cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous left-to-right shunting communication between the ascending aorta and right pulmonary artery in a dog

Anomalies of conotruncal septation are rare in dogs and uncommon in humans. Congenital conotruncal defects most commonly reported in veterinary medicine include aorto-pulmonary window and persistent truncus arteriosus. We report a case of an anomalous vessel connecting the ascending aorta to the right pulmonary artery causing left-to-right shunting, left-sided volume overload, and pulmonary overcirculation. Transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography assisted in the diagnosis and facilitated the surgical correction of the anomalous vessel. The authors hypothesize this defect represents an unusual anomalous vessel connecting the ascending aorta to the right pulmonary artery.
A lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response paradigm: effects of haloperidol, clozapine, sulpiride, and BMY-14802.

Abstract Rats trained on a lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) task were used to test the behavioral effects of established and putative antipsychotic drugs. Baseline CAR latencies decreased as the conditioned-unconditioned stimulus interval was shortend from 500 to 250 ms. Haloperidol, clozapine, and BMY-14802 decreased successful avoidance responses and increased avoidance latencies in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the latency of escape responses. In contrast, sulpiride failed to affect either successful avoidance response rates or avoidance latency. Sulpiride, however, significantly attenuated d-amphetamine-induced locomotion and rearing compared to vehicle-treated controls. Similar effects of these antipsychotics have been reported on shuttlebox avoidance, and these results now are confirmed in a CAR paradigm that achieves greater control over behavior. Because this paradigm elicits a discrete forelimb response without activating numerous muscle groups, it is potentially useful as a tool for examining neuronal mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Inhibition of abstinence syndrome in opiate defendent mice by cyclo (His-Pro)

Intracerebral administration of cyclo (His-Pro), the postulated metabolite of thyroliberin (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) inhibited the naloxone induced withdrawal responses in morphine dependent mice. Mice were rendered dependent on morphine by the subcutaneous implantation of a pellet (containing 75 mg of morphine free base) for three days. Six hours after pellet removal, the naloxone ED50 for the jumping response was found to be higher in mice injected with cyclo (His-Pro) compared with that of vehicle controls. Similarly, the hypothermic response observed following 50 μg/kg of naloxone given given 6 h after pellet removal or that seen with 100 μg/kg of naloxone given 24 h after pellet removal from morphine-dependent mice was inhibited by cyclo (His-Pro). Previously, we have shown similar results with TRH on the morphine abstinence syndrome. It appears, therefore, that cyclo (His-Pro) may be the active metabolite of TRH and analogs of cyclo (His-Pro) may be useful in blocking the symptoms of the opiate abstinence syndrome.
Normal and leukemic hematopoiesis: Are leukemias a stem cell disorder or a reacquisition of stem cell characteristics?

Leukemia can be viewed as a newly formed, abnormal hematopoietic tissue initiated by a few leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that undergo an aberrant and poorly regulated process of organogenesis analogous to that of normal hematopoietic stem cells. A hallmark of all cancers is the capacity for unlimited self-renewal, which is also a defining characteristic of normal stem cells. Given this shared attribute, it has been proposed that leukemias may be initiated by transforming events that take place in hematopoietic stem cells. Alternatively, leukemias may also arise from more committed progenitors caused by mutations and/or selective expression of genes that enhance their otherwise limited self-renewal capabilities. Identifying the LSCs for each type of leukemia is a current challenge and a critical step in understanding their respective biologies and may provide key insights into more effective treatments. Moreover, LSC identification and purification will provide a powerful diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in the clinic.
Sexual Health Risk Behaviors Among Older Men Who Have Sex With Men: Implications for Interventions

Sexual health risk behaviors, HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission, substance use, stigma, and loneliness among older men who have sex with men are discussed. Implications for interventions are provided, including (a) assessment of health-related risk behaviors, (b) brief interventions, (c) HIV and STI screening, and (d) relevant developmental and contextual factors.
Contralateral Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children With a Multicystic Kidney

AbstractMulticystic kidneys are commonly diagnosed today due to the widespread use of prenatal ultrasound. Children with a multicystic kidney are at increased risk of contralateral renal abnormalities. We performed a voiding cystourethrogram on 65 children with a newly diagnosed multicystic kidney to determine the incidence of contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. Ten children (15 percent) with a multicystic kidney had contralateral vesicoureteral reflux, including 8 of 37 boys (22 percent) and 2 of 28 girls (7 percent). Contralateral reflux occurred in significantly more white (22 percent) than nonwhite (4 percent) patients (p less than 0.001). Reflux was grade I in 2 children, II in 2, III in 2, IV in 1 and V in 3. All children were placed on antimicrobial prophylaxis.During a mean followup of 3.1 years grades I and II reflux resolved. Grade III reflux resolved in 1 child and remained stable in 1. Grade IV reflux was downgraded to III in 1 child on prophylaxis. One child with grade V reflux was stable on...
Parameter estimation for a repairable system under imperfect maintenance

Estimation of reliability and maintainability parameters is essential in modeling repairable systems and determining maintenance policies. However, because of the aging of repairable systems under imperfect maintenance, failure times are neither identically nor independently distributed, which makes parameter estimation difficult. In this paper, we apply Bayesian methods for estimation of reliability and maintainability parameters based on historical reliability and maintainability (RAM) data. We assume the first failure of the repairable system follows a Weibull probability distribution. The repairable system experiences Kijima Type I imperfect corrective maintenance and Kijima Type I imperfect preventive maintenance. Using a Bayesian perspective, we estimate four parameters for this repairable system: the shape parameter of the Weibull probability distribution (beta), the scale parameter of the Weibull distribution (eta), the imperfect maintenance factor for corrective maintenance (alphar) and the imperfect maintenance factor for preventive maintenance (alphap). The proposed method is illustrated with simulated RAM data.
Effect of infusion rate on thiopental dose-response relationships. Assessment of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model.

BackgroundThe rate of administration of an intravenous anesthetic induction agent is an important variable determining the total dose required to reach a given endpoint, such as loss of consciousness (LOC). The influence of infusion rate on the dose-response relationship has not been described rigor
Cognitive and Functional Status of the Oldest Old

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cognitive performance and functional status of the normal oldest old (85+ years) with that of normal older persons aged 65 to 84 years to identify age-associated changes in cognition in individuals considered clinically normal. BACKGROUND: Advancing age appears to be a risk factor for dementia. DESIGN/METHODS: Analysis of performance on an extensive neuropsychological battery and the Pfeffer Outpatient Disability Scale in 243 normal individuals age 65 to 99 years. RESULTS: Fifty-two normal subjects who were 85 years of age and older (mean age 88.2 ± 3.1) and 191 normal subjects aged 65–84 years (mean age 75.8 ± 5.0) were compared. Mean education for both groups was not statistically different. No significant differences in functional disability were found between the two groups. Normal subjects aged 85 years and older performed significantly less well than their younger counterparts on verbal and nonverbal memory, psychomotor/executive tasks, and category verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS: Advancing age in normal subjects is accompanied by a decrease in cognitive function, measured by various neuropsychological tests, but is not accompanied by functional impairment.
Energy-efficient joint estimation in sensor networks: analog vs. digital

Sensor networks in which energy is a limited resource so that energy consumption must be minimized for the intended application are considered. In this context, an energy-efficient method for the joint estimation of an unknown analog source under a given distortion constraint is proposed. The approach is purely analog, in which each sensor simply amplifies and forwards the noise-corrupted analog observation to the fusion center for joint estimation. The total transmission power across all the sensor nodes is minimized while satisfying a distortion requirement on the joint estimate. The energy efficiency of this analog approach is compared with previously proposed digital approaches with and without coding. It is shown in our simulation that the analog approach is more energy-efficient than the digital system without coding, and in some cases outperforms the digital system with optimal coding.
Design and implementation of a Mamdani fuzzy inference system on an FPGA

The growth in number of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient ways to implement them. The advantage of using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is the ease with which controllers can be re-designed based on requirements without incurring major non recurring engineering (NRE) costs. In this paper, the implementation of a Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System has been demonstrated with the application of a Home Water Sprinkler System. The design of the Home Water Sprinkler System uses two inputs, Temperature and Soil Humidity, to give a single output, Watering Duration. VHDL programming language is used for creating the design in which simulations are carried out to check the functional verification of individual blocks. The design created on VHDL platform was synthesized, verified and implemented using Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE) Version 6.1. The bit stream created is downloaded onto the Xilinx Virtex 2 FPGA which is mounted on a V2MB1000 board. For the verification of FIS, DIP switches and push buttons were used to simulate inputs. The outputs and inputs were displayed on the two seven segment LED displays. The accuracy of the model on FPGA was compared with simulation results obtained using MATLAB & Fuzzy Logic Tool Box. The results obtained from the two models differed with a Root Mean Square (R.M.S.) error of 0.8%.
Chemical Structure of and Immune Response to Polysaccharides of Streptococcus Pneumoniae

By use of rabbit antisera, extensive cross-reactions were demonstrated among pneumococcal (Danish) types 6A and 6B, types 9N, 9A, 9L, and 9V, and types 19F and 19A. The structural similarity of the group 6 polysaccharides was associated with extensive immunogenicity in humans. In contrast, immunization of humans with type 19F or 19A may not induce sufficient cross-protection. The type 19F polysaccharide has the structure of a linear polymer of N-acetylmannosamine-glucose-rhamnose phosphate. Danish type 19A (type 57 in the United States system) polysaccharide contains this repeating unit and, in addition, has side chains of N-acetylglucosamine-galactose phosphate and fucose phosphate. Maternal immunization with type 19F or type 6A polysaccharide during pregnancy elicited high antibody formation in the offspring. Young mice, which received an additional dose of polysaccharide at two weeks of age, showed a higher antibody response than did those that did not receive polysaccharide. These studies reveal that the extensive cross-immunogenicity of pneumococcal group polysaccharides has a basis in chemical structure. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharides may enhance the immune response of neonates.
The value of ultrasound in hypovascular hypernephromas

Ultrasound demonstrated the solid character of three hypovascular renal masses which were equivocal on nephrotomography and arteriography with intra-arterial vasoconstrictors. These cases illustrate the value of ultrasound, a noninvasive procedure, in the pre-operative evaluation of hypovascular hypernephromas.
The numerical solution of Poisson's equation in a pn diode using a spreadsheet

The numerical calculation of the potential distribution in a pn diode is presented using a spreadsheet. It can be included in an introductory course in semiconductor device physics as a demonstration of the numerical analysis of devices. It is also a demonstration of the numerical solution of Poisson's equation when the charge density is a function of the potential, and is appropriate for a section on numerical methods in an introductory course in electromagnetics. >
A framework for programming using non-atomic variables

The semantics of interprocess communication occurring through shared objects is investigated. A number of definitions of non-atomic memory are considered. Two different notions of commutativity are defined. These are later used to develop conditions under which computations using a non-atomic memory are equivalent to atomic histories with regard to the final state of the objects. >
A global perspective on African climate

We describe the global climate system context in which to interpret African environmental change to support planning and implementation of policymaking action at national, regional and continental scales, and to inform the debate between proponents of mitigation v. adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. We review recent advances and current challenges in African climate research and exploit our physical understanding of variability and trends to shape our outlook on future climate change. We classify the various mechanisms that have been pro- posed as relevant for understanding variations in African rainfall, emphasizing a "tropospheric stabilization" mechanism that is of importance on interannual time scales as well as for the future response to warming oceans. Two patterns stand out in our analysis of twentieth century rainfall variability: a drying of the mon- soon regions, related to warming of the tropical oceans, and variability related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. The latest generation of climate models partly captures this recent continent-wide drying trend, attributing it to the combination of anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and greenhouse gases, the relative contribution
Predation of Leatherback Turtle Hatchlings During the Crawl to the Water

The high probability of being depredated on the crawl to the water may have influenced the evolutionary processes of hatchling sea turtles on the beach. During this time hatchlings must locate water and move as quickly as possible in order to reduce the time spent on the beach. Hatchling leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) at Playa Grande, Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Costa Rica, spent on average 34 minutes visible on the beach, covered a distance of 46.8 m, and moved at a rate of 3.11 m/min. During the time on the beach, 12% of hatchlings were eaten by predators, 83% reached the water, and 5% were determined as potential mortalities (hatchlings were stuck on debris, vegetation, or upside down). The main predators of hatchling leatherbacks at Playa Grande were ghost crabs (Ocypode occidentalis), great blue herons (Ardea herodias), and yellow-crowned night herons (Nycticorax violaceus) during the night, and crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) during the day. Tracks left by the hatchlings on the sand were straighter as they approached the water. Dispersion (distance between the 2 outermost tracks coming from a nest) was correlated with number of hatchlings crawling. Hatchling leatherback turtles at Playa Grande are threatened by predation by domestic animals. Hatchling mortality due to human-related activities is likely to increase in the future due to increasing pressure from tourism at Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas.
An Operator's Console for the LAMPF Accelerator

The control system for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) accelerator is organized around an on-line digital computer. The computer's versatility in acquiring and arranging data for presentation to the operator made a strong impact on the design of the operator's console and the central control room. The racks full of lights, meters, and knobs so typical of a conventional control system were replaced at LAMPF by a compact console in which the prominent device is a graphic display scope with a light pen. This paper traces the evolution of the present LAMPF operator's console. The experience gained from a prototype console for a small accelerator is recounted. It was on this console that the concept of graphic control panels was pioneered. The considerations which led to the physical shape of the LAMPF console are explained and a description is given of the various panels. The console was put into operation in December 1970.
The Flat Tax in Central Europe: Slovakia and the Czech Republic in Comparative Perspective

Why and how have Slovakia and the Czech Republic adopted flat tax policies? That is what this paper answers. This is a curious development given that flat tax policies were noticeably absent from the landscape of most of the world, including Eastern Europe. I argue that two simultaneous processes occur that make adoption viable. First, at the domestic level, the idea of the flat tax is held in esteem by a number of actors, specifically: elite carriers, tax and financial ministers, think tanks and right-wing political parties. They champion this idea to its adoption, or at the least, introduce the flat tax into the policy-making apparatus. Second, at the international level, policy diffusion of the flat tax takes place. In other words, the experience of previous adopters impacts the decisions of future adopters. Examining both cognitive heuristics theory and rational learning I argue that there are “varieties of diffusion” during the diffusion of the flat tax.
An instrumentation system for measurement of the electrical insulating properties of materials used on spacecraft power systems

A test system consisting of three systems to accurately measure DC surface and volume resistivities, capacitance, and dissipation factor of insulating materials used on solar cell arrays on spacecraft power systems, is described. >
Tornado-Related Deaths and Injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 Tornadoes

During the evening hours of 3 May 1999, 58 tornadoes occurred in Oklahoma. One tornado reached F5 intensity and left a widespread path of death, injury, and destruction in and around the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Other communities across the state were also affected. Data on persons who died or were injured were collected from medical examiner reports, hospital medical records, and follow-up questionnaires. In addition, community surveys were conducted in the damaged areas, and a random telephone survey of people in the Oklahoma City area was conducted. A total of 45 persons died, and 645 survivors were treated at a hospital for injuries/health conditions related to the tornadoes. Detailed analyses were conducted on the 40 deaths and 512 nonfatal injuries that resulted directly from the tornadoes. The average age of persons who died was significantly higher than that of injured survivors. Almost three-fourths (74%) of survivors were treated in an emergency department and released; 26% were hospitalized, with an average stay of 7 days. The most common kinds of injuries were soft-tissue injuries (cuts, bruises, and scrapes), fractures/dislocations, and brain injuries. The most common causes of injuries for survivors were being hit by flying/falling debris and being picked up or blown by the tornado. Probable causes of death included multiple injuries (50%), head injuries (23%), chest trauma (18%), and traumatic asphyxia (10%). The proportion of deaths among injured persons was higher in mobile homes, apartment buildings, and outdoors than in houses. The vast majority of persons received television warnings; few persons received warnings by weatherband radio. Survey data indicated that since the tornadoes there had been only a slight increase in the proportion of persons with a storm shelter on their home premises and in the proportion of persons who know the location of the nearest shelter. Effective preparedness plans should be developed in advance of situations with tornadic potential and implemented in a timely manner when warnings are issued. The accessibility and knowledge of the location of shelters also needs to be increased. Warning systems should be integrated and duplicative, and they should include traditional methods and new technology.
Nonlinear regression for sub-peak detection of intracranial pressure signals

The management of many neurological disorders such as traumatic brain injuries relies on the continuous measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP). Following recent studies, the automatic analysis of ICP pulse seems to be a promising tool for forecasting intracranial and cerebrovascular pathophysiological changes. MOCAIP algorithm has recently been developed to automatically extract ICP morphological features in real time. The algorithm is capable of enhancing ICP signal quality, recognizing legitimate ICP pulses, and designating the three peaks in an ICP pulse. This paper extends MOCAIP by using a regression model instead of Gaussian priors during the peak designation to improve the accuracy of the process. The experimental evaluations of the proposed algorithm are performed on a ICP signal database built from 700 hours of recordings from 66 neurosurgical patients. They indicate that the use of a regression model significantly increases the peak designation accuracy.
Rapid behavioral response to corticosterone varies with photoperiod and dose.

The magnitude of the adrenocortical response to stress can be modulated by a variety of environmental and physiological factors, such as daylength and body condition. To determine the consequences of this modulation for the organism, one also needs to investigate behavioral sensitivity to glucocorticoids. We examined the behavioral response of Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) to elevated glucocorticoids. Using a behavioral assay in which a rapid and transient dose of corticosterone (CORT: the avian glucocorticoid) rapidly increases perch hopping, we first investigated the photoperiodic regulation of this behavioral response. Intermediate levels of CORT (∼24 ng/ml), which increased activity in sparrows exposed to a long-day (breeding) photoperiod, had no behavioral effect in sparrows exposed to a short-day (winter) photoperiod. Hence, the neural mechanisms which regulate the behavioral response to CORT appear to be less sensitive under a winter photoperiod. Using the same behavioral assay, we also measured a dose-response curve for CORT's effects on activity in sparrows exposed to the long-day photoperiod. Intermediate levels (24 and 40 ng/ml) increased activity to threefold background levels, whereas high physiological levels (65 and 97 ng/ml) had no effect. Given that the behavioral response does not increase linearly with CORT, we can no longer assume that modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress will result in linear changes in behavior.
The regulation of post-germinative transition from the cotyledon- to vegetative-leaf stages by microRNA-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN LIKE13 in Arabidopsis

Germination and early seedling development are critical for successful stand establishment of plants. Following germination, the cotyledons, which are derived from embryonic tissue, emerge from the seed. Arabidopsis seedlings at post-germinative stages are supported mainly by the supply of nutrition from the cotyledons until vegetative leaves emerge and initiate photosynthesis. The switch to autotrophic growth is a significant transition at the post-germinative stage. Here, we provide evidence that down-regulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN LIKE13 (SPL13) by microRNA156 (miR156) plays an important role in the regulation of the post-germinative switch from the cotyledon stage to the vegetative-leaf stage. Silent mutations created in the SPL13 sequence in the region that is complementary to the miR156 sequence caused the deregulation of the mutant form of SPL13 (mSPL13) mRNA from miR156. Mutant seedlings over-accumulated miRNA-resistant messages and exhibited a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves compared to wild-type seedlings. The delay was not observed in control transgenic plants expressing nonmutated SPL13, indicating that the phenotype was caused specifically by the silent mutations and deregulation of SPL13 from miR156. Characterization of the SPL13 promoter indicated that this gene is expressed mainly in the hypocotyl and affects leaf primordium development. These results suggest that the repression of SPL13 by miR156 is essential for normal post-germinative growth in Arabidopsis.
Cross-terminology mapping challenges

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Data on quality and completeness of cross-terminology links is often unavailable. ? Complexity of modern terminologies increase utility, but make them harder to use and assess. ? Differences in granularity between source and target terminologies complicate mappings. ? Maintenance of mappings is challenging because of the rapid evolution of terminological systems. Standardized terminological systems for biomedical information have provided considerable benefits to biomedical applications and research. However, practical use of this information often requires mapping across terminological systems-a complex and time-consuming process. This paper demonstrates the complexity and challenges of mapping across terminological systems in the context of medication information. It provides a review of medication terminological systems and their linkages, then describes a case study in which we mapped proprietary medication codes from an electronic health record to SNOMED CT and the UMLS Metathesaurus. The goal was to create a polyhierarchical classification system for querying an i2b2 clinical data warehouse. We found that three methods were required to accurately map the majority of actively prescribed medications. Only 62.5% of source medication codes could be mapped automatically. The remaining codes were mapped using a combination of semi-automated string comparison with expert selection, and a completely manual approach. Compound drugs were especially difficult to map: only 7.5% could be mapped using the automatic method. General challenges to mapping across terminological systems include (1) the availability of up-to-date information to assess the suitability of a given terminological system for a particular use case, and to assess the quality and completeness of cross-terminology links; (2) the difficulty of correctly using complex, rapidly evolving, modern terminologies; (3) the time and effort required to complete and evaluate the mapping; (4) the need to address differences in granularity between the source and target terminologies; and (5) the need to continuously update the mapping as terminological systems evolve.
An exactly solvable model of an avalanche-type measuring device

A quantum many-body model is presented with features similar to those of certain particle detectors. The energy spectrum contains a single, thermodynamically metastable "ready" state and macroscopically-distinct, ground "pointer" states. Transitions into classical-like states can be triggered by a single particle with the help of the thermal bath. Schrodinger cat states are associated with superpositions of inequivalent vacua, thus suggestion a relationship between wave function collapse and the dynamics of symmetry breaking in phase transformations.
DETERMINATION OF THE NORMAL REGIONS OF HEATING AND COOLING IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY MEANS OF AEROLOGICAL DATA

Abstract By use of the normal February values of pressure at sea level and at 10,000 feet, the mean isotherms and the “mean” isobars for this layer are computed and plotted on a weather chart. Assuming that the normal mean isotherms are stationary, and that the air blows across them, it is possible to locate those regions where the layer of air from sea level to 10,000 feet acquires heat or loses heat. The regions of largest heat accumulation are found off the east coast of North America and Asia, in agreement with results reached earlier by Jacobs, who used entirely different data, as well as a different method of analysis. The large area of heating found over the eastern portion of North America is believed to originate from dynamic heating of the air caused by subsidence of the polar air masses, while the region of heating found off the Atlantic coast is believed to be due to the upward transport of heat from the sea surface. The pattern from the east coast of Asia to Europe appears to be composed of a...
Bodies and Bullying: The Interaction of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Weight, and Inequality with School Victimization

AbstractThe problem of bullying among youth is receiving more attention because of long-lasting detrimental consequences of victimization at school. Research demonstrates that gender, race, ethnicity, and weight are separately linked to bullying victimization; however, little is known about the interaction of these factors in relationship to victimization at school. This study utilizes the 2005/2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) data to investigate how bodies (i.e., gender, race, ethnicity, and weight) matter with youth victimization. Drawing from the 2005/2006 HBSC sample consisting of 7,143 youth, findings indicate that interactions of gender, race, ethnicity, and weight are linked to school bullying victimization.
Important developments in federal income tax

This outline covers significant developments in federal income taxation along with a few other interesting or noteworthy tax topics. It is not intended to provide exhaustive coverage, but it offers a selective treatment of items likely to interest practitioners and advisors within a broad range of professional practices. Coverage generally includes events reported from the prior program through December 4, 2015. A prior version of this paper was also presented at the 53rd Annual Great Plains Tax Institute in Omaha, Nebraska.
The Racial Standing of Latinos in the Eyes of Black and White North Carolinians

Despite its distance from both the current and past U.S.-Mexican border and its relatively short history as a destination for Latin American immigrants, North Carolina has become the state with the fastest growing Latino population in the country. Given this demographic boom, I set out to learn how black and white North Carolinians are making sense of a group that lies outside the traditional racial binary of the South. Using focus group methodology, I ask white and black North Carolina residents to explain their perceptions of Latinos, to locate Latinos' standing in the racial milieu, and to articulate their position on Arizona's SB 1070 and HB 2281, which may potentially influence other states' policies toward immigration and public school curriculum. This paper treats the dueling perceptions of Latinos as one big group versus a loosely connected community of small subgroups, the varied understandings of Latinos' similarities to and differences from other racial groups, as well as, the complex ways Latinos may be advantaged or disadvantaged when compared to other groups.
USGS Digital Cartographic Applications Program

The U.S. Geological Survey formed a Digital Applications Team in 1977 and started development of a Digital Cartographic Applications Program. The objectives are to produce, manage, and distribute cartographic data in computer compatible form. The principal types of data are similar in content and accuracy to the categories found on the standard 1:24,000-scale 7.5-minute topographic maps. Activity is also underway to produce a national small-scale data base at 1:2,000,000 scale. The data is organized into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data base and a Digital Line Graph (DLG) data base and standard file formats and attribute codes have been developed. The data will become of major importance for map preparation and revision and will allow the development of geographic information systems.
Visual Analysis of Relationships between Behavioral and Physiological Sensor Data

More and more people are collecting, organizing, and interpreting health data through off-the-shelf products such as Apple's Health Kit. People use these systems to collect steps taken, calories ingested, etc. These ecosystems also support the collection of physiological data. For example, users collect heart rate data during exercise, and even electro dermal activity data to help detect the onset of seizures. Analyzing physiological data, however, and relating it to specific behaviors or events, is challenging. In this paper, we present an 11-week, multi-session, participatory design case study, identify challenges in analyzing physiological and behavior data, and present BEDA, an analytics tool we developed to mitigate the challenges. The two primary data analysis challenges include: (1) interfacing multiple software programs required for capturing and analyzing the different data sources, and (2) extending the limited data analysis functionality within and across these software programs to support a wide range of physiological data analyses. BEDA resolves the fragmented analysis pipeline by integrating closely-related analysis tasks into a common interface. It also addresses the extensibility problem by integrating scripts that apply any custom or publicly-available function written in MATLAB or R. These scripts extend basic analytic capability, provide the analytic bridge between physiological and behavior data, and incorporate machine learning algorithms to highlight behaviors associated with physiological data. BEDA's capabilities mitigated the challenges of signal analysis and fragmented data sources, and motivated behavioral scientists to combine physiological measures with behavioral analysis. Although we developed this tool for a domain-specific case study, the use of the tool can be generalized to analyze any time-based data source or sources.
Leadership in medicine: do we need a new approach?

All of us who practice medicine are called upon to exercise leadership in a variety of roles; in some instances, a position of leadership will be enshrined in a title, whereas in others the role will be less outwardly apparent but no less critical. Fundamental to success in leadership in modern medi
Runner’s Dystonia Successfully Treated with Unilateral Globus Pallidus Interna (GPi) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) (P1.043)

Objective: To present the first case of runner’s dystonia successfully treated with unilateral pallidal DBS. Background: Runner’s dystonia is a rare form of adult-onset task-specific lower limb dystonia that typically presents in long-distance runners. Dystonic spasms initially occur only with running, but often progress to interfere with walking, resulting in career-ending disability for athletes. The small existing literature suggests treatment is challenging and may include medications, physical therapy, bracing, or botulinum toxin injections. It is rare for patients to return to pre-dystonia exercise levels. There is Class I Evidence for efficacy of bilateral GPi DBS for treatment of generalized dystonia, segmental dystonia, and adult-onset cervical dystonia that is refractory to medications and botulinum toxin injections. It is not known whether runner’s dystonia responds to GPi DBS. Methods: A 60-year-old male multi-marathoner presented with a 3-year history of involuntary right knee extension and ankle inversion with running, that progressed to affect walking. He had to stop running and could only walk with crutches or a full leg brace despite trials of multiple medications, physical therapy, and botulinum toxin injections. Due to lack of response to conservative therapy he underwent left GPi DBS. Results: Prior to DBS the patient had isolated involvement of the proximal and distal right leg, could no longer run or cycle, and was able to ambulate only with full-leg bracing or crutches. Pre-DBS Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) total score was 6. Three months post- left GPi DBS he had no remaining dystonia on exam and had started to run again, which he had not done for 4 years. Although there was no visible dystonia on exam (BFMDRS = 0) the patient reported subjective improvement of 80[percnt]. Pre- and post-op videos provided. Conclusions: GPi DBS may be considered for runner’s dystonia refractory to conservative therapy. Disclosure: Dr. Saminejad has nothing to disclose. Dr. House has received research support from Boston Scientific. Dr. Ballard had received research support from Boston Scientific. Dr. Schrock has received research support from Boston Scientific.
Burnout: a wearable system for unobtrusive skeletal muscle fatigue estimation

Skeletal muscles are pivotal for sports and exercise. However, overexertion of skeletal muscles causes muscle fatigue which can lead to injury. Consequently, understanding skeletal muscle fatigue is important for injury prevention. Current ways to estimate exhaustion revolve around self-estimation or inference from such sensors as force sensors, electromyography e.t.c. These methods are not always reliable, especially during isotonic exercises. Toward this end, we present Burnout - a wearable system for quantifying skeletal muscle fatigue in an exercise setting. Burnout uses accelerometers to sense skeletal muscle vibrations. From these vibrations, Burnout obtains a region based feature (R- Feature), in the case of this work, the region mean power frequency (R-MPF) gradient to correlate the sensed vibrations to a known ground truth measure of skeletal muscle fatigue, i.e., Dimitrov's spectral fatigue index gradient. We evaluate Burnout on the biceps and quadriceps of 5 healthy participants through four different exercises, collected in a real world environment. Our results show that by using this R-MPF feature on our real world data set, Burnout is able to reduce the error of estimating the ground truth fatigue index gradient by up to 50% on average compared to using the standard MPF feature.
X–Ray Surface and Volumetric Heat Deposition and Tritium Breeding Issues in Liquid-Protected FW in High Power Density Devices

In the Advanced Power Extraction (APEX) study, focus is placed on exploring innovative concepts for fusion power technology that can enhance the potential of fusion as an attractive and competitive energy source. The study will explore new and "revolutionary" concepts that can provide the capability to efficiently extract heat from systems with high neutron and surface heat loads while satisfying all other functional requirements (e.g. tritium self-sufficiency) and maximizing reliability, maintainability, safety, and environmental attractiveness. The minimum surface and neutrons wall load set for APEX study is ~1.5 MW/m2 and 7 MW/m2, respectively, with account taken for peaking factors. One of the concepts under investigation is flowing liquid layer in a once-though, top to bottom fashion, to protect the FW. This layer, while protecting the FW from exceeding the temperature and stress material limits under high power density conditions, will exhibit a rise in surface and bulk temperature whose magnitude depends on the mechanism of depositing both the surface and volumetric heat load. In the present study, several candidate materials for the liquid layer are considered, namely, lithium, Flibe, and Li17Pb83. The surface wall load is caused by the x-rays radiated from the hot plasma whose magnitude and spectrum strongly depends on the plasma operating conditions (e.g. electron temperature, impurities, etc.). On the other hand volumetric heating from incident neutrons is more or less deposited evenly through the layer with much lower steepness. In the present study, profiles of heat deposition rates from surface wall load of 1 MW/m2 are calculated for three liquid candidates up to a thickness of 5 cm. The spectrum of the classical Bremsstrahlung radiation is considered as the main constituent of this surface wall load and comparison is also made to the case where these x-rays are considered as mono-energetic energy source. Volumetric heating from neutrons are calculated for 7 MW/m2 wall load on a 5 cm-thick liquid layer followed by 50 cm-thick structure/coolant blanket region (20:80) that has a 15 cm-thick reflector zone (ferritic steel/water, 90:10) behind it. The combinations of liquid/blanket studied are Li/Li-(V-4Cr-4Ti) and Flibe/Flibe-(ferritic steel). Tritium production rate in these proposed layers and effect of Li-6 enrichment is also discussed. Exit and bulk temperature rise in the protective layer is discussed in a companion paper
Well-Being: An Essential Outcome for Higher Education.

The promise of higher education is not only to influence how students learn to think but also to learn who they are as individuals, as collaborators, and as social actors.Evidence suggests compelli...
Pasteurclla multocida antigen-induced in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation, using whole blood from cattle and turkeys

A whole blood lymphocyte stimulation assay to study cell-mediated immune responses in bovine pasteurellosis was developed. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from cattle artificially immunised with three Asiatic haemorrhagic septicaemia strains of Pasteurella multocida exhibited higher stimulation indices when incubated with antigen preparations from homologous strains than with the heterologous shipping fever strain. Lymphocytes from cattle immunised with the shipping fever strain of P multocida exhibited a higher stimulation index when incubated with an antigen preparation from the homolgous strain than with antigen preparations from heterologous haemorrhagic septicaemia strains. These results suggest that immunogenic differences exist between the haemorrhagic septicaemia strains and the shipping fever strain of P multocida. An assay using turkey whole blood lymphocytes was also developed. The use of small amounts of whole blood, microtitre plates, either 125I iododeoxyuridine or 3H-thymidine as the labelling agent, and a multiple cell-culture harvester makes the method simple, rapid and suitable for the study of immune competence and cell-mediated immune responses in turkeys on a flock basis.
Identification of delay defects on embedded paths using one current sensor

This paper is focused on developing an ATPG-based method that is orthogonal to existing post-silicon debug methods for delay defects. Given an embedded path that contains a small number of gates, the proposed ATPG generates two test vectors so that a current sensor can measure its delay with high accuracy. Unless the cumulative defect along the path is very small, the proposed method will either determine that all locations on it are fault-free or some are defective. This will benefit post-silicon debug methods and, ultimately, failure analysis. No modifications are required in the circuit layout and the routing of the power lines. Experimental results on some of the largest ISCAS85, ISCAS89 and ITC99 benchmarks show that the proposed ATPG tool is capable of generating test vectors which measure the delay of embedded paths that cover on average approximately one fourth of the gates. These results indicate the promise of the method.
Destruction of Salmonella enteritidis by High pH and Rapid Chilling During Simulated Commercial Egg Processing

Shell eggs were inoculated with a double mutant of Salmonella enteritidis (resistant to both nalidixic acid and streptomycin) by dipping the eggs into a sterile poultry fecal slurry inoculated with this organism. The inoculated eggs were washed with either pH 9 or pH 11 washwater at 37.7°C using a small-scale commercial egg washer. Both washed and unwashed eggs were subjected to either rapid or slow chilling. Both internal contents and external surfaces of eggs were examined immediately after: 1) inoculation; 2) washing; and 3) chilling and 30 days storage at 7.2°C. Washwater pH had a significant effect on the survival of S. enteritidis on the surface of the eggs (p <0.001). Significant cross-contamination occurred between inoculated and uninoculated eggs washed at pH 9; 75% of the uninoculated eggs became S. enteritidis -positive on their surface. No cross-contamination occurred at pH 11 between inoculated and uninoculated eggs, and only 8.3% of inoculated eggs were still surface-positive for S. enteritidis . Slow chilling increased the survival of S. enteritidis on the surface of the eggs (p < 0.01) and appeared to permit penetration of S. enteritidis into eggs washed at pH 9.
E-008 Patient Outcomes Following Treatment of High Flow Vascular Lesions of the Anterior Cranial Fossa and Orbit

Introduction High flow vascular lesions of the anterior cranial fossa and orbit (HFVL) include arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulae located within the orbit, periorbital region, ethmoid sinuses, the anteroinferior frontal lobes, or within the dura of the anterior cranial fossa. Rupture of HFVL may result in intracranial hemorrhage, so these lesions typically undergo treatment even when discovered for other reasons. HFVL may be treated by trans-arterial endovascular embolization, surgical ligation, radiosurgery, or a combination of these approaches, but the most optimal treatment is not well defined. We determined patient outcomes and HFVL obliteration after treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients referred for diagnostic angiography or endovascular embolization of HFVL at our neurovascular referral center over an 8 year period. Patient demographic, treatment, and outcome data were deterred from the medical record. DSA, CT, and MRI studies were reviewed for HFVL characteristics and obliteration after treatment. Results HFVL were identified in 11 patients (five females and six males) ranging in age from 8 to 76 years (mean 53 years). Presenting symptoms included headaches (nine patients; 82%), visual symptoms (five patients; 45%), intracranial hemorrhage (two patients; 18%), tinnitus (one patient; 9%), or no symptoms (one patient; 9%). Nine patients (81%) had medical comorbidities, but none had a hypercoagulable disorder or prior trauma. The HFVL were comprised of seven dural arteriovenous fistulae (64%) and four arteriovenous malformations (36%). The ophthalmic artery was the dominant feeding vessel in 10 patients (91%). 10 patients (91%) were treated, including embolization via the ophthalmic artery (four patients; 36%), embolization followed by surgical ligation (3 patients; 27%), embolization followed by radiosurgery (one patient; 9%), surgical ligation alone (one patient; 9%), or radiosurgery alone (one patient; 9%). Endovascular embolization was performed with Onyx (six patients; 75%) or n-BCA (two patients; 25%) HFVL cure was achieved in six patients (55%), including three patients treated by embolization alone, two treated by embolization and surgical ligation, and one by surgery alone. One patient treated by embolization alone developed a post-treatment partial visual deficit, but there were no other complications related to treatment. No patient deaths occurred. Conclusions HFVL are uncommon lesions that are challenging to treat. Endovascular embolization alone or in combination with surgery results in HFVL obliteration in 50% of patients with an acceptable safety profile. Further studies should determine whether radiosurgery alone or in combination with endovascular embolization results in high rates of HFVL cure. Disclosures A. Moraff: None. R. Dodd: None. M. Marks: None. H. Do: None. G. Steinberg: None. S. Chang: None. J. Heit: None.