cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic error and uncertain carbon dioxide emissions from U.S. power plants.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from U.S. power plants are independently reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD) within the U.S. Enviro...
A 64-Tile 2.4-Mb In-Memory-Computing CNN Accelerator Employing Charge-Domain Compute

Large-scale matrix-vector multiplications, which dominate in deep neural networks (DNNs), are limited by data movement in modern VLSI technologies. This paper addresses data movement via an in-memory-computing accelerator that employs charged-domain mixed-signal operation for enhancing compute SNR and, thus, scalability. The architecture supports analog/binary input activation (IA)/weight first layer (FL) and binary/binary IA/weight hidden layers (HLs), with batch normalization and input–output (IO) (buffering) circuitry to enable cascading, if desired, for realizing different DNN layers. The architecture is arranged as $8\times 8=64$ in-memory-computing neuron tiles, supporting up to 512, $3\times 3\times 512$ -input HL neurons and 64, $3\times 3\times 3$ -input FL neurons, configurable via tile-level clock gating. In-memory computing is achieved using an 8T bit cell with overlaying metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitor, yielding a structure having $1.8\times $ the area of a standard 6T bit cell. Implemented in 65-nm CMOS, the design achieves HLs/FL energy efficiency of 866/1.25 TOPS/W and throughput of 18876/43.2 GOPS (1498/3.43 GOPS/mm2), when implementing convolution layers; and 658/0.95 TOPS/W, 9438/10.47 GOPS (749/0.83 GOPS/mm2), when implementing convolution followed by batch normalization layers. Several large-scale neural networks are demonstrated, showing performance on standard benchmarks (MNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN) equivalent to ideal digital computing.
Electronic structure study regarding the influence of macroscopic deformations on the vacancy formation energy in aluminum

Abstract We study the effect of macroscopic deformations on the vacancy formation energy in aluminum using electronic structure calculations based on orbital-free density functional theory. Specifically, working in the finite-deformation setting, we systematically traverse the six-dimensional strain space and calculate the corresponding vacancy formation energy. We find that the vacancy formation energy is primarily influenced by the volumetric component of strain, demonstrating a power law dependence; the defect core energy has a large variation with respect to the strain; and apart from the case of large tensile strains, the core energy is the main contributor to the vacancy formation energy. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for the defect core in continuum formulations, wherein it is typically neglected.
Investigating the practicality of a minimally defined co-axial HPGe detector model using MCNP

An MCNP model of a co-axial HPGe detector, defined by the specification sheet and without parameter optimization, was used to assess practicality for efficiency characterization and complex spectra simulation. Simulated efficiencies, with and without Gaussian energy broadening, were compared against an experimental calibration for a standard counting geometry. Results show that this minimal detector model predicted efficiencies within 6% of experimental values at energies above 100 keV, while including energy broadening offered little improvement. This work shows that extensive detector characterization and optimization of parameters is not absolutely necessary, thereby reducing the experimental burden associated with detector modeling for many applications.
A World of Collaboration in Sports Medicine: the 2020 American Medical Society for Sports Medicine issue

With this issue, we celebrate the important collaboration between the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM), BJSM and sports and exercise medicine colleagues around the world. We also are excited to promote and preview the upcoming AMSSM annual meeting in Atlanta on 24–29 April 2020, ‘A World of Collaboration in Sports Medicine’. As the rigor of peer review and demand for the highest quality research continues for eligible content in BJSM, we are thankful for the number of article submissions from AMSSM members. We encourage our members to continue to raise the level of their research to advance our discipline and match the high BJSM standard for future consideration. This issue features two AMSSM position statements. The first, an update from the original paper from the 1990s, reviews bloodborne pathogens in the context of sport participation by Dr Chris McGrew and colleagues (See page 200) . This statement expands the list of bloodborne pathogens and more importantly updates information for the sport medicine practitioner and participant on transmission, effect on exercise and the current role of education to prevent transmission. AMSSM past-presidents Dr Cindy Chang and Dr Margot Putukian also led an AMSSM position statement on Mental Health Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes: Detection, Management, Effect on Performance and Prevention (See page 216) . This paper …
Diabetes screening for the some rural middle-aged and elderly residents of Ningbo in 2013

我国大规模人群调查显示,成年人糖尿病患病率高,但知晓率和控制率较低,而糖尿病前期患病率比糖尿病更高[1,2].为此本研究结合我国新型农村合作医疗(新农合)体检流程,开展糖尿病筛查,了解宁波市农村中老年人群糖尿病流行状况,为其防治提供依据. 关键词：筛查;糖尿病;糖尿病前期
Critiquing Anthropocentric Media Coverage of the COVID-19 Sport "Hiatus"

This commentary highlights a recent trend of anthropocentrism (a focus on human-centered interests and activities) in the media coverage in the United States and Europe on the disruption of the contemporary sports industry caused by the COVID-19 pandemic The authors argued that the coverage promotes anthropocentric narratives by framing the pandemic as an external force causing a temporary and unforeseen "hiatus" in the sports industry As a result, media consumers learn about human interest stories associated with consumer demand and industry adaptation: stories that renormalize, rather than question, the sports industry in its current and hegemonic form Such media discourses bypass an opportunity to consider the longstanding entanglements of human and nonhuman actors in sporting contexts, rethink sport through environmental and nonhuman perspectives, and, ultimately, advance more progressive, democratic politics The commentary employs a posthumanist lens to critique the recent anthropocentric media coverage, highlighting the ways in which it reproduces the dualist logic of neoliberal capitalism and deflects attention to the human and nonhuman relations that have always existed in contexts of sport and human physicality
Metric differentiation, monotonicity and maps to L1

This is one of a series of papers on Lipschitz maps from metric spaces to L 1. Here we present the details of results which were announced in Cheeger and Kleiner (Ann. Math., 2006, to appear, arXiv:math.MG/0611954 , Sect. 1.8): a new approach to the infinitesimal structure of Lipschitz maps into L 1, and, as a first application, an alternative proof of the main theorem of Cheeger and Kleiner (Ann. Math., 2006, to appear, arXiv:math.MG/0611954 ), that the Heisenberg group does not admit a bi-Lipschitz embedding in L 1. The proof uses the metric differentiation theorem of Pauls (Commun. Anal. Geom. 9(5):951–982, 2001) and the cut metric description in Cheeger and Kleiner (Ann. Math., 2006, to appear, arXiv:math.MG/0611954 ) to reduce the nonembedding argument to a classification of monotone subsets of the Heisenberg group. A quantitative version of this classification argument is used in our forthcoming joint paper with Assaf Naor (Cheeger et al. in arXiv:0910.2026 , 2009).
Public librarians connecting communities to health insurance information

This qualitative research study explored librarian experiences at libraries that received funding for Affordable Care Act outreach through the “Connecting You to Coverage” funding opportunity offer...
Reinforcement Learning: From TD(0) to Deep-Q-Learning

The last chapter introduces the basic principles of reinforcement learning in its episodic formulation. Episodes, however, are of limited value in many realistic domains; in others, they cannot be used at all. This is why we often prefer the much more flexible approach built around the idea of temporal difference and immediate rewards.
A stretched coordinate technique for numerical absorption of evanescent and propagating waves in planar waveguiding structures

Berenger's PML technique is modified to allow for the absorption of evanescent waves, as well as propagating waves, in FDTD modeling of wave propagation in planar waveguiding structures. Analytical results are used to illustrate the validity and capability of the proposed modification. Results from FDTD and compact 2D-FDTD simulations demonstrate its performance. >
Asymmetric Minwise Hashing for Indexing Binary Inner Products and Set Containment

Minwise hashing (Minhash) is a widely popular indexing scheme in practice. Minhash is designed for estimating set resemblance and is known to be suboptimal in many applications where the desired measure is set overlap (i.e., inner product between binary vectors) or set containment. Minhash has inherent bias towards smaller sets, which adversely affects its performance in applications where such a penalization is not desirable. In this paper, we propose asymmetric minwise hashing ({\em MH-ALSH}), to provide a solution to this well-known problem. The new scheme utilizes asymmetric transformations to cancel the bias of traditional minhash towards smaller sets, making the final ``collision probability'' monotonic in the inner product. Our theoretical comparisons show that, for the task of retrieving with binary inner products, asymmetric minhash is provably better than traditional minhash and other recently proposed hashing algorithms for general inner products. Thus, we obtain an algorithmic improvement over existing approaches in the literature. Experimental evaluations on four publicly available high-dimensional datasets validate our claims. The proposed scheme outperforms, often significantly, other hashing algorithms on the task of near neighbor retrieval with set containment. Our proposal is simple and easy to implement in practice.
Detection of respiratory viruses on air filters from aircraft

Aims: To evaluate the feasibility of identifying viruses from aircraft cabin air, we evaluated whether respiratory viruses trapped by commercial aircraft air filters can be extracted and detected using a multiplex PCR, bead-based assay. Methods and Results: The ResPlex II assay was first tested for its ability to detect inactivated viruses applied to new filter material; all 18 applications of virus at a high concentration were detected. The ResPlex II assay was then used to test for 18 respiratory viruses on 48 used air filter samples from commercial aircraft. Three samples tested positive for viruses, and three viruses were detected: rhinovirus, influenza A and influenza B. For 33 of 48 samples, internal PCR controls performed suboptimally, suggesting sample matrix effect. Conclusion: In some cases, influenza and rhinovirus RNA can be detected on aircraft air filters, even more than 10 days after the filters were removed from aircraft. Significance and Impact of the Study: With protocol modifications to overcome PCR inhibition, air filter sampling and the ResPlex II assay could be used to characterize viruses in aircraft cabin air. Information about viruses in aircraft could support public health measures to reduce disease transmission within aircraft and between cities.
Déclassement scolaire et pluralité des appartenances sociales : l’exemple des factrices surdiplômées

Au meme titre que la destructuration du monde ouvrier et que la crise du militantisme, la presence croissante de surdiplome(e)s dans les categories populaires ne contribue-t-elle pas au declin du sentiment d’appartenance de classe ? A partir d’une enquete ethnographique sur les facteurs, salaries d’execution de la Poste, on montre que la coexistence dans un meme metier d’individus inegalement scolarises et d’origine sociale differente exacerbe les sentiments de difference et d’appartenance generationnelle et rend impossibles non seulement l’identification collective a une meme position sociale mais aussi la conscience d’occuper une position professionnelle commune. Refusant de s’identifier aux classes populaires qu’ils cotoient dans leur travail quotidien, les declasse(e)s oscillent de facon durable et contradictoire entre une appartenance a la generation des etudes longues et une appartenance en pointilles au metier de facteur.
The Land Between Mendelian and Multifactorial Inheritance

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a heterogeneous multigenic disease that turns out to have an unusual form of inheritance ( Katsanis et al .). As Burghes et al . explain in their Perspective, the disease phenotype only appears if one copy of a modifier gene at one of five loci is mutated in addition to the two copies of the BBS gene at the sixth locus.
Ripping coins for a fair exchange

A fair exchange of payments for goods and services is a barter where one of the parties cannot obtain the item desired without handing over the item he offered. We introduce the concept of ripping digital coins to solve fairness problems in payment transactions. We demonstrate how to implement coin ripping for a recently proposed payment scheme [9, 8], giving a practical and transparent coin ripping scheme. We then give a general solution that can be used in any payment scheme with a challenge. We also indicate how fairness can be obtained by building a contract into the coin.
Gas Dynamics in the Central Cavity of the HYLIFE-II Reactortitle

In a HYLIFE-II ICF reactor, the microfusion of the D-T capsule in the center of the chamber produces X-rays that can ablate a thin layer off the liquid blanket which protects the first structural wall Thisablated material will implode toward the center line of the central cavity due to the initial vacuum and cylindrical geometry, and then rebound back to the liquid blanket vent through it and exert a pressure impulse'' onto the structural wall. The initial ablation occurs in a very short period with very small characteristic length and the implosion and rebounding processes feature very high pressures and temperatures. The proper design of the chamber relies on the reasonably accurate analysis of the gas dynamics in the central cavity and the gas-liquid interaction. In this paper, a second order Godunov numerical method is used to solve the compressible flow equations in the central cavity. The rarefaction and shock phenomena are very well captured by the numerical calculation. The equation of state for Flibe vapor is used in the calculation along with the parameters for the HYLIFE-II design. Since the radiation transport has not yet been included in the current calculations, the vapor possesses higher energy and therefore temperature.more » The total mass vaporized will also be underestimated in the later time of the calculation. The incorporation of a radiation calculation into this code is our next goal.« less
Antiserum specific for motor nerve terminals in skeletal muscle.

OUR understanding of synaptic function and development has benefited from the availability of neurotoxins that bind specifically to acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholine esterase at the neuromuscular junction1–4. It would be of additional value to have molecular probes for other components of this accessible and well-studied synapse, such as the nerve terminal. Antibodies to the synaptic vesicles that are concentrated in the motor nerve terminal would constitute one such marker; unfortunately, these vesicles are present in such small amounts that their purification has not yet been achieved. It is, however, possible to purify cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of the elasmobranchs, Narcine brasiliensis5 and Torpedo marmorata6, and to obtain antisera to them (S.S.C. and R.B.K., in preparation). We report here that antibodies in anti-Narcine vesicle sera bind specifically to motor nerve terminals in skeletal muscle.
Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking with local tissue property sensitivity: phantom and in vivo validation

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides directional information that can be used to delineate brain white matter connections noninvasively via fiber tracking. The most commonly used methods for tractography are based on the streamline tracking algorithm for track propagation and a set of empirically and globally defined criteria for track termination. In this study, we propose a streamline tracking algorithm with high-order propagation accuracy and a single termination criterion based on tissue property to minimize user intervention and biases introduced during tracking process. These advantages and the agreement with histological reports are demonstrated in our tracking results in phantoms and in humans.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Activates the MAP Kinase Pathway in Rat Somatotrophs • 504

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Activates the MAP Kinase Pathway in Rat Somatotrophs • 504
A variant of red-green color defect.

Abstract A young male observer with normal visual acuity fails pigment color vision tests as a deutan. His Rayleigh equation for 1°–8° fields is shifted to red but he is not a protanomalous trichromat. His spectral sensitivity is deuteranopic. Analysis of the color match reveals activity of a rhodopsin photopigment. Also, since some of his color matches change with radiance, a third photopigment must be active in the red-green region of the spectrum. We emphasize the importance of careful documentation of the etiology of red-shifted Rayleigh matches.
Slow-release nanoparticle-encapsulated delivery system for laryngeal injection.

Objectives/Hypothesis: There is a need for a slow-release system for local delivery of therapeutics to the larynx. Most therapeutic substances, such as steroids or chemotherapeutic agents that are injected into the larynx are cleared rapidly. Repeated laryngeal injection of these substances at short intervals is impractical. Injectable encapsulated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles offer a potential slow-release delivery system for biologically active substances in the larynx. Study Design: Controlled animal study. Methods: PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated using a double emulsion method and were loaded with Texas Red-dextran (NPTR), hepatocyte growth factor (NPHGF), and bovine serum albumin (NPBSA). In vitro release of NPTR, NPBSA, and NPHGF was determined over approximately 2 weeks to assess potential duration of PLGA nanoparticle delivery. In vivo release of NPTR was assessed in a murine vocal fold injection model. The transcriptional effect of NPHGF on procollagen was measured in vitro to assess whether released growth factor retained functionality. Results: In vitro release kinetics demonstrated slow release of NPTR, NPBSA, and NPHGF over 12 to 14 days. In vitro NPTR release correlated with in vivo results. In vivo presence of NPTR occurred up to 7 days compared to 1 day for Texas Red control. In addition, NPHGF ameliorated transforming growth factor-β induced procollagen in vitro in 3T3 fibroblast cells. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential utility of nanoparticle encapsulation as an effective method for long-term delivery of specific drugs and biologically active substances to the larynx. Laryngoscope, 2010
Molecular simulation and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of rapid bimolecular reactions in supercritical fluids

We present comparisons among Brownian dynamics simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the Heisenberg spin-exchange reaction between nitroxide free radicals at near-infinite dilution in near-critical and supercritical ethane. We discuss the effects of correlations in the solute-solute and solvent-solute radial distribution functions on the rate constants for collision and reaction. We find that the enhancements in the local density of solvents around solutes strongly affect the rate constant for solvent-solute encounters. This result holds implications for those reactions where collisional-energy transfer from solvent to solute is the rate-limiting step. While the rate of collisions between solutes is strongly affected by solute-solute correlations for all densities, the reaction rate constant is affected by such local density augmentations only for certain combinations of density and collision lenght scale. Rate constants estimated computationally and experimentally show the same qualitative trend as a function of density. Collision lifetimes estimated from the simulations show a strong density dependence. These lifetimes reflect the competing effects of the intermolecular force and the potential of mean force and are distinctly bimodal at the higher densities.
Executing continuation semantics: a comparison

Several authors have suggested translating denotational semantics into prototype interpreters written in high-level programming languages to provide evaluation tools for language designers. These implementations have generally been understandable when restricted to direct denotational semantics. This paper considers using two declarative programming languages, Prolog and Standard ML, to implement an interpreter that follows the continuation semantics of a small imperative programming language, called Gull. Each of the two declarative languages presents certain difficulties related to evaluation strategies and expressiveness. The implementations are compared in terms of their ease of use for prototyping, their resemblance to the denotational definitions, and their efficiency.
Function of zinc in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Abstract The zinc content of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and found to be four atoms of zinc per molecule of enzyme. LADH containing various amounts of zinc was prepared, and the zinc content was related to the enzyme's sulfhydryl group lability, conformation, catalytic activity, and stoichiometry of coenzyme binding. Ultraviolet difference spectra revealed that a conformational change appears upon removal of zinc from LADH. This change takes place prior to sulfhydryl group oxidation to disulfide bonds, which occurs readily in LADH containing less than four atoms of zinc. The specific activity of LADH decreases as zinc is removed from the enzyme even when all sulfhydryl groups remain intact. Starch gel electrophoresis of LADH suggests that only the four zinc LADH species retains catalytic activity. The relationship between zinc loss and activity is nonlinear. However, a linear relationship was observed between LADH zinc content and stoichiometry of coenzyme binding.
The Role of North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in an OGCM’s Ventilation and Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract Two coarse-resolution model experiments are carried out on an OGCM to examine the effects of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation on the thermohaline circulation (THC) and ventilation timescales of the abyssal ocean. An idealized age tracer is included to gauge the ventilation in the model. One experiment is forced with the present-day climatology, the other has a negative salinity anomaly imposed on the North Atlantic surface to eliminate the formation of NADW. The Atlantic branch of the THC is reversed and the ventilation of the deep Atlantic basin is severely reduced when NADW formation is prevented. The Southern Ocean forms bottom water in both experiments, but downwelling and upwelling in the Southern Ocean are both reduced when NADW is included due to increased stratification of the water column. The Indian and Pacific basins are upwelling regions in both experiments and upper-level upwelling is stronger there when NADW is included; this change leads to cooler temperatures and reduced...
What is system planning

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. The development of an adequate science of planning should carry high priority among systems people, as such a science will help to provide effective analytical and communicative tools for system planning.
Glass surface analytical studies in the preparation of open tubular columns for gas chromatography

Abstract Modern surface analytical techniques, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, have been used to study the chemical compositions of glass surfaces which have been treated according to various procedures used in the preparation of glass capillary columns. Auger electron spectroscopy was found to be particularly valuable because the electron beam could be focused on the interior wall of the capillary column. It was found that leaching Pyrex glass with 20% HCl solution at 100°C for 48 h produced a nearly pure silica surgace which retained its integrity after head treatments at 400°C. Leaching of soft glass was not complete. Chromatographic performance evaluations showed that Pyrex columns that were leached with aqueous acid solutions and subsequently silylated at 400°C were extremely well deactivated and produced excellent non-polar phase columns.
Tumor angiogenesis and tumor hypoxia as diagnostic indices for differentiation of benign versus malignant breast masses

In this report, clinical examples of using combined ultrasound and optical diffused wave technique to image tumor total hemoglobin concentration and tumor hypoxia are given. These examples demonstrate that the sensitivity and specificity of using tumor hemoglobin level as diagnostic index are much higher than that of tumor hypoxia.
Absence of carotid chemoreceptor response during hypoxic exercise in the cat.

Abstract The ventilatory response to hypoxia is augmented by muscular exercise. In order to determine the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory response during hypoxic exercise we measured carotid chemoreceptor activity in few-fiber and multi-fiber preparations in 15 anesthetized and 6 decerebrate cats simultaneously with ventilation and systemic blood pressure. These determinations were made at three levels of P co 2 (about 460, 80 and 36 torr) during hind limb exercise elicited by spinal cord stimulation and also during passive hind limb movement. The ventilatory response to each exercise maneuver was prompt and persistent. Although the carotid chemoreceptor preparation responded normally to chemical stimuli, there was no modification of the response by the simulated exercise. On the other hand, in 6 separate experiments on anesthetized cats, exercise increased ventilation in proportion to the increase in oxygen uptake and enhanced the hypoxic effect on ventilation. Therefore these results demonstrated, at each level of inspired 0; tested, that the hyperpnea of exercise occurred without an increase in mean activity of the carotid chemoreceptors. We conclude that the effect of exercise is not mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors and that the augmenting and interacting effects of hypoxia on the ventilation during exercise occur centrally.
Redox speciation and early diagenetic behavior of dissolved molybdenum in sulfidic muds

Abstract In order to further elucidate the early diagenetic behavior of Mo, we examined the redox speciation of dissolved Mo in organic rich sediment from a back-barrier salt marsh environment in eastern Long Island (Flax Pond, NY). Total dissolved Mo (ΣMo) was ~ 80 nM in surface nonsulfidic porewater, dominantly as Mo(VI). ΣMo increased up to 150 nM at a depth of 3.5 cm with low sulfide content (ΣH 2 S: 25–100 μM), and Mo(V) reached 20 nM. ΣMo decreased to ~ 70 nM at a depth of 7.5 cm in highly sulfidic deep sediment porewater (ΣH 2 S: > 100 μM) with Mo(V) accounting for ~ 10%. Mo(VI) dominated residual ΣMo, likely as MoS 4 2− . Averaged in situ Mo speciation patterns are complicated by mixed redox conditions created by biogenic structures and reworking. Serial anoxic incubation of surface sediments revealed reductive redox reaction progression without complications from transport and biogenic microenvironments: Mo(VI) dominated initially, followed by increases in ΣMo (dMo/dt ~ 7 nM/h) and production of Mo(V) under low sulfide conditions (ΣH 2 S: 25–100 μM; Mo(V) as high as 160 nM). Mo(V) was subsequently lost rapidly from solution (dMo(V)/dt ~−5 nM/h) and residual ΣMo, presumably a mixture of Mo(VI) and a small percentage of Mo(IV), was gradually reestablished under highly sulfidic conditions (ΣH 2 S > 100 μM). Mo(V) is clearly produced as a transient dissolved intermediate during reductive redox reaction succession. Mo(V) may react with particles or disproportionate in the presence of polysulfides into Mo(IV), which likely rapidly adsorbs–precipitates as pyritic Mo–Fe–S, sulfidized organic complexes, or perhaps MoS 2 . Mo(VI), which remains, at least temporarily in solution as thiomolybdate is removed more slowly. In contrast to reductive reactions, reoxidation of reduced sediment results in rapid release of Mo dominated by Mo(VI). Dynamic diagenetic cycling and the existence of Mo(V) as a dissolved reaction intermediate must be accounted for in models of Mo fixation and associated isotopic fractionation in sulfidic deposits.
Molecular evolution of influenza A (H3N2) viruses circulated in Fujian Province, China during the 1996–2004 period

We studied the genetic and epidemic characteristics of influenza A (H3N2) viruses circulated in human in Fujian Province, south of China from 1996 to 2004. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out for genes encoding hemagglutinin1 (HA1) of influenza A virus (14 new and 11 previously reported reference sequences). Our studies revealed that in the 8 flu seasons, the mutations of HA1 genes occurred from time to time, which were responsible for about four times of antigenic drift of influenza H3N2 viruses in Fujian, China. The data demonstrated that amino acid changes were limited to some key codons at or near antibody binding sites A through E on the HA1 molecule. The changes at the antibody binding site B or A or sialic acid receptor binding site 226 were critical for antigenic drift. But the antigenic sites might change and the key codons for antigenic drift might change as influenza viruses evolve. It seems important to monitor new H3 isolates for mutations in the positively selected codons of HA1 gene in south of Asia.
Prevention of Partner Violence by Focusing on Behaviors of Both Young Males and Females

Historically, the political context of partner physical aggression policy and research has focused on protection of physically victimized women and mandated interventions for male batterers. This emphasis is understandable when one considers the injuries and deaths of women by men. However, physical aggression against partners among teens is a very different phenomenon than battering. Intimate partner violence (IPV) in the form of physical aggression, the focus of this review, often starts in junior high school, and approximately 35% of male and female senior high school students report engaging in IPV. The specific trajectory of IPV varies by sample, but IPV appears to decrease in the late teens or early 20s. IPV is generally reported by both males and females, and not attributable to self-defense. IPV is significantly stable in couples who remain together, but stability appears lower if partners change. Given the importance of physical aggression by both males and females, prevention and early intervention programs need to address relationship factors, and targeted prevention and early intervention would be prudent with young high-risk couples. Decades of intervention programs for batterers have not proven very successful, and IPV appears easier to prevent than treat. Thus, emphasis on prevention of IPV seems both timely and promising. This review is intended for diverse audiences including educational administrators, policy makers, and researchers. It reviews issues such as who and when to target for IPV prevention programs, and it summarizes data relevant to these issues.
A New Methodology for Synthesis of Aryl Bismuth Compounds: Arylation of Bismuth(III) Carboxylates by Sodium Tetraarylborate Salts

Sodium tetraarylborate salts Na[BAr4] (Ar = C6H5 (Ph), C6H4-Me-4 (tolyl), C6H4-F-4) are found to be efficient arylating species for a range of bismuth(III) aromatic and aliphatic carboxylates including Bi(Hsal*)3 (Hsal* = 2-HO-C6H4CO2− (Hsal); 4-Me-2-HO-C6H3CO2− (Hsal4Me); or 3-MeO-2-HO-C6H3CO2− (Hsal3OMe)) and Bi(O2CR)3 (R = Me, CMe3, and CF3) to produce triaryl bismuth compounds. The reactions may be carried out in ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or acetone. The arylbismuth bis(salicylates) BiPh(Hsal)2 and Bi(tolyl)(Hsal)2 exhibit similar reactivity in refluxing THF and may be used to produce mixed arylbismuthines BiPhx(tolyl)3−x. Formation of the known arylbismuth compounds was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, and 19F), and mass spectrometry. This is a facile synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical triarylbismuthines involving the aryl group transfer from the tetraarylborate ions to bismuth(III) under mild conditions.
Normal and lognormal estimation

A comprehensive theoretical study of the problem of estimation of regionalized variables with normal or lognormal distribution is presented. Unbiased linear estimators are derived, under both assumptions that the population mean is known and unknown, and their error variance is calculated. The minimum variance kriging estimators are studied in more detail and are compared with the conditional expectations. The emphasis is on the study of lognormally distributed variates. The derived mathematical formulas are applicable to the optimal contouring of sample values with the appropriate distribution, as well as the optimal estimation of blocks of ore in mineral deposits.
Urban African American Males’ Perceptions of School Counseling Services:

Using a qualitative framework, researchers explored urban African American male students’ perceptions of their school counselors and the ways to improve school counseling services. While participants reported positive feelings toward their school counselors, they identified specific services school counselors can offer them to optimize academic and personal/social performance. The authors discuss the findings’ implications on urban school counseling service delivery.
The influence of cognitive distance in vacation choice

Abstract The study investigated the relationship of cognitive distance to the assignment of vacation destinations into individuals' choice sets: late, inert, reject, action, and inaction. Survey data were used to test tour hypotheses. A positive relationship between respondents' mental ordering of destinations in the late set and the degree of preference for those destinations was generally confirmed. Cognitive distance estimates to destinations in the late set were more accurate than those to destinations in the reject set. Another hypothesis was partially supported since destinations in the late set were associated with cognitive distance underestimates. Further, analyses confirmed that underestimates of destinations in the action set were significantly higher than those in the inaction set.
Variation of Alkaloid Content in Erythroxylum coca Leaves from Leaf Bud to Leaf Drop

Abstract A sequential study describing the content (%) of alkaloids in leaves of Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. from leaf bud development to leaf drop has not previously been conducted. The length of time the leaf resides on the plant and its concurrent metabolic activity also has not been defined. In the present study, cocaine, methyl ecgonine, hygrine, tropinone, trans -cinnamoylcocaine, cis -cinnamoylcocaine, tropacocaine and cuscohygrine were monitored to determine: (1) their content and patterns of accumulation from leaf bud to leaf drop; (2) the time leaves resided on the plant; and (3) whether leaves were metabolically active until leaf drop. E. coca plants were grown in a controlled environment for 37 months. Leaves similar in chronological age were extracted and analysed for alkaloid content by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Cocaine was highest in 7 d old rolled leaves (0·75%) and declined to 0·39% at leaf drop. Cocaine, methyl ecgonine, hygrine, tropinone, trans -cinnamoylcocaine, cis -cinnamoylcocaine, cuscohygrine and tropacocaine content in 35 d old (mature) leaves was 0·61, 0·59, 0·68, 0·08, 0·31, 0·55, 0·52, and 0·05%. respectively. Cocaine, methyl ecgonine, hygrine, cis -cinnamoylcocaine, and cuscohygrine displayed a gradual decline from week 2 to week 36 of leaf duration. Tropinone and tropacocaine were the least abundant of the alkaloids monitored. Cis -cinnamoylcocaine content exceeded cocaine at week 12, 16, and weeks 19 to 23 of leaf duration. Trans -cinnamoylcocaine was highest in rolled leaves (week 1) and in expanded leaves after week 30. The monitored alkaloids appeared to be part of the metabolically active pool of the leaf. Leaves remained on the E. coca plants for 36 weeks.
The Burden of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) becomes more prevalent as a result of longer life expectancy and the number of elderly people worldwide, it will become increasingly important to understand its potential health and economic impact for appropriate healthcare planning. This review identified published literature on costs and resource use associated with AMD. Despite the increasing prevalence of AMD, the worldwide burden of illness is unknown. Several studies of direct medical costs, both those associated with ophthalmic care and those associated with other care, have been conducted and have identified increased medical care associated with AMD. Direct non-medical costs include the cost for vision aids; while these costs may be substantial, they are difficult to quantify as no comprehensive sources track the distribution or use of vision aids. Because AMD is uncommon among people of working age, there is less concern regarding the impact of indirect (workplace) costs among AMD patients. However, indirect costs are incurred by caregivers who leave the workforce early or change their work patterns in order to provide assistance to AMD patients; the magnitude of caregiver-related costs is unknown. The cost effectiveness of some interventions for AMD has been explored. Supplementation with zinc and antioxidants for non-exudative (dry) AMD has been shown to result in an acceptable cost per QALY and is considered cost effective. Studies suggest that laser photocoagulation is cost effective but that photodynamic therapy with verteporfin appears to be cost effective only among patients with good visual acuity at baseline or when models extend longer than 5 years. Further research is needed to integrate the information on various components of AMD-related costs into a comprehensive burden of illness estimate and to evaluate basic utility assumptions in existing models.
Characterization of the chloroplastic and cytoplasmic ribosomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

Abstract The ribosomes of the y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been characterized and compared with ribosomes from rat liver and Escherichia coli. The ribosomes in the chloroplast have a sedimentation coefficient of 68 s, whereas those in the cytoplasmic matrix have a sedimentation coefficient of 80 s. In 0.025 m -KCl and 0.025 m -Tris-Cl (pH 7.5) the 68 s ribosomes dissociated when the Mg2+ concentration was lowered to 5 m m , whereas the 80 s ribosomes dissociated when the Mg2+ concentration was lowered to 1 to 2 m m . Subunits of 68 s Chlamydomonas ribosomes sediment in sucrose gradients containing 0.05 m -KCl and 0.01 m -Tris-Cl (pH 7.5) at 28 and 33 s and subunits of 80 s ribosomes at 30 and 43 s. These values were obtained by comparison with subunits of rat liver ribosomes, which have coefficients of 32 and 47 s under the same conditions (Tashiro & Siekevitz, 1965). The 68 s ribosomes contain 16 and 22 s ribosomal RNA's, whereas the 80 s ribosomes contain 18 and 25 s ribosomal RNA's. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins from each ribosomal subunit gave a characteristic pattern, although the patterns from the subunits of the 68 s ribosomes had several bands in common. Chloramphenicol specifically caused 68 s ribosomes to form polysomes. Cycloheximide had a similar effect on 80 s ribosomes.
Holding onto power : Effects of powerholders' positional instability and expectancies on interactions with subordinates

This study explores the effects of power, positional threat, and expectancies on interactions between powerholders and subordinates. Two hundred and forty-two participants were randomly assigned to power role (boss or employee). Bosses were further randomly assigned to levels of positional threat (power role secure or insecure) and expectancy regarding subordinates' problem-solving ability (negative or positive). Evidence for a self-fulfilling prophecy was obtained, such that dyads where bosses held negative expectancies of their subordinates rated the subordinate and experience most negatively and awarded less potential prize money to the subordinates. Expectancy interacted with positional threat in a consistent manner such that the most negative effects were obtained for dyads where bosses were both positionally threatened and held negative expectancies of subordinates. Implications for theories of power are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved organic matter concentration and quality influences upon structure and function of freshwater microbial communities.

Past studies have suggested that the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may influence microbial community structure. In this study, we cross-inoculated the bacterial communities from two streams and a dystrophic lake that varied in DOM concentration and chemistry, to yield nine fully crossed treatments. We measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and heterotrophic microbial community productivity throughout a 72-h incubation period, characterized DOM quality by molecular weight, and determined microbial community structure at the initial and final time points. Our results indicate that all bacterial inoculate sources had similar effects upon DOC concentration and DOM quality, regardless of the DOM source. These effects included an overall decrease in DOM MW and an initial period of DOC concentration variability between 0-24h. In contrast, microbial communities and their metabolic rates converged to profiles that reflected the DOM source upon which they were growing, regardless of the initial bacterial inoculation. The one exception was that the bacterial community from the low-concentration and low-molecular-weight DOM source exhibited a greater denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band richness when grown in its own DOM source than when grown in the highest concentration and molecular weight DOM source. This treatment also exhibited a higher rate of productivity. In general, our data suggest that microbial communities are selected by the DOM sources to which they are exposed. A microbial community will utilize the low-molecular-weight (or labile) DOM sources as well as parts of the high-molecular-weight (refractory) DOM, until a community develops that can efficiently metabolize the more abundant high-molecular-weight source. This experiment examines some of the complex interactions between microbial community selection and the combined factors of DOM quality and concentration. Our data suggest that the roles of aerobic aquatic heterotrophic bacteria in carbon cycling, as well as the importance of high-molecular-weight DOM as a carbon source, may be more complex than is conventionally recognized.
Introducing Chaos (Theory) into Science and Engineering: Effects of Rhetorical Strategies on Scientific Readers.

Introductions in scientific journal articles invite the community to read, accept, and build on new ideas. Often they open with standard moves that bid readers to attend to new findings that fill a serious gap in the literature on an important topic, thus connecting shared communal ideas and new ideas. How do these moves apply to “revolutionary” disciplines that lack a shared literature? Do introductory moves influence scientists' reading strategies? In a two-stage study, we analyzed introductions of four articles on chaos theory and then asked 12 scientists to think aloud while reading them. To investigate effects of disciplinary maturity, we chose two recent and two early articles. The early “revolutionary” articles differed strikingly from the more conventional recent articles in space devoted to old versus new information, use of citations and equations, and the nature of opening appeal. Scientific readers reacted differently to the recent and early articles, commenting more on new information in the ...
A specific apoprotein activator for lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract These studies were designed to determine which of the apoproteins of high density lipoprotein (HDL) function as the cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL). ApoLP-gln and apoLP-thr, the major HDL apoproteins, as well as apoLP-val, a minor apoprotein constituent, are inactive as cofactors even in the presence of phospholipid. ApoLP-ala, another minor constituent, is inactive alone but in the presence of phospholipid stimulates lipase activity twofold. Only apoLP-glu is able to stimulate LPL activity in the absence of phospholipid and, in the presence of phospholipid, increases activity twelvefold over baseline levels. It is possible that apoLP-glu and perhaps apoLP-ala are obligatory “co-factors” for the hydrolytic step required for normal clearing of triglyceride from the plasma.
Understanding cellular networks in the year 2001

In this issue, Muller-Tidow and colleagues (page [2091][1]) identify the physical and functional interaction of the transcription factor B-myb with cyclin A1/cdk2, a complex that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. B-myb is one of at least 3 members of the myb family of
N-Methyl-D-asparate Receptor Agonists Decrease Protooncogene bcl-2 mRNA Expression in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Granule Neurons

The protooncogene bcl-2 was studied as a candidate gene for N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA)-induced excitoprotection of cerebellar granule neurons. Exposure of these neurons to excitoprotective concentrations of NMDA and to excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate decreased bcl-2 mRNA levels. Preexposure to NMDA failed to modify the glutamate-evoked decrease in bcl-2 mRNA but increased neuronal survival from 20% to 100%. Neither the intracellular mechanisms underlying the cascade of excitoprotection induced by NMDA nor those underlying the cascade of glutamate toxicity of cerebellar granule neurons seem to specifically involve changes in bcl-2 mRNA levels. Glutamate did not induce nucleosomal DNA fragmentation but glutamate toxicity was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid. Glutamate toxicity of cerebellar granule neurons differs considerably from classical programmed cell death.