cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Waves on Bulk Liquid Helium

The velocity of a surface wave on bulk liquid helium is measured as a function of frequency at temperatures above and below the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point. The results do not reproduce those of Everitt, Atkins, and Denenstein. Below the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point our results follow the classical theory, and no two-fluid effects are seen. There is some deviation from simple theory above the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point. The variation in wave amplitude as a function of temperature is qualitatively consistent with the amplitude variation expected from consideration of the specific-heat curve.
KCNE1 and KCNE3 β-Subunits Regulate Membrane Surface Expression of Kv12.2 K+ Channels In Vitro and Form a Tripartite Complex In Vivo

Voltage-gated potassium channels that activate near the neuronal resting membrane potential are important regulators of excitation in the nervous system, but their functional diversity is still not well understood. For instance, Kv12.2 (ELK2, KCNH3) channels are highly expressed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and although they are most likely to contribute to resting potassium conductance, surprisingly little is known about their function or regulation. Here we demonstrate that the auxiliary MinK (KCNE1) and MiRP2 (KCNE3) proteins are important regulators of Kv12.2 channel function. Reduction of endogenous KCNE1 or KCNE3 expression by siRNA silencing, significantly increased macroscopic Kv12.2 currents in Xenopus oocytes by around 4-fold. Interestingly, an almost 9-fold increase in Kv12.2 currents was observed with the dual injection of KCNE1 and KCNE3 siRNA, suggesting an additive effect. Consistent with these findings, over-expression of KCNE1 and/or KCNE3 suppressed Kv12.2 currents. Membrane surface biotinylation assays showed that surface expression of Kv12.2 was significantly increased by KCNE1 and KCNE3 siRNA, whereas total protein expression of Kv12.2 was not affected. KCNE1 and KCNE3 siRNA shifted the voltages for half-maximal activation to more hyperpolarized voltages, indicating that KCNE1 and KCNE3 may also inhibit activation gating of Kv12.2. Native co-immunoprecipitation assays from mouse brain membranes imply that KCNE1 and KCNE3 interact with Kv12.2 simultaneously in vivo, suggesting the existence of novel KCNE1-KCNE3-Kv12.2 channel tripartite complexes. Together these data indicate that KCNE1 and KCNE3 interact directly with Kv12.2 channels to regulate channel membrane trafficking.
A three-component concept of the chromosphere and transition region

It is proposed that present observations of the chromosphere and transition region in EUV, optical and mm wavelengths are best described by a three-component concept. The three components are taken to be: the interiors of supergranular cells, the hot plagettes overlying faculae, and the cooler, transient mottles which surround them in the network boundaries. The enhanced emission of the hot plagettes in transition ions is interpreted as a direct result of the increased pressure scale height over faculae relative to the cell interiors.
Unexplored antecedents of exiting in a marketing channel

Abstract Despite its importance to the maintenance of interfirm relationships and thus relationship marketing, comparatively little is known of exiting in marketing channels. This research proposes that exiting has novel antecedents that include loyal behavior, voice, and relationship neglect, in addition to relationship satisfaction and the cost to exit the relationship. The study results support this proposal in a marketing channel context, and provide some surprises including hints that it might be possible for wholesalers to identify retailers with relationship exiting potential in time to reduce that potential.
Applications of Physically Adsorbed Polymer Coatings in Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract Physically adsorbed polymer coated capillaries are used to enhance separations in capillary electrophoresis (CE) by preventing adsorption of species to the fused silica surfaces and/or by modifying the electro‐osmotic flow (EOF) in the capillaries. In this review, the application of the physically adsorbed coating in CZE, MEKC, NACE, CGE, chiral CE, and CIEF is explored. Emphasis is given to the more recent developments in the field.
Calculation of large-size polyethylene pipes with hollow walls

For polyethylene pipes with a hollow (cellular) wall, we have proposed a method for the estimation of the stress-strain state arising under the action of soils. We have considered two modes of the loading of a cellular pipe: with a rigid base and with subsidence into the soil. We have established which of the building standards for pipes with a solid wall should be used in the calculations of pipes with a hollow wall. We have calculated the critical deflections of pipes and determined the criteria that must be used for the assigned geometrical and mechanical parameters of pipes and soils.
Effect of fiber coating and interfacial debonding on crack growth in fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract The problem of a crack impinging upon an interface between dissimilar materials is investigated using a Consistent Shear-Lag (COSL) model. The purpose is to determine whether the crack will penetrate the interface or be deflected into it. This is important in fiber-reinforced composites since fracture resistance can be enhanced when deflection is favored over penetration. To determine the mode of crack growth, the energy release rates associated with each mode (penetration and deflection) are calculated and the ratio of energy release rates is compared to the corresponding ratio of toughnesses. Results are given for fiber-reinforced composite materials. Since many practical composites are produced using coated fibers, the energy release rate ratio is given for various types of coatings and varying coating thicknesses. It is possible to infer that coating thickness has a small effect, but that the best toughness can be achieved from the thinnest possible coating. Since realistic composite materials often contain inherent flaws such as debonding at the fiber-matrix interface, the previous formulation is modified to include a crack impinging upon an initially debonded interface. It is shown that proximity of the crack tip to the debond is very important in predicting the mode of crack growth.
Schwarz-Pick-type estimates for the hyperbolic derivative

We obtain Schwarz-Pick-type estimates for the hyperbolic derivative of an analytic self-map of the unit disk in .
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS OF FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS IN THE EVERGLADES

Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) communities of Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), a 43281 ha Northern Everglades impoundment, are being invaded by cattail (Typha spp.). Results from analyses suggest that the yearly invasion rate of cattails has increased from 1% in 1973 to 4% by 1987. The total area of the landscape impacted by cattail increased from <5% (2054 ha) in 1973 to more than one-third of the landscape (16017 ha) by 1991. The landscape also became more fragmented. The number of sawgrass patches increased from 173 in 1973 to 5709 by 1991. During the same period the lacunarity index of sawgrass changed from 2.8 to 3.9. The effects of agricultural phosphorus (P) runoff and water depth (D) on invasion of cattail were expressed as, Probpe = 1/(1 + αe−βP) + ζD/P. The threshold for accelerated cattail invasion was estimated at ≈650 mg/kg soil total phosphorus. Cattail dispersal was mostly spatially dependent. For a given year, the probabilities of sawgrass changing to cattail based on the number of 1–8 adjacent cattail cells (20 × 20 m) were calculated to be Probad = [0.049 0.052 0.061 0.065 0.069 0.072 0.076 0.094]. The probabilities Probpe and Probad were used as Markov chain probabilities in a spatial model to simulate vegetation dynamics. The simulated landscape matched the actual landscape with an overall accuracy of 72.8% and predicted that cattail would invade 50% of WCA-2A in another 6–10 yr if the driving forces remain unchanged.
Support for Decisions Varying in Arbitrariness

Forty-eight subjects read eight scenarios in which a decision was made between alternatives varying in arbitrariness. Nonarbitrary solutions were perceived as most deserving of support and unwarrantedly arbitrary solutions were judged least deserving. Warrantedly arbitrary solutions were rated between these two. Subjects rated decisions having personal import more negatively than those concerned with impersonal content. Suggestions for future research on normative change are made.
Subcellular location of hypothalamic progesterone metabolizing enzymes and evidence for distinct NADH- and NADPH-linked 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities.

Abstract The subcellular location of adult female rat hypothalamic steroid 5α-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3α-HSD) activities, which catalyze the conversion of progesterone to 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one via 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, have been investigated using 3 H-labeled substrates and an isotopic dilution assay system. In crude homogenates, appreciable conversion of 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione to 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one is observed with either NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The NADH-and NADPH-linked 3α-HSD activities can be partially separated and enriched using subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation. The subcellular location of these 3α-HSD activities as well as progesterone 5α-reductase activity was determined with the aid of subcellular markers and electron microscopic techniques. When NADPH is the added cofactor, 3α-HSD activity is present primarily in the cytosol and cofractionates with lactate dehydrogenase activity. When NADH is the added cofactor, 3α-HSD activity is enriched in the 1000 g pellet and is further localized to a cell debris-membranes fraction derived from this pellet. Using the muscarinic cholinergic receptor as a plasma membrane marker, the NADH-linked 3α-HSD activity appears to cofractionate with plasma membranes in subcellular fractions. Progesterone 5α-reductase activity is enriched in the 105,000 g pellet and cofractionates with NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, suggesting a microsomal location. On the basis of these results, there appear to be at least two hypothalamic 3α-HSD's, a cytosolic NADPH-linked activity and a plasma membrane NADH-linked 3α-HSD activity.
A comparison of disrupted sleep patterns in women with cancer-related fatigue and postmenopausal women without cancer

Purpose Fatigue and disrupted sleep often coexist and both are prominent clinical problems in cancer affecting quality of life. Disrupted sleep patterns are likely related to cancer-related fatigue. The relationship needs further investigation. This study aimed to characterize and compare disrupted sleep patterns in fatigued breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with postmenopausal women without a history of cancer. Anxiety levels were also examined.
Linear Preserver Problems

Linear preserver problems is an active research area in matrix and operator theory. These problems involve certain linear operators on spaces of matrices or operators. We give a general introduction to the subject in this article. In the first three sections, we discuss motivation, results, and problems. In the last three sections, we describe some techniques, outline a few proofs, and discuss some exceptional results. 1. EXAMPLES AND TYPICAL PROBLEMS. Let Mm,n be the set of m × n complex matrices, and let Mn = Mn,n. Suppose that M, N ∈ Mn satisfy det( MN ) = 1. Then the mapping φ : Mn → Mn given by
Structure of the Catalytic Domain of Human Polo-like Kinase 1†,‡

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an attractive target for the development of anticancer agents due to its importance in regulating cell-cycle progression. Overexpression of Plk1 has been detected in a variety of cancers, and expression levels often correlate with poor prognosis. Despite high interest in Plk1-targeted therapeutics, there is currently no structure publicly available to guide structure-based drug design of specific inhibitors. We determined the crystal structures of the T210V mutant of the kinase domain of human Plk1 complexed with the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMPPNP) or the pyrrolo-pyrazole inhibitor PHA-680626 at 2.4 and 2.1 A resolution, respectively. Plk1 adopts the typical kinase domain fold and crystallized in a conformation resembling the active state of other kinases. Comparison of the kinetic parameters determined for the (unphosphorylated) wild-type enzyme, as well as the T210V and T210D mutants, shows that the mutations primarily affect the kcat of the re...
Adaptive fuzzy c-means algorithm for image segmentation in the presence of intensity inhomogeneities

We present a novel algorithm for obtaining fuzzy segmentations of images that are subject to multiplicative intensity inhomogeneities, such as magnetic resonance images. The algorithm is formulated by modifying the objective function in the fuzzy c-means algorithm to include a multiplier field, which allows the centroids for each class to vary across the image. First and second order regularization terms ensure that the multiplier field is both slowly varying and smooth. An iterative algorithm that minimizes the objective function is described, and its efficacy is demonstrated on several test images.
The material allocation problem in the steel industry

A major challenge in the initial stage of production planning for the steel industry is the material allocation problem (MAP): finding the best match of orders and materials (steel slabs and coils) with respect to an objective function that takes into account order due dates, preferences for matches, allocated weights, surplus weights of materials, and other factors. The MAP is NP-hard and is difficult to solve optimally. We apply a local search algorithm for the MAP that includes rich moves, such as ejection chain methods. Our algorithm is yielding considerable cost reduction in a real steelworks. In particular, a two-variable integer programming (TVIP) neighborhood search technique contributed to the cost reductions. TVIP defines a neighborhood space for the local search as a two-variable integer programming problem and efficiently finds a solution in the neighborhood. By using TVIP, the number of small batches of surplus material can be successfully reduced.
Network analysis of positional candidate genes of schizophrenia highlights...more than... myelin-related pathways.

Network analysis of positional candidate genes of schizophrenia highlights…more than… myelin-related pathways
Sol-gel capillary microextraction.

Sol−gel capillary microextraction (sol−gel CME) is introduced as a viable solventless extraction technique for the preconcentration of trace analytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of sol−gel-coated capillaries in analytical microextraction. Sol−gel-coated capillaries were employed for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide variety of polar and nonpolar analytes. Two different types of sol−gel coatings were used for extraction: sol−gel poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and sol−gel poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). An in-house-assembled gravity-fed sample dispensing unit was used to perform the extraction. The analysis of the extracted analytes was performed by gas chromatography (GC). The extracted analytes were transferred to the GC column via thermal desorption. For this, the capillary with the extracted analytes was connected to the inlet end of the GC column using a two-way press-fit fused-silica connector housed inside the GC injection port. Desorption of the analytes from the ...
On the Importance of a Single Data Standard

The Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) has developed standards for data models, study design, and supporting clinical trial documents. CDISC standards have made such gains that the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research strongly encourages their use and implementation for submission of drug applications. However, despite the advances and improvements in these standards over the years and the ever-looming threat that they may someday be a requirement for drug applications, many are skeptical of a single standard and fail to understand the far-reaching advantages of adopting it. In this article we address the concerns and present numerous tangible benefits of CDISC standards.
Bioabsorbable interference screws in ACL reconstruction

The purpose of this article is to discuss the bioabsorbable interference screws currently available for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A brief review of the literature regarding the use of bioabsorbable interference screws is included. The screw design, insertion technique, graft options, and various manufactured sizes for each screw are addressed. Relevant screw characteristics to consider include availability of guidewire, tap, and tunnel notching devices to ease insertion.
TreeFix: statistically informed gene tree error correction using species trees.

Accurate gene tree reconstruction is a fundamental problem in phylogenetics, with many important applications. However, sequence data alone often lack enough information to confidently support one gene tree topology over many competing alternatives. Here, we present a novel framework for combining sequence data and species tree information, and we describe an implementation of this framework in TreeFix, a new phylogenetic program for improving gene tree reconstructions. Given a gene tree (preferably computed using a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic program), TreeFix finds a “statistically equivalent” gene tree that minimizes a species tree-based cost function. We have applied TreeFix to 2 clades of 12 Drosophila and 16 fungal genomes, as well as to simulated phylogenies and show that it dramatically improves reconstructions compared with current state-of-the-art programs. Given its accuracy, speed, and simplicity, TreeFix should be applicable to a wide range of analyses and have many important implications for future investigations of gene evolution. The source code and a sample data set are available at http://compbio.mit.edu/treefix.
Negative and positive regulation by a short segment in the 5'-flanking region of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene.

Abstract To analyze the significance of inducible DNase I-hypersensitive sites occurring in the 5'-flanking sequence of the major immediate-early gene of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), various deleted portions of the HCMV immediate-early promoter regulatory region were attached to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and assayed for activity in transiently transfected undifferentiated and differentiated human teratocarcinoma cells, Tera-2. Assays of progressive deletions in the promoter regulatory region indicated that removal of a 395-base-pair portion of this element (nucleotides -750 to -1145) containing two inducible DNase I sites which correlate with gene expression resulted in a 7.5-fold increase in CAT activity in undifferentiated cells. However, in permissive differentiated Tera-2, human foreskin fibroblast, and HeLa cells, removal of this regulatory region resulted in decreased activity. In addition, attachment of this HCMV upstream element to a homologous or heterologous promoter increased activity three- to fivefold in permissive cells. Therefore, a cis regulatory element exists 5' to the enhancer of the major immediate-early gene of HCMV. This element negative modulates expression in nonpermissive cells but positively influences expression in permissive cells.
Reading the Tea Leaves—Did Citigroup Risk Their Reputation During 2004–2005? Presented at ICAA's Second International Conference Globalization – The Good Corporation June 26–28, 2007 Baruch College, New York City

In this paper, we challenge the conventional wisdom that high-quality news reports of questionable corporate business practices will stimulate various marketplace negative responses, which in turn, will pressure management to undertake actions designed to protect the organization's reputation. Analysis is confined to a relatively brief period of bad news relating to Citigroup, Inc. We conclude that while none of the expected negative marketplace responses are evident in widely available news sources, the CEO did exhibit significant concern and instituted a targeted reputation risk management program. In the absence of a concerned CEO, analysts should not, we suggest, expect a management team to respond with reputation-enhancing corrective action solely as a reaction to negative publicity regarding questionable business practices.
Prophylactic Oophorectomy Reduces Breast Cancer Penetrance During Prospective, Long-Term Follow-Up of BRCA1 Mutation Carriers

Purpose Breast cancer penetrance estimates in BRCA1 mutation carriers have varied from 40% to 85%; this heterogeneity has been attributed to variations in risk among different study populations. No study has taken oophorectomy status into account in estimating penetrance. Because prophylactic oophorectomy reduces breast cancer risk by approximately 50%, we hypothesized that population differences in oophorectomy prevalence might significantly influence breast cancer penetrance estimates. Methods Females from multiple-case breast/ovarian cancer families that segregate deleterious BRCA1 mutations were observed prospectively for breast cancer incidence and oophorectomy. Results Within this cohort, 33 cases of breast cancer developed in 98 women with deleterious BRCA1 mutations during follow-up, yielding an estimated cumulative lifetime breast cancer risk of 80%. This estimate increased to 94% when the study participants were censored at the time of oophorectomy. Six of the 33 mutation-positive women who unde...
Neural Regulatory Pathways of Feeding and Fat in Caenorhabditis elegans

The compact nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans and its genetic tractability are features that make this organism highly suitable for investigating energy balance in an animal system. Here, we focus on molecular components and organizational principles emerging from the investigation of pathways that largely originate in the nervous system and regulate feeding behavior but also peripheral fat regulation through neuroendocrine signaling. We provide an overview of studies aimed at understanding how C. elegans integrate internal and external cues in feeding behavior. We highlight some of the similarities and differences in energy balance between C. elegans and mammals. We also provide our perspective on unresolved issues, both conceptual and technical, that we believe have hampered critical evaluation of findings relevant to fat regulation in C. elegans.
Graduated driver licensing research in 2004 and 2005

This is the second update of research on graduated driver licensing (GDL) and teenage drivers. It briefly summarizes research in progress and research published since the January 2004 update (Hedlund, J. & Compton, R. [2004]. Graduated driver licensing research in 2003 and beyond. Journal of Safety Research 35(1), 5-11). Research has been very active, especially on teenage driver risk factors, GDL program evaluations, the role of parents in managing and training their teenage drivers, and driver education. Results have strengthened the case for GDL, for nighttime and passenger restrictions, and for extended supervised driving practice.
A new approach to understanding kinetic cooperativity when the Hill coefficients are less than 2

The simple enzyme kinetic equation, Vv = 1 + K[S] + D(A + [S]), allows one to obtain more information than does the Michaelis-Menten equation, from many nonlinear Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots in terms of four useful empirical parameters V, K, D, and A. Thus, in the absence of substrate inhibition, maximum or minimum Hill coefficients (H) from 0 to 2 are given by the expression H2(1 − H) = 4KD. Only the parameter D can be negative and this is associated either with positive kinetic cooperativity (1 <H < 2) or substrate inhibition ((K + D) ≤, 0). By assuming that dissociation of the product is an exchange reaction coupled with either binding of the substrate or a surrogate ligand (competitive inhibitor), a minimal model was obtained that defines these four empirical parameters in terms of only five specific chemical reaction rate constants that can, in fact, be evaluated experimentally. In this model negative kinetic cooperativity (0 <H < 1) results when the substrate displaces the modifier more easily than the product and positive kinetic cooperativity (1 <H < 2) when the converse is true, whether this occurs by a direct displacement or through allosteric interactions. This simple minimal model successfully predicts how the parameters vary with the concentration of surrogate ligand (competitive inhibitor) in several instances. In particular a new equation [1(H − 1) = α + β[modifier]] that relates the Hill coefficient (H) to the modifier concentration was derived and shown to be empirically valid for both Eschericia coli phosphofructokinase and yeast pyruvate kinase even though they have Hill coefficients up to 4.
Redox ratios with relevant resolution: Solving an old problem by using the synchrotron microXANES probe

In situ measurements of the oxidation state of iron in common minerals have been made by using the synchrotron microXANES (SmX) technique. The results compare very well with wet-chemical and Mossbauer spectroscopic analyses of the same samples. Areas of 10 × 20 µm have been measured successfully, and the results demonstrate that both zoning of Fe3+ and the effect of oxide inclusions on bulk analyses can be quantified. Such sample heterogeneity cannot be detected by conventional bulk analytical techniques. The ability to measure Fe3+/ΣFe with spatial resolution comparable to that of the electron probe further enhances the importance of microbeam techniques in the earth and planetary sciences. Direct measurements of elemental oxidation states that can constrain oxidation-reduction processes are now possible with close to the spatial resolution of traditional compositional analyses derived from electron, or ion, beam and optical microscopic techniques. New, more intense, synchrotron sources such as the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, are becoming available for analyses of 1–10 µm areas.
Alternatives to the National Formulary Procedure for Detecting Nitrobenzene in Benzaldehyde

A TLC technique has been developed which can be used to detect microgram quantities of nitrobenzene in benzaldehyde. This method, with its sensitivity and simplicity, provides a great advantage over the current detection procedure in the NF XII. A color complex reaction utilizing sodium pentacyanoamine ferroate and a spot test procedure on filter paper were also investigated, and each of these offers specific advantages over the current NF procedure. A mechanism for formation of the color complex is postulated.
A Modified Nucleotide in tRNA as a Possible Regulator of Aerobiosis: Synthesis of cis=2=Methyl- thioribosylzeatin in the tRNA of Salmonella

Abstract The state of modification of the adenosine residue (A37), found adjacent to the anticodon in tRNAs that recognize codons beginning with U, varies in Salmonella bacteria grown under different physiological conditions. In aerobically grown bacteria, these tRNAs contain ms 2 io 6 A and in bacteria grown anaerobically they contain its precursor, ms 2 i 6 A. The hydroxylation of the isopentenyl (i 6 −) side chain of ms 2 i 6 A does not occur in the absence of oxygen. When the bacteria are grown under iron or cysteine limitation the tRNAs contain predominantly i 6 A, rather than ms 2 i 6 A, ms 2 io 6 A, or io 6 A. The bacteria do not methylthiolate (ms 2 −) the i 6 A under these conditions. A Salmonella miaA mutant lacking the isopentenylation enzyme contains an A37 rather than any of the modified forms. Some of the biosynthetic pathways of the amino acids corresponding to ms 2 i 6 A containing tRNAs (phe, tyr, trp, ser, leu, cys) are known to have altered regulation depending on the state of modification of nucleoside A37. This regulation appears to be effected through attenuation. We hypothesize that these varying states of modification are related to electron-acceptor pathways in anaerobic or aerobic growth. The role of ms 2 io 8 -adenine (the cytokinin hormone in plants) and i 6 -adenine (an activator of the cell cycle in animal cells) is discussed as related to the role of modifying enzymes in regulation.
Implementing a Simple Process for Pre-op Bathing in the Cardiovascular Surgery Population

ISSUE: Urinary Tract Infections [UTIs] are a leading cause of lost treatment opportunities, severe clinical outcomes such as sepsis and shock and increases in patient length of stay [LOS] in the rehabilitation population. PROJECT: Our objectivewas to identify opportunities to reduce UTIs, especially in patients who have indwelling Foley Catheters [FCs]. A UTI Task Force was formed; Study design included a random sampling of patients within the rehabilitation hospital setting who had indwelling FC. National Healthcare Safety Network [NHSN] surveillance definitions for CAUTI were utilized. From 2008 e 2010 biostatical analysis reviewed 150 subject cases. The UTI Task Force interventions included: patient related factors (gender and neurogenic bladder), caregiver related factors (hand washing and device insertion techniques), and system related factors (policies, review policies, competencies, nurse rounding, physician orders and antibiotic usage). RESULTS: At the conclusion of the study there was a 30% decrease in the Number of UTIs in patients who had indwelling catheters (baseline period n1⁄4 156 and intervention period n1⁄4 109) with cost savings of $47,329. Contributing factors placing patients at risk of infection showing statistical significance were: FC usage greater than 6 days (p-value 0.0001) and bladder not fully emptied (pvalue 0.0033). Reducing FC-associated UTIs also shortened the LOS by 53.7% (41 LOS days with FC-associated UTIs as compared to 19 LOS days without UTI) a net decrease in LOS of 22 days.
The Psychologist as a Pediatric Consultant

There has been a proliferation of terms describing the generic field of practice and research in psychological applications to pediatric problems and children’s health. Roberts (1986a) discusses the various terms and what they convey. This chapter uses the term pediatric psychology to describe the roles and functions of psychologists in consultation with pediatricians because this term has been extant longer than any other and properly denotes the psychologist aspects of behavioral pediatrics. Roberts, Maddux, and Wright (1984) state that “pediatric psychology as a field of research and practice has been concerned with a wide variety of topics in the relationship between the psychological and physical wellbeing of children including behavioral and emotional concomitants of disease and illness, the role of psychology in pediatric medicine, and the promotion of health and the prevention of illness among healthy children” (pp. 56–57).
A sequence labeling approach to link medications and their attributes in clinical notes and clinical trial announcements for information extraction.

Objective The goal of this work was to evaluate machine learning methods, binary classification and sequence labeling, for medication–attribute linkage detection in two clinical corpora. Data and methods We double annotated 3000 clinical trial announcements (CTA) and 1655 clinical notes (CN) for medication named entities and their attributes. A binary support vector machine (SVM) classification method with parsimonious feature sets, and a conditional random fields (CRF)-based multi-layered sequence labeling (MLSL) model were proposed to identify the linkages between the entities and their corresponding attributes. We evaluated the system's performance against the human-generated gold standard. Results The experiments showed that the two machine learning approaches performed statistically significantly better than the baseline rule-based approach. The binary SVM classification achieved 0.94 F-measure with individual tokens as features. The SVM model trained on a parsimonious feature set achieved 0.81 F-measure for CN and 0.87 for CTA. The CRF MLSL method achieved 0.80 F-measure on both corpora. Discussion and conclusions We compared the novel MLSL method with a binary classification and a rule-based method. The MLSL method performed statistically significantly better than the rule-based method. However, the SVM-based binary classification method was statistically significantly better than the MLSL method for both the CTA and CN corpora. Using parsimonious feature sets both the SVM-based binary classification and CRF-based MLSL methods achieved high performance in detecting medication name and attribute linkages in CTA and CN.
Simplified Turbidimetric Assay for Lipase Activity

Serum lipase is determined by following turbidity changes during two 1-min intervals after adding serum to an olive oil emulsion containing desoxycholate. The olive oil emulsion is simply prepared and is stable for a month under refrigeration. Our observations confirm the findings of other investigators that increases in serum lipase activity are more accentuated than increases in serum amylase activity during pancreatitis. With the present fast and convenient method, serum lipase appears to be a better test for pancreatitis than is serum amylase.
Advances In Multilayer X-Ray/EUV Optics: Synthesis, Performance And Instrumentation

The field of multilayer optics for the X-ray, Soft X-ray and extreme ultra violet is maturing at a rapid pace. There are more than fourty groups worldwide actively working in this area. A large part of these efforts are directed to improving the quality of multilayer structures by developing a better understanding of the synthesis-structure-property relationships. Although the quality of multilayer structures may be substantially improved there are now significant instruemental apllications for these reflecting optics. In this paper the current status of this field is discussed.
Is the Public Convinced That “Nothing Works?” Predictors of Treatment Support for Sex Offenders Among Americans

It is presumed that public opposition to sex offender treatment derives from the “nothing works” philosophy. However, few studies have systematically unpacked perceptions about sex offender treatment. Drawing on national poll data, this study uses multinomial logistic regression to identify predictors of treatment views. Results indicate that misperceptions about sex crimes, particularly the belief in “stranger danger” and offense amplification, reduce support for treatment. Parents with children under age 17 were less likely to approve of treatment efforts, because they did not believe the treatment research. Separately, belief in high sex offender recidivism was associated with a greater likelihood of not sure responses about treatment. In contrast, desiring more information about how to prevent sexual offending increased support for interventions. Implications are discussed.
Existence Results for Some Second-Order Differential Equations

Let α ∈ (0,1). Fix once and for all a separable infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space \((\mathcal{H},\langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle,\|\cdot \|)\).
Heat Injury of Bacterial Spores

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the heat injury of bacterial spores. Heat injury of bacterial spores, like injury of vegetative cells, is characterized by the inability of the injured spores, as a result of sublethal damage suffered during heating, to develop visible signs of growth under conditions suitable or even optimal for unheated spores. Unlike vegetative cells, spores must germinate and complete outgrow before the vegetative cell growth can begin. Germination and outgrowth are distinct developmental stages, each with unique biochemical processes and cultural requirements. It is not surprising that a number of types of injury have been reported for spores involving both germination and outgrowth systems. The first stage in the development of an actively growing vegetative cell from a dormant spore is germination. It is a degradative process involving the rapid depolymerization, and excretion of spore constituents resulting in a loss of about 30% of the spore dry weight. Spore germination generally does not occur spontaneously, but is mediated by a wide variety of agents. Germination in bacteriological media and foods is stimulated by the so-called “nutrient germination stimulants.”
Flavor Physics and CP Violation

These notes overlap with lectures given at the TASI summer schools in 2014 and 2011, as well as at the European School of High Energy Physics in 2013. This is primarily an attempt at transcribing my hand-written notes, with emphasis on topics and ideas discussed in the lectures. It is not a comprehensive
Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Single Crystal Diacetylene

Since the discovery in 1977 [1] that doped polyacetylene possesses a metallic conductivity, much activity has centered on the possibility of using this and other conjugated polymers as quasi-one-dimensional conductors. In the case of polyacetylene, comparison between experimental results and theory is complicated by its complex morphology and instability in air. Polydiacetylene (PDA), on the other hand, forms stable and quite large single crystals. This system in its pristine (undoped) state can serve as an important testing ground for comparing the intrinsic properties of conjugated polymers with theory. To this end we have carried out detailed measurements of the low-temperature thermal conductivity of diacetylene bis(p-toluene sulfonate) of 2,4 hexadiyne-1,6-diol. (In what follows we will refer to this crystal in its monomer form as TS and in its polymer form as PTS.)
Scattering of Protons from C 12

The elastic scattering of protons from carbon in the range of bombarding energies 1.5 to 5.5 Mev has been investigated, using protons from the Rice Institute Van de Graaff accelerator and a differentially pumped gas scattering chamber. Angular distributions and excitation curves at seven angles have allowed an explicit phase shift analysis of the data below 5 Mev. Only five nonzero phase shifts were necessary to fit the data to better than 10% at all energies and angles. The fourth and fifth excited states of ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ are identified at 4.808- and 5.37-Mev bombarding energy, and their respective assignments are $\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}$ and $\frac{3}{{2}^{+}}$, while their laboratory widths are 12 kev and 125 kev. The 4.43-Mev inelastic scattering $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation was studied by obtaining excitation curves and angular distributions which confirmed the $\frac{3}{{2}^{+}}$ assignment for the 5.37-Mev resonance. The large ratio of inelastic to elastic reduced widths for this level suggests that it and, possibly, the fourth excited state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ are due to an $S$-wave proton configuration about ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ in its ${2}^{+}$ first excited state.
Europe and its Scholarly Communities

The essay explores the idea that we think of works of scholarship as documents marking belonging to communities, rather than as the texts of a socially ungrounded science. It uses examples from social scientific works that study contemporary European construction to suggest the importance of incorporating into one's view apparently contradictory viewpoints. Prispevek obravnava premiso, da znanstvene studije obravnavamo kot besedila, ki izražajo pripadnost dolocenemu strokovnemu krogu oziroma znanstveni skupnosti in ne kot tekste, ki so produkt družbeno nevtralne znanosti. Na osnovi primerov iz družboslovja, ki obravnavajo ustroj sodobne Evrope, avtor ugotavlja, kako pomembno je, da znanstveniki v svoj pogled na predmet obravnave vkljucijo tudi povsem protislovna si stalisca.
Enhancement of the phase-measurement sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit by a nonlinear interferometer

A nonlinear interferometer uses nonlinear elements as beam splitters to split and to recombine optical waves for interference. As a result, the interference fringe size has a nonlinear dependence on the intensity of the field for phase sensing and leads to an enhanced phase signal. In this paper, a practical scheme of nonlinear interferometry for precision phase measurement is analyzed with parametric amplifiers as the nonlinear beam splitters. It is found that the signal due to phase shift is enhanced by a factor of the amplification gain as compared to a linear interferometer with the same phase-sensing light intensity while the quantum noise is kept at the vacuum level, thus, effectively increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond the standard quantum limit. Furthermore, the scheme is not as sensitive to the detection loss as the linear scheme with a squeezed state for noise reduction. However, losses inside the interferometer limit the enhancement factor in SNR. We apply the concept to a Michelson interferometer but with parametric amplifiers involved for gravitational-wave detection. We find that effective power is increased by the gain of the amplifiers without actually increasing the cycling power inside the interferometer. Furthermore, the full benefits with squeezed input and variational output or the combination of a quantum nondemolition interferometer for sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit apply here with even better results. Such a nonlinear interferometer will find wide applications in precision measurements.
The Nationalization of Ridgeway, South Carolina

Southerners have long complained that there is as much antiSouthern prejudice in the North and West as there is anti-Negro prejudice in the South. After an intensive six-months study of attitudes toward the United Nations in a small Deep Southern town, we are inclined to agree. Not only does the rest of the country have an inaccurate view of the South, but there is good evidence that Southern city-dwellers have a somewhat distorted view of their small town neighbors. The misconception is that Deep Southern small towns are hotbeds of anti-U.N. sentiment. The truth is that small towns in the South, and probably everywhere, are just as much in tune with reality and, therefore, favorably disposed toward the United Nations as are their urban neighbors. In fact, it seems highly probable that Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles harbor more anti-U.N. activists than does the whole Southern countryside. Many Americans have fallen into some dangerously sloppy think-
Extending ideally converging multigrid methods to airfoil flows

The extension of a multigrid method for the incompressible Euler equations to flows around airfoils has uncovered several factors which inhibit ideal convergence rates.. One of these is the appearance of stagnation points, which cause the relaxation method to become unstable. Additional artificial dissipation is required to stabilize the scheme. This dissipation must be constructed so that it operates not only at the stagnation point, but also along the stagnation streamline. In addition, the coarse-grid velocity corrections are large near the stagnation point and can introduce errors on the fine grid. It is shown that large improvements in the convergence rate can be achieved by eliminating the coarse-grid velocity corrections altogether. Finally, the convergence rate is shown to depend on the leading edge curvature, which causes slower convergence when the airfoil geometry is not adequately resolved.
Toxicological Experiments with Some of the Higher Fungi

From the earliest times it has been observed that the consumption of certain species of mushrooms is followed by extremely unpleasant and occasionally fatal results. Amaniita muscaria and A4manita phalloides, among others, have earned a very unsavory reputation by their ever growing list of fatalities. The danger from these plants is so great that usually only novices are unaware of their appearance and properties. Consequently, their deathroll receives its greatest additions from among foreigners and children. However, cases of mistaken identity have occurred even in the baskets of experienced persons. Among the species of Amanita we find many of the most poisonous forms, but other groups have dangerous representatives as well, although none quite so fatal. The evil reputation of Animaita muscaria induced Schmiedeberg and Koppe* to investigate its poison from chemical and pharmacological standpoints. From their careful work it became evident that this plant contained an active principle which they called muscarin. This was at first considered an alkaloid of the general nature of strychnin and morphin, but later work has shown that it is probably a complex ammonia derivative. Muscarin is an extremely active substance and although present in the fungus in small amounts, it is still able to show its characteristic and fatal effects. Muscarin is particularly violent in its action on the nervous system, causing increased secretion, rapid pulse, then paralysis and finally cessation of heart action by stimulating the inhibitory nerve-endings of that organ. All of these effects may be neutralized by the administration of atropin in small doses; the latter being a complete antidote for pure muscarin. Unfortunately,
Visit preferences of middle-aged vs older critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE To differentiate between middle-aged and older adults' visiting preferences in critical care settings. DESIGN Patients' preferences for visiting, perceptions of illness severity and extent of fatigue associated with visiting and an objective measurement of illness severity while in critical care were surveyed within 3 days after transfer from the critical care unit. SETTING Interviews occurred on the transitional care units with patients who transferred from either the coronary care or surgical intensive care units in a large Northeast teaching hospital. PATIENTS Fifty-three middle-aged (35 through 65 years) and 46 older (over 65 years) patients were surveyed (N = 99). RESULTS Both middle-aged and older patients consistently wanted to limit the number of visitors to two or three persons per visit. Compared with middle-aged patients, a greater proportion of older patients preferred to limit visits to once a day and wanted the visit length to be unlimited. A greater proportion of older coronary care unit patients preferred to limit visits to two times a day than older surgical unit patients. CONCLUSIONS Middle-aged and older patients differed in their preferences for visits, with sufficient variation in responses to warrant tailoring visits to the unique preferences of patients based on age and clinical setting.
Clinical Significance of 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio forecasting MTX's toxicity in children acute lymphocyte leukemia chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE The 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio to forecast the MTX toxic effect in the children acute lymphocyte leukemia(ALL)chemotherapy,for providing the basis of taking the effective action and to early reduce the MTX's toxicity in ALL chemotherapy.METHODS 44 ALL children cases,the male 24 female 20.They received HDMTX chemotherapy 82 case times.The MTX dosage was 3-5 g·m-2.The vein drop note is maintained for 24 hours.The concentration of MTX and the metabolite 7-OHMTX in serum were tested by Spe-HPLC,and then the MTX toxicity was evaluated according to the WHO chemotherapy medicine toxic standard graduation.All example times are divided into 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio2 and 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio 2 two groups,compared two groups in the aspects of marrow suppresses,the mucous membrane harm and the liver harm toxicity.RESULTS The 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio 2 group was less than the other group in the aspects of the marrow suppresses and the liver harm toxicity.Although in the mucous membrane harm aspect two groups did not have significance differences,they had the remarkable differences in the aspect of serious mucous membrane harm's incidence.CONCLUSION The 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio may forecast the toxicity of MTX by the chemotherapy plan of the 3-5 g· m-2MTX and constant the 24hr vein drop note,the 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio 2 group has obviously higher risk than the other group.48th hour 7-OHMTX/MTX ratio is more sensitive and accurate than the 72nd hour serum concentrations for forecasting MTX's toxicity,and warning issued 24 hours in advance,that can timely win precious time for rescuing the children with high-risk toxicity.