cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding a "disappearing" nontimber forest resource: using grounded visualization to explore urbanization impacts on sweetgrass basketmaking in greater Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina

Despite growing interest in urbanization and its social and ecological impacts on formerly rural areas, empirical research remains limited. Extant studies largely focus either on issues of social exclusion and enclosure or ecological change. This article uses the case of sweetgrass basketmaking in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, to explore the implications of urbanization, including gentrification, for the distribution and accessibility of sweetgrass, an economically important nontimber forest product (NTFP) for historically African American communities, in this rapidly growing area. We explore the usefulness of grounded visualization for research efforts that are examining the existence of “fringe ecologies” associated with NTFP. Our findings highlight the importance of integrated qualitative and quantitative analyses for revealing the complex social and ecological changes that accompany both urbanization and rural gentrification.
Interleukin 10 hampers endothelial cell differentiation and enhances the effects of interferon α on lupus endothelial cell progenitors

Objective. SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody generation, organ damage and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Generally considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 is increased in SLE and correlates with poor cardiovascular outcomes in the general population. The aim of this study was to explore the putative role of IL-10 in modulating endothelial function in SLE by examining the effects of this cytokine on endothelial progenitor cell/circulating angiogenic cell (EPC/CAC) differentiation. Methods. Human and murine control and lupus EPCs/CACs were differentiated into mature endothelial cells (ECs) in the presence or absence of graded concentrations of recombinant IL-10 with or without recombinant IFN-a or a neutralizing antibody to IL-10. IL-10-deficient mice were examined to assess the role of this cytokine in type I IFN-mediated inhibition of EC differentiation and neo-angiogenesis using an in vivo Matrigel plug assay. Serum IL-10 concentrations were measured via ELISA. Results. IL-10 hampers EC differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. In murine EPC cultures, IL-10 is required to observe the inhibitory effects of type I IFNs on EPC function and neo-angiogenesis. In human SLE EPC/CAC cultures, neutralization of IL-10 significantly improved the differentiation of EPCs, and IL-10 enhanced type I IFN-mediated EPC/CAC dysfunction. The presence of IL-10 in serum inversely correlated with EPC/CAC function in SLE but not in control cells. Conclusion. IL-10 interferes with endothelial differentiation and may enhance the effects of type I IFN on vascular repair in SLE. IL-10 may be a relevant target for improving cardiovascular risk in SLE.
A note on the surface volume change of shallow earthquakes

Summary. This note presents an exact analytical formula for determining the magnitude of coseismic surface volume change (δV) of earthquake faults in a half-space. For a Poisson solid, the formula is remarkably simple; δV=Mzz|8μ, where Mzz is one of the moment tensor elements of the source. Maximum δV values derive from dip slip on faults plunging 45°. For these events, surface volume changes of 0.0001 and 4.3 km3 can be expected for magnitude 5 and 8 earthquakes respectively. All of the coseismic surface volume change is recovered in the interseismic period through relaxation of the Earth and rebound of the surface. A useful rule of thumb for estimating the magnitude of vertical rebound in 45° dip slip events is δhp=Δs/24, where Δs is the coseismic slip on the fault.
Measurement of oxygen and nitric oxide levels in vitro and in vivo: Relationship to postoperative adhesions

This article demonstrates the ability to measure the actual oxygen and nitric oxide levels in cultured fibroblasts established from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues with and without hypoxia treatment and to measure levels of oxygen and nitric oxide in vivo in various tissues before and after abrasion.
Frequency Effects on Hollow Cathode Discharges

Micro-hollow cathode devices have been used for many applications such as lighting and material processing. When operated in pulsed mode, some of the problems associated with arcing have been reduced . In this work, a series of micro-hollow cathodes are operated in repetitive pulsed mode. The repetition rate is varied from 10 kHz to 100 kHz, with a fixed duty cycle of 50%. Results have been investigated when applying a square wave to the electrodes in the test chamber. The experiment is conducted in air at 10 to 50 Torr. Voltage and current characteristics are discussed and plasma characteristics are presented.
A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evidence-Based Practice: The Components, History, and Process

This article explored the evolution of evidence-based practice (EBP) in counseling, highlighting the history of EBP, its central components, and the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating EB...
Improving enteral delivery through the adoption of the “Feed Early Enteral Diet adequately for Maximum Effect (FEED ME)” protocol in a surgical trauma ICU: a quality improvement review.

Background: Despite the research supporting adequate enteral nutrition (EN) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, underfeeding is still common. This quality improvement (QI) project was done to determine the effect of “volume-based” feeding on adequacy of EN delivery and provision of calories and protein in a surgical/trauma ICU (STICU). Materials and Methods: Mechanically ventilated STICU patients (n = 111) fed at least 72 hours after achieving their target goal of EN during their first week of admission were reviewed retrospectively in a QI project. Data were obtained before (n = 54) and after (n = 56) initiation of a “volume-based” feeding protocol (FEED ME—Feed Early Enteral Diet adequately for Maximum Effect). Results: The proportion of EN volume and calories delivered increased significantly (rate based, 63% ± 20%; FEED ME, 89% ± 9%; P 350 mL (rate-based, 20 episodes; FEED ME, 11 episodes; P = .34) and emesis (5 vs 2 episodes; P = .22) was similar. Conclusion: A change in standard of practice to an EN volume-based feeding approach in a STICU led to a significant improvement in adequacy of calories and protein delivered, with only a slight increase in diarrhea. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2014;29:639-648)
Growth and reproduction of Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C.AG. (Rhodophyta) from the laurentian great lakes

Abstract Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. is an unbranched filamentous red alga which has recently entered the Laurentian Great Lakes. It is found in a band 5–10 cm wide above the waterline in rocky littoral areas. Field observations of its seasonal and spatial distribution indicate a bimodal pattern of maximum biomass in spring and autumn with reduced biomass persisting in summer. Field observations suggest that it should have a high irradiance optimum and tolerate warm temperatures. Measurements of net photosynthesis and respiration were made at 48 combinations of irradiance and temperature. Optimum conditions were 20°C and 750 μE m −2 s −1 at which net photosynthesis was 11.55 mg O 2 g −1 h −1 . Optimum irradiance remained at or above 750 μE m −2 s −1 at all temperatures examined. Respiration rates increased with both temperature and prior irradiance. A study of the effects of 125 combinations of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod revealed that monospore production is favored by high temperatures and increasing daylength. The combined effect of rising temperatures and increasing daylengths causes progressively more filaments to produce monospores and contributes to the summer decline in biomass.
Overexpression of Evi‐1 oncoprotein represses TGF‐β signaling in colorectal cancer

Human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), suggesting that disruption of TGF-β signaling plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Ecotropic virus integration site-1 (Evi-1) oncoprotein represses TGF-β signaling by interacting with Smads, but its role in CRC has not been established. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Evi-1 plays role(s) in CRCs and to characterize Evi-1 transcript(s) in CRCs. Evi-1 was overexpressed in 53% of human CRC samples, 100% of colon adenoma samples, and 100% of human colon cancer cell lines tested. Using 5' RACE, we cloned a novel Evi-1 transcript (Evi-1e) from a human CRC tissue and found that this novel transcript was expressed at a higher level in CRC tissues than in normal tissues and was the major Evi-1 transcript in CRCs. Transient Evi-1 transfection inhibited TGF-β-induced transcriptional activity and reversed the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β in MC-26 mouse colon cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified overexpression of Evi-1 oncoprotein as a novel mechanism by which a subset of human CRCs may escape TGF-β regulation. We have also identified a novel Evi-1 transcript, Evi-1e, as the major Evi-1 transcript expressed in human CRCs.
Comparison of Stable Path Selection Strategies for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The strategies for selecting paths in stabilityoriented mobile ad hoc network routing protocols make use of the knowledge of either past or future topology changes. Here, we study the performance of different stable path selection strategies in terms of number of route transitions and average hop count per path vis-a-vis the optimums for these metrics computed under the same conditions of network topology changes. The strategies that make use of knowledge of past topology changes include that of selecting the most recently formed path, the longest existing path, and the path having least sum of the age of its constituent links. The strategies making use of the knowledge of future topology changes include the mobility prediction mechanism [8] and the locationupdate broadcast based look-ahead mechanism [7]. Simulation results indicate strategies based on knowledge of future topology changes perform far better compared to those based on knowledge of past topology changes.
RZWQM simulation of long-term crop production, water and nitrogen balances in Northeast Iowa

Agricultural system models are tools to represent and understand major processes and their interactions in agricultural systems. We used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with 26 years of data from a study near Nashua, IA to evaluate year to year crop yield, water, and N balances. The model was calibrated using data from one 0.4 ha plot and evaluated by comparing simulated values with data from 29 of the 36 plots at the same research site (six were excluded). The dataset contains measured tile flow that varied considerably from plot to plot so we calibrated total tile flow amount by adjusting a lateral hydraulic gradient term for subsurface lateral flow below tiles for each plot. Keeping all other soil and plant parameters constant, RZWQM correctly simulated year to year variations in tile flow (r 2 = 0.74) and N loading in tile flow (r 2 = 0.71). Yearly crop yield variation was simulated with less satisfaction (r 2 = 0.52 for corn and r 2 = 0.37 for soybean) although the average yields were reasonably simulated. Root mean square errors (RMSE) for simulated soil water storage, water table, and annual tile flow were 3.0, 22.1, and 5.6 cm, respectively. These values were close to the average RMSE for the measured data between replicates (3.0, 22.4, and 5.7 cm, respectively). RMSE values for simulated annual N loading and residual soil N were 16.8 and 47.0 kg N ha �1 , respectively, which were much higher than the average RMSE for measurements among replicates (7.8 and 38.8 kg N ha �1 , respectively). The high RMSE for N simulation might be caused by high simulation errors in plant N uptake. Simulated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields had high RMSE (1386 and 674 kg ha �1 ) with coefficient of variations (CV) of 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Further improvements were needed for better simulating plant N
Increasing MDMA use among college students: results of a national survey

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and changing patterns of ecstasy use among college students, and to determine characteristics, associated behaviors, and interests of ecstasy users. Methods: The study analyzes data regarding ecstasy use and related behaviors from the 1997 and 1999 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. This is a survey of a nationally representative sample of over 14,000 college students at 119 U.S. four-year colleges. Changes in self-reported annual ecstasy use were examined, and lifestyle and high-risk behaviors associated with Ecstasy use were identified. Data were analyzed using 2 2 Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression fitted by the generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: The prevalence of past year ecstasy use rose from 2.8% to 4.7% between 1997 and 1999, an increase of 69%. This increase was observed across nearly all subgroups of student and college type. A smaller sample of ten colleges revealed that the increase continued in 2000. Ecstasy users were more likely to use marijuana, engage in binge drinking, smoke cigarettes, have multiple sexual partners, consider arts and parties as important, religion as less important, spend more times socializing with friends, and spend less times studying. Unlike other illicit drug users, ecstasy users were not academic underachievers and their satisfaction with education was not different from that of non-ecstasy users. Conclusion: Ecstasy use is a high-risk behavior among college students which has increased rapidly in the past decade. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2001
The impact of aggressive priming, rumination, and frustration on prison sentencing.

We tested the hypothesis that ruminating about a previous aggressive prime interacts with a subsequent minor frustration to augment aggression. Sixty participants watched a video showing a murder during a bank robbery (the aggressive prime). Those in the rumination condition were asked to write about the video for 20 min. In the no rumination condition, participants were given 20 min to complete an irrelevant task. Participants were then either frustrated or not frustrated. Our results supported the main hypothesis. Relative to the control condition, neither rumination nor frustration alone impacted aggression. Rumination, in combination with a minor frustration, however, increased the recommended prison sentence towards the targets. We discuss the implications of our findings. Aggr. Behav. 33:477–485, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harnessing algorithm bias in classical planning

A planning system’s performance is biased due to many factors related to its design. For example, the representation, decision points, search control, memory usage, heuristic guidance, and stopping criteria all can have implications for performance. Problem instance characteristics also impact system performance. The interaction of the design choices with the problem instance makes it difficult to select the most efficient system from the array of choices. It seems natural to apply learning to the algorithm selection problem of allocating computational resources among a portfolio of planners that may have complementing (or competing) search technologies. Such selection is called the portfolio strategy. Our working thesis is that we can study a portfolio of planning systems for clues about why one algorithm is favored over another. A secondary thesis is that we can uncover algorithmic and problem structure dependencies by examining algorithm performance on specific instances. Our research analyzes performance of planning systems by:
Assessment of pubertal development of boars derived from ultrasonographic determination of testicular diameter

At the onset of puberty, seminiferous tubules rapidly increase in diameter, thereby occupying a greater proportion of the testis, resulting in a rapid increase in testicular size. The objective of the current studies was to evaluate ultrasonography for assessing testicular diameter, as a basis for ranking boars relative to their extent of pubertal development. In the initial study, prior to castration at 4, 5, 6, or 7 mo of age, testicular length and diameter were assessed by ultrasonography in 160 anesthetized boars. After castration, testes were weighed. Mean diameter of seminiferous tubules and percentage of the testis occupied by tubules were determined by histological evaluations of all testes. Testicular volume was calculated from length and diameter and was correlated with testicular weight (P 0.8) when assessed twice on the same day, or when diameter of the right was compared with diameter of the left testis. Similarly, testicular diameter obtained initially at 92 d of age correlated positively (P < 0.001) with the diameter observed at older ages, but the magnitude of the relationship decreased as time between evaluations increased. These findings supported ultrasonographic determination of testicular diameter during early pubertal development, as a means to rank boars of similar chronological age for extent of pubertal development.
Nonimaging reflectors as functionals of the desired irradiance

For many tasks in illumination and collection it is necessary that the acceptance angle vary along the reflector. If the acceptance-angle function is known, then the reflector profile can be calculated as a functional of it. The total flux seen by an observer from a source of uniform brightness (radiance) is proportional to the sum of the view factor of the source and its reflection. This allows one to calculate the acceptance-angle function that one needs to produce a certain flux distribution and thereby to construct the reflector profile. We demonstrate the method for several examples, including finite-size sources with reflectors directly joining the source.
The continuum of "looking forward," and paradoxical requirements from memory

The claim that nonhuman animals lack foresight is common and intuitive. I propose an alternative whereby foresight is a gradual continuum in that it is present in animals to the extent that it is needed. A second aspect of this commentary points out that the requirements that the memory that mediates foresight be both specific yet flexible seem contradictory.
Subtalar Coalitions in the Adult

Tarsal coalitions, while relatively uncommon, are typically identified in adult patients during an evaluation for ankle instability, sinus tarsus pain, and/or pes planovalgus. The true incidence of tarsal coalition is unknown with estimates ranging from 1% to 12% of the overall population. The most common area of involvement of the subtalar joint is the middle facet, and heightened awareness should be present in adult patients with limited motion of the subtalar joint. Standard radiographic imaging, to include a Harris heel view, is recommended initially, although computerized tomography scan and MRI are often necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Climate change triggers morphological and life-history evolution in response to predators

Although climate change is expected to reorganize entire communities, this restructuring might reflect either direct ecological or evolutionary responses to abiotic conditions or indirect effects mediated through altered species interactions. We tested the hypothesis that changes in trophic interaction strength due to altered predator abundance have a cascading evolutionary response in a prey species (Daphnia pulex). Using a multiyear / multigenerational field experiment, we manipulated 12 open aquatic mesocosms to simulate hydrological conditions under climate change. After a three-year press manipulation, we collected Daphnia pulex from each pond and raised them in a common garden. Using quantitative genetic methods, we measured a series of quantitative traits every other day on 108 individuals for eight weeks. There was a significant decrease in tail spine length and population growth rate in groups exposed to the most extreme future climate scenarios. Structural equation models demonstrated that trait changes were best explained as an indirect effect of climate change treatments mediated through changes in predator abundance. Our results suggest climate change can trigger a cascade of ecological and evolutionary forces by reducing predator density, which in turn acts as a selective force leading to evolutionary change in prey morphology and life history.
Inverse Relationship of Blood Pressure to Long-Term Outcomes and Benefit of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Mild Heart Failure A Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Long-Term Follow-Up Substudy

Background—Previous studies have shown that low blood pressure is associated with increased mortality and heart failure (HF) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) was shown to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP). Therefore, we hypothesized that treatment with CRT would provide incremental benefit in patients with lower SBP values. Methods and Results—The independent contribution of SBP to outcome was analyzed in 1267 patients with left bundle brunch block enrolled in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT). SBP was assessed as continuous measures and further categorized into approximate quintiles. The risk of long-term HF or death and CRT with defibrillator versus implantable cardioverter defibrillator benefit was assessed in multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Multivariate analysis showed that in the implantable cardioverter defibrillator arm, each 10-mm Hg decrement ...
Decreasing Ascorbate Intake Does Not Affect the Levels of Glutathione, Tocopherol or Retinol in the Ascorbate-Requiring Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi Rats

Levels of glutathione in liver and kidney, and other nutrients in plasma were evaluated in male and female ascorbate-requiring osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats fed semipurified diets in which the concentrations of ascorbate were gradually decreased from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. Plasma ascorbate levels in ODS rats were unaffected when ascorbate levels in the diet were decreased from 1965 to 768 mg/kg. However, plasma ascorbate levels decreased progressively when levels of ascorbate in the diet were decreased from 527 to 180 mg/kg. Plasma ascorbate levels decreased up to 77% when the dietary ascorbate concentration decreased from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. Ascorbate levels in liver and kidney fell as much as 60-70% when the dietary ascorbate levels were reduced from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. However, the glutathione levels in these tissues were not affected. Plasma retinol and vitamin E levels were not affected by decreasing dietary ascorbate intake. Total cholesterol levels increased significantly in female rats as dietary ascorbate intake declined. Levels of glycated hemoglobin decreased significantly when dietary ascorbate levels decreased from 1965 to 527 mg/kg. This study suggests that levels of vitamin E, retinol and glutathione are not affected by decreased dietary intake of ascorbate under nonscorbutic conditions, whereas elevated ascorbate intake is associated with a decrease in levels of plasma cholesterol in female ODS rats. However, excessive intake of ascorbate may be associated with elevated glycation of hemoglobin. To achieve the maximal health benefit of ascorbate supplementation, further studies are necessary to define optimal ascorbate intakes.
Estimating the 1978–1990 and Future Spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Subgroups of Homosexual Men

The authors studied the historical spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in homosexual/bisexual men and projected its future spread in these men using data from an AIDS-free cohort recruited during late 1984 in Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dates of preentry seroconversion in HIV-1 seroprevalent men were estimated using study entry values of hematologic variables influenced by HIV-1 infection. The authors used survival methods incorporating truncation to determine numbers/dates of seroconversion for men with a pre-1984 AIDS diagnosis who were selectively excluded by design from the 1984 AIDS-free cohort. Overall, the annual seroconversion hazard rose progressively from 0.4% in 1978 to 13.8% in 1983, dropped to 4.6% in 1985, and remained relatively stable at 1.1-2.2% from 1986 to 1990. By January 1990, almost 46% of men who were seronegative in 1978 had seroconverted. The authors estimated historical rates of spread by city, age, education, and ethnicity to examine the effects of these factors in the early and continuing stages of the HIV-1 epidemic. There were striking differences among cities with respect to pre-1985 seroconversion rates but not with respect to post-1985 seroconversion rates. Age, education, and ethnicity were all associated with 1978-1990 seroconversion rates. Future seroconversion among homosexual men was predicted assuming that the "stabilized" 1986-1990 hazards (stratified by age) observed here will be representative of future rates. Truncated Kaplan-Meier methods gave the probability of a seronegative 20-year-old man's remaining seronegative in subsequent years. Such a man has a 20.2% chance of seroconverting before reaching the age of 25 years (a 4.4% yearly hazard). The annual hazard drops to 2.5% between 25 and 30 years, to about 1.5% between 30 and 45 years, and to 1.0% between 45 and 55 years. The overall probability of seroconversion prior to age 55 years is about 50%, with seroconversion still continuing at and after age 55. Given that this cohort consists of volunteers receiving extensive anti-HIV-1 transmission education, the future seroconversion rates of the general homosexual population may be even higher than those observed here.
Demethylation of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes by autoxidizing linoleic acid.

Summaryp-Dimethylaminoazobenzene and p-monomethylaminoazobenzene both increased the latent period of autoxidation of linoleic acid, the former being a more effective antioxidant than the latter. The antioxidant effect of each dye was proportional to the concentration employed. Other dyes with approximately the same inhibiting effect as p-dimethylaminoazobenzene were m'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene, p'-methyl-p-di-methylaminoazobenzene, and p-ethylmethyl-aminoazobenzene. In contrast p-diethyl-aminoazobenzene had only a slight effect and p-aminoazobenzene had no inhibitory influence. During the latent period an output of gas was observed when any of the methylated dyes were mixed with the linoleic acid; a gas output was also found with autoxidizing linoleic acid alone at the end of the oxidation period. The gas evolved was probably carbon dioxide.As autoxidation of the linoleic acid-dye mixtures proceeded demethylation of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and p-monomethyl-aminoazobenzene occurred. At the end of...
Recoil-corrected continuum shell model calculations for 11 B(p,n) 11 C, 11 B(p,p ' ) 11 B * , 12 C(e,e ' x)

Background: The recoil-corrected continuum shell model provides coupled-channels solutions for bound and unbound wave functions from realistic effective interactions. The wave functions are antisymmetric and contain no spurious components because the calculations are performed in the center-of-mass system.Purpose: This model has now been extended to include 1$\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ excitations in the structure of $p$-shell target (residual) nuclei, hence allowing 0$s$-shell knockout processes. Several reactions involving the ${}^{12}$C compound system are investigated to demonstrate the utility of the model.Methods: The states of ${}^{11}$B and ${}^{11}$C are constructed in the nonspurious 0$\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ plus 1$\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ model space. An interaction, fitted to Cohen and Kurath (8-16) plus Reid soft core $g$-matrix elements, is employed. One nucleon is coupled to these states to create a basis for the bound and scattering states for ${}^{12}$C.Results: Calculated elastic and inelastic cross sections agree well with available data. The calculated transverse response at high momentum transfer is lower than that extracted from data. Although significant, meson exchange currents are not sufficient to give agreement with data. Likewise inclusion of 0$s$-shell knockout is not sufficient to provide agreement. The high-energy octupole resonance appears at low momentum transfer and an energy of 106/${A}^{1/3}$.Conclusions: The model should provide meaningful predictions for states near the proton drip line via the ($p$,$n$) reaction. Coupled-channels solutions are necessary for describing ${}^{12}$C($e$,${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}x$) at low momentum transfer. Lack of strength at low energy and momentum transfer in optical model calculations of ${}^{12}$C($e$,${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}x$) is at least partly attributable to the omission of giant resonances. Data for (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+\ensuremath{'}}p$)/(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{'}}p$) could verify this conclusion. Lack of strength in the transverse response may be attributable to recoil terms which are omitted in most calculations.
Analysis on Cause of Corrosion Fracture of Overhead Ground Wire in 500kV Transmission Line

Analysis was performed on the fractured overhead ground wire in 500 kV transmission line by morphology observation,EDS and XRD.The cause and mechanism of corrosion crack of stranded galvanized steel wire in industrial atmospheric environment were studied.The result indicates that SO2,as sulphates,take a key role in both zinc coating consumption and iron corrosion.It promotes the corrosion process of galvanized steel wire and further makes it fractured.Preventive measures and suggestions were put forward according to the corrosion behavior.
Hygienic Quality of Antibacterial Lotion in Markets of Zhenjiang

Objective To grasp the hygienic situation of antibacterial lotion sold in the market,and to provide the basis for health supervision and consumption guide.Methods We detected and appraised the antibacterial lotion in accordance with the Appendix A and B of the National Standards GB15979-2002(Hygiene Standards of Disposable Hygiene Products).Results Nineteen samples of antibacterial lotion were randomly selected from the markets,with the eligible rate of 73.16%(12/19).The total number of bacterial colonies,the total number of fungal colonies,pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and the bactericidal rate were the main unqualified targets.Conclusions The quality of antibacterial lotion sold in the markets is uneven,and it is necessary to further strengthen market supervision.
ASTM, ANSI, IEC—electrical insulation standarization

Standardization work on insulating material appears at first look to be involved and complicated. While simplification is desirable, the standard activity, nevertheless, is coordinated. To the uninitiated the standards work may seem to be slow, dull and tedious. What appears to be slowness is actually the extremely important and necessary give-and-take between a large number of different interests.
Change of organic contaminants and DBPs contents in drinking water before and after boiling

Objective To understand the change of organic contaminants and disinfection by-products in drinking water before and after boiling. Methods In August-September of 2011,eight rural centralized water supply waterworks in the study site were selected and raw water, filtered water and finished water samples were collected,the finished water was boiled and placed in a thermos bottle for 8 to 12 hours, both to 40 ℃. pH,organic contaminants(COD,TOC),DBPs[THMs(TCM,DCBM,DBCM,TBM) and HAAs(MCAA,DCAA,TCAA)],chlorate and chlorite were determined. Results pH value was slightly decreased with the order of raw waterfiltered waterproduct water, but in boiled water and thermos water had an increasing tendency. There was a decreasing trend in water COD and TOC contents with order of raw waterfiltered waterproduct water,the variation trend was not obvious in boiled water,but the contents were increased in thermos water. The TCM content was the highest in volatile DBPs in product water,and all the constituents of THMs had decreasing tendency after boiling but the variation tendency was not conspicuous in thermos water. The dichloroacetic acid was the main component in haloacetic acids,which was different from other kinds of DBPs. The dichloroacetic acid content was decreased after boiling,but it was increased in thermos water,and the mean reached to 15.14 μg/L,which was higher than the that(9.65 μg/L) in product water. Chlorate and chlorite appeared only in the factory water with chlorine dioxide disinfection. Conclusion The levels of volatile DBPs decrease after boiling,but the variation of nonvolatile DBPs contents is not remarkable, and dichloroacetic acid content can be increased after boiling.
Summary of a workshop on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

A workshop on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was held on September 20th and 21st 1982 at the National Institutes of Health. 50 investigators from 8 countries discussed the epidemiology diagnosis and pathogenesis of EPEC. By consensus of the workshop participants EPEC were defined as diarrheagenic E. coli belonging to serogroups epidemiologically incriminated as pathogens but whose pathogenic mechanisms have not been proven to be related either to heat labile enterotoxins (LT) or heat stable enterotoxins (ST) or to Shigella like invasiveness. EPEC adhere in a seemingly pathognomonic way to the intestinal epithelium. Due to the fact that investigation of EPEC had been minimal for 25 years the workshop was designed to provide new research directions. Participants reevaluated the role of EPEC as human diarrheal agents and identified existing and provocative possibilities for further investigation. Dr. Roy M. Robins-Browne provided a historical overview. Other participants discussed the worldwide magnitude of the problem diagnosis by serotyping mechanisms of pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenesis animal models for EPEC adhesiveness tissue culture models for EPEC adhesiveness and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Investigators from several developing countries showed EPEC to be the cause of many epidemic and sporadic cases of the infantile diarrhea that occurs mostly in the summer. EPEC appears to have become a less frequent cause of epidemics in both Europe and America. A spectrum of clinical illnesses due to EPEC occurs but diarrhea caused by EPEC is often severe and protracted. Both in vitro and in vivo studies clearly identify a characteristic histopathologic lesion of enteroadhesiveness as manifested by both intestinal brush border destruction and epithelial cell plasma membrane pedestal formation at the sites of EPEC attachment as seen by electron microscopy. Newly developed animal model systems in pigs and rabbits should help elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of EPEC. Recommendations for future investigations include: reinvestigate the epidemiology of EPEC in the 1980s including their geographic distribution seasonability and relative importance in relation to other more recently discovered pathogens; learn the reasons for age related susceptibility to EPEC related diarrhea and why it presents almost exclusively as a disease of infants younger than 2 years of age; develop simplified accurate diagnostic methods including gene probes or antisera to unique pathogenic factors phenotypically expressed and resolve current confusion about the results of different EPEC toxin assays and the characterizations of the toxins themselves.
Engaging learning groups using Social Interaction Strategies

Conversational Agents have been shown to be effective tutors in a wide range of educational domains. However, these agents are often ignored and abused in collaborative learning scenarios involving multiple students. In our work presented here, we design and evaluate interaction strategies motivated from prior research in small group communication. We will discuss how such strategies can be implemented in agents. As a first step towards evaluating agents that can interact socially, we report results showing that human tutors employing these strategies are able to cover more concepts with the students besides being rated as better integrated, likeable and friendlier.
New Methods for Prosodic Transcription: Capturing Variability as a Source of Information

Understanding the role of prosody in encoding linguistic meaning and in shaping phonetic form requires the analysis of prosodically annotated speech drawn from a wide variety of speech materials. Yet obtaining accurate and reliable prosodic annotations for even small datasets is challenging due to the time and expertise required. We discuss several factors that make prosodic annotation difficult and impact its reliability, all of which relate to variability : in the patterning of prosodic elements (features and structures) as they relate to the linguistic and discourse context, in the acoustic cues for those prosodic elements, and in the parameter values of the cues. We propose two novel methods for prosodic transcription that capture variability as a source of information relevant to the linguistic analysis of prosody. The first is Rapid Prosody Transcription (RPT), which can be performed by non-experts using a simple set of unary labels to mark prominence and boundaries based on immediate auditory impression. Inter-transcriber variability is used to calculate continuous-valued prosody ‘scores’ that are assigned to each word and represent the perceptual salience of its prosodic features or structure. RPT can be used to model the relative influence of top-down factors and acoustic cues in prosody perception, and to model prosodic variation across many dimensions, including language variety,speech style, or speaker’s affect. The second proposed method is the identification of individual cues to the contrastive prosodic elements of an utterance. Cue specification provides a link between the contrastive symbolic categories of prosodic structures and the continuous-valued parameters in the acoustic signal, and offers a framework for investigating how factors related to the grammatical and situational context influence the phonetic form of spoken words and phrases. While cue specification as a transcription tool has not yet been explored as RPT has, it has the potential to provide a level of detail that will be useful in modelling systematic context-governed variation in the implementation of prosodic categories, with applications in automatic speech synthesis and recognition, as well as modelling human speech production and perception. We discuss how RPT and cue specification, particularly when combined, can improve the efficiency and reliability of prosodic transcription and how they can be integrated with expert phonological transcription.
Synergism Among Toxic Factors and Other Endogenous Abnormalities in Hepatic Encephalopathy

The abnormalities that occur in fulminant hepatic failure are acid-base shifts such as respiratory and metabolic alkalosis, electrolyte depletion, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypo-volemia, hypotension, cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, coagulation abnormalities, often disseminated intravascular coagulation, bleeding diathesis, and infections. Additional abnormalities are associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased. Pyruvate, lactate, citrate, and α-ketoglutarate are increased in blood and spinal fluid. α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate are decreased in the brain. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen and glucose utilization are decreased. Brain ATP utilization is decreased. Ammonia accumulates in the blood and tissues. Ammonia utilization rates are increased. Glutamine and α-ketoglutaramate are increased in the brain and spinal fluid. Mercaptans, fatty acids, and amino acids accumulate in the blood and tissues. The highest plasma amino acid levels are observed with methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and free tryptophan. The tyrosine derivatives, tyramine and phenols, are increased in the plasma. Neurotransmitters are decreased in muscle and brain, while their metabolites — glutamine, asparagine, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid — are increased in the spinal fluid. Finally, false neurotransmitters such as octopamine accumulate in the blood and tissues.
Micromechanical Analysis and Multi-Scale Modeling Using the Voronoi Cell Finite Element Method

As multi-phase metal/alloy systems and polymer, ceramic, or metal matrix composite materials are increasingly being used in industry, the science and technology for these heterogeneous materials has advanced rapidly. By extending analytical and numerical models, engineers can analyze failure characteristics of the materials before they are integrat
Thermal radiation of Er doped crystals: Studying the range of applicability of the Kirchhoff's law

The range of applicability of Kirchhoff's law, predicting that emissivity of opaque bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium with environment which should be equal to absorptance, was studied in Er doped dielectric crystals — potential thermophotovoltaics radiation converters.
Peer-Generated Health Information: The Role of Online Communities in Patient and Caregiver Health Decisions

Individuals increasingly access peer-generated health information (PGHI) through social media, especially online health communities (OHCs). Previous research has documented PGHI topics, credibility assessment strategies, and PGHI’s connection with well-being. However, there is limited evidence on where, when, and why individuals seek PGHI and how they use PGHI in health decisions. We conducted in-person and online focus groups with verified OHC members (N = 89)—representing 50 different medical conditions and 77 OHCs—to explore these topics. Two researchers independently coded transcripts with NVivo 9.2 and thematically analyzed responses. Most individuals accidentally discovered PGHI during Web searches rather than intentionally seeking it. Individuals valued PGHI primarily as an alternative information source about treatment options, self-care activities, and health care provider questions rather than a source of emotional support, and they acknowledged PGHI’s limitation as anecdotal evidence. Individua...
Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again]

An editorial is presented which addresses various aspects of the provision of health care services to refugees in America in the wake of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, and it mentions the impacts of language barriers, cultural and religious beliefs, and access to medical insurance problems on a refugee's ability to obtain medical care. Refugee resettlement in the U.S. is addressed, along with Medicaid health insurance benefits and the medical needs of Somali refugees.
Reducing Microfluidic Very Large Scale Integration (mVLSI) Chip Area by Seam Carving

This paper introduces a technique based on seam carving to reduce the area of microfluidic very large scale integration (mVLSI) chips. Seam carving repeatedly identifies small slices of the device that can be safely removed (carved) and patched without adversely affecting device functionality. Using non-linear seam carving we achieve an average improvement of 4.28x in area utilization and an average reduction in fluid routing channel length of 53%
Chains of Power and Their Representation

Power is the ability to send and bind someone else to act on one’s behalf, a relation that depends upon habits of interpretation. For persons attempting to complete projects, power involves communi...
Bilateral recurrent pyosalpinx in a sexually inactive 12-year-old girl secondary to rare variant of Mullerian duct anomaly

Pyosalpinx is a severe sequel of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, whereby the fallopian tubes become filled with pus.1 2 Pyosalpinx often affects sexually active women and rarely is seen in celibate adolescent girls.3 We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with no prior sexual history who presented to our emergency department with complaints of severe right lower quadrant pain of 1-day duration. Ultrasonography and CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed free fluid collections in the pelvis without visualisation of the appendix. A preoperative diagnosis of acute ruptured appendicitis was given and she was taken to the operating room. Peroperative findings included bilaterally distended, pus-filled pyosalpinges. A definitive diagnosis of bilateral pyosalpinx was then made. Two-week antibiotic therapy was successful but the patient returned with recurrent pyosalpinx and a pelvic abscess 9 weeks later.
Strategic Design Thinking: Innovation in Products, Services, Experiences, and Beyond

In 2015, when the Harvard Business Review published an article on design thinking (Kolko 2015), it was yet another example of how some business leaders have come to see design thinking as a busines...
Educating Negotiators: Using Theory, Practice, Case Studies, and Simulations in an Integrated Learning Experience

In the past 40 years, negotiation studies have become increasingly available and sought after across college campuses. While there is widespread agreement on the prominent role negotiation plays in education, in the workplace, in public policy, and in other fields, there remains a lack of consensus on pedagogies and teaching models that effectively train students and practitioners in the various aspects of negotiation, ranging from pre-intervention assessment, to effective bargaining, dialogue, and facilitation, to evaluating procedural and distributive outcomes. In order to synthesize distinct disciplinary approaches and skill/content areas into an integrated pedagogical model, this article describes a negotiation simulation designed to incorporate skill building, process management, conflict analysis, and conflict management tools. The model incorporates equal emphasis on theoretical frameworks and understanding, self-awareness training for facilitators, social network and stakeholder analysis for negotiation preparation, participatory analytical and discursive process management, and developing metrics for monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment.
Reverse syphilis screening algorithm fails to demonstrate cost effectiveness in persons living with HIV

Although the reverse syphilis screening algorithm is more efficient than the traditional algorithm, it may lead to exorbitant costs for health systems serving persons living with HIV needing annual syphilis screening. Alternatively, the traditional screening algorithm is cost saving in many scenarios.