cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIOSENSITIVITY OF THYMOCYTES IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THEIR DIFFERENTIATION

Kunming mice were wholoe-body irradiated with 0.5～4.0 Gy X-rays. The effect on different subset of thymocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies 24 hour after irradiation. The results showed that the radiosensitivity varied in different stages of differentiation of the thymocytes. The order of radiosensitivity was: CD4 +CD8 +CD4 -CD8 -CD4 -CD8 +CD4 +CD8 -, suggesting a relative rad ioresistance of the mature thymocytes. The D 37 values of CD4 +CD8 +, CD4 -CD8 -, CD4 -CD8 + and CD4 +CD8 - subsets were respectively 0.76, 0.92, 1.77 Gy and 3.67 Gy. The D 37 value of the thymocytes as a whole population was 0.84 Gy. The D 37 value of CD3 + cell was 2.0 Gy.
An Invitation to Knot Theory: Virtual and Classical

Knots and crossings Virtual knots and links CURVES IN THE PLANE VIRTUAL LINKS ORIENTED VIRTUAL LINK DIAGRAMS Linking invariants CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS WRITHE AND LINKING NUMBER DIFFERENCE NUMBER CROSSING WEIGHT NUMBERS A multiverse of knots FLAT AND FREE LINKS WELDED, SINGULAR, AND PSEUDO KNOTS NEW KNOT THEORIES Crossing invariants CROSSING NUMBERS UNKNOTTING NUMBERS UNKNOTTING SEQUENCE NUMBERS Constructing knots SYMMETRY TANGLES, MUTATION, AND PERIODIC LINKS PERIODIC LINKS AND SATELLITE KNOTS Knot polynomials The bracket polynomial THE NORMALIZED KAUFFMAN BRACKET POLYNOMIAL THE STATE SUM THE IMAGE OF THE F-POLYNOMIAL Surfaces SURFACES CONSTRUCTIONS OF VIRTUAL LINKS GENUS OF A VIRTUAL LINK Bracket polynomial II STATES AND THE BOUNDARY PROPERTY PROPER STATES DIAGRAMS WITH ONE VIRTUAL CROSSING The checkerboard framing CHECKERBOARD FRAMINGS CUT POINTS EXTENDING THE KAUFFMAN-MURASUGI-THISTLETHWAITE THEOREM Modifications of the bracket polynomial THE FLAT BRACKET THE ARROW POLYNOMIAL VASSILIEV INVARIANTS Algebraic structures Quandles TRICOLORING QUANDLES KNOT QUANDLES Knots and quandles A LITTLE LINEAR ALGEBRA AND THE TREFOIL THE DETERMINANT OF A KNOT THE ALEXANDER POLYNOMIAL THE FUNDAMENTAL GROUP Biquandles THE BIQUANDLE STRUCTURE THE GENERALIZED ALEXANDER POLYNOMIAL Gauss diagrams GAUSS WORDS AND DIAGRAMS PARITY AND PARITY INVARIANTS CROSSING WEIGHT NUMBER Applications QUANTUM COMPUTATION TEXTILES Appendix A: Tables Appendix B: References by Chapter Open problems and projects appear at the end of each chapter.
A transgenic mouse model (TG.AC) for skin carcinogenesis: inducible transgene expression as a second critical event.

The v-Ha-ras transgenic TG.AC mouse line behaves as a genetically initiated model for mouse skin tumorigenesis with enhanced susceptibility to skin carcinogens. TG.AC mice develop epidermal papillomas in fewer than 20 weeks in response to the topical application of a variety of chemicals such as complete carcinogens, phorbol ester-type tumor promoters, and nonphorbol ester-type tumor promoters as well as to full-thickness skin wounds or plucking of the dorsal hair. We have found that the pedunculated epidermal papillomas can arise as focal hyperplasias from the permanent portion of the follicular epithelium. Expression of the v-Ha-ras transgene serves as a marker for tumor development since it is expressed at significant levels in the papilloma precursors, focal follicular hyperplasias, and the papillomas but not in the surrounding skin. Transgene expression colocalizes with increased cell proliferation in the papillomas as compared to non-tumor bearing surrounding skin. Malignant skin tumors, primarily squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas, develop from sites of papilloma development in approximately 40% of papilloma bearing mice. As well as significant levels of transgenic v-Ha-ras expression, some of the malignancies also exhibit karyotypic changes which include trisomy of chromosome six or fifteen, but not chromosome seven. We believe that the TG.AC mouse line serves not only as a model for studying the mechanisms of skin tumorigenesis, but will also be a useful adjunct to the two year NTP toxicity/carcinogenicity studies by identifying carcinogens in fewer than 20 weeks.
People Are Primary: A Perspective from the Keystone IV Conference

As a person invested in personal doctoring, what promises are you willing to make about when and where you will "be there" for others? Attendees of the G. Gayle Stephens Keystone IV Conference answered that question on submitted index cards and through ongoing conference discussions. Those data were analyzed using grounded theory and combined to develop the following answer in aggregate: We will be held accountable to those who need us. We understand the need for expertise and compassion as we help others to navigate the intersection of science and humanism. We will serve as leaders in personal, public, and political conversations. We will mark a path for the profession ensuring alignment of personal practices with professional principles. We will not allow the needed conversations of processes, data points, and determinations of value to undermine our relationships with our patients. We will be there for you. Attentive and fully present. We will care for you when you have no need and you do not ask. We will center that care in your lived experience of health and illness, knowing you over time. We will be here for you now, over time and across distance, in ways that foster the feeling of wholeness and belonging. We will use the best knowledge, best tailored to meet our shared understanding of your goals and aspirations.
Lignin Valorization through Thermochemical Conversion: Comparison of Hardwood, Softwood and Herbaceous Lignin

In the present study, milled wood lignin (MWL) and organosolv lignin isolated from red oak (hardwood), loblolly pine (softwood) and corn stover (herbaceous biomass) were characterized by TGA, elemental analyzer, GPC, FTIR, 2D-HSQC NMR, and then pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of a zeolite catalyst. For all three biomass species, organosolv lignins contained fewer volatiles in comparison to the corresponding MWLs. Red oak lignin was affected most by the organosolv process, evident by the greatest decrease in volatile content and increase in carbon content of the organosolv lignin. Compared to the corresponding MWLs, organosolv lignins produced more char and less phenolic oil upon pyrolysis. Organosolv lignins also convert to catalytic coke and light hydrocarbons in higher selectivity in comparison to the MWLs during catalytic pyrolysis. When pyrolyzed, corn stover MWL produced 16.26% of phenolic monomers, which is a significantly higher yield compared to 8.61% from red oak MWL and 9.51% from loblolly...
Midbrain dopamine neurons signal aversion in a reward-context-dependent manner

Dopamine is thought to regulate learning from appetitive and aversive events. Here we examined how optogenetically-identified dopamine neurons in the lateral ventral tegmental area of mice respond to aversive events in different conditions. In low reward contexts, most dopamine neurons were exclusively inhibited by aversive events, and expectation reduced dopamine neurons' responses to reward and punishment. When a single odor predicted both reward and punishment, dopamine neurons' responses to that odor reflected the integrated value of both outcomes. Thus, in low reward contexts, dopamine neurons signal value prediction errors (VPEs) integrating information about both reward and aversion in a common currency. In contrast, in high reward contexts, dopamine neurons acquired a short-latency excitation to aversive events that masked their VPE signaling. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the contexts to examine the representation in dopamine neurons and uncover different modes of dopamine signaling, each of which may be adaptive for different environments.
What’s the Story? Views of Pregnant Teens in Qualitative Research:

Despite declining birthrates, teen pregnancy is still seen as an “epidemic” centered among low-income young women of color. Professional, conservative, and social justice views of the “problem” vary greatly. This article reports on the first findings from a systematic review of qualitative studies from 1989 to 2014. Forty-one studies were identified, and the narratives in them varied. Variation in perspective was related to the profession of the study author and whether the author professed a feminist and critical race perspective. Findings inform theory, practice, and policy.
Micromechanics based discrete damage model with multiple non-smooth yield surfaces: Theoretical formulation, numerical implementation and engineering applications:

The discrete damage model presented in this paper accounts for 42 non-interacting crack microplanes directions. At the scale of the representative volume element, the free enthalpy is the sum of th...
The Causes and Clinical Spectrum of Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury

A variety of drugs, most notably anabolic steroids and some herbal and dietary supplements (HDS), are associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and cholestasis. In the current review, we highlight the recent data on cholestatic DILI and discuss the potential for novel agents as therapeutic options. The clinical phenotype of cholestatic DILI is currently defined based on the “R” ratio calculated from the liver biochemistries at the time of initial presentation. Based on histology, cholestatic DILI may be categorized as acute cholestasis, chronic cholestasis, and cholestatic hepatitis. Histologic injuries include cholangiodestructive features and bile duct loss with the later presentation associated with prolonged recovery period and a poorer prognosis. Current management approaches include early discontinuation of the offending agent, close monitoring, symptom management, selective use of liver biopsy for prognostication, and use of hepatoprotective agents such as ursodeoxycholic acid. Novel treatment agents that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of cholestatic diseases may have a role in the treatment of cholestatic DILI. Cholestatic DILI is increasingly being appreciated, especially in the context of HDS with anabolic steroids. Recent studies report prolonged recovery period and poor prognosis when associated with bile duct loss.
Stability criteria for linear time-delay systems with multiple passive uncertainties

Abstract This paper investigates the robust stability problem of time-delay systems with multiple passive uncertainties. A stability criterion is derived using the refined discretized Lyapunov functional method. The criterion is written in the form of a linear matrix inequality. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Application of Plasma Genotyping Technologies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Practical Review

The rational treatment of metastatic NSCLC hinges on the timely detection of potentially targetable genomic alterations to guide therapy. Recent advances in highly sensitive genotyping technologies have allowed for development of novel plasma genotyping assays that are capable of noninvasively detecting targetable alterations in plasma cell-free DNA without reliance on traditional tissue genotyping. The rapid development of plasma genotyping has led to an explosion in the number of assay platforms available from both commercial and laboratory sources. The sheer number of such platforms has led to confusion among oncologists as to both the test characteristics and limitations of individual plasma genotyping assays and the clinical context in which these tests may be utilized either alone or in combination with traditional tissue genotyping. Reliable data from prospective validation against a tissue genotyping reference standard are available for only a limited number of platforms. Careful retrospective validation of alternative platforms utilizing paired tissue and plasma specimens collected under the auspices of clinical trials represent an alternative but reliable validation strategy. A consistent trend among these well-validated plasma genotyping assays has been the observation of high specificity and positive predictive value and more limited sensitivity. At present, validated assays can be considered actionable in instances in which a targetable genomic alteration is detected or an alternative nontargetable driver mutation is detected and can be used to infer the absence of one of the former.
Laser Spectroscopy of Hydrogen and the Measurement of Fundamental Constants

Spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen has long been a fruitful tool for measuring fundamental constants and testing basic theories of physics. Laser spectroscopy is the latest era of this rich history.
Terror and technology: domestic intelligence collection and the gossamer of enhanced security

ABSTRACTThe Paris (2015) and Brussels (2016) terrorist attacks reignited the debate over security vs. liberty in the fight against terrorism in democratic societies. In the United States, the controversy began again in 2012, as a result of revelations coming from Edward Snowden about the National Security Agency’s (NSA) domestic and foreign intelligence collection programs. The collection of telephony metadata by the NSA raised the issue about the legal provisions of section 215 of the USA Patriot Act, and section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, concerning the collection of phone records of U.S. citizens. The USA Freedom Act was meant to address some of these concerns over the use of technology domestically in the fight against terrorism, but does it? This article argues that the use of advanced technologies in domestic intelligence and information collection by intelligence agencies does not significantly enhance security and prevent the possibility of terrorist attacks, as much as good...
The Utility of Plain Films for Nonoperative Fifth Metacarpal Fractures: Are Follow-up Radiographs Necessary?

Background: Fifth metacarpal fractures are often treated nonoperatively with serial radiographs; however, the utility of these radiographs in altering clinical management has not been investigated....
Purported fragile-to-Arrhenius crossover in squalane

Jadhao and Robbins (1) claim to have discovered a crossover from Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) to Arrhenius in squalane occurring at a viscosity of μ = 1,000 Pa⋅s using extrapolation of the simple Eyring equation to the limiting low-shear viscosity from nonequilibrium molecular dynamic simulation at high shear rates. Stickel et al. (2) introduced a non–model-specific derivative analysis of relaxation time and viscosity data. The Stickel … [↵][1]1Email: scott.bair{at}me.gatech.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Naples, city of art and culture: tourism policy and a new image for the city in the 1990s

This article focuses on the origins of the revitalisation of tourism in Naples since 1994 after a long tourism crisis. The article argues that this phase of revitalisation was triggered by the new ...
Safety of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for emergent reversal of factor Xa inhibitors.

Although factor Xa inhibitors have become a popular choice for chronic oral anticoagulation, effective drug reversal remains difficult due to a lack of specific antidote. Currently, 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) is considered the treatment of choice for factor Xa inhibitor-related major bleeding. However, safety of 4F-PCC and its risk of thrombosis when used for this off-label purpose remain unclear. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine the rate of thromboembolism when 4F-PCC is used for the emergent reversal of factor Xa inhibitors. We conducted a single-center retrospective review of medical records between 2013 and 2017. Patients were included if they received 4F-PCC to reverse rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban for emergent invasive procedures or during episodes of major bleeding defined as bleeding with hemodynamic instability, fall in hemoglobin of 2 g/dL, or bleeding requiring blood transfusion. Thrombotic events including myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, cerebral vascular accident, and arterial thrombosis of the limb or mesentery were recorded if they occurred within 14 days of 4F-PCC administration. Data was analyzed using point and interval estimation to approximate the rate and confidence interval of thromboembolic events. Forty-three patients were identified in our review. Doses of 4F-PCC were determined by the treating physician and mainly ranged from 25 to 50 IU/kg. Twenty-two patients (51.2%) received both sequential compression devices (SCDs) and subcutaneous heparin for DVT prophylaxis. Twenty-one patients (48.8%) were placed on SCDs only. Three patients received concomitant FFP. Thrombotic events within 14 days of 4F-PCC administration occurred in 1 out of 43 patients (2.1%, 95% CI [0.1–12.3]). This thrombotic event was an upper extremity DVT which occurred 1 day after the patient received 1325 IU (25 IU/kg) of 4F-PCC to reverse rivaroxaban for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. The patient was taken for emergent decompressive craniotomy after rivaroxaban reversal. In patients who did not undergo surgery or who underwent minor invasive procedures, no thrombotic events were noted. Based on our preliminary data, the thromboembolic rate of 4F-PCC when given at a dose of 25–50 IU/kg to emergently reverse rivaroxaban and apixaban appears acceptable. Since many patients who require 4F-PCC to emergently reverse factor Xa inhibitors will be at high risk of developing thrombotic events, practitioners should be highly vigilant of these complications. Large, multicenter prospective trials are needed to further determine this risk.
Cloud Service Brokerage and Service Arbitrage for Container-Based Cloud Services

By exploiting the portability of application containers, platform- and software-as-a-service providers receive the flexibility to deploy and move their cloud services across infrastructure services delivered by different providers. The aim of this research is to apply the concepts of cloud service brokerage to container-based cloud services and to define a method for service arbitrage in an environment with multiple infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) providers. A new placement method based on constraint programming is introduced for the optimised deployment of containers across multiple IaaS providers. The benefits and limitations of the proposed method are discussed and the efficiency of the method is evaluated based on multiple deployment scenarios.
Weighing Work Accommodations, Work Withdrawal, and Return to Work

When a patient experiences work impairment due to a mental disorder, clinicians should be familiar with interventions that will help patients work safely and productively, facilitate their withdrawal from the workplace when necessary, and permit them to resume working when they are ready to do so. Mental health professionals should be familiar with workplace protections laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Family Medical Leave Act, since some patients will need documentation of mental disorders to be eligible for time away for health care appointments, workplace modifications, or withdrawal from the workplace. If patients withdraw from the workplace, clinicians should assess the patient’s progress toward returning to work during each clinical session, and maintain returning to functional status as a treatment goal from the beginning of discussions regarding work withdrawal.
Function of Ion Channels and Cytosolic Ca2+ in the Mediation of Higher Plant Cell Ion Transport

Physiological processes in higher plant cells, such as osmoregulation, signal transduction, photosynthesis, movements and growth depend on membrane transport of organic and inorganic ions and on signal-induced modulation of receptor-mediated responses. New insights to the molecular dynamics of ion transport and signal transduction can now be obtained by the application of patch clamp techniques to higher plant protoplasts. This chapter will summarize new results from patch clamp studies on the identification of molecular mechanisms of ion transport and ion transport regulation in guard cells, which control the gas exchange in leaves.
Short term heat acclimation reduces heat stress, but is not augmented by dehydration.

Abstract Heat acclimation lowers physiological strain when exercising in the heat, and may be enhanced by promoting dehydration during acclimation. The purpose was to compare fluid intake during heat acclimation by promoting dehydration (DEH=0.5 mL kg−1 15 min−1, ~2.4% dehydration per acclimation session) compared to euhydration (EUH=2.0 mL kg−1 15 min−1, ~1.4% dehydration per acclimation session) following four heat acclimation bouts on thermal strain, and exercise performance. Thirteen males completed 90 min heat stress tests (HST) at 50% VO2max (40 °C, 30%RH) before and after three 90 min heat acclimation trials, involving consecutive bouts with 4-fold less fluid (DEH) or EUH. DEH and EUH trials were separated by 48 h and assigned in a random crossover design separated by a 5 week washout. Wildland firefighter (WLFF) Nomex: shirt, pants, and a cotton T-shirt baselayer were worn. Peak core temperature (Tc) from the HST significantly decreased following both DEH (39.5 ± 0.1–39.0 ± 0.1 °C: P In conclusion, short-term heat acclimation (~360 min) attenuates heat stress, and improves exercise capacity in the heat, and was not impaired nor improved by promoting DEH during acclimation.
Multi-photon patterning of photoactive o -nitrobenzyl ligands bound to gold surfaces

We quantitatively investigate lithographic patterning of a thiol-anchored self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of photocleavable o-nitrobenzyl ligands on gold through a multi-photon absorption process at 1.7 eV (730 nm wavelength). The photocleaving rate increases faster than the square of the incident light intensity, indicating a process more complex than simple two-photon absorption. We tentatively ascribe this observation to two-photon absorption that triggers the formation of a long-lived intermediate aci-nitro species whose decomposition yield is partially determined either by absorption of additional photons or by a local temperature that is elevated by the incident light. At the highest light intensities, thermal processes compete with photoactivation and lead to damage of the SAM. The threshold is high enough that this destructive process can largely be avoided, even while power densities are kept sufficiently large that complete photoactivation takes place on time scales of tens of seconds to a few minutes. This means that this type of ligand can be activated at visible and near infrared wavelengths where plasmonic resonances can easily be engineered in metal nanostructures, even though their single-photon reactivity at these wavelengths is negligible. This will allow selective functionalization of plasmon hotspots, which in addition to high resolution lithographic applications would be of benefit to applications such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and plasmonic photocatalysis as well as directed bottom-up nanoassembly.
The Intersectional Effects of Race and Gender on Time to Reincarceration

People of color are disproportionately incarcerated and reincarcerated after release. When compared to women, men of all races report higher rates of recidivism. However, minimal research examines ...
Impact of the extraction-site location on wound infections after laparoscopic colorectal resection.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the incision used for specimen extraction on wound infection during laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods All patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection in a single specialized department from 2000 to 2011 were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Specific extraction-sites and other relevant factors associated with wound infection rates were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results 2801 patients underwent specimen extraction through infra-umbilical midline (N = 657), RLQ/LLQ (N = 388), stoma site (N = 58), periumbilical midline (N = 629), Pfannenstiel (N = 789) and converted midline (N = 280). The overall wound infection rate was 10% and was highest in converted midline (14.6%) and Pfannenstiel (11.4%) incisions, while the lowest rate was associated with RLQ/LLQ (N = 13, 3.3%). Independent factors associated with wound infection were increased BMI (p Conclusions A RLQ/LLQ extraction site is associated with the most reduced risk of wound infection in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
Blockchain-Based Distributed Compliance in Multinational Corporations’ Cross-Border Intercompany Transactions

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have been facing increasing challenges of compliance and audit in their complex crisscrossing intercompany transactions which are subject to various regulations of across various jurisdictions in its global network. In this paper, we investigate these challenges and apply Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology to address them. We propose a Blockchain-based compliance model and then build a Blockchain-based distributed compliance solution to enable automatic distributed compliance enforcement for an MNC’s cross-border intercompany transactions across all Jurisdictions of the MNC’s network. This solution can help an MNC reduce the risk of compliance and audit, and enhance the capability of responding to various audits efficiently even after many years, thus improve the trust relationship and reputation with various auditors.
Differences in dietary recall and subjective physical functioning status in stroke survivors with self-reported cognitive impairment

Background: Little is known about the dietary intake of these nutrients in stroke survivors, who often experience greater difficulties with physical functioning due to cognitive impairment.Objectiv...
Higher executive abilities following a blood transfusion in children and young adults with sickle cell disease

Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience cognitive deficits; however, it remains unclear whether medical treatments for SCD improve cognition. Given that executive abilities are typically impaired in individuals with SCD, they were the focus of the current study. Our primary hypothesis was that executive abilities would be higher acutely soon after a blood transfusion in children and young adults with SCD. We used tests from the NIH Toolbox to assess executive abilities in 27 participants with SCD receiving chronic transfusion in comparison to 34 participants with SCD receiving hydroxyurea (HU) and 41 non-SCD demographically matched controls, all of whom were tested at two time points. Participants in the transfusion group completed cognitive testing within 3 days after a transfusion (soon after transfusion) and then within 3 days before their next transfusion (long after transfusion) over an interval of 3-7 weeks. We found that executive abilities were significantly poorer for the transfusion and HU groups than for the control group. In support of our primary hypothesis, executive abilities for the transfusion group were significantly better soon after a transfusion compared to long after a transfusion, χ2 (1) = 17.8, P < .0001. Our results demonstrate that executive abilities were higher acutely following a blood transfusion. These findings have implications for daily functioning, medical decision making, and academic achievement in children and young adults with SCD.
Bittorio revisited: structural coupling in the Game of Life:

The notion of structural coupling plays a central role in Maturana and Varela’s biology of cognition framework and strongly influenced Varela’s subsequent enactive elaboration of this framework. Bu...
Segregation of whispered speech interleaved with noise or speech maskers

Some listening environments require listeners to segregate a whispered target talker from a background of other talkers. In this experiment, a whispered speech signal was presented continuously in the presence of a continuous masker (noise, voiced speech or whispered speech) or alternated with the masker at an 8-Hz rate. Performance was near ceiling in the alternated whisper and noise condition, suggesting that harmonic structure due to voicing is not necessary to segregate a speech signal from an interleaved random-noise masker. Indeed, when whispered speech was interleaved with voiced speech, performance decreased relative to the continuous condition when the target talker was voiced but not when it was whispered, suggesting that listeners are better at selectively attending to unvoiced intervals and ignoring voiced intervals than the converse. Index Terms: Target intelligibility, whispered speech, voiced speech, sequential segregation, simultaneous segregation.
ASTX660, an antagonist of cIAP1/2 and XIAP, increases antigen processing machinery and can enhance radiation-induced immunogenic cell death in preclinical models of head and neck cancer.

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists have shown activity in preclinical models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and work across several cancer types has demonstrated di...
Survey of terahertz photonics and biophotonics

We review the advances of terahertz (THz) science and technology in biophotonics, including related challenges and solutions. The main impediment to THz spectroscopy and imaging in this field is the high absorption of the THz beam in water. Hence, transmission imaging and spectroscopy of thick wet tissue using THz radiation has generally been quite difficult. However, the absorption of THz waves by water molecules is so strong that increasing the power of the THz source can lead to structural and functional changes in tissues, so solutions must go beyond a larger power output. In terms of resolution, THz imaging is superior to ultrasound but inferior to visible light microscopy. Owing to its unique material analysis capabilities, promising diagnosis applications have been demonstrated through THz imaging and spectroscopy. Unfortunately, many applications are limited by beam penetration depth and resolution. Hence, researchers from a wide variety of scientific and technical fields have been actively improving these features through the development of electronic devices and materials. In addition, groundbreaking optical architecture and materials to reduce beam absorption in the optics of a system and generate focused beams with smaller diameters have been proposed. On the software side, image processing techniques to computationally enhance the resolution and quality of THz imaging have been proposed. Data science and machine learning to automate the diagnosis of defects and diseases through processing THz images and spectroscopy data have been proposed. We have reviewed the applications of THz radiation in biophotonics and research achievements toward advancing these applications. A conclusion with a roadmap toward increasing the footprint of the THz technology in biophotonics is also proposed.
Barriers to optimal antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV-infected formerly incarcerated individuals in New York City.

In the United States (U.S.), the HIV infection rate is disproportionately high among incarcerated individuals. HIV-infected individuals typically receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV and reduce the threat of transmission. Although HIV-infected individuals are generally ART-adherent while incarcerated, the public health benefits experienced during incarceration are often lost as HIV-infected individuals struggle to maintain optimal adherence post-incarceration. While the importance of maintaining adherence in the post-incarceration period has been acknowledged, research on barriers to ART adherence during this period is limited. To better understand post-release barriers to ART adherence, we conducted in-depth interviews with 20 HIV-infected formerly incarcerated individuals in New York City; we also followed up with 18 (90%) participants after three months to explore whether their adherence challenges changed over time. Viral load testing results from their most recent physician visit were also recorded at each interview. Interviews were transcribed using transcription software and reviewed for accuracy by a researcher. Thematic coding based on discussion guide prompts were then used to identify commonly mentioned barriers to adherence. The results identified four overarching themes that affected study participants’ efforts to adhere to their ART regimen: medication burden, forgetfulness, mental health and emotional difficulties, and perceived conflict between substance use and medication adherence. These barriers were the most commonly cited and largely persisted at three-month follow-up. The results suggest that interventions addressing these challenges are essential for promoting ART adherence among HIV-infected formerly incarcerated individuals. Effective interventions may include mobile-based text messaging reminders and those that facilitate patient-provider communication. Additionally, interventions or programs that integrate substance use and mental health treatment into HIV-related care, along with other types of behavioral health support, may also be beneficial for this population. Such interventions should be a routine part of discharge planning and support for incarcerated individuals returning to the community.
Retributivism and Overpunishment

I argue that a retributive penal philosophy should not be blamed for contributing to our present epidemic of mass incarceration and tendency to over-punish. My paper has three parts. In the first, I make a number of conceptual points about the nature of retributivism that reveal it to have the resources to combat our current crisis. In the second part, I construct desert-based arguments for decriminalizing some offenses that have led too many persons to be punished. In the third part, I suggest that desert favors an expansion in the scope and number of defenses that have the potential to retard the severity of punishment. If my arguments are sound, retributivism should be regarded as part of the solution to our predicament rather than its cause.
Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery ‘Humanitarianism’ and Imperialism in East Africa, 1888–1890

In the 1888–1889 Bushiri War, German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seized upon pan-European rhetoric of the ‘Arab slave trade’ to organise a coalition of Europe’s colonial powers to blockade the Eas...
SWIPE: enhancing robustness of ReRAM crossbars for in-memory computing

Crossbar-based in-memory architectures have emerged as an attractive platform for energy-efficient realization of deep neural networks (DNNs). A key challenge in such architectures is achieving accurate and efficient writes due to the presence of bitcell conductance variations. In this paper, we propose the Single-Write In-memory Program-vErify (SWIPE) method that achieves high accuracy writes for crossbar-based in-memory architectures at 5×-to-10× lower cost than standard program-verify methods. SWIPE leverages the bit-sliced attribute of crossbar-based in-memory architectures and the statistics of conductance variations to compensate for device non-idealities. Using SWIPE to write into ReRAM crossbar allows for a 2× (CIFAR-10) and 3× (MNIST) increase in storage density with <; 1% loss in DNN accuracy. In particular, SWIPE compensates for 4.8×-to-7.7× higher conductance variations. Furthermore, SWIPE can be augmented with injection-based training methods in order to achieve even greater enhancements in robustness.
For the love of sun and wind? Proximity to renewable energy facilities and support for renewable power across time and space in the United States

Abstract The relationship between proximity to energy development and public support is inconsistent. Research indicates that proximity to fossil fuels is associated with higher support for that fuel source, yet these relationships vary across time and space and have rarely been studied for renewable energy. We use two waves of a U.S. national survey and novel propensity-score-based pseudo panel methods to analyze how proximity to renewable energy influences public support for its expanded use. Results indicate proximity to renewable energy development does not predict support, and panel regression results suggest that growth in local renewable energy has not altered support for renewables. Rather, political factors and climate change risk perceptions are most influential. Unlike fossil fuel industries, proximity to renewable energy does not predict support for using these technologies. Although more research is needed, we suggest that renewables, as of 2016, lack the cultural and social significance of fossil fuels.
Abstract TP262: Chronic Stroke Disrupts Frequency-specific Oscillations in the Hippocampus and Cortex

Introduction: The mechanism underlying post-stroke cognitive impairment is not well understood. The hippocampus is involved in memory function yet remains structurally intact after cortical stroke....
Attitudes Towards Police and Weapon Carriage Among Adolescents

While much is known about attitudes towards police and weapon carriage independently, it is unclear whether the two are associated. In the current study, we explored this potential association and whether it was moderated by race in a sample of adolescents. After adjusting for age, gender, perceived risk of victimization, and violence victimization, logistic regression models indicated that more positive attitudes toward police were associated with lower weapon carriage. In particular, among Black youth, the association between attitudes toward police and weapon carriage was larger than non-Black youth. Our results suggest that race plays an important role in this association. Efforts to build positive community-police relationships may be an effective strategy for reducing weapon carriage and ultimately, injury and fatality.
The Endowment Effect and First Party Enforcement of Rights: Evidence from the Black Market

In the classical economic view of markets a third party is needed to create and protect property rights. This should make black markets where the government actively opposes rights in the goods and services traded impossible, yet we see functional black markets across the world. We argue that the endowment effect drives the creation of and respect for property rights. We build a game theoretic model demonstrating this process which shows how the expectation of first party enforcement creates a bilateral incentive to respect property rights regardless of third party involvement. We further give evidence of how the endowment effect exists in both animals and humans, resulting in lower levels of violent conflict and apparent respect for property rights, connecting the biology literature on territoriality in animal species with the economic property rights behavior of humans.
Dynamic micromechanical modeling of textile composite strength under impact and multi-axial loading

Abstract Micromechanical finite element modeling has been employed to define the failure behavior of S2 glass/BMI textile composite materials under impact loading. Dynamic explicit analysis of a representative volume element (RVE) has been performed to explore dynamic behavior and failure modes including strain rate effects, damage localization, and impedance mismatch effects. For accurate reflection of strain rate effects, differences between an applied nominal strain rate across a representative volume element (RVE) and the true realized local strain rates in regions of failure are investigated. To this end, contour plots of strain rate, as well as classical stress contours, are developed during progressive failure. Using a previously developed cohesive element failure model, interfacial failure between tow and matrix phases is considered, as well as classical failure modes such as fiber breakage and matrix microcracking. In-plane compressive and tensile loading have been investigated, including multi-axial loading cases. Highly refined meshes have been employed to ensure convergence and accuracy in such load cases which exhibit large stress gradients across the textile RVE. The effect of strain rate and phase interfacial strength have been included to develop macro-level material failure envelopes for a 2D plain weave and 3D orthogonal microgeometry.
The Equilibrium Macroscopic States of Gases and Liquids

The equilibrium macroscopic state of a one-phase simple system of one component is specified by the values of three independent state variables, atleast one of which must be extensive. All other macroscopic state variables are dependent variables, with values given by mathematical functions of the independent variables. State variables or state functions are variables that depend only on the equilibrium state of the system, and they must be mathematical functions of the independent variables used to specify the state of the system. There are two principal classes of macroscopic variables: extensive variables, which are proportional to the size of the system for example internal energy U, and intensive variables that are independent of the size of the system, for example P and T. The chapter describes the volumetric (P-V-T) behavior of gases and liquids, and introduces the calculation practice according to which gases are treated as ideal unless some specific reason exists for a more accurate treatment, while solids and liquids are treated as though they had constant volume. Several equations of state have been devised to describe the volumetric behavior (relation of pressure, temperature, and volume) of real gases. The van der Waals equation of state describes real gases more accurately than does the ideal gas law.
On the Security and Vulnerability of PING

We present a formal specification of the PING protocol, and use three concepts of convergence theory, namely closure, convergence, and protection, to show that this protocol is secure against weak adversaries (and insecure against strong ones). We then argue that despite the security of PING against weak adversaries, the natural vulnerability of this protocol (or of any other protocol for that matter) can be exploited by a weak adversary to launch a denial of service attack against any computer that hosts the protocol. Finally, we discuss three mechanisms, namely ingress filtering, hop integrity, and soft firewalls that can be used to prevent denial of service attacks in the Internet.
Spin Coherence during Optical Excitation of a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

We examine the quantum spin state of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond at room temperature as it makes a transition from the orbital ground state (GS) to the orbital excited state (ES) during nonresonant optical excitation. While the fluorescence readout of NV-center spins relies on conservation of the longitudinal spin projection during optical excitation, the question of quantum phase preservation has not been examined. Using Ramsey measurements and quantum process tomography of the optical excitation process, we measure a trace fidelity of F=0.87±0.03, which includes ES spin dephasing during measurement. Extrapolation to the moment of optical excitation yields F≈0.95. This result provides insight into the interaction between spin coherence and nonresonant optical absorption through a vibronic sideband.
The Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-4 encodes a novel protein and is expressed during the period of extensive programmed cell death

Mutations in the gene ced-4 block almost all of the programmed cell deaths that normally occur during Caenorhabditis elegans development. We have cloned the ced-4 gene using a ced-4 mutation caused by the insertion of the transposon Tc4. When microinjected into a ced-4 animal, a 4.4 kb DNA fragment derived from the wild-type strain and corresponding to the region of the Tc4 insertion in the mutant ced-4(n1416) rescues the Ced-4 mutant phenotype. The ced-4 gene encodes a 2.2 kb RNA transcript. This mRNA is expressed primarily during embryogenesis, when most programmed cell deaths occur. The Ced-4 protein, as deduced from cDNA and genomic DNA clones, is 549 amino acids in length. Two regions of the putative Ced-4 protein product show some similarity to known calcium-binding domains.
Accuracy and speed limitations in DACs across CMOS process technologies

We present a study of accuracy and timing limitations in current-steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Effects of limited output impedance and device mismatches on the DAC performance are discussed and observed for a 10-bit DAC operating at 4 GS/s. These limitations are also studied across 180, 90, and 65 nm CMOS process technologies.
Subunit structure of benzylsuccinate synthase

Benzylsuccinate synthase is a member of the glycyl radical family of enzymes. It catalyzes the addition of toluene to fumarate to form benzylsuccinate as the first step in the anaerobic pathway of toluene fermentation. The enzyme comprises three subunits, α, β, and γ, that in Thauera aromatica strain T1 are encoded by the tutD, tutG, and tutF genes, respectively. The large α-subunit contains the essential glycine and cysteine residues that are conserved in all glycyl radical enzymes. However, the function of the small β- and γ-subunits has remained unclear. We have overexpressed all three subunits of benzylsuccinate synthase in Escherichia coli, both individually and in combination. Coexpression of the γ-subunit (but not the β-subunit) is essential for efficient expression of the α-subunit. The benzylsuccinate synthase complex lacking the glycyl radical could be purified as an α2β2γ2 hexamer by nickel affinity chromatography through a “His6” affinity tag engineered onto the C-terminus of the α-subunit. Un...
Atomic Layer Deposition of Praseodymium Aluminum Oxide for Electrical Applications

Praseodymium aluminum oxide (PAO) thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from a new precursor, tris(N,N′-diisopropylacetamidinato) praseodymium, (Pr(amd)3), trimethylaluminum (TMA), and water. Smooth, amorphous films having varying compositions of the general formula PrxAl2–xO3 were deposited on HF-last silicon and analyzed for physical and electrical characteristics. The films were pure according to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The permittivity of the thin film with the stoichiometry of Pr1.15Al0.85O3 was 18, and all annealed films displayed very low leakage currents compared to other high-k oxide films deposited using ALD. A leakage current density of 1.1 × 10–4 A cm–2 was achieved for a PAO film with an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.46 nm. Annealed films also displayed nearly zero flat-band voltage shifts and low hysteresis (< 10 mV). The optimal growth parameters and electrical properties were achieved with Pr1.15Al0.85O3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) determined that high temperature annealing (850 °C) had no effect on the smoothness of the films (rms of 0.17 nm).
Ab initio molecular dynamics studies of fullerenes and fullerides: A brief discussion of results and open issues

Abstract A short overview is given of the most relevant results obtained so far with the LDA-based Car-Parrinello method on fullerenes and fullerides. General characteristics, power as well as current limitations of the method are discussed. The new insights gained in these studies as well as open issues and envisaged further application are emphasized.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: postpartum opportunities for the diagnosis and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 4% of all pregnant women in the US and represents 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy. In addition to the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with this complication, a history of GDM predisposes women to the future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Incidence rates of GDM are increasing in the US. As a consequence, a growing number of women are now at increased risk for T2DM. Opportunities to diagnose and prevent T2DM in women with a history of GDM include early diagnosis by postpartum screening and implementation of diabetes prevention measures. In this Review, we discuss current guidelines for postpartum screening, how they might be implemented, and who should take responsibility for screening individuals at risk of T2DM. In addition, we describe measures to prevent the onset of T2DM in women with a history of GDM, focusing on lifestyle modifications, such as diet and breast-feeding.