cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
802 Ramucirumab plus atezolizumab in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer previously treated with immune checkpoint blockade

Background T-cell trafficking to the tumor is inhibited via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated down-regulation of important adhesion molecules on tumor-associated blood vessels and progression of disease on immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) has been associated with decreased tumor-infiltrating immune cells.1 2 We hypothesized that inhibiting VEGF signaling through its receptor, VEGFR2, would increase intratumoral T cells. Therefore we sought to evaluate the combination of ramucirumab, an anti-VEGF receptor 2 monoclonal antibody, and atezolizumab in patients with advanced-stage, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who have previously progressed on at least one line of ICB. Here, we report on the first twelve patients enrolled on trial. Methods Advanced stage NSCLC patients with an ECOG performance status of ≤1 who had previously been treated with ICBs were eligible with no limitation on prior lines of ICB therapy. Patients with untreated brain metastasis, recent hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation or fistula were excluded. The study was conducted with a two-stage MiniMax design. Peripheral blood and repeated biopsy, when feasible, were collected for correlative analysis. Results Twelve patients were enrolled in the first stage of the trial. The median age was 68 (range 47-78), 10 of the patients are female, and 10 had non-squamous histology. Patients had an average of 3.5 prior lines of therapy and 1.6 lines of prior immunotherapy. Overall, treatment was well-tolerated with no grade 3 or 4 adverse events. The most common adverse events were grade 1 or 2 hypertension (35%), nausea (25%) and vomiting (25%). There were no objective responses and 11 patients (91%) achieved stable disease. The median progression-free survival is 3 months with 3 patients (25%) on trial for more than 12 months. The median overall survival (OS) at the time of the latest data cutoff on 9/15/20 is 11.5 months. Conclusions The preliminary data from our study showed that combination of ramucirumab and atezolizumab is well-tolerated and associated with prolonged overall survival in a subset of heavily pretreated patients who progressed on prior ICB. The trial is still accruing patients and exploratory analyses are planned. Ethics Approval The study was approved by the Washington University Institutional Review Board. References Dirkx AE, oude Egbrink MG, Castermans K, et al. Anti-angiogenesis therapy can overcome endothelial cell anergy and promote leukocyte-endothelium interactions and infiltration in tumors. FASEB J 2006;20(6):621-630. Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature 2014;515(7528):563-567.
Exploring nutrient and light limitation of algal production in a shallow turbid reservoir.

Abstract Harmful algal blooms are increasingly recognized as a threat to the integrity of freshwater reservoirs, which serve as water supplies, wildlife habitats, and recreational attractions. While algal growth and accumulation is controlled by many environmental factors, the relative importance of these factors is unclear, particularly for turbid eutrophic systems. Here we develop and compare two models that test the relative importance of vertical mixing, light, and nutrients for explaining chlorophyll-a variability in shallow (2–3 m) embayments of a eutrophic reservoir, Jordan Lake, North Carolina. One is a multiple linear regression (statistical) model and the other is a process-based (mechanistic) model. Both models are calibrated using a 15-year data record of chlorophyll-a concentration (2003–2018) for the seasonal period of cyanobacteria dominance (June–October). The mechanistic model includes a novel representation of vertical mixing and is calibrated in a Bayesian framework, which allows for data-driven inference of important process rates. Both models show that chlorophyll-a concentration is much more responsive to nutrient variability than mixing, light, or temperature. While both models explain approximately 60% of the variability in chlorophyll-a, the mechanistic model is more robust in cross-validation and provides a more comprehensive assessment of algal drivers. Overall, these models indicate that nutrient reductions, rather than changes in mixing or background turbidity, are critical to controlling cyanobacteria in a shallow eutrophic freshwater system.
Risk Factors and Wellness Measures Associated with Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanic Adults

Background: To characterize the associations of clinical risk factors, lifestyle factors, and wellness measures with prediabetes and new type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis in Hispanic adults...
Gordon Tullock: A Subjectivist Theorist of Law and Economics

Gordon Tullock (1922-2014) took only one academic degree, a J.D. from the University of Chicago in 1947. He leveraged that degree into a polymathic career where he made significant contributions to economics, law, political science, history, and biology, among other disciplines. Tullock was a subjectivist, for he sought to apprehend all social phenomena from the perspectives of the individuals whose actions generated those phenomena. In his subjectivism, Tullock’s subjectivism stands in sharp contrast to Richard Posner’s objectivist claim that the common law illustrates the relentless pursuit of economic efficiency. Tullock denied this claim even though he accepted the universality of the formal principle of economizing action. Tullock’s body of work illustrates how any analytical claim about societal consequences of legal practices necessarily rests on and is derived from some preceding set of conceptual presuppositions, about which choices exist. Such properties as “efficiency” are not facts that can be directly apprehended but are inferences derived from some particular theoretical framework.
The Normative Foundations of Impact Evaluation

Impact evaluation has become increasingly central to evidence-based social policy, particularly in the field of international development. While the act of evaluation requires numerous ethical decisions (e.g., regarding the problems to investigate, the tools of investigation, and the interpretation of results), the normative framework for such decisions is generally implicit, undermining our ability to fully scrutinize the evidence base. I argue that the normative foundation of impact evaluation is best viewed as utilitarian in the sense that it meets the three elementary requirements of utilitarianism: welfarism, sum-ranking, and consequentialism. I further argue that the utilitarian approach is subject to a number of important limitations, including distributional indifference, the neglect of non-utility concerns, and an orientation toward subjective states. In light of these issues, I outline an alternative framework for impact evaluation that has its normative basis in the capabilities approach. I argue that capabilitarian impact evaluation not only addresses many of the issues associated with utilitarian methods, but can also be viewed as a more general approach to impact evaluation.
Sublingual lipoma with ectopic bone formation. Report of a case.

Abstract A case of lipoma originating adjacent to the mandibular periosteum in the area of the genial tubercles is presented. Within the tumor, and attached to a common base, was an osseous projection whose general shape and direction of growth corresponded to the fatty tumor. In reviewing the literature, we found no report of a lesion with the same morphology.
Fast Incremental Planarity Testing

The incremental planarity testing problem is to perform the following operations on a biconnected planar graph G of at most n vertices: test if an edge can be added between two vertices while preserving planarity; add edges and vertices that preserve planarity. Let m be the total number of operations. We present fast data structures for this problem that can be used in conjunction with the previous algorithm of Di Battista and Tamassia to achieve an O(α(m, n)) worst-case amortized time per test operation. If the graph is biconnected, a sequence of n additions can be performed in total time O(mα(m, n)) worst-case plus O(n) expected time. Our tree data structure is flexible and can answer in O(1) time queries about parents, roots, and nearest common ancestors while performing tree modifications such as inserting nodes, cutting edges, and merging or splitting nodes. If the graph is not biconnected then insertions of edges and vertices require O(log n) amortized expected time per operation.
Biochemistry of interorganelle transport. A new frontier in enzymology emerges from versatile in vitro model systems.

To understand the biochemical mechanisms fundamental to secretion, a number of model cell-free systems have emerged to study organelle structure and interorganelle transport. From these studies a surprising overlap is found in the components active at different stages of the exocytic pathway. In addition to the common requirement for all secretory organelles to be tethered to a microtubule-based cytoskeleton, at least four factors are now recognized to be essential for transport of protein between more than one stage of the pathway
Twelve Year-Olds, Grandmothers, and Other Good Targets for the Recording Industry's File Sharing Litigation

This article focuses on the narrow issue of the rationality of end user litigation by the recording industry against individual file-sharers. The illogic of the recording industry's present strategy has been argued by a number of commentators who also believe the practice to be undesirable from a broader social perspective. The purpose of this article is to disentangle these conflicting perspectives and to answer the simple question: does end user litigation make sense for the recording industry? The rational choice model of consumer file sharing applied in this article indicates that, rather than being "commercial suicide," end user litigation actually makes sense for the recording industry. The advantage of applying a traditional cost benefit analysis of consumer file sharing is that allows us to contextualize the predictions of normative and technological backlash that seem so popular. While the theoretical possibility of either of these reactions remains, there is no current evidence to suggest that they will overwhelm the increased value of expected legal sanctions engineered by the recording industry's consumer litigation. The cost benefit model suggests that rational consumers should be just as sensitive to changes in the expected cost of legal sanctions as any other product feature associated with the music they acquire. Furthermore, rather than focusing their efforts on the very worst copyright offenders, the recording industry's optimal strategy in relation to end user litigation is to target the most sympathetic defendants along with a broad spectrum of file sharers. Targeting high volume up-loaders sounds like a safe course of action at first, but as this article explains, this is an illusory comfort. It makes much more sense for the recording industry to target more marginal file sharers because they are more likely to be persuaded to stop file trading and start buying music.
Effect of relative delay on the dissipated energy in coupled interconnects

This paper presents a comprehensive qualitative and analytical analysis of the effect of relative delay on the dissipated energy due to relative switching of on-chip buses. A closed form expression modeling the effect of relative delay on the dissipated energy is also presented. Introducing a relative delay between signals on adjacent bus lines is found to only affect the switching cases in which the neighboring lines switch in the same or opposite direction. The delay is shown to provide a reduction up to 50% in the energy dissipation due to relative switching of the worst switching case. This observation can be implemented in low-power on-chip bus schemes.
Human Uteroplacental Lactogens: Physiology and Molecular Biology

The human uteroplacental unit synthesizes and secretes three lactogenic hormones - placental lactogen (hPL), growth hormone-variant (hGH-V) and decidual prolactin (PRL). The three hormones, which evolved from a common ancestral molecule, have striking homologies in their chemical and biological properties. The hormones bind to both lactogenic (prolactin) and somatotrophic (growth hormone) receptors and exert many physiologic actions that are critical for the regulation of maternal and fetal metabolism and the growth of the fetus. HPL and hGH-V are synthesized and secreted by the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta, while decidual PRL is synthesized and secreted by decidual cells, the predominant cells that line the uterus during pregnancy.
12 Racist Men: Post-Verdict Evidence of Juror Bias

Federal Evidence Rule 606(b) and similar state rules prohibit post-verdict admission of juror statements, including racist or biased remarks, made during deliberations. The roots of the evidentiary prohibition are historically deep and the interests underlying the Rule implicate the very existence of the jury system. Constitutionality of the post-verdict evidentiary exclusion is based upon the presumption that pre-trial and trial mechanisms exist to discern juror bias prior to deliberations. Empirical studies and recent cases indicate, however, that these mechanisms do not currently operate to adequately expose or remove juror biases. This article argues that the expansion of these mechanisms, including more diverse jury venires, more robust and effective juror voir dire, less discretion for parties to remove jurors on the basis of race, and the development of jury admonitions directly addressing bias, will reduce juror expressions of bias during deliberations. Even with these reforms, however, not all juror bias will be disclosed and, whether for reasons of embarrassment, inattention or intent, some jurors will misrepresent material biases during voir dire. To address juror misrepresentations during voir dire, the article proposes a narrow exception to Rule 606(b) permitting inquiry into juror bias for the purpose of showing juror misrepresentation. The article’s unique approach of combining enhanced pre-trial and trial mechanisms with a narrow exception to the rule to address juror misrepresentations strikes a balance between upholding the goals underlying Rule 606(b) and the right to a fair trial by an impartial jury.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 71: Structure-decomposition and kinetic relationships in flash pyrolysis of Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP)

Well-characterized, purified samples of glycidyl azide polymer ( MW ― ≃ 700 ) having one, two, or three terminal -OH groups were flash pyrolyzed (dT/dt = 800 K/s) to 540–600 K under 2 atm Ar by T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy. This technique emphasizes condensed-phase pyrolysis chemistry as opposed to gas-phase flame chemistry. The volatile products identified from the condensed phase were CH4, HCN, CO, C2H4, NH3, CH2O, CH2CO, H2O, and GAP oligomers. IR-inactive N2 is, of course, also present. The low MW products result from homolysis of the heavy atom bonds and H-atom migration, as opposed to heavy atom recombination reactions. After N2 release, the relations between the mole fractions of the products and the parent GAP structure were determined. The NH3 content increases with the -OH content, which suggests that NH3 is mostly formed by the end-chain azide groups. The hydrocarbon mole fractions correlate with the structure of the parent sample of GAP. CO appears to form from both the parent polymer and secondary sources, such as CH2O and CH2CO, at higher temperature. The HCN/NH3 ratio increases with increasing temperature. By using the product mole fractions and heat of formation of GAP, the calculated heat of decomposition (⋍−1.4 kcal/g) is found to be three times larger than that measured by DSC (⋍−0.43 kcal/g). The large ΔHd helps explain the reported high surface temperature. The relatively low reported flame temperature during combustion reflects the limited number of secondary exothermic reactions that are possible among the products. If it occurs during combustion, the apparent release of some GAP oligomers observed during flash pyrolysis would raise the flame temperature by allowing the decomposition of some of the GAP in the gas phase. The kinetics of formation of NH3 [Ea = 49 kcal/mol, In(A/s) = 42] were determined below the autothermal stage. Above the autothermal stage, the products form at too rapid a rate to be measured by the methods used.
PET imaging using dual-headed gamma cameras: an update.

SUMMARY Interest in clinical fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging with dual-headed gamma cameras continues to grow. In 1996, Jarritt and Acton published a review article of the use of gamma-camera systems for FDG imaging [1]. Since that article was published, considerable progress has been made in the adaptation of dual-headed camera systems for coincidence imaging. We review the basic principles of dual-headed coincidence imaging and some of the major limitations and challenges in the development of such technology. Since much of the current clinical experience with FDG imaging is based on the use of dedicated position emission tomographic (PET) systems, some comparisons of the performance limitations between dual-headed gamma-camera and dedicated PET systems are provided.
Structural heterogeneity and functional domains of murine immunoglobulin G Fc receptors

Binding of antibodies to effector cells by way of receptors to their constant regions (Fc receptors) is central to the pathway that leads to clearance of antigens by the immune system. The structure and function of this important class of receptors on immune cells is addressed through the molecular characterization of Fc receptors (FcR) specific for the murine immunoglobulin G isotype. Structural diversity is encoded by two genes that by alternative splicing result in expression of molecules with highly conserved extracellular domains and different transmembrane and intracytoplasmic domains. The proteins encoded by these genes are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family, most homologous to the major histocompatibility complex molecule E beta. Functional reconstitution of ligand binding by transfection of individual FcR genes demonstrates that the requirements for ligand binding are encoded in a single gene. These studies demonstrate the molecular basis for the functional heterogeneity of FcR's, accounting for the possible transduction of different signals in response to a single ligand.
Prevalence of schizophrenia in the Pacific Island populations of Micronesia.

Abstract The inhabitants of Micronesia live on nearly identical islands dispersed over 2760 miles of ocean in the east-west direction. There are eight distinct language, cultural and racial groups in these islands. A study of the prevalence of schizophrenia in Micronesia in these eight cultures showed that there were no cases in the islands settled in pre-historic times by the Polynesians, only a few cases and a low prevalence (one case per thousand adults) in the remote eastern islands, and a high prevalence (one case per thousand adults) of schizophrenia in the western islands. The study demonstrates that in island populations, separated one from the other both by distance and by cultural attributes, schizophrenia is in some islands a rare occurrence—on some it may not occur at all; but on other islands in the same region, the disease is prevalent. Therefore, schizophrenia is not a universal affliction on mankind.
Mini - Jets in Minimum Bias Events

Abstract We estimate the degree of violation of Feynman scaling in both central and fragmentation regions within unitarized QCD picture. Knowledge of scaling violation in the fragmentation region is crucial for understanding ultra-high energy cosmic ray cascades. We find that extrapolation over three orders of magnitude in CM energy (to ∽40 TeV) leads to nearly a factor of three increase in central rapidity density of produced particles but to only a 10% shift of energy from the fragmentation region to the central region.
ASSESSING STUDENT UNDERSTANDING THROUGH WRITING

ABSTRACT Writing assignments which allow lower division students to express their understanding of mathematics in their own terms provide a more informative view of student difficulties than those which require communication in formal mathematical terms. The former can reveal student insights, as well as student difficulties. A specific type of writing assignment designed to encourage the students' logical analysis skills is described. Some instructional consequences and practical concerns which arose from the use of writing as an assessment tool in the author's classes are considered.
Distinguishing Nemrut Dağ and Bingöl A obsidians: geochemical and landscape differences and the archaeological implications

Abstract Distinguishing the geochemically similar Bingol A and Nemrut Dag peralkaline obsidians is a major challenge in Near Eastern obsidian sourcing. Despite abundant claims in the literature otherwise, this study reveals that Bingol A and Nemrut Dag obsidians are distinguishable with adequate source sampling and highly accurate and repeatable data for geochemically important elements. Earlier research has endeavored to link a simple geochemical trend (peralkalinity) to specific locations at Nemrut Dag, but existing schemes to distinguish Bingol A and Nemrut Dag obsidians cannot validly link compositional clusters to the landscape. This study demonstrates that additional elements are required to attribute artifacts to specific obsidian-bearing lava flows at the volcano. Limitations of this newly analyzed collection of geo-referenced Nemrut Dag and Bingol specimens suggests caution is still warranted in sourcing peralkaline obsidians, but a few archaeological implications are clear. New sourcing results from Tell Mozan in northeastern Syria refute a widespread assumption that one can use maximal efficiency to deduce whether peralkaline obsidian artifacts originated from Nemrut Dag or Bingol A. The ability to discern among these sources also enables inquiries into issues of cultural and technological preferences regarding these obsidians.
The Human Knee Meniscus: A Review with Special Focus on the Collagen Meniscal Implant

The human knee meniscus is important for the protection of the knee joint from degeneration. Because it is so commonly injured, several methods have been developed to replace damaged meniscal tissue with either transplanted menisci or other synthetic implants. Here we review these different approaches, with a clinical and histological focus on the collagen meniscal implant (CMI or Menaflex), a tissue-engineered bovine collagen product. Clinical trials in patients receiving the CMI have demonstrated good clinical outcomes in follow-ups as long as 10 years. We review the findings of second-look biopsies of implanted CMI constructs; they demonstrate the fibrochondrocytic ingrowth of tissue mimicking a native meniscus. Integration of the CMI to host meniscus is also confirmed. The histologic inflammation occasionally observed around the graft appears to be of little clinical significance. We conclude that tissue-engineered menisci from bovine collagen are safe in the time period examined and that they hold promise for future repair of the meniscus in appropriate individuals.
From rags to riches.

Transgenic trees may improve the efficiency of pulp production without detrimental environmental and ecological effects, according to new results from field trials.
Decreased replication of human respiratory syncytial virus treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132

Abstract Many enveloped viruses require components of the host protein ubiquitin system including members of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses (PIV5, SeV). Until recently, little has been known about the requirements of the subfamily Pneumovirinae . We report here that treatment of Vero cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 results in the reduction of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) titers by as much as 2.2 log 10 . Inhibition of HRSV by MG-132 was only observed early in infection (4–14 h post-infection). Although Western blots indicated a possible decrease of 52% in virion production, we show by fluorescence microscopy and treatment with cyclohexamide that any apparent inhibition in HRSV budding is the result of decreased viral protein levels and not an inhibition of virus budding. Further, we demonstrate that inhibition of HRSV in Vero cells by MG-132 corresponds with an increase in eIF2α phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of eIF2α during MG-132 treatment only occurred in HRSV infected Vero cells, and not in GFP transfected controls. A combination of HRSV infection and MG-132 treatment may therefore provide sufficient signaling cues to induce inhibition of protein synthesis.
Extraction of Phenoxyacid Herbicides from House Dust Using Methanol/CO2 Mixtures

Current extraction techniques including conventional liquid−solid methods, supercritical fluid extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction all suffer some potential drawbacks for the recovery of phenoxyacid herbicides from solid environmental matrices due to the polarity, acidity, and low volatility of the analytes. The use of methanol/CO2 mixtures consisting of 10−40 mol % methanol at both liquid and supercritical conditions is investigated herein as an alternative. Four herbicides (dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP, and 2,4,5-T) were extracted from a house dust matrix. Highest yields (83−95%) were obtained using 20/80 mol % methanol/CO2 at 442 atm and 100 or 150 °C. The addition of hexane directly to the sample followed by extraction with CO2 offered a simple method to preextract extraneous matrix material. Subsequent CO2 extractions with methanol or 0.1 M trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide in methanol added directly to the sample yielded considerably lower results than those obtained with the methanol/CO2 bin...
Donor-acceptor complexes and the semiconductivity of lipids

Abstract The 1:1 electron donor-acceptor complexes of 2,4-dinitrophenol with lipids such as egg lecithin, synthetic lecithin and oxidized cholesterol have been studied spectrophoto-metrically in carbon tetrachloride solution. The charge-transfer absorption band has been found in the near ultraviolet for each complex. The equilibrium constants of these complexes have been estimated from their charge transfer bands and are in the order egg lecithin > synthetic lecithin > oxidized cholesterol. The electrical conductivity of bimolecular lipid membranes increases in the presence of iodine, picric acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol and trinitrobenzene. With increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity of bimolecular lipid membranes of oxidized cholesterol has been found to increase exponentially and the activation energies have been measured for membranes in bathing solutions of iodine, picric acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol, trinitrobenzene and water. The increase of electrical conductivity with decreasing activation energy of oxidized cholesterol bimolecular lipid membranes in the presence of different acceptors supports the suggestion of donor-acceptor complex formation. The strength of the acceptors are in the order iodine > picric acid > 2,4-dinitrophenol > trinitrobenzene. In the solid state, the activation energies of fully hydrated oxidized cholesterol crystals and also in the presence of iodine and 2,4-dinitrophenol have been measured. The values are in good agreement with those obtained for the bimolecular lipid membranes and suggest that the same mechanism of semiconduction appears in both cases.
Synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles with alkylselenocyanates

We report the first successful synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with alkylselenocyanates as the source of protecting ligands. The resultant NPs were characterized to better understand the interfacial chemistry between the metal core and ligand by comparing and contrasting with the corresponding 2D self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).
Dieulafoy's disease in infants

A 4-month-old female was seen following massive hematemesis caused by an isolated gastric Dieulafoy's lesion. The case is presented and the literature reviewed.
Adsorptive partitioning of an organic compound onto polyelectrolyte-immobilized micelles on porous glass and sand.

Halting the spread of organic contaminants in subsurface aquifers is a critical environmental problem. We describe a novel “permeable reactive barrier” that results when organophile-solubilizing pr...
Homogeneous integration for 3D IC with TSV

Three-dimensional (3D) integration with through-silicon via (TSV) is an emerging technology which has been expected to lead to an industry paradigm shift. Will the industry steam forward with the gusto of 3D IC with TSV? I consider its success in homogeneous integration by looking forward the solution to the following three awareness problems: variability, TSV, and thermal.
Risk Perception Mapping: Using Ethnography to Define the Locally Affected Population for a Low‐Level Radioactive Waste Storage Facility in Michigan

The concept of a "risk perception shadow" (RPS) has been suggested to describe the geocultural area in which a locally affected population perceives itself to be at risk from a proposed project. Generally such projects involve potentially dangerous substances or activities. The initial conceptualization of an RPS was developed during the social assessment of a proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in Michigan. This article describes an effort at mapping and analyzing an RPS produced by a proposal to site a low-level radioactive waste (LLR W) storage facility in Michigan. A unique sampling technique was used to define the boundary ofthe generally concentric RPS. Risk perception mapping (RPM) is suggested as a rapid and efficient method for defining locally affected populations for social impact studies.
Nonlinear Systems Theory, Feminism, and Postprocessualism

This paper explores the insights that nonlinear systems theory can contribute to archaeological theory and method. Dynamical nonlinear systems theory, chaos theory, and complexity theory are first defined, and their interrelationships are discussed. Then chaotic processes are described and exemplified in processes relevant to archaeology. Some applications of nonlinear systems theory in archaeology are briefly reviewed. Next, it is argued that culture is a nonlinear system. Finally, an exploration of similarities, differences, and relationships between nonlinear systems theory, feminist theory, and postprocessual archaeology leads to suggestions for expansions and synergies among these theories.
Effects of Intraischemic Hypothermia on Cerebral Damage in a Model of Reversible Focal Ischemia

Considerable evidence indicates that brain temperature during ischemia affects the extent and distribution of ischemic injury. However, only limited data have been presented concerning the influence of temperature on ischemic damage after reversible focal cerebral ischemia. Because focal ischemic events of this type resemble conditions observed in the clinic, studies were undertaken to examine the effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on the extent of cerebral infarction after focal neocortical ischemia. Under halothane anesthesia, the left middle cerebral artery and both carotid arteries were occluded reversibly for a period of 3 hours in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were killed 3 days later. Brain sections were stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and analyzed for infarction using a computerized image analysis system. Temporal muscle temperature and rectal temperature were monitored continuously. The following groups with different intraischemic temporal muscle temperatures were analyzed: 1) control, 35.8 to 36.2 degrees C; 2) mild hypothermia, 33.0 to 33.5 degrees C; and 3) moderate hypothermia, 27.5 to 29.2 degrees C. The volumes of infarction were 214.5 +/- 17.9, 166.5 +/- 6.8, and 108.2 +/- 5.9 mm3 (mean +/- SEM) for the control, mild hypothermia, and moderate hypothermia groups, respectively. These findings demonstrate that both mild and moderate hypothermia reduce the impact of temporary focal ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Metamorphic diogenite Grosvenor Mountains 95555: Mineral chemistry of orthopyroxene and spinel and comparisons to the diogenite suite

Abstract-Grosvenor Mountains (GRO) 95555 is a relatively newly discovered and unique metamorphic diogenite. It does not show the usual brecciated appearance of other diogenites or wide compositional variability of orthopyroxene or spinel. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) analysis of orthopyroxene and EMPA of spinel show limited compositional variability. Compositions for orthopyroxene for Fe/(Fe + Mg) atomic, Al, Zr, Y, and Yb fall in the middle of the compositional ranges of the diogenite suite. Apparently, GRO 95555 formed at sufficient depth or location to escape brecciation by meteorite bombardment and in a thermal regime that led to high-grade metamorphism resulting in homogeneous mineral compositions. The believed INTRODUCTION howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) lithologies are to have originated on asteroid 4 Vesta during an extensive - - melting event at -4.6 Ga (Consolmagno and Drake,
Direct conversion of TiO2 sol to nanocrystalline anatase at 85 °C

Nanocrystalline TiO2 anatase with particle size in the range of 5–7 nm has been prepared by in situ cracking of the sol at 85 °C, thereby avoiding the intermediate gel formation process. Hydrolysis of Ti(O-isoPr)4 was carried out in excess of 2-propanol to keep the suspension of fine particles from agglomeration. Differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy have been used to characterize the samples. Gel to crystalline conversion, which requires a temperature of at least 400 °C, can be achieved by digesting the TiO2 sol at 85 °C. XRD and selected area electron diffraction patterns show the presence of a small amount of brookite phase along with the major anatase phase. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the average grain size of TiO2 particle remains around 5–9 nm even when heated at 510 °C.
Classification and Imaging of the Degenerative Shoulder

Glenohumeral degenerative joint disease is condition that can cause significant pain and disability to the affected individual. Several possible etiologies have been cited in the development of glenohumeral degenerative joint disease, including primary osteoarthritis, secondary osteoarthritis from previous trauma or recurrent instability, rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, post-capsulorrhaphy arthropathy, and avascular necrosis. The pathologic processes and the distinct radiographic and advanced imaging findings will be discussed in this article.
The effect of two jellyfish toxins on calcium ion transport

Abstract Toxins prepared from Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Physalia physalis nematocysts interfered with the ability of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum to bind ionic calcium. Heat inactivated the lethal effect of these toxins but had no effect on their ability to interfere with calcium transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Acoustic and entropy wave input–output relationships for a Faraday magnetohydrodynamic generator. II. Results

Calculated results for the linear response of an ideal, nonviscous, non‐heat‐conducting, subsonic, quasi‐one‐dimensional Faraday magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator duct to inputted acoustic and entropy (temperature) waves are presented for two typical MHD generator duct designs: the large, high efficiency, central station power plant design and the small, high power density compact design. The effects of applied magnetic field strength and frequency are considered. The results indicate that increased applied magnetic field strength provides a stabilizing (attenuating) effect for pure transmission. However, at low frequencies and high applied magnetic field strengths, temperature variations associated with inputted entropy waves may generate appreciable acoustic output. This entropy wave to acoustic wave interaction could cause a significant increase in overall MHD generator system unsteadiness.
Rapid isoelectric focusing of proteins in hydrolytically stable capillaries.

Abstract Three new types of capillary coatings for capillary isoelectric focusing that avoid siloxane chemistry, resulting in hydrolytically stable coatings, are described and tested: phenyl—silica, acrylamide-reacted vinyl—silica, and pure PTFE. Capillaries of these three types were compared using standard proteins and a biological mixture of proteins similar to what might be encountered in actual use. Of these, the acrylamide-coated capillary produced the highest-quality results. In contrast to capillaries prepared using siloxane reactions, the capillaries described herein exhibited greatly enhanced stability at high pH.
Know-How, Ability, and the Ability Hypothesis

Critique de l'hypothese de la capacite definie par D. Lewis et L. Nemirow au fondement de leur these selon laquelle la connaissance d'une experience releve d'un savoir-comment, et non pas d'un savoir-que. Examinant les arguments anti-physicalistes de T. Nagel et F. Jackson, l'A. montre que la connaissance-comment ne peut se reduire a un ensemble de capacites comme la memoire, l'imagination, la reconnaissance.
The Effects of Hypoxia on Certain Blood and Tissue Electrolytes of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Abstract Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) exhibited changes in levels of muscle and blood electrolytes during recovery from short-term hypoxia. Ten minutes of confinement in water having zero mg/liter oxygen resulted in an acidosis characterized after 1 hr of recovery by elevated blood lactate, decreased blood pH, and an increase in plasma osmolarity and hematocrit. Muscle water content was increased at this time. Later changes in these parameters appeared to be influenced by season or temperature. Plasma osmolarity dropped below control levels in June and remained depressed after 36 hr of recovery. In August plasma osmolarity fluctuated at levels above control values and had not returned to normal after 48 hr. These data indicate that electrolyte imbalance persists for many hours after blood lactate has declined to control levels and this imbalance may limit the fish's ability to tolerate further stress.
A study of a radiometric analysis of phenobarbital.

Abstract A procedure employing mercury-203 has been developed which is applicable to barbiturate analyses of levels as low as 12.3 micrograms with an overall error of less than 7 per cent. This procedure is capable of analyzing barbiturate levels as low as 1.0 micrograms with an overall error of less than 25 per cent. Barbiturate samples to be analyzed must be free of impurities which react to form insoluble substances with the mercury.
Mice lacking macrophage 12/15-lipoxygenase are resistant to experimental hypertension

In mouse arteries, Alox15 [leukocyte-type 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO)] is assumed to regulate vascular function by metabolizing arachidonic acid (AA) to dilator eicosanoids that mediate the endothelium...
Modification of dehydrogenation activity of nickel on O-covered Mo(1 1 0)

Abstract The reactivity of methanol on Ni ( θ ⩽1.2 ML) on Mo(1 1 0)–(1 × 6)-O is studied using temperature programmed reaction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Carbon monoxide, D 2 O, D 2 , and formaldehyde are evolved from CD 3 OD. The formaldehyde production represents a departure from reactivity typical for nickel, which usually promotes complete dehydrogenation. Similarly, formaldehyde production is atypical of Mo(1 1 0)–(1 × 6)-O. Isotopic labeling studies using CH 3 OH, CD 3 OD, CD 2 HOH and Mo(1 1 0)–(1 × 6)- 18 O show that formaldehyde is produced from irreversible C–H(D) bond dissociation of methoxy. Furthermore, there is a significant kinetic isotope effect in production of formaldehyde, such that yields from the CH 3 OH reaction are ∼4 times less than formaldehyde yields from the CD 3 OD reaction. Differences in the satellite structure of the Ni(2p) peaks for Ni deposited on Mo(1 1 0)–(1 × 6)-O compared to Ni on clean Mo(1 1 0) provide evidence for subtle perturbations of the electronic structure of the Ni deposited on the oxygen overlayer, possibly associated with formation of a strained Ni layer. X-ray photoelectron data also rule out the possibility that the difference in reactivity for Ni deposited on clean vs. the (1 × 6)-O overlayer is due to oxygen migration from the Mo to the Ni. Finally, the variation in formaldehyde yields as a function of Ni coverage is used to rule out special edge or defect sites as the reaction centers leading to formaldehyde production. These results suggest that interfacial interactions can be used to modify the electronic structure of metals so as to alter reaction selectivity.
The enzymatic characteristics of peroxisomes of amphibian and avian liver and kidney.

Peroxisomes have been identified on the basis of morphological criteria in a variety of species (Hruban and Rechcigl, 1969). Biochemical characterization, however, has been limited to rat liver (deDuve & Baudhuin, 1966; Leighton, et al., 1968), rat kidney (Allen et al., 1965; deDuve & Baudhuin, 1966), Tetrahymena pyriformis (Baudhuin et al., 1965b; Miiller et al., 1968), Acanrhoamoeba (Miiller and Moller, 1967), germinating castor beans (Breidenbach et al., 1968), and the leaves of several plants (Tolbert et al., 1968a; Tolbert et al., 1968b). In germinating castor beans the peroxisome contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle and, thus, may function in glyconeogenesis (Breidenbach et al., 1968). The peroxisome in leaf tissue contains glycolate oxidase and NADH-glyoxylate reductase and may function in photorespiration (Tolbert et al., 1968a; Tolbert et al., 1968b). In Tetrahymena, remnants of the glyoxylate cycle are present (isocitrate lyase and malate synthetase) (Miiller et al., 19681, while in higher animals the components of the cycle appear to be absent. In these latter groups, the peroxisome appears to be limited in its enzymatic composition to. catalase, D-amino acid oxidase, a-hydroxy acid oxidase, and urate oxidase (in rat liver but not in rat kidney) (deDuve & Baudhuin, 1966). In these cases it is difficult to define any unified metabolic role for peroxisomes, although it has been suggested that they may participate in coupled peroxidatic reactions, or in the regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from reduced NAD, or in the production of keto-acids that may be utilized in fatty acid synthesis (deDuve & Baudhuin, 1966). Our attention has been directed toward the possible significance of urate oxidase in the peroxisomes of some species. This enzyme is a participant in the sequence of enzymes responsible for the degradation of purines. This sequence, in its complete form (FIGURE l ) , leads to the formation of glyoxylate and urea, the latter ultimately being hydrolyzed to carbon dioxide and ammonia in certain groups (Brown et al., 1966). It has been suggested that the glyoxylate formed through the action of this sequence may be aminated and subsequently incorporated into purine, thus constituting a purine cycle (Brown et al., 1966). The extent to which this cycle generally exists is unknown. The purine catabolic sequence is of further interest in that it has been subject to considerable evolutionary modification (FIGURE 1) (Baldwin, 1964) and might be expected to furnish clues to the evolution of a particle containing its components. We have undertaken a preliminary survey of the association of
Pioneer 10 leaves solar system

The National Aeronautical and Space Administration's (NASA) unmanned spacecraft, Pioneer 10, was expected to leave the outer reaches of our solar system on June 13, 1983. (The division between the solar system and outer space is defined as the edge of the sheath of influence of the solar wind; this sheath is called the heliosphere.) On its way to space beyond our solar system, Pioneer 10 will pass close enough to Neptune and Uranus to obtain data which may be useful in determining whether or not “Planet X” exists. Planet X is the hypothetical cause of Neptune's and Uranus' perturbed motion, so far unexplained by earth observation. In addition, as it leaves the heliosphere, scientists hope Pioneer 10 will map the apex of the solar wind teardrop.
Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of cyanide: neurochemical, histological, and behavioral characterization.

Abstract Previous reports have shown that dopamine (DA) is depleted in the brains of animals treated with cyanide. To develop a model for studying the mechanisms of cyanide-induced changes in dopaminergic systems, mice were treated with cyanide (KCN, 6 mg/kg, sc) twice a day for 7 days and 16 hr after the last dose neurochemical, histological, or behavioral parameters were evaluated. DA levels in KCN-treated animals decreased in the striatum (41%), hippocampus (30%), and cerebral cortex (13%) as compared to saline-treated controls. In striatal and hippocampal tissues, but not in cerebral cortex, malondialdehyde levels increased 43 and 57%, respectively, as compared to controls, indicating that peroxidation of lipids occurred in these brain areas. Over 30% of the treated mice exhibited decreased locomotor activity and akinesia, which were suppressed by l-DOPA (100 mg/kg, ip). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical examination of brains from cyanide-treated animals showed a reduced number of TH-positive cells in substania nigra, indicating a loss of dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, acute cyanide (KCN, 6 mg/kg, sc) did not produce significant neurochemical or behavioral changes. Under these treatment conditions, cyanide produces a central dopaminergic toxicity which is characterized by decreased DA levels in select brain areas, impaired locomotor activity, and neuronal damage.
Empirical studies in software development projects: field survey and OS/400 study

Abstract Despite ongoing efforts to enhance the processes and techniques used in the development of software projects at all stages, software development projects continue to suffer problems in meeting user expectations, schedule, and budget. The purpose of this paper is to address the issues of management and control in large development projects and to present the results of our independent study on the development of the OS/400 RA development project, a very large software development project at IBM Corporation, Rochester, MN. The results of a field survey of software development professionals are summarized and compared with those of the OS/400 development. Furthermore, experience gained from the OS/360 development project is revisited and new insights are discussed. The paper concludes with lessons learned and project success factors.
Forward Mutation Rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a T Lymphoid Cell Line

An in vivo assay was previously developed for detecting forward mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a single cycle of replication. This system uses the lacZalpha peptide gene as a reporter for mutations, and allows for the rates and types of mutations that occur to be determined. The forward mutation rate for HIV-1 in HeLa cells was found to be 3 x 10(-5) mutations per target base pair per cycle. To test whether the mutation rate was influenced by cell type, the mutation rate of HIV-1 in CEM-A cells, a T lymphoid cell line, was determined. The mutation rate of HIV-1 reverse transcription in CEM-A cells was found to be 4 x 10(-5) mutations per target base pair per cycle. The number and types of mutations observed were similar to that in HeLa cells. Specifically, base substitution mutations predominated, and G-to-A transition mutations were the most common base substitution. G-to-A hypermutants were also characterized. The difference in HIV-1 mutation rate between HeLa and CEM-A cells was not significant, indicating that the accuracy of HIV-1 reverse transcription is comparable in both the HeLa and CEM-A cell lines.