cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are published X-ray light curves telling us about young supernova expansion?

Massive stars lose mass in the form of stellar winds and outbursts. This material accumulates around the star. When the star explodes as a supernova the resulting shock wave expands within this circumstellar medium. The X-ray emission resulting from the interaction depends, among other parameters, on the density of this medium, and therefore the variation in the X-ray luminosity can be used to study the variation in the density structure of the medium. In this paper we explore the X-ray emission and light curves of all known supernovae (SNe), in order to study the nature of the medium into which they are expanding. In particular, we wish to investigate whether young SNe are expanding into a steady wind medium, as is most often assumed in the literature. We find that in the context of the theoretical arguments that have been generally used in the literature, many young SNe, and especially those of Type IIn SNe, which are the brightest X-ray luminosity class, do not appear to be expanding into steady winds. Some Type IIn SNe appear to have very steep X-ray luminosity declines, indicating density declines much steeper than r−2. However, other Type IIn SNe show a constant or even increasing X-ray luminosity over periods of months to years. Many other SNe do not appear to have declines consistent with expansion in a steady wind. SNe with lower X-ray luminosities appear to be more consistent with steady wind expansion, although the numbers are not large enough to make firm statistical comments. The numbers do indicate that the expansion and density structure of the circumstellar medium must be investigated before assumptions can be made of steady wind expansion. Unless a steady wind can be shown, mass-loss rates deduced using this assumption may need to be revised.
Intercultural and Interfaith Encounters: A Turo’ Kalog Reading of Luke 10:25–37

This chapter explores Luke 10:25–37 from the context of intercultural living and interfaith dialogue. It employs the nature and functions of Turo’ Kalog, a Rotuman symbol of being an Other found and located in both center and margin within the dialogical processes of life. This hermeneutic serves to identify “who this Other is” and how distinct religious faiths can relate with each other without compromising one’s own faith. Turo’ Kalog will be used to investigate the following questions in the parable: Does Being an Other limit one’s world? Or is it a window to gaze beyond oneself? Is this Other a Being or an abstract? Does Being an Other a center or a margin? Or do they encompass both? What values and principles of life does Being an Other promote? The Turo’ Kalog reading aims to relocate the focus of the story from the Good Samaritan to the wounded man at the ditch.
Immigration Arrests and Educational Impacts: Linking ICE Arrests to Declines in Achievement, Attendance, and School Climate and Safety in California:

With increased tensions and political rhetoric surrounding immigration enforcement in the United States, schools are facing greater challenges in ensuring support for their students of immigrant an...
Examining the reinforcement-enhancement effects of phencyclidine and its interactions with nicotine on lever-pressing for a visual stimulus

Nicotine is a widely-abused drug, yet its primary reinforcing effect does not seem potent as other stimulants such as cocaine. Recent research on the contributing factors toward chronic use of nicotine-containing products has implicated the role of reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. The present study investigates whether phencyclidine (PCP) may also possess a reinforcement-enhancement effect and how this may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement effect of nicotine. PCP was tested for two reasons: (1) it produces discrepant results on overall reward, similar to that seen with nicotine and (2) it may elucidate how other compounds may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement of nicotine. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for brief visual stimulus presentations under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement and then were tested with nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) and/or PCP (2.0mg/kg) over six increasing FR values. A selective increase in active lever-pressing for the visual stimulus with drug treatment was considered evidence of a reinforcement-enhancement effect. PCP and nicotine separately increased active lever pressing for a visual stimulus in a dose-dependent manner and across the different FR schedules. The addition of PCP to nicotine did not increase lever-pressing for the visual stimulus, possibly due to a ceiling effect. The effect of PCP may be driven largely by its locomotor stimulant effects, whereas the effect of nicotine was independent of locomotor stimulation. This dissociation emphasizes that distinct pharmacological properties contribute to the reinforcement-enhancement effects of substances.
Making Strategy Count in the Health and Human Services Sector, by Mortell, M., & Hansen-Turton, T. (Eds.)

“Where will we build our new building?” “Is our current mix of services the appropriate one for the future of our agency?” “Where will our funding come from tomorrow?” “Are we providing the service...
Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion

The sections in this article are: 1 Cephalic Inhibition of Gastric Secretion 1.1 Cephalic Phase 1.2 Inhibition of Cephalic Phase 2 Inhibition Arising from Stomach 2.1 Gastric Phase 2.2 Inhibition Arising from Oxyntic Mucosa 2.3 Inhibition Arising from Antral Mucosa 2.4 Pharmacological Inhibition of Gastric Phase 3 Intestinal Inhibition of Gastric Secretion 3.1 Intestinal Phase 3.2 Intestinal Inhibition by Acid 3.3 Intestinal Inhibition by Fat 4 Gastric Inhibition by Urogastrone and Epidermal Growth Factor 5 Gastric Inhibition by Neuropeptides 5.1 Gastric Inhibitory Effects of Neuropeptides Administered Intracerebrally 5.2 Gastric Inhibitory Effects of Neuropeptides Administered Intravenously 6 Sympathetic Nervous System and Gastric Inhibition
Reinitiation Within One Cell Cycle of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis Induced by Simian Virus 40

Abstract The infection of secondary cultures of Chinese hamster cells with simian virus 40 (SV40) induces the appearance of cells with polyploid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content or chromosomal component within one cell generation. The mechanism of this phenomenon was studied by the use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation as a DNA density marker. When cultures were treated with 14C-BUdR and colcemide and harvested at 48 hr postinfection, only hybrid and light DNA molecules were found in control cultures, whereas in infected cultures there were also heavy molecules. The proportion of heavy DNA synthesized during the experimental period varied from 13 to 25%. It was determined by DNA-DNA hybridization that the heavy DNA consisted of cellular DNA. In radioautographic experiments, it was shown that, under the conditions used, a fraction of the infected cell population twice replicated its complete DNA content. Analysis of the kinetics indicated that the heavy DNA resulted from the reinitiation of DNA synthesis after the initial replication of the entire cell DNA. It was concluded that, after infection with SV40, a fraction of the Chinese hamster cell population undergoes two cycles of DNA synthesis without intervening mitosis.
Primary Goods Revisited: the "Political Problem" and Its Rawlsian Solution

We offer what we think to be the best means of salvaging a foundational Rawlsian position from two forcefully made claims against it - one by Roemer, the other by Arneson.
An artificial landscape-scale fishery in the Bolivian Amazon

Historical ecologists working in the Neotropics argue that the present natural environment is an historical product of human intentionality and ingenuity, a creation that is imposed, built, managed and maintained by the collective multigenerational knowledge and experience of Native Americans1,2. In the past 12,000 years, indigenous peoples transformed the environment, creating what we now recognize as the rich ecological mosaic of the Neotropics3,4,5,6. The prehispanic savanna peoples of the Bolivian Amazon built an anthropogenic landscape through the construction of raised fields, large settlement mounds, and earthen causeways7,8. I have studied a complex artificial network of hydraulic earthworks covering 525 km2 in the Baures region of Bolivia. Here I identify a particular form of earthwork, the zigzag structure, as a fish weir, on the basis of form, orientation, location, association with other hydraulic works and ethnographic analogy. The native peoples used this technology to harvest sufficient animal protein to sustain large and dense populations in a savanna environment.
What is the Right Amount of Choice

A fundamental tenet of neoclassical economics is that more choice is good. More choices expand the possibilities set and can only lead to individuals finding outcomes that they prefer. Many econometric models of choice, such as the standard logit choice model, by definition have error structures that show an increase in welfare as choices increase. Yet what has been apparent to lay-people for many years has become clear to economists as well in recent years: too much choice can reduce welfare. A wide variety of papers in behavioral economics has shown how increasing the size of choice sets can reduce participation in the market. Other papers have shown consumers choosing clearly dominated options in choice environments, particularly the elderly who may face cognitive challenges in making appropriate choices. For example, in recent work with Jason Abaluck, I have found clear evidence that the substantial majority elders choosing prescription drug plans under the Medicare Part D plan do not choose the cost minimizing option. This existing literature suffers, however, from the standard problem with empirical work in behavioral economics: it clearly documents a positive anomaly, but leaves us with little normative guidance as to the policy implications. This research suggests that in a variety of contexts we may want to limit choice but how much? And, if choice is to be limited, should it be limited through simply reducing the number of options, or by restricting the space set in which suppliers can compete to provide a more organized choice framework?
Failure mode and effects analysis to reduce risk of anticoagulation levels above the target range during concurrent antimicrobial therapy.

Purpose A failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was conducted to analyze the clinical and operational processes leading to above-target International Normalized Ratios (INRs) in warfarin-treated patients receiving concurrent antimicrobial therapy. Methods The INRs of patients on long-term warfarin therapy who received a course of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, fluconazole, miconazole, or voriconazole (highly potentiating antimicrobials, or HPAs) between September 1 and December 31, 2011, were compared with patients on long-term warfarin therapy who did not receive any antimicrobial during the same period. A multidisciplinary team of physicians, pharmacists, and a systems analyst was then formed to complete a step-by-step outline of the processes involved in warfarin management and concomitant HPA therapy, followed by an FMEA. Results Patients taking trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, or fluconazole demonstrated a significantly increased risk of having an INR of >4.5. The FMEA identified 134 failure modes. The most common failure modes were as follows: (1) electronic medical records did not identify all patients receiving warfarin, (2) HPA prescribers were unaware of recommended warfarin therapy when HPAs were prescribed, (3) HPA prescribers were unaware that a patient was taking warfarin and that the drug interaction is significant, and (4) warfarin managers were unaware that an HPA had been prescribed for a patient. Conclusion An FMEA determined that the risk of adverse events caused by concomitantly administering warfarin and HPAs can be decreased by preemptively identifying patients receiving warfarin, having a care process in place, alerting providers about the patient’s risk status, and notifying providers at the anticoagulation clinic.
A Survey of Hα in the Brighter Northern Be Stars

Hα observations have been made of the stars brighter than m ν = 7.5 and north of δ = −30° contained in the three classical Be-star catalogues of Merrill and Burwell. At least one observation of each star was made at each of the two epochs 1958/9 and 1970/2 at the Lick Observatory and at the Warner and Swasey Observatory respectively. The dispersions used were 88 A mm−1 at Lick and 66 A mm−1 and 18 A mm−1 (with image tube) at Warner and Swasey.
Can Collective Use Help for Searching

In this paper we propose a "find similar" method intended to extend the searching capabilities of digital collections targeting educational and academic domains. Given a document, the described algorithm finds similar documents that may be of interest to the user. It exploits the metadata typical for the participatory web. In the adopted model, documents are viewed as objects associated with a set of tags and a set of users who have tagged them, inducing tag-based and user-based similarity. The similarity between two documents is computed as a combination of their tag-base and, user-based cosine similarity and the document recency. We have con-ducted a series of experiments using a CiteULike dump to investigate the properties of the proposed similarity measure. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm exploiting meta-information about the documents provides a good approximation of our understanding of the contextual dependency of the notion of similarity.
MEMS-based handheld confocal microscope for in-vivo skin imaging

This paper describes a handheld laser scanning confocal microscope for skin microscopy. Beam scanning is accomplished with an electromagnetic MEMS bi-axial micromirror developed for pico projector applications, providing 800x600 (SVGA) resolution at 56 frames per second. The design uses commercial objective lenses with an optional hemisphere front lens, operating with a range of numerical aperture from NA=0.35 to NA=1.1 and corresponding diagonal field of view ranging from 653 μm to 216 μm. Using NA=1.1 and a laser wavelength of 830 nm we measured the axial response to be 1.14 μm full width at half maximum, with a corresponding 10%-90% lateral edge response of 0.39 μm. Image examples showing both epidermal and dermal features including capillary blood flow are provided. These images represent the highest resolution and frame rate yet achieved for tissue imaging with a MEMS bi-axial scan mirror.
An antisense mRNA directs the covalent modification of the transcript encoding fibroblast growth factor in Xenopus oocytes

The Xenopus oocyte contains three maternal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) transcripts, the largest of which encodes the complete bFGF polypeptide. We show that the smallest transcript is transcribed in the opposite direction of the largest transcript and overlaps part of the coding sequence of bFGF. This antisense transcript encodes a highly conserved 25 kd polypeptide. In addition, the antisense transcript causes modification of the mRNA encoding bFGF during maturation of the oocyte, converting half of the adenine residues to inosine in the region of overlap between the sense and antisense transcripts. As this activity acts only on double-stranded RNA, the two mRNAs must be hybridized in the oocyte. We discuss a possible role for the antisense transcript in regulating the stability of the bFGF mRNA.
Family day care: one alternative in the delivery of developmental services in early childhood.

The Community Family Day Care Project explored an existing network of licensed and unlicensed child care resources delivering a variety of services to a diverse group of children. The educational, affective, and social components of the programs, operated by women of varied ethnic and economic backgrounds, are described, and the creation of a self-help organization aimed at enhancing the status and importance of family day care mothers is discussed.
Autoshaping, random control, and omission training in the rat

The role of the stimulus-reinforcer contingency in the development and maintenance of lever contact responding was studied in hooded rats. In Experiment I, three groups of experimentally naive rats were trained either on autoshaping, omission training, or a random-control procedure. Subjects trained by the autoshaping procedure responded more consistently than did either random-control or omission-trained subjects. The probability of at least one lever contact per trial was slightly higher in subjects trained by the omission procedure than by the random-control procedure. However, these differences were not maintained during extended training, nor were they evident in total lever-contact frequencies. When omission and random-control subjects were switched to the autoshaping condition, lever contacts increased in all animals, but a pronounced retardation was observed in omission subjects relative to the random-control subjects. In addition, subjects originally exposed to the random-control procedure, and later switched to autoshaping, acquired more rapidly than naive subjects that were exposed only on the autoshaping procedure. In Experiment II, subjects originally trained by an autoshaping procedure were exposed either to an omission, a random-control, or an extinction procedure. No differences were observed among the groups either in the rate at which lever contacts decreased or in the frequency of lever contacts at the end of training. These data implicate prior experience in the interpretation of omission-training effects and suggest limitations in the influence of stimulus-reinforcer relations in autoshaping.
Premovement silence in agonist muscles preceding maximum efforts.

Abstract Electromyographic silent periods (premovement silence) preceding the initial agonist burst were studied in 11 healthy subjects who performed rapid forearm flexions and extensions. Premovement silence occurred with higher frequency during selfpaced movements when subjects produced maximum power efforts than during a reaction time paradigm. The occurrence and duration were significantly correlated with the peak acceleration of the movement. Premovement silence occurred specifically in those muscles involved in the intended movement, often in several synergists with different latencies and durations. The shortest latency of premovement silence was considerably briefer than that of the earliest voluntary increase in EMG. The findings suggest that premovement silence may increase peak muscular force by bringing motoneurons into a nonrefractory state prior to their activation. The fact that it occurred on some, but not all, trials within single subjects and had a variable duration from trial to trial suggests that it may be a learned, rather than automatic, motor response.
Lightning current monitoring system for wind turbines

Lightning protection and surge protection measures are essential for the availability of wind turbines and for their profitability. Whereas the electric and electronic equipment can be protected by a comprehensive surge protection concept, outer structures particularly the rotor blades are hit by direct lightning strikes. In defined maintenance cycles these damages are inspected and repaired in costly operations. In this paper a method for lightning current measurement is presented. It enables the operator to measure lightning currents directly and to determine their parameters like amplitude, current rise time and charge. The presented system with three sensor units is originally developed for wind turbines, to adapt maintenance cycle times to the real number of lightning strikes. Further applications in other industries are possible.
Prevention and Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinomatosis With Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in a Rat Model

Purpose: Tumor spillage from bladder perforation during transurethral bladder tumor resection or cystectomy risks seeding the peritoneum with transitional cell carcinoma. We determined the lowest effective mitomycin C dose to prevent tumor implantation and the potential efficacy of delayed therapy. Additionally, we investigated the effect of tumor debulking combined with intraperitoneal mitomycin C. Materials and Methods: Using our established murine model of intraperitoneal transitional cell carcinoma implantation mitomycin C was instilled at decreasing concentrations to find the lowest effective dose. To evaluate the effectiveness of delayed therapy mitomycin C was administered on day 3 or 7 after tumor implantation. Finally, surgical debulking of established tumors with or without mitomycin C was performed. Results: All control animals had disseminated carcinomatosis. The lowest effective intraperitoneal mitomycin C dose to prevent implantation was 0.3125 mg/m 2 . Administration of mitomycin C on day 3 after instillation resulted in tumor-free status in 50% of the animals, although no rats were tumor-free when treated on day 7. Tumor debulking only for established disease cured 40% of the animals, whereas debulking combined with mitomycin C had a 100% cure rate. Conclusions: Intraperitoneal mitomycin C prevents tumor growth after transitional cell carcinoma implantation. Delayed therapy is not as effective as immediate treatment but cure is still possible, particularly when combined with surgical debulking, in a rat model.
A Compiler-Directed Approach to Network Latency Reduction for Distributed Shared Memory Multiprocessors

In distributed shared memory multiprocessor systems, parallel tasks communicate through sharing memory data. As the system size increases, such communication cost becomes the main factor that limits the overall parallelism and performance. In this paper, we propose a new solution to the problem through judiciously managing the relevant resource, namely, the shared data and the interconnection network (IN) through which the sharing is carried out. In this approach, communication cost is minimized by means of data migration/allocation which is based on analyzing general layered task graphs, sharing behavior of parallel tasks, and network topology. Our method is not applicable for read only variables. Further, for the time being, the usefulness of the method is limited to multiprocessors where no cache coherence mechanism is implemented. Four typical interconnection topologies for multiprocessors are considered, namely, shared-bus, hierarchical-bus, 2-D mesh, and fat-tree structures. Efficient data allocation algorithms for each of the four network topologies are developed that make decision on data allocation/migration at the compile time. The complexity of one algorithm isO(np) for shared-bus andO(n2p) for the remaining three in a system withnprocessors executing ap-layer task graph for one shared variable. We have also given an algorithm to determine optimal allocation/migration scheme for multiple shared variables. However, the cost of the algorithm become prohibitive when the number of shared variables is high. Therefore, a heuristic of low complexity is suggested. The heuristic is optimal for some topologies.
SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ARMOURING / Simulation des transports solides et de l'armure du lit

Abstract A realistic sediment transport simulation model must incorporate an unsteady, non-uniform flow computation component, a means of simulating bed load and suspended sediment transport and their interactions, and bed armouring and elevation accounting routines. A model embodying these components has been developed for upland streams with tributaries. The streams are assumed to have a wash load, sand or gravel beds, and erosion resistant banks. After calibration of the model using 15 days of data collected during the spring of 1975 from sections of the East Fork River in Wyoming and its tributary Muddy Creek, a standard error of prediction of 50 per cent of the average observed bed load discharge of 3.43 lb/s (1.55 kg/s) was obtained. The total bed load outflow for the simulation period was 20 per cent greater than that obtained from bed load discharge measurements and 94 per cent greater than a rough estimate of volumetric change obtained from observations of bed elevations. A fortunate characterist...
Metal concentrations in tissues of Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.) and sediments of Georgia salt marshes

Abstract The concentrations of eleven metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V and Zn) were determined in salt marsh sediments from seven locations in two industrial/port cities and one relatively unimpacted region of the Georgia coast. In addition, six of these elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn and Zn) were measured in the above- and below-ground tissues of the salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora from the same locations and in Spartina cynosuroides at one site. The sedimentary metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, V and Zn were higher in the industrial/port sites by less than a factor of ten relative to the other areas, and the remaining elements had similar sedimentary concentrations at all locations. Tissue concentrations of elements in S. alterniflora varied little between sites. Elemental ratios and concentration factor calculations for plant tissues indicated that Al and Fe were not actively taken up, but that internal concentrations of Cu and Hg appeared to be controlled by the plants.
Determination of lumenal orientation of microsomal 50-kDa esterase/N-deacetylase.

The amino acid arrangements responsible for the insertion and specific lumenal orientation of proteins having an uncleaved signal-peptide-like anchor are poorly understood. A 50-kDa protein having ...
Stability and emissions control using air injection and H2 addition in premixed combustion

Abstract We experimentally study lean premixed combustion stabilized behind a backward-facing step. For a propane–air mixture, the lean blowout limit is associated with strong pressure fluctuation arising simultaneously with strong flame–vortex interactions, which have been shown to constitute the mechanism of heat release dynamics in this flow. A high-speed air jet, issuing from a small slot and injected perpendicular to the main flow near the step, is used to disrupt this mechanism. For momentum ratio of jet to main flow below unity, the jet dilutes the mixture, further destabilizing the flame or leading to complete blowout. Above unity, the flame becomes more stable, and the pressure oscillations are suppressed. Flow visualization and OH*/CH* chemiluminescence measurements show that a strong jet produces a more compact flame that is less driven by the wake vortex, anchored closer to the step, and deflected upwards away from the lower wall of the channel. This renders the flame less vulnerable to heat loss and strong strains, which improves its stability and extends the flammability limit. Adding hydrogen to the main fuel improves the flame stability over the entire range of the air jet mass flow, with better results for momentum ratio larger than 1; H 2 pulls the flame further upstream, away from the shear zone and the unsteady vortex. NO x emission benefits from the air jet, while, with H 2 addition, NO x concentration is higher in the products as the overall burning temperature rises. However, hydrogen addition enables extending the flammability limit further by increasing air supply in the primary stream, hence achieving lower NO x . The study suggests a simpler, almost passive, multi-objective combustion control technique and indicates that hydrogen addition can be a successful in situ approach for NO x reduction.
Persistence of high density lipoprotein particles in obese mice lacking apolipoprotein A-I

Obese mice without leptin (ob/ob) or the leptin receptor (db/db) have increased plasma HDL levels and accumulate a unique lipoprotein referred to as LDL/HDL1. To determine the role of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in the formation and accumulation of LDL/HDL1, both ob/ob and db/db mice were crossed onto an apoA-I-deficient (apoA-I(-/-)) background. Even though the obese apoA-I(-/-) mice had an expected dramatic decrease in HDL levels, the LDL/HDL1 particle persisted. The cholesterol in this lipoprotein range was associated with both alpha- and beta-migrating particles, confirming the presence of small LDLs and large HDLs. Moreover, in the obese apoA-I(-/-) mice, LDL particles were smaller and HDLs were more negatively charged and enriched in apoE compared with controls. This LDL/HDL1 particle was rapidly remodeled to the size of normal HDL after injection into C57BL/6 mice, but it was not catabolized in obese apoA-I(-/-) mice even though plasma hepatic lipase (HL) activity was increased significantly. The finding of decreased hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) protein levels may explain the persistence of LDL/HDL1 in obese apoA-I(-/-) mice. Our studies suggest that the maturation and removal of large HDLs depends on the integrity of a functional axis of apoA-I, HL, and SR-BI. Moreover, the presence of large HDLs without apoA-I provides evidence for an apoA-I-independent pathway of cholesterol efflux, possibly sustained by apoE.
Comment on "Analysis of Transonic Cascade Flow Using Conformal Mapping and Relaxation Techniques"

cases Ref. 1 shows good agreement between the frequencies derived from second-order perturbation theory and the exact values. First, the larger numerical values of terms in j3 in the denominator of the formula for \} and'in both the numerator and denominator of the formula for \2 would tend to reduce the effects of the missing terms. Second, as is evident from the curves of frequency based on the exact solution in Ref. 1 for /3;*0, the magnitudes of the changes in frequencies with e are reduced substantially. Physically this corresponds to the wellknown effect of large concentrated masses and rotational inertias in producing effective nodes in the normal modes. Addition of mass at a true translational node has no effect on the frequency to which that node belongs, and mass at an effective node (a point at which the vibration amplitude is small in comparison with its average value) produces small effects. Rotational inertia at node similarly has no effect when added at a true rotational node and small effect when added at an effective node. The combined effects of additions of mass and rotational inertia to the tip of a beam have been discussed in terms of a simplified model by Rayleigh (Ref. 2, pp. 289-291). There are, in addition, other anomalies in the curves presented in Ref, 1 which cannot be explained in terms of the corrections to the formulas for \} and \2 just given. For example, numerical or graphical errors must be the cause of the apparent variation in frequency parameter with e for the higher modes with 0 = 0.05, a = 0 in Fig. 3 of Ref. 1. When a = 0, the tip mass is zero, arid its displacement e has zero effect according to both the exact theory and perturbation theory.
Maximizing proportions of correct classifications in binary logistic regression

Abstract In this paper, we give simple mathematical results that allow us to get all cut-off points that maximize the overall proportion of correct classifications in any binary classification method (and, in particular, in binary logistic regression). In addition, we give results that allow us to get all cut-off points that maximize a weighted combination of specificity and sensitivity. In addition, we discuss measures of association between predicted probabilities and observed responses, and, in particular, we discuss the calculation of the overall percentages of concordant, discordant, and tied pairs of input observations with different responses. We mention that the calculation of these quantities by SAS and Minitab is sometimes incorrect. The concepts and methods of the paper are illustrated by a hypothetical example of school retention data.
Expert systems and neural networks-bridging the great AI gap

Neural networks and expert systems are two fruits of AI with differing approaches. It is only a logical evolution that these two be incorporated in a single system to complement each other. The author outlines the limitations of both expert systems and neural networks. A new method to combine the two approaches in the biomedical engineering domain is then proposed. >
Global representation of interfacial tension in the system (Ar + Kr)

Experimentally measured interfacial tension in the system (Ar + Kr) is shown to obey a law of corresponding states for temperatures above 120 K if a suitable “field variable” is used in the scaling law form. A brief description of the experimental method is given, followed by a comparison of corresponding states fits made using (1) the liquid mole fraction and (2) the fugacity fraction, a field variable in the Griffiths-Wheeler sense. The latter gives significantly better results. A formula for the scaling amplitude of the interfacial tension at constant fugacity fraction recently proposed by Moldover and Rainwater has been tested.
Amphiphilic Homopolymer as a Reaction Medium in Water: Product Selectivity within Polymeric Nanopockets

A styrene-based water-soluble polymer has been explored for its use as a host for lipophilic substrates in aqueous medium. Unimolecular reactions, namely, photo-Fries rearrangement of naphthyl esters, α-cleavage reaction of 1-phenyl-3-p-tolyl-propan-2-one, and Norrish type I and type II reactions of benzoin alkyl ethers were examined. We find that the hydrophobic domains generated by the polymer not only restrict the mobility of the radicals but also modestly incarcerate the substrate, intermediates, and products during the time scale of the reactions. Comparative studies of the same photoreactions in micelles formed from small molecule surfactants and an amphiphilic diblock copolymer demonstrate that the styrene-based water-soluble polymer aggregates in aqueous medium offer better selectivity.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain Activation During Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving

OBJECTIVE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to test whether brain activation was detectable in regions previously associated with cocaine cue-induced craving. METHOD: Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional activation was measured during presentation of audiovisual stimuli containing alternating intervals of drug-related and neutral scenes to six male subjects with a history of crack cocaine use and six male comparison subjects. RESULTS: Significant activation was detected in the anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the cocaine-using group. In addition, a correlation between self-reported levels of craving and activation in these regions was found. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that functional MRI may be a useful tool to study the neurobiological basis of cue-induced craving. (Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:124–126)
Forum contact space: serendipity in the workplace

This paper explores whether chance encounters which occur within the workplace can be reproduced within a virtual environment. Participants' interaction in the Forum Contact Space, a networked virtual world designed to support chance encounters, was investigated over a three month period. The initial findings suggest that chance encounters occurred as participants reported examples of interactions which triggered events that may not have occurred otherwise. Future research should explore whether Contact Space chance encounters for distributed team members produce a feeling of group cohesiveness or create an enhanced awareness of one's co-workers.
The repression of siderophore synthesis by Mt. St. Helens' ash and silicate rock standards

Mt. St. Helens' ash or U.S. Geological Survey silicate rock standards would replace FeCl3 as the limiting nutrient and repress the synthesis of rhodotorulic acid inRhodotorulia pilimanae cultures.
No child left behind and gifted education

(2004). No child left behind and gifted education. Roeper Review: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 121-123.
The effects of response contingent vestibular stimulation on the behavior of autistic and retarded children

The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the reinforcing effects of repetitive vestibular stimulation. While both autistic and retarded children would push a button for vestibular stimulation, frequency of stimulation was an important parameter for autistics but not for retardates. These results were interpreted as evidence for central rather than peripheral locus of control of motility disturbances in autistic children.
Contribution of Curvature to Flame-Stretch Effects on Premixed Flames

Abstract This experimental investigation considers steady two-dimensional rich and lean premixed methane–air flames established in two configurations, one a two-dimensional slot burner and the other an axisymmetric coannular burner. The flames contain a curved premixed reaction zone that has a tip. Flame curvature is a parameter that significantly influences the structure and propagation of premixed flames through its contribution to flame stretch. In a previous investigation we focused primarily on stretch effects along the planar portion of the premixed reaction zones of various slot-burner methane–air rich (partially) premixed flames. In this study we concentrate on stretch effects along the curved portion of the reaction zones of those flames, employing the same methodology, and also extend our analysis to lean flames. Instantaneous temperature measurements were made by using holographic interferometry. Velocity vectors were determined by using particle image velocimetry, and the flame reaction-zone topography was characterized by imaging C2∗-chemiluminescence. It is possible to identify a constant ≈1100 K temperature contour along the inner premixed reaction zone by comparing the C2∗-chemiluminescence image and the holograms. The flame speed at the flame tip is enhanced above the corresponding unstretched value. We show that the Markstein relation Su/Suo = 1 − Lκ/Suo must be suitably modified along the curved portion of the reaction zones. The response to stretch differs in the planar and curved regions of the premixed reaction zone. However, this classical relation is well suited along the planar portions of the reaction zones. Although the propagation speed varies along the planar region of the reaction zone, the corresponding differences are larger along the curved region. We consider a variation of the Markstein expression Su= CSuo− Lκ. The value of C in the literature is generally considered to equal unity. We have developed an empirical relation for the curved region and have empirically determined from our data that the best fit for the constant C is related to the unstretched flame speed and the value of the reaction-zone speed at the inner premixed flame tip, i.e., C ≈ −Su,tip/10Suo. The value of the constant C does not have a universal value due to geometry effects. A limitation of this expression is that it does not provide the expected solution Su= Suo at zero stretch. This discrepancy is most likely due to a poor resolution of the velocity data in the region where the flame transitions from a planar to a curved topography. The response of the flame speed at the larger stretch values differs from that at weaker stretch. The value of Ka can be increased by increasing the stretch rate κ or the mixture diffusivity DM,u, or by decreasing the laminar flame speed.
Fitting of normal tissue tolerance data to an analytic function

During external beam radiotherapy, normal tissues are irradiated along with the tumor. Radiation therapists try to minimize the dose of normal tissues while delivering a high dose to the target volume. Often this is difficult and complications arise due to irradiation of normal tissues. These complications depend not only on the dose but also on volume of the organ irradiated. Lyman has suggested a four-parameter empirical model which can be used to represent normal tissue response under conditions of uniform irradiation to whole and partial volumes as a function of the dose and volume irradiated. In this paper, Lyman's model has been applied to a compilation of clinical tolerance data developed by Emami et al. The four parameters to characterize the tissue response have been determined and graphical representations of the derived probability distributions are presented. The model may, therefore, be used to interpolate clinical data to provide estimated normal tissue complication probabilities for any combination of dose and irradiated volume for the normal tissues and end points considered.
Validation of Safety-Critical Systems for Aircraft Loss-of-Control Prevention and Recovery

Validation of technologies developed for loss of control (LOC) prevention and recovery poses significant challenges. Aircraft LOC can result from a wide spectrum of hazards, often occurring in combination, which cannot be fully replicated during evaluation. Technologies developed for LOC prevention and recovery must therefore be effective under a wide variety of hazardous and uncertain conditions, and the validation framework must provide some measure of assurance that the new vehicle safety technologies do no harm (i.e., that they themselves do not introduce new safety risks). This paper summarizes a proposed validation framework for safety-critical systems, provides an overview of validation methods and tools developed by NASA to date within the Vehicle Systems Safety Project, and develops a preliminary set of test scenarios for the validation of technologies for LOC prevention and recovery
The impact of regulation on productivity growth: An application to the transmission sector of the interstate natural gas industry

We estimate a regulated cost function to examine the contributions of technical change, scale economies, and regulatory bias to productivity growth in an eleven-year, twenty-firm panel of interstate natural gas pipeline companies. We derive the unregulated cost function from the regulated cost function to produce estimates of movements in the unconstrained production technology. We find that the regulation constraint is binding in most years and that scale economies explain 38 percent more growth in the unconstrained production space than they do in the regulation-constrained production space.
Influence of pediatric vaccines on social behavior in the rhesus monkey

Influenza is a major public health concern and pregnant women have been identified as a subgroup with increased susceptibility for severe complication from the influenza virus, in particular the H1N1 strain. Despite this knowledge, many pregnant women opt not to receive the influenza vaccine. One reason for this appears to be a fear that the vaccine will cause harm to their unborn child. To date no study has been conducted to assess neurodevelopment in children exposed prenatally to influenza vaccine. Usingparticipants in theMother to Baby CAWomb to Classroom screening program a pilot studywas conducted examining neurodevelopment in three groups of children (prenatal influenza vaccine N= 26; prenatal fever or flu-like symptoms but no vaccine N= 10; no vaccine, fever or flu-like symptoms N= 17). All participants with exposure to known and/or suspected behavioral teratogens were excluded from this analysis. A linear regression model and likelihood ratio test was run using the statistical software R to calculate beta estimates and p-values. Neurodevelopmentwas assessed with the 12–16 month maternal self-report screening questionnaire, ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ), which provides outcome scores for five domains (communication, fine motor, gross motor, problem solving skills, personal social skills). Unadjusted models show no statistically significant difference between the groups on any outcome scores with beta estimates ranging from−2.9 to 5.5 and p-values of 0.3 and higher. While the sample size is small and the outcomemeasure is crude, the results of this pilot study suggest no adverse neurobehavioral effects from prenatal influenza vaccine.
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals.

Seven related Quarter Horse foals that died by 7 weeks of age were examined for glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) deficiency. Clinical signs varied from stillbirth, transient flexural limb deformities, seizures, and respiratory or cardiac failure to persistent recumbency. Leukopenia (5 of 5 foals) as well as high serum creatine kinase (CK; 5 of 5), aspartate transaminase (AST; 4 of 4), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT; 5 of 5) activities were present in most foals, and intermittent hypoglycemia was present in 2 foals. Gross postmortem lesions were minor, except for pulmonary edema in 2 foals. Muscle, heart, or liver samples from the foals contained abnormal periodic acid Schiff's (PAS)-positive globular or crystalline intracellular inclusions in amounts proportional to the foal's age at death. Accumulation of an unbranched polysaccharide in tissues was suggested by a shift in the iodine absorption spectra of polysaccharide isolated from the liver and muscle of affected foals. Skeletal muscle total polysaccharide concentrations were reduced by 30%, but liver and cardiac muscle glycogen concentrations were normal. Several glycolytic enzyme activities were normal, whereas GBE activity was virtually absent in cardiac and skeletal muscle, as well as in liver and peripheral blood cells of affected foals. GBE activities in peripheral blood cells of dams of affected foals and several of their half-siblings or full siblings were ∼50% of controls. GBE protein in liver determined by Western blot was markedly reduced to absent in affected foals, and in a half-sibling of an affected foal, it was approximately one-half the amount of normal controls. Pedigree analysis also supported an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The affected foals have at least 2,600 half-siblings. Consequently, GBE deficiency may be a common cause of neonatal mortality in Quarter Horses that is obscured by the variety of clinical signs that resemble other equine neonatal diseases.
Vaginal delivery after cesarean section

We retrospectively analyzed 194 pregnancies in women with a history of previous cesarean section (CS) who were offered a trial of labor. We offered every woman a trial of labor as long as she did not have a known previous classical scar. One hundred fifty-one women delivered vaginally (79%), 24 women had multiple uterine scars. Multiple gestations and breech presentation were not considered a sole indication to perform CS. Fetal and maternal morbidity are presented. We conclude that women with multiple previous CS scars can safely deliver vaginally as can women with unknown uterine scars, with careful intrapartum surveillance. Although our numbers of women with breech presentation and multiple gestations are small, in the absence of significant morbidity, we continue to allow these women to labor and deliver vaginally.
Discovery of Mer kinase inhibitors by Virtual Screening using Structural Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprints

Abstract Mer is a receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common malignancy in children. The currently available data provide a rationale for development of Mer kinase inhibitors as cancer therapeutics that can target both cell autologous and immune-modulatory anti-tumor effects. We have previously reported several series of potent Mer inhibitors and the objective of the current report is to identify a chemically dissimilar back-up series that might circumvent potential, but currently unknown, flaws inherent to the lead series. To this end, we virtually screened a database of ∼3.8 million commercially available compounds using high-throughput docking followed by a filter involving Structural Protein–Ligand Interaction Fingerprints (SPLIF). SPLIF permits a quantitative assessment of whether a docking pose interacts with the protein target similarly to an endogenous or known synthetic ligand, and therefore helps to improve both sensitivity and specificity with respect to the docking score alone. Of the total of 62 experimentally tested compounds, 15 demonstrated reliable dose-dependent responses in the Mer in vitro kinase activity assay with inhibitory potencies ranging from 0.46 μM to 9.9 μM.