cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonographic Appearances of Benign and Malignant Male Breast Disease With Mammographic and Pathologic Correlation

Objective. Imaging of the male breast is most often performed for the evaluation of a clinical abnormality such as breast enlargement or tenderness, a palpable mass, nipple skin changes, or nipple discharge. Most breast lesions encountered in men are benign. Malignant breast lesions are less frequent; breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all male cancers in the United States. The initial imaging evaluation of a finding in the male breast is performed with mammography. Sonography is frequently used as an adjunct to mammography but is less often used as the primary imaging modality. The objective of this article is to provide readers with a thorough review of the sonographic appearances of benign and malignant male breast disease. Methods. We reviewed our institution’s case database to identify male patients who underwent mammography, sonography, and subsequent biopsy of a breast lesion. These cases were collected and reviewed to select the best imaging examples. Results. A spectrum of benign and malignant male breast disease is presented with corresponding sonographic, mammographic, and pathologic imaging. For each entity, the salient imaging findings and typical clinical presentation are discussed. Conclusions. Most studies in the literature have reported on the mammographic and sonographic imaging features of primary breast carcinoma in men. However, very little has been reported on the sonographic appearance of benign and malignant male breast conditions. Recognition and correct identification of pathologic male breast entities on sonography is essential to determine appropriate management recommendations and avoid unnecessary biopsies.
Taxi! Role-Play Two

Sold as a set, this role-playing series encourages students to clarify different points of view when in leadership roles (UVA-OB-0921, 0922, and 0923). Before seeking solutions, students must get a clear, comprehensive picture of the problems at hand. Using the "want-got-gap" model works well. The material affords students an opportunity to develop persuasion techniques. The exercise involves three roles: 1) An executive with the Metropolitan Airports Commission at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport who must ensure that taxi companies maintain a high level of quality customer service; within the past year the commission has received close to 4,800 complaints about taxi drivers who refused to transport passengers carrying alcohol; 2) One of 900 Islamic Somali taxi drivers whose mosque leader ruled it was against Islamic law to carry passengers with alcohol; 3) A passenger who, after a long journey, just wants to get home with a few bottles of wine, but struggles to find a taxi driver who will take him or her home.
MAINTENANCE OF POLYGENIC VARIATION IN SPATIALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS: ROLES FOR LOCAL MATING AND GENETIC REDUNDANCY.

Although heritable genetic variation is critical to the evolutionary process, we know little about how it is maintained. Obviously, mutation-selection balance must play a role, but there is considerable doubt over whether it can account for heritabilities as high as 0.5, which are commonly found in natural populations. Most models of mutation-selection balance assume panmictic populations. In this paper we use Monte Carlo simulations to examine the effect of isolation by distance on the variation maintained by mutation in a polygenic trait subject to optimizing selection. We show that isolation by distance can substantially increase the total variation maintained in continuous populations over a wide range of dispersal patterns, but only if more than one genotype produces the optimal phenotype (genetic redundancy). Isolation by distance alone has only a slight effect on the variation maintained in the total population for neutral alleles. The combined effect of isolation by distance and genetic redundancy, however, allows the maintenance of substantial variation despite strong stabilizing selection. The mechanism is straightforward. Isolation by distance allows mutation and drift to operate independently in different parts of the population. Because of their independent evolutionary histories, different parts of the population independently draw from the available set of redundant genotypes. Because the genotypes are redundant, selection does not discriminate among them, and they will persist until eliminated by drift. The population as a whole maintains many distinct genotypes. We show that this process allows mutation to maintain high levels of variation, even under strong stabilizing selection, and that over a moderate range of dispersal patterns the amount of variation maintained in the entire population is independent of both the strength of selection and the variance of the dispersal distance. Furthermore, we show that individual heterozygosity is increased in locally mating populations when selection is strong. Finally, our simulations provide a rough picture of how selection and the dispersal pattern influence the spatial distribution of genetic and phenotypic variation.
Marketing and the Theory of Monopolistic Competition

THERE has been a growing interest among students of marketing in the possibility of using the theory of monopolistic competition as a theoretical tool for marketing problems. Some analytical frame of reference has been sorely needed in marketing; to too great an extent the field has been purely descriptive. The theory of monopolistic competition offers the hope of greater usefulness than the orthodox economic theory of pure competition. In particular, where monopoly elements are present there are negatively-inclined individual average revenue curves, permitting individual discretion in setting prices along those curves. A technique of price policy has been developed embracing the large field of trade-marked goods and wholesale and retail trade, where formerly economic theorists presumed that the market determined the prices for all sellers except those of the orthodox monopoly type. And yet the price technique indicated by writers on monopolistic competition does not appear to agree with the price policies described by marketing writers. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to explain the discrepancy, and to evaluate the theory of monpolistic competition as a marketing tool.
How Should We Feel About Death

AbstractThis paper examines the implications of the context-sensitivity of counterfactuals for the correctness of emotions and attitudes towards death. I argue that the correctness of an attitude such as fear must be explained by appeal to its causal relations to certain preferences.
Electromagnetic interference shielding by cold spray particle deposition

Publisher Summary Electromagnetic Interference [“EMI”] describes the phenomenon that results from allowing conducted and radiated electrical signals to reach destinations where their presence is undesirable. There are basically two purposes for providing EMI shielding in military enclosures. The first is to prevent external EMI sources from penetrating a sensitive environment containing electronic equipment, which is susceptible to the presence of EMI. The second purpose for shielding is to prevent electromagnetic signals generated by equipment within the facility from being transmitted or conducted in sufficient magnitude to be received by sensitive receiving and signal recovery systems. Shielding Effectiveness [“SE”] is dependent on a number of parameters, including electromagnetic frequency, the intrinsic electrical properties of the shielding material, and the number and configuration of discontinuities in the shielding material—such as access doors, hatches, panel joints, piping, conduits, and ventilation duct penetrations. Propagation of EMI might be via radiation and/or conduction, and the required SE must be provided for the total system, including all discontinuities and attachments.
An examination of racial differences in 5‐year survival of cervical cancer among African American and white American women in the southeastern US from 1985 to 2010

Disparities in Cervical Cancer (CC) mortality outcomes between African American (AA) and White women have been studied for decades. However, conclusions about the effect of race on CC survival differ across studies. This study assessed differences in CC survival between AA and White women diagnosed between 1985 and 2010 and treated at two major hospitals in the southeastern US. The study sample included 925 AA and 1192 White women diagnosed with cervical adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous cell carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Propensity score adjustment and matching were employed to compare 5-year survival between the two racial groups. Crude comparisons suggested relevant racial differences in survival. However, the racial differences became of small magnitude after propensity-score adjustment and in matched analyses. Nonlinear models identified age at diagnosis, cancer stage, mode of treatment, and histological subtype as the most salient characteristics predicting 5-year survival of CC, yet these characteristics were also associated with race. Crude racial differences in survival might be partly explained by underlying differences in the characteristics of racial groups, such as age at diagnosis, histological subtype, cancer stage, and the mode of treatment. The study results highlight the need to improve access to early screening and treatment opportunities for AA women to improve posttreatment survival from CC.
Diode laser surgery. Ab interno and ab externo versus conventional surgery in rabbits.

Background: Fibroblastic proliferation of subconjunctival tissues remains a primary mechanism of failure in filtration surgery. Minimizing the surgical manipulation of episcleral tissues may reduce scarring. Laser sclerostomy surgery involves minimal tissue dissection, and is gaining attention as a method of potentially improving filter duration in high-risk cases. Methods: Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits underwent filtration surgery in one eye, and the fellow eye remained as the unoperated control. Ten rabbits underwent ab externo diode laser sclerostomy surgery, ten underwent ab interno diode sclerostomy surgery, and five had posterior sclerostomy procedures. Filtration failure was defined as a less-than-4-mmHg intraocular pressure (IOP) difference between the operative and control eyes. Results: The mean time to failure for the ab externo, ab interno, and conventional posterior sclerostomy techniques measured 17.4 ± 11.5, 13.1 ± 6.7, and 6.0 ± 3.1 days, respectively. In a comparison of the laser-treated groups with the conventional procedure, the time to failure was significantly longer ( P = 0.02) for the ab externo filter. The mean ab interno sclerostomy duration was longer than the posterior lip procedure, but this difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.15). The overall level of IOP reduction was similar in the three groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that diode laser sclerostomy is a feasible technique in rabbits, and the ab externo approach resulted in longer filter duration than the conventional posterior lip procedure in this model.
Introduction: Architecture as a Performing Art

Architecture and theatre have long been allied in creating the characteristic events of the city. In the 1920s Parisian architect Edouard Autant explored the art of architectural design through a series of modern theatrical performances presented by Art et action, a company he formed with actress Louise Lara. Together, they merged British director Edward Gordon Craig’s strategies for architectural set design with an approach to performance emphasizing multi-sensual simultaneity. In five types of modern theatre, they created spaces and performances that anticipate the architecture and actions of an ideal, modern city.
Non-Isothermal and Isothermal Crystallization of Sucrose from the Amorphous State

The crystallization of a model compound, sucrose, from the amorphous solid state has been studied non-isothermally using differential scanning calorimetry to determine crystallization temperature, Tc, and isothermally at 30°C by subjecting samples to 32.4% relative humidity and gravimetrically monitoring water vapor uptake and subsequent loss with time due to crystallization. From the measurement of glass transition temperature, Tg, and melting temperature, Tm, for sucrose alone and in the presence of absorbed water it was possible to predict Tc and thus to directly relate the plasticizing effects of water to its tendency to promote crystallization. Colyo-philization of sucrose with lactose, trehalose, and raffinose, all having Tg values greater than that of sucrose, increased Tc significantly, even at levels as low as 1 – 10% w/w. In the isothermal studies the time required for crystallization to commence, due to the plasticizing effects of water, i.e., the induction time, assumed to be mostly affected by rates of nucleation, was greatly increased by the presence of the additives at these low levels, with raffinose producing a greater effect than lactose and trehalose. Similarly, these additives reduced the rate of water loss, i.e., the rate of crystal growth, but now no significant differences were noted between the three additives. The possible relationships of nucleation and crystal growth and the effects of additives on molecular mobility are discussed.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Abnormal Gene Dosage: Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski Syndromes.

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) and Potocki–Lupski syndrome (PTLS) are reciprocal contiguous gene syndromes within the well-characterized 17p11.2 region. Approximately 3.6 Mb microduplication of 17p11.2, known as PTLS, represents the mechanistically predicted homologous recombination reciprocal of the SMS microdeletion, both resulting in multiple congenital anomalies. Mouse model studies have revealed that the retinoic acid–inducible 1 gene (RAI1) within the SMS and PTLS critical genomic interval is the dosage-sensitive gene responsible for the major phenotypic features in these disorders. Even though PTLS and SMS share the same genomic region, clinical manifestations and behavioral issues are distinct and in fact some mirror traits may be on opposite ends of a given phenotypic spectrum. We describe the neurobehavioral phenotypes of SMS and PTLS patients during different life phases as well as clinical guidelines for diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach once diagnosis is confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization or RAI1 gene sequencing. The main goal is to increase awareness of these rare disorders because an earlier diagnosis will lead to more timely developmental intervention and medical management which will improve clinical outcome.
Impact of video game experience and gender differences in educational video games

Despite the emergent research of educational video games, video gaming experience and associated gender disparity are two important factors that have been overlooked when determining optimal learning environments for educational video games. For those who lack experience, educational video games may tax cognitive load and preclude informal learning benefits. This pilot study compared five males and five females when playing an educational video game. The results show males improved more in posttest scores when compared with females. When demographic information was further dissected, males were much more likely to have experience with video games when compared with females. The study and analysis of these two factors in conjunction help to discover implications for design that lead to future advancements in learning through educational video games
Price of privacy

Abstract The article proposes a logical framework for reasoning about agents' ability to protect their privacy by hiding certain information from a privacy intruder. It is assumed that the knowledge of the intruder is derived from the observation of pieces of evidence and that there is a cost associated with the elimination of the evidence. The logical framework contains a modal operator labeled by a group of agents and a total budget available to this group. The key contribution of this work is the proposed incorporation of the cost factor into privacy protection reasoning within the standard modal logic framework. The main technical result are the soundness and completeness theorems for the introduced logical system with respect to a formally defined semantics.
HUMAN RESOURCE EXECUTIVES' PERCEPTIONS OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH

Human Resource (HR) executives were surveyed with regard to their perceptions of academic HR research information. In general, the results suggest that HR practitioners' attitudes related to relevance, skepticism, and accessibility are not as negative as was commonly assumed. Still, some specific areas of practitioner concern were identified in the study. The executives' attitudes were also found to be significantly related to specific demographic and organizational variables. Interestingly, HR executives with Ph.D.s had significantly more negative attitudes toward academic research than those without Ph.D.s. Male HR executives also viewed academic research as more irrelevant than their female counterparts. Attitudes also differed significantly as a function of organizational size and type of industry.
Meningitis, Abscess, and Encephalitis

Leptomeningitis (pachymeningitis, meningitis) is an 1 inflammatory condition involving the leptomeningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. The process may be suppurative or nonsuppurative, depending upon the causative organism. Clinically, patients present with fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, photophobia, and confusion. The number of routes by which organisms reach the leptomeninges and cause meningitis are several and include hematogeneous dissemination, direct implantation due to surgery or trauma, local extension from an adjacent site, structural abnormalities such as neural tube defects, and retrograde ascending infection (usually via the peripheral nervous system as in rabies).
Enhancing performance and longevity of multi-radio multi-channel hetnets through dynamic path-assignment

In this paper, we present a novel approach to assign paths to data streams in a mission-centric heterogeneous wireless mesh network where nodes have multi-channel radio interfaces. Different than conventional packet-switching routing, our approach assigns the paths using a link utility based on sub-topologies of non-orthogonal frequencies. We use a graph coloring algorithm to calculate the utility of each link. We then propose two path assignment strategies: (i) single path, where each data stream traverse a unique path, and (ii) split-path, where the flows can be divided into multiple paths. Results show no best strategy fits all scenarios. Instead, in different situations, different algorithms are better suited.
Normalization of Tumor Vasculature and Microenvironment by Antiangiogenic Therapies: From the Bench to Bedside and Back

PL06-01 Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth, and many new cancer therapies are targeted against the tumor vasculature. The widely held view is that these antiangiogenic therapies destroy the tumor vasculature, thereby depriving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Indeed that is the ultimate goal of antiangiogenic therapies. However, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence support an alternative hypothesis — that judicious application of agents that block angiogenesis directly (e.g., Avastin, Recentin) and indirectly (e.g., Herceptin) can also transiently "normalize" the abnormal structure and function of tumor vasculature. In addition to being more efficient for oxygen and drug delivery, the normalized vessels are fortified with pericytes, which can hinder intravasation of cancer cells — a necessary step in hematogenous metastasis. Drugs that induce vascular normalization can also normalize the tumor microenvironment — reduce hypoxia and interstitial fluid pressure — and thus increase the efficacy of many conventional therapies if both are carefully scheduled. Reduced interstitial fluid pressure can decrease tumor-associated edema as well as the probability of lymphatic dissemination. Independent of these effects, alleviation of hypoxia can decrease the selection pressure for a more malignant phenotype. Finally, the increase in proliferation of cancer cells during the "vascular normalization window" can potentially sensitize tumors to cytotoxic agents. Our recent Phase II clinical trials in patients with rectal carcinomas and glioblastomas (GBM) support our pre-clinical findings on vascular normalization. Moreover, in GBM patients, the normalization window — identified using advanced MRI techniques — can last one to four months, and the resulting changes in tumor vasculature correlate with circulating molecular and cellular biomarkers in these patients. The encouraging results on patients survival from the GBM Phase II trial has led to an international multi-center randomized Phase III clinical trial in GBM patients.
Spatially Organized β-Cell Subpopulations Control Electrical Dynamics across Islets of Langerhans

Understanding how heterogeneous cells within a multicellular system interact and affect overall function is difficult without a means of perturbing individual cells or subpopulations. Here we apply optogenetics to understand how subpopulations of β-cells control the overall [Ca2+]i response and insulin secretion dynamics of the islets of Langerhans. We spatiotemporally perturbed electrical activity in β-cells of channelrhodopsin2-expressing islets, mapped the [Ca2+]i response, and correlated this with the cellular metabolic activity and an in silico electrophysiology model. We discovered organized regions of metabolic activity across the islet, and these affect the way in which β-cells electrically interact. Specific regions acted as pacemakers by initiating calcium wave propagation. Our findings reveal the functional architecture of the islet, and show how distinct subpopulations of cells can disproportionality affect function. These results also suggest ways in which other neuroendocrine systems can be regulated, and demonstrate how optogenetic tools can discern their functional architecture.
Deployment-Related Military Sexual Trauma Predicts Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Problems Among Male Reserve and National Guard Soldiers.

Background Military sexual trauma (MST) is associated with a range of deleterious mental and physical health consequences; however, far less attention has been paid to the associations between MST and negative health behaviors, such as substance abuse. This study examined 2 focal research questions: (i) What is the prevalence of experiencing MST during deployment among male Reserve and National Guard soldiers? and (ii) to what extent is the degree of MST exposure during deployment associated with frequent heavy drinking and alcohol problems postdeployment? Methods Data from male soldiers who had been deployed (N = 248) were drawn from the baseline wave of Operation: SAFETY (Soldiers And Families Excelling Through the Years) an ongoing study examining health among U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard and their partners. Participants were recruited over a 15-month period (Summer 2014 to Fall 2015) from units in New York State. Deployments occurred prior to the baseline wave of the study. Analyses examined the relation between degree of MST exposure during soldiers' most recent deployment and (i) frequent heavy drinking and (ii) alcohol problems, measured at baseline, controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and age. Results 17.3% of the male service members reported experiencing MST during their most recent deployment. Further, greater MST exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in frequent heavy drinking (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.05]) and experiencing alcohol problems (aRR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.06]) at baseline. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that MST rates are high among male Reserve and National Guard soldiers, and greater MST exposure is associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in frequent heavy drinking and experiencing alcohol problems among a population already at risk for problematic alcohol use.
Pyrin Inflammasome Regulates Tight Junction Integrity to Restrict Colitis and Tumorigenesis.

Background & Aims Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) increase risk for colorectal cancer. Mutations in the Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV or pyrin) are associated with hereditary autoinflammatory disease and severe IBD. Expression of MEFV, a sensor protein that the initiates assembly of the inflammasome complex, is increased in colon biopsies from patients with IBD. We investigated the role of pyrin in intestinal homeostasis in mice. Methods Mefv–/– mice and C57/BL6 mice (controls) were given azoxymethane followed by multiple rounds of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis and tumorigenesis. In some experiments, Mefv–/– mice were given injections of recombinant interleukin 18 (rIL18) or saline (control) during DSS administration. Colon tissues were collected at different time points during colitis development and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, or ELISAs (to measure cytokines). Spleen and mesenteric lymph node were collected, processed, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Colon epithelial permeability was measured in mice with colitis by gavage of fluorescent dextran and quantification of serum levels. Results MEFV was expressed in colons of control mice and expression increased during chronic and acute inflammation; high levels were detected in colon tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Mefv–/– mice developed more severe colitis than control mice, with a greater extent of epithelial hyperplasia and a larger tumor burden. Levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL6) and chemokines were significantly higher in colons of Mefv–/– mice than control mice following colitis induction, whereas the level IL18, which depends on the inflammasome for maturation and release, was significantly lower in colons of Mefv–/– mice. Mefv–/– mice had increased epithelial permeability following administration of DSS than control mice, and loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-2 from intercellular junctions. STAT3 was activated (phosphorylated) in inflamed colon tissues from Mefv–/–, which also had increased expression of stem cell markers (OLFM4, BMI1, and MSI1) compared with colons from control mice. Administration of rIL18 to Mefv–/– mice reduced epithelial permeability, intestinal inflammation, the severity of colitis, and colon tumorigenesis. Conclusions In studies with DSS-induced colitis, we found that pyrin (MEFV) is required for inflammasome activation and IL18 maturation, which promote intestinal barrier integrity and prevent colon inflammation and tumorigenesis. Strategies to increase activity of MEFV or IL18 might be developed for the treatment of IBD and prevention of colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
Timing and Protocols for Estimating Seed Production in Moist-Soil and Phalaris arundinacea Dominated Areas in Rainwater Basin Wetlands

In the Rainwater Basin region of Nebraska, seeds produced by wetland plants are an important food source for waterfowl. Seed production estimates are used to set habitat management goals and evaluate management efforts. Most seed production estimates focus on one-time sampling during peak seed production, but it is unknown how well this captures the total production of wetland seeds throughout the growing season. We evaluated seed production from throughout the growing season in Rainwater Basin wetlands to describe timing of seed production, compare seed production estimates based on one-time and season-long sampling, and quantify how seed production is affected by the invasive species Phalaris arundinacea. Mature seeds were collected from early June to mid-October. One-time sampling of seed production in moist-soil vegetation estimates were only 27% that of season-long sampling. Estimates were consistently lower in P. arundinacea invaded areas. Season-long estimates in P. arundinacea areas were 19% those in moist-soil vegetation, and one-time sampling estimates were 10% those of moist-soil vegetation. We recommend that future seed production estimates use 2-3 sampling periods to better capture the full production of an area. Sampling periods should be based on the peak seed production of the most productive species in the targeted wetland.
Synergy via Redundancy: Boosting Service Capacity with Adaptive Replication

The maximum possible throughput (rate of task completion) of a multi-server system is typically the sum of the service rates of individual servers. Recent works show that task replication can boost the throughput, in particular if the service time has high variability (Cv > 1). Thus, redundancy can be used to create synergy among servers such that their overall throughput is greater than sum of individual servers. This paper seeks to find the fundamental limit of this capacity boost achieved by task replication. The optimal adaptive replication policy can be found using a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework, but the MDP is hard to solve in general. We propose two replication policies, MaxRate and AdaRep that gradually add replicas only when needed. To quantify the optimality gap of these policies, we also derive an a upper bound on the service capacity for the two-server case.
Chapter 21 Paradigms or Small Change in Earthquake Mechanics

The stick-slip theory of earthquakes is one of the greatest contributions of W.F. Brace, yet it has not achieved broad acceptance among seismologists. Instead there has been a long struggle between this ‘new’, though now 25-year-old, idea and the old seismological paradigm of the earthquake mechanism as a fracture phenomenon that produces a total stress drop. I review the history of this conflict and discuss various factors that prompted it.
Simulations of a birdcage coil B 1 + field on a human body model for designing a 3T multichannel TMS/MRI head coil array

This article considers a new type of integrated multichannel Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (TMS/MRI) system at 3T that is currently being designed. The system will enable unprecedented spatiotemporal control of the TMS-induced electric fields (Efields) with simultaneous rapid whole-head MRI acquisition to record the brain activity. A critical design question is how TMS coil elements interact with the transmit field (${\mathrm B}_{1}^{+}$) of the volume coil integrated in 3T MRI systems. In general, the TMS coils are not designed to have any resonant characteristics at the MRI frequency, they may potentially disturb the RF field due to the eddy currents induced. This is especially a concern with a multichannel TMS setup where the subject’s head will be largely covered with the stimulation coils. Therefore, we investigated this problem by computational simulations with realistic TMS coil geometries and a birdcage transmit coil in conjunction with a human body model. We compared the ${\mathrm B}_{1}^{+}$ interaction effects of a commercially available MR-compatible TMS coil with our coil prototype. In both cases, the results show small local changes in the transmit field ${\mathrm B}_{1}^{+}$of the birdcage coil. Maximal Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values over 1g tissue were found to be slightly lower when the TMS elements were present. We conclude that it should be feasible and safe to use the conventional body transmit coil even when an array of TMS coils is used.
Traffic Updates: Saying a Lot While Revealing a Little

Taking speed reports from vehicles is a proven, inexpensive way to infer traffic conditions. However, due to concerns about privacy and bandwidth, not every vehicle occupant may want to transmit data about their location and speed in real time. We show how to drastically reduce the number of transmissions in two ways, both based on a Markov random field for modeling traffic speed and flow. First, we show that a only a small number of vehicles need to report from each location. We give a simple, probabilistic method that lets a group of vehicles decide on which subset will transmit a report, preserving privacy by coordinating without any communication. The second approach computes the potential value of any location’s speed report, emphasizing those reports that will most affect the overall speed inferences, and omitting those that contribute little value. Both methods significantly reduce the amount of communication necessary for accurate speed inferences on a road network.
Semiparametric quasi maximum likelihood estimation of the fractional response model

This paper proposes a new semiparametric estimator of models where the response random variable is a fraction. The estimator is constructed by optimizing a semiparametric quasi-maximum likelihood that utilizes kernel smoothing. Under suitable conditions, the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator is established allowing for data-driven bandwidth choices as well as random trimming, and its flexibility and robustness are showcased in a Monte Carlo experiment and an empirical application.
Construction and Application of Electromagnetic Transient Computing Platform

Aiming at the current situation that the existing electromagnetic transient calculation software has high requirement for experience and can not meet the timeliness requirement of power grid fault analysis, an Electromagnetic Transient Calculation Platform (abbreviated as the ETCP) is constructed through the secondary development of ATP-EMTP software. Based on the ETCP, several over-voltage calculation and risk assessment work, simulation analysis of on-load voltage regulation and capacitance regulation of distribution transformer, feasibility analysis of series reactor of main transformer neutral point, simulation calculation of low frequency oscillation of the PT have been carried out, which verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the ETCP.
Ukrainian migrants in Poland: Socio-economic inclusion or exclusion?:

Poland is an important country to study when assessing migration. In fact, many scholars who focus on migration and its impact on the local economy, in relation to Poland, focus on Polish migrants ...
Novel specialized cell state and spatial compartments within the germinal center

Within germinal centers (GCs), complex and highly orchestrated molecular programs must balance proliferation, somatic hypermutation and selection to both provide effective humoral immunity and to protect against genomic instability and neoplastic transformation. In contrast to this complexity, GC B cells are canonically divided into two principal populations, dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) cells. We now demonstrate that, following selection in the LZ, B cells migrated to specialized sites within the canonical DZ that contained tingible body macrophages and were sites of ongoing cell division. Proliferating DZ (DZp) cells then transited into the larger DZ to become differentiating DZ (DZd) cells before re-entering the LZ. Multidimensional analysis revealed distinct molecular programs in each population commensurate with observed compartmentalization of noncompatible functions. These data provide a new three-cell population model that both orders critical GC functions and reveals essential molecular programs of humoral adaptive immunity. Germinal centers are typically divided into dark and light zones. Clark and colleagues identify ‘gray zone’ cyclin B1+ B cell clusters as sites of ongoing cell proliferation, and these cells are distinct from dark zone B cells that undergo AID-dependent somatic hypermutation. This separation of function safeguards B cells undergoing DNA replication against potential mutagenic events that could result in neoplastic transformation.
Emerging Viral and Bacterial Infections: Within an Era of Opioid Epidemic

The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis that continues to impact healthcare in the United States of America (USA). While changes in opioid prescribing have curbed the medical use of opioids, the increase in nonmedical use, largely driven by injection drug use (IDU), has contributed to the escalating incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD). Furthermore, IDU is associated with high-risk injection practices that can increase the risk of acquiring viral and bacterial infections. Here in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the epidemiology and management of OUD, along with the screening and antimicrobial treatment of associated infections, specifically focused on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Medication-assisted therapy (MAT) and infection guidelines from the USA will be presented.
Who Is Responsible for Normalizing Black Bodies in White Spaces

The presence of African Americans in outdoor recreation spaces and subsequentlyin outdoor recreation activities is not seen as normal, thus leading to them being under constant surveillance in these spaces and during these activities. Thisover-surveillance directly leads to the endangerment of Black bodies, includingdeath, as in the murder of Ahmaud Arbery on February 23, 2020. Outdoor recreation spaces and activities are both historically and currently branded as white,and when Black people participate, they are often viewed as a novelty or threat bytheir white counterparts. This de jure and de facto police state makes the outdoorsgenerally unwelcoming and unsafe for people of color. This situation has been traditionally framed as a “black problem” that African Americans have to negotiatewith little to no help from the wider society in the form of structural or societalchange. It is time for practitioners, white recreationists, and recreation scholarsto step up and actively take responsibility for normalizing Black bodies in whitespaces.Subscribe to JPRA
Perspectives on Occupational Therapy Education: Past, Present, and Future (2020): by Steven D. Taff, Lenin C. Grajo, & Barbara R. Hooper, 238 page soft cover book, SLACK Incorporated, 6900 Grove Road, Thorofare, NJ 08086, (856) 848–1000, Price: $61.95, ISBN: 10 1-63091-547-5

In today’s challenging healthcare marketplace, staying abreast of the explosion of scientific information and the practice guidance it informs, regulatory and policy changes and its impact on servi...
Parenteral lipid emulsions induce unique ileal fatty acid and metabolomic profiles but do not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs

Exposure to parenteral lipid emulsions induces unique intestinal fatty acid and metabolomic profiles; however, these profiles are not linked to a difference in NEC risk in preterm pigs. Metabolomic...
Unlocking the biogeochemical role of beaver in state-transition of landscapes in Yellowstone's northern range

Extirpation of wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the 1920s hypothetically triggered a trophic cascade in which browsers, released from wolf (Canis lupus) predation, over-browsed riparian zones. Eventually, vast meadow-wetland complexes transitioned to grass-lodgepole systems. By 1954, beaver (Castor canadensis) virtually abandoned the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. In 2000, Colorado State University established experimental dams with browsing exclosures for Long Term Environmental Research in Biology (LTREB) on three streams in Lamar Valley to compare hydrologic effects of pseudo-beaver dams and browsing on willow (Salix spp.) productivity and state transitions. In 2015, beaver began recolonizing the region. I investigated how the biogeochemical role of beaver versus their hydrologic influence affects the underlying mechanisms of state transition: nutrient cycling, productivity, and stream respiration. Analyses of the 2017 field samples show that beaver streams trend toward higher nutrient levels and higher variances than the LTREB sites. The data tentatively support the role of beaver as keystone species in state transitions, although more data are needed. The unexpected and late May notice from the NPS to obtain an independent research permit—approved late August—curtailed my 2018 research to a brief field bout in September. Analysis of 2018 samples is underway. Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.
Image Classification of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Chromatograms with Neural Networks

High-Performance Mass Spectrometry Liquid Chromatography (MS-HPLC) data analysis has led to insights within the fields of metabolomics and guides researchers to potential genes of interest for future cancer research. Current MS-HPLC classification techniques are time-intensive and require human supervision. Statistical and automated approaches, such as denoising and feature detection, have been explored with moderate success.An approach that has yet to be adequately evaluated for MS-HPLC is feature classification through artificial neural networks. To effectively implement a neural network method for feature classification, the optimal network structure must be determined. Discovering the optimal structure could lead to potential automation of MS-HPLC feature classification and could result in saving time for researchers. Therefore, this research determines the optimal neural network structure for MS-HPLC image classification. Results indicate high accuracy of 96.8% and could lead to the automation of HPLC-MS data analysis.
Topological complex-energy braiding of non-Hermitian bands

Effects connected with the mathematical theory of knots1 emerge in many areas of science, from physics2,3 to biology4. Recent theoretical work discovered that the braid group characterizes the topology of non-Hermitian periodic systems5, where the complex band energies can braid in momentum space. However, such braids of complex-energy bands have not been realized or controlled experimentally. Here, we introduce a tight-binding lattice model that can achieve arbitrary elements in the braid group of two strands 𝔹2. We experimentally demonstrate such topological complex-energy braiding of non-Hermitian bands in a synthetic dimension6,7. Our experiments utilize frequency modes in two coupled ring resonators, one of which undergoes simultaneous phase and amplitude modulation. We observe a wide variety of two-band braiding structures that constitute representative instances of links and knots, including the unlink, the unknot, the Hopf link and the trefoil. We also show that the handedness of braids can be changed. Our results provide a direct demonstration of the braid-group characterization of non-Hermitian topology and open a pathway for designing and realizing topologically robust phases in open classical and quantum systems. Experiments using two coupled optical ring resonators and based on the concept of synthetic dimension reveal non-Hermitian energy band structures exhibiting topologically non-trivial knots and links.
Quantity and Polity: Asylum Statistics and the Drive for Medical Evidence

The revolutions in France, so disturbing to mental balance, were to have a long career as imputed etiological factors for insanity. For the statistics of lunacy, however, the more fateful date in the year of revolution was not July 14 but January 7, 1789, when a Committee of the House of Commons assembled to inquire into George III’ mental state. Disagreement about the king’s condition and the proper treatment had caused a furor among his physicians, spreading to the Parliament and the nation. Who, if anyone, was qualified to treat the royal patient, and who could say whether he would recover in time to forestall the need to appoint a regent? What confidence could be placed in the irregular regime of Reverend Dr. Francis Willis? The committee interrogated its experts:
BENEFITS OF THE NATIONAL SHIPBUILDING RESEARCH PROGRAM TO THE NAVY AND THE INDUSTRIAL BASE, PART 1: MARITIME PERSPECTIVE

This paper traces the development of the National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP) from its inception in the early 1970s to the present time. The goals sought, the approach used, and the organization established to achieve the goals are described. An overview of technical accomplishments is followed by a discussion of the role of the NSRP in two nontechnical areas, namely, organizational support and market development. The paper concludes by pointing to the need for reorienting the program as the shipbuilding market changes emphasis, say, from new construction to repair and refit. The changing role of Government is also briefly addressed.
Gaucher disease in Syrian children: common mutations identification, and clinical futures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the deficiency of glucosidase beta acid (GBA). Three clinical forms of GD are available. Some mutations in the GBA gene have a high freq...
Discussion of Amy Eldridge's Case: The Selfobject Transference … Necessary But Not Sufficient

The question raised in this discussion is whether something other than the selfobject transference concept is needed to understand the clinical material and therapeutic process. Although much of the described psychopathology is consistent with traditional selfobject theory, the patient's damaged self did not allow for the establishment of the stable, analyzable transference Kohut described. Using the reported dream material, there is evidence for a structured self-configuration (e.g., the self as intermediary between parent and siblings; and the self as conceptualized in relational terms, including nonlinear dynamic systems theory). The point is made that selfobject theory is necessary but not sufficient. La cuestion que se plantea en esta discusion es si se necesita algo mas que el concepto de la transferencia de selfobject para poder entender el material clinico y el proceso terapeutico. Aunque gran parte de la sicopatologia descrita concuerda con la teoria tradicional sobre el selfobject, el self danad...
Consecutive cancellations in Betti numbers

Let I be a homogeneous ideal in a polynomial ring over a field. By Macaulay's Theorem, there exists a lexicographic ideal L with the same Hilbert function as I. We prove that the graded Betti numbers of I are obtained from those of L by a sequence of consecutive cancellations.
Chapter 1: The Implications of General Covariance for the Ontology and Ideology of Spacetime

Abstract It generally agreed that the requirement of formal general covariance (i.e. the demand that laws be written in a form that is covariant under arbitrary coordinate transformation) is a condition of the well-formedness of a spacetime theory and not a restriction on its content. Physicists commonly take the substantive requirement of general covariance to mean that the laws exhibit diffeomorphism invariance and that this invariance is a gauge symmetry. This latter requirement does place restrictions on the content of a spacetime theory. The present paper explores the implications of these restrictions for interpreting the ideology and ontology of classical general relativity theory and loop quantum gravity.
Viral Pathogens and the Advantage of Sex in the Perennial Grass Anthoxanthum odoratum

The ubiquity of sexual reproduction among plants and animals remains one of the major unresolved paradoxes of modern evolutionary biology. In order for sex to be maintained in populations, sex must confer immediate and substantial fitness benefits. Theoreticians have proposed numerous mechanisms to explain how such advantages arise, but experimental data are few. In one well-studied population of the perennial grass Anthoxanthum odoratum in a mown North Carolina field, sexual offspring have been found to have significantly higher fitness than asexual offspring. More recent field experiments show that an aphid-transmitted virus, barley yellow dwarf (BYDV)-strain SGV, specifically transmitted by Schizaphus graminum, frequently infects Anthoxanthum progeny soon after transplantation into the field, BYDV infection is asymptomatic in Anthoxanthum, but BYDV-inoculated clones planted directly in the field had significantly lower fitness than healthy controls.