cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical evaluation of locked cycle flotation tests

Abstract A locked cycle test is one of the testing methods used to develop the optimum mineral recovery process. In order to understand the behavior of locked cycle tests, material balance equations are set up at the n th cycle of locked cycle tests consisting of three and four stages, called rougher, scavenger, cleaner and recleaner, and analytical solutions are obtained. From the analytical solutions, it becomes clear that the iteration number of the locked cycle tests required to reach a steady state depends on the flotation rate constant, the flotation time, the arrangement of the flotation stages and the total mass of recycled middlings which are discharged from the n th cycle of the locked cycle tests and fed into the subsequent ( n + 1)th cycle. In addition, flotation characteristics obtained from analytical solutions of a locked cycle test are compared with those of a continuous flotation circuit on the assumption that each flotation stage is composed of the same number of perfectly stirred cells of the same volume. As a result, it is found that good agreement between the theoretical locked cycle test and continuous flotation results is obtained when the number of cells in each stage is large.
Biomarkers for establishing a tolerable upper intake level for vitamin C.

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for vitamin C for healthy U.S. populations are currently being formulated by the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. A major task of the Panel is to analyze the evidence of adverse effects of high-dose vitamin C intakes to derive, if appropriate, a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for vitamin C. The present report details current and past research examining potential adverse effects of supplemental vitamin C. The available data indicate that very high intakes of vitamin C (2–4 g/day) are well tolerated biologically in healthy mammalian systems. Currently, strong scientific evidence to define and defend a UL for vitamin C is not available.
Reifying Analogy in Natural Theology

Karl Schmitz-Moormann argues that the doctrines of God and Creation, usually explicated in Roman Catholic theology by using the analogy of being, must rather be conceived in light of evolution and an analogy of becoming. God the Trinity, characterized by unity, information, and freedom, provides the image toward which the creation tends in its evolutionary processes. Informed by Teilhard and others, the author hereby provides more of a new research program for theology's engagement with natural science than a fully developed theology.
Microspring Characterization and Flip-Chip Assembly Reliability

Electronics packaging based on stress-engineered spring interconnects has the potential to enable integrated IC testing, fine pitch, and compliance not readily available with other technologies. We describe new spring contacts which simultaneously achieve low resistance ( ; 30 μm) in dense 2-D arrays (180 ~ 180-μm pitch). Mechanical characterization shows that individual springs operate at approximately 150-μN force. Electrical measurements and simulations imply that the interface contact resistance contribution to a single contact resistance is <; 40 mΩ . A daisy-chain test die consisting of 2844 contacts is assembled into flip-chip packages with 100% yield. Thermocycle and humidity testing suggest that packages with or without underfill can have stable resistance values and no glitches through over 1000 thermocycles or 6000 h of humidity. This paper suggests that integrated testing and packaging can be performed with the springs, enabling new capabilities for markets such as multichip modules.
Trace metals in gulf on Mexico oysters

Abstract Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) from 50 to 69 locations (sites) along the Gulf of Mexico coastline, collected annually in 1986, 1987 and 1988, have been analyzed for 13 trace metals, including most of the metals of concern from an environmental quality perspective. Essentially the entire U.S. Gulf coastline was sampled, from far south Texas to far south Florida. Pooled samples of 20 oysters from three different stations at each site were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations found were generally less than or equal to literature values from other parts of the world thought to be uncontaminated by anthropogenic trace metal inputs. A few sites did, however, show apparent trace metal pollution and other sites gave anomalous values that cannot readily be explained by either known anthropogenic or natural causes. The range of values for the overall data set (maximum/minimum) varied from 15-fold for Mn to 624-fold for Pb, whereas the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) was generally in the 50–60% range for most metals. Variations were much greater between stations than between years at a given station. Enrichments usually occurred in suites of three to four elements with Ag, Cd, Cu and Zn being the most common suite, thus several strong inter-element correlations were found. There was, however, little correlation between metal levels in oysters and in sediments from the collection sites even when sediment data were ratioed to Al (sediment data are not given here). There was likewise little correlation between oyster metal levels and size, sex or reproductive stage of the oysters (data given elsewhere). Geographically, appreciably elevated (> 3 times average) metal levels were generally restricted to single sites within bays or estuaries, implying local control. On the other hand, regionally, Ag, Cd and Se levels were somewhat higher in Texas oysters than in those from Florida, whereas the reverse was true for As and Hg. Concentrations were lower than average for several metals in oysters from central Louisiana, especially Ag, Cd and Cu. Thus, the Mississippi River outflow and extensive offshore oil development do not seem to enrich oysters in trace metals.
Diverse origins and timing of formation of basinal brines in the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin

A review of five different field areas in the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin (GOM) illustrates some of the potentially diverse chemical and physical processes which have produced basinal brines. The elevated salinities of most of the formation waters in the GOM are ultimately related to the presence of the Middle Jurassic Louann Salt. Some of these brines likely inherited their salinity from evaporated Mesozoic seawater, while other saline fluids have been produced by subsequent dissolution of salt, some of which is occurring today. The timing of the generation of brines has thus not been restricted to the Middle Jurassic. The mechanisms of solute transport that have introduced brines throughout much of the sedimentary section of the GOM are not entirely understood. Free convection driven by spatial variations in formation water temperature and salinity is undoubtedly occurring around some salt structures. However, the driving mechanisms for the broad, diffusive upward solute transport in the northern Gulf rim of Arkansas and northern Louisiana are not known. In the Lower Cretaceous of Texas, fluid flow was much more highly focused, and perhaps episodic. It is clear that many areas of the Gulf basin are hydrologically connected and that large-scale fluid flow, solute transport, and dispersion have occurred. The Na-Mg-Ca-Cl compositions of brines in the areas of the Gulf Coast sedimentary basin reviewed in this article are products of diagenesis and do not reflect the composition of the evaporated marine waters present at the time of sediment deposition. Large differences in Na, Ca, and Mg trends for waters hosted by Mesozoic versus Cenozoic sediments may reflect differences in: (i) the sources of salinity (evaporated seawater for some of the Mesozoic sediments, dissolution of salt for some of the Cenozoic sediments); (ii) sediment lithology (dominantly carbonates for much of the Mesozoic sediments, and dominantly siliciclastics for the Cenozoic sediments); or (iii) residence times of brines associated with these sediments (tens of millions of years versus perhaps days).
The origin and distribution of subbottom sediments in southern Lake Champlain

Three units, correlatable with recent Lake Champlain, late-glacial marine Champlain Sea, and proglacial Lake Vermont sediments, have been identified from about 200 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and eight piston cores collected in southern Lake Champlain. Lake Vermont deposits are nonfossiliferous and range from thin to absent nearshore and on bedrock highs to more than 126 m thick near Split Rock Point. Champlain Sea sediments contain marine foraminifers and ostracodes and are fairly uniform in thickness (20–30 m). Recent Lake Champlain sediments range in thickness from 0 to 25 m. Average sedimentation rates for Lake Vermont are considerably higher (4–8 cm/yr) than those for the Champlain Sea (0.8–1.2 cm/yr) and Lake Champlain (0.14–0.15 cm/yr). Bedrock, till, and deltaic and alluvial deposits were also identified on the acoustic records but were not sampled. An unconformity separating Champlain Sea deposits from Lake Champlain deposits is associated with numerous benches at water depths of 20–30 m. These benches, the alluvial deposits, and the onset of deltaic deposition are probably associated with a low water level stillstand at the close of the Champlain Sea episode.
Conducting thermoset polymers: a comparative study of Schiff base precursors with different end groups

Abstract Five different Schiff base monomers were used to form thermoset polymers by hot-melt processing. The study included three monomers with the same backbone structure but terminated with acetylene, vinyl or epoxy end groups, respectively, as well as two additional monomers with acetylene end groups but having different backbone structures. In this way we have compared the effect of the backbone and the crosslink structures on the electrical conductivities following p-type doping by molecular iodine. Two thermosets formed from acetylene-terminated monomers exhibited conductivities which were approximately a factor of ten higher than that measured in the thermosets formed from either vinyl- or epoxy-terminated monomers. The iodine dopant showed a non-Fickian Case II type of diffusion behavior in all thermosets. Electron spin resonance and optical spectroscopy showed evidence for the existence of polarons.
A Per-Pixel Pulse-FM Background Subtraction Circuit with 175ppm Accuracy for Imaging Applications

A per-pixel background subtraction circuit for infrared and fluorescence imaging applications is presented. Charge packets controlled by a pulse-FM signal are subtracted from the integrator of each pixel. A 1times16 array of 30mum pixels prototyped in a 0.18mum CMOS process achieves noise, linearity, and spatial current variation of 175ppm, 270ppm, and 3%, respectively, at 43fps
Radiation, cancer, and mutation in the atomic age

Following World War II, the publication of accounts such as John Hersey’s Hiroshima (1946) documented the devastating effects of atomic weaponry on inhabitants of the two Japanese cities targeted by atomic bombs. Yet the American government presented a positive image of the atom’s benefits for its citizens in peacetime. In the late 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission sought to develop nuclear medicine and nuclear energy alongside its continued production and testing of atomic weapons. In both its civilian and military endeavors, the agency maintained that its safety guidelines were sufficient to protect workers and the general population from dangerous exposures to ionizing radiation. In the 1950s, mounting concerns about the hazards of low-level radiation exposure, particularly from atomic weapons fallout, raised the stakes of understanding and protecting against the health hazards of ionizing radiation. Radiological protection guidelines focused on preventing the somatic effects of radiation—leukemia, cancer, and life-shortening—for which experts postulated a safety threshold. By contrast, the genetic effects of ionizing radiation on an individual’s fertility and gametes appeared to be dose-dependent even at the lowest levels. Geneticists challenged the perceived gap between somatic and genetic effects of radiation by arguing that radiation-induced mutations play a role in diseases, especially cancer. In doing so, they also contested the Commission’s portrayal of a safe atomic future. This article examines how concerns over low-level radiation from fallout facilitated acceptance of the then-controversial somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis, which became an enduring feature of cancer biology.
THE MEASUREMENT OF VOCAL AMPLITUDE AND VOCAL RADIATION PATTERN IN BLUE MONKEYS AND GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEYS

ABSTRACT The substitution method was adopted from industrial acoustics (Francois and de Montussaint 1972) to “eliminate the influence of the environment” on measurements of the amplitude of vocalizations given by blue monkeysCercopithecus mitis and grey-cheeked mangabeysCercocebus albigena. Measurements were conducted of sound power and sound pressure level of representative utterances. Monkey vocal radiation patterns were also measured. The results showed that vocal amplitude ranged from 62 dB to 100 dB in sound pressure (re 1 pw). At a distance of 2 m, the loudest calls approached an amplitude of 110 dB SPL, a level about equal to the loudest human yell. The measurements of call amplitude conducted here exceeded those derived from the field by approximately 10 dB. It was shown that the discrepancy in amplitude between these laboratory based measurements and earlier measurements conducted under field conditions (Waser and Waser 1977) was probably due to destructive interference between the direct wave an...
A method of forming composite structures using in situ-formed liquid crystal polymer fibers in a thermoplastic matrix

A new high speed and potentially economical method of creating a composite material and structures therefrom is tested. The method consists of spinning composite fibers from a melt blend of a thermoplastic with a liquid crystal polymer (LCP). Discontinuous fibrils of the LCP are formed in situ during the spinning process. These composite fibers are aligned and placed in a mold and heated to melt the thermoplastic matrix, but not the fibrils. A finished composite structure reinforced by the LCP fibrils is obtained when the thermoplastic phase is consequently consolidated. Our experiments show the proposed process is reasonable for an easily processed polystyrene matrix. High modulus fibrils with essentially infinite L/D ratios are readily produced in the extrusion process using 40 wt% of a wholly aromatic poly(ester-co-amide) LCP from Celanese. The integrity and alignment of the LCP fibrils is retained in the molding step. Mechanical tests show that the fibers produced by high shear rate processing have a stiffness approaching 23 GPa and match an axial rule-of-mixtures theory. The use of polystyrene resulted in brittleness. Molded composite plates exhibit slightly lower stiffness and significantly lower strength than individual fibers.
Site does matter: tumorigenesis of the murine hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hepa 1–6 is dependent upon intrahepatic rather than subdermal implantation

Abstract Introduction: Animal models for cancer based on subcutaneous implantation of a cell line are useful because they provide for assessment of tumor growth based on the size of subsequent tumor nodules. However, the subcutaneous compartment may lack local factors which are necessary for tumorigenesis of cell lines not derived from skin or connective tissue. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Hepa 1–6, a murine hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, demonstrates equal tumorigenesis following subcutaneous vs. intrahepatic injection. Methods: Hepa 1–6 was injected into female C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Recipient mice underwent either subcutaneous or intrahepatic implantation of Hepa 1–6. The cell dose was varied from 0.1 × 106 to 5 × 106. Mice that underwent subcutaneous injection were monitored daily for the appearance of subcutaneous tumor nodules. Mice in the intrahepatic injection group underwent laparotomy at 3 weeks post-injection for visual inspection of the liver. Hepatectomy or skin biopsy for histologic evaluation was performed to confirm the growth of hepatocellular carcinomas in animals that developed grossly evident tumor nodules. Results: None of the mice that received subcutaneous injection with Hepa 1–6 developed subsequent tumor nodules at any time period. However, intrahepatic implantation of Hepa 1–6 resulted in grossly and histologically evident Hepatocellular cancers within 3 weeks in 21/53 (40%) mice. Effective tumorigenesis in the intrahepatic injection group required a minimum cell dose of 1 × 106. Increasing the cell dose beyond 1 × 106 did not improve tumorigenesis. Conclusions: Subcutaneous injection of B6 mice with Hepa 1–6 does not effectively result in tumorigenesis. However, 40% of B6 mice that receive an intrahepatic injection of at least 1 × 106 Hepa 1–6 cells develop liver tumors. Histologic evaluation of these liver tumors appears consistent with Hepatocellular carcinoma. These data support the hypothesis that local factors from a cancer cell’s site of origin are important for effective tumorigenesis.
Single particle electrode microbatteries

Methods are herein described for the assembly and electrochemical characterization of a Li + battery consisting of a single microparticle (ca. 50 μm diam) of LiMn 2 O 4 as the cathode, and a single spherical mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) as the anode, using either 1 M LiClO 4 in ethylene carbonate EC/diethyl carbonate DEC mixture (1:1 by volume) or 1 M LiPF 6 in EC/dimethyl carbonate (1:1 by volume) as the electrolyte. Self-discharge curves were recorded by monitoring the potential of the battery as a function of time after charging independently each of the microparticle electrodes to full capacity. The results obtained showed that charge retention is vastly superior for the LiPF 6 , compared to LiClO 4 -containing electrolyte, in agreement with results published elsewhere using more conventional devices. This behavior has been attributed to the chemical instability of perchlorate ion toward the charged cathode.
Law Studies in the Schools

The author describes a number of law study pro grams, and tells the reader how to get the help of the organized bar, law schools, and national projects in beginning a law study program.
Electrostatic properties of fiber cell membranes from the frog lens

The electrostatic properties of lens fiber cell membranes have been investigated by recording the electrophoretic mobility of membrane vesicles formed from isolated fiber cells. The vesicles appear to be sealed and have external surfaces that are representative of the extracellular surface of fiber cells. The average mobility of a vesicle in normal Ringer's solution was 0.9 microns/s per v/cm, which gives a zeta potential of -9 mV, a value similar to that reported for other cells (McLaughlin, S. 1989. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 18:113–136.). There was no significant difference in the mobility of vesicles formed from peripheral, middle cortical, or nuclear fiber cells. Vesicle surface changes were titrated using Ca and Mg and each had a pK of approximately 2, which is similar to that for the most common phospholipids. We also titrated these charges with varying pH and found the most significant changes in mobility at pH values between 5 and 6. The majority of lipids found in biological membranes are not titratable in this pH range, so the pH effect is probably through a membrane protein charged group. These experimental data in conjunction with the previously measured extracellular voltage gradient (Mathias, R. T., and J. L. Rae. 1985. Am. J. Physiol. 249:C181-C190) imply that electroosmosis can generate a fluid velocity of approximately 0.6 mm/h, directed from the aqueous or vitreous toward the center of the lens, along intercellular clefts.
Influence of cold work and heat treatment on the shape memory effect and plastic strain development of NiTi

The influence of cold work and heat treatment on the shape memory effect and plastic strain development is investigated for the thermally induced phase transformation of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) under constant applied stress. Fully annealed SMA wire specimens of identical chemical composition are cold rolled to reduce the specimen width 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the initial wire diameter and then annealed at 300, 400 or 500°C for 15 min. Thermally induced phase transformations under constant applied stress, at various levels up to 500 MPa, are performed to identify the effect of the cold work percentage and annealing temperature on the development of transformation and plastic strain in SMA specimens with one-way shape memory. Results show the maximum transformation strain is independent of cold work percentage and annealing temperature, and increased cold work, for similar annealing temperatures, raises the stress level for the onset of plastic strain and decreases the additional plastic strain development. Also, a reduction in annealing temperature, for similar cold work percentage, raises the stress level for the onset of plastic strain and decreases the additional development of plastic strain. In addition to the one-way SMAs described above, specimens with similar heat treatments are trained with two-way shape memory under a constant applied stress of 300 MPa. Increased cold work percentage is shown to reduce the plastic strain accumulation during the two-way training, as well as the amount of two-way strain developed in the specimens. A comparison between the untrained and trained specimens of identical cold work and annealing temperature shows a reduction in the maximum transformation strain.
Suicidal rage: An analysis of hardcore punk lyrics

(1987). Suicidal rage: An analysis of hardcore punk lyrics. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 91-102.
o-Chloro- and o-bromo­benzonitrile: pseudosymmetry and pseudo-isostructural packing

The structures of o-chloro­benzonitrile, C7H4ClN, (I), and o-bromo­benzonitrile, C7H4BrN, (II), have similar packing arrangements, even though Z′ = 4 in (I) and Z′ = 1 in (II). Both structures involve X⋯N inter­actions, as well as weak C—H⋯X and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The four crystallographically independent mol­ecules in (I) are related by pseudosymmetry.
Fault isolation with fanin tree technique

With the ever increasing complexity in IC design and with the introduction of flip chip technology, the pressing need for computer aided fault isolation (FI) is sensed. Fanin tree is a collection of subsequent fan-in signals with respect to a given node. As such, possible failing locations can be narrowed down to nodes that reside within the fanin tree only. Multiple fanin trees from multiple known failing nodes can also be intersected to locate common driving nodes. This paper presents an application program that was developed for Intel standard (.sch) netlist format. The result is FTREE; a fanin tree tool that is independent of product. This tool enhances the performance of other FA tools; but for its optimum usage, proper scan node selection is required during design stage. Selection of these nodes also is presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Roosts of Allen's Lappet-Browed Bat in Northern Arizona

Abstract In Arizona, USA, Allen's lappet-browed bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) forms maternity colonies in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags. There is little information on the roosting habitat of males. We used radiotelemetry to locate 16 maternity, 3 postlactating, and 2 bachelor roosts and combined data with unpublished data for maternity roosts (n = 11) located in 1993–1995. Most (96%) maternity roosts were in large-diameter (x ± SE: 64 ± 2.7 cm) ponderosa pine snags under sloughing bark. Models that best predicted the probability of a snag's use as a maternity roost indicated bats selected taller snags closer to forest roads than comparison snags. Maternity roosts averaged 11 bats per roost (SE = 2, n = 15; from exit counts) and were an average distance of 1.6 km from capture sites (SE = 0.3, n = 17). Bachelor roosts were in vertical sandstone cliff faces in pinyon–juniper (Pinus edulis–Juniperus spp.) woodlands approximately 12 km from capture sites; these and other capture records in Arizona in...
Aesthetic and functional facial transplantation: a classification system and treatment algorithm.

Background: As of July of 2013, 27 facial vascularized composite allotransplantations have been performed. The authors developed a classification system and treatment algorithm that is practical and surgically applicable. Methods: The majority of the transplants have been described in the surgical literature and the media, and a review of the data was performed. A classification system and a treatment algorithm were designed. Skeletal defects were defined by craniofacial osteotomies and soft-tissue defects by aesthetic facial subunits. The soft-tissue defect was subdivided into the following subunits: oral-nasal (type 1), oronasal-orbital (type 2), and full facial (type 3). The bony defects were subdivided into mandibular involvement (M), Le Fort 1 (A), Le Fort 3 (B), and monobloc (C). Results: The mechanisms of injury included trauma (n = 13), burns (n = 8), congenital deformity (n = 3), oncologic resection (n = 1), and unreported (n = 2). According to the proposed classification system: one was type 1; one was type 1-M; one was type 1-MB; two were type 2; two were type 2-B; two were type 2-MB; six were type 3; one was type 3-B; and three were type 3-MB; eight could not be classified due to a lack of data. The treatment algorithm designed a vascularized composite allotransplantation that addressed the bony and soft-tissue components. Conclusions: Patient selection for these complicated procedures, currently dependent on lifelong immunosuppression, is crucial to their success. The authors describe a classification system and treatment algorithm for facial defects that may be ideally suited for facial transplantation. The proposed classification and algorithm may help centers define indications and ideally improve patient outcomes. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.
Magnetized Singular Isothermal Toroids

We consider the end states for a quasi-magnetostatic phase of evolution of molecular cloud cores by ambipolar diffusion. The models yield good initial states for fully dynamical collapse to isolated proto-stellar systems. These pivotal transition states are self-gravitating, magnetized, isothermal masses of gas in which the density scales with spherical radius r as r–2 and the magnetic field as r–1. The dependences of these quantities with angle θ satisfy the constraints of magnetostatic equilibrium. Under these circumstances, we find a linear sequence of possible pivotal states, each member characterized by a separate value of the differential mass-to-flux ratio in dimensionless form, λ≡ 2πG1/2dM/dΦ ≥ 1. In general, the pivotal states are toroids, with the density distribution on a circle of constant r in the meridional plane declining from a maximum value on the magnetic equator, θ = π/2, to zero over the magnetic poles, θ = 0 and θ = π. For λ 1, the pivotal configurations approach the unmagnetized singular isothermal sphere, with volume density ρ = (a2/2πG)r–2. For λ close to 1, the pivotal configurations flatten to a thin disk, with surface density Σ = [(1 + H0) a2/πG]r−1, where H0 is a number 1. We comment on the implications of these results for observations and other theoretical investigations.
Jugular Venous Bypass for Subclavian Vein Obstruction

Symptoms of chronic subclavian occlusion including swelling and pain may be disabling. In the case presented a patient with disabling symptoms 18 years after ligation of the right subclavian vein during resection of a chest wall tumor is successfully treated with a single-anastomosis internal jugular venous bypass.
Flavor qualities of some edible oriental bamboos

Sixteen kinds of bamboo shoots are here classified on the basis of their acridity, and recipes given for preparation of them as articles of food.
From browsing to interacting: DBMS support for responsive websites

Internet websites increasingly rely on database management systems. There are several reasons for this trend: As sites grow larger, managing the content becomes impossible without the use of a DBMS to keep track of the nature, origin, authorship, and modification history of each article.As sites become more interactive, tracking and logging user activity and user contributions creates valuable new data, which again is best managed using a DBMS. The emerging paradigm of Customer-Centric e-Business places a premium on engaging users, building a relationship with them across visits, and leveraging their expertise and feed-back. Supporting this paradigm means that we not only have to track what users visit on a site, we also have to enable them to offer opinions and contribute to the content of the website in various ways; naturally, this requires us to use a DBMS.In order to personalize a user's experience, a site must dynamically construct (or at least fine-tune) each page as it is delivered, taking into account information about the user's past activity and the nature of the content on the current page. In other words, personalization is made possible by utilizing the information (about content and user activity) that we already indicated is best managed using a DBMS.In summary, as websites go beyond a passive collection of pages to be browsed and seek to present users with a personalized, interactive experience, the role of database management systems becomes central.In this talk, I will present an overview of these issues, including a discussion of related techniques such as cookies and web server logs for tracking user activity.
Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Thirty-five consecutive cases of perforating ocular injuries with retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB) are examined in this retrospective study. Of the 35 cases with injuries, 30 (86%) were due to metallic foreign bodies. Of these, 25 (83%) involved foreign bodies of ferromagnetic origin. Magnetic extraction in combination with pars plana vitrectomy (or when possible, magnetic extraction alone) was successfully used to remove these foreign bodies. Even in cases where posterior vitrectomy is indicated, magnetic extraction allows good control of the foreign body during removal minimizing surgical trauma and the subsequent postoperative inflammatory response.
Pattern recognition for sensor array signals using Fuzzy ARTMAP

A Fuzzy ARTMAP classifier for pattern recognition in chemical sensor array was developed based on Fuzzy Set Theory and Adaptive Resonance Theory. In contrast to most current classifiers with difficulty in detecting new analytes, the Fuzzy ARTMAP system can identify untrained analytes with comparatively high probability. And to detect presence of new analyte, the Fuzzy ARTMAP classifier does not need retraining process that is necessary for most traditional neural network classifiers. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was first implemented for feature extraction purpose, followed by pattern recognition using Fuzzy ARTMAP classifiers. To construct the classifier with high recognition rate, parameter sensitive analysis was applied to find critical factors and Pareto optimization was used to locate the optimum parameter setting for the classifier. The test result shows that the proposed method can not only maintain satisfactory correct classification rate for trained analytes, but also be able to detect untrained analytes at a high recognition rate. Also the Pareto optimal values of the most important parameter have been identified, which could help constructing Fuzzy ARTMAP classifiers with good classification performance in future application.
Invariant functions on measurement structures

Abstract The measurement-theoretic concepts of absolute invariance, reference invariance, and comparison invariance, originally proposed by Adams, Fagot, and Robinson ( Psychometrika, 1965, 30, 99-127) for real-valued functions, are here extended to vector-valued functions on relational systems. The characterization and interrelationship of these concepts of invariance are further studied.
A new trek, but the same old rhetoric: a review essay of Johann van Rooyen's The new great trek: the story of South Africa's white exodus

This review essay critiques Johann van Rooyen's The new great trek: the story of South Africa's white exodus. It asserts that there are problems with the book's title, structure, and theoretical foundation. This essay contends that there is a problematic reiteration of the rhetoric of crime grounded in a racial dichotomy. It discusses the rhetorics that link whiteness with normalcy and South Africanness, as well as van Rooyen's inappropriate use of terms such as ‘exiles’, ‘victims’, and ‘diaspora’ for these white emigrants. It offers a further analysis of van Rooyen's extended discussion of crime in one section of the book. The essay concludes by offering brief comment on other weaknesses and strengths of the book.
National Radio Astronomy Observatory: The early history and development of the observatory at Green Bank, West Virginia, are reviewed

The existence of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and the researches already accomplished there are the result of the foresight and wisdom of United States scientists, the National Science Board, and the Congress, who joined forces to make possible this new national asset. Continued effort will be needed td insure that the observatory will always have the finest possible research instruments and that the site will be a haven of radio quiet. Visiting scientists in some instances may wish to bring equipment with them for studying special problems. Within its means, the observatory will provide supporting facilities, including receivers and other electronic devices, computers, laboratories and shops, and housing. Scientists interested in more details concerning arrangements for visitors should direct their inquiries to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P. O. Box 2, Green Bank, West Virginia.
Advancements in HWIL simulation at the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command

This paper describes the Advanced Simulation Center (ASC) role, recaps the past year, describes the hardware-in-the- loop (HWIL) components and advancements, and outlines the path-ahead for the ASC in terms of both missile and complete system HWIL simulations and test with a focus on the imaging infrared systems.
Sonographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics Associated With Splenogonadal Fusion

Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare malformation that involves immature splenic tissue connecting and adhering to gonadal tissue during embryologic development. SGF is typically diagnosed during surgery or autopsy. This case study reports a case of discontinuous SGF found on sonography with correlative magnetic resonance imaging.
Association Between Polymorphism of Human Oxoguanine Glycosylase 1 and Risk of Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: The human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) gene encodes a DNA glycosylase that is involved in excision repair of 8-OH-dG (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanine) from oxidatively damaged DNA. To determine whether hOGG1 has a role in the risk of prostate cancer we screened normal prostate tissue specimens for hOGG1 expression and assessed the role of hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism in the risk of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: In 5 normal prostate tissues hOGG1 expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism was compared between white patients cases and controls using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA isolated from 84 incident patients with primary prostate cancer and 252 individually matched controls (1:3 ratio) by age (± 5 years at diagnosis) in white men.Results: In all prostate tissues tested hOGG1 mRNA was detected. A significant association was found between hO...
Phosphorus Equivalence of Microbial Phytase in Turkey Diets as Influenced by Calcium to Phosphorus Ratios and Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Male day-old turkey poults (n = 768) were fed 0, 300, 600, or 900 U of phytase/kg of a corn-soybean diet in combination with four Ca:total P (tP) ratios of 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0:1, and two levels of nonphytate P (nP) of 0.27 and 0.36% in a 21-d trial. Dietary Ca:tP ratios were obtained by varying defluorinated phosphate and limestone at the expense of cornstarch. The calculated dietary percentage of phytate P was 0.266 for all diets. Phytase additions linearly increased (P
Causes of Death and Their Contribution to Radiation-Induced Life Shortening in Intact and Ovariectomized Mice

STORER, J. B., MITCHELL, T. J., AND ULLRICH, R. L. Causes of Death and Their Contribution to Radiation-Induced Life Shortening in Intact and Ovariectomized Mice. Radiat. Res. 89, 618-643 (1982). Shortening of mean life span and tumor incidence were investigated in intact or ovariectomized BALB/c and RFM female mice exposed to y irradiation. In the intact mice, radiationinduced life shortening was considerably greater than in the ovariectomized mice. Both a "dose-independent" and a "dose-dependent" component of life-shortening injury were demonstrated in the intact animals. Ovariectomy abolished the dose-independent component. Classes of tumors were categorized as lethal or incidental on the basis of prevalence in randomly sacrificed and moribund animals. Once this classification was made, the corrected incidence of disease categories was estimated and the relative risk of death as a function of dose was calculated for each class of diseases. The dose-independent life shortening in intact mice was due solely to nonneoplastic causes of death. In both strains, the dose-dependent component of life shortening (the only one present in ovariectomized animals) was due entirely to lethal neoplasms. In the RFM mice, the overwhelming cause of death from neoplasms was from tumors of the reticular tissues. In the BALB/c strain, reticular tissue tumors and lethal solid tumors contributed about equally. Ovariectomized animals were more resistant to radiationinduced tumors. These findings support the conclusion that host factors play a major role in the expression of tumors and the conclusion of other authors that radiation-induced life shortening (except of intact female mice of some strains) is due primarily to the induction of lethal neoplasms.
Serum lipoproteins in children with cancer

Abstract Lipoprotein levels in sera from 7 children with different types of cancer were measured and compared with those of 3 normal children. The patients had low values for the high-density lipoproteins and high values for the very low-density lipoproteins. The child with Hodgkin's disease had a singular increase in the low-density lipoprotein fraction. The child with lymphangiomatosis had unusually low values for the very low-density lipoproteins. In both of these patients and in the patient with acute leukemia there was a redistribution of the high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDLa).
How Much Walking Is Needed To Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness? An Examination of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

Background The 2007 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA) physical activity guidelines recommend adults engage in either 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 60 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week to derive health benefits.
Family Contributions to Self Help Schooling in Malawi and Kenya

In the 1980s and 1990s African societies responded to reduced state educational capacity by expanding the reach of civil society-non-state societal organizations that sought to organize individuals and mobilize local resources for education and development. In this paper, I argue that rural African families were differentially prepared to respond to these changes in state-society relations. I develop a model of family contributions to self help schooling that integrates a range of theoretical perspectives emphasizing the importance of social capital, family economy, family background, and family structure. Then, I utilize original, household survey data to apply the model across diverse national and regional contexts. One major analytical finding points to the importance of family memberships in local civil for predicting self help schooling. Another contribution of the paper is that it demonstrates both similarities and differences in factors influencing family contributions to self help schooling across nations and regions.
Derivatives and Integrals

We have differentiated vector components on page 25 and have introduced the comma notation for the derivatives in definition (2.12). In rectilinear coordinates the changes of the vector components indicate the change of the vector. This is no longer so when the coordinates are curvilinear. As a simple example consider Figure 5.1 a. It shows a polar coordinate system and in it three vectors v. The vectors are equal, but their radial components v1 are not and neither are the circumferential components v2. On the other hand, the vectors in Figure 5.1b are different, but they have the same radial component v1 and the same circumferential component v2 = 0.
Nonlinear response of shallow arches under dynamic and static loading

Shallow curved structures are of utmost importance for their application to aerospace industry. This paper presents are review of some nonlinear response behavior of shallow arches under static and dynamic loading with emphasis on the trade-off inherent in the geometry and loading. Some specific observations related to a nominal structure are also presented with emphasis on the snapthrough response behavior. Finally, directions of future classification and characterization studies are presented.
Regions of PspA/EF3296 best able to elicit protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine infection model.

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) can elicit protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae in mouse infection models. PspA is classified by serology and amino acid sequence into two major families that are divided by sequence into five clades. The most variable portion of the molecule is the α-helical domain, which comprises the N-terminal half of PspA. Prior studies of a family 1 PspA protein observed that protective antibodies are reactive with epitopes in the α-helical domain and that most cross-protective epitopes mapped to the 108 most C-terminal amino acids of the α-helical region. In these studies, we have used six overlapping recombinant fragments of family 2, clade 3 PspA/EF3296 to map the protection-eliciting regions of its α-helical domain. The three fragments, which included the 104 most C-terminal amino acids of the α-helical domain (314 to 418), could each elicit protection against EF3296. A fragment comprising amino acids 75 to 305 failed to elicit significant protection. A fragment containing amino acids 1 to 115 elicited protection against EF3296 in BALB/c mice but not in CBA/N mice. All three fragments containing amino acids 314 to 418 were able to elicit cross-protection against pneumococci expressing PspA proteins of clades 2, 3, 4, and 5. Cross-protection elicited by these three fragments was easier to demonstrate in CBA/N mice than in BALB/c mice. The 1-to-115 fragment, however, elicited some cross-protection against clades 2 and 4 in BALB/c mice but not in CBA/N mice. These studies provide support for the importance of the C-terminal 104 and N-terminal 115 amino acids of the α-helical region of PspA in the elicitation of cross-protection.
Effects of shear on initial bacterial attachment in slow flowing systems.

Initial bacterial attachment, likely affected by local shear, could influence biofilm formation. However, there are contradictory reports for the shear effects on attachment of different bacteria onto different surfaces. In this study, four bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli, were examined for their attachment to glass and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) modified glass under different shears. Polystyrene particles were used to verify that their shear dependent attachment on glass and OTS could be interpreted using an analysis based on the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. In particular, the critical shear force (Fc-shear) could correlate with the maximum attractive force (FMAXXDLVO) toward the secondary energy minimum as Fc-shear=cFMAXXDLVO. For these particles, c of ~1 was obtained, the value was within the coefficient range (0.1–1) of substances sliding over glass. For S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa on glass, c was 0.3, <0.6 and 0.2, respectively. When considering potential protein adsorption on OTS during bacterial attachment, c of these species on OTS was slightly above 1. A greatly enhanced attachment of P. aeruginosa on OTS was also observed, probably due to the presence of flagella. For P. putida, the attachment first decreased slightly or maintained with shear and then increased. Such behaviors were probably caused by the increased secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) at higher shears by P. putida. The results from this study suggested that, without complications from surface features/EPS, the analysis based on the XDLVO theory could provide a basis for understanding shear effect on initial bacterial attachment.
Self-evaluation: how well do surgery residents judge performance on a rotation?

Abstract Background Surgical trainees are evaluated based on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 6 core competencies. The ability for a learner to recognize strengths and weaknesses in these areas allows for critical self-improvement. Methods Surgery residents rotating on a pediatric surgery rotation for 1 academic year were asked at an exit interview to provide a self-evaluation within the 6 core competencies on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Self-evaluation scores were compared with a final group consensus attending evaluation. Further analyses included comparing residents as follows: less than R3 (junior residents) versus R3 (senior residents) residents, general surgery versus non–general surgery residents, university versus community residents, residents in the first half of the academic year versus residents in the second half, and top one third– and lowest one third–performing residents. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t tests with significance at P Results A total of 45 surgical residents (29 junior residents and 16 senior residents) gave overall self-evaluation scores that were lower than attending evaluations (3.4 vs 3.8, P = .0002). This underscoring occurred for most core competencies, especially medical knowledge, operative skills, and practice-based learning but not professionalism or communication. When sorting residents by variables, there was significant underscoring by senior residents, general surgery residents, and highest one third–performing residents compared with junior residents, non–general surgery residents, and lowest one third–performing residents. There were no differences between self-evaluations and attending evaluations when comparing university with community residents and residents in the first half of the academic year with residents in the second half of the academic year. Conclusions Residents appear to have a more critical self-analysis than attending surgeons, with senior residents, general surgery residents, and highest one third–performing residents being the most critical of their own performance. Poorly performing residents appeared to lack insight into their abilities. This method of self-evaluation helps trainees reflect on their performance and highlights trainees who lack self-awareness and need counseling for improvement.