cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A UNIVERSAL LAW FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE DIFFUSION CONTROLLED TRANSIENT CREEP

Abstract It is suggested that transient creep at high temperatures arises principally as a result of the dispersal of entanglements by the climb mechanism. The dispersal of the entanglements is assumed to follow a unimolecular reaction kinetics with a rate constant that depends on stress and temperature in the same way as does the secondary creep rate. The analysis shows that the strain (e) versus time (t) relation can be represented by e=e 0 +e. 3 t+ β−1 K [1- exp (−K e 3 t)] , where e0 is the instantaneous strain on loading, e 3 , the secondary creep rate, K e 3 the rate constant, and β the ratio of initial to secondary creep rate. The experimental creep data on several b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals and alloys correlate quite well with the proposed mechanism. The constants β and K were found to be independent of temperature and stress. The proposed formulation becomes inapplicable for correlating creep data in polycrystals at low stresses because of the significant contribution of grain-boundary sliding to the total creep at these stress levels.
Assessment of atherosclerosis in large vessel walls: A comprehensive review of FDG-PET/CT image acquisition protocols and methods for uptake quantification

There is growing evidence showing the importance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the evaluation of vessel wall inflammation and atherosclerosis. Although this imaging modality has been increasingly used, there are various methods for image acquisition and evaluating FDG uptake activity in the vessel walls and atherosclerotic lesions, including qualitative visual scaling, semi-quantitative, and quantitative evaluations. Using each of these image acquisition protocols and measurement methods may result in different findings. In this review, we are going to describe the various image acquisition methods and common measurement strategies reflected in the literature and discuss their advantages and flaws.
Determination of Failure Criteria for Electric Cables Exposed to Fire for Use in a Nuclear Power Plant Risk Analysis

The vulnerability of electrical cables exposed to a fire environment is of particular concern to the nuclear power plant community. The community is interested in data that could be used for predicting cable failures during a fire situation. For this reason, a cable test program was conducted using two different types of cable insulation. Several different exposure heat fluxes were tested, as well as different test arrangements such as cable trays and conduits. The program revealed that a single failure temperature for all cable types is not recommended, but if it is necessary a reasonable temperature could be chosen for the thermosets tested in this project.
Dual-wavelength correlation measurements with an airborne pulsed carbon dioxide lidar system.

Dual-wavelength correlation data are presented for ground-level and airborne measurements of topographic and ocean backscatter near the 9.5-micron wavelength. Data were acquired with a pulsed carbon dioxide, dual-laser, dual-wavelength lidar system. The best system performance gave a dual-wavelength uncorrelated noise component of 2.8% and 9% standard deviation for ground-based and airborne data, respectively. This sets one limit on lidar measurement accuracy with a single pulse pair.
Time course of development and cessation of myocardial sensitization to isoproterenol by DCA-saline in the albino rat. The role of protein synthesis.

Abstract The time course the development of myocardial sensitization to isoproterenol induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was determined in albino rats implanted subcutaneously with various doses of DCA and maintained on 1% saline as drinking fluid. The animals were challenged at predetermined intervals following DCA implantation with a single, subcutaneous dose of isoproterenol (150 ug/kg body weight). The onset of myocardial sensitization, as determined by the incidence of mortality (due to ventricular fibrillation) was not dependent on the dose of DCA used and was noted within one or two days from the beginning of exposure to DCA. Removal of the steroid pellet after 6 days of pretreatment resulted in rapid decline of sensitization. Removal of DCA after 33 or 90 days of pretreatment, on the other hand, did not completely abolish sensitization. Treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the development of myocardial sensitization.
Water–diesel secondary dispersion separation using superhydrophobic tubes of nanofibers

Abstract Water-in-oil dispersion separation in the petrochemical industries is important due to safety, ecological and economic reasons. In this work, nanofiber mat filters are fabricated in flat sheet and cylindrical geometries and tested for separation of water dispersions in diesel fuel. The nanofiber mats are formed by electrospinning. Due to the fiber size, pore size, and material composition, the nanofiber mat surfaces are superhydrophobic which aids in the separation of the dispersion. The superhydrophobic surfaces are oleophilic due to their low surface energy. The surface roughness of the nanofiber membranes enhance the hydrophobicity while the oleophilicity allows the non-aqueous phase to easily flow through the nanofiber membrane. The cylindrical nanofiber filters performed with separation efficiency as high as 98% on a total mass basis for water drops in the range of 7–50 μm in ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) with a face velocity of 1.55 cm/min. The flat filter geometry performed at about 92% separation efficiency at a similar face velocity. This work shows practical water–diesel separation filters can be constructed in tubular geometries.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mammary adenomyoepithelioma: a study of 12 patients.

BACKGROUND Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast is a rare neoplasm that is characterized by a biphasic proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Incomplete excision of this lesion is associated with a greater risk of recurrence. Although the histology of AME is well characterized, its cytomorphology has not been assessed in a large series. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective evaluation of cytologic findings in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material from 12 patients with histologically proven benign AMEs of the breast. RESULTS All aspirates were moderately to highly cellular with large clusters composed of epithelium and myoepithelium. The myoepithelium was admixed with the ductal cells or was present as naked bipolar nuclei in 75% of samples. Small clusters or dispersed myoepithelial cells with epithelioid morphology were also present and showed intranuclear and intractyoplasmic vacuoles in one-third of samples. Mild-to-moderate nuclear atypia was noted in some samples, but no necrosis or mitoses were seen. None of the patients were diagnosed originally with AME: Two tumors were classified as benign and consistent with fibroadenoma, 6 tumors were atypical, 2 tumors were suspicious for carcinoma, and 2 tumors were positive for malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS Because of the varied histology of AME, cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm can be very challenging. Accurate identification of the myoepithelium is crucial to avoid misinterpretation as carcinoma. Conservative diagnosis and further histologic evaluation is recommended for these patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phenomenology of a semi-Dirac semi-Weyl semimetal

We extend the semiclassical study of fermionic particle-hole symmetric semi-Dirac (more appropriately, semi-Dirac semi-Weyl) dispersion of quasiparticles, ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{K}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\sqrt{({k}_{x}^{2}{/2m)}^{2}+{(v{k}_{y})}^{2})}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{0}\sqrt{{K}_{x}^{4}+{K}_{y}^{2}}$ in dimensionless units, discovered computationally in oxide heterostructures by Pardo and collaborators. This unique system is a highly anisotropic sister phase of both (symmetric) graphene and what has become known as a Weyl semimetal, having ${\ensuremath{\langle}{v}_{y}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}}^{1/2}\ensuremath{\approx}v$ independent of energy, and ${\ensuremath{\langle}{v}_{x}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}}^{1/2}\ensuremath{\propto}{m}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}\sqrt{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}$ being very strongly dependent on energy ($\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$) and depending only on the effective mass $m$. Each of these systems is distinguished by bands crossing (sometimes referred to as touching) at a point Fermi surface, with one consequence being that for this semi-Dirac system the ratio $|{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{orb}}/{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{sp}}|$ of orbital to spin susceptibilities diverges at low doping. We extend the study of the low-energy behavior of the semi-Dirac system, finding the plasmon frequency to be highly anisotropic while the Hall coefficient scales with carrier density in the usual manner. The Faraday rotation behavior is also reported. For Klein tunneling at normal incidence on an arbitrarily oriented barrier, the kinetic energy mixes both linear (massless) and quadratic (massive) contributions depending on orientation. Analogous to graphene, perfect transmission occurs under resonant conditions, except for the specific orientation that eliminates massless dispersion. Comparisons of the semi-Dirac system are made throughout with both other types of point Fermi surface systems.
Time-resolved spin dynamics in strained Zn1−xMnxSe/ZnSe spin superlattices

We use time-resolved spectroscopy to directly compare the spin dynamics in strained ZnMnSe epilayers and strained ZnMnSe/ZnSe spin superlattices. The spin-relaxation in these materials is observed to depend strongly on the concentration of the magnetic impurities. Surprisingly, however, no difference is observed between the spin-relaxation of excitons in the quasi-three-dimensional epilayers or the two-dimensional spin superlattices. Indeed, the spin-relaxation of excitons is also seen to be independent of the applied magnetic field or magnetization of the Mn-impurities.
Early hyperthyroidism alters the distribution of mossy fibres in the rat hippocampus.

DAILY injections of thyroid hormone initiated on the day of birth and continued for several weeks, significantly accelerate the differentiation of cerebellar granule cells1–3, which are formed after birth4. Since most of the hippocampal granule cells are also generated postnatally, early hyperthyroidism was chosen as a means of studying possible mechanisms involved in the formation of synapses between granule cell axons (mossy fibres) and pyramidal cell dendrites. This note provides the light microscopic demonstration, with the Timm silver sulphide method5, that hyperthyroidism in the rat consistently results in the formation of ectopic hippocampal mossy fibres. Electron microscopic and Golgi studies are in progress and will be published separately.
One-Term Sellmeier Formula for Dispersion of Dilute Gases*

There are two parameters in the one-term Sellmeier formula for refractive index. Two different ways are proposed to express them in terms of the number of electrons, the dielectric constant, and the first excitation energy of the molecule. In the normal-dispersion region, one construction will make the formula an upper bound and the other, a lower bound. Furthermore, if a measured value at a particular frequency is used for the determination of the parameters, then the Sellmeier formula is an upper bound for frequencies below that reference frequency and a lower bound for frequencies above it. The various bounding properties are illustrated for the case of atomic hydrogen.
Precipitation of heusler phase (Ni2TiAl) from B2-TiNi in Ni-Ti-Al and Ni-Ti-Al-X (X=Hf, Zr) alloys

The precipitation of Heusler phase (L21: Ni2TiAl) from a supersaturated B2 (TiNi-based) matrix at 600°C and 800°C is studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM), and three-dimensional atom-probe (3DAP) microscopy in Ni-Ti-Al and Ni-Ti-Al-X (X=Hf and Zr) alloys. The B2/L21 two-phase system, with ordered structures based on the bcc lattice, is chosen for its microstructural analogy to the classical γ/γ′ system with an fcc lattice. Knowledge of the temperature-dependent partitioning of alloying elements and their atomic volumes in the B2-TiNi and L21 phases is desired to support design of high-performance shape-memory alloys (SMAs) with controlled misfit strain and transformation temperatures. After aging at 600°C for up to 2000 hours, the L21 precipitates remain fully coherent at a particle diameter of ∼20 nm. The observed effects of a misfit strain of −1.9 pct on the microstructure of the B2/L21 system are similar to those theoretically predicted and experimentally observed for the γ/γ′ system. The similarities are demonstrated in terms of the precipitate shape, spatial distribution, and minimum distance of separation between L21 precipitates. However, all these effects disappear after aging the alloys at 800°C for 1000 hours, when the L21 precipitates become semicoherent at particle diameters above ∼400 nm. A simple analysis of the size evolution of L21 precipitates after an isochronal aging (1000 hours) experiment suggests that they follow coarsening kinetics at 600°C and growth kinetics at 800°C, consistent with the Langer-Schwartz theory of precipitation kinetics, which predicts that a high supersaturation suppresses the growth regime. Microanalysis using AEM and 3DAP microscopy define the TiNi-Ni2TiAl phase boundaries at 800°C and 600°C. At 800°C, Hf and Zr partition to the B2-TiNi, while at 600°C, they partition slightly to the L21 phase, reducing the lattice misfit to −1.7 and −0.011 pct, respectively, and partition strongly to the metastable phase Ti2Ni3. To describe the composition dependence of the lattice parameter of multicomponent B2 and L21 phases, the atomic volumes of Al, Hf, Ni, Ti, and Zr in the B2-TiNi and L21 phases are determined. A simple model is proposed to predict the lattice parameters of these phases in multicomponent systems.
Who Gets on the AEA Program

parochialism against the process of selecting participants in the American Economic Association's (AEA's) annual meetings. At the time, economists affiliated with just 15 universities accounted for 54 percent of the papers published in the annual Papers and Proceedings issue of the American Economic Review (AER). Fusfeld lamented that all the papers published in the Papers and Proceedings from 1951 through 1955 were written by faculty at only 47 different colleges and universities. The validity of his complaint was reinforced by subsequent studies (Cleary and Edwards, 1960; Yotopoulos, 1961; Siegfried, 1972). In fact, dominance of the AEA's journals and annual meetings by mainstream, orthodox economists affiliated with a small number of universities has been a perennial concern of a part of the profession that feels excluded. Have things changed much? The answer depends on how one views "the AEA program." Although a few universities still account for a large share of both the AEA program and the Papers and Proceedings, their share has declined over time. We describe how the AEA program is generated, how it relates to the Papers and Proceedings, how it differs from the Allied Social Science Associations (ASSA) program, and examine trends in the institutional affiliation of participants in the program and authors of papers published in the Papers and Proceedings. Our description of the AEA program also should help Association members better understand how it is created.
Chronic kidney disease definition and classification: the quest for refinements.

The definition and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have provided a unifying approach to CKD that has generated considerable new information on the epidemiology, course, outcomes, and burden of CKD. Eriksen and Ingebretsen 5 propose a change in the current 3 months chronicity criterion of CKD. Whereas longer lengths of chronicity changed the number of patients in stages 3 and 4, mortality remained high in each of their new groupings. Essentially, CKD persisted and remained a risk multiplier of death.
Rapid recovery of octogenarians following coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND Rapid recovery protocols for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have resulted in major decreases in postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS) when applied to younger patients undergoing elective procedures. However, the effectiveness of rapid recovery protocols when applied to octogenarians has not been thoroughly studied. METHODS Thirty-seven consecutive octogenarians underwent isolated CABG utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A protocol emphasizing preoperative placement of the intra-aortic balloon pump, reduced CPB time, early extubation, perioperative steroids, thyroid hormone, and aggressive postoperative diuresis was used. RESULTS The 30-day operative mortality for the entire series was 5.4%. Twenty-five patients (71%, group I) were discharged in < 10 days postoperatively (average LOS of 6.3 +/- 1.6 days), while ten patients (29%, group II) were discharged at 10 or more days postoperatively (average LOS of 20.3 +/- 8.0, p < 0.001). Patients in group II were found to have a higher incidence of obesity (50% vs 4%, p < 0.01), symptomatic peripheral vascular disease (60% vs 8%, p < 0.01), and preoperative ambulatory difficulties (50% vs 0%, p < 0.01). The incidence of complications was 31% for the entire series, with no differences between the groups. CONCLUSION Octogenarians performed well under a rapid recovery protocol, with 71% being discharged in < 10 days postoperatively, while patients with obesity, symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, and ambulatory difficulties rehabilitated more slowly.
Quantitative measurement of T-lymphocyte activation by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detecting interleukin-2 receptor expression

A monoclonal antibody prepared against the murine interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was employed to develop an ELISA method for measuring the immunological activation of T-cells. The assay detects an increase in IL-2R expression on activated lymphocytes. Stimulated splenic lymphocytes displayed markedly higher IL-2R expression compared to unstimulated controls. A significant increase in IL-2R expression on lymphocytes was detected in mitogen-stimulated responses, in a one-way mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and in the antigen-specific responses to conalbumin and purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro. At a constant cell number, the level of IL-2R expression was found to be dependent on the dose of the stimulant. A comparative study of the kinetics of activation of splenic lymphocytes in response to mitogen, antigen and allogeneic cells as measured by the IL-2R ELISA and the conventional tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) uptake assay revealed remarkable similarity. For both assays, the mitogenic response was detected within 12 h and peaked at 72 h, the MLR was detectable within 2-3 days and peaked at day 6, and the specific antigenic response was detected within 2 days and peaked on day 4-5. Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, had no effect on early IL-2R expression by mitogen-stimulated splenic lymphocytes, however, only 20% of maximum IL-2R expression could be detected at later stages of incubation. In contrast, cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, completely abrogated IL-2R expression and proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes.
Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes Within ADHD

Objective: Children with ADHD have heterogeneous behavioral and neuropsychological profiles. The aim of this study was to examine the possible utility of executive function (EF) subtypes within ADH...
Proof load testing of lightweight silicon carbide mirror substrates

An important space application for structural ceramics is the large (~1m diameter) silicon carbide mirrors used in telescopes. However, all ceramics have two drawbacks. First, ceramics are brittle and have a low resistance to catastrophic flaw propagation during service. Second, ceramics have a population of preexisting flaws produced during manufacturing. The most modern and successful theory of fracture control is "defect tolerant design", which recognizes that engineering structures are inherently flawed and which is used to predict the structure's service life. As part of defect tolerant design, the size of the inherent flaws is controlled by combining nondestructive evaluation (which has a threshold for the smallest flaw that can be reliably identified) and proof testing (which provides an independent measurement of the largest preexisting flaw). We are developing a novel proof test that is specialized for a lightweighted ceramic mirror. The most promising loading method is identified and an experimental implementation has been proposed and designed for future development.
The cerebral redox state in cats during severe insulin induced hypoglycemia

Abstract The cerebral metabolic state was studied in cats during insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the recovery after glucose infusion. Changes in the redox state of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) were monitored from the surface of the exposed cerebral cortex using microfluorometry. After insulin injection blood glucose fell from 6.85 μmol/ml to 0.45 μmol/ml at EEG isoelectricity and was accompanied by an oxidation of NADH + . Upon intravenous glucose infusion EEG activity rapidly returned and NAD became more reduced. The oxidation of NADH + during severe hypoglycemia demonstrated that the in vivo redox state of mitochondria behave in a similar manner as isolated mitochondria when reducing equivalents become limiting to the respiratory chain.
A diffusion controlling duplex-layer oxidation model with scale removal in oxygen containing liquid metal flow

Abstract Scale removal effect makes the high temperature oxidation in liquid metal flow environments very complicated, together with the selective corrosion and/or oxidation caused by the alloy components and metallurgical impurities. A diffusion controlling duplex-layer oxidation model, considering scale removal, has been developed in an oxygen-containing liquid metal environment. The volume change caused by the Pilling–Bedworth ratio, the redistribution of the noble components and impurities is coupled with the weight gain during oxidation. The derived governing equations, after coordinate transform, are analogized with the Stefan problem and solved by the finite difference method. Extension schemes for multiple layer structure are analyzed. The developed model is benchmarked with previous results and experimental data, and good agreement is obtained.
AN INTERESTING PROBABILITY PROBLEM, WITH AN EXAMPLE AND AN EXPERIMENT

Given two independent normally distributed random variables, with different means and standard deviations, a formula for the probability of an observation from the first distribution being greater than an observation from the second distribution is presented. An example is provided, and an informal experiment, concerned with subjective probability, is described. The results of this experiment have an interesting interpretation in studying individual differences.
Beam transport system for the new IUCF polarized ion source

Abstract A high-transmission beam transport system has been designed to couple the new High Intensity Polarized Ion Source (HIPIOS) to the injector cyclotron. Longitudinally, a two stage bunching system will compress 70% of the DC beam into a phase width of ± 3° with an energy spread of less than 3 keV, at a beam energy of 620 keV. A wide band hardware phase feedback system will lock the RF systems to the beam, and there will be diagnostics to measure the beam phase width. Transversely, large aperture quadrupole and dipole magnets will maximize beam transmission; with diagnostics for measuring the source emittance, the beam polarization, and the cyclotron acceptance. The beam position will be monitored using a non-intercepting system and automated error correction will be available. The control system will feature software control “combos” which will provide single knob control for a variety of beam focussing properties. The current status of the beam transport system is discussed.
SUCCESS OF DE NOVO REIMPLANTATION OF THE ARTIFICIAL GENITOURINARY SPHINCTER

Purpose: We evaluate our experience with de novo reimplantation of the artificial genitourinary sphincter with a particular emphasis on mechanical and nonmechanical failure rates. De novo reimplantation is defined as implantation of an artificial sphincter following removal of a previously placed sphincter for erosion and/or infection and a waiting period of several months.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of more than 400 patients with an artificial sphincter revealed 23 who underwent de novo reimplantation between January 1983 and October 1998. All patients were men with a mean age of 66.5 years (range 16 to 88) and all had a urethral cuff. Reasons for cuff removal were erosion in 12 cases (52.2%), infection in 10 (43.5%) and intraoperative urethral injury in 1 (4.3%). Mean waiting period was 6.8 months (range 1.5 to 32) between explantation and de novo reimplantation. Mean followup was 32.6 months (range 1 to 108).Results: Of the 23 patients 20 (87%) had no mechanical or nonmechanical fai...
Elder Abuse in Japan

ABSTRACT Perceptions of elder abuse were examined in Japanese women (n = 100) and men (n = 46). Japanese women and men both emphasized physical aggression, followed by neglect and blaming, when giving examples of extremely abusive behavior. Physical aggression was also the most frequently mentioned type of moderate elder abuse, followed by neglect, economic maltreatment, emotional abuse, verbal abuse, blame, and psychological abuse. Japanese women provided significantly more psychological neglect responses than verbal aggression responses when giving examples of mild abuse. Paired samples t tests revealed that physical abuse responses were given significantly more often as examples of extreme abuse than of moderate or mild abuse. Findings have implications for addressing the conflict between changing family relationships and traditional cultural values—such as filial piety—in Japanese society.
Intrinsic vector-valued symmetric form for simple mechanical control systems in the nonzero velocity setting

We obtain an intrinsic vector-valued symmetric bilinear form that can be associate with an underactuated simple mechanical control system. We determine properties of the form which serve as necessary conditions for driving underactuated simple mechanical control systems to rest. We also determine properties of the form that serve as sufficient conditions for driving a simple mechanical systems underactuated by one control to an epsiv-neighborhood of rest from an arbitrary initial configuration and velocity. These conditions are computable and coordinate invariant. We focus on the case where the symmetric form is real-valued and indefinite on the entire configuration manifold. Our technical results give rise to a nonlinear control law that drives these systems to an epsiv-neighborhood of rest given an arbitrary initial configuration, velocity and epsiv > 0.
2,2,2‐Trifluoroethyl Formate

[32042-38-9] C3H3F3O2 (MW 128.04) InChI = 1S/C3H3F3O2/c4-3(5,6)1-8-2-7/h2H,1H2 InChIKey = CAFROQYMUICGNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (useful formylating reagent for alcohols,1 amines,1 and N-hydroxylamines;1, 2 enolate trapping3-5) Alternate Name: TFEF. Physical Data: mp 17 °C; bp 43–44 °C; d 1.317 g cm−3; fp 7 °C. Solubility: sol organics (Et2O, THF, MTBE). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, HPLC, IR, GC. Preparative Methods: esterification of formic acid with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol.1, 6-8 Purification: fractional distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly flammable; incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases; decomposes to form carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and fluorine gas; store in a cool, dry area away from sources of ignition; 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl formate is harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin; use only in a fume hood with suitable personal protective equipment.
‘When slaves left, owners wept’: Entrepreneurs and emancipation among the igbo people

(1998). ‘When slaves left, owners wept’: Entrepreneurs and emancipation among the igbo people. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 19, Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa, pp. 189-207.
Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Induced Corneal Inflammation in Perforin-Deficient Mice

Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is an inflammatory disease of the cornea that often results in blindness. It is mediated by a host immune response which is triggered by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Immune effector mechanisms are hypothesized to be important in disease development. We investigated, in a mouse model, whether perforin-dependent cytotoxicity is an important effector mechanism in the production of HSK. Wild-type (C57BL/6) and perforin-deficient (PKO) mice were infected intracorneally with HSV-1 strain F. Clinical disease and histologic lesions of the cornea at 23 days postinfection (p.i.) were significantly less severe in HSV-1-infected PKO mice than in infected wild-type mice. mRNA for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in the corneas of infected wild-type mice but not in the corneas of infected PKO mice at 23 days p.i. Adoptive transfer of wild-type HSV-1 immune T-cell-enriched splenocytes into HSV-1-infected PKO mice restored the disease phenotype which was seen in infected wild-type mice. In contrast, mice carrying a null-function mutation in the Fas ligand, which is involved in an alternative cytotoxic mechanism, developed clinical disease and histologic lesions which were comparable to those in wild-type mice. Viral clearance from the eyes of PKO mice was not impaired. There was no significant difference between the infectious viral titers isolated from the eyes of PKO and wild-type mice. Our findings show that perforin is important in the pathogenesis of HSK.
A novel control system for harmonic compensation by using Wind Energy Conversion based on DFIG technology

This paper describes a novel control method for a WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) meant to partially operate as an AF (Active Filter). The control is defined in an equivalent reference frame obtained by applying the Park Transformation to the three-phase quantities. The zero-sequence component is includd in the control system; this feature enables the compensation of zero-sequence harmonics. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is quantified in terms of current spectra and reduction of the voltage and current THD at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The proposed application results in higher power loss in the power converters that connects the generator rotor to the PCC with respect to sinusoidal operation. Nevertheless, it is proved that the WECS derating enables the reduction of the power converters' power loss. Voltage distortion at the windings terminals and power converters' terminals is a second consequence of the proposed application, and the peak stator and rotor voltage is an important design parameter in the choice of the solid state devices.
X-ray topography and diffraction studies of misfit dislocation nucleation in Si-based structures

The combination of different X–ray topography techniques and reciprocal space mapping is used to monitor the early stages of relaxation in silicon–based heterostructures. For lightly doped silicon layers grown on heavily boron–doped 150 mm substrates, Lang transmission topography demonstrates that an orthogonal array of 60°; misfits nucleates only at the wafer periphery. The length of the individual misfit segment depends on the epitaxial layer thickness and on the presence of the orthogonal blocking misfit segments. Double–crystal X–ray topography, with better strain and tilt resolution, allows one to distinguish between the different tilt components of parallel misfit dislocations. Relaxation is quantified using triple–axis X–ray diffraction. Reciprocal space maps around both the (004) and (224) reflections show that the misfits relieve about 38% of the strain. The combination of these X–ray techniques offers insight into the means to reduce dislocation formation and into the fundamental nature of the dislocations themselves.
Henry Bryant Bigelow, the US Bureau of Fisheries, and Intensive Area Study

Oceanographers have long viewed `intensive area study' as a step in the internal development of oceanography. But for its first American practitioner, Henry Bryant Bigelow, intensive area study was a new and innovative approach that allowed him to pursue fundamental questions of hydrology and zoology within the restrictions imposed by his patron, the US Bureau of Fisheries. Intellectually, such methods promised a long-term solution to the problem of predicting fluctuations in fish populations; practically, they required little money and allowed Bigelow to stay physically near the New England fisheries. Reconstructing Bigelow's relationship to the USBF provides the political and social context necessary for understanding the origins and acceptance of a scientific practice. It also shows how scientists must often negotiate between the demands of their patrons for practical information and the demands of their disciplines for `pure' science.
Combining bias and variance reduction techniques for regression trees

Gradient Boosting and bagging applied to regressors can reduce the error due to bias and variance respectively. Alternatively, Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB) and Iterated Bagging (IB) attempt to simultaneously reduce the contribution of both bias and variance to error. We provide an extensive empirical analysis of these methods, along with two alternate bias-variance reduction approaches — bagging Gradient Boosting (BagGB) and bagging Stochastic Gradient Boosting (BagSGB). Experimental results demonstrate that SGB does not perform as well as IB or the alternate approaches. Furthermore, results show that, while BagGB and BagSGB perform competitively for low-bias learners, in general, Iterated Bagging is the most effective of these methods.
Global Standards and the Environmental Performance of Industry

In this paper we examine the emergence of firm-based global environmental standards as an approach to managing the environmental performance of complex global production networks. Firm-based global environmental standards exist when a firm defines a uniform set of process and product environmental performance requirements that must be adhered to by all of a firm's facilities around the world, even if these firm-based standards exceed the requirements of local and national environmental regulations. We identify increasingly stringent end-market environmental regulation, as well as growing concern over the need to protect a firm's reputational capital and operating legitimacy, as two key drivers of the adoption of firm-based environmental standards. Our analysis suggests, however, that firms are responding to these external drivers in part because of the characteristics of global production networks—a production form that depends on the ability to produce from any manufacturing plant to any end market. The ...
Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory: A Framework for Assessing Person-Job Interaction

This paper presents Kolb's experiential learning theory as a framework for measuring the person and the job in the same language. In addition, it suggests other valuable uses of Kolb's theory, such as increasing understanding of person-Job match or mismatch, identifying pivotal versus peripheral skills in jobs, and determining whether mismatched (over- or underqualified) person-job relationships result in different levels of performance or satisfaction.
Organic Polymeric Polyphosphonates as Potential Preventive Agents of Dental Caries : In Vitro Experiments

Organic polymeric polyphosphonates adsorb on enamel surfaces in the form of a monolayer and inhibit calcium and fluoride ion transport but not that of phosphate ions. The polymers investigated include phosphonated polyethylene, polyvinylphosphonate, and polyvinylbenzylphosphonate. The adsorption of proteins on enamel, as exemplified by human serum albumin, is diminished and the adsorbed protein is more readily desorbed from surfaces with polymeric polyphosphonates. These jendings may offer an explanation for the anticariogenic effect of polymeric polyphosphonates.
Performance Analysis for Multi-Service Networks with Congestion-Based Pricing for QoS Traffic

There has been recent interest in employing unified pricing schemes for supporting both QoS and best-effort traffic within multi-service networks. This paper presents an analytical approach for the design and analysis of this class of network pricing control. In particular, we propose an approximation method to estimate overall user value arising from all traffic types, given the routes for QoS traffic. Our approach considers admission control as both a resource allocation issue for QoS traffic, and a pricing control decision for best-effort and QoS traffic. We show how to convert the price-based admission control decision to a resource-based blocking problem. We also present the numerical results of performance analysis for multi-service networks using our proposed approximationmethod. Our approach can be used to predict the performance and parameter settings for a wide range of combined QoS and best-effort pricing schemes.
An active model-based algorithm for correspondence and estimation of pose parameters of objects

A method of actively corresponding a model with an image and estimating pose parameters is proposed. The algorithm used follows hints from human visual recognition processes, widely believed to be efficient and adaptive. It introduces into typical bottom-up information extraction procedures several top-down information processing ones; these latter are usually effective and robust. The combination of such procedures that form our "active model based algorithm" makes the whole process more effective. The system is robust because of the high level influence on the low level image processing. Experimental results show the parameters obtained are precise enough for robot gesture estimation, navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Facile high-yield solvothermal deposition of inorganic nanostructures on zeolite crystals for mixed matrix membrane fabrication.

Separation membranes with high performance can potentially be made by incorporating zeolites (or other nanoporous molecular sieves) in polymeric materials. However, the fabrication of technologically viable membranes has been hampered by poor adhesion between the inorganic crystals and the polymer and by inadequate dispersion of the inorganic particles. We report a facile, high-yield, and inexpensive solvothermal deposition process to prepare roughened inorganic Mg(OH)2 nanostructures on zeolite (MFI) crystal surfaces in a controlled manner. The functionalized zeolite crystals result in high-quality “mixed matrix” membranes, wherein the zeolite crystals are well-adhered to the polymeric matrix. Substantially enhanced CO2 and CH4 gas permeation characteristics were observed in mixed matrix membranes containing up to 35 wt % of solvothermally modified MFI crystals. Gas permeation measurements on membranes containing nonporous uncalcined MFI revealed that the performance enhancements are indeed due to signif...
Recruiting Older Adults Into a Physical Activity Promotion Program: Active Living Every Day Offered in a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

Purpose: This article explores recruitment strategies based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) with older adults living in a naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) to encourage enrollment in a physical activity promotion program, Active Living Every Day (ALED). Reasons for participation or nonparticipation are identifi ed. Design and Methods: Recruitment strategies were designed to move older adults through the TTM stages of change to enroll in ALED and were built on meetings and resources established by St. Louis NORC ’ s supportive service program. NORC residents (25 ALED participants and 25 nonparticipants) were interviewed about reasons for enrollment or nonenrollment. Results: A signifi cant difference was found between the two groups on their responses to a physical activity stage-of-change question, although no signifi cant differences were found in their demographics, social resources, and mood/depression. ALED participants’ motivation to enroll primarily came from TTM proactive recruitment methods (88%) and less (12%) from reactive methods. Themes for ALED participants’ choices to enroll included motivation to exercise, physical activity ideas from peers, social engagement, and trust in sponsoring organizations’ staff and programs. Analysis of interview data identifi ed that scheduling and cost were primary reasons for nonenrollment in ALED. Implications: Using theoretically based recruitment methods for older adults and a neighborhood approach through organizations such as a NORC may result in greater numbers of older adults participating in health promotion programs.
Super-resolution spatial spectroscopy for mid-IR and THz

We propose a novel scheme for subwavelength-resolved spatial spectroscopy in the mid-IR and THz bands. Our approach relies on scattering from an acoustic grating and allows far-field detection of high spatial frequency Fourier components.
Effect of downscaling nano-copper interconnects on the microstructure revealed by high resolution TEM-orientation-mapping.

In this work, a recently developed electron diffraction technique called diffraction scanning transmission electron microscopy (D-STEM) is coupled with precession electron microscopy to obtain quantitative local texture information in damascene copper interconnects (1.8µm‐70 nm in width) with a spatial resolution of less than 5 nm. Misorientation and trace analysis is performed to investigate the grain boundary distribution in these lines. The results reveal strong variations in texture and grain boundary distribution of the copper lines upon downscaling. Lines of width 1.8µm exhibit a strong!111"normal texture and comprise large micron-size grains. Upon downscaling to 180 nm, a{111}!110"bi-axial texture has been observed. In contrast, narrower lines of widths 120 and 70 nm reveal sidewall growth of{111} grains and a dominant!110"normal texture. The microstructure in these lines comprises clusters of small grains separated by high angle boundaries in the vicinity of large grains. The fraction of coherent twin boundaries also reduces with decreasing line width. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Dimensional Crossover Scaling in the Layered xy-Model and 4He Films

Using finite size scaling we relate the fall of the transition temperature with reduced thickness to the temperature dependence of the bulk superfluid density and the amplitude of the perpendicular phase correlation length. The scaling predictions agree quantitatively with Monte Carlo estimates of the x y -model and experiments on 4 He films. We also investigate the behavior of the helicity modulus for different system thickness, showing the crossover from the universal Kosterlitz-Thouless jump to the three-dimensional behavior.
Dolomitization, anhydrite cementation, and porosity evolution in a reflux system: Insights from reactive transport models

Significant volumes of world hydrocarbon reserves occur in dolostones, and the majority of these reservoirs are interpreted to be of reflux origin. We used a two-dimensional numerical reactive transport model to investigate systematically the temporal and spatial distribution of replacement dolomitization, dolomite cementation, anhydrite cementation, and porosity evolution in a reflux system. We tested the sensitivity of reflux dolomitization to brine concentration (mesohaline to near-halite-saturated brines), near-surface temperature, flow rate, porosity-permeability feedback relationships, reactive surface area, and the effect of initial porosity-permeability heterogeneity. Simulations support the contention that hypersaline reflux is capable of extensive pervasive dolomitization, and that mesohaline reflux dolomitization is viable. Reflux generated a tabular dolomite body that is thickest close to the brine source and thins basinward. Incorporation of initial porosity and permeability heterogeneity resulted in a dolomite body with pronounced lateral fingers. Replacement dolomitization increased porosity (up to 8%), but postreplacement reflux resulted in the precipitation of minor dolomite cements (overdolomitization). Anhydrite cements that were spatially and temporally associated with replacement dolomitization caused a significant porosity reduction of up to 25%. Simulated rates of replacement dolomitization by reflux are fast, up to three orders of magnitude faster than seawater dolomitization. The rate of dolomitization and anhydrite mineralization proved to be critically sensitive to the flow rate and the brine chemistry. Temperature and reactive surface area were important controls on the rate of dolomitization, whereas the feedback relationship between porosity and permeability was a relatively moderate control. Our reactive transport models predict the general spatial and temporal trends in dolomite, porosity, and anhydrite observed in some major dolomite reservoirs.
Legendre and gabor moments for vehicle recognition in forward collision warning

Collision warning remains an active research field due to the increasing complexities of on-road traffic worldwide. Vision-based warning systems are of particular interest because of the extensive information contained in images. This paper proposes the combination of Legendre moments and Gabor features for monocular vision-based vehicle recognition. We focus on vehicle recognition within a region of interest (ROI) in an image by assuming that the ROI has been detected by a radar sensor. Two classifiers including a support vector machine (SVM) and a neural network have been investigated to verify the effectiveness of the features. We have tested the proposed approaches on real-world video sequences acquired under various weather conditions for a wide range of vehicles and non-vehicles at up to 70 meters. The proposed combination of Legendre moments and Gabor features has yielded a correct classification rate of 99.1% and a false alarm rate of 1.9%. We have compared the proposed features with the over-complete Haar wavelets in the literature
The foundations of bioethics : Contingency and relevance

In this essay, I proceed by, first, laying out H. Tristram Engelhardt's argument for the principle of permission as the proper foundation for a secular bioethic. After considering how a number of commentators have tried to undermine this argument, I show why it is immune to some of these advances. I then offer my own critique of Engelhardt's project. This critique is two pronged. First, I argue that Engelhardt is unable to establish his own foundation for a secular bioethic. This inability leaves him with only contingent points of departure for a secular bioethic, some of the more salient of which he has ignored. Second, I argue that even if Engelhardt's project succeeds, it is in danger of being irrelevant in a practical sense because it ignores important contextual dimensions of the peculiar enterprise we call bioethics. Ultimately, the proper foundations for a relevant secular bioethic. I argue, must appeal to certain contingent features of the context that gives rise to the need for it.
The Case for Combined-Modality Therapy for Limited-Stage Hodgkin's Disease

Results of the Hodgkin's Disease.6 trial are critically examined in light of the advances in radiation therapy techniques that have occurred since it was initiated. The ultimate findings of the HD.6 trial do not close the case for combined-modality treatment of limited-stage Hodgkin's disease.