cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FEELING OF ANOTHER'S KNOWING : PROSODY AND FILLED PAUSES AS CUES TO LISTENERS ABOUT THE METACOGNITIVE STATES OF SPEAKERS

Abstract In question-answering, speakers display their metacognitive states using filled pauses and prosody (Smith & Clark, 1993). We examined whether listeners are actually sensitive to this information. Experiment 1 replicated Smith and Clark′s study; respondents were tested on general knowledge questions, surveyed about their FOK (feeling-of-knowing) for these questions, and tested for recognition of answers. In Experiment 2, listeners heard spontaneous verbal responses from Experiment 1 and were tested on their feeling-of- another′s -knowing (FOAK) to see if metacognitive information was reliably conveyed by the surface form of responses. For answers, rising intonation and longer latencies led to fewer FOAK ratings by listeners. For nonanswers, longer latencies led to higher FOAK ratings. In Experiment 3, electronically edited responses with 1-s latencies led to higher FOAK ratings for answers and lower FOAK ratings for nonanswers than those with 5-s latencies. Filled pauses led to lower ratings for answers and higher ratings for nonanswers than did unfilled pauses. There was no support for a filler-as-morpheme hypothesis, that "um" and "uh" contrast in meaning. We conclude that listeners can interpret the metacognitive information that speakers display about their states of knowledge in question-answering.
Reliability assurance of cyber-physical power systems

Modern power grids with their physical current-carrying components and the embedded computer, communication and control networks are fast emerging as one of the largest and most complex cyber-physical systems. The addition of more sensing, communication, variable power sources and storage under the renewable energy thrust and smart grid initiative will add even higher orders of dimensionality and complexity. This order of complexity, intended to achieve higher levels of efficiency, flexibility and fault tolerance, can also be a source of more failures of complex nature that can actually degrade reliability. Yet, almost the entire literature on power system reliability evaluation is concerned only with the failures of the current-carrying part of the power grid. The literature on the reliability of power systems examining the overlaid cyber components is scant and that of their mutual interdependence is almost non-existent. The objective of this paper is to explore the topic of the reliability assurance of cyber-physical systems and possibly stimulate more research in this area.
How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence

The current popularity of mentoring programs notwithstanding, questions remain about their typical effectiveness as well as the conditions required for them to achieve optimal positive outcomes for participating youth. In this report, we use the technique of meta-analysis (i.e., aggregating findings across multiple studies) to address these questions. As backdrop for our analysis, we begin with an overview of recent trends in youth mentoring practice, findings from prior research, and a developmental model of mentoring relationships and their potential effects on young people. Language: en
Status of magnet power supply development for the APS storage ring

To simplify the installation and speed testing of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring magnets, vacuum chambers, and magnet power supplies, a modular approach was developed. All but the dipole magnets are independently controlled. Pulsewidth-modulated DC-to-DC converters are used to power the individual magnets, with 12 pulse power supplies providing the raw DC to the converters. A magnet support base is the heart of a module and may hold as many as seven magnets with eight individually powered coils. The DC-to-DC converters are part of each magnet base module. The modular approach used for the storage ring magnet systems is described and the test results of the prototype topology for the DC-to-DC converters being built and tested to power 680 quadrupole and sextupole magnets are given. >
IMPACT OF A HYPOGLYCEMIA REDUCTION BUNDLE AND A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INPATIENT GLYCEMIC MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT Objective: Uncontrolled hyperglycemia and iatrogenic hypoglycemia represent common and frequently preventable quality and safety issues. We sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of a hypoglycemia reduction bundle, proactive surveillance of glycemic outliers, and an interdisciplinary data-driven approach to glycemic management. Methods: Population: all hospitalized adult non–intensive care unit (non-ICU) patients with hyperglycemia and/or a diagnosis of diabetes admitted to our 550-bed academic center across 5 calendar years (CYs). Interventions: hypoglycemia reduction bundle targeting most common remediable contributors to iatrogenic hypoglycemia; clinical decision support in standardized order sets and glucose management pages; measure-vention (daily measurement of glycemic outliers with concurrent intervention by the inpatient diabetes team); educational programs. Measures and analysis: Pearson chi-square value with relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare glycemic control, hypoglycemia, and hypoglycemia management parameters across the baseline time period (TP1, CY 2009–2010), transitional (TP2, CY 2011–2012), and mature postintervention phase (TP3, CY 2013). Hypoglycemia defined as blood glucose 299 mg/dL. Results: A total of 22,990 non-ICU patients, representing 94,900 patient-days of observation were included over the 5-year study. The RR TP3:TP1 for glycemic excursions was reduced significantly: hypoglycemic stay, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79); severe hypoglycemic stay, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.58); recurrent hypoglycemic day during stay, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.94); severe hypoglycemic day, 0.48 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.62); severe hyperglycemic day (>299 mg/dL), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.80). Conclusion: Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia event rates were both improved, with the most marked effect on severe hypoglycemic events. Most of these interventions should be portable to other hospitals. Abbreviations: BG = blood glucose CDS = clinical decision support CI = confidence interval CY = calendar year DIG = diabetes initiative group EHR = electronic health record ICU = intensive care unit RR = relative risk SHM = Society of Hospital Medicine TP = time period
Dealing with Employment Discrimination and Damaging Stereotypes: A Legal Perspective

Claims of sex discrimination in individual cases generally require the complainant to identify a male in a similar situation who received better treatment. As academic employment opportunites decrease, such identifications become increasingly problematic. Even where adverse employment decisions are obviously grounded in sex-based stereotypes, they are likely to be beyond the reach of antidiscrimination legislation. This article argues for an expansion of traditional notions of discrimination to permit antidiscrimination suits where the adverse employment decision was based on an expectation that women should conform to a certain pattern of behavior whether or not that expectation was based on hostility and whether or not there is a similarly situated male who received different treatment.
Agenda Setting at the FASB: Evidence from the Role of the FASAC *

I examine the extent to which the FASB’s agenda determination is a function of the contemporaneous preferences of its primary constituents: auditors, preparers, and financial statement users. Using the FASB’s consultation with the FASAC as a lens through which to view constituent preferences, I find evidence that from 1982 to 2001 influence on FASB agenda decisions is concentrated among “Big N” audit firms, whereas from 2002 to 2006 the preferences of financial constituents appear most significant. Across both periods, I find no evidence of significant preparer influence in agenda formation, which is in contrast to their documented role in later stages of standard setting. Collectively, the results contribute to our understanding of the relative influence of constituents in standard setting and highlight a shift in that relative influence over time.
The Two High-School Pillars Supporting College Science

Out-of-discipline high-school science courses are not associated with better performance in introductory college biology, chemistry, or physics courses, but high-school math counts.
Exploring the characteristics of the attentional blink paradigm when used to discover concealed knowledge.

Ganis and Patnaik (Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 34:189–196, 2009) reported that the attentional blink paradigm using faces could be used to detect the presence of concealed knowledge. The attentional blink is defined as the inability to successfully detect the second of two target items presented within a short inter-stimulus interval. The present study tested the use of the attentional blink paradigm in a concealed knowledge test by investigating the effect that familiar faces may have on the attentional blink. Participants completed 200 trials where they were told to look for the same familiar target (Target 2; actor Brad Pitt) that was intermixed with neutral face stimuli and one other familiar face (Target 1; actor George Clooney). Target 1 was to act as the concealed knowledge as participants familiar with Target 1 would be distracted by his unannounced presence and report not seeing Target 2 thereby showing an attentional blink. Despite all participants being familiar with Target 2, an attentional blink still occurred, but with higher than normal Target 2 accuracy rates. Overall, we found support for using the AB paradigm with the concealed knowledge test; however, a possible countermeasure to the attentional blink is familiarity with Target 2 as eight of 21 participants who recognized Target 1 (the concealed knowledge) were also able to detect Target 2 on 100 % of the trials where Target 1’s presence should have created an attentional blink.
Casual Commitment in International Relations

In late June, 1980, the new Secretary of State of the United States, Edmund Muskie, flew from Europe to a meeting of the Association of South-east Asian Nations (ASEAN) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. En route, he read a draft prepared by his subordinates for him to deliver at the meeting. Referring to the recent invasion of Thailand by Vietnam, the text asserted that the United States would abide by its security commitments. When the secretary asked what his government intended to do in support of Thailand, he was startled to learn that no plans had been made. He then proclaimed his distaste for mouthing empty rhetoric and insisted that ‘if there isn’t any substance to this, I am not going to say the words’. Urgent messages to Washington stimulated officials to develop a program of aid which, thanks to the magic of radio, Muskie was able to announce soon after his plane landed.
Kinetin Increases Chromium Absorption, Modulates Its Distribution, and Changes the Activity of Catalase and Ascorbate Peroxidase in Mexican Palo Verde

This report shows, for the first time, the effectiveness of the phytohormone kinetin (KN) in increasing Cr translocation from roots to stems in Mexican Palo Verde. Fifteen-day-old seedlings, germinated in soil spiked with Cr(III) and (VI) at 60 and 10 mg kg−1, respectively, were watered every other day for 30 days with a KN solution at 250 μM. Samples were analyzed for catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, Cr concentration, and Cr distribution in tissues. Results showed that KN reduced CAT but increased APOX in the roots of Cr(VI)-treated plants. In the leaves, KN reduced both CAT and APOX in Cr(III) but not in Cr(VI)-treated plants. However, KN increased total Cr concentration in roots, stems, and leaves by 45%, 103%, and 72%, respectively, compared to Cr(III) alone. For Cr(VI), KN increased Cr concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, by 53%, 129%, and 168%, compared to Cr(VI) alone. The electron probe microanalyzer results showed that Cr was mainly located at the co...
Persistent Cough: Causes and Cures

Refractory cough in a patient with a normal chest X-ray usually falls into one of five categories: drug-induced (especially by ACE inhibitors), secondary to postnasal discharge, gastroesophageal reflux, or hyperactive airway disease, and idiopathic but responsive to nebulized lidocaine. The history may point to the most likely cause, and empiric therapy may confirm the diagnosis.
Determination of cadmium in dioscorea opposita by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion

Objective:To establish graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium analysis in Huai rhizoma dioscoreae.Methods: After microwave digested,the sample was added mixed matrix modifier(containing 2% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution,1% ascorbic acid,1% nitric acid),determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and quantified by standard curve method.Results: The linear range of the method was 0 ng/ml～10 ng/ml with r=0.9998,detection limit was 0.215 ng/ml and the recovery rates were 96.3%～104.2% with relative standard deviation(RDS) less than 2%.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,sensitive and suitable for the determination of cadmium in Huai rhizoma dioscoreae.
Research on the vibration of dynamic balancing test-bed of mechanism based on simulation

Let the mechanical dynamics be combined with the method of finite element analysis to establish the simulation method of vibration measurement of dynamics balancing test-bed of mechanism.By means of setting the bearing pedestal as a flexible body,the vibration conditions of planar four-bar linkage before and after balance were analyzed in contrast.It is advantageous to master the equilibrium level of mechanism in the designing stage by way of simulative calculation.This method possesses value of references on the dynamic balancing analysis of the complicated mechanisms of the same kind.
Analysis of Pediatric Situation and Diseases Spectrum in Different Grade Hospitals in Chenzhou District

Objective To understand the establishment of pediatric out-patient and in-patient department and the distribution of pediatrians in different grade hospitals in chenzhou district, and to analyze the disease classification in the wards, so as to give some help to pediatric development and the prevention and control for childhood disease. Methods Investigate the allocation of pediatrics in 77 hospitals and collect statistical report forms of disease classification and the first-pages of medical records and the registered discharged from the year of 2008 to 2010. Analyze the information in the fist-pages by the statistical software and classify by using ICD-10. Results 77 hospitals all have established pediatric or internal-pediatric out-patient department,23(29.87%) have in-patient wards,36(46.75%) have internal-pediatric in-patient wards,17(22.08%) just have clinic, and there is a children's hospital(1.3%). The number of the registered pediatrians are 361.The first five diseases during the recent 3 years are:respiratory diseases,digestive diseases,neonatal diseases,wound,burn and infectious diseases,which occupied 63.78%. Conclusion Different hospitals have established pediatric out-patient department, some have in-patient department,and the number of pediatrics is relatively less. The major diseases are respiratory and digestive diseases in the disease spectrum,so we should strength the prevention and control for these diseases.
A Single Institution Review of Initial Application of a 5-mm Stapler.

Abstract Background: Operating in small spaces presents physical constraints that can be even more challenging in minimally invasive operations. Recently, a 5-mm stapler was approved for use in general surgery and pediatric surgery. Here, we present our initial experience using the 5-mm stapler in pediatric general surgery. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify cases using the 5-mm stapler at our institution. Demographic data included age (in months) and weight (in kilograms). Operative data included indication for use, number of loads used, complications related to 5-mm stapler use, and interventions to address complications. A second review focused on patients undergoing the same operations, but using a 10-mm stapler. Results: A total of 60 staple loads were deployed in 32 procedures. There were four adverse outcomes, all recognized intraoperatively. One bleed resulted from application on irradiated tissue and another bleed from application to a small noninflamed ...
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We have measured polarization transfer coefficients, K y y′ , at 0° for the \(^{12}C(\vec d,\vec n)\) reaction for proton transfers to the ground and first excited states of 13N. A purely vector polarized deuteron beam was accelerated to seven different incident energies in the energy range of 5.7 to 9.8 MeV.
Giving Voice: The Contested Sites of Motherhood, Religion and Spirituality

This afterword offers a reflective response to the methods and thematic content of the papers collected in this special issue on motherhood, religions and spirituality. It suggests that by using qualitative interviews to give voice to (other) women as well as to mothers themselves, the issue counters the traditional silencing of female and maternal experience. This feminist gesture echoes the corporeal generosity of birth as well as the dependency and relationality of the maternal scene. The response foregrounds the issue’s attentiveness to both the diverse intersections of mothering, religion and spiritual practice and the diversity of those who mother. It seeks to situate the resulting complexity in relation to a range of theoretical reference points (philosophical and theological; feminist, womanist, and queer) and concludes that, collectively, these papers present mothering as a site both of contestation and of precarious promise.
Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of evolution

Taxonomists working with late Cenozoic faunas tend to view living species as starting points for the evaluation of chronospecies (i.e., segments of evolutionary lineages subjectively designated as species) that extend backward in time from the Recent. This practice makes it possible to construct a survivorship curve for late Cenozoic chronospecies by evaluating all fossil lineages believed to have survived to the present day. A survivorship curve is produced by plotting the fraction of these lineages existing at any time that have not undergone enough phyletic evolution that their extant representatives are assigned to new species. This kind of surviviorship curve has been plotted for chronospecies of mammals using the beginning of the Wurm, rather than the Recent, as an endpoint in order to avoid the effects of the Wurm and post-Wurm mass extinction. The survivorship curve reveals that all but a small fraction of established chronospecies have long durations relative to intervals of time during which distinctive higher taxa have arisen. Phyletic turnover of species has been remarkably slow. Most net evolutionary change must have been associated with saltational speciation. Even the large majority of genera must have arisen rapidly by one or more divergent speciation events. Estimates of rates of extinction suggest that the bottleneck effect, in which constriction of a lineage is followed by re-expansion as a distinct species, cannot be a major source of evolutionary change. These conclusions, based on the evaluation of mammalian phylogeny, seem also to apply to other taxa of animals, supporting the punctuational model of evolution. The long durations of hominid species imply that the evolution of humans, like that of other mammals, conforms to this model.
Positive Theory and Voice and Equality

S idney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady (VSB) have concentrated scholarly attention on the inequality of political voice in America. Employing an innovative survey design that produced a novel data set of political activists, VSB demonstrate that activists and nonactivists have different sets of policy concerns and that different modes of participation send different messages to public officials. In short, the participatory process-which they argue is based on citizen resources, psychological engagement, and access to networks-is biased. More participatory equality would yield a different mix of policy messages to political leaders. We asked three senior scholars, who approach the problem of participation in America from different angles, to evaluate VSB's work. They declare Voice and Equality a modern masterpiece of political science and probe the best they can for weakness. John H. Aldrich emphasizes positive theory. He stresses the limits to assuming that all acts of political participation are part of the same theoretical universe and therefore to constructing a measure of the overall volume of participation. Aldrich argues that only a domain-specific approach to participation (e.g., elections, community action, interest-group politics) that focuses on an actor's goals and his or her interactions with other actors and institutions in the domain can explain why someone is an activist. Jane Mansbridge highlights normative theory. She observes that adversarial theories of democracy suggest that the inequality of participation matters because it affects the "Who gets what?" question, while participatory theories of democracy suggest that inequality matters because it affects the "Who are we as citizens?" question. Mansbridge argues that research must be concerned with both the distributive and educative effects of participation. Finally, Jennifer L. Hochschild stresses practical politics. For example, she notes the limits of VSB's finding that group identity is irrelevant to political activism. Hochschild proposes an empirical investigation of how group-specific factors (e.g., black consciousness) affect participation. In sum, the reviewers maintain that VSB's general theory of political participation in America must address contextually specific and historically disaggregated factors: particular goals and domains of political activity, the redefinition of political values that occurs during the political process, and group-level forces of identity and consciousness. In a rejoinder, VSB defend their work and yet graciously accept the many useful suggestions made by Aldrich, Mansbridge, and Hochschild. The discipline's ongoing research agenda should explore participation, representation, and democracy in America.
Air-Quality Impacts and Intake Fraction of PM2.5 during the 2013 Rim Megafire.

The 2013 Rim Fire was the third largest wildfire in California history and burned 257 314 acres in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. We evaluated air-quality impacts of PM2.5 from smoke from the Rim Fire on receptor areas in California and Nevada. We employed two approaches to examine the air-quality impacts: (1) an evaluation of PM2.5 concentration data collected by temporary and permanent air-monitoring sites and (2) an estimation of intake fraction (iF) of PM2.5 from smoke. The Rim Fire impacted locations in the central Sierra nearest to the fire and extended to the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada monitoring sites. Daily 24-h average PM2.5 concentrations measured at 22 air monitors had an average concentration of 20 μg/m3 and ranged from 0 to 450 μg/m3. The iF for PM2.5 from smoke during the active fire period was 7.4 per million, which is slightly higher than representative iF values for PM2.5 in rural areas and much lower than for urban areas. This study is a unique application o...
Recursive algorithms for pattern classification using misclassified samples

We consider the samples x(i) belonging to one of the two non-overlapping classes, ?1 and ?0, which possess a separating function f(x). The observed membership of pattern x(i) is represented by the variable z(i) which can assume only one of two values, ± 1, or z(i) = [sgn f(x(i))]?(i) where ?(i) is the measurement noise and E(?) is known. Thus the membership of the training samples may be erroneous. Using only the available sample pairs {x(i),z(i)}, i=1,2,..., we will obtain either a separating function or an optimal approximation to the separating function f(x).
Harnessing the placebo effect: Exploring the influence of physician characteristics on placebo response.

Objective Research on placebo/nocebo effects suggests that expectations can influence treatment outcomes, but placebo/nocebo effects are not always evident. This research demonstrates that a provider's social behavior moderates the effect of expectations on physiological outcomes. Methods After inducing an allergic reaction in participants through a histamine skin prick test, a health care provider administered a cream with no active ingredients and set either positive expectations (cream will reduce reaction) or negative expectations (cream will increase reaction). The provider demonstrated either high or low warmth, or either high or low competence. Results The impact of expectations on allergic response was enhanced when the provider acted both warmer and more competent and negated when the provider acted colder and less competent. Conclusion This study suggests that placebo effects should be construed not as a nuisance variable with mysterious impact but instead as a psychological phenomenon that can be understood and harnessed to improve treatment outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abundance and Diversity of Beneficial and Pest Arthropods in Buckwheat on Blueberry and Vegetable Farms in North Florida

Summary The occurrence of beneficial and pest arthropods collected from buckwheat companion plantings on a blueberry and a vegetable farm in north Florida was characterized. Similarity of arthropod diversity at the family level was intermediate (Sorensen index = 0.59). Significantly more pollinators and parasitoids but fewer pests were collected at the blueberry than the vegetable farm. The blueberry farm, therefore, achieved the goal of using companion plants to selectively enhance the impact of natural enemies. This goal was not accomplished at the vegetable farm because relatively large numbers of tarnished plant bugs and other pests attracted to the buckwheat were not controlled by the natural enemies.
Esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Objective To characterize the safety profile and effectiveness of esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients. Methods A systematic review was undertaken for articles reporting outcomes of esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients. The Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Complications related to esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients was the primary outcome of interest. Success rates, demographic data, cancer staging, and treatment data were assessed secondarily. Statistical analyses included both qualitative and quantitative assessments. A limited meta-analysis and pooling of the data was performed using a random effects model. Results Of the collective 8,243 initial candidate articles, 15 retrospective studies containing data for a collective 449 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. There was significant heterogeneity in the outcomes data. With an overall complication rate of 10.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1%,17%) and a pooled success rate of 72.9% (95% CI: 65.7%,80.1%) per patient, the articles generally supported the use of dilation. Conclusion Head and neck cancer patients experience a higher rate of complications following dilation compared to patients with other causes of benign stricture. Esophageal dilation is effective in improving dysphagia, but these benefits are often transient and thus necessitate repeat interventions. Laryngoscope, 128:111-117, 2018.
Electrochemical Growth of Nanostructured Materials

The fabrication of nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and core–shell nanowires have received considerable attention because of their potential applications in fields as diverse as electronics, magnetics, optical devices, and catalysts. Among the various methods for fabrication of nanostructures, the template-assisted electrodeposition technique has been extremely prolific in the preparation of a wide range of metallic, semiconductor, and polymeric nanowires because it is a simple and inexpensive technique. Furthermore, with this method it is easy to control the size, shape, and structural properties of nanostructures through the modification of templates and electrodeposition conditions. Commercially available anodic alumina and polycarbonate track etch membranes are commonly used templates. Such templates can, however, have disadvantages over “homemade” membranes due to branched pore structures and randomly distributed pores. Advances in the synthetic techniques in membrane production have led to almost perfectly regular-ordered porous alumina structures with controlled pore diameters (D p), interpore distances (D i), and thicknesses. For electrodeposition within a template, one side of the membrane is sputtered or vacuum evaporated with metal thin film, which acts as the working electrode during electrodeposition. Nanowires grown in the linear pores of an alumina or polymer membrane grow from the bottom (sputtered metal) surface into the pores since the deposition occurs by electron transfer from the working electrode. This electrodeposition technique offers an effective and versatile approach for the fabrication of a diverse range of materials with a variety of structures. In this chapter, we will work to highlight some of the important nanostructures produced with this approach.
Two Kinds of Responsibility in "Crime and Punishment"

There are two types of responsibility in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment: a judgmental one and a healing one. In judgmental responsibility, humans judge others and the world around them and act in order to “cleanse” it from any impurities. In doing so, they establish themselves as supra-humans and, by consequence, as murderers. In healing responsibility, the cleansing of the world takes place in acknowledging that one is responsible before all. This kind of responsibility transcends morality and reestablishes the connection between all humans as members of the same world: it is the attitude that a human being is called to have when faced with a broken reality. Dostoevsky succeeds in distinguishing between these two types of responsibility by having characters engaged in similar actions. Dunya and Sonya both sacrifice themselves for their families, but the first does it as a personal choice, while the second perceives it as a given. Then, Porfiry and Sonya both ask Raskolnikov to confess his crime. The first wants Rodion’s eternal damnation, while the second sees in confession Raskolnikov’s chance to obtain salvation and to thus renew the entire world.
Sovereign lending after debt relief

ABSTRACTDebt relief has been controversial due to its potential to reward irresponsible behavior by debtor governments. Recently, however, observers note that debt relief might also induce irresponsible behavior by creditor governments. A collective action problem might exist, where creditor governments target new loans to developing countries that just received debt relief from a different creditor. I investigate if debt relief affects decisions by creditor governments to provide new loans. Additionally, I analyze which types of creditor governments are more likely to lend to recipients of debt relief. I find that China and other emerging creditors are not more likely to lend to recipients of debt relief than western creditor governments. Instead, creditor governments of smaller economies are more likely than those of larger economies to free-ride on debt relief provided by other lenders. If states lend to gain influence, larger lenders will typically crowd out smaller creditors. However, if a debtor sta...
Increasing rate of pulmonary embolism diagnosed in hospitalized children in the United States from 2001 to 2014

Although rare in children, pulmonary embolism (PE) can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Overall rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are increasing in hospitalized children. By using the Pediatric Health Information System database, we evaluated incidence, treatment, and outcome of PE in children younger than age 18 years from 2001 to 2014. Demographic characteristics for those admitted with VTE alone and those admitted with PE were compared. Rates of PE by year were compared with the number of hospital and VTE admissions. Trends in medication use were analyzed. Over the period of the study, patients with PE made up 15.8% of VTE discharges. The overall rate of PE increased 200% (P < .001). Compared with all other age groups, adolescents (age 13-18 years) had the highest prevalence (55%; P < .001), the rate of which increased from 9.8 to 24.7 per 10 000 hospital discharges (152%; P < .001), and from 17.5 to 34.1 per 100 VTE discharges (95%; P < .001). Individuals with PE had a higher mortality (8.3% vs 6%; P < .001) and were less likely to have a complex chronic condition (58% vs 65%; P < .001) than those with VTE alone. However, PE mortality rates decreased over the time period studied. African American and Hispanic patients were more likely to experience recurrent PE than white patients (12% and 10.7% vs 8%; P = .002). During the study period, the use of unfractionated heparin decreased (P < .001), and the use of low molecular weight heparin increased (P < .001). Further research is required to determine what factors contribute to the higher rate of PE in adolescents and influence recurrence in African American and Hispanic patients.
A New Unified Impulse Noise Removal Algorithm Using a New Reference Sequence-to-Sequence Similarity Detector

Existing detectors are based on using the similarity of pixels or blocks to locate noisy pixels. Alternatively, this paper presents an approach that investigates the similarity property among sequences of pixels to establish a new reference sequence-to-sequence similarity (RSSS) impulse noise detector. Then, to harness the advantages of this new RSSS detector in high detection accuracy, a new unified image denoising algorithm (RSSS-I) is introduced to remove different types of impulse noise. In this approach, the RSSS detector locates the impulse noise, and then, three different median filters remove the detected impulse noise in a cascade framework. In this framework, an existing weighted median filter is utilized as the domain filter, and two new directional mean and “extreme” median filters are applied as the post-filter. Experimental results show the benefits of this cascade framework in improving the performance. Comparison results demonstrate that the RSSS-I outperforms several existing methods for the ability to accurately locate the positions of noise, retain edge information, inhibit residual artifacts from occurring, and generating denoised images with better quality.
Bortezomib’s Scientific Origins and Its Tortuous Path to the Clinic

The development of bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma was made possible by multiple major advances in our understanding of intracellular protein breakdown. The primary route for degradation of intracellular proteins is the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, in which protein substrates are linked to ubiquitin chains, which marks them for degradation by the large proteolytic complex, the 26S proteasome. It utilizes ATP to unfold protein substrates and inject them into the 20S proteasome where proteins are digested to small peptides. Its active sites cleave proteins by an unusual mechanism that allows their selective inhibition by bortezomib. This molecule was generated by a small biotechnology company whose initial goal was to synthesize proteasome inhibitors to reduce the excessive proteolysis that causes muscle atrophy and cachexia. However, the availability of proteasome inhibitors suggested other therapeutic possibilities; for example, its role in the activation of the NF-κB suggested anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic actions and led to clinical trials against various cancers. Indications of the special sensitivity of multiple myeloma were observed in Phase I trials, and bortezomib was initially approved after only Phase II trials. In myeloma cells, NF-κB is particularly important for cell growth, but bortezomib has multiple antineoplastic actions, especially its ability to inhibit the selective degradation of misfolded proteins, and myeloma cells are continually generating such abnormal immunoglobins. Although its development was unusually rapid, these efforts encountered many obstacles, and several times were almost terminated. Beyond their major clinical impact, proteasome inhibitors are extremely useful research tools and have enabled enormous advances in our understanding of cell regulation, immune mechanisms, and disease.
The Privatization of Special Education.

THE PRIVATIZATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION By Judith A. McKinney, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: Cheryl C. Magill, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Department of Educational Leadership School of Education This study, The Privatization of Special Education, addresses a shift in the provision of special education and related services to students with disabilities in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Students with disabilities are being publicly placed in private day and residential schools at public expense. In Virginia, 125 private schools are licensed by the Virginia Department of Education to serve students with Disabilities. The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of programs, services, and interventions offered in private education schools. This nonexperimental design study focused on a secondary data source: the Virginia Department of Education, Private Schools for Students With Disabilities 2010 Annual Survey. Completed surveys were returned by all 125 schools. Results indicated that the majority of private schools licensed to serve students with disabilities are day schools. Students with an Emotional Disability, Other Health Impairment, Specific Learning Disability, and Autism are the most frequently reported disability classifications. Schools tend to be run by corporations and report being accredited by the Virginia Association of Special Education Facilities. Schools offer varying curricula, programs, and services in a variety of settings. This comprehensive profile adds to the body of knowledge or private schools serving students with disabilities in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
A Computational Model

The computational knowledge representation system described here is based on the logic of partitioned representations. It is designed to support reasoning in computational applications in artificial intelligence, such as language understanding, in addition to general theorem proving. It handles incoming knowledge by distributing that knowledge appropriately over multiple spaces and handles queries by allocating subqueries to the appropriate spaces.
Binding of transcobalamin II by human mammary epithelial cells.

The presence of nutrient binders in milk may have an important role during milk production and may influence the nutrient’s bioavailability to the infant. Human milk and plasma contain at least two types of vitaminB12binders: transcobalamin II (TCII) and haptocorrin (Hc). Vitamin B12 in milk is exclusively bound to Hc (Hc-B12). In plasma, the major vitamin B12 binding protein that is responsible for delivering absorbed vitamin B12 to most tissues and cells is TCII (TCII-B12). Currently, little is known about the route of secretion of vitamin B12 into human milk It is possible that a receptor-mediated pathway is involved, since maternal vitamin B12 supplementation increases the amount of the vitamin secreted into human milk if the mother’s vitamin B12 consumption is low, but remains unchanged if her intake is adequate. In this study, we investigated the process by which the mammary gland acquires vitamin B12 from maternal circulation, whether as a free vitamin or as a He-B12or TCII-B12complex. TCII was purified from plasma incubated with [57Co]vit B12 (B12), while Hc was purified from whey incubated with B12. Both proteins were separated by fast protein liquid chromatography using gel filtration and anion-exchange columns. Purity of the separated proteins was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding studies were carried out on a monolayer of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) at 4°C using free B12 and TCII-B12and He-B,12complexes. Minimal binding of free B12 and He-B12to HMEC was observed; however, HMEC exhibited a high affinity for the TCII-B12complex. This study suggests that a specific cell surface receptor for the TCII-B12complex exists in the mammary gland. It is possible that once vitamin B72 is in the mammary gland it is
Estimating Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Drilling Fluids Using Ultrasonic-Through-Transmission Combined with Machine Learning Methods

During drilling an oil/gas well, situations where the pressure integrity of the well is lost are great risks to assets, humans, and the environment, and represent high costs to the drilling operation. The non-Newtonian drilling fluid that is circulated while drilling serves several purposes, and its properties are essential to fulfil them. The density (p)enables the drilling mud to maintain pressure integrity during drilling operations. The plastic viscosity (μ p)enables the fluid to transport cuttings, while the gel strength (S)keeps the cuttings suspended when circulation is stopped. The industry standard is to perform manual drilling fluid checks every six hours to measure these three important rheological properties. To increase safety, efficiency and enable more automated drilling operations, sensor technology to perform these measurements in real-time is in high demand. Non-invasive ultrasonic measurement techniques in combination with machine learning represents one promising and easily implementable solution to meet these demands. In the presented work acoustic properties of different drilling fluids are studied. Three different pairs of ultrasonic transducers were utilized to evaluate the propagational properties of 22 different samples of water-based drilling fluids. The parameters measured in the ultrasonic experimental setup is received signal amplitude, time of flight and the lateral distance between receiver and transmitter. The trained machine learning models predicted density with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)in the range of 0.84% to 0.95%, plastic viscosity from 4.4% to 7%. The models for gel strength were not nearly as accurate, with MAPE ranging from 15% to 19%. This shows that the measurement principle has potential to develop a sensor system capable of meeting the demands regarding safety, efficiency and automation.
UNIT 8.9 Preparation of Amniocytes for Interphase Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

FISH has been used to detect and clarify deletions and/or other structural rearrangements, and also has applications in interphase analysis. This unit describes preparation of uncultured amniotic fluid cells for FISH analysis. Cells are swollen, and then slides are prepared by standard methods. The cells are then fixed and permeabilized for subsequent FISH. An alternate protocol describes attachment of amniocytes to a glass or plastic surface followed by hypotonic swelling, fixation, and permeabilization for subsequent FISH. Interphase FISH analysis of amniotic fluid cells is also described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: prenatal diagnosis; FISH; fluorescence in situ hybridization; amniotic fluid; aneuploidy
The way I make you feel: Social exclusion enhances the ability to manage others' emotions

Abstract Original conceptions of social exclusion focused upon the negative impact of exclusion on intelligent thought (Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002). We propose that although exclusion may impair cognitive forms of intelligence, exclusion should enhance more socially relevant forms of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence. Specifically, we examined whether exclusion would enhance performance in one branch of emotional intelligence: the ability to manage others' emotions. Social exclusion heightened the number and breadth of strategies that participants used for managing others' emotions when responding to hypothetical scenarios (Study 1) and when responding to online pen pals (Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, excluded participants were more effective at energizing an interaction partner in a face-to-face coaching interaction (Study 2) and were rated as more effective at managing their pen pal's emotions in an online pen pal exchange (Studies 3 and 4). Although exclusion heightened the number and breadth of emotion management strategies generated in a social task, exclusion did not heighten the number or breadth of nonsocial strategies (creative uses for common household items) generated in a comparison task (Study 4). Lastly, we found preliminary evidence suggesting that this enhanced emotion management after exclusion may serve to facilitate reconnection; excluded participants were liked more by their interaction partners (Study 2) and were rated to be more likable by objective coders (Studies 3 and 4). Altogether, these findings suggest that individuals may be more effective at managing others' emotions following social exclusion, and this greater effectiveness may promote reconnection.
Does Winning or Losing Change Players’ Engagement in Competitive Games? Experiments in Virtual Reality

Engagement is a key element in game design, and competition is frequently used to enhance players’ engagement. However, it is presently unclear how winning or losing might influence players’ engagement. We hypothesized that users in a competitive game will increase their level of engagement when they are losing. To test this hypothesis, we created a game in virtual reality in which each user competed against a virtual opponent that was programmed to either underperform, tie with, or overperform the user. We conducted a series of experiments on 72 volunteers who played four rounds of the game, with three rounds against each of the potential virtual opponents and one round alone. We found that user engagement increased when the virtual opponent outperformed the user, compared to when they played alone. A similar increase in user engagement was not registered when the user played against an underperforming or equally performing virtual opponent. To further elucidate the effect of the virtual opponent on user engagement, we applied the information-theoretic notion of transfer entropy, which offers a model-free approach for the inference of causal relationships between dynamical systems. Our findings provide insight into technology-mediated competition and its impact on engagement, thereby opening the door for targeted system interventions to modulate human response.