cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MELANOMAS THAT DEVELOP WITHIN THE EYE INHIBIT LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION

Experiments were performed to compare the ability of ocular and skin melanoma cells to stimulate T cells. Primary melanoma cell lines were obtained from a series of patients with either eye or skin melanoma. The ability of tumor cells to stimulate T cells in the absence of exogenous growth factors was assessed in mixed-lymphocyte tumor cell cultures in which allogeneic lymphocytes were stimulated with irradiated ocular or skin melanoma cells. Expression of HLA class I and class II on tumor cells, in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma, was determined by flow cytometry. The ability of tumor cells to inhibit T-cell proliferation was determined by adding various concentrations of irradiated tumor cells to standard mixed-lymphocyte cultures. Our results indicate that primary skin melanoma cells induce vigorous proliferation of allo-antigen-specific T cells. By contrast, ocular melanoma cells failed to induce significant T-cell proliferation. The failure of ocular melanoma cells to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation was not due to low levels of either class I or class II on tumor cells since tumor cells treated with IFN-gamma expressed high levels of class I and class II but still failed to induce lymphocyte proliferation. Ocular melanoma cells inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, as shown by experiments in which a small number of tumor cells prevented proliferation of T cells in mixed-lymphocyte cultures. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation required cell-to-cell contact, and supernatants from tumor cell cultures did not prevent lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, the ability of ocular melanoma cells to inhibit T-cell proliferation was lost when tumor cells migrated from the eye and formed hepatic metastases. We conclude that there is a fundamental difference in the immunogenicity of ocular and skin melanoma cells. Ocular melanomas, but not primary skin melanomas, are poorly immunogenic tumors that inhibit T-cell proliferation. Our results imply that the immunogenicity of melanoma cells is altered when they develop within the unique ocular micro-environment.
Effects of Credit Quality on Tax-Exempt and Taxable Yields

An examination of the effects of credit quality on the relative yields of Treasuries and municipals reveals that the municipal term structure model with no default risk underestimates equilibrium marginal income tax rates and yields of municipals relative to yields of Treasuries. The downward bias is more severe for long-maturity and low-rated bonds. Incorporating default risk into the municipal term structure model helps explain a considerable portion of the relative yields of tax-exempt and taxable bonds, and generates much more accurate estimates of implicit marginal income tax rates. After controlling for the effect of default, the estimated implicit tax rates for long and short bonds become quite comparable and consistent with the tax regime.
Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history

Emergence and survival of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.glandulosa Torr.) seedlings was quantified on sites with contrasting grazing histories: long-term continuous grazing (LTG) and long-term protection (LTP) from grazing by cattle. On each site, different levels of heroaceous defoliation were imposed at monthly intervals (no defoliation=ND, moderate=MD and heavy=HD). The two weeks following seed dissemination appeared to be the most critical toProsopis establishment on LTP-ND plots. Openings in the herbaceous layer created by moderate defoliation of grasses on the LTP site increased germination and/or survival 7-to 8-fold during this period. However, increasing the degree of defoliation from moderate to heavy did not stimulate additional emergence on either the LTP or LTG site. Emergence from scarified seed placed in cattle dung (17 to 30%) was lower than that of bare seed placements in various microhabitats (43–60%). However, deposition of scarifiedProsopis seed in dung in conjunction with graminoid defoliation may be the most likely combination of events when livestock are present. Emergence from seeds transported into grasslands by other fauna likely would be low, unless seeds were deposited in areas where grasses had been defoliated.Prosopis survival was comparably high in dung and bare seed placements after one growing season. survival of seedlings present two weeks after seed dissemination ranged from 74 to 97% at the end of the second growing season. Seedling survival and shoot development (biomass, leaf area and height) were similar on LTP and LTG sites, regardless of the level of herbaceous defoliation or seed placement. In addition, the magnitude and patterns of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and xylem water potential were comparable among one-year-old seedtings on ND, MD and HD plots, even though differences in herbaceous species composition and above- and below-ground biomass between these treatments were substantial. Such data suggest competition for soil resources between grasses andProsopis may be minimal early in the life cycle ofProsopis. High rates ofProsopis emergence and establishment on LTP-MD plots are counter to the widespread assumption that long-term and/or heavy grazing is requisite forProsopis encroachment into grasslands. Results are discussed with regard to factors contributing to the recent, widespread invasion of this woody legume into grasslands of southwestern North America.
Robot calibration using the CPC error model

Abstract The complete and parametrically continuous (CPC) robot kinematic modeling convention has no model singularities and allows the modeling of the robot base and tool in the same manner by which the internal links are modeled. These two properties can be utilized to construct robot kinematic error models employing the minimum number of kinematic error parameters. These error parameters are independent and span the entire geometric error space. The BASE and TOOL error models are derived as special cases of the regular CPC error model. The CPC error model is useful for both kinematic identification and kinematic compensation. This paper focuses on the derivation of the CPC error models and their use in the experimental implementation of robot calibration.
Supervision Is a Relationship Too: A Contemporary Approach to Psychoanalytic Supervision

This paper discusses clinical cases presented by Comins and Eliot within a paradigm of psychoanalytic supervisory work based on relational theory. Here, in making the medium of supervision more symmetrical with the message of contemporary psychoanalytic ideas about structure of mind health, pathology, and treatment, the relationship between the supervisor and supervisee is considered to contain crucial supervisory data to be delineated and discussed by both members of the dyad. The supervisory relationship is described using three dimensions: power and authority, the data held to be relevant for supervisory conversations, and the mode of the supervisor's participation in the supervisory process.
Discriminative stimulus properties of toluene in the rat.

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate toluene (100 mg/kg, IP) from vehicle in a two-lever operant task. Acquisition of the discrimination required a range of 85–219 training days. Injections of either methohexital (0.5–10 mg/kg) or oxazepam (0.5–20 mg/kg) produced toluene-lever responding in a dose-dependent fashion in most animals. The discriminative stimulus properties of toluene were not found to generalize to chlorpromazine (0.3–10 mg/kg). These results are consistent with those obtained in the mouse and provide further evidence that toluene has stimulus properties similar to those of CNS depressant drugs. These results further suggest that toluene may have drug abuse potential of the CNS depressant type.
A physical sign in sprue.

In steatorrhea due to pancreatic exocrine deficiency or sprue, the frequently observed abdominal distention is often accompanied by relatively little tympany. The cause of this sign is probably fluidfilled intestine.
Severe febrile reaction to isoniazid

A case of severe febrile reaction to INH is described. The patient had a mild febrile reaction two weeks following INH prophylaxis. Isoniazid was discontinued. Two weeks later and on rechallenge with INH she developed a severe febrile reaction with protracted hypotension. An initial mild febrile reaction to INH is a warning sign that rechallenge can result in a life-threatening situation.
Cardiorespiratory response to exercise after definitive repair of univentricular atrioventricular connection

To characterize the exercise hemodynamic responses after definitive operation for patients with univentricular atrioventricular connection, we compared the cardiorespiratory response to exercise of 4 patients who had undergone the ventricular septation procedure and 9 patients who had undergone the Fontan operation with that of 38 patients who had univentricular atrioventricular connection but had not undergone definitive operation. Exercise duration and total work increased significantly after the Fontan procedure but not after the septation operation. Rest or exercise (or both) ventilation improved significantly after the septation operation but less so after the Fontan operation. Blood oxygen saturation (rest and exercise) improved significantly after either procedure. Cardiac output and stroke-volume response to exercise remained abnormal in both groups of patients after operation. Although definitive operation for univentricular atrioventricular connection results in improved cardiorespiratory function at rest and exercise, these variables remain abnormal when compared with those of normal subjects.
Solutions of the Taylor-Green Vortex Problem Using High-Resolution Explicit Finite Difference Methods

A computational fluid dynamics code that solves the compressible Navier-Stokes equations was applied to the Taylor-Green vortex problem to examine the code s ability to accurately simulate the vortex decay and subsequent turbulence. The code, WRLES (Wave Resolving Large-Eddy Simulation), uses explicit central-differencing to compute the spatial derivatives and explicit Low Dispersion Runge-Kutta methods for the temporal discretization. The flow was first studied and characterized using Bogey & Bailley s 13-point dispersion relation preserving (DRP) scheme. The kinetic energy dissipation rate, computed both directly and from the enstrophy field, vorticity contours, and the energy spectra are examined. Results are in excellent agreement with a reference solution obtained using a spectral method and provide insight into computations of turbulent flows. In addition the following studies were performed: a comparison of 4th-, 8th-, 12th- and DRP spatial differencing schemes, the effect of the solution filtering on the results, the effect of large-eddy simulation sub-grid scale models, and the effect of high-order discretization of the viscous terms.
CANCER OF THE BRONCHUS AND LUNG: CONNECTICUT 1935-1959.

Abstract A marked increase has been noted in the incidence of cancer of the bronchus and lung in Connecticut. The incidence of this malignancy in males has risen from 8.7 per 100,000 population in 1935, to 46.7 per 100,000 in 1959; the corresponding figures for females demonstrate a rise from 4.1 to 7.3 per 100,000 population. A detailed 22-year survival analysis by stage, age, histological type, calendar period of diagnosis, and type of treatment of patients with cancer of the bronchus and lung diagnosed in the state of Connecticut between 1935 and 1956 is presented. Observed survival is measured relative to expected survival in the general population. Among patients diagnosed during 1935–1949, only 1 3 of those who were expected to survive the first 6 months after diagnosis, did in fact, survive; less than 20 per cent of these lived 1 year and less than 5 per cent lived 5 years. Patients diagnosed during 1950–1956, experienced only slightly higher 5-year survival rates than those diagnosed in 1935–1949; the relative 10-year survival rate for lung cancer is 4 per cent for females and 2 per cent for males. There does appear to be a slightly higher survival rate for females having bronchogenic cancer. The increase in survival rates from the 1935–1949 period to the 1950–1956 period was possibly related to the increase in the percentage of patients treated by surgical intervention. This study suggests that there is an increase in the survival time of the surgically treated patients. The survival figures for the state of Connecticut are similar to the average figures obtained in other treatment centers of the United States.
Sorting in constant number of row and column phases on a mesh

An algorithm for sorting on a mesh by alternately transforming the rows and columns is presented. The algorithm runs in a constant number of row- and column-transformation phases (sixteen phases), an improvement over the previous best upper bound ofO(log logm) phases,m being the number of rows in the mesh. A corresponding lower bound of five phases is also shown.
Temperature Profile in Semi-infinite Body With Exponential Source and Convective Boundary Condition

An analytical solution for the temperature profile in a semi-infinite body with an exponentially decaying (with position) source and convective boundary condition is obtained using Laplace transforms. The appropriate dimensionless parameters are identified and the temperature as a function of these parameters is presented in graphic form. With cooling at the exposed surface, the maximum temperature occurs in the interior of the slab instead of at the exposed surface. The location of the temperature maximum as a function of the various system parameters is presented in graphic form. Approximate relationships are presented for small values of dimensionless time.
Broken Homes: The "Missing" Children of the 1910 Census

Progressive-era activists claimed that poverty led to broken homes: Impoverished parents—particularly single mothers—were compelled to place children in the care of relatives or institutions. The 1910 census asked all ever-married women how many of their children were alive on the census date. Many women had “missing” children; they reported having more than were living with them. Nearly 25 percent of white single mothers and more than 30 percent of African-American single mothers under age thirty-five had missing children, many of them likely in substitute care. Sizable fractions of young African-American married mothers and remarried mothers of both races also had missing children. The data indicate that placing children in substitute care was associated with limited household resources but was also related to the migration patterns of the period.
DEX1, a Novel Plant Protein, Is Required for Exine Pattern Formation during Pollen Development in Arabidopsis

To identify factors that are required for proper pollen wall formation, we have characterized the T-DNA-tagged, dex1 mutation of Arabidopsis, which results in defective pollen wall pattern formation. This study reports the isolation and molecular characterization of DEX1 and morphological and ultrastructural analyses of dex1 plants. DEX1 encodes a novel plant protein that is predicted to be membrane associated and contains several potential calcium-binding domains. Pollen wall development in dex1 plants parallels that of wild-type plants until the early tetrad stage. In dex1 plants, primexine deposition is delayed and significantly reduced. The normal rippling of the plasma membrane and production of spacers observed in wild-type plants is also absent in the mutant. Sporopollenin is produced and randomly deposited on the plasma membrane in dex1 plants. However, it does not appear to be anchored to the microspore and forms large aggregates on the developing microspore and the locule walls. Based on the structure of DEX1 and the phenotype of dex1 plants, several potential roles for the protein are proposed.
Learning semantic features for action recognition via diffusion maps

Efficient modeling of actions is critical for recognizing human actions. Recently, bag of video words (BoVW) representation, in which features computed around spatiotemporal interest points are quantized into video words based on their appearance similarity, has been widely and successfully explored. The performance of this representation however, is highly sensitive to two main factors: the granularity, and therefore, the size of vocabulary, and the space in which features and words are clustered, i.e., the distance measure between data points at different levels of the hierarchy. The goal of this paper is to propose a representation and learning framework that addresses both these limitations. We present a principled approach to learning a semantic vocabulary from a large amount of video words using Diffusion Maps embedding. As opposed to flat vocabularies used in traditional methods, we propose to exploit the hierarchical nature of feature vocabularies representative of human actions. Spatiotemporal features computed around interest points in videos form the lowest level of representation. Video words are then obtained by clustering those spatiotemporal features. Each video word is then represented by a vector of Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) between that video word and training video clips, and is treated as a mid-level feature. At the highest level of the hierarchy, our goal is to further cluster the mid-level features, while exploiting semantically meaningful distance measures between them. We conjecture that the mid-level features produced by similar video sources (action classes) must lie on a certain manifold. To capture the relationship between these features, and retain it during clustering, we propose to use diffusion distance as a measure of similarity between them. The underlying idea is to embed the mid-level features into a lower-dimensional space, so as to construct a compact yet discriminative, high level vocabulary. Unlike some of the supervised vocabulary construction approaches and the unsupervised methods such as pLSA and LDA, Diffusion Maps can capture local relationship between the mid-level features on the manifold. We have tested our approach on diverse datasets and have obtained very promising results.
Fabrication of a duplicate denture from an existing complete denture

A technique is presented that describes the fabrication of a duplicate denture using the patient's existing complete denture. This procedure enables the practitioner to offer patients an alternative to being without a denture during a laboratory reline of an existing denture. A vinyl polysiloxane impression material is used to impress the polished surface of the existing denture as well as to block out undercuts on the impression surface of the denture before pouring a stone cast. Because of the stability of the impression material used, most of the laboratory procedures can be accomplished separate from the clinical appointment.
Clinical Equivalence: A Step, A Misstep, or Just a Misnomer?

Most current approaches to assess clinical significance and clinical equivalence rely principally on concepts and methods drawn from population statistics, yet these strategies fall far short of the qualitative nature of the judgments rendered by clinicians. Just as the construct of clinical diagnosis in research settings bene-fitted by drawing upon the so-called LEAD standard (longitudinal, expert, all data) to achieve research diagnoses with the greatest clinical credibility, the concepts of “clinically significant change” or “clinically equivalent to normal” need similar standards. As an alternative, for future purposes of assessing clinical significance, I recommend the application of a “SMARTER” standard, as follows: (a) whenever possible, the method should use standardized measures, (b) it should address all relevant outcomes across settings, raters, and domains; and (c) it should make use of trained expert clinicians, trained to achieve reliability.
Deep-water Sipuncula from the eastern Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Over 9000 recently collected sipunculans from the deeper waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from 80° N to 34° S are discussed. Brief notes on their morphology and a key to the 31 species are presented. The existence of zoogeographical barriers at slope depths between the Norwegian and European Basins, within the Cape Verde Basin (a diffuse one), and between the Angolan and Cape Basins are noted. Most species (17) are very widely distributed (north of 40° N and south of 15° N). Most of those with wide latitudinal ranges also have wide vertical ranges. Two slope species occur on the shelf in upwelling areas off West Africa. These analyses are based on just these recent collections, i.e. disregarding earlier records.
Potential Anticancer Effects of Statins: Fact or Fiction?

Deregulation of any of the steps in cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis may result in its malignant transformation. Statins, along with their lipid-lowering potential, modify several processes in the cell cycle. These agents inhibit cell proliferation and arrest cell cycle progression by interrupting growth-promoting signals. Statins selectively induce proapoptotic protential in tumor cells and synergistically enhance proapoptotic potential of several cytotoxic agents. Statins alter angiogenic potential of cells by modulating apoptosis inhibitory effects of VEGF and decrease secretion of metalloproteases. Statins also alter adhesion and migration of tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. Statins suppress rate of activation of multiple coagulation factors and thus prevent coagulation-mediated angiogenesis. Statins have been shown to have anti-tumor activity in experimental models. Various anti-neoplastic properties of statins are probably a result of inhibition of posttranslati...
Design of a 2.4 GHz interrogator for a rectenna-based sensor system

This paper presents a design for an interrogator for a new class of passive wireless sensors. The sensors are intended for deeply embedded structural health monitoring applications. As such, the interrogator must both transmit a signal to elicit a response from the sensor and be able to monitor that response. The interrogator considered transmits in the 2.40–2.48 GHz ISM band and monitors the 2nd harmonic response created by the sensor. The interrogator employs two fractional-N PLLs, one for frequency synthesis of the interrogating signal and one for a reference at a fixed frequency offset. The received signal lies in the 4.80–4.96 GHz band and is downconverted to a constant frequency (70 MHz). The output frequency of the two PLLs is controlled by a single FPGA. The interrogator is designed to either sweep across the transmit band or to transmit at a fixed frequency within the band depending on whether the sensed parameter is static or dynamic, respectively, in nature.
Finding the Right Fit: Assessing the Impact of Traditional v. Large Lecture/Small Lab Course Formats on a General Education Course

This study explores alternative approaches for teaching general education courses burdened with serving extremely large enrollments. It compares the effectiveness of a self-contained course in which each course section is taught by one instructor to a large lecture/small lab format in which all course enrollees attend one large lecture section and then are divided into several small lab sections for more intensive training experiences. The study uses the Introduction to Human Communication course at the authors' university. Two hundred and seventy-five students enrolled in nine large lecture/small lab sections of the course and two hundred and fifteen students enrolled in eight self-contained sections were used for this study. Comparisons were made of cognitive learning outcomes, affective learning outcomes, communication apprehension outcomes, and student evaluations of faculty. Cognitive learning outcomes indicated that students in the self-contained format did better on their first speeches and that those in the large lecture/small lab format did better on their final speech and improved more rapidly from their first to last speech. Little difference was found in level of affective learning or reduction in student apprehension. Students in both sections decreased in communication apprehension over the course of the semester. The large lecture/small lab format appeared to depress teaching evaluations.
Urinary tract infections in cats with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

The prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in cats with hyperthyroidism (n=90), diabetes mellitus (DM) (n=57) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=77) was evaluated retrospectively. It was found to be 12% in cats with hyperthyroidism and DM, respectively, and 22% in cats with CKD. Associations between UTIs and clinical signs, biochemical markers in serum and urinalyses were investigated. Many of the cats with UTIs had no clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease or changes in their laboratory values indicative of infection. Therefore, a urinalysis alone should not be used to exclude UTIs in these cats. UTIs are relatively common in cats with hyperthyroidism, DM and CKD, and urine cultures are recommended as part of the basic diagnostic plan for cats suspected of suffering from these conditions.
Pituitary Tumorigenesis in Prolactin Gene- Disrupted Mice

Targeted disruption [knockout (KO)] of the mouse prolactin (PRL) gene created an animal model of primary isolated PRL deficiency in which there is no detectable PRL bioactivity. Pituitary glands of young adult female PRLKO mice were hyperplastic, and many cells had expanded cytoplasms with granular accumulations of an N-terminal peptide encoded by the disrupted PRL gene (KO/10 peptide). Confocal imaging showed that the pituitaries in PRL / and PRL /– females contained dense accumulations of apparently Golgi-associated immunoreactive PRL. PRLKO female mice (15–18 months old) developed hyperemic pituitary adenomas. The pituitary tumors in PRLKO mice synthesized the KO/10 peptide, which implies that the tumors arise from the lactotroph lineage. Anchorage-independent growth was observed among pituitary cells from PRLKO mice, aged 8 months or older, but not in cells from 3-month-old PRLKO mice. GH cells appeared to be normal in PRLKO pituitaries, but were displaced by the hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of KO/10-positive cells. Bromocriptine suppressed mean pituitary weight in 8-monthold PRLKO mice compared with vehicle-treated PRLKO animals (20 0.01 and 60 10 mg; P < 0.01). We infer that pituitary lactotrophs of PRLKO mice suffer from a dual pathology that includes hypertrophy resulting from endoplasmic reticulum expansion and hyperplasia, with adenomatous transformation, in part as a consequence of disrupted dopaminergic feedback regulation. (Endocrinology 143: 4429 – 4436, 2002)
Molecular MIMD processors: an initial investigation

A multilayer MIMD data-flow processor using spectral hole burning, photon echo, mutually coherent reconstruction beams for holograms, and algorithmic origami is sketched very roughly. It should allow low power consumption, significant parallelism, great flexibility, and high speed (picosecond gates). More importantly, it may allow us practical access to the high resolution of molecules relative to wires and beams of light.
Patterns of skin metastases: a review of 25 years' experience at a single cancer center.

Background Skin metastases can be defined as the spread of a tumor from its site of primary origin to the skin. Skin metastasis may be the first sign of advanced cancer or an indicator of cancer recurrence. Objectives To review patient data of 401 skin metastases available from our institution and compare this information to previously published studies. Methods Patient data from the Cancer Registry at RPCI database was reviewed for skin metastasis using vendor software. We included all cases of carcinoma, melanoma, sarcomas, and hematologic malignancies entered during a 25-year period from January 4, 1985, to March 1, 2010. Data identifying the relationship of tumor incidence, morphology, and skin metastasis was reviewed. A total of 401 patients who had skin metastases at the time of cancer diagnosis or had skin metastases as a recurrent site were included in this study. Extensive literature review was conducted using PubMed for articles relating to skin metastases and its clinical presentation and histological features. Results Breast cancer was the most common cancer to metastasize to the skin (32.7% of all skin metastases seen) followed by bronchus and lung (13.2%), skin (melanoma; 9.5%), lymph nodes (7.5%), oral cavity/pharynx/larynx (6.2%), blood and bone marrow (5.5%), and colorectal (4.2%). The most common histological types of tumors were identified as adenocarcinoma (infiltrating ductal carcinoma [22.7%]), lobular carcinoma (4.7%), and non-adenocarcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma [12.2%] and malignant melanoma [5.2%]). Conclusions This is the largest review of skin metastases in the United States in the past 25 years. We found the primary cancers that metastasize to the skin have changed in frequency from previous studies. Our data are helpful in indicating which cancers have the strongest predilection for skin metastasis. Identification of these cancers can help both the clinician and patient detect early signs of metastases, which may allow for earlier diagnosis, implementation of therapy, and possible prolonged survival.
A 36-Pound Weight Loss and Debilitating Painful Rash in a 42-Year-Old Male

Questions: 1. What are this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. How do you explain this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 3. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? 4. What are the common laboratory methods for establishing HIV infection? 5. What laboratory and clinical findings define this patient’s disease? 6. What factors can cause a false negative HIV antibody test? 7. What is the “window period” for HIV antibody detection? 8. What is a useful diagnostic algorithm for laboratory screening for HIV infection? 9. What laboratory test(s) should be used to follow known HIV positive patients? 10. At what CD4 level are patients tested and/or treated prophylactically for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
Treatment of Pregnant Alcohol-Consuming Rats with Buspirone: Effects on Serotonin and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Content in Offspring

This laboratory previously demonstrated that in utero ethanol exposure markedly impairs the development of the serotonergic system in rat brain. Developmental abnormalities could be detected as early as G15 in the brainstem and G19 in the cortex. Because of the importance of fetal serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT1A receptors for the normal development of 5-HT containing neurons, we initiated studies to determine whether administration of a 5-HT1A agonist, buspirone, to pregnant rats could overcome the adverse effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the developing serotonergic system in offspring. Female, Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of buspirone (4.5 mg/kg) from gestational day 13 (G13) to G20. 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content were determined in the cortex and cortical regions. These experiments demonstrated that the ethanol-associated abnormalities in the development of the serotonergic system can be partially overcome by in utero exposure to buspirone. Specifically, whereas untreated ethanol rats had a deficiency of 5-HT and/or 5-HIAA in whole cortex on PN5, and in the motor cortex on PN19 and 35, no significant differences were detected in these regions of the age-matched offspring of buspirone-treated, ethanol-fed rats. In contrast, the 5-HT and 5-HIAA deficiency in the somatosensory cortex of 19-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats was not corrected by in utero buspirone treatment. These results suggest that the abnormal development of cortical projections of serotonergic neurons may be due in part to the low fetal 5-HT content in ethanol-exposed rats and may potentially be overcome by in utero treatment with a 5-HT1A agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structural and dielectric characterization of atomic layer deposited HfO 2 and TiO 2 as promising gate oxides

Tetrakis (diethylamino) hafnium (TDEAH), tetrakis (diethylamino) titanium (TDEAT) and H 2 O were used for the atomic layer deposition of HfO 2 and TiO 2 films on silicon substrates. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy showed that after a short Ar+ sputtering for removing surface contaminants, both HfO 2 and TiO 2 films were found to be essentially carbon free. While HfO 2 remained at +4 chemical state after the surface sputtering, TiO 2 partially changed into Ti+3 (Ti 2 O 3 ) and Ti+2 (TiO), suggesting a preferential sputtering of O over Ti. Phase-shift interferometry (PSI) was applied to probe the surface morphology of both as-deposited and post annealed films, which were later examined by Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD). From both PSI and GIXRD results, as-deposited HfO 2 and TiO 2 films were found to be amorphous with smooth surfaces but began to crystallize with roughened surfaces after annealing at 600 °C, with HfO 2 crystallizing into a monoclinic structure and TiO 2 crystallizing into an anatase structure. C-V and I-V measurement were performed after electron beam evaporation of Al metal contacts on the dielectric layers. The calculated dielectric constant (k) value of TiO 2 is almost three times higher than that of HfO 2 and the measured leakage current densities for the metal oxides are below 10−5 A/cm2 at the applied voltage of 1 V.
Interrater and intrarater reliability of finger goniometric measurements.

Intrarater and interrater reliability were determined for middle finger range of motion (ROM) using the Rolyan finger goniometer. Seven raters measured ROM 3 times (trials) on 20 healthy adults. Intraclass reliability analysis and analysis of variance was used to assess the consistency and stability of measures. Level of significance was set at p £ .05. Significant differences (p < .05) existed between raters for metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal active finger ROM measurements and for metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal passive range of motion. Intrarater reliability ranged from .43 to .99 (single measure intraclass coefficient). Interrater reliability ranged from .24 to .95, with passive measures lower than active measures. These results provide clinicians with evidence for using this specific goniometer and issues associated with various therapists assessing finger ROM. Lewis, E., Fors, L., & Tharion, W. J. (2010). Interrater and intrarater reliability of finger goniometric measurements.
Collaborative care best practice models: A new educational paradigm for developing interprofessional educational (IPE) experiences

Nurses, physicians and other healthcare professionals, as well as their student counterparts at all levels of training contend with enormous pressures that include a complicated healthcare system; ...
Epidemiologic and clinical features of other enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in American Indian infants.

Objective To investigate the viral etiology, through the use of molecular methods, of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), which is a considerable public health burden in Native American infants. Study design From March 2002 through February 2004, AGE and non-diarrheal stools were collected from Navajo and White Mountain Apache infants who received placebo during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Case (n=247) and control (n=344) specimens were tested for enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The odds of AGE were compared with population-averaged logistic regression models. Results In 65% of the cases of AGE (161/247), at least one virus was detected; norovirus (n=80, 32%) and rotavirus (n=70, 28%) were the most common. A virus was detected in 38% of control specimens (132/344). Detection of "any virus" was associated with AGE (OR=3.22; 95% CI, 2.11-4.91), as was detection of norovirus (OR=2.00; 95% CI, 1.22-3.26) and rotavirus (OR=2.69; 95% CI, 1.52-4.79). Conclusion This study highlights the significant burden of viral AGE in American Indian infants and identifies pathogen targets for future prevention efforts in this population.
Enhanced Expression of CD20 in Human Tumor B Cells Is Controlled through ERK-Dependent Mechanisms

Rituximab, a chimeric Ab directed against CD20, induces apoptosis in targeted cells. Although the majority of B cell malignancies express the CD20 Ag, only approximately 50% of patients will respond to single-agent rituximab. The available data suggest that a decreased CD20 expression could account for the lack of response observed in some patients treated with rituximab. Despite the potential critical role of CD20 in the biology of B cell malignancies, the mechanisms controlling its expression are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of the immune modulator agent bryostatin-1 on the expression of CD20 in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Using the B cell lines, DB and RAMOS, as well as tumor cells derived from a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient, we demonstrated that bryostatin-1 enhanced the expression of both CD20 mRNA and protein. The enhanced expression of CD20 was associated with increased transcriptional activity of the CD20 gene, whereas the stability of CD20 mRNA was not affected. The effect of bryostatin-1 on CD20 expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells was mediated through the MAPK kinase/ERK signal transduction pathway and involved protein kinase C, but was independent of p38 MAPK and was insensitive to dexamethasone. Cells pretreated with bryostatin-1 were more susceptible to the proapoptotic effect of anti-CD20 Ab. Overall, these data demonstrate for the first time that ERK phosphorylation is required for the up-regulated expression of CD20 on B cell malignancies. The findings also suggest that bryostatin-1 and rituximab could be a valuable combined therapy for B cell malignancies.
Parameters Affecting Extrusion Foaming of PET by Gas Injection

The rheological properties of conventional PET resins are not particularly suitable for low density extrusion forming with physical blowing agents, and as a result modified resins with higher melt ...
Diagnosis of Major Secondary Headaches 2, Non-traumatic and Non-vascular Disorders

This chapter on secondary headaches focuses exclusively on headaches which are due to non-vascular causes. The chapter begins with considerations on diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH, pseudotumor cerebri) and headaches of low CSF pressure or intracranial hypotension. Next, the author provides a discussion on headaches associated with intracranial neoplasm, disorders of infectious disease, disorders of homeostasis, and toxic headaches, along with clinical pearls for diagnosing these myriad secondary headaches. Tips on diagnosing cervicogenic headache and temporomandibular disorder are provided. Finally, the author summarizes clinical pearls on diagnosis of classic and secondary trigeminal neuralgia, along with clinical features of other, more rare facial neuralgias and persistent idiopathic facial pain.
Patterns of co-evolution between requirements and source code

Software systems are characterized by continual change which often occurs concurrently across various artifact types. For example, changes may be initiated at the requirements, design, or source code level. Understanding patterns of co-evolution across requirements and source code provides fundamental building blocks for automating software engineering activities such as trace link creation and evolution, requirements analysis and maintenance, refactoring detection, and the generation of task recommendations. However, prior work has focused almost entirely on the evolution of individual artifact types such as requirements, design, or source code. In this paper we document patterns of co-evolution that occur between requirements and source code. We illustrate the utility of the patterns for detecting missing requirements and for evolving requirements to source code trace links.
What is a “DNA-Compatible” Reaction?

DNA-encoded synthesis can generate vastly diverse screening libraries of arbitrarily complex molecules as long as chemical reaction conditions do not compromise DNA’s informational integrity, a fundamental constraint that “DNA-compatible” reaction development does not presently address. We devised DNA-encoded reaction rehearsal, an integrated analysis of reaction yield and impact on DNA, to acquire these key missing data. Magnetic DNA-functionalized sensor beads quantitatively report the % DNA template molecules remaining viable for PCR amplification after exposure to test reaction conditions. Analysis of solid-phase bond forming (e.g., Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, reductive amination) and deprotection reactions (e.g., allyl esters, silyl ethers) guided the definition and optimization of DNA-compatible reaction conditions (>90% yield, >30% viable DNA molecules), most notably in cases that involved known (H+, Pd) and more obscure (Δ, DMF) hazards to DNA integrity. The data provide an empirical yet mechan...
Unusual behavior of produced gas oil ratio in low permeability fractured reservoirs

Abstract Leading unconventional plays in the US such as Eagle Ford, Bakken and Niobrara have average gas oil ratio (GOR) ranging from 500 SCF/STB to 4000 SCF/STB. The behavior of produced GOR is difficult to characterize for unconventional reservoirs. Initial reservoir pressure (Pi), well operating pressure and fluid properties directly related to Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) such as bubble point pressure (Pb), initial GOR (Rsi), GOR at Pb (Rsb), GOR at flowing bottom hole pressure (Rsw) are the key factors affecting produced GOR from low permeability (10–5000 nD) reservoirs. Gas production may be controlled and kept in the desired production window by maintaining the flowing bottom hole pressure (Pwf or BHP). A single characteristic factor affecting the produced GOR is found to be ( 1 − R sw R sb ) ( 1 − P wf P b ) ( 1 − P wf P i ) . The first part ( 1 − R sw R sb ) considers the fluid PVT effect with operating condition, second part ( 1 − P wf P b ) accounts for the proximity of operating pressure with bubble point pressure and third part ( 1 − P wf P i ) is the drawdown effect. Production behavior in terms of produced GOR can be predicted using this single factor. Produced GOR increases with time when this factor exceeds a certain value, while, little or no deviations from the initial GOR are observed for lower values of the factor. It should be noted that the predictive factor does not depend on reservoir matrix permeability. Initially, a factor ( P b − P wf ) ( P i − P wf ) comprising only pressure terms was developed which failed to capture the behavior of produced GOR. Initial reservoir pressure and flowing bottom hole pressure (Pwf) are varied to study a wide range of reservoirs and production conditions. The oil rates, recovery factor and produced GOR are the key production parameters for this study. Suitability of this factor is validated by comparing simulation data with field data. The optimum well operating pressure can also be determined using this factor to maximize recovery. Deviation of GOR from its initial value is higher for low permeability reservoirs. Higher gas and oil are recovered from reservoirs with higher initial gas oil ratios (Rsi).
Histamine, norepinephrine, and bradykinin stimulation of fibroblast growth and modification of serotonin response.

SummaryHistamine and norepinephrine have a concentration-dependent growth-enhancing effect on fibroblast growth in vitro that is different from the response to serotonin. These distinct dose-response curves suggest different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, histamine depresses growth of human embryo lung fibroblasts while enhancing growth of an established cell line (3T6) and serially cultured strains of mouse skin fibroblasts. The acquired nature of the histamine response is in contrast to the consistent growth-enhancing effect of serotonin and norepinephrine on all fibroblast lines or strains.At micromolar concentrations, histamine, norepinephrine, and bradykinin antagonize the action of serotonin, while at a nanomolar level norepinephrine potentiates the effect of serotonin. The spatial configuration of bradykinin is critical for the fibroblast growth response. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits fibroblast growth.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. T. Ralph Alvarez and the gift of prostag...
Pedagogical Possibilities: Lessons From Social Justice Educators

This article examined narratives of social justice educators in order to ascertain personal and professional experiences that shaped and prepared them to engage in social justice education. Eight s...
Models of the Dynamics of Mosaic Landscapes

Upon reflection, it seems ecological research often involves either dismantling ecosystems into their components or assembling “parts” into ecosystems. Thankfully, some ecologists do both. For example, A. S. Watt upon his return from the “Great War” produced a pair of wonderful papers deconstructing the components and processes of British beech woods (Watt 1923, 1925). These papers outlined the microsites favored by regeneration of different tree species, documented experiments on excluding seed predators and seedling grazers, and investigated how such processes influenced the regeneration patterns of the trees in the canopy gaps produced by tree falls of different sizes. A second “Great War” later, he drew this together (Watt 1947) as a towering synthesis paper, which theorized that vegetation pattern arises from the local spatial dynamics produced by deaths of dominant individual plants and the consequent recovery process. Summation across many mosaic elements with their unstable, quasiperiodic dynamics produced the on-average predictable spatial pattern of the vegetation —an ecosystem quantum mechanics with canopy elements as the quanta. Watt’s paper trail is but one of the threads that interweaves with others to produce the fabric of an ongoing synthesis of plant communities as working mechanisms. Consider Joseph Grinnell’s niche theory (Grinnell 1917a, b). The son of an Indian Agency physician, Grinnell grew up among the Oglala Lakota (Sioux) and was befriended by their chief, Red Cloud (Maȟpiya Luta, 1822–1909) in what is now the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Grinnell’s concept of the ecological niche is a huntergatherer’s concept, “What conditions (climate, soil, other associated species, etc.) determine where a particular species of plant or animal will be found?” Other threads include increasing quantification and observational capacity in ecology: remote sensing of large-scale patterns of ecosystems; systems ecology with dynamic equations to formalize theories on change; multivariate statistics to explore and interpret large complex data sets; increased computational power coupled with diminished per calculation cost. These come to together in the formulation, testing, and analysis of computer models of Watt’s mosaic elements based on simulating the birth, death, and growth of individual plants. Called individual-based models (Huston et al. 1988), these algorithms channel Grinnell’s niche theory to determine conditions that might produce successful plant regeneration. With a dollop of ecophysiology to simulate individual plant growth and death, one form of these models, called “gap models” (Shugart and West 1980), essentially reproduce the dynamics that Watt postulated to underlie vegetation pattern. Collectively, gap models (Botkin et al. 1972, Shugart and West 1977) produce a theoretical basis for forest dynamics.