cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accessing and maintaining referents in L2 processing of wh -dependencies

This study considers the role of lexical access in the activation and maintenance of referents interacting with syntactic computations during the online processing of wh-dependencies in second-language French by beginning (N = 39), low intermediate (N = 40), and high intermediate (N = 35) learners. Two computer-paced reading tasks involving concurrent picture classification were designed to investigate trace reactivation during sentence processing: The first task targeted sentences that contained indirect object relative clauses, whereas the second task involved indirect object cleft sentences. Response time profiles for sentences containing English-French cognates as antecedents were compared with those for sentences with noncognate vocabulary. All learner participants produced differing response patterns for cognate and noncognate items. Intermediate learners’ response patterns were consistent with trace reactivation for cognate items only; noncognate items induced inhibitions or erratic response patterns. Additionally, a (French-English bilingual) native speaker control group (N = 35) showed the predicted response pattern with the noncognate items only. These findings indicate that the role of lexical access in sentence processing merits further consideration.
Initial thoughts on rapid prototyping techniques

This paper sets some context, raises issues, and provides our initial thinking on the characteristics of effective rapid prototyping techniques.After discussing the role rapid prototyping techniques can play in the software lifecycle, the paper looks at possible technical approaches including: heavily parameterized models, reusable software, rapid prototyping languages, prefabrication techniques for system generation, and reconfigurable test harnesses.The paper concludes that a multi-faceted approach to rapid prototyping techniques is needed if we are to address a broad range of applications successfully --- no single technical approach suffices for all potentially desirable applications.
Ammonothermal Synthesis of Cubic Gallium Nitride

Cubic gallium nitride (zinc blende type) was formed by reactions of Ga, gallium iodides, and gallium imide−iodides in supercritical ammonia under acidic conditions above 250 °C. Solvothermal transport and recrystallization of c-GaN occurred above 440 °C.
Time Variation of Fundamental Constants as a Probe of New Physics

Time variation of fundamental constants would not be surprising in the framework of theories involving extra dimensions. The variation of any one constant is likely to be correlated with variations of others in a pattern that is diagnostic of the underlying physics.
Nonlinear outcome of gravitational instability in disks with realistic cooling

We consider the nonlinear outcome of gravitational instability in optically thick disks with a realistic cooling function. We use a numerical model that is local, razor thin, and unmagnetized. External illumination is ignored. Cooling is calculated from a one-zone model using analytic fits to low-temperature Rosseland mean opacities. The model has two parameters: the initial surface density Σ0 and the rotation frequency Ω. We survey the parameter space and find the following. (1) The disk fragments when τcΩ ~ 1, where τc is an effective cooling time defined as the average internal energy of the model divided by the average cooling rate. This is consistent with earlier results that used a simplified cooling function. (2) The initial cooling time τc0 for a uniform disk with Q = 1 can differ by orders of magnitude from τc in the nonlinear outcome. The difference is caused by sharp variations in the opacity with temperature. The condition τc0Ω ~ 1 therefore does not necessarily indicate where fragmentation will occur. (3) The largest difference between τc and τc0 is near the opacity gap, where dust is absent and hydrogen is largely molecular. (4) In the limit of strong illumination the disk is isothermal; we find that an isothermal version of our model fragments for Q 1.4. Finally, we discuss some physical processes not included in our model and find that most are likely to make disks more susceptible to fragmentation. We conclude that disks with τcΩ 1 do not exist.
The grand canonical ABC model: a reflection asymmetric mean-field Potts model

We investigate the phase diagram of a three-component system of particles on a one-dimensional filled lattice, or equivalently of a one-dimensional three-state Potts model, with reflection asymmetric mean-field interactions. The three types of particles are designated as A, B and C. The system is described by a grand canonical ensemble with temperature T and chemical potentials TλA, TλB and TλC. We find that for λA = λB = λC the system undergoes a phase transition from a uniform density to a continuum of phases at a critical temperature . For other values of the chemical potentials the system has a unique equilibrium state. As is the case for the canonical ensemble for this ABC model, the grand canonical ensemble is the stationary measure satisfying detailed balance for a natural dynamics. We note that , where Tc is the critical temperature for a similar transition in the canonical ensemble at fixed equal densities rA = rB = rC = 1/3.
Diurnal cycle of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Observations

[1] During the dry season of 2004–2005 we carried out field measurements of air pollution and meteorology in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, a bowl-shaped urban basin in the Himalayan foothills of Nepal. We measured the trace gases carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) and particulates (PM10), as well as meteorological variables. In our field observations we noted a very regular pattern of morning and evening peaks in CO and PM10 occurring daily in the valley bottom, interspersed with low values in the afternoons and at night. This pattern occurred even on days with unusual timing of emissions and was influenced by the timing of ventilation from the valley. Meteorological variables showed great day-to-day similarity, with a strong westerly wind blowing through the valley from late morning until dusk. We found that the air mass on nearby mountaintops was disconnected from pollution within the valley during the night, but received significant pollution during the morning, when up-slope flows began. At a pass on the western edge of the valley we found a diurnal switch in wind direction, with an inflow from late morning until late evening, and an outflow during the rest of the time. We found that part of the morning peak in pollution was caused by recirculation of pollutants emitted the night before, which spend the night in elevated layers over the valley.
Orbital Period of the Dwarf Nova RXS J053234.9+624755*

We report spectroscopy of the newly discovered SU Ursae Majoris dwarf nova identified with the X‐ray source RXS J053234.9+624755. Radial velocities of the Hα emission line in the quiescent state give an orbital period of 0.05620(4) days (80.93 minutes), which is among the shortest for SU UMa stars with determined periods. We also report UBVI magnitudes of the quiescent dwarf nova and surrounding stars. Using a previous measurement of the superhump period, we find the fractional superhump excess to be 0.016(4), which is not atypical of dwarf novae in this period range.
Resolving Lifshitz horizons

Via the AdS/CFT correspondence, ground states of field theories at finite charge density are mapped to extremal black brane solutions. Studies of simple gravity + matter systems in this context have uncovered wide new classes of extremal geometries. The Lifshitz metrics characterizing field theories with non-trivial dynamical critical exponent z {ne} 1 emerge as one common endpoint in doped holographic toy models. However, the Lifshitz horizon exhibits mildly singular behaviour - while curvature invariants are finite, there are diverging tidal forces. Here we show that in some of the simplest contexts where Lifshitz metrics emerge, Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theories, generic corrections lead to a replacement of the Lifshitz metric, in the deep infrared, by a re-emergent AdS{sub 2} x R{sup 2} geometry. Thus, at least in these cases, the Lifshitz scaling characterizes the physics over a wide range of energy scales, but the mild singularity is cured by quantum or stringy effects.
Structural aspects of the bis(2,2′-dipicolylamine)iron(II) cation

The title complex crystallized as the BF 4 − salt in the orthorhombic space group Fdd 2, with unit cell parameters a = 21.749 (σ = 0.004), b = 27.788(0.006), c = 8.900(0.002) A. The iron(II) atom has slightly distorted octahedral coordination, in which the ligands are bound in a cis-facial configuration. The electronic properties of this brightly coloured low-spin complex are briefly discussed in relationship to the determined structure, and commentary is made upon the relationship between the lengths of FeN(aliphatic) and FeN(heteroaromatic) bonds in sexacoordinate iron(II) complexes and the spin state of the iron.
Laser materials processing applications at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

High power and high radiance laser technologies developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) such as copper-vapor lasers, solid-state slab lasers, dye lasers, harmonic wavelength conversion of these lasers, and fiber optic delivery systems show great promise for material processing tasks. Evaluation of models suggests significant potential for tenfold increases in welding, cutting, and drilling performance, as well as capability for applications in emerging technologies such as micromachining, surface treatment, and stereolithography. The goals of this program are to develop low-cost, reliable and maintainable industrial laser systems. Chains of copper lasers currently operate at more than 1.5 kW output and achieve mean time between failures of more than 1,000 hours. The beam quality of copper vapor lasers is approximately three times the diffraction limit. Dye lasers have near diffraction limited beam quality at greater than 1.0 kW. diode laser pumped, Nd:YAG slab lasers are also being developed at LLNL. Current designs achieve powers of greater than 1.0 kW and projected beam quality is in the two to five times diffraction limited range. Results from cutting and drilling studies in titanium and stainless steel alloys show that cuts and holes with extremely fine features can be made with dye and copper-vapormore » lasers. High radiance beams produce low distortion and small heat-affected zones. The authors have accomplished very high aspect ratio holes in drilling tests (> 60:1) and features with micron scale (5-50 {mu}m) sizes. Other, traditionally more difficult, materials such as copper, aluminum and ceramics will soon be studied in detail.« less
A study of the intramolecular cyclization reactions of some derivatives of 3-arylsulfonyl cycloalkanols

Abstract Carbonate and acyl derivatives of 3-arylsulfonylcyclohexanols and heptanols, upon deprotonation with LHMDS in THF at −78°C, undergo an intramolecular cyclization reaction to give bicyclic lactones or the corresponding acyl transfer products in synthetically useful yields. In contrast, the corresponding cyclopentyl derivatives show different reactivity.
Query optimization in distributed logic-oriented object bases

Abstract We define a logic-oriented object base to be a deductive database based on an object data model. Like conventional databases, a logic-oriented object base system can be constructed on top of a computer network such that distribution of logical and physical components of the system is kept hidden from the users. A distributed logic-oriented object base differs from a distributed relational database in many aspects. For instance, objects are organized hierarchically and objects are retrieved through customized methods. In this paper we investigate the problem of query optimization in distributed logic-oriented object bases.
Random walk model on a hyper-spherical lattice

We use a one-dimensional random walk on D-dimensional hyper-spheres to determine the critical behavior of statistical systems in hyper-spherical geometries. First, we demonstrate the properties of such walk by studying the phase diagram of a percolation problem. We find a line of second and first order phase transitions separated by a tricritical point. Then, we analyze the adsorption-desorption transition for a polymer growing near the attractive boundary of a cylindrical cell membrane. We find that the fraction of adsorbed monomers on the boundary vanishes exponentially when the adsorption energy decreases towards its critical value. We observe a crossover phenomenon to an area of linear growth at energies of the order of the inverse cell radius.
A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology

Epidemiologic studies of air pollution effects on respiratory health report significant modification by sex, although results are not uniform. Importantly, it remains unclear whether modifications are attributable to socially derived gendered exposures, to sex-linked physiological differences, or to some interplay thereof. Gender analysis, which aims to disaggregate social from biological differences between males and females, may help to elucidate these possible sources of effect modification. Studies of children suggest stronger effects among boys in early life and among girls in later childhood. The qualitative review describes possible sources of difference in air pollution response between women and men, which may vary by life stage, coexposures, hormonal status, or other factors. The sources of observed effect modifications remain unclear, although gender analytic approaches may help to disentangle gender and sex differences in pollution response. A framework for incorporating gender analysis into environmental epidemiology is offered, along with several potentially useful methods from gender analysis.
Licensing telemedicine: the need for a national system.

The expansion of information technology has shattered geographic boundaries, allowing for extraordinarily increased access to health information and expanded opportunities for telemedicine practice across state boundaries. But despite its recent growth, telemedicine technology remains embedded in a state-based licensure system that places severe limits on its expansion. The current system of medical licensure is based primarily on statutes written at the turn of the 20th century. This system is inadequate to address the emerging medical practices and future uses of medical technology in the telecommunications age. To respond to the changes offered by the telecommunications revolution, we need to design a new regulatory structure for the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to propose a policy of national telemedicine licensure. The primary goal here is not to simply develop a policy proposal, but to discuss the rationale for national licensure and place it on the policy agenda. A national licensur...
Progesterone Sensitivity as a Cause of Recurrent Anaphylaxis

ANAPHYLACTIC or anaphylactoid attacks usually occur in immediate response to a specific inciting agent or event. Patients with recurring anaphylaxis in whom there is no evidence of an external cause are classified as having recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis.1 , 2 One such patient had weekly life-threatening anaphylactic episodes that were partly controlled with intensive medical therapy combined with tracheal fenestration; however, spontaneous remission of the attacks during lactation led to the suspicion of sensitivity to sex hormones. Three clinical observations confirmed this suspicion: provocative challenges with minute quantities of progesterone caused an anaphylactic event, inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin release by luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone . . .
Quasi-universal Gaussian Jets: A Unified Picture for Gamma-Ray Bursts and X-Ray Flashes

An observed correlation Ep ∝ (Eiso)1/2 extending from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to X-ray flashes (XRFs) poses problems both for a power-law universal jet model, in which the energy per solid angle decreases as the inverse square of the angle with respect to the jet axis, and for a conical jet model with a uniform energy density within the jet beam and a sharp energy cutoff at the jet edge. Here we show that the current GRB-XRF prompt emission/afterglow data can be understood in terms of a picture in which the GRB-XRF jets are quasi-universal and structured, with a Gaussian-like or similar structure, i.e., one where the jet has a characteristic angle, with a mild variation of energy inside and a rapid (e.g., exponential) decrease of energy outside of it. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the current data is compatible with such a quasi-universal Gaussian jet with a typical opening angle of 5.7 deg and with a standard jet energy of about log(Ej/1 erg) = 51.1 ± 0.3. According to this model, the true-to-observed number ratio of the whole GRB-XRF population is about 14 with the current instrumental sensitivity.
The Link between Warm Molecular Disks in Maser Nuclei and Star Formation near the Black Hole at the Galactic Center

The discovery of hundreds of young, bright stars within a parsec from the massive black hole Sagittarius A* at the center of the Galaxy presents a challenge to star formation theories. The requisite Roche densities for the gravitational collapse of gas clouds are most naturally achieved in accretion disks. The water maser sources in Keplerian rotation in the nuclei of NGC 4258, NGC 1068, and the Circinus galaxy indicate the presence of warm, extended, molecular accretion disks around black holes similar in mass to Sgr A*. Here we argue that the current conditions in the maser nuclei, and those near the Galactic center, represent two consecutive, recurrent phases in the life cycle of the nucleus of a typical gas-rich spiral bulge. The warm molecular disks that give rise to the observed maser emission fragment into stellar-size objects. The stellar masses, their orbital geometry, and the total number of stars thus formed are consistent with the values identified at the Galactic center. The stars tend to form in compact groups resembling the IRS 13 complex that dominates the stellar light in the neighborhood of Sgr A*.
The protoberberine → spirobenzylisoquinoline → dibenzocyclopent[b]azepine rearrangement

Abstract Dihydroprotoberberine salts 5 , 10 , and 14 , rearrange in base to the spirobenzylisoquinolines 8 , 12 , and 16 , respectively. But the dihydroprotoberberine salt 18 , which does not possess a phenolic function in ring D, rearranges to the dibenzocyclopent[ b ]azepine 21 through the intermediacy of the aziridinium ion 20 .
A vehicle handling model with active suspensions

This paper presents two vehicle models used to investigate the effects of active suspensions. One is a linear seven degree of freedom ride model. The second is a nonlinear ten degree of freedom ride and handling model. The seven degree of freedom model is used to study ride effects. The active suspension substantially reduced the motion of the sprung mass. The ten degree of freedom model is used to study the effects of the active suspension on the directional response characteristics of the vehicle. The handling characteristics exhibited by the active suspension are very similar to those of the passive suspension
Computation of Flow and Heat Transfer in Two-Pass Channels With 60 deg Ribs

Numerical predictions of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer are presented for a two-pass square channel with and without 60 deg angled parallel ribs. Square sectioned ribs were employed along one side surface. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D h ) is 0.125 and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10. The computation results were compared with the experimental data of Ekkad and Han at a Reynolds number (Re) of 30,000. A multi-block numerical method was used with a chimera domain decomposition technique. The finite analytic method solved the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes equation in conjunction with a near-wall second-order Reynolds stress (second-moment) closure model, and a two-layer κ-e isotropic eddy viscosity model
Calculating Interior Daylight Illumination with a Programmable Hand Calculator

A procedure is described for calculating interior daylight illumination using an inexpensive programmable hand calculator. The proposed procedure calculates illumination at any point within a room utilizing sky luminance distribution functions that are consistent with the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) Overcast and Clear Sky functions. This procedure separates the light reaching the point being considered into three components, these being (a) light directly from the sky, (b) light after being reflected from external, and (c) internal surfaces. Finally, two examples are presented in order to demonstrate the proposed procedure and indicate the speed with which the calculations may be performed.
Coulomb-Gauge in QCD: Renormalization and Confinement

We review the Coulomb gauge in QCD and report some recent results. The minimal Coulomb gauge is defined and the fundamental modular region, a region without Gribov copies, is described. The Coulomb gauge action is expressed in terms of the dynamical de­ grees of freedom with an instantaneous Coulomb interaction, and its physical meaning is discussed. The local Coulomb gauge action with phase-space and ghost variables is derived, and its BRS-invariance and renormalizability are reviewed. It is shown that the instan­ taneous part V(R) of g 2 D 00 (R, t), the time-time component of the gluon propagator, is a renormalization-group invariant V(R) = f(RAQco)/R, and that the contribution of V(R) to the Wilson loop exponentiates. It is conjectured that V(R) ,...., "'couiR at largeR, and that "'coul provides an order parameter for confinement of color even in the presence of dynamical quarks.
Aberrant glycosylation promotes lung cancer metastasis through adhesion to galectins in the metastatic niche.

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. While dissemination of tumor cells likely occurs early in tumorigenesis, the constituents of the microenvironment play essential rate-limiting roles in determining whether these cells will form clinically-relevant tumors. Recent studies have uncovered many molecular factors that contribute to establishment of a pro-tumorigenic metastatic niche. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-3, whose expression has clinical associations with advanced malignancy and poor outcome, contributes to metastatic niche formation by binding to carbohydrates on metastatic cells. We show that galectin-3 is expressed early during tumorigenesis by both CD11b+Gr-1+ and CD11b+Ly-6Chi leukocytes. Tumors mobilize these myeloid populations through secretion of soluble factors including IL-6. We find that metastatic cancer cells exhibit elevated presentation of the oncofetal galectin-3 carbohydrate ligand, the Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen, on their surfaces as a result of altered C2GnT2 and St6GalNAcIV glycosyltransferase activity that inhibits further glycosylation of this carbohydrate motif and promotes metastasis.
The Dust in Lyman Break Galaxies

We present our analysis of UV attenuation by internal dust of a large sample (N = 906 galaxies) of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). Using spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from the PEGASE galaxy spectral evolution model, we apply dust attenuation corrections to the G- colors, using the Witt & Gordon models for radiative transfer in dusty galactic environments to arrive at the UV attenuation factors. We show that the dust in the LBGs exhibits SMC-like rather than Milky Way-like characteristics and that the dust geometry in these systems is most likely to be represented by a clumpy shell configuration. We show that the attenuation factor exhibits a pronounced dependence on the luminosity of the LBG, a1600 (L/L☉)α, where 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 1.5. The exponent α depends on the initial parameters of the stellar population chosen to model the galaxies and the dust properties. We find that the luminosity-weighted average attenuation factor is likely to be in the range from 5.7 to 18.5, which is consistent with the upper limits to the star formation rate at 2 < z < 4 set by the far-infrared background. This implies that the current UV/optical surveys do detect the bulk of the star formation during the epoch 2 < z < 4 but require substantial correction for internal dust attenuation.
Quantum groupoids and deformation quantization

Abstract The purpose of this Note is to unify quantum groups and star-products under a general umbrella: quantum groupoids . It is shown that a quantum groupoid naturally gives rise to a Lie bialgebroid as a classical limit. The converse question, i.e.. the quantization problem, is posed. In particular, any regular triangular Lie bialgebroid is shown quantizable. For the Lie bialgebroid of a Poisson manifold, its quantization is equivalent to a star-product.
Cycloaddition-Rearrangement Sequence of 2-Amido Substituted Furans as a Method of Synthesizing Hexahydroindolinones.

A convenient synthesis of various substituted hexahydroindolinones has been achieved by an intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition (IMDAF) reaction of 2-amido substituted furans. The initially formed [4 + 2] cycloadduct undergoes nitrogen-assisted ring opening followed by deprotonation of the resulting zwitterion to give the rearranged ketone. The stereochemical outcome of the IMDAF cycloaddition has the sidearm of the tethered alkenyl group oriented syn with respect to the oxygen bridge. The reaction rate and product yield were found to be markedly dependent upon the electronic properties of the alkenyl π-bond. 2-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylfuran-2-yl-amino)ethyl]acrylic acid methyl ester was synthesized from 3-chlorocarbonyl-but-3-enoic acid methyl ester. Thermolysis of the carbomethoxy activated furanamide occurred at 80 °C to produce a rearranged hexahydroindolinone. When Me3Al or (MeO)3Al was used as a Lewis acid to promote the cycloaddition, a rearranged alcohol was obtained. The initially formed [4 + 2...
On the nature of the baryon asymmetry

Abstract I examine here the question as to whether the baryon asymmetry in the universe is a locally varying or universally fixed number. In particular, I focus on the question as to the existence of a possible matter-antimatter domain structure for the universe deriving from a GUT with spontaneous CP symmetry breaking. I review theoretical considerations and astrophysical data and tests relating to this fundamental question.
Consumer Purchase Behavior in a Frequently Bought Product Category: Estimation Issues and Managerial Insights from a Hazard Function Model with Heterogeneity

Abstract We apply hazard function models to marketing data on household purchases of disposable diapers to calibrate repeat-purchase and brand-switching behaviors. In the model we allow for household-specific unobserved traits. Hazard function models with fixed-effects heterogeneity specification are computationally feasible. We directly compare the results of fixed- and random-effects heterogeneity specifications in the context of parametric and nonparametric duration-dependence functions. We find that a rigorous test fails to reject the random-effects specification in favor of the fixed-effects specification. The unimodal gamma distribution in the random-effects specification adequately captures unobserved heterogeneity.
Sultam Thioureas Synthesized via an Alternative Ring-Forming Reaction

AbstractA method for the synthesis of sultam thioureas via a different 1,4,2-dithiazolidine 1,1-dioxide ring-forming reaction is presented here. The syntheses of nine sultam thioureas were achieved in 53–81% yield by reacting N-substituted chloromethanesulfonamides with thiocarbamoyl isothiocyanates, which were formed in situ from the reaction of 5-(disubstituted amino)-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thiones with triphenylphosphine. Importantly, this method successfully allowed the substituent of the ring nitrogen atom to be varied. Additionally, the structures of four sultam thioureas were confirmed by x-ray diffraction.
Semiconducting Properties and Phase-Matching Nonlinear Optical Response of the One-Dimensional Selenophosphates ANb2PSe10 (A = K, Rb, and Cs)

The new compounds ANb2PSe10, where A = K, Rb and Cs, form from polyselenophosphate flux reactions and crystallize in the noncentrosymmetric space group Pc. They feature infinite one-dimensional 1/∞[Nb2PSe10–] chains separated by alkali cations. The chains consist of [Nb2(Se2)2]4+ clusters bridged by a diselenide and a [PSe4]3– group. The chains pack differently depending on which alkali cation is present in the lattice. As a result, the analogs are not isostructural with respect to each other, and each has a different unit cell. The reaction chemistry involving a multitude of reaction conditions and their respective products is discussed. Other products from these reactions include NbSe3 and Nb2Se9 in both crystalline and microfibrous morphologies. The ANb2PSe10 compounds are stable to oxidation in ambient air but decompose when heated above 350 °C. Their band gaps were measured to be 1.1–1.2 eV and the resistivity of the K analog at room temperature was measured at 4.5 Ω·cm. Nonlinear optical second harm...
PAR: A Professional Journal for Practitioners and Academicians

very different perspectives agree about an article. While any good social scientist ought to be able to spot a bad paper or appreciate a brilliant one, disciplinary differences sometimes cause reviewers to disagree. Adjudicating such disputes is the editor's equivalent of the policymaker's need to deal with conflicting political, economic and social pressures. The object is to maintain professional standards without falling victim to disciplinary vetoes.
Democracia liberal, camino de la autoridad humana y transición al vivir bien

Este trabajo cuestiona el uso acritico de la palabra “democracia”. Establece una distincion entre la democracia como un medio, y la democracia como un fin. Defiende que el ideal de la vida plena, justa y armoniosa no es aplicable solo a la democracia, y que hay otros caminos de llegarse a el, al lado de lo recorrido por la democracia liberal. Mas: sostiene que los medios adoptados por la democracia liberal, no solo no pueden imponerse a las demas regiones del mundo, si no que no han tenido exito en el propio Occidente. Finalmente, examina los medios alternativos para lograr los mismos fines propugnados por la democracia occidental, mas concretamente la via de la autoridad humana de la filosofia politica confuciana, y el “vivir bien” (suma qamana, en aymara, y suma kawsay, en quichua del Ecuador) del lenguaje politico del Estado boliviano y de los debates de la sociedad politica boliviana y latinoamericana. Tales vias paralelas tienen en comun el hecho de que no estan relacionados con la genealogia que va desde Grecia a Roma y de Roma a la Europa secular, asi como la percepcion de la necesidad de desengancharse del universalismo de la democracia (neo) liberal reduciendola a su localidad, lo que permite el resurgir de otras historias locales destituidas en nombre de la democracia. Concluye que esas y todas las demas trayectorias se enfrentan al reto de gestionar recursos escasos, una tarea a la que los Estados-nacion no han se mostrado capaces. De ahi el surgimiento de la sociedad politica global y la politizacion de la sociedad civil en todo el mundo, en todas las civilizaciones que estan reemergiendo esta vez sobre los logros – y no sobre las ruinas – de la Europa sur-occidental (Grecia, Italia, Espana, Portugal) y la perdida de hegemonia de los Estados Unidos.
Indigenous Cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual Reflections Beyond "Politics"

In Latin America indigenous politics has been branded as “ethnic politics.” Its activism is interpreted as a quest to make cultural rights prevail. Yet, what if “culture” is insufficient, even an inadequate notion, to think the challenge that indigenous politics represents? Drawing inspiration from recent political events in Peru—and to a lesser extent in Ecuador and Bolivia—where the indigenous–popular movement has conjured sentient entities (mountains, water, and soil—what we call “nature”) into the public political arena, the argument in this essay is threefold. First, indigeneity, as a historical formation, exceeds the notion of politics as usual, that is, an arena populated by rational human beings disputing the power to represent others vis-a-vis the state. Second, indigeneity's current political emergence—in oppositional antimining movements in Peru and Ecuador, but also in celebratory events in Bolivia—challenges the separation of nature and culture that underpins the prevalent notion of politics and its according social contract. Third, beyond “ethnic politics” current indigenous movements, propose a different political practice, plural not because of its enactment by bodies marked by gender, race, ethnicity or sexuality (as multiculturalism would have it), but because they conjure nonhumans as actors in the political arena.
Marx, Wages, and Cyclical Crises: A Critical Interpretation

This paper examines certain theoretical questions and issues relating to Marx's conception of wages under competitive capitalism. First, it is shown that the distinction between labour and the value of labour power is critically important for understanding the source of profits in competitive capitalism. Second, the value of labour power cannot be reduced either to the classical school's bare minimum subsistence level, or a “physically” determined minimum. Next, the paper discusses Marx's neglected distinction between absolute and relative real wages. It is shown that the purely technical relationship between wages and labour productivity is captured by the notion of absolute real wages. Marx, however, considered relative real wages to hold the key to understanding how one class appropriated the surplus labour time of another. Finally, the paper traces the movement of absolute and relative real wages for the active part of the working class during the various phases of the industrial cycle. It is argued that Marx believed that the secular decline in the value of labour power reflecting rising social (labour) productivity would be accompanied by a relative deterioration in the social position of the members of the active working class, and an absolute immiseration of the three major components of the relatively growing industrial reserve army.
Photocathode transfer and storage techniques using alkali vapor feedback control

Photocathodes of quantum efficiency above 1% at the doubled YAG frequency of 532 nM are very sensitive to the local vacuum environment. These cathodes must have a band gap of less than 2.3 eV, and a work function that is also on the order of {approximately}2 volts or less. As such, these surfaces are very reactive as they provide many surface states for the residual gases that have positive electron affinities such as oxygen and omnipotent water. Attendant to this problem is that the optimal operating point for some of these cesium based cathodes is unstable. Three of the cesium series were tried, the Cs-Ag-Bi-O, the Cs{sub 3}Sb and the K{sub 2}CsSb. The most stable material found is the K{sub 2}CsSb. The vacuum conditions can be met by a variety of pumping schemes. The vacuum is achieved by using sputter ion diode pumps, and baking at 250{degrees}C or less for whatever time is required to reduce the pump currents to below 1 uA at room temperature. To obtain the required partial pressure of cesium, a simple very sensitive diagnostic gauge has been developed that can discriminate between free alkali and other gases present. This Pressure Alkali Monitor (PAM) can bemore » used cesium sources to provide a low partial pressure using standard feedback techniques. Photocathodes of arbitrary composition have been transferred to a separate vacuum system and preserved for over 10 days with less than a 25% loss to the QE at 543.5 nM.« less
Recurrent pleural effusion without intrathoracic migration of ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter: A case report

Pleural effusion is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting, usually due to the migration of the VP shunt catheter into the thorax. Herein we report a neurologically disadvantaged child with a lobar holoprosencephaly and hydrocephalus, initially treated with a VP shunt, who years later developed recurrent right-sided pleural effusion ultimately confirmed to be a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrothorax without intra-thoracic migration of the distal shunt catheter. Thoracentesis was compatible with a transudative effusion. Given the presence of a persistent pleural effusion, beta-2 transferrin concentrations were measured, which yielded a positive result. Plain radiographs and head computed tomography (CT) showed a normally positioned, functional VP shunt. A spine CT myelogram to look for a spinal dural-thoracic CSF fistula was negative. A radionuclide CSF shunt study demonstrated normal functioning VP shunt with radiotracer accumulation within the peritoneum, with subsequent tracer rapidly accumulating in the right hemithorax. Video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) exploration with drainage of the pleural effusion and pleurodesis was then performed. No diaphragmatic defect or shunt tubing within the thorax was found and the procedure failed to resolve the effusion. The patient's recurrent effusion was ultimately resolved with intracranial endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation to decrease CSF output.
Hybrid Structural Model of the Complete Human ESCRT-0 Complex

The human Hrs and STAM proteins comprise the ESCRT-0 complex, which sorts ubiquitinated cell surface receptors to lysosomes for degradation. Here we report a model for the complete ESCRT-0 complex based on the crystal structure of the Hrs-STAM core complex, previously solved domain structures, hydrodynamic measurements, and Monte Carlo simulations. ESCRT-0 expressed in insect cells has a hydrodynamic radius of RH = 7.9 nm and is a 1:1 heterodimer. The 2.3 Angstroms crystal structure of the ESCRT-0 core complex reveals two domain-swapped GAT domains and an antiparallel two-stranded coiled-coil, similar to yeast ESCRT-0. ESCRT-0 typifies a class of biomolecular assemblies that combine structured and unstructured elements, and have dynamic and open conformations to ensure versatility in target recognition. Coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations constrained by experimental RH values for ESCRT-0 reveal a dynamic ensemble of conformations well suited for diverse functions.
Cosmological Limits to the Number of Massive Leptons

Abstract If massive leptons exist, their associated neutrinos would have been copiously produced in the early stages of the hot, big bang cosmology. These neutrinos would have contributed to the total energy density and would have had the effect of speeding up the expansion of the universe. The effect of the speed-up on primordial nucleosynthesis is to produce a higher abundance of 4He. It is shown that observational limits to the primordial abundance of 4He lead to the constraint that the total number of types of heavy lepton must be less than or equal to 5.
Universally L 1 -bad arithmetic sequences

We present a modified version of Buczolich and Mauldin’s proof that the sequence of square numbers is universally L1-bad. We extend this result to a large class of sequences, including the dth powers and the set of primes. Furthermore, we show that any subsequence of the averages taken along these sequences is also universally L1-bad.
Real Exchange Rate Levels, Productivity and Demand Shocks: Evidence from a Panel of 14 Countries

We investigate the long-run relationship between the real exchange rate, traded and non-traded productivity levels, and government spending for 14 OECD countries, using recently developed panel cointegration tests. The results indicate that under certain assumptions it is easier to detect cointegration in panel data than in the available time series; moreover, the rate of reversion to long-run equilibrium is estimated with greater precision.
The Effect of Exercise on Earnings: Evidence from the NLSY

This paper investigates whether engaging in regular exercise leads to higher earnings in the labor market. While there has been a recent surge of interest by economists on the issue of obesity, relatively little attention has been given to the economic effects of regular physical activity apart from its impact on body composition. I find that engaging in regular exercise yields a 6 to 10% wage increase. The results also show that while even moderate exercise yields a positive earnings effect, frequent exercise generates an even larger impact. These findings are fairly robust to a variety of estimation techniques, including propensity score matching.
Dissipation Efficiency in Turbulent Convective Zones in Low Mass Stars

We extend the analysis of Penev et al. to calculate effective viscosities for the surface convective zones of three main-sequence stars of 0.775 M{sub sun}, 0.85 M{sub sun}, and the present day Sun. In addition, we also pay careful attention to all normalization factors and assumptions in order to derive actual numerical prescriptions for the effective viscosity as a function of the period and direction of the external shear. Our results are applicable for periods that are too long to correspond to eddies that fall within the inertial subrange of Kolmogorov scaling, but no larger than the convective turnover time, when the assumptions of the calculation break down. We find moderately anisotropic viscosity, scaling linearly with the period of the external perturbation, with its components having magnitudes between three and ten times smaller than the Zahn's prescription.
Password cracking: a game of wits

The following report has been gleaned from "A Tour of the Worm," an in-depth account of the November Internet infection. The author found the worm's crypt algorithm a frustrating, yet engaging, puzzle.
Integrability of supersymmetric quantum matrix models in the large N limit

Abstract Many physical systems like supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories are formulated as quantum matrix models. We discuss how to apply the Bethe ansatz to exactly solve some supersymmetric quantum matrix models in the large- N limit. Toy models are constructed out of the one-dimensional Hubbard and t-J models as illustrations.
Synthesis of α-halo-α,α-difluoromethyl ketones by a trifluoroacetate release/halogenation protocol.

Three series of α-halo-α,α-difluoromethyl ketones are prepared from highly α-fluorinated gem-diols by exploiting the facile release of trifluoroacetate, followed by immediate trapping of the liberated α,α-difluoroenolate with an electrophilic chlorine, bromine, or iodine source. The products are typically isolated in good yields, even in the case of sensitive, α-iodo-α,α-difluoromethyl ketones. Also, we demonstrate that an α-iodo-α,α-difluoromethyl ketone will participate in a copper-promoted reaction to forge a new carbon–carbon bond.
“Beyond the Melting Pot”: Cultural Transmission, Marriage, and the Evolution of Ethnic and Religious Traits

This paper presents an economic analysis of the intergenerational transmission of ethnic and religious traits through family socialization and marital segregation decisions. Frequency of intragroup marriage (homogamy), as well as socialization rates of religious and ethnic groups, depend on the group's share of the population: minority groups search more intensely for homogamous mates, and spend more resources to socialize their offspring. This pattern generally induces a dynamics of the distribution of ethnic and religious traits which converges to a culturally heterogeneous stationary population. Existing empirical evidence bearing directly and indirectly on the implications of the model is discussed.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC PROPERTIES OF URANIUM DIOXIDE FROM 5 TO 330 GPa

ABSTRACT We have measured the shock-compression parameters for UO2 to 330 GPa. The Hugoniot elastic limit was found to be 5.7 GPa. Evidence for a shock-induced phase transition was observed at about 54 GPa.
General features of supersymmetric signals at the ILC: Solving the CERN LHC inverse problem

We present the first detailed, large-scale study of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) at the {radical}(s)=500 GeV International Linear Collider (ILC), including full standard model backgrounds and detector simulation. This is the first realistic study of the capabilities of the ILC examining the physics of many distinct points in MSSM parameter space which are not linked to a particular supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking mechanism. Specifically, we investigate 242 points in the MSSM parameter space, which we term models, that correspond to the 162 pairs of models that were found by Arkani-Hamed et al. to give indistinguishable signatures at the LHC. We first determine whether the production of the various SUSY particles is visible above the standard model background for each of these parameter space points, and then make a detailed comparison of their various signatures. Assuming an integrated luminosity of 500 fb{sup -1} with 80% electron beam polarization, we find that only 82 out of 242 models lead to visible signatures of some kind with a significance {>=}5 and that only 57 (63) out of the 162 model pairs are distinguishable at 5 (3){sigma}. Our analysis includes PYTHIA and CompHEP SUSY signal generation, full matrix element SM backgrounds for allmore » 2{yields}2, 2{yields}4 and 2{yields}6 processes, ILC-specific initial state radiation and beamstrahlung generated via WHIZARD/GuineaPig, and employs the fast SiD detector simulation org.lcsim. If SUSY is light, the ILC will do a good job at examining its details.« less
Breaking the spatial resolution barrier via iterative sound-light interaction in deep tissue microscopy

Optical microscopy has so far been restricted to superficial layers, leaving many important biological questions unanswered. Random scattering causes the ballistic focus, which is conventionally used for image formation, to decay exponentially with depth. Optical imaging beyond the ballistic regime has been demonstrated by hybrid techniques that combine light with the deeper penetration capability of sound waves. Deep inside highly scattering media, the sound focus dimensions restrict the imaging resolutions. Here we show that by iteratively focusing light into an ultrasound focus via phase conjugation, we can fundamentally overcome this resolution barrier in deep tissues and at the same time increase the focus to background ratio. We demonstrate fluorescence microscopy beyond the ballistic regime of light with a threefold improved resolution and a fivefold increase in contrast. This development opens up practical high resolution fluorescence imaging in deep tissues.
Diel Periodicity of Fish Sound Production in Charlotte Harbor, Florida

Abstract Diel periodicity in sound production of estuarine fishes was documented in Charlotte Harbor, Florida, from 7 May to 10 June 2003. A long-term acoustic recording system was used to record 10 s of sound every 10 min within the frequency range of 0-1,250 Hz. Diel patterns in fish sound production were well defined throughout the study period. Chorusing events dominated by sand seatrout Cynoscion arenarius reached a mean daily (24-h period) maximum sound pressure level of 117 dB relative to a reference effective pressure of 1 μPa. Mean daily chorus start and end times were 1726 and 0210 hours Eastern Standard Time, respectively, and chorus events lasted an average of 8.7 h. Other species recorded on most nights included the Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta, spotted seatrout C. nebulosus, and silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura. The results from this study demonstrate how this technology can be scaled to examine spawning soniferous fishes across large spatial and temporal scales.