cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and precision of Richards' method for the calibration of weights.

Proof is supplied for the appropriateness of the recommendations in a preceding article on the practical performance of the calibration of a set of weights. The following points should be considered when striving for a high degree of precision. (1) Richards' method assures internal consistency of the absolute weights computed for the pieces of a set. (2) When a well adjusted set of weights with the multiples 1–2–3–5 in all decades is calibrated, the uncertainty of the corrections to absolute weight contained in the final list of corrections will be slightly less than one third of the uncertainty of a weight increment determined with the same balance. This statement presumes that the weighings are performed by transposition and that the calibration is carried out twice. (3) For well adjusted sets, the uncertainty of the corrections to absolute weight is directly proportional to the uncertainty of the method used for the determination of weight. The numerical values of the proportionality factorq, which depends upon the combination of multiples in the decades, are listed in Table III. (4) The highest precision is attained in calibration when all decades contain the multiples 1–2–3–5. (5) It is always assumed that (a) the corrections to absolute weight are less than one third of the nominal value of the temporary standard; (b) the uncertainty of the method used in the determination of weight is not more than one hundredth of the nominal value of the temporary standard; (c) the true weight of the temporary standard will not differ from its nominal value for more than one fortieth of the latter; and (d) proper precautions are taken to keep insignificant the effect of errors arising from the uplift in air and its fluctuations. (6) Accuracy and precision suffer, if the calibration is limited to one decade. Crudely adjusted weights cannot be calibrated with a high degree of precision. (7) When using a well adjusted and calibrated set of weights for weighing by transposition, it is possible to keep the uncertainty of the determination of weight down to the uncertainty of the weight increment in spite of using four to five weights for counterbalancing. Even when using all 16 weights of four decades, the total uncertainty would not increase for more than 50 per cent. (8) The predictions concerning the attainable precision have been confirmed by experiments in which sets of weights were repeatedly calibrated. Some evidence has been found which seems to indicate that direct determination of weight and correction for the arm ratio introduce a discernible trend into the list of corrections. The determination of the arm ratio for small loads cannot be performed with the desirable precision.
Races of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea (Phytophthora Rot) Affecting Soybeans in North Alabama

Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. f. sp. glycinea Kuan and Erwin (Pmg) was isolated for the first time from the northern counties of Alabama (MORGAN and MADISON). TWO predominant Pmg races, R2 and R11, were identified by the reactions of standard soybean differential cultivars. Other soil-borne pathogens isolated from the soil and suspected Pmg-affected root samples in Morgan, Adadison, and Limestone counties were Pytbium spp., Fusarium ssp., Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rbizoctonia solani. Further study is in progress to obtain a proper assessment of Pmg races in Alabama.
Enzymic phosphorylation of D-glucuronic acid by extracts from seedlings of Phaseolus aureus.

Abstract Enzyme preparations capable of phosphorylating d -glucuronic acid in the presence of ATP and MgCl 2 were obtained from mung bean seedlings. Both soluble and particulate preparations catalyzed the reaction. The enzymically formed phosphate ester was identified as α- d -glucuronic acid 1-phosphate.
Unexpected consequences of block polydispersity on the self-assembly of ABA triblock copolymers

Controlled/“living” polymerizations and tandem polymerization methodologies offer enticing opportunities to enchain a wide variety of monomers into new, functional block copolymer materials with unusual physical properties. However, the use of these synthetic methods often introduces nontrivial molecular weight polydispersities, a type of chain length heterogeneity, into one or more of the copolymer blocks. While the self-assembly behavior of monodisperse AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers is both experimentally and theoretically well understood, the effects of broadening the copolymer molecular weight distribution on block copolymer phase behavior are less well-explored. We report the melt-phase self-assembly behavior of SBS triblock copolymers (S = poly(styrene) and B = poly(1,4-butadiene)) comprised of a broad polydispersity B block (Mw/Mn = 1.73–2.00) flanked by relatively narrow dispersity S blocks (Mw/Mn = 1.09–1.36), in order to identify the effects of chain length heterogeneity on block copoly...
Bit-level arithmetic optimization for carry-save additions

This paper addresses the bit-level optimization of carry-save adder (CSA) arrays when the operands are of unequal wordlength (such as in some datapaths in digital signal processing circuits). We first show that by relaxing the carry-save representation to allow for more than two signals per bit position, we gain flexibility in the bit-level implementation of CSA arrays that can be exploited to achieve a more efficient design. We then propose algorithms to optimize a single adder array at the bit-level. In addition, we proposed a heuristic to optimize a series of adder arrays that might occur in a datapath. We have applied our algorithms to the optimization of high-speed digital FIR filters and have achieved 15% to 30% savings (weighted cost) in the overall filter implementation array in comparison to the standard carry-save implementation.
An Evaluation of the Experiences of Rural MSM Who Accessed an Online HIV/AIDS Health Promotion Intervention

The purpose of this study was to assess rural MSM’s satisfaction with an Internet-delivered HIV/AIDS intervention. Objectives were to evaluate if completion rates varied by characteristics, if completion varied by computer issues, if satisfaction changed from first to last modules, and if satisfaction was associated with module order. Data were collected from 300 rural MSM. Results showed few differences between men who completed the intervention and those who dropped out. Completion was associated with income, accessing the intervention at home, time to load screens, and finding navigation easy. For those completing the intervention, interest in and perceived usefulness of the information increased from first to the last module. Module order was associated with the knowledge module. Interest in the module was greatest if it was encountered last. Results indicate that rural MSM are willing to enroll in and complete an Internetdelivered HIV/AIDS risk reduction intervention.
Pubertal Development in Mexican American Girls: The Family’s Perspective

Mexican American (MA) girls are entering puberty earlier than in the past, yet few studies have explored the perceptions surrounding puberty among this group. We conducted separate focus groups for fathers, mothers, and daughters aged 6 to 12 years to explore perceptions of body image, pubertal development, communications, and sources of puberty-related information in MA participants. Our results revealed parental concerns about daughters' weight and pubertal development, as well as differences in their communication with their daughters. Although both parents willingly discussed pubertal issues concerning their daughters, mothers had a more active role in conveying pubertal information to daughters. Among the girls, there was a gap in knowledge about the pubertal process between the younger and older girls. Our findings present opportunities and challenges for addressing obesity as a pubertal risk factor in MA girls; however, more studies are needed to understand family beliefs and sociocultural dynamics surrounding puberty in MAs.
A Long-Term Program of Research on Drug Use and Crime

This paper describes the major findings emanating from a long-term research program conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, on the drugs-crime relationship. It is the compilation of experiences, studies, and findings related to the research career of David N. Nurco, D.S.W., and his colleagues. Covering a period of over 30 years, the program of research, described in the report from the personal perspective of Dr. Nurco, has moved from the study of the nature and correlates of narcotic drug use to the development of data-based interventions. Topics investigated involve many aspects of narcotic addiction, including the relationship between addiction status and crime rates; changes in addict behavior over time; individual variation among addicts in the type, frequency, and severity of crime; and an examination of the early adolescent behavior of males who eventually become narcotic addicts in contrast to that of their never-addicted peers. It concludes with a description of the program's ongoing research, principally dealing with community-based interventions.
Implementing neural-morphological operations using programmable logic

Neural network models have been studied for a number of years for achieving human-like performances in the fields of image and speech recognition. There has been a recent resurgence in the field of neural networks caused by new topologies and algorithms analog VLSI implementation techniques and the belief that massive parallelism is essential for high performance image and speech recognition. This paper presents an idea of implementing neural networks with Boolean programmable logic models. Though the approach didn''t adopt continuous analog framework commonly used in related research it can handle a variety of neural network applications and avoid some of the limitations of threshold logic networks. Dynamically programmable logic modules (or DPLM''s) can be implemented with digital multiplexers. Each node performs a dynamically-assigned Boolean function of its input vectors. Therefore the overall network is a combinational circuit and its outputs are Boolean global functions of the network''s input variables. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Experience of Abused Women With Their Children's Law Guardians

In-depth unstructured interviews are conducted with previously abused divorced mothers about their experience with law guardians of their children. Interviews are transcribed and their content analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. Nine themes clustered in the following three groups emerge: perceived performance of law guardians; perceived shortcomings of the system, which provides a context for interaction with law guardians; and emotional effects on women. These themes are discussed and illustrated, and implications for practice are suggested.
A digital CMOS 2H adaptive comb filter IC

A CMOS IC with 2*910 bytes of RAM, A/D converter, two D/A converters and video DSP filters is presented. The converters allow analog input and outputs, while the DSP filters are stable and require no alignment. Configured as a 2H comb filter for NTSC applications, this IC adapts the filtering algorithm dynamically based on the local picture content. The technology and design approach also lends itself well to 1H comb filters and PAL comb filters. Other video processing devices such as time base correctors and picture-in-picture would also benefit. >
Regression-Based Estimation of Lodgepole Pine Forest Age from Landsat Thematic Mapper Data

Abstract A linear regression‐based model for mapping forest age using Landsat Thematic Mapper data is evaluated in the lodgepole pine forests of Yellowstone National Park. Regression models predicting age (R2=0.62) and a logarithmic transformation of age (R2 = 0.90) used a combination of visible, near‐infrared, and middle‐infrared TM bands. Forest age maps produced using the regression method match broad‐scale patterns of forest age within the Yellowstone Central Plateau study area. Per‐pixel estimates of forest age, however, may depart substantially from actual forest age, particularly for older stands, and the maps are most appropriate for depicting regional patterns of forest age.
The Politics and Policy of Ebola

It was a dark and stormy night in mid October in Boone, North Carolina. I was late for a gumbo dinner that my co-editor was hosting at his house in honor of a visit to the area by Barbara Walthall, the managing editor for PS. Wind gusts exceeding 50 mph were forecast, and rain was coming down in sheets. I wasn’t quite sure the mountainside wouldn’t wash down on me before I got to Phillip’s house. “Too bad for Barbara,” I thought, “she missed the fall colors by just one day.” A radio program on the Ebola crisis in western Africa distracted my attention. The reporter was profi ling a health-care worker who wanted to volunteer for service in the area, but her application had been delayed for weeks while she was shuttled back and forth between government and nongovernmental organizations, her application was processed and reprocessed, and even after she was approved, she was told that she could not be deployed for at least a month. The thrust of the story was clear: the listener was supposed to be outraged that bureaucratic incompetence and delay would only exacerbate what had already become the most severe international public health crisis in memory. Instead, my editorial antenna kicked in, and it struck me that political scientists might react very diff erently to this health-care worker’s tale of woe. Recruiting, training, and deploying personnel to a rapidly changing crisis zone with severe infrastructure challenges and located thousands of miles away is a highly sophisticated dance. Yet completing this task in only four weeks struck me as quite impressive. I wondered if my colleagues would agree with me. That evening, I pitched the idea of a “Spotlight” on Ebola to Phillip, Barbara, and Celina, our editorial assistant. We agreed on a possible timeline, and I agreed to try to identify some potential contributors. The eff ort began the next day, and one of the names that I kept encountering was Ruxandra Paul, a recent PhD and a college fellow at Harvard University who works on issues of markets and international migration. Ruxandra graciously agreed to pen an essay quickly. Fast forward a few days after the eff ort had begun. A missive from Ken Sherrill, emeritus professor at Hunter College was sent to Steven Rathgeb Smith, the executive director of APSA, with the requisite long list of additional receipient addresses. Citing his own coauthored article on political science and AIDS written 22 years ago with Robert Bailey and Carolyn Somerville (1992) (we are academics after all!), Professor Sherrill asked:
Global optimization of a combinatorially complex generalized pooling problem

Global optimization strategies are described for a generalization of the pooling problem that is important to the petrochemical, chemical, and wastewater treatment industries. The problem involves both discrete variables, modeling the structure of a flow network, and continuous variables, modeling flow rates, and stream attributes. The continuous relaxation of this mixed integer nonlinear programming problem is nonconvex because of the presence of bilinear terms in the constraint functions. We propose an algorithm to find the global solution using the principles of the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT). A novel piecewise linear RLT formulation is proposed and applied to the class of generalized pooling problems. Using this approach we verify the global solution of a combinatorially complex industrial problem containing 156 bilinear terms and 55 binary variables, reducing the gap between upper and lower bounds to within 1.2%. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The antihypoxia–adenosinergic pathogenesis as a result of collateral damage by overactive immune cells

Here, we attract attention to the possibility of iatrogenic exacerbation of immune-mediated tissue damage as a result of the unintended weakening of the tissue-protecting, hypoxia-adenosinergic pathway. These immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory pathways play a critical and nonredundant role in the protection of normal tissues from collateral damage during an inflammatory response. We believe that it is the tissue hypoxia associated with inflammatory damage that leads to local inhibition of overactive immune cells by activating A2AR and A2BR and stabilizing HIF-1alpha. We show in an animal model of acute lung injury that oxygenation (i.e., inspiring supplemental oxygen) reverses tissue hypoxia and exacerbates ongoing inflammatory lung tissue damage. However, little has been done to carefully investigate and prevent this in a clinical setting. Similarly, the consumption of caffeine antagonizes A2ARs, resulting in exacerbation of ongoing acute inflammation. It is suggested that although the elimination of hypoxia-adenosinergic immunosuppression is desirable to improve vaccines, it is important to take into account the unintentional effects of supplemental oxygen and caffeine, which may increase collateral, inflammatory tissue damage.
Affordability assessments to support strategic planning and decisions at NASA

NASA's goal to provide a human presence in space while contributing to the knowledge of the science of Earth, other planets, the solar system, and the universe requires a diverse set of scientific and exploration missions.12 Successful development and execution of these portfolios depends upon a sustainable and affordable long-term strategy. To provide a basis for an adequate annual funding profile to fit within NASA's budget, an objective affordability assessment of a mission's technical baseline, associated risks, and cost and schedule is fundamental. For example, NASA's Science Mission Directorate lists close to 100 planned science missions for launch within a 20-year window in the Agency Mission Planning Manifest maintained by the NASA Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation. On the human space flight side, the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) is in the process of trying to develop several multi-billion dollar systems (e.g. Orion capsule, Ares launch vehicle, etc.) in parallel to meet an initial operational capability within the next 10 years. While portfolios such as these might be defined such that the estimated life-cycle costs are covered by the expected budget, there are a variety of factors that might initiate a need to re-plan the portfolio, including budget cuts, new mission content, new Administration direction, different reserves strategies, and cost and schedule overruns. This can be seen in the 2009 Review of U.S. Human Space Flight (HSF) Plans Committee initiated by the White House, which examined the ongoing U.S. human space flight plans and programs, as well as alternatives to the current program of record. Using an affordability analysis process developed by The Aerospace Corporation, assessments were performed using the Sand Chart Tool (SCT) to support these portfolio analyses. SCT was developed to provide insight into the behavior of large portfolios and strategic issues associated with re-plans and execution of the specified content. It can run in two modes: Planning Mode, which applies a temporal stretch algorithm to fit portfolio costs to the budget (by stretching out schedule as necessary), and Evaluation Mode, which performs a probabilistic Monte Carlo analysis to determine the robustness of a given plan after considering cost-growth risks, schedule linkages, and other factors. This paper will 1) look at why affordability analysis is important in managing complex/high-value Agency portfolios, 2) provide a general overview of SCT and the affordability analysis process, and 3) examine recent examples of affordability assessments performed on the ESMD portfolio in support of the Review of HSF Committee.
Branching Ratio of 18 Ne(7.06 MeV, 4 + )

The recently reported branching ratio (BR) for the 4${}^{+}$ state in ${}^{18}$Ne at E${}_{\mathrm{x}}$ = 7.06 MeV strongly disagrees with the BR computed using the known properties of this state.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a unique rearrangement between chromosomes 4 and 11

A case of pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) with a dir ins(11;4)(q23;q21q31) chromosome rearrangement is presented. The patient's clinical findings and history were similar to those described for the t(4;11)(q21;q23) subgroup of childhood ALL. These findings suggest that the interfacing of the distal breakpoint at band 4q21 to the proximal breakpoint of band 11q23 represents the primary cytogenetic change observed in this subgroup of ALL.
Measurement of high frequency waves using a wave follower

High frequency waves were measured using a laser-optical sensor mounted on a wave follower. Measured down-wind wave slope spectra are shown to be wind speed dependent; the mean square wave-slopes are generally larger than those measured by Cox and Munk (1954) using the sun glitter method.
Clinical Specialist Pre- and Postdischarge Teaching of Parents of Very Low Birth Weight Infants

This study examined the pre- and postdischarge teaching needed by parents of very low birth weight infants (≤ 1,500 g). The sample consisted of 36 families observed from the births of their infants to 18 months’ postdischarge. Content analyses yielded five major teaching categories of infant, mother, family, home, and resources. Major predischarge teaching included feeding, recognition of infections, and growth and development. Major postdischarge teaching included feeding, current health problems, growth and development, and managing within the health-care system.
The tangent FFT

The split-radix FFT computes a size-n complex DFT, when n is a large power of 2, using just 4n lg n-6n+8 arithmetic operations on real numbers. This operation count was first announced in 1968, stood unchallenged for more than thirty years, and was widely believed to be best possible. Recently James Van Buskirk posted software demonstrating that the split-radix FFT is not optimal. Van Buskirk's software computes a size-n complex DFT using only (34/9 + o(1))n lg n arithmetic operations on real numbers. There are now three papers attempting to explain the improvement from 4 to 34/9: Johnson and Frigo, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2007; Lundy and Van Buskirk, Computing, 2007; and this paper. This paper presents the "tangent FFT," a straightforward in-place cache-friendly DFT algorithm having exactly the same operation counts as Van Buskirk's algorithm. This paper expresses the tangent FFT as a sequence of standard polynomial operations, and pinpoints how the tangent FFT saves time compared to the split-radix FFT. This description is helpful not only for understanding and analyzing Van Buskirk's improvement but also for minimizing the memory-access costs of the FFT.
Validating Designs Through Sequential Simulation-Based Optimization

Computational simulation models support a rapid design process. Given model approximation and operating conditions uncertainty, designers must have confidence that the designs obtained using simulations will perform as expected. This paper presents a methodology for validating designs as they are generated during a simulation-based optimization process. Current practice focuses on validation of simulation models throughout the entire design space. In contrast, the proposed methodology requires validation only at design points generated during optimization. The goal of such validation is confidence in the resulting design rather than in the underlying simulation model. The proposed methodology is illustrated on a simple cantilever beam design subject to vibration.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The pathway of glutamine and glutamate oxidation in isolated mitochondria from mammalian cells.

1. Pyruvate strongly inhibited aspartate production by mitochondria isolated from Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells, and rat kidney and liver respiring in the presence of glutamine or glutamate; the production of14CO2 from l-[U-14C]glutamine was not inhibited though that from l-[U-14C]glutamate was inhibited by more than 50%. 2. Inhibition of aspartate production during glutamine oxidation by intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells in the presence of glucose was not accompanied by inhibition of CO2 production. 3. The addition of amino-oxyacetate, which almost completely suppressed aspartate production, did not inhibit the respiration of the mitochondria in the presence of glutamine, though the respiration in the presence of glutamate was inhibited. 4. Glutamate stimulated the respiration of kidney mitochondria in the presence of glutamine, but the production of aspartate was the same as that in the presence of glutamate alone. 5. The results suggest that the oxidation of glutamate produced by the activity of mitochondrial glutaminase can proceed almost completely through the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway if the transamination pathway is inhibited. This indicates that the oxidation of glutamate is not limited by a high [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio. 6. It is suggested that under physiological conditions the transamination pathway is a less favourable route for the oxidation of glutamate (produced by hydrolysis of glutamine) in Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells, and perhaps also kidney, than the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway, as the production of acetyl-CoA strongly inhibits the first mechanism. The predominance of the transamination pathway in the oxidation of glutamate by isolated mitochondria can be explained by a restricted permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to glutamate and by a more favourable location of glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase compared with that of glutamate dehydrogenase.
The Surprising Career of Federal Fair Housing Law

Unlike the breakthrough civil rights legislation of 1964–65, which dismantled the South's Jim Crow system and led to rapid advances in job access and educational opportunity for minorities throughout the nation, the federal fair housing legislation of the 1960s produced little substantive change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 quickly became case studies in the dominant tradition of presidential leadership in legislative reform, joining such modern classics as Social Security and the Marshall Plan. The Open Housing Act of 1968, however, belongs to a different era of national policy development.
HIV gp41 six-helix bundle constructs induce rapid vesicle fusion at pH 3.5 and little fusion at pH 7.0: understanding pH dependence of protein aggregation, membrane binding, and electrostatics, and implications for HIV-host cell fusion

The HIV gp41 protein catalyzes fusion between HIV and target cell membranes. The fusion states of the gp41 ectodomain include early coiled-coil (CC) structure and final six-helix bundle (SHB) structure. The ectodomain has an additional N-terminal apolar fusion peptide (FP) sequence which binds to target cell membranes and plays a critical role in fusion. One approach to understanding gp41 function is study of vesicle fusion induced by constructs that encompass various regions of gp41. There are apparent conflicting literature reports of either rapid or no fusion of negatively charged vesicles by SHB constructs. These reports motivated the present study, which particularly focused on effects of pH because the earlier high and no fusion results were at pH 3.0 and 7.2, respectively. Constructs include “Hairpin,” which has SHB structure but lacks the FP, “FP-Hairpin” with FP + SHB, and “N70,” which contains the FP and part of the CC but does not have SHB structure. Aqueous solubility, membrane binding, and vesicle fusion function were measured at a series of pHs and much of the pH dependences of these properties were explained by protein charge. At pH 3.5, all constructs were positively charged, bound negatively charged vesicles, and induced rapid fusion. At pH 7.0, N70 remained positively charged and induced rapid fusion, whereas Hairpin and FP-Hairpin were negatively charged and induced no fusion. Because viral entry occurs near pH 7 rather than pH 3, our results are consistent with fusogenic function of early CC gp41 and with fusion arrest by final SHB gp41.
Direct adaptive control of a web cache system

For a 2-class content web cache, with the measured relative cache hit ratios as output and the content class storage space ratios as input, a dynamic model is derived and supported by experiment verification, to capture the dynamic nature of a web cache system. To deal with system parameter uncertainties and noises in controlling the hit rate ratio between two classes, a direct adaptive feedback control approach is employed. Two adaptive control designs are studied a deterministic design for handling parameter uncertainties, and a stochastic design for compensating system noises. Experiment results are presented to show that both designs are capable of improving system performance, while a stochastic design performs better. Experiment results from a fixed control design and an open-loop control design are also given as comparison to show that adaptive designs are more promising for web cache system applications.
Analysis of nanoindentation of soft materials with an atomic force microscope

Nanoindentation is a popular experimental technique for characterization of the mechanical properties of soft and biological materials. With its force resolution of tens of pico-Newtons, the atomic force microscope (AFM) is well-suited for performing indentation experiments on soft materials. However, nonlinear contact and adhesion complicate such experiments. This paper critically examines the application of the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) adhesion model to nanoindentation data collected with an AFM. The use of a nonlinear least-square error-fitting algorithm to calculate reduced modulus from the nanoindentation data using the JKR model is discussed. It is found that the JKR model fits the data during loading but does not fit the data during unloading. A fracture stability analysis shows that the JKR model does not fit the data collected during unloading because of the increased stability provided by the AFM cantilever.
Computer-aided detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatic CT: False positive reduction with feature selection

This study presents a computer-aided detection (CADe) system of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using sequential forward floating selection (SFFS) method with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). We extracted morphologic and texture features from the segmented HCC candidate regions from the arterial phase (AP) images of the contrast-enhanced hepatic CT images. To select the most discriminatory features for classification, we developed an SFFS method directly coupled with LDA that maximizes the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) value. The maximal AUC value criterion directly reflects the CADe system performance used in clinical practice. The initial CADe before the classification achieved a 100% (23/23) sensitivity with 33.7 (775/23) false positives (FPs) per patient. The maximal AUC SFFS method for LDA with eleven selected features eliminated 48.0% (372/775) of the FPs without any removal of the HCCs in a leave-one-lesion-out cross-validation test; thus, a 95.6% sensitivity with 7.9 FPs per patient was achieved.
The Application of Evidence-Based Practice to Nonspeech Oral Motor Treatments.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to help speech-language pathologists (SLPs) apply the principles of evidence-based practice (EBP) to nonspeech oral motor treatments (NSOMTs) in order to make valid, evidence-based decisions about NSOMTs and thus determine if they are viable treatment approaches for the management of communication disorders. Method A detailed description of EBP is provided, including levels of evidence for rating the quality of evidence. NSOMTs are described and a survey of the literature on NSOMTs is provided along with a determination of the level of evidence of each study reported. A systematic literature search was conducted using the electronic databases of MEDLINE and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) within an unrestricted time period. In addition, reference lists from identified articles were also reviewed. Ethical and fiscal issues related to EBP and NSOMTs, as well as clinical implications of EBP for the use of NSOMTs, are discussed. Results ...
Noise Characteristics in Magnetic Recording Media

Magnetic recording media are designed to provide stability of the recorded information to as high a spatial density as possible.The magnetic noise can be characterized into two primary forms: transition noise and "DC" noise. Transition noise arises from the bit to bit randomness of the "zig-zag" wall. This noise is "non-stationary" because it is local and depends on the transition density. The "DC" noise is "stationary" and arises from the grains independent of whether a transition is written or not. Double layer media can help to reduce the noise even further. Magnetic and geometric properties that affect the noise levels are reviewed.
3He(e,e'p)d and 3He(e,e'p)pn at High Momentum Transfer

The (e,e’p) reaction has proven to be a useful tool for studying specific aspects of the nucleus. The Jefferson Lab continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF) along with the high resolution spectrometers in the Hall A end station allow this reaction to be studied in kinematics heretofore unaccessible. In this paper the results of the Jefferson Lab Hall A 3He(e,e’p)d and 3He(e,e’p)pn measurements, performed at a fixed q=1.5 GeV/c and ω=840 MeV, will be presented along with theoretical calculations by G. Salme, J.-M. Laget, and J. Udias.
Nanomechanics of Refractory Transition‐Metal Carbides: A Path to Discovering Plasticity in Hard Ceramics

Refractory carbides of transition metals (Zr, Ta, etc.), owing to a mixture of ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, exhibit high hardness (10s of GPa), high elastic moduli (100s of GPa), good resistance to wear, ablation, and corrosion, high-temperature mechanical strength, along with good electrical conductivities. They are attractive as high-temperature structural components in aerospace vehicles. Although these materials are exceptionally hard, their structural applications at low temperatures have been limited because of their brittleness. The design of ceramic materials possessing both high hardness and enhanced ductility has been a long-standing challenge. Various research studies have focused on this topic with limited success. Here, we present a brief review of our recent results obtained from direct observations of mechanical deformation during uniaxial compression of group IV and group V transition-metal carbide (ZrC and TaC) single crystals inside a transmission electron microscope. Our studies provide new insights into the mechanical deformation mechanisms and help to identify strategies for enhancing room-temperature plasticity in this class of materials.
Exercise training improves lipoprotein lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease

The effects of endurance exercise training on plasma lipoprotein lipids were determined in 10 men, ages 46 to 62 years, with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients maintained body weight, health-related behaviors, and stable diets throughout the program. Training was at 50% to 85% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) for 40 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 days/week for 29 +/- 7 weeks. Training increased VO2 max (31 +/- 19%, p less than 0.001), reduced plasma cholesterol (C) (-8 +/- 4%, p less than 0.01), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) (-9 +/- 9%, p less than 0.01), and triglyceride (TG) (-13 +/- 32%, p less than 0.05) concentrations, and increased high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) levels (11 +/- 13%, p less than 0.05) and HDL-C/LDL-C ratios (25 +/- 20%, p less than 0.01). Changes in LDL-C and VO2 max were correlated (r = -0.73, p +/- 0.01), while the changes in LDL-C and HDL-C each correlated inversely with pretraining lipoprotein levels (rLDL-C = -0.77, p less than 0.01; rHDL-C = -0.68, p less than 0.05). Thus potentially "antiatherogenic" benefits of exercise seem to be due to a training effect, since they correlate best with changes in VO2 max and are maximal in patients with initially low VO2 max, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C levels.
Virtualization Based Secure Execution And Testing Framework

Computer security aims at protecting confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information that are processed, used, or stored by computing systems. Computer scientists working in the field of computer security have successfully designed and developed software and hardware mechanisms to provide security in modern day computing devices. As compared to hardware security mechanisms, software-only security mechanisms are easy to implement and patch. But software-only security mechanisms cannot ensure protection against hardware-based attacks, thus rendering them vulnerable to such attacks. Hardware mechanism such as secure architectures aim to root the trust of the security solution in the hardware architecture. These security architectures typically deploy security mechanisms like encryption/decryption to protect confidentiality and hashing to protect data integrity. Though the security provided by hardware secure architectures is reliably high, they require modifications to the processor micro-architecture. Any changes to the micro-architecture is an extremely costly and time consuming process. Also, testing these hardware secure architectures is difficult as it requires testing the complete system including hardware, software and applications. Recently, virtualization has emerged to be an efficient and cost effective technology that allows emulating hardware mechanisms. It also enables emulating new hardware features in a virtualized environment. This makes the task of testing security architectures efficient and easy. In this paper, we use a virtualization software to build a Virtualization Based Secure Execution and Testing Framework for testing hardware secure architectures. Our framework provides a mechanism to plug-in secure architectures and monitor or test the system behavior by performing attacks on it.
Identification of Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest Clusters Using a Geographic Information System

Objectives: To locate all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in Rochester, New York, and identify clusters of OHCAs, as well as clusters of patients who did not receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), in order to identify locations that may benefit from prevention efforts. Methods: The locations of all adult OHCAs of cardiac etiology occurring in the study city over a four-year period were plotted on a map using ArcGIS. Location information was obtained from the emergency medical services (EMS) medical record and included street address and zip code. Descriptive data related to patient treatment and transport were also abstracted. Kernel analysis was used to identify areas with the highest density of OHCAs. Census-defined block groups were used to calculate OHCA incidence in order to determine the effect of population density. Patients with OHCAs who did not receive bystander CPR were selected and kernel analysis was repeated to identify areas with the highest density of no bystander CPR. Results: A total of 537 OHCAs that met the inclusion criteria occurred during the study period. Ninety-four percent had sufficient location information to be plotted. Two clusters of OHCAs were identified. One cluster covered two block groups that were found to have the highest incidence of OHCA in the city (incidence: 142 [95% CI = 42 to 241] and 105 [95% CI = 35 to 175] per 10,000 people). EMS providers or first responders started CPR (i.e., no bystander CPR) for 80% of patients. Kernel analysis revealed three areas with a high density of no bystander CPR; these areas coincided with the OHCA cluster sites. Cluster communities were found to have a lower median household income and a larger percentage of people living below the poverty level, to have more residents of African American race, and to have more residents without a high school diploma compared with the city's population in general. Conclusions: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest can be plotted by geographic location. Clusters of OHCAs can be identified, which could be used to guide resource allocation. Clusters of OHCAs in which the patients did not receive bystander CPR can also be identified and could be used to direct educational programs. Census data can be superimposed on this information to identify characteristics of cluster locations and were used to demonstrate that the identified clusters were not simply the result of population density.
Solar Hydrogen Production with a Metal Oxide-Based Thermochemical Cycle

Discover and characterize suitable materials for two• step, non-volatile metal oxide thermochemical cycles. Design and test particle conveying concepts for a novel • reactor/receiver concept. Test construction materials for compatibility between • ceria and reactor components at high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure. Calculate theoretical system efficiency for various • reactor/receiver operating scenarios. H2A technoeconomic analysis of dish-based particle • reactor/receiver concept.
Developments in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults: implications for anaesthetists

### Key points Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency. The diagnostic triad is: 1. Ketonaemia ≥3.0 mmol litre−1 or significant ketonuria (more than 2+ on urine sticks) 2. Blood glucose >11.0 mmol litre−1 or known diabetes mellitus 3. Bicarbonate <15.0 mmol litre−1, venous pH <7.3, or both. DKA can occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and, although preventable, it remains a frequent and life-threatening complication. Errors in the management of DKA are not uncommon and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The majority of mortality and morbidity in DKA are attributable to delays in presentation and initiation of treatment. Rapid recognition and treatment of DKA is critical. To overcome these concerns and to highlight current management strategies, the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) published guidelines in 2010. This was updated in consultation with the Intensive Care Society in September 2013.1 This article will review the pathophysiology of DKA and highlight the modern management of DKA that is relevant for anaesthetists. A summary of the JBDS guidelines pertinent to intensivists has been published.2 In England in 2010, there were 14 375 admissions to …
Good news, bad news on proliferation

While Argentina and Brazil now seem less likely to acquire nuclear weapons, Indian and Pakistani intentions remain uncertain. The Israeli nuclear program and recent allegations of black-marketeering are even more disturbing.
Past Traumas and Present Suffering: Consequences of Buddhist Narratives in the Sri Lankan Peace Process

Abstract This paper examines the real and expanded stories of Buddhist trauma in Sri Lanka and how they impair Sinhalese attempts to make a peace settlement with the Tamil minority. Drawing on the crisis that resulted from the installation of a Buddha statue in Trincomalee in 2005, the paper investigates the Buddhist trauma narratives in the stories of Emperor Asoka of India and King Dutthagamini of Sri Lanka to study the impact of such narratives on contemporary conflict. The paper concludes that long-lasting peace in Sri Lanka cannot be achieved simply through political solutions; efforts at peace must also find healing ways of telling Buddhist narratives of collective trauma and reintroducing narratives of history and identity in the light of hope.
Vitamin D3 alters microglia immune activation by an IL-10 dependent SOCS3 mechanism

Microglia become activated immune cells during infection or disease in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms that downregulate activated microglia to prevent immune-mediated damage are not completely understood. Vitamin D3 has been suggested to have immunomodulatory affects, and high levels of vitamin D3 have been correlated with a decreased risk for developing some neurological diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the synthesis of active vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, within the CNS, but its cellular source and neuroprotective actions remain unknown. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether microglia can respond to vitamin D3 and whether vitamin D3 alters immune activation of microglia. We have previously shown that microglia become activated by IFNγ or LPS or by infection with virus to express pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules. In this study, activated microglia increased the expression of the vitamin D receptor and Cyp27b1, which encodes the enzyme for converting vitamin D3 into its active form, thereby enhancing their responsiveness to vitamin D3. Most importantly, the activated microglia exposed to vitamin D3 had reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα, and increased expression of IL-10. The reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines was dependent on IL-10 induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). Therefore, vitamin D3 increases the expression of IL-10 creating a feedback loop via SOCS3 that downregulates the pro-inflammatory immune response by activated microglia which would likewise prevent immune mediated damage in the CNS.
Characterization of Grain Boundaries and Interfaces by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

Several examples will be given of high resolution electron microscope images of both grain boundaries and interfaces and the methods which have been applied to understanding their atomic structure. Specific expitaxial interfacial structures considered are: Pd2Si/Si used for ohmic contacts, Al on Si overlayers and CaF2/Si where the CaF2, is an attractive possibility as a dielectric material. For the case of grain boundaries specific examples of both twist and tilt boundaries in Au will be given to show the imaging capability with the new generation of medium voltage electron microscopes.
Using the Sign Function to Analyze Graphs

The easy availability of graphing calculators brings into question the traditional usage of the first and second derivatives to do curve analysis. It is difficult to convince students that such applications as the first and second derivative tests are useful or even necessary. We illustrate how curve analysis can be implemented on a calculator by using the sign function, thus turning the graphical power of the calculator to powerful advantage. This permits a check of the traditional table used for the first derivative test. A graph that shows the sign of both the first and second derivatives presents a nearly complete analysis of a function. To analyze a curve graphically requires finding a graph that displays all essential features clearly, which is hard to do on a device with limited resolution. Even if the domain is selected so that it contains all critical numbers, determining a usable range is often a chore and beyond the ability of some students. Consider, for example, the function f(x) =x3 2x2 +x 30. The function is "flat" on (j,l) and its graph appears to be strictly increasing, as shown in Figure 1. Both the realization that something of interest occurs on interval (j, 1) and a bit of experimentation are needed to produce a graph that shows that / is actually decreasing on this interval and that it has two relative extrema.