizes the use of preannouncements as business-to-business marketing communications aimed at influencing current and prospective supply chain partners in the firm’s favor.
Environmental, health, and safety issues in rapid prototyping

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the potential impacts of rapid prototyping systems on the health and safety of operators and the environment, a growing concern given its wide-spread use in industry and academia. Design/methodology/approach – Materials, processing and equipment features were used to identify potential health and safety risks and hazards, as well as environmental effects. Findings – The study concludes with a “best practices” guide for rapid prototyping laboratories and service bureaus. Originality/value – A thorough literature search revealed that Stephen M. Deak, the Rapid Prototyping Department Manager at Hasbro Inc., is the pioneer of the safety and health concerns in the rapid prototyping area. He is the only person to publish papers in this field in addition to these authors’ recent publications. His papers focused on the rapid prototyping laboratory safety guidelines and safe work practices in the rapid prototyping area.
New view at C.

Transporters for vitamin C keep vitamin concentrations optimal in the body. A new mouse knockout of one transporter reveals previously unknown requirements for the vitamin. ( pages 514–517 )
CONICAL EQUIPOTENTIAL SUBSTRATE FOR LIQUID METAL SOURCES

Morphological changes that occur at an ion bombarded surface as a result of erosion by sputtering can be utilized for the machining of cylindrical ly symmetric submicron structures. Such structuring has produced tungsten field emitters of conical configuration with variable cone half angle. A conical equipotential surface with an included half angle of 49.3" would be a useful emitter substrate for experiments designed to produce an equilibrium conical interface to a conducting fluid in an applied electric field. Taylor used a similar structure to support a Taylor cone so that the electric field near the cone could have the proper distribution when, and if, the fluid surface assumed a conical form.
Stakeholder Challenges in Information Systems Project Offshoring: Client and Vendor Perspectives

This study of international information systems IS offshoring highlights the idea that project success or failure is often in the eye of the beholder and that proper attention needs to be provided to both client and vendor perspectives. This research contributes by identifying noteworthy IS offshoring challenges faced by client and vendor stakeholders. This research synthesizes key findings from eight dyadic case studies consisting of 56 interviews in total from both client and vendor firms detailing their offshore experiences. The case investigations lead to the discovery of nine unique challenges encountered by client and vendor stakeholders. The challenges include a wide assortment of economic, personal responsibilities/expectations, and organizational offshore project management issues. The reported challenges can suitably guide client and vendor project managers in managing international IS offshore projects as well guide academic researchers to better understand techniques for managing offshore IS projects.
Update on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vocal fold nodules, polyps, and cysts.

Purpose of reviewInnovative otolaryngologists, speech language pathologists, and voice scientists have continued to advance our understanding of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vocal fold nodules, polyps, and cysts. This article reviews the recent publications over the past 3 years with re
Interpreting and reacting to feedback in stereotype-relevant performance domains☆

Abstract Feedback on task performance is often phrased in subjective language (e.g., “not bad!”), but how do recipients understand or translate that feedback into a clear, objective, performance metric? We suggest that when feedback is provided in a stereotype-relevant domain, translation is made with reference to stereotyped expectations for one's group. In Study 1, women and men were exposed to negative subjective feedback about their performance on a leadership task; in Study 2, Black and White participants were provided subjective negative feedback, or no feedback, on an academic writing task. Women relative to men, and Black students relative to White students, translated their feedback to indicate objectively worse performance . Furthermore, this translation mediated a drop in the importance placed on the domain among women and Blacks. This research extends the literature on gender- and race-based reactions to feedback by noting the importance of the immediate interpretation of the feedback received.
Formaldehyde fixation of Drosophila testes

This protocol describes formaldehyde fixation of Drosophila testes. The procedure preserves chromosome morphology very well, allowing a clear visualization of the chromosome condensation-decondensation cycle. It also results in excellent preservation of microtubules for immunostaining. The main disadvantage of this fixation technique is its poor preservation of cell morphology, as viewed by phase-contrast optics. In addition, because it involves a rather hard squashing of formaldehyde-fixed testes, it results in meiotic figures which are flatter and larger than those obtained using methanol-acetone or paraformaldehyde fixation protocols.
Concentration Effect on Temperature Dependence of Gelation Rate in Aqueous Solutions of Methylcellulose

The gelation kinetics in methylcellulose solutions of different concentrations is studied by DSC under rising temperature conditions. Isoconversional analysis reveals that the rate is a complex function of temperature represented by a concave downward dependence of the effective activation energy on temperature (E vs. T). Although the initial decreasing portion of the dependence is consistent with the Fisher-Turnbull nucleation model, a description of the final increasing part requires introducing activation energy of diffusion that varies with conversion according to a power law. Parameters of the modified model evaluated from the E versus T dependencies suggest that the diffusion contribution increases with increase in the concentration, whereas the free energy barrier to nucleation remains almost unaffected.
Visibility of Halley's nucleus from the Giotto spacecraft

An effort is made to estimate the visibility of the patterns on the nucleus of Comet Halley from the Giotto spacecraft through the comet's dusty coma. The visibility computation is based on the theory of contrast reduction by a scattering and absorbing medium (a planetary atmosphere). It is shown that some details may be seen on the surface of the cometary nucleus even for an optical thickness as high as 2. It is noted that the surprisingly large apparent contrast for such large optical thicknesses can be explained by the strong forward scattering by the dust.
Imatinib Therapy in Clonal Eosinophilic Disorders, Including Systemic Mastocytosis

Primary (nonreactive) eosinophilia is operationally classified as either a “clonal” or an “idiopathic” process. Clonal eosinophilia stipulates the presence of cytogenetic, molecular, or bone marrow histologic evidence of acute leukemia or a chronic myeloid disorder. Idiopathic eosinophilia is a diagnosis of exclusion that is made after ruling out both “secondary” (reactive) and clonal eosinophilia. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a subclass of idiopathic eosinophilia that requires the documentation of both sustained eosinophilia (≥1500/μL for at least 6 months) and target-organ damage. A series of novel observations in the last 5 years have warranted a refined approach to the diagnosis as well as the treatment of clonal eosinophilic disorders, including systemic mastocytosis. At the center of these new developments are mutations involving the platelet-derived growth factor receptor genes (PDGFRA and PDGFRB), which have been pathogenetically linked to clonal eosinophilia, and their presence predicts complete as well as durable treatment responses to imatinib mesylate. Thebone marrow histologic phenotype of these imatinib-sensitive eosinophilic disorders includes systemic mastocytosis, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and atypical chronic myeloproliferative disorder.
High-bitrate multimedia information hiding for digital image/video under lossy compression

With the proliferation of digital multimedia content, information hiding techniques have attracted more and more research interests. Information hiding not only hides the content and location of the protected data, but also hides its very existence. High-bitrate information hiding is different from digital watermarking in that it tries to hide relatively large amounts of auxiliary information instead of just one or a few verification bits. This research is mainly concerned with channel capacity and robustness to lossy image/video codec. In the proposed DCT (discrete cosine transformation) domain algorithm, 1 bit is hidden within each 8×8 DCT coefficient block by means of vector quantization. A mathematical model has been proposed to predict the bit error rate (BER) of the algorithm under transformation-based lossy compression. The channel capacity can be increased 4-fold with further performance improvement. Digital video information hiding is a natural extension of digital image information hiding. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very robust to lossy image/video codec. It is also observed that hidden information within different types of frames/slices have different levels of robustness against H.264/AVC compression. The proposed algorithm shall be very useful in practical applications such as side information delivery, captioning, video-in-video, and speech-in-video.
Expanding the Concept of Significant Choice Through Consideration of Health Literacy During Crises

Nilsen defined the concept of the ethic of significant as "choice making that is voluntary, free from physical or mental coercion . . . based on all the information available when the decision must be made." This study highlights the importance of speakers in crisis situations not only meeting the ethical stipulations of significant choice but also taking into consideration the health literacy of their audience. Health literacy is defined as the ability of individuals to gather, interpret, and understand information regarding health matters. To advance this claim, a case study involving a food recall is examined. Television news coverage was analyzed to observe the importance of both significant choice and health literacy in such public communication. The findings, from the standpoint of significant choice and health literacy, indicate that the messages disseminated during this crisis failed to account for a notable portion of the audience. From a practical standpoint this study asserts that clear and open communication cannot be considered only from the perspective of the party sending the message. Rather, careful consideration of the audience's ability to comprehend and act on the information is equally important. Language: en
Influence on weaning weights of nursing beef cattle calves de-wormed 90 days prior to weaning ☆

Abstract Spring born beef calves (n = 568; 177.7 kg ± 34.0) at three different locations within the state of Florida were used to determine the efficacy of de-worming 90 days prior to weaning in order to achieve heavier weaning weights. Two or three breed types were available at each location and included Angus, Brangus, Brahman, or Romosinuano. Treatments included no de-worming protocol or de-worming of the nursing calf with doramectin injectable (1 mL/50 kg BW). Within a location, cow-calf pairs from both treatment groups were managed identically. Across all locations, de-wormed calves gained more total weight (P
A Monstrous Inference called Mahāvidyānumāna and Cantor’s Diagonal Argument

A mahāvidyā inference is used for establishing another inference. Its Reason (hetu) is normally an omnipresent (kevalānvayin) property. Its Target (sādhya) is defined in terms of a general feature that is satisfied by different properties in different cases. It assumes that there is no (relevant) case that has the absence of its Target. The main defect of a mahāvidyā inference μ is a counterbalancing inference (satpratipakṣa) that can be formed by a little modification of μ. The discovery of its counterbalancing inference can invalidate such an inference. This paper will argue that Cantor’s diagonal argument too shares some features of the mahāvidyā inference. A diagonal argument has a counterbalanced statement. Its main defect is its counterbalancing inference. Apart from presenting an epistemological perspective that explains the disquiet over Cantor’s proof, this paper would show that both the mahāvidyā and diagonal argument formally contain their own invalidators.
Sex-specific triggers for right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia.

Abstract Background Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (RVOT-VT) is a common arrhythmia in young patients without heart disease. The arrhythmia is characterized by repetitive bursts and premature ventricular contractions with a left bundle branch block, inferior-axis QRS morphology, and symptoms of palpitations. Although more frequent in women, sex-specific triggers for symptomatic RVOT-VT have not been identified. Methods and Results We interviewed 34 women and 13 men referred for ablation of RVOT-VT to determine if predictable but sex-specific exacerbations in symptomatic RVOT-VT exist. After a general query asking if there was predictability to what triggered palpitations, we then specifically queried all patients about symptomatic RVOT-VT initiation with exercise, stress, caffeine, fatigue, and, in women only, periods of recognized hormonal flux. The times identified as states of hormonal flux included premenstrual, gestational, perimenopausal, and coincident with the administration of birth control pills. In response to the completed interview, the most common recorded trigger for RVOT-VT in women was recognized states of hormonal flux with 20 (59%) of 34 women responding positively and 14 (41%) of the 34 indicating that states of hormonal flux were the only recognizable triggers. Men were more likely than women to report that their RVOT-VT was predictably triggered by exercise, stress, or caffeine: 12 (92%) of 13 men versus 14 (41%) of 34 women ( P Conclusions Triggers for RVOT-VT initiation are sex specific. Women have RVOT-VT initiation with recognized states of hormonal flux. Men more commonly have RVOT-VT initiated by exercise or stress. These data have important implications related to patient education and counseling in the setting of RVOT-VT and may influence the timing of drug treatment and electrophysiologic evaluation in selected patients. (Am Heart J 2000;139:1009-13.)
Adiabatic Quantum Computing for Random Satisfiability Problems

The discrete formulation of adiabatic quantum computing is compared with other search methods, classical and quantum, for random satisfiability (SAT) problems. With the number of steps growing only as the cube of the number of variables, the adiabatic method gives solution probabilities close to 1 for problem sizes feasible to evaluate via simulation on current computers. However, for these sizes the minimum energy gaps of most instances are fairly large, so the good performance scaling seen for small problems may not reflect asymptotic behavior where costs are dominated by tiny gaps. Moreover, the resulting search costs are much higher than for other methods. Variants of the quantum algorithm that do not match the adiabatic limit give lower costs, on average, and slower growth than the conventional GSAT heuristic method.
Nazarov Cyclization Initiated by Peracid Oxidation: The Total Synthesis of (±)-Rocaglamide

The total syntheses of aglafolin, rocagloic acid, and rocaglamide using Nazarov cyclization are described. Generation of the necessary oxyallyl cation intermediate was accomplished via peracid oxidation of an allenol ether to generate an unusual oxycarbenium ion species that undergoes cyclization. The synthesis is efficient, highly diastereoselective, and strategically distinct from previous syntheses of rocaglamide.
Observation of d -band narrowing near copper and nickel surfaces by means of angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been utilized to determine the full widths at half maximum intensity (FWHM's) and the second moments of the $d$ bands of Cu and Ni with variable surface sensitivity. At grazing emission for which the mean excitation depth corresponds to only about 1-2 atomic layers, unambiguous decreases of \ensuremath{\sim} 10-12% in the FWHM's and \ensuremath{\sim} 18-20% in the second moments are observed relative to the bulk-sensitive values obtained for high-angle emission. These decreases are caused by the reduced coordination number at the surface and are consistent with quantitative predictions based on several recent theoretical studies. The experimental data are compared with theoretical spectra obtained from tight-binding densities of states calculated by Kleinman et al. for each atomic layer in a thin metal film. Allowance is made for inelastic scattering of photoelectrons, the refraction of electrons at he surface, and the instrumental resolution. Good agreement is obtained with respect to both the degree of $d$-level narrowing and the changes in fine structure with electronemission angle. The presence of approximately \textonehalf{} monolayer of adsorbed oxygen is however found to have no significant effect on the surface $d$-band widths.
New Observations of Dielectric Breakdown in Air Induced by a Focused Nd 3+ -Glass Laser with Various Pulse Widths

Dielectric breakdown in air induced by a train of subnanosecond laser pulses was found to occur as a sequence of strong point explosions, with each pulse producing breakdown at a different spot. The angular dependence of the scattered laser light was found to be due to the reflection and diffraction from the breakdown spots which were approximately spherical with diameters of about 9 \ensuremath{\mu}m. For atmospheric breakdown, analysis of results indicates that a plasma density as high as 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ was created in the breakdown region.
Photochemistry of diazocompounds and azides in argon

The synthetic applications and mechanistic complications of a variety of photochemical rearrangements of diazocompounds and azides matrix isolated in argon are described.
The association of pheochromocytoma with carcinoma of the thyroid gland

Abstract A case of pheochromocytoma associated with carcinoma of the thyroid gland is reported. Among the 537 cases of pheochromocytoma in the literature, there are five other cases associated with carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Although the over-all incidence of malignancy of other organs is not increased in pheochromocytoma, the incidence of carcinoma of the thyroid gland is increased far beyond expectation based on chance concurrence.
Perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano in children: clinical characteristic, management and outcome

Purpose The aims of this study are to evaluate the clinical characteristics of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano in children, and to assess our experience in treatment, and to identify factors that affected the clinical outcomes.
Treatment of established stress ulcer disease.

All patients who are at risk of developing stress ulcers or who may have stress ulcers without hemorrhage should be treated with vigorous antacid therapy with or without cimetidine to prevent the deeper penetration of these erosions into the larger blood vessels of the submucosa. Bleeding from stress ulcers should be treated initially with iced saline lavage, since this maneuver serves to arrest hemorrhage in most patients. Replacement of blood, treatment of underlying sepsis, avoidance of gastric irritants such as aspirin, and correction of coagulation defects are all important parts of the management program. Endoscopy enables the positive identification of the lesions that are bleeding and provides an opportunity for direct control by electrocoagulation at institutions where this technique is available. Persistent bleeding from acute stress ulcers may be treated with intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin into the left gastric artery, if trained personnel are present. If all nonsurgical measures fail to control bleeding, then vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and suture ligation of the bleeding site should be performed. Rebleeding after this procedure will require a near total gastrectomy. Surgical mortality rate in these patients exceeds 30%, indicating the lethal nature of this complication and the seriousness of the underlying illness associated with stress ulcers. Therefore, one must combat ongoing illness, such as sepsis, as well as control the massive hemorrhage when established stress ulcer disease is present.
Cerebral palsy in preterm survivors

—Monica L. Helton, BA As established in recent years, the July issue contains a list of all individuals who reviewed for The Journal in the past year. On behalf of the Editors, Editorial Board members, and Publisher of The Journal, we would like to take this opportunity to thank every one who serves as a reviewer for The Journal. We especially thank the 75 reviewers who completed 5 ormore reviews, who are indicated by a special notation in the list, representing the top 5% of reviewers. The Journal continues to publish highquality articles with the assistance of high-quality reviews. Also in this issue, details of The Journal’s peer-review process can be found in the Commentary. To prepare reviewers, as well as let authors know how their articles will be reviewed, the Guidelines for Reviewers are available in The Journal’s Guide for Authors (http://www.jpeds.com/authorinfo#guiderev); these Guidelines also are sent to reviewers who agree to review manuscripts. If you are interested in being added to our database of reviewers, please e-mail your full contact information, including email address and your area(s) of expertise, to journal.pediatrics@cchmc.org. Article page A10< Article page 150<
Localized traveling-wave states in binary-fluid convection.

We report on convection in horizontal layers of an ethanol-water mixture in a rectangular and an annular container heated from below. When the tempearature difference \ensuremath{\Delta}T exceeds a critical value, localized regions of traveling-wave convection evolve via a backward bifurcation in both geometries and coexist with the conduction state for a range of \ensuremath{\Delta}T. The size, shape, wave number, and frequency of the localized states are reproducible and geometry independent. The coexistence range stands in contrast to systems with a potential, where droplets of a given phase are not stable for first-order transitions at fixed values of the thermodynamic fields.
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ overlying dermatofibroma

There are occasional reports of benign proliferative epidermal changes overlying dermatofibromas and rare cases of invasive basal cell carcinoma. We report the first case to our knowledge of a dermatofibroma with overlying in situ squamous cell carcinoma.
Rapidly Progressing Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm Masquerading As Acute Coronary Syndrome

Mycotic aortic aneurysms are rare. The most common cause of a mycotic aortic aneurysm is bacterial seeding in a diseased or injured aortic intima with subsequent arteritis. Because the clinical presentation of mycotic aortic aneurysms can be quite variable, the diagnosis hence can often be quite challenging. We herewith report an interesting case study in which the patient with a mycotic aortic aneurysm presented with the clinical picture masquerading as an acute coronary syndrome. The scenario reiterates the fact that despite the availability of accurate noninvasive imaging techniques, strong clinical suspicion might be imperative for the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysms.
Extent of the subsonic domain in a supersonic underexpanded jet

A method is proposed to determine the extent of the subsonic domain in a supersonic underexpanded jet. The method is based on representing the flow parameters in the form of series.
Characterization Of Focusing Multilayer Mirrors For Use In Collection Of Carbon K Fluorescent Radiation

In soft x-ray fluorescence yield near edge spectroscopy (FYNES) experiments it is desirable to reduce the ratio of scattered relative to fluorescent radiation emerging from the sample. Just above an absorption edge the fluorescent and elastically scattered photons have similar energies and cannot be electronically discriminated in our proportional counter detector. For low concentration (10 ppm) samples a large detector area maximizes collected light but allows scattered radiation over a large solid angle to contribute. One approach to improve photon collection in FYNES employs a focusing multilayer mirror analyzer. This device would intercept a significant fraction of solid angle around the sampling point. Photons would arrive at near-normal incidence, be energy analyzed, reflected, and focused onto the detector element. The problem of a multilayer's low reflectivity may be counterbalanced by its large area, ability to concentrate flux and, particularly, its ability to discriminate between fluorescent and scattered light. Model multilayer mirror devices have been obtained and we have undertaken an examination of their soft x-ray performance at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The mirrors were energy calibrated and found to possess unwanted azimuthal grading of 2d spacing. In fluorescence yield tests a multilayer mirror used as an analyzer exhibited filtering behavior at special angles which utilized only small regions of the mirror surface. It is expected that improvements in mirror fabrication or reevaluation of experimental geometry will make multilayer mirror analysis the procedure of choice for low background, low concentration FYNES studies.
Production of hydrogen from the reaction of the anion radical of naphthalene with water and ethanol in liquid ammonia

Abstract The reaction of sodium naphthalenide in liquid ammonia with water and ethanol was found to occur by two competing pathways yielding the protonation product and hydrogen gas. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the major pathway was the reaction producing hydrogen gas.
Electromyography and lipreading in the detection of verbal rehearsal

Adults memorized lists of visually presented consonant letters while monitored simultaneously by a lipreader and an electromyograph (EMG) for rehearsal activity. Lipreading was more sensitive than EMG in detecting who was verbally rehearsing.
Comparative effects of exogenous nitrovasodilators on cGMP levels in different canine blood vessels.

Abstract Nitrovasodilators, by releasing nitric oxide (NO) in vascular smooth muscle, activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in vascular smooth muscle. However, there is little information on their relative effectiveness, concentration ranges, or on the incubation times required to produce maximum sGC stimulation. To determine the optimal concentrations and incubation times we measured 3′, 5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to different concentrations of NO, S-nitroso-L-cysteine (SNC), and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), in canine aorta, femoral, and carotid arteries incubated in Krebs. Production of cGMP following incubation of endothelium denuded tissues with NO, SNC, and SNAP peaked close to 20 ± 5 , 90 ± 20 , and 120 ± 60 seconds respectively. Results indicate that cGMP levels vary with 3oncentration of nitrovasodilators and time of incubation. SNAP was the least effective in increasing cGMP levels among the three nitrovasodilators used. In different vascular beds, the production of cGMP in the presence of nitrovasodilators may depend on variations in the levels of guanylate triphosphate (GTP) and/or sGC.
Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited

A serious gap exists in scholarly understanding of nuclear proliferation. The gap derives from inadequate attention to the phenomena of nuclear reversal and nuclear restraint as well as insufcient awareness of the biases and limitations inherent in the empirical data employed to study proliferation. This article identies “nuclear hedging” as a national strategy lying between nuclear pursuit and nuclear rollback. An understanding of this strategy can help scholars to explain the nuclear behavior of many states; it can also help to explain why the nightmare proliferation scenarios of the 1960s have not materialized. These insights, in turn, cast new light on several prominent proliferation case studies and the unique role of the United States in combating global proliferation. They have profound implications for engaging current or latent nuclear proliferants, underscoring the centrality of buying time as the key component of a nonproliferation strategy. The article begins with a brief review of contemporary nuclear proliferation concerns. It then takes stock of the surprisingly large documented universe of nuclear reversal cases and the relevant literature.1 It proceeds to examine the empirical challenges that bedeviled many of the earlier studies, possibly skewing their theoretical findings. Next, it discusses the features of the nuclear reversal and restraint phenomena and the forces that inuence them. In this context, it introduces and illustrates an alternative explanation for the nuclear behavior of many states based on the notion of nuclear hedging. It draws on this notion and other inputs to reassess the role that the United States Never Say Never Again
Electrooxidative synthesis of morphinandienones from 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines☆

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of several 1-benzyl tetrahydroisoquinolines has been performed at a platinum anode in acetonitrile. Using potentiostatic conditions and a three compartment cell, the following cyclizations were accomplished on a several hundred milligram scale in the yields indicated: 6′-bromolaudanosine to O-methylflavinantine (16%), 5′-methoxylaudanosine to O-methyl-C-norandrocymbine (38%), 8-methoxylaudanosine to protostephanone (35%), norlaudanosine to N-nor-O-methylflavinantine (22%).
Rationale for choosing a less accurate forecast

This paper examines situations in which forecasters are asked to provide forecasts that are suboptimal in regards to accuracy. The paper looks at the impact on forecasters when they are asked to provide these less-than-accurate forecasts. Not providing the most accurate forecast is an ethical issue for some forecasters. The paper suggests a solution for forecasters who are asked to provide less accurate forecasts.
Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors antagonize the depressant effects of ethanol.

Several studies indicate that ethanol may depress the central nervous system by altering neurotransmitter release. Evidence obtained from the peripheral nervous system suggests that prostaglandins act as negative feedback inhibitors of transmitter release. If a similar process occurs in the brain, then perhaps ethanol affects transmitter release via a mechanism involving prostaglandins. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors were administered to adult HS/Ibg male mice prior to intraperitoneal injection of a hypnotic dose of either ethanol, propanol, or t-butanol. A significant decrease in the length of alcohol sleep time was found: in the ethanol study, this was coupled with a significant increase in waking blood alcohol levels. These results indicate that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis alters CNS sensitivity to the depressant effects of alcohol. When the same inhibitors were administered prior to other sedative hypnotics, i.e., pentobarbital and chloral hydrate, no effect was found. This suggests that prostaglandins may be specifically involved in the biochemical mechanism of alcohol depression.
Ocean data synthesis offers research opportunities

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE),an international research effort aimed at understanding the role of ocean circulation in climate, recently completed its first observational phase. The second phase, which began in late 1997, is dedicated to analysis, interpretation, modeling, and synthesis (AIMS) of the different data sets into a coherent whole. A description of the objectives of AIMS is given in WOCE IPO Report 153 [WOCE, 1997] .While WOCE's position as a component of the World Climate Research Programme will end formally in 2002, the AIMS phase will certainly continue beyond that date.
SYMPOSIUM ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE Auscultatory Findings in Myocardial Infarction

The auscultatory findings in acute myocardial infarction and arteriosclerotic heart disease have been briefly reviewed. It has been pointed out that there are no auscultatory findings that can equal the efficiency of the electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The signs that do occur are probably the result of variable factors such as diastolic filling and ventricular ejection time and are not necessarily peculiar to myocardial infarction. On the other hand, certain complications that may occur as the result of myocardial infarction and certain conditions that may simulate myocardial infarction may produce auscultatory findings that are of definite diagnostic and prognostic significance.
Strain-resolved community proteomics reveals recombining genomes of acidophilic bacteria

Microbes comprise the majority of extant organisms, yet much remains to be learned about the nature and driving forces of microbial diversification. Our understanding of how microorganisms adapt and evolve can be advanced by genome-wide documentation of the patterns of genetic exchange, particularly if analyses target coexisting members of natural communities. Here we use community genomic data sets to identify, with strain specificity, expressed proteins from the dominant member of a genomically uncharacterized, natural, acidophilic biofilm. Proteomics results reveal a genome shaped by recombination involving chromosomal regions of tens to hundreds of kilobases long that are derived from two closely related bacterial populations. Inter-population genetic exchange was confirmed by multilocus sequence typing of isolates and of uncultivated natural consortia. The findings suggest that exchange of large blocks of gene variants is crucial for the adaptation to specific ecological niches within the very acidic, metal-rich environment. Mass-spectrometry-based discrimination of expressed protein products that differ by as little as a single amino acid enables us to distinguish the behaviour of closely related coexisting organisms. This is important, given that microorganisms grouped together as a single species may have quite distinct roles in natural systems and their interactions might be key to ecosystem optimization. Because proteomic data simultaneously convey information about genome type and activity, strain-resolved community proteomics is an important complement to cultivation-independent genomic (metagenomic) analysis of microorganisms in the natural environment.
Enzyme Immunoassay versus Latex Agglutination Cryptococcal Antigen Assays in Adults with Non-HIV-Related Cryptococcosis

We compared paired enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and latex agglutination (LA) assay results with 185 blood and 164 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 44 and 33 non-HIV cryptococcosis patients, respectively. The LA assay cutoff of 1:256 in the blood and 1:32 in the CSF was most highly predictive of a positive EIA result. The EIA missed 18.4% detected by the LA assay in the blood samples and 7.8% detected by the LA assay in the CSF samples. We note here the improved sensitivity of the LA assay over the EIA in non-HIV patients.
The effect of stress fields from a probe tip on step motion using kinetic Monte Carlo

Abstract Studies of crystal surfaces at near equilibrium conditions using atomic force microscopy have demonstrated that the probe tip interacts with the shape and the motion of step edges. A step edge is found to retract near the probe tip, and the motion of the step is retarded in the vicinity of the tip. This effect, which is limited to a within a few atom diameters of the probe tip, has been attributed to stresses in the crystal caused by the proximity of the probe tip. We have conducted a study of this phenomenon using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice gas model. The stress field from the probe tip was introduced as a cylindrically symmetric Gaussian energy field, which was incorporated into bond strength. Steps on the surface were generated by offsetting the periodic boundary conditions. The local morphology of the step was found to depend on the strength and size of the stress field, as well as on the kink site density of the step. The magnitude of the energy field which was sufficient to significantly alter the shape of the step was only a few percent of the bond energy. These results suggest a novel explanation of the enhanced material removal which is the basis of chemical mechanical polishing.
An evaluation of the effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on sputum consistency

Abstract In order to ascertain the effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine (N-ac) as an expectorant, nebulized N-ac in 10 and in 20 per cent concentrations were compared with nebulized saline in a group of 70 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sputum volume and consistency were determined by a new method before and after nebulization through an intermittent positive pressure breathing apparatus in all patients. Spirometry was performed before and after nebulization in 47 patients. It was concluded that nebulized N-acetylcysteine is more effective than saline in thinning sputum and increasing volume and that 10 per cent N-ac is as effective as 20 per cent. Most patients failed to show spirometric changes as a result of either saline or N-ac nebulization. In those cases with decreased spirometric values, N-acetylcysteine was associated with obstruction in more cases than was saline; 10 per cent N-ac was less frequently associated with bronchial obstruction than was the 20 per cent concentration.
Coulomb stress changes in Hesperia Planum, Mars, reveal regional thrust fault reactivation

[1] The orthogonal pattern of NE and NW striking wrinkle ridges in Hesperia Planum makes this area unique and enigmatic. The wrinkle ridge morphologies revealed in Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography across ridge structures in Hesperia Planum suggest that wrinkle ridges form above thrust faults. The timing relationship among wrinkle ridge sets is evident in the digital elevation models; thrust faults striking NE are older than the NW striking ridges. The NE striking wrinkle ridges show unequal development adjacent to the NW striking wrinkle ridges, and an echelon pattern throughout Hesperia Planum; therefore formation by two independent sequential sets is not likely. Reactivation of the older (NE) thrust faults from the younger (NW) wrinkle ridges, inferred from the observations, is tested by resolving Coulomb failure stress changes along the older thrust faults from slip along the younger thrust faults. We find fault reactivation is likely in Hesperia Planum, regardless of the deposit material (basalt or tuff). Previously, the NE striking wrinkle ridges were interpreted as forming prior to, or contemporaneous to, the Tyrrhena Patera flank flow unit. This observation and the continuation of many of these ridges into the Noachian highlands as thrust fault scarps suggest formation of NE striking thrust faults no later than the late Noachian/early Hesperian. The NW striking wrinkle ridges, forming after the emplacement of the late Hesperian/early Amazonian Tyrrhena Patera deposit, imply geologically recent thrust faulting. The combination of NE and NW structural events implies a stress state rotation in Hesperia Planum of about 90° between the late Noachian and early Amazonian.
The role of endodontics in the treatment of luxated permanent teeth

Pulp necrosis is a common complication following traumatic dental injuries and is related to the type and severity of the injury, as well as to the stage of development of the injured tooth. Endodontic intervention is required when there are clinical and radiographic signs of pulpal infection and its sequelae. Arrested tooth development with periradicular pathosis, external inflammatory root resorption, sinus tract formation and pain on percussion are indicative of root-canal infection in the post-traumatized teeth, and require immediate endodontic treatment. The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of teeth with post-traumatic pulp necrosis and its sequelae has been shown to be extremely beneficial for the long-term retention of the injured teeth. Calcium hydroxide has been shown to arrest and repair external inflammatory root resorptive defects, eliminate the endodontopathic microorganisms from the root canal system and induce hard-tissue barrier formation at the apex of non-vital immature teeth. This paper reviews the endodontic treatment required by post-traumatic non-vital permanent teeth.
Overhead drilling: Comparing three bases for aligning a drilling jig to vertical

Abstract Problem Drilling overhead into concrete or metal ceilings is a strenuous task done by construction workers to hang ductwork, piping, and electrical equipment. The task is associated with upper body pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Previously, we described a field usability evaluation of a foot lever and inverted drill press intervention devices that were compared to the usual method for overhead drilling. Both interventions were rated as inferior to the usual method based on poor setup time and mobility. Method Three new interventions, which differed on the design used for aligning the drilling column to vertical, were compared to the usual method for overhead drilling by commercial construction workers (n = 16). Results The usual method was associated with the highest levels of regional body fatigue and the poorest usability ratings when compared to the three interventions. Conclusion Overall, the 'Collar Base' intervention design received the best usability ratings. Impact on Industry Intervention designs developed for overhead drilling may reduce shoulder fatigue and prevent subsequent musculoskeletal disorders. These designs may also be useful for other overhead work such as lifting and supporting materials (e.g., piping, ducts) that are installed near the ceiling. Workplace health and safety interventions may require multiple rounds of field-testing prior to achieving acceptable usability ratings by the end users.
Flameholding in Converging and Turning Channels over Cavities with Slot Injection

Deliberate continuation of the combustion in the turbine passages of a gas turbine engine has the potential to increase the efficiency and the specific thrust or power of current gas-turbine engines. This concept, known as a turbine-burner, has challenges with the injection, mixing, ignition, and burning of fuel within a short residence time in a turbine passage characterized by large multidirectional accelerations. One method of increasing the residence time is to inject the fuel into a cavity adjacent to the turbine passage, creating a low-speed zone for mixing and combustion. This concept is simulated numerically, with the turbine passage modeled as a converging, turning channel flow of high-temperature, vitiated air adjacent to a cavity. Constant-area and converging channels with both straight and curving centerlines are modeled. Two-dimensional, unsteady calculations are performed, examining the effects of channel convergence and curvature, and injection configurations. These direct simulations addre...
Rosiglitazone induces decreases in bone mass and strength that are reminiscent of aged bone

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) regulates both glucose metabolism and bone mass. Recent evidence suggests that the therapeutic modulation of PPARgamma activity with antidiabetic thiazolidinediones elicits unwanted effects on bone. In this study, the effects of rosiglitazone on the skeleton of growing (1 month), adult (6 month), and aged (24 month) C57BL/6 mice were determined. Aging was identified as a confounding factor for rosiglitazone-induced bone loss that correlated with the increased expression of PPARgamma in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The bone of young growing mice was least affected, although a significant decrease in bone formation rate was noted. In both adult and aged animals, bone volume was significantly decreased by rosiglitazone. In adult animals, bone loss correlated with attenuated bone formation, whereas in aged animals, bone loss was associated with increased osteoclastogenesis, mediated by increased receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression. PPARgamma activation led to changes in marrow structure and function such as a decrease in osteoblast number, an increase in marrow fat cells, an increase in osteoclast number, and a loss of the multipotential character of marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, rosiglitazone induces changes in bone reminiscent of aged bone and appears to induce bone loss by altering the phenotype of marrow mesenchymal stem cells.