cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Grammar of Measurement

The phrase 2 liters of oil is a pseudopartitive. It includes a measure phrase, 2 liters, and a substantive indicating what kind of substance is measured. I can use 2 liters of oil to talk about oil whose volume is 2 liters. Suppose I wanted instead to talk about oil whose temperature was 90 degrees. I should be able to say *90 degrees of oil, but I can’t. Instead, I have to say 90-degree oil. The absence of of indicates that this is not a pseudopartitive. The absence of number marking on degree suggests that it is a nominal compound. What is it about 90 degrees that prevents its use in pseudopartitives but allows it compounds? too much gold is also a pseudopartitive, which, for reasons not relevant here, needs no of. Parsons(1970) observed that expressions like these are ambiguous about how the gold is being measured. It could be too much gold by weight or too much by volume. But if it can mean gold which is too heavy or gold whose volume is excessive, why can’t it mean gold which is too dark? “You put too much gold in the ring,” I would say to the jeweler, to mean that the gold in the ring is darker than I wanted. But I can’t use too much gold in that way, and it isn’t because much is unable to quantify over degrees of darkness, for that is just what it seems to do when I say “the gold is much darker than I had expected.” Inches and feet are appropriate units for measurements taken in various dimensions. Nevertheless, while I can use a foot of cable to speak of length, if I’m concerned with the diameter of the cable, why must I say quarter inch cable, again employing a compound, which is of-less and devoid of number marking, and where the indefinite article is omitted before quarter? And if 2 feet of cable
Dissociation in the DSM5

Integrating dissociation into the psychiatric diagnostic nosology has always been a challenge. Some dissociative disorders, such as pseudoseizures, seemed to fit better with neurological disorders,...
Recovering business rules from legacy source code for system modernization

By using several reverse engineering tools and techniques, it is possible to extract business rules from the legacy source code that are easy to understand by the non-IT experts. These business rules can be used at different stages of system modernization. System maintainers can use the rules to locate in the code parts affected by a change in a rule. Business analysts can use those rules as means to aide understanding of the system at a business level. The extracted rules can serve as source of documentation and possible input for configuring a new system. This paper presents a novel approach for extracting business rules from legacy source code and application of the results at different stages of system modernization.
Investigation of high-resolution microwave breast imaging using a 3-D inverse scattering algorithm with a variable-strength spatial prior constraint

Microwave breast imaging is currently being investigated for several clinical applications including evaluation of breast density, detection of breast cancer, and monitoring of treatment. It is a promising alternative to conventional modalities in terms of cost, comfort, and safety. However, the requisite use of regularization techniques to solve the ill-posed inverse scattering problem typically results in moderate imaging resolution. One technique to improve microwave breast imaging resolution is to incorporate a priori structural information, also known as spatial priors, into the inverse scattering algorithm.
EGOHOODS AS WAVES WASHING ACROSS THE CITY: A NEW MEASURE OF “NEIGHBORHOODS”

Author(s): Hipp, John R; Boessen, Adam | Abstract: Defining “neighborhoods” is a bedeviling challenge faced by all studies of neighborhood effects and ecological models of social processes.n Although scholars frequently lament the inadequacies of the various existing definitions of “neighborhood”, we argue that previous strategies relying on non-overlapping boundaries such as block groups and tracts are fundamentally flawed.n The approach taken here instead builds on insights of the mental mapping literature, the social networks literature, the daily activities pattern literature, and the travel to crime literature to propose a new definition of neighborhoods:n egohoods.n These egohoods are conceptualized as waves washing across the surface of cities, as opposed to independent units with non-overlapping boundaries.n This approach is illustrated using crime data from nine cities:n Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, Sacramento, St. Louis, and Tucson.n The results show that measures aggregated to our egohoods explain more of the variation in crime across the social environment than do models with measures aggregated to block groups or tracts.n Results also suggest that measuring inequality in egohoods provides dramatically stronger positive effects on crime rates than when using the non-overlapping boundary approach, highlighting the important new insights that can be obtained by utilizing our egohood approach.
Innovative design of viscoelastic dampers for seismic mitigation

Abstract In this paper, an advanced and more reliable design of viscoelastic dampers for seismic mitigation of high-rise buildings is presented. The innovative design of energy-absorbing devices has some advantages, compared to the classical design, as follows: one, the device is directly subjected to shear strains and forces due to story drifts; two, the device can support its own weight during normal operations, and maintain stable for large deformations during earthquakes; three, the device can reduce the responses of a structure to horizontal as well as vertical seismic loadings; and four, the device can also decrease the responses of the floor system of a building. In this study, a ten-story building is given as an example to express the merits obtained from the new system. Comparisons of the building equipped with classical and proposed devices of viscoelastic dampers are carefully studied. Numerical results show that the energy-absorbing capacity of the new device is superior to the classical one, especially for vertical vibrations.
Do elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes benefit from early invasive treatment?

Do elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes benefit from early invasive treatment?
Dose response for formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity in the human respiratory tract.

Human studies of the sensory irritant effects of formaldehyde are complicated by the subjective nature of some clinical endpoints. This limits the usefulness of such studies for quantitative noncancer risk assessment of airborne formaldehyde. Objective measures of the noncancer effects of formaldehyde, such as the rate of regenerative cellular proliferation (RCP) secondary to cytolethality, can be obtained from laboratory animals but present the challenge of interspecies extrapolation of the data. To the extent that uncertainties associated with this extrapolation can be reduced, however, dose-response data obtained in laboratory animals are a viable alternative to clinical studies. Here, we describe the extrapolation of dose-response data for RCP from F344 rats to humans. Rats inhaled formaldehyde (0, 0.7, 2.0, 6.0, 10, and 15 ppm) 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 years. The dose response for RCP was J-shaped, with the rates of RCP at 0.7 and 2.0 ppm below but not statistically different from control, while the rates at the higher concentrations were significantly greater than control. Both the raw J-shaped data and a hockey-stick-shaped curve fitted to the raw data were used for predicting the human dose response for RCP. Cells lining the nasal airways of F344 rats and rhesus monkeys are comparably sensitive to the cytolethal effects of inhaled formaldehyde, suggesting that the equivalent human cells are also likely to be comparably sensitive. Using this assumption, the challenge of rat-to-human extrapolation was reduced to accurate prediction of site-specific flux of formaldehyde from inhaled air into the tissue lining the human respiratory tract. A computational fluid dynamics model of air flow and gas transport in the human nasal airways was linked to a typical path model of the human lung to provide site-specific flux predictions throughout the respiratory tract. Since breathing rate affects formaldehyde dosimetry, cytotoxicity dose-response curves were predicted for three standard working levels. With the most vigorous working level, the lowest concentrations of formaldehyde predicted to exert any cytotoxic effects in humans were 1.0 and 0.6 ppm, for the J-shaped and hockey-stick-shaped RCP curves, respectively. The predicted levels of response at the lowest effect concentrations are smaller than can be measured clinically. Published literature showing that the cytotoxicity of inhaled formaldehyde is related to exposure level rather than to duration of exposure suggests that the present analysis is a reasonable basis for derivation of standards for continuous human exposure.
Building effective boards

In this issue of EMR, we look at the role of a governing board and its impact on organizational performance. In many ways this issue is a bit of a departure from the EMR traditional focus on operational levels of engineering management. Recall that this year our themes have included "Teaching Engineering," "Modeling & Simulation," and "Leading Engineers" - an eclectic set of themes that reach out to distinctly different kinds of practitioners.
Public interest in the environment is falling: a response to Ficetola (2013)

McCallum and Bury (Biodiv Conserv 22:1355–1367, 2013) used internet search analysis to reveal the public’s falling interest in the environment. Ficetola (Biodiv Conserv 81.1:117–142, 2013) challenged these findings. He argued that “even though the proportion of queries went down, the absolute number went up”, interest may be growing, and the apparent changes in interest were artifacts of expanded use of the internet. We demonstrate why the proportion of the public, not the numbers of individuals drives policy, discuss the implications of proportional shares of interest for environmental policy, and address the concerns discussed by Ficetola (2013). Considering the growing evidence of fading public interest in the environment, and the devastating repercussions that this could have; it is clear that we must rapidly develop strategies to counter this alarming trend.
Schwinger-Dyson formulation of coordinate-invariant regularization

Abstract Geometric interpretation of the continuum regularization program is found in a Schwinger-Dyson formulation of coordinate-invariant regularization. Introductory application of the general formulation is given for the regularized non-linear sigma model and regularized euclidean gravity. A Schwinger-Dyson bonus, conceptually independent of the regularization, is noted in the case of euclidean gravity: Due to the differential character of the formulation, difficulties usually associated with unbounded action are bypassed, at least in weak coupling.
Routine, rapid HIV testing of medicine service admissions in the emergency department.

Objective We identify undiagnosed HIV among adult emergency department (ED) patients awaiting medicine admission through rapid testing, expedite their redirection to the inpatient HIV service, and improve linkage to ambulatory HIV care. Methods Two ED health educators offered rapid testing to patients aged 18 to 64 years from the high-acuity ED area from which most medicine admissions originate. Heath educators obtained consent, obtained fingerstick blood, and performed point-of-care testing. Patients with reactive results received counseling, confirmatory testing, and appointments at the affiliated HIV clinic. Results Between March 1, 2008, and February 28, 2009, 4,755 patients received testing. Thirty patients (0.6%) had received a new diagnosis of HIV; 26 were admitted and redirected to the HIV service. Characteristics of HIV positive patients were mean age 38 years, 87% men, 64% black, and 33% Hispanic; 76% had CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm 3 ; 67% had HIV-related diagnoses; and 93% reported for ambulatory HIV care in a median of 10 days. During 2 preceding years, these patients had a mean of 3 previous health system visits without testing. During a 6-month quality assurance interval of the 5,340 ED medicine admissions, 31% of patients were eligible for testing, of whom 88% received testing (1% positive) and 12% declined; 29% of the 5,340 were not approached for testing; and 40% were deemed ineligible. Common reasons for ineligibility included older age, recent previous test, and known HIV-positive status. Conclusion Patients who receive a diagnosis of HIV in our ED before admission are extremely ill, most having AIDS. Targeted HIV screening of ED patients awaiting hospital admission facilitated timely diagnosis and reliable linkage to inpatient and outpatient HIV care.
Distortion of Three-Dimensional Vorticity Waves by a Cascade of Airfoils

The evolution of three-dimensional vorticity waves impinging on a cascade of loaded blades in subsonic flow is studied. Analytical expressions are derived for the streamwise, normal and spanwise components of the vorticity and the associated rotational velocity. These unsteady flow quantities are calculated, and their variations analyzed and plotted for a typical loaded cascade. The results show that at large distances from the blades a slow but long range distortion of the incoming vorticity waves takes place. Near the blade surface, the stretching and turning of the vorticity produce large values for the streamwise vorticity component.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
The nitrite methemoglobin complex—Its significance in methemoglobin analyses and its possible role in methemoglobinemia

Abstract Evidence consistent with the formation of a reversible complex between excess free nitrite ion and the ferric heme groups of methemoglobin is presented. The existence of this complex in nitrited red cells or in lysates in the presence of appropriate concentrations of free nitrite can lead to gross underestimation of methemoglobin levels by a common spectrophotometric method. Complex formation is manifested by a decrease in the absorption of methemoglobin solutions in the range of 600–650 mμ. This source of error can be eliminated in red cell suspensions simply by washing. Similarly, lysate solutions may be dialyzed or diluted to effect dissociation of the complex. Attempts were made to estimate the dissociation constant of this complex at 25°, pH 7.4, and physiologic ionic strength. Although unknown side reactions between methemoglobin and nitrite interfere in the spectrophotometric determination of this constant, its value is probably not greater than 3 mM. This estimate indicates that the complex must exist transiently in vivo when mice receive nitrite doses adequate to convert more than one-third of the circulating blood pigment to methemoglobin. Thus, complex formation may contribute to the unusually sustained methemoglobinemia produced in mice by nitrite.
Glass beads coated with chitosan for the food azo dyes adsorption in a fixed bed column

Abstract Glass beads were coated with chitosan (GBCC) by dip-coating technique, and the effects of chitosan solution concentration and cure method were evaluated. GBCC were used for food azo dyes adsorption in a fixed bed column. The chitosan solution concentration of 0.5% and the physicochemical cure were the more suitable for the glass beads coating. The maximum capacity of the adsorption column ranged of 13.5–108.7 mg g −1 and the removal percentage ranged of 40.9–74.7%. Three dynamic models were used, and they showed adequate to represent the breakthrough curves. The column regeneration was possible for five adsorption–desorption cycles.
MO-D-BRB-03: Comparison of Proton Therapy Institutional Data Collected by the RPC.

Purpose: To detail and compare data collected during RPC onsite dosimetry review visits at proton therapy centers. Methods: The RPC has established a complete review process for proton therapy institutions wishing to participate in NCI‐funded clinical trials that includes an on‐site dosimetry review visit performed by the RPC. During the visit, the RPC takes measurements that include CT# vs. relative stopping power (RSP) conversion, beam output, depth dose, lateral profiles, QA procedure reviews and anthropomorphic phantom irradiations. The RPC reviewed beam output, depth dose and lateral profiles for 5 specific anatomic treatment sites, reference, prostate, lung,brain, and spine as compared to the institution's measured or treatment planning‐derived values. In addition, the RPC has compared results from each institution's proton prostate phantom irradiation. Results: All of the institutions visited had RPC/Institution output ratios that ranged between 0.95 – 1.02 where the acceptance criterion was ±5%. For the CT# to RSP comparison, there was a larger variability. Only two institutions agreed within five percent of the recommended values, while the other five institutions had disagreements of up to 20 percent in the high density (high CT number) region of the conversion curve that may have a clinical impact on dose delivery. For the prostate phantom irradiation, 3 institutions failed to meet the RPC's ±7%/4mm acceptance criteria on the initial attempt, but in the end all 7 sites met the criteria. Conclusions: The proton beam output for 7 proton centers, as measured by the RPC, is comparable (±5%), however, there are large discrepancies in the CT# vs RSP conversion curves used from institution to institution. As a result of the RPC onsite dosimetry review visits, several institutions have modified their procedures and dosimetry parameters to improve proton therapydelivery for NCI funded clinical trials. Work supported by grants CA10953, CA059267, and CA81647 (NCI, DHHS).
Social Work: A Road Less Traveled

It has not been an easy road and I have often asked myself: Why social work? With large case loads, small salaries, little recognition, and no previous experience in the profession, why should I choose the road less traveled and become a social worker? Looking back I can't say that I answered this question before I began school or even after my first-year internship. However, this journey has taught me a great deal about myself, including the ability to recognize my hopes, fears, and capabilities. I realize that my diverse background in nonprofit organizations and undergraduate degrees in music and journalism have made me unique to the field of social work and provided me with a fresh outlook, new skills, and an opportunity to make a difference.
Self-inhibition by dopaminergic neurones: Disruption by (±)-α-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment or anterior diencephalic lesions☆

( + )-Amphetamine sulphate infused directly into the substantia nigra, pars compacta, at low rates and in low volumes and concentrations, produces a marked and prolonged inhibition of neuronal activity. This effect was significantly reduced or abolished following (∓)-α-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment or following electrolytic lesions in the diencephalon anterior to the substantia nigra. These results confirm previous reports of similar effects of such treatments on the depression of neuronal firing produced by systemically administered amphetamine. Further, our results suggest that (±)-α-methyl-p-tyrosine and anterior diencephalic lesions are affecting an indirect dopaminergic inhibitory mechanism intrinsic to the substantia nigra. Such evidence may also be regarded as consistent with the view that amphetamine produces an inhibition of dopaminergic neuronal activity by affecting release of dopamine from dendrites of dopaminergic neurones i.e. by affecting self-inhibition by dopaminergic neurones.
Healthcare branding: developing emotionally based consumer brand relationships

Purpose – Brands can imbue unique meaning to consumers, and such meaning and personal experience with a brand can create an emotional connection and relationship between the consumer and the brand. Just as many service providers have adopted branding strategies, marketers are branding the health care service experience. Health care is an intimate service experience and emotions play an integral role in health care decision making. The purpose of this paper is to examine how emotional or affect-based consumer brand relationships are developed for health care organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical evidence from both depth interviews and data garnered from 322 surveys were integrated into a conceptual model. The model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – Results indicate that trust, referent influence and corporate social responsibility are key variables in establishing affective commitment in consumer brand relationships in a health care context. Once affective commitmen...
Using Choice as a collection assessment tool

Examines the use of Choice, a selection tool for academic libraries, at the Gelman Library at George Washington University, Washington DC. Describes a survey into the value of Choice, the methods used and the results obtained. Looks into issues such as publisher group, acquisition of series titles and the frequency with which individual publishers were cited. Concludes that despite its limitations Choice is the best source an academic library can use in maintaining the acquisition program.
Replication across O6-Methylguanine by Human DNA Polymerase β in Vitro INSIGHTS INTO THE FUTILE CYTOTOXIC REPAIR AND MUTAGENESIS OF O6-METHYLGUANINE

Replication in vivo across unrepaired O 6-methylguanine (m6dG) lesions by mammalian DNA polymerase β (pol β) during short patch repair may contribute to the cytotoxicity and mutagenesis of m6dG. We have employed in vitro steady state kinetic analysis to investigate the replication of oligonucleotide templates containing site-specific m6dG by human pol β. Our results show that m6dG is a strong but not absolute block to replication by pol β. pol β exhibits mixed kinetic discrimination during overall replication across dG and m6dG. pol β preferentially inserts dTMP rather than dCMP opposite m6dG. However, pol β extends from the dC-m6dG base pair more efficiently than from the dT-m6dG base pair. This is in strong contrast to other polymerases such as the exonuclease-deficient Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (exo−KF) that preferentially extends dT-m6dG by a factor of 10 over dC-m6dG. When both insertion and extension are considered, pol β has a 15-fold overall preference for incorporation of the mutagenic substrate dTTP rather than the nonmutagenic substrate dCTP during replication across m6dG. This suggests that pol β, in concert with the T:G-specific thymine DNA glycosylase, may be intricately involved in the futile cytotoxic repair induced by m6dG. Our results also suggest that replication across m6dG by pol β may contribute to m6dG-induced G → A transition mutations.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF STRONTIUM FROM RUBIDIUM FOR Rb-Sr ISOTOPE DILUTION ANALYSIS

A new method was developed by which it is possible to separate strontium from rubidium by wet chemical means. The procedure is both fast and reproducible and leads to a separation sufficient for undisturbed isotopic analysis of the strontium. In almost all cases the separation is sufficient to yield very satisfactory strontium analyses and is comparable to an ion exchange separation. No difficulties were encountered down to 3.5 mu g of Sr (spike included) in a sample with a Sr/Rb ratio of 0.0087. (P.C.H.)
Controlled activity polymers. VIII. Copolymers of acrylic acid and isomeric N-akylacrylamide with pendent β-naphthol esters moieties: Synthesis and characterization

Abstract Monomers possessing hydrolytically-labile bonds to the bioactive agent β-naphthol (βN) were prepared for incorporation into hydrophilic copolymers. β-Naphthyl acrylate was synthesized by an esterification reaction of β-naphthol with acryloyl chloride. 5-Acrylamido(β-naphthyl)valerate, 2-acrylamido(β-naphthyl)isovalerate, 3-acrylamido-3-methyl(β-naphthyl)butanoate, and 6-acrylamido(β-naphthyl)caproate were synthesized by esterification of βN with 5-acrylamidovaleric acid, 2-acrylamidovaleric acid, 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoic acid, and 6-acrylamidocaproic acid, respectively, utilizing 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The βN monomers were free radically polymerized with acrylic acid, utilizing AIBN as initiator in benzene at 70°C to obtain polymer-bound allelopathic βN. Copolymer composition was determined by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, FTIR, and UV-vis. spectroscopy. The copolymerization reactivity ratios were calculated from 1 H-NMR data using Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tudos (K-T), and nonlinear least-squares methods. Copolymer microstructural predictions were determined from calculated K-T reactivity ratios. The resulting water soluble copolymers prepared in this work are potentially useful as plant growth regulators through the hydrolytic release of β-naphthol. These model structures have been utilized for the determination of structure/controlled release relationships reported in an accompanying publication.
Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis with Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Abstract The first known case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) with an ostium secundum atrial septal defect and no other cardiac defects is described. The physical findings were typical of IHSS. The presence of an associated left-to-right shunt was suggested by the electrocardiogram (incomplete right bundle branch block) and chest radiograph (increased pulmonary flow). The second heart sound was normally split. The advantages and disadvantages of surgery in this combined lesion are discussed. Because this patient was asymptomatic, with no evidence of pulmonary vascular disease and no resting subaortic gradient, surgery was not advised at this time.
The width of the common bile duct in childhood

The maximum diameter of the common bile duct was measured on 85 normal intravenous cholangiograms carried out on children between the ages of 1–14 years. There was a close correlation between bile duct width and the patient's age, but a poor correlation with weight. The range of bile duct widths in each age group is tabulated as a guide to diagnosing biliary dilatation in childhood.
Body composition and fatness patterns in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with simple obesity.

THEODORO, MARIANA F., ZOHREH TALEBIZADEH, AND MERLIN G. BUTLER. Body composition and fatness patterns in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with simple obesity. Obesity. 2006;14:1685–1690. Objective: To characterize the body composition of PraderWilli syndrome (PWS) subjects and compare with simple obesity. Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy-two individuals (27 PWS deletion, 21 PWS uniparental disomy, and 24 obese controls) 10 to 49 years old were studied with the use of DXA. Body composition measures were obtained, and regional fat and lean mass patterns were characterized. Significant differences were assessed with Student’s t test and ANOVA adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. Results: Significant differences between the PWS and obese groups were found for lean measures of the arms, legs, and trunk. Total lean mass was significantly lower in PWS than in obese subjects for arms, trunk, and especially legs. Furthermore, two body regions (legs and trunk) showed significant differences for fat and lean measures between PWS and obese males. However, significant differences between PWS and obese females for these measures were found only for the legs. No significant differences were identified between PWS deletion and uniparental disomy subjects. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that PWS individuals do, in fact, have an unusual body composition and fatness patterns, characterized by reduced lean tissue and increased adiposity, with PWS males contributing most with fat patterns more similar to females.
GAL4/GAL80-dependent Nucleosome Disruption/Deposition on the Upstream Regions of the Yeast GAL1-10 and GAL80 Genes

Metabolic reactivation (incubating spheroplasts with galactose and casamino acids) causes disruption of nucleosomes from the upstream regions of the yeast GAL1, GAL10, and GAL80 genes. The disruption is specific. It depends on the transcription activator Gal4; it only occurs in galactose-reactivated chromatin from galactose-grown cells; it only affects upstream region, gene-proximal nucleosomes. Due to this specificity and because some of the same regions have shown induction-dependent changes by in vivo analyses, we suggest that the nucleosome-disrupted structure produced by reactivation is the authentic chromatin structure for these regions under conditions of galactose-induced GAL1-10 and GAL80 expression. It is necessary to carry out a spheroplast reactivation treatment in order to observe this disrupted structure in nuclear chromatin because nucleosomes are redeposited onto these regions during the preliminary steps of nuclear isolation (cell harvest/spheroplast preparation) probably in response to the nonphysiological conditions associated with these steps. However, during the same isolation procedures in cells lacking Gal80 protein, there is no nucleosome deposition on these regions, and the in vivo disrupted structure remains present in the nuclear chromatin. Therefore, the nucleosome deposition process that operates in wild-type cells is dependent on Gal80 protein, defining another activity of this negative regulator.
Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors across human malignancies: new therapeutic opportunities

Estrogen and progesterone receptors (ERs and PRs) are known for their prognostic as well as treatment predictive value in breast cancer. Although these receptors are differentially expressed in some other malignancies, and likely participate in the biology of those cancer types, the relevance to outcome and therapy is not well established. The use of ER as a highly effective therapeutic target in oncology was pioneered in breast cancer, and the lessons learned from its success could potentially benefit patients with several other malignancies in which hormone receptors are highly expressed. Indeed, there are several potent drugs available that target hormone receptors. These agents show incontrovertible evidence of benefit in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. It is conceivable that these drugs may have salutary effects in a variety of cancers other than those originating in the breast, based on the overexpression of hormone receptors in some patients, and the preclinical and clinical reports showing responses to these drugs in diverse cancers, albeit in small series or anecdotally. We therefore undertook a literature review in order to summarize the current data regarding the biologic and clinical implications of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in various malignancies and the possibilities for deployment of hormone manipulation beyond breast cancer.
Feasibility of a psychosocial and patient navigation intervention to improve access to treatment among underserved breast cancer patients.

Medically underserved women with recently diagnosed breast cancer face a number of significant obstacles that impact the timeliness and quality of their care. The Breast CARES (Cancer Advocacy, Resources Education and Support) intervention combined patient navigation with telephone counseling to guide newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in overcoming treatment barriers. The study aimed to learn more about the types of barriers encountered by the participants. The study also sought to understand the relationship between patient-reported barriers and patient-reported psychosocial distress in underserved women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. Participants were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Psychosocial measures included cancer-related distress, depression, anxiety, social support, and quality of life. Case notes and responses to process evaluation questions were used to determine whether the CARES intervention adequately addressed the needs of the participants. The mean age of participants (N = 20) was 54 years (SD = 12.5), 40 % were Hispanic, 70 % were unemployed, 50 % were uninsured, and 20 % were mono-lingual in Spanish. Qualitative analysis revealed four categories of barriers: psychosocial, medical, logistical, and communication. Similarities and differences existed between the PN and TC regarding how barriers were addressed. Post-intervention psychosocial scores indicate a decrease in depression and cancer-related distress and an increase in social support. The participants reported that participation in the Breast CARES program helped them overcome financial barriers (73 %), transportation problems (60 %), and communication barriers with medical staff (73 %). This study demonstrates the unique and complementary roles for PNs and TCs in overcoming barriers to treatment adherence faced by underserved breast cancer patients.
Pressure Autoregulation Is Intact after Arteriovenous Malformation Resection

The loss of autoregulatory control of cerebral perfusion to changes in perfusion pressure in tissue remote from an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) has been proposed as the mechanism underlying "normal perfusion pressure breakthrough." This study is the first direct test of this mechanism. Studies were performed during the resection of moderate to large AVMs in 25 patients undergoing 28 procedures under isoflurane anesthesia. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured (xenon-133 method) in the hemisphere adjacent to the nidus before resection after dural exposure (pre), after AVM removal before dural closure at spontaneous systemic blood pressure (post), and, finally, with the mean arterial pressure increased by 20 mm Hg, using phenylephrine (post-BP). AVM resection resulted in a significant enhancement of perfusion in the adjacent hemisphere (30 +/- 2 vs. 25 +/- 1 ml/100g/min, P < 0.01), but no further increase of CBF occurred during increased perfusion pressure (30 +/- 2 ml/100g/min). One patient suffered a postoperative hemorrhage and another developed intraoperative brain swelling during the course of the resection that necessitated staging the procedure. These two patients had the highest increases in CBF, but intact pressure autoregulation. Preserved autoregulation to increased mean arterial pressure after resection does not support a hemodynamic mechanism for the observed increase in CBF from before the resection to after the resection. Pathological events, however, do appear to be related to increases in hemispheric perfusion.
Antitranspirant effects on yield, quality and water use efficiency of Russet Burbank potatoes

The effects of the experimental antitranspirant EXP-4464A on yield, quality and water use efficiency of Russet Burbank potatoes were studied in 1986 and 1987. Potatoes were subjected to different levels of water stress by withholding irrigation for 12 to 21 day periods during tuber initiation or tuber bulking. The antitranspirant was applied at 0 and 1.12 kg a.i./ha one week prior to the beginning of each stress period and again two weeks after the first application. In 1986, EXP-4464A did not significantly affect tuber yield but generally reduced crop water use and improved water use efficiency. In 1987, the antitranspirant increased total yield and U.S. No. 1 yield of stressed potatoes by approximately 9 and 20%, respectively. However, treatment of well-watered potatoes with EXP-4464A reduced U.S. No. 1 yield by about 9% as a result of reduced tuber size. In both years, stressed potatoes treated with EXP-4464A had significantly lower sugar end percentages than did untreated potatoes. In nearly all cases, application of EXP-4464A increased the conservation of soil water, thereby improving water availability during the latter stages of drought.
Eosinophilic cystitis: A therapeutic challenge

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare disease with only 42 cases reported since first described in 1960. We report a case in a twenty-four-year-old woman and present the different therapeutic alternatives. A review of all reported cases shows that except for children and male adults with benign prostatic hypertrophy, this is a chronic inflammatory process of unknown causation for which no specific therapy is available.
A NEW VLA-HIPPARCOS DISTANCE TO BETELGEUSE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The distance to the M supergiant Betelgeuse is poorly known, with the Hipparcos parallax having a significant uncertainty. For detailed numerical studies of M supergiant atmospheres and winds, accurate distances are a prerequisite to obtaining reliable estimates for many stellar parameters. New high spatial resolution, multiwavelength, NRAO33The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Very Large Array (VLA) radio positions of Betelgeuse have been obtained and then combined with Hipparcos Catalogue Intermediate Astrometric Data to derive new astrometric solutions. These new solutions indicate a smaller parallax, and hence greater distance (197 ± 45 pc), than that given in the original Hipparcos Catalogue (131 ± 30 pc) and in the revised Hipparcos reduction. They also confirm smaller proper motions in both right ascension and declination, as found by previous radio observations. We examine the consequences of the revised astrometric solution on Betelgeuse's interaction with its local environment, on its stellar properties, and its kinematics. We find that the most likely star-formation scenario for Betelgeuse is that it is a runaway star from the Ori OB1 association and was originally a member of a high-mass multiple system within Ori OB1a.
Effects of progressive desialylation on the survival of human plasma α1-anti-trypsin in rat circulation

1. 1. Progressive desialylation of human plasma [3H]-NANA †-7-α1-AT resulted in a marked and progressive reduction in the circulating half-lives in the rats of the variably desialylated glycoprotein preparations. 2. 2. After injection of partially (53%) desialylated [3H]-NANA-7-α1-AT into rats, a radioactive compound from the trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction of the livers was isolated and identified as [3H]-NANA-7. 3. 3. The lysosomal fraction of the liver was shown to have the highest relative specific activity for catalyzing the hydrolysis of NANA-7 from the labeled α1-AT.
Optimization of in vitro protein synthesis by isolated mouse adrenal mitochondria

The requirements for in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis have been studied using isolated mitochondria from cultured adrenal Y-1 tumor cells from mice. By reducing the reaction volume to 50 microliter we were able to assay in replicate the requirements for various reaction components using trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable counts for a quantitative evaluation with time of incubation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography was also used for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the translation products. With the optimized system, 1 to 3% of added [35S]methionine was incorporated. The products of mitochondrial protein synthesis range from 70,000 to 5000 molecular weight. Major autoradiographic bands were observed at 38,000, 31,000, 23,000, 20,000, and 5600 molecular weight as separated on 10 to 20% gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gels; however, 20 to 30 protein products of various molecular weights were discernible. Mitochondrial concentrations of 0.8 to 1.4 mg/ml of incubation gave the better incorporation of [35S]methionine per milligram of protein. Total [35S]methionine incorporated into mitochondrial protein was greatest at 25 degrees C after 90 min. Chloramphenicol at 10 micrograms/ml inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis by more than 50% and at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited incorporation by more than 95%. Cycloheximide had no effect on incorporation at less than 1.0 mg/ml. Magnesium and ATP in a molar ratio of one to one at 5 mM gave optimal incorporation. Other energy generating systems using oxidative phosphorylation to supply ATP for protein synthesis were not as effective as ATP and 5 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 20 micrograms/ml pyruvate kinase and 5 mM a-ketoglutarate. In contrast to in vitro yeast mitochondrial protein synthesis, no enhancement of in vitro adrenal cell mitochondrial protein synthesis was found with GTP or its analogs. The buffers N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, N-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)glycine, and N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid were superior to Tris-HCl for mitochondrial protein synthesis. Optimal pH for [35S]methionine incorporation into mitochondrial proteins was pH 7.0 to 7.6. Potassium at 50 to 90 mM gave the best incorporation of [35S]methionine, and the higher molecular weight products of translation were enhanced at these concentrations. Sodium at 10 to 40 mM had no effect; however, 100 mM sodium inhibited label incorporation by 30%. Calcium at 100 microM inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis by approximately 50%, and at 1.0 mM little if any incorporation occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Simulating nitrogen management effects of subsurface drainage water quality

Abstract Increased level of NO 3 -N in the drinking water supplies is a major health concern these days. The long-term effects of actual nitrogen (N) fertilizer management practices are not well understood. The use of computer models allows the simulation of different N management practices on a long-term basis and their related effects on water quality. The RZWQM (Root Zone Water Quality Model, Version 3.0) was used to simulate the long-term (1978–1992) impacts of N management practices (single N applications at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg per ha; and single and split N applications at 150 and 200 kg per ha) on NO 3 -N losses with subsurface drain flows and crop yields under two tillage systems (moldboard plow (MB) and no till (NT)). Simulations conducted in this study were based on input parameters calibrated by Singh et al. ( J. Environ. Qual., in press ) for NO 3 -N transport to subsurface drains. However, calibration of some additional parameters was required in this study for long-term simulations. The long-term climatic data and soil properties data for these simulations were obtained from a water quality research site at Nashua, Iowa. The results of this study showed that increasing rates of N applications (50, 100, 150, and 200 kg per ha) resulted in increased NO 3 -N losses with subsurface drain flows and increased crop yields. However, increasing rates of NO 3 -N losses and crop yields were not linearly proportional with increasing rates of N applications. These trends were similar for both MB and NT treatments. Also, NO 3 -N losses and crop yields were not significantly different under single and split N applications at both 150 and 200 kg per ha levels of application. The single N application of 150 kg per ha was considered the best N application practice as the simulated NO 3 -N losses under this practice were reduced considerably (40.3% less in MB and 52.4% less in NT) when compared with the single N application of 200 kg per ha. At the same time, the reduction in crop yields at 150 kg per ha single N application was very small (5.9% reduction under MB and about 6.1% under NT) when compared with the crop yields at 200 kg per ha single N application. This study also shows that RZWQM can be used successfully in evaluating similar N management schemes for other geographic regions of the world by utilizing site-specific data on soils, geological features, crops, and climatic parameters such as rainfall and evaporation.
Causes of chronic diarrhea.

The identification of five specific congenital diarrheal disorders has confirmed the importance of certain ion-transport mechanisms in health and disease. Dr. Henry Binder discusses a new cause of ...
Anesthesia and surgical traum: their influence on the guinea pig compound action potential

A chronic implant consisting of a fine thermocouple placed on the round window permitted measurement of temperature and of the compound action potential (CAP) of the cochlear nerve in guinea pigs. Thresholds and latencies of the CAP, in response to tone bursts (2-40 kHz), were measured when the animal was awake and unrestrained, and again after several hours of anesthesia. The CAP remained unchanged with a variety of common anesthetics when precise control of round window temperature was maintained. However, when anesthesia was accompanied by several hours of slight cochlear cooling, thresholds were elevated for CAPs evoked by frequencies above 24 kHz and latencies were increased for CAPs evoked by all frequencies tested. The effects of surgery on CAP threshold and latency were also examined. Guinea pigs were tested while still anesthetized at the conclusion of the implantation procedure, and then again several days later while awake. Thresholds and latencies were unchanged. In two anesthetized guinea pigs already implanted with thermocouples, ventral and post-auricular surgery to expose the middle ear had no effect on the CAP, when low-speed drilling was used to open the auditory bulla. However, when small portions of the bulla were broken away with forceps, the CAP in response to high-frequency tone bursts immediately showed elevated thresholds. This alteration of the CAP was clearly different from that produced by lowered temperature, since the latencies at threshold were significantly decreased.
Effect of phospholipases A and C on free amino acid content of the squid axon.

— Squid axonal preparations consisting of the giant axon plus adhering small nerve fibres were incubated for 30 min with phospholipase A (1, 0.2 and 0.025 mg/ml); phospholipase C (10 and 0.5 mg/ml) or lysolecithin (1 and 0.2 mg/ml) followed by another 30 min incubation in normal sea water. The axoplasm and envelope (sheath) of the axonal preparation were then separated and the phospholipids and free amino acids determined. The released amino acids were also measured in the incubation solutions. Compared to phospholipase C, phospholipase A caused a much greater reduction in the free amino acid content of axoplasm and envelope; and a concomitant much greater increase in amino acids released into the incubation solutions, even when phospholipase A was used in concentrations which caused less phospholipid splitting than phospholipase C. Lysolecithin had a much weaker effect than phospholipase A. It is concluded that disruption of hydrophobic binding has a much greater effect on the structure of the non-lipid portion of the axonal membranes than does disruption of hydrophilic (electrostatic) forces of interaction. Our results can be interpreted in terms of the protein-crystal or mosaic models of membrane structure whereas they do not support the unit membrane hypothesis.
The Effects of Prior Knowledge on Goal Variability & Learning: The More Goals the Merrier

Prior knowledge and experience influence many of our everyday task interactions and knowledge acquisition. One way this happens is by goal choice and goal-oriented behavior. This study focused on the effects of goal variability with repeated interactions with a complex, dynamic task over several months. The effect of goal variability on knowledge acquisition mechanisms and learning of task domain knowledge was observed through the use of the mircogenetic approach. Prior knowledge had strong implications for the profile of active goals, interactions with the task and ultimately, learning. Goal variability influenced the use of specific knowledge-acquisition mechanisms. By the final session, goal variability, regardless of the content of the goals, heavily influenced increments in domain knowledge. Variability may have beneficial effects when applied to goal selection, knowledge-acquisition mechanisms, task strategies, and learning over time. Implications of this study may extend to training and other learn...