cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering the Poor and the Aesthetic of Society

The notion of the "good" society varied greatly from century to century and from place to place; the care of the poor varied accordingly. Those who showed the most concern about helping the poor—religious leaders, scholars, and ascetics—tended to be the ones who depended most on the favor and patronage of the powerful and wealthy. To urge that the powerful and wealthy always "remember the poor" was a way to ensure that they themselves would not be forgotten.
Electronic energy-levels in dense plasmas

Abstract Modern inertial-confinement fusion experiments subject matter to extreme physical conditions previously studied only in theoretical astrophysics. At very high plasma density, atomic energy states are significantly altered by electric fields of neighboring ions and by free electrons; the resulting phenomena of pressure ionization and continuum lowering may be analyzed with a sequence of models, each adding new subtleties to a complex picture. In this paper, we develop a simple parameterization of pressure ionization, discuss limitations of the Debye-Huckel model for plasma perturbations, and survey an approximate description of X-ray spectra based on the WKB approximation. WKB theory leads to a simple derivation of the screened hydrogenic model for plasma ionization and radiative properties. Electron eigenvalues are obtained from the total ion energy in agreement with Koopman's theorem, and the representation of spectral terms is improved by a new set of screening coefficients.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Antigen: Relationship Between the Collagenase-Sensitive and -Insensitive Domains

Abstract To clarify the relationship of the 290 and 145 kDa chains of the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) antigen, we subjected urea extracts of skin basement membrane zone (BMZ) proteins and isolated 290 and 145 kDa chains of the EBA antigen cut out of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels to treatment with clostridial collagenase. When the reaction products were electrophoresed, transblotted, and reacted with EBA patient sera or two monoclonal antibodies to the EBA antigen, the 290 kDa chain was degraded into the 145 kDa band that was resistant to cleavage with collagenase. The 145 kDa domain, isolated after collagenase treatment of the whole BMZ extract, was resistant to degradation by hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, heparinase, and heparitinase but was readily degraded by V-8 protease. These data suggest that the EBA antigen consists of collagen and noncollagen domains of identical size (M r 145,000), and that the 145 kDa noncollagen domain is generated via degradation of the native 290 kDa species by collagenase.
Independent Reading of CD‐ROM Storybooks: Measuring Comprehension With Oral Retellings

CD-ROM storybooks may facilitate reading comprehension for students who are struggling with reading comprehension. Therefore, the use of CD-ROM storybooks in the classroom as part of a reading instruction program, literacy center, or for independent reading time could benefit young readers.
Increased brain activity to infant-directed speech in 6-and 13-month-old infants.

This study explored the impact of infant-directed speech (IDS) versus adult-directed speech (ADS) on neural activity to familiar and unfamiliar words in 6- and 13-month-old infants. Event-related potentials were recorded while infants listened to familiar words in IDS, familiar words in ADS, unfamiliar words in IDS, and unfamiliar words in ADS. The results indicated that IDS elicited increased neural activity compared to ADS for both age groups. Six-month-olds showed a boost in neural activity to IDS for familiar words only. Thirteen-month-olds exhibited increased brain activity to IDS for both familiar and unfamiliar words. The results suggested that IDS changed as a function of development and word familiarity and served as an attentional spotlight to increase brain activity to potentially meaningful words.
Scatter correction with kernel perturbation

X-ray scatter degrades image contrast, uniformity and CT number accuracy in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Correction methods based on the scatter kernel superposition (SKS) technique are efficient and suitable for many clinical applications but still produce residual errors due to limitations in the scatter kernel models. To reduce these errors, we propose to generate a first-pass reconstruction using a set of default SKS parameters followed by limited Monte Carlo simulations that are then used to perturb and refine key kernel parameters in order to obtain an improved second-pass correction. To test the approach, we used the fast adaptive scatter kernel model (fASKS) employing asymmetric kernels for the first-pass scatter correction and then used GEANT4 to simulate scatter-to-primary ratios in selected projections allowing for refined scatter estimates. The results show that a minimal number of projections require simulation in order to adequately perturb scatter kernel parameters for all projections. Compared to the default asymmetric kernels, the refined kernels reduced CT number errors from 24 HU to 15 HU in a large pelvis phantom resulting in a more uniform and accurate image.
Some comments on conditionally Markov and reciprocal Gaussian processes (Corresp.)

Mehr and McFadden's conditionally Markov processes and Jamison's reciprocal processes are two independent extensions of Slepian's work on a particular stationary Gaussian process. The relationship between them and their relationship with Gauss-Markov processes are discussed.
The variety of ways in which instructors implement a modular digital library curriculum

With support from the National Science Foundation, researchers at Virginia Tech and the University of North Carolina developed a curriculum framework and a number of modules for instruction in the area of digital libraries. In 2008, 15 different modules were field tested by 11 instructors at 10 different institutions. As might be expected, instructors adapted these modules to fit the context of their courses, some of which are described here.
The Pattern of Blood Lipids, Glycerol and Ketone Bodies during the Neonatal Period, Infancy and Childhood

Summary Studies of individual blood lipid fractions, glycerol, ketones and blood sugar were carried out in a large group of healthy children ranging in age from full term birth to 8 years, with the object of ascertaining the alterations in these parameters at birth and through the period of postnatal adaptation. FFA, glycerol and ketone bodies are low at birth then rise rapidly reaching the highest levels within the first 48 hours of life, remaining high during the neonatal period and decrease to the lowest values at 1–6 months. When peak values for FFA and glycerol are reached, blood sugar determinations exhibit the lowest values. During the first day after delivery, before the first feeding, glycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol rise. They reach their peak values at 2–3 days and at 4–5 days for the two latter fractions respectively. There is a highly significant correlation between FFA and glycerol, not however, between FFA and glucose during the neonatal period. The results indicate an intense lipolysis during the neonatal period. The mechanism initiating this lipid mobilization (and redistribution of endogenous stored lipids) is not known. The importance of neurogenic, hormonal and nutritional factors in the regulation of FFA metabolism is discussed. When the values for glucose tolerance (obtained from a previous study) are compared to the fasting FFA levels of corresponding age groups, there is a relationship: with decreasing FFA values there is an improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance.
New quarks and neutrino counting below the z threshold

Abstract The possibility is suggested of measuring the number of light neutrinos by studying heavy quarkonia decays, and qunatitative estimates are presented for the relevant decay rates.
Therapeutic interventions for the treatment and control of influenza

Objective: To review antiviral management of influenza and discuss recent developments in antiviral resistance. Data Sources: Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE/PubMed (1977-February 2007) using the terms influenza, resistance, adamantanes, and neuraminidase inhibitors, treatment, and prevention. In addition, reference citations from identified publications were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Infection with influenza is associated with 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations in the US each year and results in a large economic burden on society. We reviewed 7 trials describing management of influenza; the results showed that 92% of influenza cases demonstrated adamantane resistance in 2005. Selection of treatment for influenza with a neuraminidase inhibitor should be based on patient preference, past medical history, and managed care restrictions since one agent has not demonstrated superiority. Early initiation of treatment, within 12 hours of symptom onset (compared with 48 h), has resulted in illness being shortened by more than 3 days. Conclusions shown in the trials reviewed here regarding the consequences of increasing incidence of influenza A resistance include: viral surveillance cultures are important, influenza has a significant global impact, and inappropriate use of antiinfective agents results in local and global resistance. Conclusions: Therapeutic options for the management of influenza include the neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamavir and oseltamivir. Unfortunately, new classes of antiviral drugs for influenza will not be forthcoming in the near future. Adamantane resistance is now commonly demonstrated in influenza. At this time, efforts should be made to minimize patient risk for infection.
Extensive peripheral, iliofemoral, and caval thrombosis in a 16-year-old girl

A morbidly obese 16-year-old white girl presented with low back pain and progressive bilateral lower extremity pain and swelling for 2 days. On examination in the emergency room, she was noted to have moderate (2 ) pitting edema. The lower halves of her calves had a purplish hue and her feet were pale and cool. Pedal pulses were palpable. Ultrasound evaluation disclosed thrombus extending from the posterior tibial veins to the common femoral veins bilaterally. Contrast–enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed clot extending from both iliac veins into the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the level of the renal veins. To more precisely determine the extent of thrombosis in the IVC and renal veins, an inferior vena cavogram was obtained (Fig 1). Additional pertinent medical history includes the recent use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for contraception and a positive family history for venous thromboembolic disease—the patient’s mother had been treated for postpartum bilateral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and her paternal grandfather died from massive pulmonary embolism.
SIMULATING BACTERIAL CLUSTERING AROUND PHYTOPLANKTON CELLS IN A TURBULENT OCEAN

The hypothesis that bacteria can cluster around phytoplankton cells in the turbulent mixed layer was tested with a model that simulates bacterial chemotaxis toward a neutrally buoyant phytoplankton cell exuding dissolved organic C. The model results indicate that bacteria can attain population densities orders of magnitude above background levels in microzones occupying ~0.1% of the fluid volume surrounding each phytoplankton cell. The simulation results indicate that at turbulence intensities expected in the upper mixed layer of the ocean (shear rates of -0.15 s ‘) bacteria initially approach phytoplankton through random swimming and relative fluid motions. Chemotactic response serves to prolong a bacteria’s stay near the phytoplankter before it is carried away by random swimming and fluid motions. At these shear rates, up to 20% of the chemotactic bacteria population could be clustered around exuding phytoplankton cells, even though individual bacteria stay in a cluster less than a minute. For these conditions the time-averaged exudate exposure of the bacterial population could be 10 times higher than that of a nonchemotactic population. Exudate exposures in unsteady shearing were found to equal or exceed the corresponding steady shear values. Although unsteady bursts of turbulent mixing in the oceanic surface layer should disperse clusters, intervening calm periods are long enough to allow clusters to reform. The model indicates that bacterial clustering is unlikely to have a significant effect on phytoplankton nutrient uptake or on the fate of bacterial secondary production in the microbial food web.
Nonreciprocal Reflection-Beam Isolators for Far-Infrared Use

Magnetoplasma reflection-beam isolators for submillimeter-wave use are discussed in theory and experiment. The basic device uses the Kerr transverse magnetooptic effect (plane of polarization of the EM wave in the plane of incidence, which is perpendicular to a dc magnetic field) in InSb near room temperature. When the semiconductor slab is covered with a thin dielectric layer acting as a matching transformer, improved performance is predicted and observed at 337 /spl mu/m, and very efficient isolator performance is predicted for 118 /spl mu/m. Physical arguments are presented to explain the nonreciprocal phenomenon and lead to better device design.
Leptin–STAT3–G9a Signaling Promotes Obesity-Mediated Breast Cancer Progression

Obesity has been linked to breast cancer progression but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we report how leptin, an obesity-associated adipokine, regulates a transcriptional pathway to silence a genetic program of epithelial homeostasis in breast cancer stem-like cells (CSC) that promotes malignant progression. Using genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA expression profiling, we defined a role for activated STAT3 and G9a histone methyltransferase in epigenetic silencing of miR-200c, which promotes the formation of breast CSCs defined by elevated cell surface levels of the leptin receptor (OBR(hi)). Inhibiting the STAT3/G9a pathway restored expression of miR-200c, which in turn reversed the CSC phenotype to a more differentiated epithelial phenotype. In a rat model of breast cancer driven by diet-induced obesity, STAT3 blockade suppressed the CSC-like OBR(hi) population and abrogated tumor progression. Together, our results show how targeting STAT3-G9a signaling regulates CSC plasticity during obesity-related breast cancer progression, suggesting a novel therapeutic paradigm to suppress CSC pools and limit breast malignancy.
Clinical Research in Practice: A Guide for the Bedside Scientist

Houser J, Bokovoy J. Sudbury, MA 01776, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2006, paperback, 277 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7637-3875-1, $42.95. Clinical Research in Practice is a primer of techniques for the beginning clinical researcher. Written by nursing faculty, it encourages all health care professionals to understand and contribute to the evidence that supports clinical practice. This book uses a straightforward approach to provide clinicians with the basic information required to carry out clinical research studies. The examples and case studies in the book focus on nursing issues, but can be readily applied to physical therapy clinical research. Although the book presents information in an uncomplicated manner, the text includes the major topics that should be present in such a primer. Part …
Altered TAB1:IκB Kinase Interaction Promotes Transforming Growth Factor β–Mediated Nuclear Factor-κB Activation during Breast Cancer Progression

The conversion of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter occurs frequently during mammary tumorigenesis, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain undefined. We show herein that TGF-β repressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in normal NMuMG cells, but activated this transcription factor in their malignant counterparts, 4T1 cells, by inducing assembly of TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1)–binding protein 1 (TAB1):IκB kinase β (IKKβ) complexes, which led to the stimulation of a TAK1:IKKβ:p65 pathway. TAB1:IKKβ complexes could only be detected in NMuMG cells following their induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which, on TGF-β treatment, activated NF-κB. Expression of a truncated TAB1 mutant [i.e., TAB1(411)] reduced basal and TGF-β–mediated NF-κB activation in NMuMG cells driven to undergo EMT by TGF-β and in 4T1 cells stimulated by TGF-β. TAB1(411) expression also inhibited TGF-β–stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in 4T1 cells. Additionally, the ability of human MCF10A-CA1a breast cancer cells to undergo invasion in response to TGF-β absolutely required the activities of TAK1 and NF-κB. Moreover, small interfering RNA–mediated TAK1 deficiency restored the cytostatic activity of TGF-β in MCF10A-CA1a cells. Finally, expression of truncated TAB1(411) dramatically reduced the growth of 4T1 breast cancers in syngeneic BALB/c, as well as in nude mice, suggesting a potentially important role of NF-κB in regulating innate immunity by TGF-β. Collectively, our findings have defined a novel TAB1:TAK1:IKKβ:NF-κB signaling axis that forms aberrantly in breast cancer cells and, consequently, enables oncogenic signaling by TGF-β. [Cancer Res 2008;68(5):1462–70]
Alphabetically Ordered Ballots and the Composition of American Legislatures

Although research demonstrates that favorable ballot position can deliver candidates a small windfall of votes in local, nonpartisan, and primary elections, it is not clear whether ballot order laws have had any impact on the composition of U.S. legislatures. In this article, I estimate the substantive significance of ballot order rules by comparing the legislators of states that alphabetically order ballots to those elected by states that randomize or rotate ballot order. I also compare legislators elected by states that started or stopped alphabetically ordering ballots in recent decades. I find that states that alphabetically order ballots disproportionately elect candidates with early alphabet surnames. My research challenges the prevailing belief that ballot order affects only minor elections and suggests that seemingly innocuous rules have altered our political landscape. I conclude that arbitrary ballot ordering rules should be reformed to remedy their substantial impact on political representation.
Computational confocal tomography for simultaneous reconstruction of objects, occlusions, and aberrations

We introduce and experimentally validate a computational imaging technique that employs confocal scanning and coherent detection in the Fourier domain. We show how this method may be used to tomographically reconstruct attenuation, aberration, and even occlusion. We also show how these image parameters may be combined with the conventional confocal image reconstruction of the object reflectivity. We demonstrate the method experimentally by imaging a sample consisting of an occlusion above a mirror of varying reflectivity.
Music for Sleep Disturbance in the Elderly

Twenty-five elderly, community-based subjects with self-perceived sleep disturbances participated in this descriptive pilot study. Subjects listened to classical and New Age music before bedtime when a sleep disturbance was identified. Daily logs were kept by each participant to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Twenty-four (96%) of the subjects reported improved sleep using this self-administered intervention.
FIMD-MPI: a tool for injecting faults into MPI application

Parallel computing is seeing increasing use in critical applications. The need therefore arises to test the robustness of parallel applications in the presence of exceptional conditions, or faults. Communication-software-based fault injection is an extremely flexible approach to robustness testing in message-passing parallel computers. A fault injection methodology and tool that use this approach are presented. The tool, known as FIMD-MPI, allows injection of faults into MPI-based applications. The structure and operation of FIMD-MPI are described and the use of the tool is illustrated on an example fault-tolerant MPI application.
Charge transport in DNA.

The base pair stack within double helical DNA provides an effective medium for charge transport. The DNA π-stack mediates oxidative DNA damage over long molecular distances in a reaction that is exquisitely sensitive to the sequence-dependent conformation and dynamics of DNA. A mixture of tunneling and hopping mechanisms have been proposed to account for this long-range chemistry, which is gated by dynamical variations within the stack. Electrochemical sensors have also been developed, based upon the sensitivity of DNA charge transport to base pair stacking, and these sensors provide a completely new approach to diagnosing single base mismatches in DNA and monitoring protein–DNA interactions electrically. DNA charge transport, furthermore, may play a role within the cell and, indeed, oxidative damage to DNA from a distance has been demonstrated in the cell nucleus. As a result, the biological consequences of and opportunities for DNA-mediated charge transport now require consideration.
Global Characterization of Cell-Specific Gene Expression through Fluorescence-Activated Sorting of Nuclei

We describe a simple and highly effective means for global identification of genes that are expressed within specific cell types within complex tissues. It involves transgenic expression of nuclear-targeted green fluorescent protein in a cell-type-specific manner. The fluorescent nuclei are then purified from homogenates by fluorescence-activated sorting, and the RNAs employed as targets for microarray hybridization. We demonstrate the validity of the approach through the identification of 12 genes that are selectively expressed in phloem.
Moving to Learn: How Guiding the Hands Can Set the Stage for Learning

Previous work has found that guiding problem-solvers' movements can have an immediate effect on their ability to solve a problem. Here we explore these processes in a learning paradigm. We ask whether guiding a learner's movements can have a delayed effect on learning, setting the stage for change that comes about only after instruction. Children were taught movements that were either relevant or irrelevant to solving mathematical equivalence problems and were told to produce the movements on a series of problems before they received instruction in mathematical equivalence. Children in the relevant movement condition improved after instruction significantly more than children in the irrelevant movement condition, despite the fact that the children showed no improvement in their understanding of mathematical equivalence on a ratings task or on a paper-and-pencil test taken immediately after the movements but before instruction. Movements of the body can thus be used to sow the seeds of conceptual change. But those seeds do not necessarily come to fruition until after the learner has received explicit instruction in the concept, suggesting a "sleeper effect" of gesture on learning.
Cerebellar stroke without motor deficit: clinical evidence for motor and non-motor domains within the human cerebellum.

Objective. To determine whether there are non- motor regions of cerebellum in which sizeable infarcts have little or no impact on motor control. Experimental proce- dures. We evaluated motor deficits in patients following cer- ebellar stroke using a modified version of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (MICARS). Lesion location was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized axial tomography (CT). Patients were grouped by stroke location—Group I, stroke within the ante- rior lobe (lobules I-V); Group 2, anterior lobe and lobule VI; Group 3, posterior lobe (lobules VI-IX; including floccu- lonodular lobe, lobule X); Group 4, posterior lobe but ex- cluding lobule VI (i.e. lobules VII-X); Group 5, stroke within anterior lobe plus posterior lobe. Results. Thirty-nine pa- tients were examined 8.06.0 days following stroke. There
The effects of laser peening and shot peening on fretting fatigue in Ti–6Al–4V coupons

Abstract This paper describes testing of Ti–6Al–4V coupons in fretting fatigue and compares the effects of mechanical surface treatments on performance. Fretting fatigue tests were performed using a proving ring for fretting load, bridge-type fretting pads, and applied tension–tension cyclic fatigue stress. As-machined (AM), shot peened (SP), and laser peened (LP) coupons were evaluated, and data generated to compare residual stress, surface condition, lifetime, and fractographic detail encountered for each. Near-surface residual stress in SP and LP coupons was similar. The layer of compressive residual stress was far deeper in LP coupons than in SP coupons and, consequently, subsurface tensile residual stress was significantly greater in LP coupons than in SP coupons. SP coupons exhibited a rough surface and had the greatest volume of fretting-induced wear. LP coupons exhibited a wavy surface and had a small volume of wear localized at wave peaks. SP coupons had the greatest fretting fatigue lifetime, with significant improvement over AM coupons. Lifetimes of LP coupons were similar to those for SP coupons at high fatigue stress, but fell between AM and SP coupons at lower fatigue stress. Fractographic evaluation showed that fractures of AM samples were preceded by initiation of fretting-induced cracks, transition of a lead fretting crack to mode-I fatigue crack growth, and crack growth to failure. SP and LP samples exhibited behavior similar to AM samples at high fatigue stress, but in coupons tested at low stress the lead crack initiated subsurface, near the measured depth of maximum tensile residual stress, despite the presence of fretting-induced cracks. The level of fatigue stress above which lead cracks were initiated by fretting was higher for LP than for SP, and was predicted with good accuracy using an analysis based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensity factor range, and superposition of measured residual stress and applied fatigue stress.
Loss of Sigma Factor RpoN Increases Intestinal Colonization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in an Adult Mouse Model

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of bacterial seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, yet little is known about how this pathogen colonizes the human intestine. The alternative sigma factor RpoN/sigma-54 is a global regulator that controls flagellar synthesis, as well as a wide range of nonflagellar genes. We constructed an in-frame deletion mutation in rpoN (VP2670) in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633, a clinical serogroup O3:K6 isolate, and examined the effects in vivo using a streptomycin-treated mouse model of colonization. We confirmed that deletion of rpoN rendered V. parahaemolyticus nonmotile, and it caused reduced biofilm formation and an apparent defect in glutamine synthetase production. In in vivo competition assays between the rpoN mutant and a wild-type RIMD2210633 strain marked with the β-galactosidase gene lacZ (WBWlacZ), the mutant colonized significantly more proficiently. Intestinal persistence competition assays also demonstrated that the rpoN mutant had enhanced fitness and outcompeted WBWlacZ. Mutants defective in the polar flagellum biosynthesis FliAP sigma factor also outcompeted WBWlacZ but not to the same level as the rpoN mutant, which suggested that lack of motility is not the sole cause of the fitness effect. In an in vitro growth competition assay in mouse intestinal mucus, the rpoN mutant also outcompeted the wild type and exhibited faster doubling times when grown in mucus and on individual components of mucus. Genes in the pathways for the catabolism of mucus sugars also had significantly higher expression levels in a ΔrpoN mutant than in the wild type. These data suggest that in V. parahaemolyticus, RpoN plays an important role in carbon utilization regulation, which may significantly affect host colonization.
Induction of cytochrome P-450IA1 activity in response to sublethal stresses in microcarrier-attached Hep G2 cells

Cell damage for cells grown on microcarriers in suspension is a critical problem for scale-up of microcarrier reactors. In order to study cell damage as a mechanistic process, a cellular response that is more sensitive than changes in growth and death rates and would be more closely related to cell regulatory mechanisms would be advantageous. We have observed the induction of a specific cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, P-450IA1 (CYP1A1), to be a sensitive method for assessing the response of microcarrier-attached Hep G2 cells to stress resulting from hydrodynamic shear and oxygen deprivation. The kinetics of induction and amount of CYP1A1 formed in response to subtle shear stress, moderate shear, and hypoxia are described. Increased stress results in increased CYP1A1 formation.
Electrical Properties of Phosphorus-Doped and Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Germanium Thin-Films for p-i-n Devices

Nanocrystalline germanium thin-films deposited on glass by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition from germane and hydrogen were doped with phosphorus and boron. We report some electrical transport and structural properties of Ge films as a function of dopant species and doping levels. The dark conductivities of the phosphorus- and boron-doped films are approximately three to four orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic nanocrystalline germanium. In the solid phase, phosphorus comprised about 1 atomic percent in the Ge bulk over the range of source gas ratios used, and the conductivity remained fairly constant, indicating saturated conditions. Boron comprised about 10 atomic percent in Ge at the highest dark conductivity, while increased doping turned the films amorphous. To test the doped layers for device applications, an all-nanocrystalline germanium p-i-n diode was constructed and showed rectification when measured in the dark at room temperature.
Threat stream data generator: creating the known unknowns for test and evaluation of visual analytics tools

We present the Threat Stream Data Generator, an approach and tool for creating synthetic data sets for the test and evaluation of visual analytics tools and environments. We have focused on working with information analysts to understand the characteristics of threat data, to develop scenarios that will allow us to define data sets with known ground truth, to define a process of mapping threat elements in a scenario to expressions in data, and creating a software system to generate the data. We are also developing approaches to evaluating our data sets considering characteristics such as threat subtlety and appropriateness of data for the software to be examined.
Photographic simulation of off-axis blurring due to chromatic aberration in spectacle lenses

Spectacle lens materials of high refractive index (n d ) tend to have high chromatic dispersion (low Abbe number [V]), which may contribute to visual blurring with oblique viewing. A patient who noted off-axis blurring with new high-refractive-index spectacle lenses prompted us to do a photographic simulation of the off-axis aberrations in 3 readily available spectacle lens materials, CR-39 (n d = 1.50), polyurethane (n d = 1.60), and polycarbonate (n d = 1.59). Both chromatic and monochromatic aberrations were found to cause off-axis image degradation. Chromatic aberration was more prominent in the higher-index materials (especially polycarbonate), whereas the lower-index CR-39 had more astigmatism of oblique incidence. It is important to consider off-axis aberrations when a patient complains of otherwise unexplained blurred vision with a new pair of spectacle lenses, especially given the increasing promotion of high-refractive-index materials with high chromatic dispersion.
HIJING 1.0: A Monte Carlo program for parton and particle production in high energy hadronic and nuclear collisions

Abstract Based on QCD-inspired models for multiple jets production, we developed a Monte Carlo program to study jet and the associated particle production in high energy pp, pA and AA collisions. The physics behind the program which includes multiple minijet production, soft excitation, nuclear shadowing of parton distribution functions and jet interaction in dense matter is briefly discussed. A detailed description of the program and instructions on how to use it are given.
The evolution of preoperative holding areas.

IT HAS NOW been almost three decades since hospitals moved away from the traditional preoperative inpatient to today’s preoperative patient who arrives from home just hours before surgery is to begin. In those days, the name preoperative holding area did describe the work that took place. It was strictly a ‘‘holding area’’ for patients to wait before surgery because the preoperative preparation process was already completed during the inpatient admission before surgery. Any placement of invasive hemodynamic lines or regional anesthesia would likely take place within the operating room (OR). Oh my, how that has changed.
Drinking Water in the United States: Are We Planning For a Sustainable Future?

Maintaining drinking water quality and quantity is a resource management challenge worldwide. In the United States, there are federal, state and local laws to further drinking water quality protection, but few regulations that address water quantity. The first part of this article summarizes existing water protection laws, especially the division of water quality protection and local land use regulation between federal and state government. The second part assesses current water quality and quantity trends. The third part concludes the article with a discussion of drinking water case studies in the United States, to give a snapshot of current use and protection trends, highlighting planning tools, best management practices and solutions. Given the current status of water protection laws and policies in the U.S., this discussion of best management practices is targeted towards municipalities, with the aim of linking it to sustainable development policies.
Attitudes toward Elderly Sexuality

Our youth-oriented culture views the process of aging as a tragic, narcissistic injury instead of as an opportunity for personal growth and change. Unfortunately, many older adults internalize and generalize these negative attitudes toward their own sexuality, and diminish or cease sexual expression out of fear, disgust, and shame. The attitudes that clinicians hold toward elderly sexuality also can influence their patients’ attitudes toward elderly sexuality.
Organizing With Communities to Benefit Public Health.

The article discusses community organizing by the group Community Alliance for Research and Engagement (CARE) of the Yale School of Public Health in the West River neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut. Efforts to develop a community garden known as the Little Red Hen garden in the neighborhood are addressed in relation to public health in the neighborhood. Health disparities in the city are noted.
Abstract TP20: Longer Procedural Times Are Independently Associated with Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Large Vessels Occlusion Stroke Patients Undergoing Thrombectomy

Background and Purpose: Time to reperfusion is an essential factor in determination of outcomes in (AIS). We sought to establish the effect of the procedural time on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of AIS patients undergoing intra-arterial therapy. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of endovascularly treated large vessel AIS in a large academic center. Data from all consecutive patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy from September 2010 to July 2012 were analyzed. The variable of interest was procedural time (defined as time from groin puncture to end of procedure). Outcome measures included the rates of symptomatic intracebral hemorrhage (sICH, defined as any parenchymal hematoma e.g. PH-1/PH-2), final infarct volume, 90-day mortality, and independent functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale, mRS 0-2) at 90 days. Results: The entire cohort included 242 patients with a mean age of 65.5+/- 14.2 and median baseline NIHSS 20. Of the patients 49.38% were females. The median ASPECTS score was 8. The mean procedure time was significantly shorter in patients with good outcome (86.73 vs. 73.13 respectively, P-value: 0.0228). However, after controlling for ASPECTS score, type of retrieval device, TICI score, volume of infarct, interval from symptoms onset to puncture, and co-morbidities, this association did not prove to be significant (P-value = 0.7101). Patients with SICH had significantly higher mean procedure time than patients without SICH (79.65 vs. 104.5 respectively; P-value: 0.0319) which remained significant when controlling to the previous factors (OR = 0.974 with a 95 % CI of (0.957, 0.991). There was no correlation between the volume of infarction and the procedure time (r = 0.10996, P-value: 0.0984). There was no association between procedure time and 90-day mortality (77.8 vs. 88.2 minutes in survivals vs. deaths respectively; P-value: 0.0958). Conclusion: Our data support an association between the risk of SICH and a longer procedure time while no definite association between procedural times and the final infarction volume or long-term functional outcomes was found after adjustment for multiple imbalances.
Acute myelogenous leukemia of the Wistar/Furth rat: establishment of a continuous tissue culture line producing lysozyme in vitro and in vivo

A transplantable myelogenous leukemia of an inbred Wistar/Furth rat has been established in tissue culture and cloned. The resulting transplantable leukemia line demonstrates in vitro doubling time of 20 hr, colony-forming efficiency of 5% in liquid and methylcellulos- containing medium, and a saturation density of 3.0 x 106 cells/sq cm in liquid medium. Following intraperitoneal inoculation, newborn rats developed solid tumors, ascities, and leukemia with ld50 of5 x 103 cells and mean latency of 60 days. The tumor cell morphology was consistent with that of acute myelogenous leukemia. Histochemical staining for myeloid enzymes revealed no evidence of myeloperoxidase, esterase, or leukocyte alkaline phosphatase; however, fluorescent antibody staining for lysozyme was markedly positive. Serum, urine, and ascitic fluid from rats with transplanted leukemia also contained elevated levels of lysozyme. There was no detectable type-CRNA virus production by this cell line after as long as 100 days in vitro. This inbred rat myelogenous leukemia should provide a useful model for studies of chemotherapy and immunoltherapy of human acute myelogenous leukemia.
Comparisons of tear proteins in the cow, horse, dog and rabbit.

Tear proteins play a major role in normal corneal health.1 Several changes in tear proteins have been shown to be related to direct corneal irritation.2 In veterinary medicine, differences between species often occurs in the clinical response to corneal irritation and external ocular disease. These differences may be a reflection of various factors including tear proteins. There is little information available on tear film properties in veterinary species. Some studies have evaluated the protein concentration for selected species; with little information on the molecular weight distribution of the proteins.3–7 This project was undertaken to determine normal protein concentration and molecular weight distribution of tear proteins in the cow, the horse, the rabbit and the dog.
Enzymatic Determination of L-Phenylalanine in Serum

An enzymatic method for determining the L-pbenylalanine level in serum is described. The method is based on the rate of NAD H (the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide [NAD]) formation through the oxidative deamination of L-phenylalanine by phenylalanine dehydrogenase. The assay is simple to run either manually or with an automated chemistry analyzer. The coefficient of variation for the within-run and between-run assays was less than 7.5% for three levels of control. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.2 mg/dL. Hemoglobin, bilirubin, and triglycerides in final concentrations of up to 1.4 g/dL (14 g/L), 12 mg/dL (205.2 μ mol/L), and 600 mg/dL (6.774 mmol/L), respectively, did not interfere significantly with the assay. A highly elevated level of L-tyrosine (24 mg/dL), however, did interfere (P≤.01) with the assay by creating false-positive results. The assay showed a good recovery rate of 96% to 111%.
Morphological Changes to InAs Quantum Dots Caused by GaAs Overgrowth

We have used in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the morphological changes to InAs quantum dots (QD’s) caused by overgrowth of a GaAs capping layer. We demonstrate that the InAs islands are highly unstable during GaAs overgrowth and that this morphological instability confirms that significant cation intermixing occurs during overgrowth. In particular, the anisotropic nature of the volume redistribution indicates that In surface diffusion is the specific mechanism of In transfer away from the islands. Images taken after 10 monolayers or more of overgrowth reveal that more rapid GaAs overgrowth better preserves the 3D-islands morphology.
Mechanization of the green-product handling and transfer operations at the Magnezit Plant

The operations of doffing the magnesia bricks from the presses, transferring them to the chargesetting bays, and loading them on the kiln trucks is being mechanized at the Magnezit Plant by the installation in the molding and drying-kilning sections of set-forming machines and charge manipulators constructed and tested at the plant so that the heavy manual operations of the charge setters are being carried out now by mechanical means and labor productivity in the section between the presses and the charge-setting bays has increased.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PARALLEL AIRFOIL/VORTEX INTERACTION USING A ZONAL HYBRID RANS/LES METHOD

Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) generally occurs under certain conditions of powered descent or during extreme manoeuvring. The vibration and acoustic problems associated with the interaction of rotor tip vortices and the following blades is a major aerodynamic concern for the helicopter community. Numerous experimental and computational studies have been performed over the last two decades in order to gain a better understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in BVI. The most severe interaction, in term of generated noise, happens when the vortex fllament is parallel to the blade, thus afiecting a great portion of it. The majority of the previous numerical studies of parallel BVI fall within a potential ∞ow framework therefore precluding vortex-induced ∞ow separation. Some Navier-Stokes approaches using dissipative numerical methods in conjunction with RANS-type turbulence models have also been attempted, but with limited success. In this work, the situation is improved by increasing the fldelity of both the numerical method and the turbulence model. A kineticenergy conserving flnite-volume scheme using a collocated-mesh arrangement, specially designed for simulation of turbulence in complex geometries, was implemented. For the turbulence model, a costefiective zonal hybrid RANS/LES technique is used. The concentrated tip vortex is not attenuated as it is convected downstream and over a NACA-0012 airfoil. The lift, drag, moment coe‐cients induced by the passage of the vortex are monitored in time and compared with available experimental data.
Disease activity of hepatitis C correlates with single-stage polymerase chain reaction detection of hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was amplified and detected in the serum of 17 anti-HCV antibody positive patients using a single-stage (30 cycles) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specific amplification, targeted to the C-100 protein (anti-HCV) region, was confirmed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. Single-stage PCR detected the virus in 11 patients. Polymerase chain reaction-positive patients demonstrated a significantly higher histologic activity index (10.3+1.2 standard error of mean [SEM] than those testing negative (5.8+1.5 SEM, P<.05). Nine of 11 PCR-positive patients exhibited a rise in alanine transaminase (ALT) values within 1 month of assay, compared with only 1 of 6 PCR-negative patients
173 THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CREB IN NEONATAL RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS.

The spectrum of disorders associated with prenatal alcohol exposure is significant not only for the families directly affected but for society at large. Multiple mechanisms for the developmental abnormalities associated with these disorders have been proposed. An action of ethanol in the adult brain is to enhance GABAergic transmission, resulting in increased neuronal inhibition. It has recently been shown that ethanol has a similar effect on GABA activity in hippocampal slices from neonatal rats, although the result is neuronal excitation rather than inhibition. We hypothesized that this ethanol-induced excitation could increase levels of pCREB in neonatal neurons. To test this hypothesis, we measured pCREB and CREB levels by ELISA in extracts from control and ethanol-exposed hippocampal slices that were prepared from postnatal day 4-6 Sprague-Dawley rats. Contrary to our hypothesis, pCREB levels in the hippocampal tissue samples decreased in response to ethanol exposure compared to controls. CREB levels were also decreased in response to ethanol exposure and a pCREB:CREB ratio was calculated to determine if the decrease in pCREB paralleled the observed decrease in CREB. The calculations demonstrated an average 12-14% decrease in the ratio in response to ethanol exposure. The decreased levels of pCREB in response to ethanol exposure may be the result of activation of protein phosphatases by ethanol. Given the well-established role of pCREB in the development of neuronal circuits, we postulate that the alcohol-induced alterations in the levels of this transcription factor may contribute to the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Tau proteins and their significance in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses tau proteins and their significance in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paired helical filaments are found aggregated together into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the perikarya of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons in AD. It is suggested that the accumulation of neurofibrillary lesions in AD may be caused by the aberrant reactivation of fetal protein kinases and the inactivation of fetal protein phosphatases in the AD brain. The absence of any AD lesions in the fetal central nervous system suggests that these kinases and phosphatases, which are normally present and activated in the fetal nervous system, determine the phosphorylation state of fetal τ but do not generate derivatized forms of that are fully equivalent to paired helical filaments Tau (PHFτ) in the AD brain. It is suggested that some of the differences previously noted between normal adult CNSτ and PHFτ that were obtained from studies of postmortem brain samples may reflect the more rapid dephosphorylation of normal τ versus PHFτ during similar intervals between the death of the patient and the extraction of each of these species of τ protein.