cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory demonstration of acoustic source localization in two dimensions

A high-resolution table-top experiment in source localization is carried out using four USB microphones. We show that the acoustic source location can be determined with an accuracy of 1 cm if timing measurements are carried out as follows. First, the sound source is a noise pulse played through a cell-phone speaker, ensuring the presence of high-frequency components and an easily identified abrupt onset of the sound signal. Second, we normalize the clock rates of the four computers used with the microphones. The position of the source is calculated using an analytical expression which depends on the microphone layout and the arrival times of the sound signal at the four microphones. The experiment can be carried out in an undergraduate laboratory.
Crossover of ballistic, hydrodynamic, and diffusive phonon transport in suspended graphene

Hydrodynamic phonon transport was recently predicted as an important regime for phonon transport in graphitic materials. Many of the past studies on hydrodynamic phonon transport have focused on the cases where the hydrodynamic regime is significantly stronger than other regimes such that hydrodynamic features can be clearly observed. However, this often requires stringent conditions of temperature and sample size. In many cases, the transport cannot be characterized by a single regime, but the features of all three regimes---ballistic, hydrodynamic, and diffusive regimes---exist to some extent. Here we assess the extent of three regimes by comparing momentum destruction rates by three different mechanisms, each of which represents a different regime: diffuse boundary scattering without internal phonon scattering (ballistic regime), diffuse boundary scattering combined with normal scattering (hydrodynamic regime), and umklapp scattering (diffusive regime). We solve the Peierls-Boltzmann equation with an ab initio full scattering matrix using a deviational Monte Carlo method. We sample distribution functions of ballistic and scattered particles separately, and thereby compare the momentum destruction rates by the three different mechanisms. Using this framework, we discuss a well-known phenomenon of ballistic-to-hydrodynamic crossover, called the phonon Knudsen minimum.
Development of an Objective Model to Define Near-Term Risk of Ileocecal Resection in Patients with Terminal Ileal Crohn Disease.

BACKGROUND The decision to either escalate medical therapy or proceed to ileocecal resection (ICR) in patients with terminal ileal Crohn disease (CD) remains largely subjective. We sought to develop a risk score for predicting ICR at 1 year from computed tomography or magnetic resonance enterography (CTE/MRE). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all consecutive adult (> 18 years) patients with imaging findings of terminal ileal CD (Montreal classification: B1, inflammatory predominant; B2, stricturing; or B3, penetrating) on CTE/MRE between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. The risk for ICR at 6 months and at 1 year of CTE/MRE and risk factors associated with ICR, including demographics, CD-specific immunosuppressive therapeutics, and disease presentation at the time of imaging, were determined. RESULTS Of 559 patients, 121 (21.6%) underwent ICR during follow-up (1.4 years [IQR 0.21-1.64 years]); the risk for ICR at 6 months and at 1 year was 18.2% (95% CI 14.7%-21.6%) and 20.5% (95% CI 16.8%-24.1%), respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed Montreal classification (B2, hazard ratio [HR] 2.73, and B3, HR 6.80, both P < 0.0001), upstream bowel dilation (HR 3.06, P < 0.0001), and younger age (19-29 years reference, 30-44 years, HR 0.83 [P = 0.40]; 45-59 years, HR 0.58 [P = 0.04], and 60+ years, HR 0.45 [P = 0.01]) to significantly increase the likelihood of ICR. A predictive nomogram for interval ICR was developed based on these significant variables. CONCLUSIONS The presence of CD strictures, penetrating complications, and upstream bowel dilation on CTE/MRE, combined with young age, significantly predict ICR. The suggested risk model may facilitate objective therapeutic decision-making.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Methods for Isolation and Applications for Clinical Use

Adipose tissue sciences have rapidly expanded since the identification of regenerative cells contained within the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of fat. Isolation of the SVF, containing adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), can be accomplished efficiently in the operating room or in the laboratory through enzymatic digestion of the adipose tissue and concentration of SVF. Cells can be directly re-injected as a mesotherapeutic agent, recombined with a tissue scaffold (e.g., cell-enriched fat grafts) or expanded in culture for tissue-engineered cell therapeutics. The potential for cell therapy is under current investigation by researchers around the world. This chapter reviews laboratory methods for isolating ADSCs and the ongoing clinical trials evaluating cell therapeutic efficacy across many specialties, including cardiology, neurology, immunology, tissue engineering, sports medicine, and plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Doing math and talking school: Professional talk as producing hybridity in teacher identity and community

Abstract Teachers construct professional identities within community as they converse about their work and negotiate what it means to be a teacher. Grossman, Wineburg, and Woolworth (2001) suggest that such negotiation must account for an essential tension between focusing on pedagogical versus disciplinary concerns. How teachers navigate this tension and what this means for their joint production of identity and community is unclear. This gap in the literature became evident in our work with Math Teachers’ Circles (MTC), where we observed K-12 math teachers indexing instructional experiences and concerns despite the program's explicit invitation to set teaching aside and do math problems together for pleasure. Drawing upon a community of practice framework and positioning theory, we consider the work this professional talk accomplished within MTC gatherings. We show how the teachers positioned themselves and established their community, thereby producing hybrid identities and MTCs as a kind of hybrid community.
A Multiplex Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Platform Defines Molecular and Functional Subclasses of Autism-Related Genes

Autism is a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Despite significant advances in the genetics of autism, understanding how genetic changes perturb brain development and affect clinical symptoms remains elusive. Here, we present a multiplex human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) platform, in which 30 isogenic disease lines are pooled in a single dish and differentiated into prefrontal cortex (PFC) lineages to efficiently test early-developmental hypotheses of autism. We define subgroups of autism mutations that perturb PFC neurogenesis and are correlated to abnormal WNT/βcatenin responses. Class 1 mutations (8 of 27) inhibit while class 2 mutations (5 of 27) enhance PFC neurogenesis. Remarkably, autism patient data reveal that individuals carrying subclass-specific mutations differ clinically in their corresponding language acquisition profiles. Our study provides a framework to disentangle genetic heterogeneity associated with autism and points toward converging molecular and developmental pathways of diverse autism-associated mutations.
Is radial scar on core needle biopsy a risk factor for malignancy? A single-center retrospective review and implications for management.

Introduction Reported upgrade rate to malignancy of radial scars (RS) ranges widely (0%-40%) making management controversial. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with RS on core needle biopsy (CNB). Upgrade rates to malignancy and atypia on surgical excision were evaluated. Results Of 127 patients with RS on CNB, 53 were excluded due to malignancy or missing records. Of 74 patients reviewed, 52 (70.3%) had surgical excision with four (7.7%) upgraded to malignancy. Eight patients (10.8%) had atypia with RS on CNB with two (25%) upgraded to malignancy. When isolated RS was on CNB, 2 of 44 (4.5%) upgraded to malignancy while 15 of 44 (34%) had atypia on excision. Of 22 patients (29.7%) who did not have excision, zero developed cancer. Conclusion We found higher than expected upgrade rates of isolated RS to atypia which can alter management. Additionally, 25% of RS with atypia upgraded to malignancy suggesting these patients are at higher risk.
Nitrous oxide processing in carbonate karst aquifers

Abstract The increased environmental abundance of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen species (Nr = ammonium [NH4+], nitrite [NO2−] and nitrate [NO3−]) may increase atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations, and thus global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Nitrogen cycling and N2O production, reduction, and emissions could be amplified in carbonate karst aquifers because of their extensive global range, susceptibility to nitrogen contamination, and groundwater-surface water mixing that varies redox conditions of the aquifer. The magnitude of N2O cycling in karst aquifers is poorly known, however, and thus we sampled thirteen springs discharging from the karstic Upper Floridan Aquifer (UFA) to evaluate N2O cycling. The springs can be separated into three groups based on variations in subsurface residence times, differences in surface–groundwater interactions, and variable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. These springs are oxic to sub-oxic and have NO3− concentrations that range from
In vitro and In silico Models to Study SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Integrating Experimental and Computational Tools to Mimic "COVID-19 Cardiomyocyte"

The rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 has made COVID-19 a tremendous social, economic, and health burden. Despite the efforts to understand the virus and treat the disease, many questions remain unanswered about COVID-19 mechanisms of infection and progression. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) infection can affect several organs in the body including the heart, which can result in thromboembolism, myocardial injury, acute coronary syndromes, and arrhythmias. Numerous cardiac adverse events, from cardiomyocyte death to secondary effects caused by exaggerated immunological response against the virus, have been clinically reported. In addition to the disease itself, repurposing of treatments by using "off label" drugs can also contribute to cardiotoxicity. Over the past several decades, animal models and more recently, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been proposed for studying diseases and testing treatments in vitro. In addition, mechanistic in silico models have been widely used for disease and drug studies. In these models, several characteristics such as gender, electrolyte imbalance, and comorbidities can be implemented to study pathophysiology of cardiac diseases and to predict cardiotoxicity of drug treatments. In this Mini Review, we (1) present the state of the art of in vitro and in silico cardiomyocyte modeling currently in use to study COVID-19, (2) review in vitro and in silico models that can be adopted to mimic the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiac function, and (3) provide a perspective on how to combine some of these models to mimic "COVID-19 cardiomyocytes environment.".
Community engagement during COVID: A field report from seven CTSAs

Introduction: Prior to the COVID pandemic, many CTSAs employed face-to-face interactions to conduct most of their community engagement (CE) activities. During the COVID pandemic, such engagement had to be curtailed and alternatives needed to be formulated. In addition, Community Engaged Research (CEnR) teams refocused their efforts to address this public health crisis. Methods: To obtain a general understanding of how CTSAs have conducted CE and CEnR during the COVID pandemic, we invited seven CTSA CE leaders to provide brief field reports of their activities during the pandemic. This included how their approaches to CE and CEnR were modified during the COVID-19 pandemic and key lessons learned. Results: We found that despite numerous challenges, all seven CTSAs CE cores were able to successfully carry out CE and CEnR. We also found that the fundamental principles of meaningful and authentic stakeholder engagement were of paramount importance during the pandemic. Through virtual approaches, all sites had considerable success in maintaining CE in during the COVID pandemic. They also leveraged existing bi-directional community partnerships to carry out meaningful and impactful research. This included both new COVID CEnR and also innovative approaches to sustain prior non-COVID research. Conclusions: These findings suggest that academic-community partnerships must be fostered and sustained over the many years so that when such crises emerge, all partners can build on existing trust and mutual respect. The lessons learned and the new tools and approaches developed would be key in addressing any such future public health emergencies.
The utility of renal sonographic measurements in differentiating children with high grade congenital hydronephrosis.

Summary Introduction Current grading systems for hydronephrosis include a subjective determination of parenchymal ‘thickness’ and suffer from poor reliability. Use of more objective ultrasonographic measurements including medullary pyramidal thickness (PT) may be useful in augmenting current grading systems by decreasing subjectivity and enhancing prognostic ability. Objective To evaluate the utility of PT measurements in patients with SFU grades 3 and 4 hydronephrosis, we assessed the: 1) the inter-rater reliability of PT measurements, 2) the correlation between relative renal function on nuclear renal scan and PT, and 3) the pyeloplasty predictive ability of PT alone and in combination with SFU grade and/or other sonographic measurements in multivariate statistical models. Study design We retrospectively reviewed 110 children with SFU grade III and IV hydronephrosis. Most patients presented with a history of prenatally detected hydronephrosis at a median age (IQR) of 1.7 months (0.6–5.2). Sixty-two kidneys were followed without operative intervention while 63 underwent pyeloplasty. Indications for surgery included an obstructive drainage pattern with a T1/2 > 20 min on diuretic renal scan in addition to decreased relative renal function less than 40%, increasing hydronephrosis on serial ultrasounds, and/or a decline in relative renal function >10% on serial renal scans. The median age at the time of pyeloplasty was 5.7 months (2.8–13.7). The median time from initial presentation to final follow-up for all patients was 28 months (18.3–44.6). The PT, APD, and renal length were measured on sonographic images. The inter-rater reliability for SFU grading was only fair whereas it was excellent for PT measurements. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for inclusive multivariate models for prediction of pyeloplasty with and without SFU grade. Discussion and conclusions PT is a reliable and useful measurement to characterize the hydronephrotic kidney parenchyma and a PT > 3 mm occurs significantly more frequently in patients with a DRF ≥ 45% (p = 0.0056). PT alone was predictive of subsequent pyeloplasty (AUC = 0.781). A novel pyeloplasty predictive score (PPS) using only objective measurements including PT, APD, and renal length was more accurate than a PPS that incorporated SFU grade (AUC of 0.885 and 0.866, respectively). Utilization of PT ≤ 3 mm as a criterion for ‘thinned parenchyma’ in the SFU, UTD, and other hydronephrosis grading systems should be considered if confirmed by additional studies. Download : Download high-res image (230KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary figure . Correlation between differential renal function and pyramidal thickness of kidneys, stratified by patients undergoing pyeloplasty vs. no surgery with the table denoting the number of kidneys (%) identified with pyramidal thickness above assigned cutoff values relative to different levels of decreased differential renal function. DRF differential renal function, PT pyramidal thickness.
Pollution Free Environment; A Sustainable Approach For The Indian Economic Development

Environmental and pollution related aspects are normally discussed in the context of health and societal aspects only. This is correct also as society by a large directly barely gets effected in this context. It does not mean that this problem is merely confined to such limited area. The impact is huge and gigantic for the economy of the developed and developing countries. It doesn’t mean that the under developed countries will not have any impact. The impact will be on them also but they have very less to lose.
Vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine before hysterectomy: a propensity score matched analysis

Background Antiseptic vaginal preparation is recommended before gynecologic surgery; however, there is a lack of data regarding the effectiveness of different agents. Objective To compare rates of postoperative infectious complications and hospital utilization with preoperative vaginal preparation using povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine before hysterectomy. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent hysterectomy for gynecologic indications at 70 hospitals in a statewide surgical collaborative between January 2017 and December 2019. The primary outcome was postoperative infectious complications (including urinary tract infection, surgical site infections involving superficial, deep, or organ space tissues, or cellulitis) within 30 days of surgery. To adjust for confounding, propensity score matching, 1:1 without replacement and with a caliper of.005 was performed to create cohorts that had vaginal preparation with either povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine and did not differ in observable characteristics. We compared the rates of infectious morbidity and hospital utilization (emergency department visits, readmission, reoperation) in the matched cohorts. Results In the statewide collaborative, there were 18,184 patients who received povidone-iodine and 3018 who received chlorhexidine. After propensity score matching of 2935 pairs, the povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine groups did not differ in demographics, comorbidities, choice of preoperative antibiotics, benign vs malignant surgical indication, and surgical approach. Povidone-iodine was associated with a lower rate of infectious morbidity (3.0% vs 4.3%; P=.01), urinary tract infection (1.1% vs 1.7%; P=.03) and emergency department visits (7.9% vs 9.7%; P=.01) than with chlorhexidine. There were nonsignificant trends of lower rates of surgical site infection (2.0% vs 2.7%; P=.07) and reoperation (1.6% vs 2.1%; P=.18). Conclusion This propensity score matched analysis provides evidence that povidone-iodine is preferable to chlorhexidine for vaginal preparation before hysterectomy because of lower rates of infectious morbidity and fewer emergency department visits. However, the absolute differences in infectious morbidity rates were approximately 1%, and in the event of an iodine allergy, chlorhexidine appears to be a reasonable alternative.
Hegel, literature, and the problem of agency

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit has attracted much attention recently from philosophers, but none of the existing English-language books on the text addresses one of the most difficult questions the book raises: Why does the Phenomenology make such rich and provocative use of literary works and genres? Allen Speight's bold contribution to the debate on the work of Hegel argues that behind Hegel's extraordinary appeal to literature in the Phenomenology lies a philosophical project concerned with understanding human agency in the modern world. It shows that Hegel looked to three literary genres - tragedy, comedy, and the Romantic novel - as offering privileged access to three moments of human agency: retrospectivity, theatricality, and forgiveness. Taking full account of the authors whom Hegel himself refers to (Sophocles, Diderot, Schlegel, Jacobi), Allen Speight has written a book with a broad appeal to both philosophers and literary theorists.
A Test of Softball Batting Ability

Abstract There are few skill tests in softball. What are available have not included batting because the variability of the pitched ball has made test results unreliable. Using the commercial batting tee commonly used for batting practice, a reliable and valid test of batting skill has been set up. Directions for administering the test are given.
Differential expression of the angiogenic Tie receptor family in arthritic and normal synovial tissue

Angiopoietins (Ang) are vascular endothelial cell-specific growth factors that play important roles principally during the later stages of angiogenesis. We have compared the distribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie) and the Ang ligands in synovial tissues from normal subjects and those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 in synovial tissue of normal subjects and those with RA and OA. Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 mRNA and protein expression were quantified in synovial tissues and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In RA, Ang-1 positive immunostaining on lining cells, macrophages and endothelial cells was significantly higher than in OA and normal synovial tissue. The expression pattern of Ang-2 in synovial tissue was similar in RA and OA, whereas the Ang-2 expression was low in normal tissue. Synovial tissue from subjects with RA and OA showed a significant upregulation of Tie1 on lining cells, macrophages and endothelial cells compared to that from normal subjects. Tie2 was significantly upregulated in the RA and OA synovial tissue lining cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells compared to normal synovial tissue. Generally Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 mRNA levels were higher in RA synovial tissue compared to normal and OA synovial tissues, and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts. Western blot analysis also demonstrated greater Tie1 and Tie2 protein expression in RA and OA synovial tissue compared to RA synovial tissue fibroblasts. In conclusion, the dominance of Ang-1 mRNA and protein expression over Ang-2 is in agreement with an active neovascularization in RA synovial tissue.
The 1990s Publication Productivity of Schools of Social Work with Doctoral Programs: “The Times, are They A-Changin'?”

Abstract The majority of previous studies of publication productivity of social work faculty reviewed only a handful of social work journals and did not distinguish between types of academic programs. This study focuses on 1,349 full-length articles published by the faculty of 45 U.S. doctoral programs between January 1990 and September 1993 in 21 social work journals and 193 non-social work journals. Analysis of the rankings of journals and of the total and per capita production of individual programs produced several notable findings: programs varied greatly in publication rates, but 42.2% averaged less than one article per faculty member during the 3 3/4 years studied; seven journals contained nearly 60% of the articles in social work journals; and over 40% of the articles appeared in non-social work journals. Implications of these findings for professional education are identified and discussed.
Carcinoid tumor and pregnancy

THIS IS A review of pregnant patients with carcinoid tumor. It has been noted that carcinoid tumors do not influence an intrauterine gestation when present. This may be true, but this review suggests a slightly different perspective. Carcinoid tumors and pregnancy are obviously not incompatible, but the chances for fetal wastage may be increased. The clinical encounter with a young pregnant woman with a carcinoid tumor prompted this review. The patient presented the classic situation in which a mother is confronted by two proliferating systems: a tumor and a fetus. Obviously, the first system demands control and elimination if possible. The second system hopefully can be preserved and salvaged.* During the care of this patient we reviewed the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) during gestation, as well as observations relative to serotonin in normal human pregnancy and in complications of pregnancy. The outcome of similar cases of carcinoid tumor and pregnancy retrieved from the medical literature were reviewed also.
Longevity disparities in multiethnic Hawaii: an analysis of 2000 life tables.

Objective.We examined differences among seven major ethnic groups in Hawaii in life expectancy at birth (e[0]) and mortality at broad age groups.Methods.We constructed life tables for 2000 for Cauc...
Entrepreneurial Pressure and Innovation

Ideas occur to managers that can replace existing technologies. Managers choose between contracts offered by an existing firm and a competitive venture capitalist. Implementing ideas within the existing firm has costs and advantages. Relying on existing assets makes implementation cheaper. But it also reduces contractual flexibility which is valuable in the presence of behavioral or informational frictions. To implement a new idea, the incumbent firm has to pay the manager an amount that depends on the venture capitalist offer. Venture capital affects the innovation policy of incumbents by changing both the threat of new ideas and their price. The value of an incumbent firm is endogenous and negatively related to the intensity of venture capital pressure. More innovative projects tend to be implemented in new ventures because of the importance of contractual flexibility. In equilibrium, the relation between innovation and the effciency of external capital markets is non-monotonic. A better venture capital market increases the innovation rate if the marginal innovation is done by the incumbent under pressure from outside.
The measurement of real-asset determinants of systematic risk and the likelihood of receipt of uncertainty qualifications

The findings of prior research have been inconsistent about the use of systematic risk (beta) as a surrogate for those aspects of the audit environment related to the likelihood of an uncertainty qualification. The purpose of this study is to refine the theoretical framework and measurement issues of this topic through an examination of the association between two real-asset determinants of systematic risk (the degree of operating leverage and the degree of financial leverage) and the likelihood of receipt of an uncertainty qualification. The results indicate that these two leverage measures are not significantly associated with the receipt of uncertainty qualifications in auditing practice.
The Persistent Eruption of UGC 2773-OT: finally, a decade-long extragalactic Eta Carinae analogue

While SN impostors resemble the Great Eruption of eta Car in the sense that their spectra show narrow H lines and they have typical peak absolute magnitudes of -13 to -14 mag, most extragalactic events observed so far are quite different from eta Car in duration. Their bright phases typically last for 100~d or less, rather than persisting for several years. The transient object UGC2773-OT had a similar peak absolute magnitude to other SN impostors, but with a gradual 5-yr prediscovery rise. In the 6 yr since discovery, it has faded very slowly (0.26 mag/yr). Overall, we suggest that its decade-long eruption is so far the best known analog of eta Car's 19th century eruption. We discuss extensive spectroscopy of the ongoing eruption. The spectra show interesting changes in velocity and line shape that we discuss in detail, including an asymmetric Halpha emission line that we show is consistent with the ejection of a bipolar nebula that could be very much like the Homunculus of eta Car. Moreover, changes in the line width, line profile, blue excess emission resembling that of Type IIn supernovae, and the intensity of Halpha suggest the presence of strong circumstellar interaction in the eruption at late times. This supports the hypothesis that the extended plateau of eta Car's eruption may have been powered by shock interaction as well. One interesting difference compared to eta Car, however, is that UGC2773-OT so far does not exhibit the repeated brief spikes in luminosity that have been associated with binary periastron events.
Single Crystal Surfaces

The sections in this article are Introduction Techniques Examples of Studies with Single Crystals The Active Site Model of a Catalytic Surface Catalysis over an Adsorbed Overlayer Structure-Sensitive or Structure-Insensitive Reactions Single Crystals are the Standard in Catalysis Examples of Complex Model Catalyst Systems The Future Keywords: single crystals; industrial catalysts; turnover rate; standard reference rate
Broadly-tunable, narrow-linewidth resonant cavity light emitter

We have demonstrated broad range continuous wavelength tuning as wide as 31 nm in a resonant cavity light emitter using a Au/SiN/sub x/H/sub y/ deformable-membrane top mirror. Further linewidth reduction was achieved by employing a higher-reflectivity DBR membrane.
Assessment and comparison of Anopore and cross flow filtration methods for the determination of dissolved iron size fractionation into soluble and colloidal phases in seawater

The two most frequently used methods for determining the size fractionation of dissolved iron (dFe) in sea water, 0.02 μm pore size Anopore membrane filtration and cross flow filtration using a 10 kDa regenerated cel lulose filter, were evaluated and compared. Anopore filtration was found to produce consistent soluble Fe (sFe) concentrations in the filtrate even after > 1 L unfiltered seawater was filtered, indicating that clogging is not an issue for typical open ocean filtration volumes. Cross flow filtration (CFF) only achieved a 70% to 75% mass balance regardless of flow rate and seawater preconditioning; however, Fe losses arose largely from the colloidal (not soluble) size fraction, and Fe loss was constrained to Fe clogging in/on the CFF membrane. Both Anopore membrane and cross flow filtration methods reproducibly size fractionated dFe in seawater samples. Additionally, sFe arising from these two filtration methods were compared for the first time using seawater sam ples from the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. sFe from CFF was always lower than sFe from Anopore filtra tion, with the ratio of sFe in CFF/Anopore filtration averaging 68 ± 23% ( n = 23). This sFe difference is attrib uted to a combination of the smaller effective pore size of the regenerated cellulose CFF system and the spatial variability in the concentration and composition of dFe in the 10 kDa - 0.02 μm size fraction. Finally, the advan tages and disadvantages of each method were reviewed to offer future users a suite of factors with which to choose their ideal ultrafiltration method.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Homodimerization Rapidly Reduces Transcription of the Pluripotency Gene Nanog without Dissociation of Activating Transcription Factors

Nanog or Gata6-positive cells co-exist and are convertible within the inner cell mass of murine blastocysts and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Previous studies demonstrate fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) triggers Nanog gene down-regulation and differentiation to primitive endoderm (PE); however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for reversible and fluctuating cell fate are poorly understood. Using an inducible FGFR2 dimerization system in ES cells, we demonstrate that FGFR2 activation rapidly down-regulated Nanog gene transcription through activation of the Mek pathway and subsequently differentiated ES cells into PE cells. FGFR2 rather selectively repressed the Nanog gene with minimal effect on other pluripotency genes, including Oct4 and Sox2. We determined the Nanog promoter region containing minimum Oct4/Sox2 binding sites was sufficient for this transcriptional down-regulation by FGFR2, when the reporter transgenes were integrated with insulators. Of interest, FGFR2-mediated Nanog transcriptional reduction occurred without dissociation of RNA polymerase II, p300, Oct4, Sox2, and Tet1 from the Nanog proximal promoter region and with no increase in repressive histone methylation marks or DNA methylation, implying the gene repression is in the early and transient phase. Furthermore, addition of a specific FGFR inhibitor readily reversed this Nanog repression status. These findings illustrate well how FGFR2 induces rapid but reversible Nanog repression within ES cells.
Transcription stimulates recombination II. Generalized transduction of Escherichia coli by phages T1 and T4

Abstract Phage Mu was inserted in the trpE gene of one donor Escherichia coli strain and in the lac promoter of another. Strains with Mu prophage mutations which permitted transcription of genes whose transcription had been polarly blocked by the Mu insertion were isolated and called “bypass” strains. The transducing phages T1am, and T1am,ST, and, in one instance, T4GT7 were grown on both the bypass and the original strains. After growth on the bypass strains transducing phages were able to transduce Trp+ and Lac+, respectively, to a variety of Trp− and Lac− strains more efficiently than after growth on nonbypass strains. These results support the idea that crossovers required for generalized transduction occur more efficiently if the specific region is transcribed by both interacting parental molecules.
Microdetermination of chloride and azide by sequential titration

A rapid method for the microdetermination of chloride and azide by sequential titration with silver nitrate in 80%p-dioxane is described. A chloride-selective indicator electrode and a single-junction reference electrode are used with an expanded-scale pH meter to monitor the emf. For the determination of chloride only (in the presence of azide), the potentiometric titration with mercuric perchlorate is used. A twofold excess of azide does not interfere in this determination.
3 Staffing Twenty‐first‐century Organizations

AbstractWe highlight important differences between twenty‐first‐century organizations as compared with those of the previous century, and offer a critical review of the basic principles, typical applications, general effectiveness, and limitations of the current staffing model. That model focuses on identifying and measuring job‐related individual characteristics to predict individual‐level job performance. We conclude that the current staffing model has reached a ceiling or plateau in terms of its ability to make accurate predictions about future performance. Evidence accumulated over more than 80 years of staffing research suggests that general mental abilities and other traditional staffing tools do a modest job of predicting performance across settings and jobs considering that, even when combined and corrected for methodological and statistical artifacts, they rarely predict more than 50% of the variance in performance. Accordingly, we argue for a change in direction in staffing research and propose ...
Aplastic Anemia and Pure Red Cell Aplasia Associated With Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

Aplastic anemia (AA) and pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) are two of the various types of immune-mediated cytopenias that can be associated with large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. We review the experience on LGL leukemia-associated AA and PRCA in the published literature. In the setting of LGL leukemia, AA is found rarely, while PRCA is frequent. However, the diagnosis of LGL leukemia in the presence of pancytopenia is very challenging. In general, the clinical findings and treatment outcome are similar to the idiopathic or primary forms of AA and PRCA. Serial trials of immunosuppressive agents usually result in relatively durable remissions. In refractory cases, studies using newer immunosuppressive agents active against T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are necessary. There are many similarities in the currently known pathophysiologic mechanisms among these three disorders. As LGL leukemia is underdiagnosed, it is interesting to speculate that perhaps a significant proportion of idiopathic AA and PRCA may be, in fact, secondary to LGL leukemia.
Language and Memory for Motion Events: Origins of the Asymmetry Between Source and Goal Paths

When people describe motion events, their path expressions are biased toward inclusion of goal paths (e.g., into the house) and omission of source paths (e.g., out of the house). In this paper, we explored whether this asymmetry has its origins in people's non-linguistic representations of events. In three experiments, 4-year-old children and adults described or remembered manner of motion events that represented animate/intentional and physical events. The results suggest that the linguistic asymmetry between goals and sources is not fully rooted in non-linguistic event representations: linguistic descriptions showed the goal bias for both kinds of events, whereas non-linguistic memory for events showed the goal bias only for events involving animate, goal-directed motion. The findings are discussed in terms of the mapping between non-linguistic representations of goals and sources in language, focusing on the role that linguistic principles play in producing a more absolute goal bias from more gradient non-linguistic representations of paths.
Examination of wall damping for the k-ε turbulence model using direct simulations of turbulent channel flow

Handler, Hendricks and Leighton have recently reported results for the direct numerical numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent channel flow at moderate Reynolds number. These data are used to evaluate the terms in the exact and modelled transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy k and the isotropic dissipation function e. Both modelled transport equations show significant imbalances in the high-shear region near the channel walls. The model for the eddy viscosity is found to yield distributions for the production terms which do not agree well with the distributions calculated from the DNS data. The source of the imbalance is attributed to the wall-damping function required in eddy viscosity models for turbulent flows near walls. Several models for the damping function are examined and it is found that the models do not vary across the channel as does the damping when evaluated from the DNS data. The Lam-Bremhorst model and the standard van Driest model are found to give reasonable agreement with the DNS data. Modification of the van Driest model to include an effective origin yields very good agreement between the modelled production and the production calculated from the DNS data, and the imbalance in the modelled transport equations is significantly reduced.
The effect of manual removal of the placenta on post-cesarean endometritis.

Objective To determine if intraoperative glove change and placental delivery method affect the post-cesarean endometritis rate. Methods After informed consent, women who required cesarean were randomly assigned to one of four study groups: 1) no glove change plus manual placental extraction, 2) no glove change plus spontaneous placental delivery, 3) glove change plus manual extraction, and 4) glove change plus spontaneous delivery. Bilateral glove change by both primary and assistant surgeons occurred immediately after delivery of the newborn and before delivery of the placenta. External uterine massage and traction on the umbilical cord were performed to assist spontaneous delivery of the placenta. A first-generation cephalosporin was routinely administered after umbilical cord clamping for prophylaxis of post-cesarean endometritis. Results Of 760 women entered into the study, we included 643 who did not have intrapartum chorioamnionitis or cesarean hysterectomy. The four groups were comparable with respect to selected maternal and intrapartum characteristics, including maternal and gestational age, parity, presence of labor, and the presence and duration of membrane rupture. The postoperative endometritis rate was significantly higher in women whose placentas were extracted manually (31 versus 22%, P = .01). Operator glove change did not alter the incidence of endometritis (relative risk 1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.79–1.3). Conclusion Manual extraction of the placenta is associated with a significantly greater risk of post-cesarean endometritis than that observed with assisted spontaneous placental delivery. Intraoperative glove change does not decrease post-cesarean endometritis.
Interobserver agreement among endosonographers for the diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of agreement among endosonographers for EUS diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions and the specific type of cystic lesion. Methods: Videotapes of EUS procedures from 31 consecutive cases of a range of histopathologically proven lesions, including mucinous cystic neoplasm, serous cystadenoma, neuroendocrine tumor, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, and pseudocyst, were used to make a study videotape, which was reviewed by 8 experienced endosonographers. The reviewers, blinded to clinical and surgical histopathology results, reviewed each case for the presence or absence of the following features: abnormality of pancreatic duct and parenchyma, margins, solid component, debris, and septations. They were asked to identify each lesion as neoplastic or non-neoplastic and to give a specific diagnosis for each lesion. Results: There was fair agreement between endosonographers for diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic lesions (κ = 0.24). Agreement for individual types of lesions was moderately good for serous cystadenomas (κ = 0.46) but fair for the remainder. Agreement was moderately good for presence or absence of solid component (κ = 0.43); fair for presence or absence of abnormal pancreatic duct (κ = 0.29), debris (κ = 0.21), and septations (κ = 0.30); and slight for presence or absence of margins (κ = 0.01) and abnormal pancreatic parenchyma (κ = 0.01). Accuracy rates of EUS for the diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic lesions ranged from 40% to 93%. Conclusions: There is little more than chance interobserver agreement among experienced endosonographers for diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic, specific type, and EUS features of pancreatic cystic lesions. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:59-64.)
Multiple-quantum NMR in solids

Multiple‐quantum NMR has typically been observed in small groups of spins in isolated molecules. Due to the profusion of spin transitions in a solid, individual lines are unresolved. Excitation of high quantum transitions by normal schemes is thus difficult. To ensure that overlapping lines add constructively and to enhance sensitivity, time‐reversal pulse sequences are used to generate all lines in phase. Up to 22‐quantum 1H absorption in solid adamantane is observed.
The effect of number of attribute-values in conjunctive concept identification

A factorial experiment in conjunctive concept identification was performed in which number of attributes and number of attribute values were varied. Only number of attributes had a significant effect upon hypothesis sampling behavior, a finding which supports the notion that Ss sample only hypotheses compatible with positive instances as they are presented.
Interfacility transport of the critically ill pediatric patient

Care of the critically ill and injured child has evolved over the last 20 years, with growth of regional pediatric critical care services, attendant subspecialties, and the proliferation of pediatric critical care training programs nationally. Concurrent with this evolution has been recognition of the need for specialty care of the critically ill child during air or ground transport to a regional pediatric center. The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Transport Medicine has provided standards that have been adopted by many neonatal and pediatric transport teams. Team composition varies, but all share the mission of specialized transport for critically ill and injured children in a safe and expeditious process while ultimately improving patient outcome. Specialized pediatric transport teams are costly to maintain. Declining reimbursement for specialized care and reduced profit margins have resulted in extended roles for transport team members within children's hospitals. More stringent budgetary constraints have created challenges for pediatric transport teams in our constantly changing medical environment.
Detection of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin (stx) and enterotoxin (estA and elt) genes in fecal samples from non-diarrheic and diarrheic greyhounds.

Virulence factors responsible for acute diarrhea in greyhounds have not been well established. The objective of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between disease and the presence of the Escherichia coli toxin genes in non-diarrheic and diarrheic greyhound feces. DNA extracted from broth cultures was evaluated for the presence of Shiga toxin and enterotoxin genes and broth samples were evaluated for Shiga toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin. Shiga toxin (stx1 and stx2) and enterotoxin (et and estA) genes were identified in both non-diarrheic and diarrheic samples after in vitro cultured of swabs at 37 °C for 16–24 h. The stx1 gene was present in 3% of non-diarrheic and 15% diarrheic samples and the stx2 gene was identified in 36 and 23%, non-diarrheic and diarrheic samples, respectively. Shiga toxin was present in 48% diarrheic and 25% of the non-diarrheic in vitro cultured samples. The elt gene was detected in vitro cultured swabs in 12% of the non-diarrheic and 7% of the diarrheic samples. Labile toxin was present in the feces of small numbers of both groups of dogs. A significant correlation existed between the presence of both stx1 genes and Shiga toxin in feces, and lack of disease in non-diarrheic (P=0.01) and presence of disease in diarrheic (P=0.024) greyhounds. Correlation between production of Shiga toxin and detection of stx1 or stx2 was significant in both the diarrheic and non-diarrheic feces (P=0.03); however, only the presence of stx1 correlated with diarrhea in both groups of samples (P<0.008). The incidence of toxigenic E. coli in both non-diarrheic and diarrheic greyhounds indicates a zoonotic potential from dogs to humans and requires further study.
Observations on the ecology and evolution of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, in the Colorado Front Range

Three protein polymorphisms and annual width increments measured from cores were used to study the ecology and evolution of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., in the Front Range of Colorado. Correlations among elevation, age and diameter of the largest standing ramet, and sex and mean growth rate of 106 clones are reported and discussed. The variance of growth rate was apportioned within and among ramets of a clone; the majority of the variance is environmental, with broad heritability estimated as less than or equal to .32. Analyses of gene and genotypic frequencies of polymorphic proteins revealed little differentiation with elevation, but substantial differences between the sexes. For one of three pairwise tests, the genotypes are not distributed independently of one another; linkage disequilibrium between a peroxidase locus and phosphohexose isomerase is significantly different from zero. Multiple regression revealed a positive correlation between mean growth rate and degree of heterozygosity.
Control Modes for a Three-Dimensional Galloping Machine

A set of relationships are developed to estimate the effects of control inputs on different axes of a galloping machine. It is demonstrated that control must be approached on a stride cycle basis to avoid serious cross-coupling between degrees of freedom. It is also demonstrated that a somewhat different approach to the Raibert controller is necessary for galloping. The relationships developed are primarily useful to estimate sensitivities to different control approaches, and thereby develop useful design information. Their use is illustrated by calculating sensitivities for our KOLT galloping vehicle.Copyright © 2004 by ASME