cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the corrosion-electrochemical processes on the metal–electrolyte interface

We develop a computer model of the electrochemical behavior of a metal–electrolyte contact boundary by using the quantum-chemical semiempirical method (PM6) and the molecular-dynamics method. We consider the evolution of the metal–medium systems and thoroughly study the thermodynamic and kinetic features of establishing the adsorption–desorption equilibrium for the Cu–electrolyte, Zn–electrolyte, Fe–electrolyte, and α-brass–electrolyte cluster systems. We compute the electrode micropotentials of copper, zinc, and α-brass, which satisfactorily agree with the experimental data.
Healthcare groups at work: further lessons from research into large-scale coordination

The first special issue in Large-Scale Coordination earlier this year showed the breadth of application research from air traffic control to the military and multi-agency emergency response. This special issue shows depth of research at large scale in healthcare. These studies of large-scale coordination examine work between and across groups, beyond earlier conceptions of social human factors. Revealing the complexity of work domains and the subtle, yet effective, ways that workers negotiate its challenges opens the way to develop information and communications technology support tools that are grounded in a scientific understanding.
The influence of sulforaphane on vascular health and its relevance to nutritional approaches to prevent cardiovascular disease

Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) promotes atherosclerosis by enhancing vascular inflammation and foam cell formation. The corollary is that diets that stimulate endogenous anti-oxidants may protect against atherosclerosis. This review focuses on sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate derived from green vegetables, which induces multiple anti-oxidant enzymes via activation of a transcription factor called Nrf2. Although studies of cultured cells and experimental animals revealed that sulforaphane can suppress inflammatory activation of vascular cells, the potential beneficial effects of sulforaphane in atherosclerosis have not been studied directly. A deeper understanding of vascular responses to sulforaphane may inform nutritional approaches to prevent vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a student sample

Beck, Brown, Steer, and Weissman (1991) factor analyzed the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) in a clinical population, developing nine subscales thought to measure specific cognitive vulnerabilities to depression. As the DAS is often used in research using student populations, the present study sought to confirm whether the Beck et al. factors generalize to student samples. Confirmatory factor analysis of the nine-factor Beck et al. model was performed on DAS responses given by 866 undergraduates. The Beck et al. factor structure was not replicated in the student sample. Principal-axis factoring of these data, as well as results of other factor-analytic studies of the DAS, suggests that three subscales are appropriate for student samples. One combines Beck et al.'s first, third, and seventh factors, one combines Beck et al.'s second and ninth factors, and one replicates Beck et al.'s fifth factor.
Design and realization of variable frequency flexural piezoceramic transducers

Being high Q devices, low frequency underwater transducers often lack bandwidth. Variable resonance frequency transducers offer the double advantage of increased effective bandwidth and maximum response at all frequencies within the bandwidth. This paper presents and evaluates a technique to vary the first resonance frequency of some widely used underwater acoustics transducers: flexural piezoceramic bars and disks. DC bias electric fields are added to the AC driving field and used to generate in-plane tensile or compressive loads. These loads modify the flexural rigidity of the transducer, which in turn affects its resonance frequencies. Theoretical investigations show that the frequency shift per DC field is linked to the ratio of the in-plane blocked force to the critical buckling load of the transducer. This ratio depends on the type of piezoceramic material and coupling, the boundary conditions, the length to thickness ratio of the transducer, and the piezoceramic thickness and coverage. Calculations show that both significant frequency shifts per DC field and acceptable device coupling coefficients may be achievable in practice. A flexural bar transducer using k 31 coupling was built and tested. The experimental frequency shift per DC field and coupling coefficient were lower than predicted. Measurements show the existence of a polarization switch due to a combined compressive stress and negative field effect at -400 V/mm DC field. This polarization switch limits the range of useful negative DC fields, therefore limiting the total frequency shift, and also results in a permanent reduction of the polarization level, therefore reducing the amount of frequency shift per DC field. In the case of k 31 coupling, one must determine the safe stress and field region for the material and try to operate within the corresponding DC field range. In the case of k 33 coupling, compressive stresses and negative fields do not occur simultaneously, and the available DC field range should be much higher.
The effect of increased longevity, produced by dietary restriction, on the neuronal population of area 17 in rat cerebral cortex

Area 17 of the brains of Sprague-Dawley derived rats, maintained on a limited ration of food to maintain their weights at the levels attained by two months of age, was compared with area 17 in control groups of rats fed ad lib. The oldest rats in the diet restricted group were sacrificed at 46 and 48 months of age, by which time their life spans had been extended about 12 months beyond the oldest age that rats fed ad lib achieve, for only few of the latter live as long as 33 months. In this study, the rats which were compared consisted of two groups of ad lib fed rats, one 3 and 6 months of age, and the other 33 months old, and two groups of diet restricted rats, one 26 months old and the other 46 to 48 month old rats (designated as 47 month old rats). Two indices were used to assess whether age affects the volume of area 17. One, the number of clusters of apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal cells per unit area of tangential sections, was the same in all groups, indicating that the lateral spread of area 17 did not alter with age. However, the other index, the thickness of area 17, did change with age, for area 17 was significantly thinner in the 47 month old diet restricted rats than in the other three groups. It was also found that the number of neuronal profiles in strips of sections passing through the entire depth of area 17 is decreased in the 47 month old rats, indicating that neurons had been lost from their cortices. This decrease in the number of neuronal profiles in the 47 month old rats was not due to nuclear shrinkage since the sizes of neuronal nuclei were not significantly different in the older ad lib and diet restricted rats. Determinations of neuronal packing densities in layers II/III, IV, V and VIa suggest that neurons are most frequently lost from the deeper cortical layers of the 47 month old rats, and in these layers large vacuolated spaces, the sizes of neuronal cell bodies, have been encountered. It is suggested that these spaces represent places from which neurons have been lost. It is concluded, therefore, that neurons are lost from area 17 in rats whose longevity is increased by diet restriction.
Correcting for restriction of range in both X and Y when the unrestricted variances are unknown

Correction of correlation coefficients that have ari sen from range restricted populations is commonly suggested and practiced in research on testing and measurement. Until recently, that research has oper ated under two important limitations. First, the major ity of the research has dealt with range restriction on one variable only, and second, the correction formulas have assumed that the variance of the variable(s) in the unrestricted population was known. This article presents a method for estimating such corrections from the data in the restricted sample and applies the method to a recently developed approximation for re striction on both X and Y. The procedure is evaluated and found to produce sufficiently accurate results to be useful in many practical range restriction settings.
Vascular occlusions detected by magnetic resonance imaging.

Early experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicates that it is well suited as a noninvasive vascular imaging modality. Blood flow at physiologic velocities results in a low signal within the vessel lumen and this property allows the separation of flowing blood from surrounding soft tissues. While flow effects, aneurysms, and mural lesions have been emphasized in the literature, vascular occlusions have received less attention. We evaluated 21 patients with documented venous or arterial occlusions on a 0.12-T developmental resistive unit. Venous occlusions caused by thrombus generally appeared as focal regions of increased signal. In 3 of 10 cases the venous thrombus itself could not be identified but the absence of a low-signal lumen in a normal location confirmed the impression of thrombus. In 2 of 17 venous occlusions a rim of low signal was noted around the thrombus. Venous collaterals were commonly seen. Tumor thrombus tended to have signal characteristics similar to the main bulk of the tumor from which it arose. There were four arterial occlusions including two cases of emboli, one arteriosclerotic occlusion, and one case of tumor invasion. Vascular calcifications, clearly evident on plain radiographs, were not seen on MRI. MIR appears to be a potentially useful nonivasive means of detecting vascular occlusions.© 1985 Academic Press,Inc.
Stability of difference approximations to certain partial differential equations of fluid dynamics

Abstract First- and second-order difference approximations to certain partial differential equations of fluid dynamics are investigated for the von Neumann necessary condition for stability. The nonsteady equations examined consist of advection, diffusion, and inertial terms. Although the general equation considered represents no particular atmospheric process, it does have features found in many meteorological problems. Five approximations to the diffusion equation are studied, three of which are shown to be stable. Two of the three approximations to the advection-diffusion equation investigated are found to be stable. Twelve approximations to the advection-inertial equation are examined; eight are found to be stable and two are found to be slightly unstable. One two-step scheme, each step of which is individually stable, is shown to be unstable. For the advection-diffusion-inertial equation, 2 two-step schemes are formed from the preceding stable schemes. The analysis shows that such combinations are not necessarily stable.
Classifier Systems and the Animat Problem

This paper characterizes and investigates, from the perspective of machine learning and, particularly, classifier systems, the learning problem faced by animals and autonomous robots (here collectively termed animats). We suggest that, to survive in their environments, animats must in effect learn multiple disjunctive concepts incrementally under payoff (needs-satisfying) feedback. A review of machine learning techniques indicates that most relax at least one of these constraints. In theory, classifier systems satisfy the constraints, but tests have been limited. We show how the standard classifier system model applies to the animat learning problem. Then, in the experimental part of the paper, we specialize the model and test it in a problem environment satisfying the constraints and consisting of a difficult, disjunctive Boolean function drawn from the machine learning literature. Results include: learning the function in significantly fewer trials than a neural-network methods learning under payoff regimes that include both noisy payoff and partial reward for suboptimal performances demonstration, in a classifier system, of a theoretically predicted property of genetic algorithms: the superiority of crossovers to point mutationss and automatic control of variation (search) rate based on system entropy. We conclude that the results support the classifier system approach to the animat problem, but suggest work aimed at the emergence of behavioral hierarchies of classifiers to offset slower learning rates in larger problems.
Longitudinal assessment of skill development in children with first febrile seizure

To determine whether first febrile seizure (FS) has detrimental effects on development, 159 children (6 months to 5 years) with FS were compared to 142 controls on measures of cognition, motor ability, and adaptive behavior. Participants were identified through the emergency department in an urban, low income community. Children were evaluated within one month of the ED visit and one year later, and difference in performance over one year was examined. Performance did not differ between cases and controls on measures of cognition (baseline: p=0.5, one year: p=0.2, change over time: p=0.1) or motor skills (baseline: p=0.9, one year: p=0.7, change over time, p=0.6). The adaptive behavior composite score did not differ by FS case status at baseline (p=0.2) or one year later (p=0.6), however between group differences over time approached significance (p=0.05). Findings support that first FS does not pose more developmental or behavioral consequences than low socioeconomic environment.
An energy-efficient heterogeneous dual routing scheme for mobile ad hoc and sensor networks

New energy-efficient routing algorithms are introduced, based on a generalisation of the k-SPR sets from earlier work by the authors. This generalisation provides a means for the automatic avoidance of certain nodes and links when messages are routed. Sensor networks are modelled as connected graphs with vertex costs and edge costs. In addition, a two-tiered routing system in introduced. The low level routing is used for local routing within k hops, and is essentially (local) link-state routing. The high level routing depends on the routers from a k-SPR set, to manage this global routing.
Direct Association of p300 with Unmodified H3 and H4 N Termini Modulates p300-dependent Acetylation and Transcription of Nucleosomal Templates *

The nature of histone acetylation events in active chromatin is an important issue in transcriptional regulation. We have systematically analyzed the ability of p300, either alone or in response to an interacting activator, to acetylate specific recombinant histones in the context of free histones, histone octamers, or nucleosomal arrays. Our results indicate that p300 has an intrinsic ability to acetylate all core histones but that the level and specificity of histone acetylation is indeed context-dependent. Thus, H3 and H4 are preferentially acetylated in free octamers, whereas all histones are nearly equally acetylated, in an activator-dependent manner, in chromatin. Moreover, H3 and H4 show H2A and H2B tail-independent acetylation in chromatin, whereas maximal H2A and H2B acetylation in this context is dependent upon H3 and H4 tails (but not their acetylation). In further support of an apparent intrinsic preference of p300 for the H3 and H4 tails, as well as an important role for direct interactions of p300 with unacetylated H3 and H4 tails in both acetylation and transcription, we have shown that p300 selectively acetylates isolated H3 and H4 tails, that p300 strongly and selectively binds to free unacetylated H3 and H4 tails, and that p300-mediated acetylation of nucleosomal histones and transcriptional activation are selectively inhibited by isolated (unacetylated) H3 and H4 tails.
Infant abuse associated with psychosocial stress in a group-living pigtail macaque ( Macaca nemestrina) Mother.

This study reports a case of infant abuse by a pigtail macaque mother living in a captive social group. Patterns of abusive behavior appeared three weeks after the birth of the infant and were in strict temporal as sociation with the repeated kidnapping and severe harassment of the infant by the alpha-female in the group. Before and after the period of social stress, the mother exhibited proper caregiving behavior towards her infant. The analysis of the abusive mother's style of interaction with her infant relative to three control mothers indicated that she was an extremely permissive mother. It is argued that the mother's failure to adapt her mothering style to better protect her infant during the period of repeated kidnappings and the resulting lack of control over the situation may be the mechanism by which stress precipitated infant abuse. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Semi-automatic digital epigraphy from images with normals

We present a semi-automated system for converting photometric datasets (RGB images with normals) into geometry-aware non-photorealistic illustrations that obey the common conventions of epigraphy (black-and-white archaeological drawings of inscriptions). We focus on rock inscriptions formed by carving into or pecking out the rock surface: these are characteristically rough with shallow relief, making the problem very challenging for previous line drawing methods. Our system allows the user to easily outline the inscriptions on the rock surface, then segment out the inscriptions and create line drawings and shaded renderings in a variety of styles. We explore both constant-width and tilt-indicating lines, as well as locally shape-revealing shading. Our system produces more understandable illustrations than previous NPR techniques, successfully converting epigraphy from a manual and painstaking process into a user-guided semi-automatic process.
Missile captive carry monitoring and helicopter identification using a capacitive microelectromechanical systems accelerometer

Military missiles are exposed to many sources of mechanical vibration that can affect system reliability, safety, and mission effectiveness. The US Army Aviation and Missile Research Development an...
A Bundle of Prologues (1777): The Unpublished Text of Garrick's Last Rehearsal Play

David Garrick's last dramatic composition was a curtain raiser featuring songs performed on 28 April 1777 (the year after his retirement) at the annual Drury Lane benefit for the Theatrical Fund for decayed actors. The piece is not mentioned in the modern edition or the standard biography, but it survives in manuscript in the Folger Shakespeare Library. Folger MS W.b. 461 is a scribal copy emended in at least three hands. Several of the additions and revisions are in Garrick's handwriting. The full text is printed here with textual apparatus, annotation identifying allusions and the performers, and a brief account of Garrick's late-life devotion to the charitable purposes of the Theatrical Fund.
Electron transport in mammalian nuclei II. Oxidative enzymes in a large-scale preparation of bovine liver nuclei

1. A large-scale preparation of highly purified bovine liver nuclei is studied enzymatically. 2. Trace activities of succinate oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase are ascribed to slight mitochondrial and microsomal contamination, respectively. 3. Rotenone, antimycin A, piericidin A-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase are shown to be endogenous to nuclei. 4. The O2 consuming nuclear NADH oxidase differs from its mitochondrial counterpart in its greater resistence to histone inhibition, its susceptibility to inhibition by deoxyribonuclease, its dependency on cytochrome c for activity, and the 10-fold higher concentration of exogenous cytochrome c needed for maximum O2 consumption. 5. The nuclear cytochrome c oxidase system cannot oxidize tetrachlorohydroquinone in contrast to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase system. 6. The nuclear preparations lack coenzyme Q, a characteristic component of the electron transport system of inner mitochondria membrane. 7. The NADH/cytochrome c oxidase ratio is 1.3 for the nuclear oxidases and 0.59 for mitochondrial oxidases. 8. The NADH oxidases of nuclei, outer mitochondrial membrane and microsomes are discussed.
Surface Wind Direction Variability

Abstract Common large shifts of wind direction in the weak-wind nocturnal boundary layer are poorly understood and are not adequately captured by numerical models and statistical parameterizations. The current study examines 15 datasets representing a variety of surface conditions to study the behavior of wind direction variability. In contrast to previous studies, the current investigation directly examines wind direction changes with emphasis on weak winds and wind direction changes over smaller time periods of minutes to tens of minutes, including large wind direction shifts. A formulation of the wind direction changes is offered that provides more realistic behavior for very weak winds and for complex terrain.
Decomposing the dynamics of delayed networks: equilibria and rhythmic patterns in neural systems

Abstract A method is presented that allows one to decompose the dynamics of networked dynamical systems with time-delayed coupling. The key idea is to “block-diagonalize” the system with the help of the eigenvectors of the coupling matrix. While large delayed networks are difficult to handle both analytically and numerically, the “small” blocks obtained by the decomposition can be investigated using standard methods. The proposed technique is applied to a neural network where the stability of the synchronized equilibria and periodic solutions are investigated. The methodology may also be applied for large engineered networks like electric power grids.
Interspecies Relations, International Relations: Rethinking Anthropocentric Politics:

International politics is widely assumed to be an exclusively human activity. This article argues that rethinking this assumption is necessary in order to find a practical and ethically appropriate relationship with nature and nonhuman animals, and in order to call into question the violent logics that underpin the category of the human in existing international politics. The article inquires into the ways that anthropocentrism structures thinking about contemporary international politics, focusing in particular on how the �language objection� works. It concludes that we might turn instead towards an interspecies conception of politics, one that does not stop at the boundary of a human that we were never able to fully pinpoint in the first place.
Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in a population sample from an American Indian village.

Abstract The criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is examined in 120 adult Northwest Coast American Indians. The criterion was a DSM-III-R diagnosis derived from the Lifetime version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Sensitivity for major depression was 100% (95% confidence limits 36%, 100%); specificity was 82.1% (75.1%, 89%). For a broad category of depressive disorders ( n =9), sensitivity was 77.8% and specificity was 84.7%. Cut points based on receiver operating characteristic analyses did not greatly improve the performance of the CES-D. The use of factor scores instead of total scores made little difference.
Interfacial damage in EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings due to thermal cycling

Optical microscopy, acoustic microscopy, and thermal wave imaging techniques were used to characterize the interfacial damage in a thermal barrier coated single crystal superalloy subjected to thermal cycling. The thermal barrier coating (TBC) was applied to the superalloy using electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) technique. The EB-PVD system seems to be stable at least up to the temperature of 1000°C for 300 cycles. Thermal expansion mismatch and oxidation between the bond coat and ceramic layer leads to separation at the interface which contributes to overall delamination and spallation. Experimental results suggest that buckling induced delamination is a possible mechanism for spallation.
Leukocyte esterase analysis in the diagnosis of joint infection: Can we make a diagnosis using a simple urine dipstick?

Analysis of joint fluid remains a key factor in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. Recent reports have shown that neutrophils in infected joint fluid release esterase, an enzyme that is a reliable marker for infection. Testing for leukocyte esterase is routinely done in the analysis of urine for the presence of urinary tract infection, by a simple “dipstick” method. We report our experience with this technique in the evaluation of patients suspected of having septic arthritis or periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) by comparing results of leukocyte esterase positivity with confirmed joint infection as defined by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). We retrospectively reviewed leukocyte esterase test results performed on synovial fluid aspirated from 57 patients with prosthetic (52) and native (5) joints. Patients either presented with unexplained painful arthroplasties, routine testing of PROSTALAC (PROSthesis with Antibiotic-Loaded Acrylic Cement) orthopedic implants, or clinical suspicion of periprosthetic infection or septic arthritis. Synovial fluid was percutaneously aspirated using a standard technique. The patient age range was 31–91 years with a mean age of 69.1 years, consisting of 30 women (52.6 %) and 27 men (47.4 %). The “gold standard” for the presence or absence of infection at our institution and in the study group was based on the most recent recommendations of the AAOS. Positive culture remained the “gold standard” for native joint infection. Of the total 57 joints aspirated and included in the study, 20 (35.1 %) were read as positive (2+) on the leukocyte test strip and 37 (64.9 %) were read as negative (negative, trace, or 1+). PJI was diagnosed in 19 patients and native joint septic arthritis was identified in one patient. Sensitivities were excellent at 100 % with no false negatives in the entire cohort. There was one false positive in the periprosthetic group yielding a specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 97, 95, and 100 %, respectively. The results for the native joints showed markedly less specificity and positive predictive value at 50 and 33 %; however, its negative predictive value remained at 100 %. Our test results confirm that the leukocyte esterase test can accurately detect PJI and that it can be used as a part of the traditional PJI workup. In the assessment of native joints, its high negative predictive value suggests that it is a valuable tool in excluding native joint septic arthritis.
The Census Bureau's Garden of Statistical Delights

Activites du Census Bureau, bureau federal des Etats-Unis de statistique: outre le recensement de la population il prepare tous les 5 ans le recensement des gouvernements: consiste a elaborer des statistiques sur les depenses, le personnel employe, les impots locaux, des etats, comtes et cites des Etats-Unis. L'article decrit principalement cette derniere activite
Biphasic GaN nanowires: Growth mechanism and properties

Catalyst-free vapor-solid nanowire growth has been used to produce novel multiphase zinc-blende/wurtzite gallium nitride nanowires. Multiphase nanowire growth occurred at nanoscale nucleation sites on platelets of gallium nitride. Growth temperature has been shown to exert a strong influence on nucleation site formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the matrix from which the nanowires grew. Nanowires were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Imidazoles V: 5(or 4)-(3-alkyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4(or 5)-Carboxamides

Several 5(or 4)-(3-alkyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamides (III-X) were prepared from 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide and the appropriate N-alkyl methylamine. Most of these derivatives significantly increased the life span of leukemic (L1210) mice. Inhibition of the growth of sarcoma 180, adenocarcinoma 755, and Walker carcinosarcoma 256 was observed, but inhibition of solid tumors was generally accompanied by large, adverse, host-weight changes. Qualitative observations of the sensitivity to light of aqueous alcoholic solutions of the dimethyltriazeno (NSC-45388) and the butylmethyltriazeno derivatives indicate a pronounced variation in stability with the kind of light exposure.
JGR—Planets should be ended

The November 28, 1995, issue of Eos featured a half-page editorial titled “JGR—Planets Thriving” by the current editor of JGR—Planets, Bruce Jakosky, extolling the virtues of that journal. As a Planetology Section member without a vested interest in the journal, I think there are some key questions that need to be asked with regard to JGR—Planets' continued existence.
Salvage HDR brachytherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after previous definitive radiation therapy: 5-year outcomes.

Purpose Evaluate efficacy and toxicity of salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRB) for locally recurrent prostate cancer after definitive radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed 52 consecutively accrued patients undergoing salvage HDRB between 1998 and 2009 for locally recurrent prostate cancer after previous definitive RT. After pathologic confirmation of locally recurrent disease, patients received 36 Gy in 6 fractions. Twenty-four patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before salvage, and no patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Determination of biochemical failure after salvage HDRB was based on the Phoenix definition. Overall survival (OS) and bF distributions were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of biochemical control. Acute and late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities, based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4), were documented. Results Median follow-up after salvage HDRB was 59.6 months. The 5-year OS estimate was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80%-97%) with median survival not yet reached. Five-year biochemical control after salvage was 51% (95% CI: 34%-66%). Median PSA nadir postsalvage was 0.1 (range: 0-7.2) reached at a median of 10.2 months after completing HDRB. As for complications, acute and late grade 3 GU toxicities were observed in only 2% and 2%, respectively. No grade 2 or higher acute GI events and 4% grade 2 GI late events were observed. On univariate analysis, disease-free interval after initial definitive RT ( P =.07), percent of positive cores at the time of diagnosis ( P =.08), interval from first recurrence to salvage HDRB ( P =.09), and pre-HDRB prostate-specific antigen ( P =.07) were each of borderline significance in predicting biochemical control after salvage HDRB. Conclusions Prostate HDRB is an effective salvage modality with relatively few long-term toxicities. We provide potential predictors of biochemical control for prostate salvage HDRB.
ON THE USE OF CONSTANT-LEVEL BALLOONS TO MEASURE HORIZONTAL MOTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract In the course of government-sponsored work in the development of the constant-level balloon, the writers supervised many constant-level balloon flights on the standard meteorological surface of 300 millibars. The tracks of these flights are of general meteorological interest, as they are believed to delineate the actual trajectory of an equivalent mass of air travelling on a constant-pressure surface. Some of the original flight data are presented for the information of other investigators of air motion, and to illustrate the application of constant-level balloons to meteorological problems, particularly atmospheric diffusion and the variability of the wind. Suggestions are made regarding the significance of the data presented, and further experiments are proposed which might result in a better understanding of the mechanisms of air motion. Possible applications of constant-level balloons in routine observations, to obtain representative measurements of wind velocity, are set forth.
Concentration of Binary FM Spectra

The spectrum of a digital FM signal can be considered as an indicator of the resistance of the signal to distortions caused by band limitation. The study in this paper is oriented toward the design of signaling pulses that will achieve an FM signal spectrum concentrated about the carrier frequency. Convenient spectrum expressions and general guarantees of optimality are found for binary FSK signals.
Successive reductions of liquid and solid sucrose rewards

Successive reductions in sucrose rewards are examined in two analogous runway experiments. In Experiment 1, rats were trained for 24 preshift days with 1 ml of either 30% or 3% sucrose solution as reward. Training trials were administered two per day with an intertrial interval (ITI) of 3-5 min. During 2 postshift days, all animals received 20 trials (10 per day with the same ITI) with the 3% reward. Experiment 2 employed essentially the same procedure, except the rewards were either eight or two Noyes sucrose (92.4%) pellets in preshift. Postshift was to the two-pellet reward. The data suggested a successive negative contrast effect (SuNCE) in Experiment 2 with solid pellets, but not in Experiment 1 with liquid solutions. The findings are briefly considered in light of the sequential and frustration accounts of the SuNCE.
ADMP2 is essential for primitive blood and heart development in Xenopus.

We describe here the cloning of a new member of the TGF-β family with similarity to the anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic proteins (ADMPs). This new gene, ADMP2, is expressed in a broad band of mesendoderm cells that appear to include the progenitors of the endoderm and the ventral mesoderm. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown of ADMP2 results in near-complete disruption of primitive blood and heart development, while the development of other mesoderm derivatives, including pronephros, muscle and lateral plate is not disrupted. Moreover, the development of the primitive blood in ADMP2 knockdown embryos cannot be rescued by BMP. These results suggests that ADMP2 plays an early role in specifying presumptive ventral mesoderm in the leading edge mesoderm, and that ADMP2 activity may be necessary to respond to BMP signaling in the context of ventral mesoderm induction.
Dietary control of the renal reabsorption and excretion of α2u-globulin

Dietary protein supply is a factor in controlling the excretion of proteins in the urine. As early as 1926, Addis, Mackay, and Mackay observed that male rats on a 69% protein diet excreted more urinary proteins than did those on a 17% diet [1]. Protein deficiency had the opposite effect, resulting in a suppression of the proteinuria [2]. Of the total urinary proteins excreted by the adult male rat, approximately 30% is a sex-dependent globulin called α 2u [3,4], which is synthesized by the liver [5] and controlled synergistically by androgens and glucocorticoids [6]. Dietary protein supply also had a profound influence on the excretion of α 2u [4]. On a 0% casein diet, the excretion was reduced to approximately 1 mg/24 hours compared with a normal of 10 to 15mg. On a 50% casein diet, rats excreted 30 to 50 mg/24 hours, an increase of more than 100% above the normal [4]. Early studies also suggested that high protein diets exaggerated the leakage of plasma proteins caused by a spontaneous nephrotic syndrome observed in male rats [7, 8]. Rats previously castrated did not exhibit an increased excretion of urinary protein on a 50% casein diet, whereas supplementation with testosterone restored the augmented proteinuria [9]. This suggested that the elevated excretion of urinary protein was dependent on the presence of androgens. It is now known that a high-protein diet caused an increased excretion of α 2u without at the same time leading to a compensatory, stimulated hepatic biosynthesis. Conceivably, the increased excretion of α 2u was the consequence of an altered state of renal reabsorption [4]. The purpose of the present communication was to compare the degree of renal reabsorption under three different dietary conditions and to determine whether the kidneys controlled the urinary excretion of α 2u by altering its reabsorption.
Structural and Electronic Properties of PbSe Nanocrystals from First Principles

This work reports density-functional calculations of the structural and electronic properties of PbSe nanocrystals ranging in radius from 8.4 to 14.8 {angstrom}. We considered nearly spherical, rocksalt-structure nanocrystals with 1:1 Pb:Se stoichiometry and no molecular species adsorbed at the surface. We found that: (1) The Pb-Se bond lengths and bond angles are significantly distorted compared to those in bulk PbSe, in an {approx} 8-{angstrom}-thick shell near the surface of the nanocrystal. (2) Even in the absence of surface passivants, there are no surface states in the band gap of the nanocrystals. (3) The nanocrystal band gap undergoes a significant redshift (Franck-Condon shift) when an electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band. For nanocrystals of radius R=8.4 {angstrom}, the calculated Franck-Condon shift is {approx}0.18 eV. (4) The calculated electronic density of states shows a significant asymmetry between valence and conduction states, suggesting that the postulated 'mirror symmetry' between valence band and conduction band does not exist.
In vitro synthesis of Alternaria allergens and their recognition by murine monoclonal and human IgE antibodies.

Background Allergic reactions to fungal allergens, including Alternaria, are common clinical problems. Reagents used for diagnosis and therapy of fungal allergy are complex and variable mixtures. Standardized reagents are difficult to achieve due to batch to batch variability in these biologic products. Although several Alternaria allergens have been isolated, their production by current methods is laborious. The introduction of molecular biology into allergy research has led to the molecular cloning of several allergens which may culminate in improved methods of treatment. Objective This report describes the development of techniques that will lead to the molecular cloning of Alternaria allergens. Methods We isolated the poly (A) + -messenger RNA from Alternaria, produced proteins in vitro and probed them for binding to murine monoclonal antibodies directed against Alternaria. In addition, we examined the ability of the translated proteins to bind IgE from the sera of Alternariasensitive individuals. Results We synthesized at least 20 proteins ranging in molecular weight from 2 to 90 kD using in vitro techniques. The translated proteins were detected by both murine monoclonal and human IgE antibodies. Conclusions Alternaria allergens can be synthesized in vitro by molecular biology techniques. Such techniques will be used in the development of cDNA libraries for the production of Alternaria allergens by recombinant DNA methods.
Influence of habitat and season on foraging flock composition in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris).

This study examines the relative importance of habitat and season in determining size and composition of foraging flocks of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). We hypothesized that if season was the principal determinant of flock size, variation across seasons (within habitat) would be greater than variation across habitats (within season). The calendar year was divided into 6 seasons corresponding to major stages in the annual cycle of starlings. After measuring the availibility of 15 foraging habitats occurring within the study area, we drove a 184 km route weekly (over a 17 month period) to census starling flock size, species composition, habitat use, and activity. Although flock size was influenced by both season and habitat, it varied relatively less within seasons (across habitats). Only five of nine seasons showed significant habitat effects, and two (of the five) were significant mainly because of large aggregations in habitats with unusually abundant food (e.g. feedlots, cornfields). In contrast, eight of nine habitats showed significant seasonal effects. The only exception (hay) was little used (<1% of all birds observed). For starlings the activities associated with seasonal events of the annual cycle were a major influence on patterns of social foraging. Habitat factors were less important because of constraints imposed by seasonal factors, but under some conditions (e.g. drought, clumped food supply) they became dominant.
Relation of reperfusion success with anistreplase or alteplase in acute myocardial infarction to body weight

Abstract Adjustment in dose based on body size is not recommended currently for thrombolytic regimens, except for a reduction in alteplase (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator [rt-PA]) dose for safety reasons in patients with low body weight. It is unresolved how to dose thrombolytic agents in very heavy patients. The study objective was to assess whether patency of the infarct-related artery at 1 day after therapy with anistreplase (anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex [APSAC]) or rt-PA is adversely affected by increased body weight. Data were analyzed from a double-blind, randomized, comparative study of APSAC (30 U/5 min) versus rt-PA (100 mg/3 hours, adjusted downward for body weight 94 kg; n = 22) and in the low-normal weight group (n =126) (86 and 90%, respectively, for perfusion grade 2 3 [p = 0.64]; and 82 and 74%, respectively, for grade 3 [p = 0.42]). In contrast, for the rt-PA group, heavy patients (n = 34) achieved significantly lower patency rates (74 vs 89% for grade 2/3 [p = 0.02]; and 59 vs 77% for grade 3 [p = 0.03]). The dose of heparin administered, adjusted to maintain a therapeutic partial thromboplastin time until the 1-day (mean 28 hours) angiogram, was greater in the heavy than in the low-normal weight group (mean ± SE 39,680 ± 4,818 vs 30,027 ± 1,177 U; p = 0.007). Thus, coronary artery patency rates at 1 day are not adversely affected in heavy patients who receive standard doses of APSAC, but are lower after standard doses of rt-PA, suggesting that larger doses of rt-PA or heparin, or both, may be needed to achieve an optimal patency outcome.
Evaluation of Large Eddy Simulation and RANS for Determining Hydraulic Performance of Disinfection Systems for Water Treatment

Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation has been demonstrated to be a powerful and efficient approach for conducting numerical assessment of the hydraulic performance of disinfection systems for water treatment at a much lower cost than physical experiments. Recently, large eddy simulation (LES) has been introduced for the first time as a potentially more accurate alternative to RANS for predicting hydraulic performance of disinfection systems such as baffled contactors (Kim et al., 2010, “Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Tracer Transport in Multichamber Ozone Contactors,” J. Environ. Eng., 136, pp. 22–31). This gives rise to the need to carefully assess RANS and LES in order to understand under which flow characteristics LES should be recommended instead of the less computationally intensive RANS for predicting hydraulic performance of a disinfection system. To that extent, this manuscript presents results from RANS and LES simulations of flow and tracer transport in a laboratory-scale column contactor and a laboratory-scale baffled contactor. Flow fields, residence time distributions, and characteristic residence times are analyzed. LES is shown to be a more reliable strategy than RANS in simulating tracer transport in column contactors due to its ability to better predict the spatial transition to turbulence characterizing the flow. However, in baffled contactors where such transition does not occur and the flow is characterized by a quasi-steady short circuiting jet and dead zones, RANS performs on par with LES.
Performance Analysis of Full-Film Textured Surfaces With Consideration of Roughness Effects

A mass-conservative algorithm that implements the Jakobsson-Floberg-Olsson cavitation theory is used to predict the performances of seal-like structures and thrust bearings with a dimpled surface texture. The results of a series of simulations for load-carrying capacity, film thickness, dimple depth, dimple density cavitation pressure, leakage, and friction force are presented, and the relationship between these performance parameters is studied. It is shown that, under the conditions simulated, surface roughness can improve the load-carrying capacity, but its effect is limited.
The Effect of Withdrawing Growth Promoting Antibiotics from Broiler Chickens: A Long-Term Commercial Industry Study

SUMMARY A comprehensive study with close to 7 million growing broilers spanning 3 yr and 158 pairedhouses was conducted in two different geographic locations under industry conditions. A limited numberoffarms,mosthavingtunnel-ventilated,dark-outfacilitiesandallhavingsimilarequipment were selected to enhance repeatability over time. Equal numbers of birds from different breeder flocks were placed in the trial and control houses. The control treatment used the current field feed coccidiostat, roxarsone, and growth-promoting antibiotics (GPA) program, and the trial was identical to the control treatment with no GPA. The average age of all flocks in the entire trial was 52 d of age. Removal of GPA from the feed resulted in an average reduction in livability of 0.2% on the Delmarva Peninsula (DMV) and 0.14% in North Carolina (NC), an average decrease in body weight of 0.03 lb on DMV and 0.04 lb in NC, and an average increase in feed conversion ratio of 0.016 on DMV and 0.0.012 in NC. Skin color scores and field condemnations were not significantly negatively impacted by removing GPA. Both male and female body weights were less uniform without GPA. Placing new litter on farms resulted in only temporary improvement in field performance of birds given no GPA. The pattern of difference for feed conversion between trial and control over time was different between geographic locations. This study clearly shows that making a decision to withdraw GPA should not be made with only limited data conducted in one location or over a short time.
Relaxation in a high-stress environment: the molecular bases of extensible cell walls and cell enlargement.

SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE The enlargement of plant cells involves the coordinate con- trol of wall synthesis and expansion, solute and water trans- port, membrane synthesis, Golgi secretion, ion transport, and many other processes. In this review, I have focused on the wall because it is the major control point for cell enlarge- ment. Some of the key processes that may be involved in wall enlargement are summarized in Figure 4. I offer the following speculative picture as a tentative working model for the control of wall expansion. The primary wall is initially secreted and assembled in a form that is me- chanically tough yet has “hot spots” where expansin can weaken microfibril-matrix adhesion. Expansin activity, which is modulated both by secretion of the protein to the wall and by changes in the pH and redox potential of the wall, in- duces the stress relaxation and polymer creep needed for wall enlargement and water uptake by the cell. By altering Synthesis & secretion secretion of wall polysaccharides and proteins
Partitioning Point Sets in 4 Dimensions

We introduce a new type of partition called a parallel planes partition. We prove there exists a parallel planes partition of any set of n points in 4 dimensions. This partition yields a data structure for the half-space retrieval problem in 4 dimensions; it has linear size and achieves a sublinear query time.