cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Parent Attachment and Parenting Styles on Decision-Making in College Students [Susquehanna University]

College students face many decisions that can shape the course of their future lives. Individual differences in decision-making styles affect the quality of students’ choices. The impact of personality on decision-making is well researched; little research explores the impact of parent attachment and parenting styles. Attachment with parents provides a sense of basic security or insecurity; parenting style impacts the child’s sense of autonomy and confidence. We explored the effects of parent attachment, parenting styles, and two personality variables on decision-making in college students. We hypothesized that low levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance, and high levels of authoritative parenting, conscientiousness, and impulse control, would predict positive decision-making styles. Students (N = 80) at a small liberal arts university completed a survey that measured parent attachment (anxiety, avoidance; Fraley, et al. 2011), parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive; Buri 1991), conscientiousness and impulse control (Goldberg, 1999), and decision-making (avoidant, dependent, intuitive, rational, spontaneous; Scott & Bruce, 1995). Preliminary analyses explored the impacts of age and gender. Primary analyses consisted of stepwise regressions on decision-making styles. Age had no effects; there were student and parent gender differences. As expected, conscientiousness and impulse control predicted more positive and less negative decision-making, avoidance toward the father less positive and more negative decision-making, avoidance toward the mother more negative decision-making, and authoritarian mothering more negative decision-making. Unexpectedly, authoritative mothering predicted less positive and more negative decision-making and authoritarian fathering more positive decision-making. Our results suggest that parent attachment and parenting styles do influence decision-making styles. Our regressions explained 23%-36% of the variance for four of the five decision-making styles. Limitations of our study included a small sample and limited personality variables. We believe the impact of parent attachment and parenting styles on decision-making warrants further exploration with a larger sample and widened range of variables.
Clinical and Molecular Characterization of p53-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract P53 is a multifunctional tumor suppressor protein encoded by the TP53 gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 17. Among its functions, it plays a role in maintaining genomic stability by reacting to DNA damage, activating DNA repair programs, and triggering cell cycle arrest. Over half of human malignancies contain mutations or deletions in TP53 that compromise its function. Mutations in TP53 have been described in 8-10% of cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with an adverse prognosis. We examined a cohort of 293 patients (pts) with newly diagnosed, non-CBF, non-APL AML treated at our institution in whom mutation screening was performed. Mutation testing was performed using a validated 28-gene, whole-exome sequencing panel. Our aim was to characterize the clinico-pathologic characteristics of AML pts with TP53 mutations (mut-P53), their response to different therapies, and their survival compared to those with wild-type TP53 (wt-P53). Pts were treated with several different therapies that could be classified has high-dose cytarabine-based (HDAC), hypomethylating agent (HYPO), or low-intensity therapy other than single-agent HYPO (LOW-INT). Of the 293 pts studied, 97 (33%) and 196 (67%) were TP53 mutations in AML are associated with low blast counts, low WBC counts, complex karyotype, therapy-related disease, and inferior outcomes compared to those with wt-P53. In our cohort there was no difference in outcome among different intensity therapies. Newer therapies are needed to improve outcome in this difficult cohort of pts. Table 1 . Age Characteristic mut-p53 wt-p53 p-value Median Age 49 (20-59) 51 (22-59) 0.8 Median WBC 2.7 (0.9 - 30) 4.9 (0.5 - 103) 0.46 Median Platelet 32 (4 - 153) 39 (1 - 708) 0.35 Median periph blasts 6 (0 - 63) 27 (0 - 97) 0.03 Median LDH 937 (392 - 10298) 717 (231 - 11952) 0.25 Median Fibrinogen 330 (43 - 558) 413 (67 - 1117) 0.06 Median BM Blasts 27 (12 - 91) 54 (1 - 96) 0.008 CR Rate (%) 53 70 0.255 Age >60 (N=196) Characteristic mut-p53 wt-p53 p-value Median Age 74 (62-90) 71 (60-92) 0.02 Median WBC 2.3 (0.7-17.5) 2.9 (0.2-164.5) 0.09 Median Platelet 34 (8-321) 45 (1-1069) 0.07 Median periph blasts 10 (0-86) 8 (0-96) 0.8 Median LDH 535 (286-3616) 616 (284-17486) 0.4 Median Fibrinogen 407 (213-753) 388 (102-923) 0.5 Median BM Blasts 32 (3-97) 47 (4-93) 0.009 CR Rate (%) 36 50 0.196 Download : Download high-res image (299KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Cortes: Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding; BerGenBio AS: Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ambit: Consultancy, Research Funding; Arog: Research Funding; Celator: Research Funding; Jenssen: Consultancy. Konopleva: Novartis: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Stemline: Research Funding; Calithera: Research Funding; Threshold: Research Funding. DiNardo: Novartis: Research Funding.
Chapter 2 – Evanescent Wave Fiber Optic Biosensors

Publisher Summary Fiber optic biosensors utilize two distinct assay configurations for signal generation and measurement: the optrode configuration and the evanescent wave configuration which is the focus of this paper. This chapter discusses the sensing biochemistry, fiber probes, optics, and fluidics as separate elements of the sensor. However, small size and effective automation rely on the ability to make these components work together. The evanescent has a limited penetration depth and can be used to specifically excite flurophores bound to, or in close proximity to, the waveguide surface. Evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors are developed utilizing the limited penetration depth of the evanescent wave to detect a variety of analytes. These sensors are able to measure optical events at the fiber's surface with relatively little interference from the bulk solution.
Finicky Consumerism, Volatile Investment, and the Puzzle of Low Wages in the High-Tech Economy

After the 2008 U.S. financial crisis, the largest economic changes in the U.S. and globally were not to inflation and wages, but were to wild swings in unemployment and output, contradicting “rational expectations” economics- why? Some blamed U.S. weather conditions on volatile growth after 2008. This article hypothesizes that the differences between the volatile stagflation of the 1970s, the relatively docile 1980s, the 2008 volatile crash, and, most pointedly, the topsy-turvy, global, low-wage stagnation after, are several fold: first, structural changes to the high-tech economy; second, central bank assertions about monetary policy; third, a finicky consumption and marketing of risky high-tech products, in-part responsible for the United States and Japan entering into liquidity traps, where firms decline to invest; and fourth, all of these factors causing the Phillips Curve to pivot, or move horizontally, particularly over expectations. These differences are hypothesized to create growth instability, swings in unemployment, and flat wages. The article uses conceptual and statistical methods, with new policies for ongoing conditions in high-tech economies such as the United States and Japan.
Interesting Times, Indeed: Reflections on the Last Decade at the Toronto School of Theology

The last decade has seen dramatic changes within the Toronto School of Theology (TST) This article explores these changes, beginning with three external forces: a less optimistic view of ecumenism, increasing cultural polarization, and the commodification of education It then shifts to consider the internal forces that have been considered the primary drivers of change by many members of the TST faculty, specifically the responses to accreditation reviews by the Association of Theological Schools in 2011 and the 2012 University of Toronto Quality Assurance Process (UTQAP) The responses, including the creation of a new PhD in theological studies in response to UTQAP, are detailed and analyzed These responses absorbed enormous energy within TST, and while they created a successful program, they also led to unintended consequences TST has become a very different theological consortium than it was on it fortieth anniversary, let alone when it was founded [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Toronto Journal of Theology is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Plato 427 or 424–347 BC

The philosopher and mathematician known as Plato lived in Classical Greece and was an influential figure of the Classical Greek period. Primary sources available from the period are rare, and thus our understanding of Plato’s life is based on constructions by historians and scholars from scant sources that are available. It is estimated that Plato was born sometime between 427 and 424 BC. His parents came from the Greek aristocracy and his father, Ariston, was a descendent of the kings of Athens and Messenia, while his mother, Perictione, was likely related to the Greek statesman Solon. Plato’s father died when he was young. The second marriage of Plato’s mother was to her uncle, Pyrilampes, a Greek politician and ambassador to Persia.
Efficacy of an Online Blended Learning Curriculum to Improve Medical Student Urologic Education.

Objective During the COVID-19 pandemic, limitations on in-person medical school clerkships created a deficit in urologic learning opportunities. We sought to develop and evaluate a blended curriculum of interactive online modules with small-group discussion to enhance the educational experience for medical students in urology. Materials and Methods We created a curriculum of four online case-based urology modules. Between July and October 2020, 14 fourth-year medical students completed the modules. Students answered questions on a discussion board and engaged in asynchronous dialogue with 16 physicians, in addition to a weekly live review session. Students and physicians completed anonymous surveys to assess satisfaction and perceived learning outcomes, with questions scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Thirteen students (93% response rate) and 12 physicians (75% response rate) completed the survey. Overall, 12/13 students and 11/12 physicians "strongly agree" or "somewhat agree" that the modules improved the rotation. Students and physicians perceived that the modules were effective for learning/teaching foundational knowledge (average ratings 4.8 and 4.5, respectively) and facilitating performance assessment (4.4 and 4.0). Students reported high learning scores across multiple Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies, and 12/13 students found the modules fun/engaging. The majority of students (12/13) and physicians (10/12) felt that the online modules should be incorporated into future urology electives. Conclusions A blended learning curriculum utilizing online modules is an effective tool for enhancing urologic education, improving perceived learning outcomes and facilitating performance assessment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01427-3.
Sense of Place, Health and Quality of Life

Contents: Preface Introduction, John Eyles and Allison Williams A sense of place, a sense of wellbeing, Lily DeMiglio and Allison Williams Senses of place and emerging social and environmental challenges, Edward Relph Holistic paradigms of health and place: how beneficial are they to environmental policy and practice?, Ingrid Leman Stefanovic Qualitative approaches in the investigation of sense of place and health relations, John Eyles Developing a psychometric scale for measuring sense of place and health: an application of facet design, Allison Williams, Christine Heidebrecht, Lily DeMiglio, John Eyles, David Streiner and Bruce Newbold The experience of displacement on sense of place and well-being, Lynne C. Manzo Place, leisure and well-being, Daniel R. Williams and Michael E. Patterson Sense of place, well-being and migration among young people in Sarajevo, Carles Carreras Sense of place, and quality of life in post-socialist societies, Marko Krevs Environment and health: place, sense of place and weight gain in urban areas, Paula Santana and Helen Nogueira Sense of place, quality of life and (g)local struggles for environmental justice, Michael Buzzelli In search of the place-identity dividend: using heritage landscapes to create place identity, Gregory Ashworth Conclusion, Allison Williams and John Eyles Index.
Human Nature and the Limits of the Self: Hans Morgenthau on Love and Power

International Relations (IR) has seen renewed interest in the nuanced insights of Hans Morgenthau which had long been obscured by neorealism. This new “reflexive realism,” however, far from exhausts the range of Morgenthau's thinking about politics or social theory. In the 1960s, Morgenthau lamented the inability of modern thinking to recognize the connections between power and love, which he argued was symptomatic of the inability to fully understand either one. For Morgenthau, both power and love were rooted in the need to overcome the loneliness of the human condition. Through pursuits of both power and love, people seek, through others, to avoid the self's insufficiency. Yet, these pursuits are mutually subversive. The frustration of love blends into the imposition of power, and the pursuit of power is ultimately an extension of the search for love. In exploring these issues, this paper argues that Morgenthau's insights have implications for at least three core issues of contemporary concern in IR. First, they suggest fresh perspectives on recent discussions of human nature in IR. Second, Morgenthau's analysis contributes to the burgeoning interest in emotions in IR, pointing to the neglect of love in this literature, and illustrates his attempt to theorize what may be called the affective limits of the self. Third, these insights can be used to enrich recent discussions of realist constructivism in IR.
Adolescents and Music Media: Toward an Involvement‐Mediational Model of Consumption and Self‐Concept

Using social cognitive theory and structural regression modeling, we examined pathways between early adolescents' music media consumption, involvement with music media, and 3 domains of self-concept (physical appearance, romantic appeal, and global self-worth; N=124). A mediational model was supported for 2 domains of self-concept. Music media consumption was positively associated with adolescents' involvement with media focusing on music personae. Higher involvement was associated with perceiving the self as less physically attractive and having lower overall self-worth. Music media consumption was directly related to adolescents' evaluations of their own romantic appeal. Results suggest that through involvement processes with music media characters, adolescents may use music media as a venue for social comparison against which they evaluate their own physical attractiveness and self-worth. Music media consumption may also provide social modeling for normative expectations about romantic relationships regardless of the level of involvement. Gender differences were nonsignificant in the mediational model.
CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CREATING AND SUSTAINING ETHICAL CLIMATE IN THE ORGANISATIONS

This paper reviews the existent literature on creating and sustaining ethical culture and climate through human resource management (HRM) by discussing major issue and objective of managing ethical culture and climate and examining the state of human resource management in the same context. This review indicates different forms of ethical issues that still widely exist in the organisations and also reveals limited literature that examines how ethical culture and climate can be managed in organizations through effective HRM. The findings of this review present the contribution of functional dimensions of HRM in creating and sustaining ethical culture and climate at all levels in the organisations. This review also discusses the implications for practice and further research in relation to creating HRM-based ethical climate in organizations.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A Influence of the Particle Size of the Vehicle on the Absorption of Vitamin A

Experiments carried out on infants revealed that vitamin A, as it occurs naturally in milk, was more effectively absorbed than when administered in an oily vehicle, but not quite as well absorbed as when given in an "aqueous" preparation. The high degree of absorbability of vitamin A in milk is due to the relatively small particle size of the butter fat globule. By reducing the particle size of a fish liver oil preparation (oleum percomorphum) to 1 to 2 µ by homogenization into milk or water, the absorption of vitamin A was considerably enhanced in children and in rats. The relationship of the particle size of the vehicle of vitamin A to absorption is further demonstrated by the results of the administration in children and in rats of three vitamin A preparations of varying particle size. Thus, the highest absorption occurred following the administration of a preparation containing particle size of submicroscopic proportion ("aqueous"); the lowest absorption resulted following the preparation containing particles macroscopic in size (oil) and intermediate absorption was observed following the use of a preparation containing particle sizes varying from 1 to 20 µ (emulsion). Similarly, in a child having cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the absorption of vitamin A was dependent upon the particle size of the vehicle employed.
On a function related to Chowla's cosine problem

Chowla's cosine problem concerns the largest minimum of an expression of the form $\cos a_1\theta + ... + \cos a_n\theta$ where the $a_i$ are distinct positive integers. We compute this largest minimum when $n$ is 2 or 3.
Energy-level assignments for the 1E and 3T1a states of MgO:Ni2+

The $^{1}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$E${,}^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$a luminescence, and the $^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$E${,}^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$a excited-state absorption spectra of MgO:${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ have been observed for the first time. These data are used in conjunction with the conventional ground-state absorption spectrum, to determine the energy-level assignments for the $^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$a and $^{1}$E states. In particular, three of the four spin-orbit components of the $^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$a state are identified. Although the ${\mathit{A}}_{1}$ spin-orbit component is broadened beyond recognition, the ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ component is directly observed as a magnetic-dipole allowed transition in the $^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{1}$a excited-state absorption spectrum. Lastly, the energies of the ${\mathit{T}}_{2}$ and E spin-orbit levels are inferred from the positions of their vibrational sidebands in the ground-state absorption spectrum.
Actors, Targets, and Guardians: Using Routine Activities Theory to Explore the 2008 Decision to Prorogue Parliament in Canada

While a number of scholars have offered a variety of constitutional critiques and political analyses for the 2008 prorogation of Parliament, to date no comprehensive theoretical exploration has been attempted. In addition to the widespread agreement that the use of prorogation to avoid a potential non-confidence vote was problematic, some have acknowledged that efforts to undermine the role of Parliament in Canada have become routine. Combined with the role nationalistic tensions played in justifying such a profound departure from the principles of responsible government, this paper accepts and better explicates the view that the 2008 decision to prorogue Parliament constituted a ‘harm.’ Using Routine Activities Theory it explores the events before during and after prorogation based on the confluence of a motivated actor, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian. While this theory frames past events in a new way, of specific value is how the theory can be used to begin to chart a course to correct what has been called a dangerous constitutional precedent.
Audits and agrarianism: The moral economy of an alternative food network

With consumers and producers seeking alternatives to corporate, industrial food, systems of provision that promise greater ecological and social sustainability have gained in popularity. As these Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) scale up and go mainstream, both scholars and the general public want to know who is holding them accountable to their purported goals. In response to such questions, previously informal designations - such as organic - have become formalized, standardized, and institutionalized, and new certifications and business models promise improved traceability and transparency. I suggest, however, that successful alternative food networks - those that deliver on their promises of social and ecological sustainability – may be governed primarily by broad-based moral economies and support networks, and only secondarily by specific certification schemes or value chain quality control. Drawing on ethnographic research with a values-based supply chain on the northern Great Plains, I find that what creates incentives for sustainable practices and holds farmers accountable is less the regulatory component of certification or contractual stipulations of the value chain than the peer review aspect of belonging to the self-organized community that participates in these initiatives. While the organic certification process and values-based supply chain provide vehicles through which the moral economy of sustainable agriculture can operate, the moral economy itself precedes the notion of organic standards, dating back three generations to early twentieth century wheat pools. Since community formation and standard formation are achieved in very different ways, these findings have significant implications for policies aimed at encouraging transitions to more sustainable agricultural practices.
Periodicity of reproductive behaviour by the blue tilapia,Oreochromis aureus

Oreochromis aureus exhibits a diel periodicity of spawning when maintained on a controlled 14:10 light:dark photoperiod, with a peak in spawning activity during the 11th hour of light. That this periodicity of spawning is a response to light is supported by phase-shifting the light cycle by seven hours. This results in a corresponding shift in the times of spawning.
A New Graph-Theoretic Heuristic for Facility Layout

The facility layout problem is important in the modern manufacturing environment because increased machine flexibility and product diversification create additional complexities in scheduling and material handling. An important first step in facility layout is the determination of which machines should be adjacent. This problem can be modelled as that of finding a maximum weight planar subgraph of a graph, given a measure of the desirability that two machines be adjacent based on the anticipated flows and technological constraints. We present a new heuristic that is a generalization of previous work of Foulds and Robinson. Preliminary computational results are presented which suggest that this heuristic performs well.
An Efficient Snow Albedo Model for the Open and Sub-Canopy

A new model is presented for simulating snow surface albedo in the open and beneath a mixed-forest canopy. The model has modest input data requirements and is an efficient physically based parameterization that includes the dependency of albedo on solar zenith angle, cloud cover, canopy, snow grain size, litterfall, snowfall, snow depth, and partial snow cover. Measurements used in the model validation include incident spectral irradiances, wavelength-integrated visible and near-infrared albedos, snowfall records, snow depth, snow surface litter fractions, and quantity of fine litter in snow cores. Measured and modelled forest snow albedos were less than open snow albedos during the accumulation phase, when there was little or no surface litter. The model predicts lower albedos in the forest during the accumulation phase because of a spectral shift to less reflective wavelengths of incident radiation under the canopy. Snow grain size was important during both the accumulation and ablation phases. Surface litter fraction, incident spectra, snowpack depth, and partial snow cover were important factors lowering forest albedo during ablation. Despite lower mid-winter albedos in the forest, the snow melted more rapidly in the open. During late ablation, snow albedo in the open became lower than snow albedo in the forest, because of the thinner snow in the open. At the end of the ablation season, partial snow cover affected the albedo in the forest over a longer time period than in the open. Additional work is needed to improve the physical basis of the grain growth model used here and to develop a spatial albedo model for open and forested terrain.
Stoicism, Evil, and the Possibility of Morality

Martha Nussbaum's work has been characterized by a sustained critique of Stoic ethics, insofar as that ethics denies the validity and importance of our valuing things that elude our control. This essay explores the idea that the very possibility of morality, understood as social or interpersonal ethics, presupposes that we do value such things. If my argument is right, Stoic ethics is unable to recognize the validity of morality (so understood) but can at most acknowledge duties to oneself. A further implication is that moral luck, so far from undermining morality as some have held, is presupposed by the very possibility of morality.
Chromosomal Analysis of Fertile Female Heterosexual Twins in Cattle

Metaphase chromosomes derived from leukocyte cultures of peripheral blood were examined in 15 fertile, female, heterosexual bovine twins. Of the 15 animals, 14 contained only XX cells in cultured leukocytes while the remaining female was chimeric containing 26% XY cells. The fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin demonstrating XX/XY sex chromosome chimerism in cultured leukocytes supplies evidence that chorionic fusion and vascular anastomosis may occur between male and female cattle twins without production of a freemartin. Although one fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin expressed XX/XY chimerism, we believe the leukocyte culture technique is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of the freemartin condition. In comparison with other diagnostic aids including clinical observations, erythrocyte typing, and homograft tolerance, chromosome analysis of leukocytes is equally efficient, less expensive, and more practical for routine early diagnosis of the bovine freemartin. Blood can be sampled soon after birth for karyotyping. From leukocyte culture technique, in 3 days after initiation of the cultures the reproductive capacity of the female twin can be decided.
Utility of CD279/PD-1 immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of benign and neoplastic T-cell-rich bone marrow infiltrates.

Objectives: CD279 expression is used to help identify angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) or other T-cell lymphomas of T-follicular helper (TFH) cell origin; however, its utility in assessing lymphoid infiltrates in the bone marrow (BM) is not well established. Methods: Immunohistochemistry for CD279 was performed on normal staging BM and in BM with benign lymphoid aggregates (LAs), AITLs, and other T-cell lymphomas. Results: Seven of 10 staging BMs demonstrated scattered, usually weakly CD279+ cells. Thirty-four of 38 BMs had scattered weakly/variably intense CD279+ cells within LAs, but only four contained 11% to 25% CD279+ cells. Three of four AITLs were strongly CD279+, but one contained only around 10% CD279+ cells. Eleven of the other 38 T-cell lymphomas were CD279+, including five possible AITLs; four peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified; and two T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemias. Conclusions: Although useful in assessing selected BM lymphoid infiltrates, CD279 expression may be limited in AITLs, is not specific for TFH lymphomas, and can be seen in benign lymphoid infiltrates, although without extensive strong positivity.
The True Gingival Fibroma: An Analysis of 129 Fibrous Gingival Lesions

A histologic review of 129 circumscribed mesenchymal lesions of the gingivae was performed. Two cases were peripheral reparative giant cell granulomas; eight were peripheral odontogenic fibromas; 41 were inflammatory hyperplasias; 68 were pyogenic granulomas; 11 were "hard fibromas"; one lesion exhibited the histologic features of a true fibroma.
An Evaluation of a Simulation Game for Teaching Introductory Economics in Junior Colleges.

This study attempted to measure the influence of a commercially available game, Marketplace, on student achievement in economic understanding and student attitudes toward the instructional process and selected economic concepts. The data were collected from a total of 149 students taking their first course in economics at two junior colleges. Students were randomly assigned to experimental and control classes with common instructors. Results from the use of both regression models and factor analysis indicated that the game had little, if any, comparative advantage over common lecture instructional techniques with reference to all of the criteria examined.
SCHIP At A Crossroads: Experiences To Date And Challenges Ahead

As reauthorization of the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) looms, we examine the program’s first decade and identify changes needed so that SCHIP can better serve its target population. We conclude that by many objective standards, SCHIP has been a success, but the challenge will be to maintain and build upon that success. Critical issues include the level and structure of federal funding; the continued problem of uninsurance among low-income children; the lack of information on quality, access, and costs; and whether SCHIP can serve as the foundation for addressing broader health care needs among low-income families.
Assessment of the lung microstructure in patients with asthma using hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI at two time scales: Comparison with healthy subjects and patients with COPD†

Purpose To investigate short- and long-time-scale 3He diffusion in asthma. Materials and Methods A hybrid MRI sequence was developed to obtain coregistered short- and long-time-scale apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps during a single breath-hold. The study groups were: asthma (n = 14); healthy (n = 14); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 9). Correlations were made between mean-ADC and %ADC-abn (abnormal) (%pixels with ADC > mean +2 SD of healthy) at both time scales and spirometry. Sensitivities were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results For asthmatics, the short- and long-time-scale group-mean ADCs were 0.254 ± 0.032 cm2/s and 0.0237 ± 0.0055 cm2/s, respectively, representing a 9% and 27% (P = 0.038 and P = 0.005) increase compared to the healthy group. The group-mean %ADC-abn were 6.4% ± 3.7% and 17.5% ± 14.2%, representing a 107% and 272% (P = 0.004 and P = 0.006) increase. For COPD much greater elevations were observed. %ADC-abn provided better discrimination than mean-ADC between asthmatic and healthy subjects. In asthmatics ADC did not correlate with spirometry. Conclusion With long-time scale 3He diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes in lung microstructure were detected in asthma that more conspicuous regionally than at the short time scale. The hybrid diffusion method is a novel means of identifying small airway disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:80–88. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intraperitoneally injected cholecystokinin-octapeptide activates pica in rats

Abstract Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) was injected intraperitoneally into rats to see if it could cause them to eat kaolin (clay)—a pica behavior which has been shown to indicate gastric distress. In the first study, a single large dose of CCK-8 (20 μg/kg) failed to produce pica. In the second study, 4 smaller doses of CCK-8 (8 μg/kg), 30 min apart, produced significant ingestion of kaolin compared to the baseline condition of vehicle injections. The pica was comparable to that observed in another group of rats given a toxic dose of LiCl (127 mg/kg, IP). It is concluded that interperitoneal injections of CCK-8 can induce a state of gastric distress in the rat.
Utilization of Biomarker Data for Clinical and Environmental Intervention.

Abstract Of the 189 air toxics listed in the Clean Air Act, a substantial number are important in potentially causing adverse health effects in several organ systems. Although the major health effects are manifested as respiratory diseases, especially airways disease, these agents may cause cancer and premature mortality, probably from cardiopulmonary disease. Validated biologic markers may be useful in identifying early effects to improve our understanding of exposure-response relationships and clarify susceptibility. However, the knowledge obtained from epidemiologic studies utilizing these new molecular tools will reduce morbidity and mortality from air toxics only when they can be applied effectively in the prevention and control of disease. Intervention strategies using these markers can be used to identify etiologic factors and assess the effectiveness of exposure reduction, and, in some instances, chemoprevention. This paper illustrates examples of these intervention strategies and reviews the current strengths and limitations of environmental molecular epidemiology in controlling disease caused by air toxics.
High resolution surface structure of E. coli GroES oligomer by atomic force microscopy

Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in aqueous solution, we show that the surface structure of the oligomeric GroES can be obtained up to 10 A resolution. The seven subunits of the heptamer were well resolved without image averaging. The overall dimension of the GroES heptamer was 8.4±0.4 nm in diameter and 3.0±0.3 nm high. However, the AFM images further suggest that there is a central protrusion of 0.8±0.2 nm high and 4.5±0.4 nm in diameter on one side of GroES which displays a profound seven-fold symmetry. It was found that GroEL could not bind to the adsorbed GroES in the presence of AMP-PNP and Mg2+, suggesting that the side of GroES with the central protrusion faces away from the GroEL lumen, because only one side of GroES was observed under these conditions. Based on the results from both electron and atomic force microscopy, a surface model for the GroES is proposed.
Reducing bias and mean squared error associated with regression-based odds ratio estimators

Ratio estimators of effect are ordinarily obtained by exponentiating maximum-likelihood estimators (MLEs) of log-linear or logistic regression coefficients. These estimators can display marked positive finite-sample bias, however. We propose a simple correction that removes a substantial portion of the bias due to exponentiation. By combining this correction with bias correction on the log scale, we demonstrate that one achieves complete removal of second-order bias in odds ratio estimators in important special cases. We show how this approach extends to address bias in odds or risk ratio estimators in many common regression settings. We also propose a class of estimators that provide reduced mean bias and squared error, while allowing the investigator to control the risk of underestimating the true ratio parameter. We present simulation studies in which the proposed estimators are shown to exhibit considerable reduction in bias, variance, and mean squared error compared to MLEs. Bootstrapping provides further improvement, including narrower confidence intervals without sacrificing coverage.
The effect of hypophysectomy and subsequent prolactin replacement or of elevated prolactin alone on median eminence noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat.

Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and 2 weeks later were either hypophysectomized, sham hypophysectomized, or received no further surgical manipulation. Two weeks later, noradrenaline (NA) levels in the median eminence of hypophysectomized (HYPEX) rats were significantly elevated over those observed in sham-operated or control rats, while dopamine (DA) and epinephrine levels in this brain region of HYPEX rats were significantly lower than those observed in the other two groups. The concentration of NA in the remaining hypothalamus or in the telencephalon was not affected by hypophysectomy. The elevation of serum PRL by the implantation of two anterior pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule or the daily administration of 250 μg ovine PRL reduced the elevation of NA in the median eminence of HYPEX rats in the former case to a level significantly below that in controls and in the latter case to a level not significantly different from that observed in control rats. The greater effec...
Contact problems for the thin elastic layer

Simple approximate solutions due to Jaffar and Johnson for the indentation by a rigid frictionless punch of a thin elastic layer on a rigid foundation are extended to the corresponding general three-dimensional problem. Results are given for the case where an incompressible layer is indented by an ellipsoidal punch and an analogy is demonstrated between the flat punch problem with arbitrary plan-form and the St Venant torsion problem.
Nitrite Toxicity to Litopenaeus vannamei in Water Containing Low Concentrations of Sea Salt or Mixed Salts

The uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose-dependent and rapid manner (steady-state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96-h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite-N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low-salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical.
The use of particulate hydroxyapatite and plaster of Paris in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.

The authors describe their early investigative results of using a mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) and plaster of Paris (PP) in skull and frontal sinus defects in a large series of cats. Histologically, bone was found to form and infiltrate the HA-PP implant over a period of months, with gradual resorption of the plaster in 6–8 weeks. Clinically, the HA-PP combination has been used in 24 patients over the past seven years for various skull, zygomatic, and mandibular defects.
Judo players as a gnostic sect

INTRODUCTION In a recent study attention was focussed upon delineation of the changing culture British Judo 1 . Despite variations in the cultures of particular judo clubs, it was suggested that a `core' Judo culture exists, which was identified as that which typically occurs in a few large metropolitan clubs that provide a large proportion of Britain's highly graded, international representative players . Such clubs were thought not only to act as examplars, but also to have a direct influence on other clubs and individual players through teaching and the administration of grading examinations . Of particular importance, however, was the suggestion that the core judo culture had undergone, and was still undergoing, a process of transformation, and that three major stages in this process, each with a clear cultural identity, may be detected . In the first stage, which was centred upon the Budokwai Judo Club in London from the early 1920s to the late 1940s 2, the judo club may perhaps best be understood as a `society' with specific interests in judo, selfdefence and oriental philosophy . The use of the term `society' here is intended to convey something akin to the idea of a gentleman's club but rather less exclusive and somewhat more unusual . The members of this core Judo culture were drawn together by common, distinctive interests, which tended, however, to be peripheral rather than central to the lives of participants . Whilst membership was open to men and women from a variety of backgrounds, high status business and professional individuals appear to have formed the dominant group. The relationship between the members and the two Japanese teachers, both of whom were long-term residents in Britain, was essentially one between `cultured' middle class men who, although ofdifferent backgrounds, shared an interest in an essentially amateur activity that had moral significance for both . The second stage, which was centred on the Budokwai and Renshuden 3Judo clubs in London during the 1950s and early 1960s, is that which forms the main subject of this paper . It was characterized by an intense concern with the applications of a Zen related philosophy, intense training practices and an interest in judo that was typically central to the lives of participants . Of great importance in the development of this core judo culture was the emergence of a charismatic leader, an Englishmen who had trained in Japan, together with
Diffraction contrast from small spherical voids in silicon

Diffraction contrast profiles calculated from the two beam dynamical formulation have been examined for extremely small voids (r0 ≪ 1/4 ξg) in silicon. The void radius, void location in the foil, and foil thickness have been varied and the resulting image profiles correlated with electron microscopic images observed in a neutron irradiated sample containing small voids. Well defined asymmetric (black–white) images are noted for the scattered beam in foils of thickness t = n ξg (n equals an integer) and for the transmitted beam at t = (n + 1/2) ξg. Ill-defined contrast from voids occurs for the scattered beam in foils of thickness t = (n + 1/2) ξg and for the transmitted beam at t = n ξg. Black-white image contrast is maximized at depths ω = 1/2 n ξg from the entrance surface and the direction of asymmetry reversed as the void changes in depth by 1/2 ξg. Black or white “dot” contrast occurs in foils of thickness t = (n + 1/4) ξg or t = (n + 3/4) ξg with the transmitted and scattered beam images always opposite in character for a given foil thickness. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that the detection of voids in silicon of radii r0 ≪ 1/4 ξg by strain contrast imaging is severely limited in foils of thickness t > 3 ξg. Best contrast from small voids always occurs in the thinner foils and in those foils of thickness equal to an odd multiple of quarter extinction distances where black or white dots are the dominant image feature. Mittels der dynamischen Zweistrahlformulierung berechnete Beugungskontrastprofile wurden fur extrem kleine Locher (r0 ≪ 1/4 ξg) in Silizium untersucht. Locherradius. Lage der Locher in der Folie und Foliendicke wurden verandert. Die resultierenden Abbildungsprofile wurden mit elektronenmikroskopischen Abbildungen in Verbindung gebracht, die in einer neutronenbestrahlten Probe mit kleinen Lochern beobachtet wurden. Gut definierte (schwarz-weise) Abbildungen wurden erhalten fur den gestreuten Strahl in Folien der Dicke t = n ξg (n ganze Zahl) und fur den durchgehenden Strahl bei t = (n + 1/2) ξg. Schlecht definierter Kontrast von den Lochern ergibt sich bei t = (n + 1/2) ξg fur den gestreuten Strahl und bei t = n ξg fur den durchgehenden Strahl. Der schwarz-weise Bildkontrast ist maximal in tiefen ω = 1/2 n ξg von der Eintrittsflache und die Richtung der Asymmetric kehrt sich um, wenn die Tiefe des Loches sich um 1/2 ξg andert. Schwarzer oder weiser “Punkt”-Kontrast tritt in Folien der Dicken t = (n — 1/4) ξg oder t = (n + 3/4) ξg auf, wobei fur eine gegebene Foliendicke der Charakter der Abbildung fur durchgelassenen und gestreuten Strahl stets entgegengesetzt ist. Theoretische und experimentelle Ergebnisse zeigen, das das Auffinden von Lochern in Silizium mit Radien r0 ≪ 1/4 ξg durch Spannungskontrast-Abbildung in Folien mit Dicken t > 3 ξg stark begrenzt ist. Der beste Kontrast von kleinen Lochern ergibt sich immer in dunneren Folien und in solchen, deren Dicke gleich einem ungeraden Vielfachen eines viertel Ausloschungsabstandes ist, wobei schwarze und weise Punkte die vorherrschenden Merkmale der Abbildung sind.
CDK Phosphorylation Inhibits the DNA-binding and ATP-hydrolysis Activities of the Drosophila Origin Recognition Complex

Abstract Faithful propagation of eukaryotic chromosomes usually requires that no DNA segment be replicated more than once during one cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are critical for the re-replication controls that inhibit the activities of components of the pre-replication complexes (pre-RCs) following origin activation. The origin recognition complex (ORC) initiates the assembly of pre-RCs at origins of replication and Cdk phosphorylation of ORC is important for the prevention of re-initiation. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster ORC (DmORC) is phosphorylated in vivo and is a substrate for Cdks in vitro. Cdk phosphorylation of DmORC subunits DmOrc1p and DmOrc2p inhibits the intrinsic ATPase activity of DmORC without affecting ATP binding to DmOrc1p. Moreover, Cdk phosphorylation inhibits the ATP-dependent DNA-binding activity of DmORC in vitro, thus identifying a novel determinant for DmORC-DNA interaction. DmORC is a substrate for both Cdk2·cyclin E and Cdk1·cyclin B in vitro. Such phosphorylation of DmORC by Cdk2·cyclin E, but not by Cdk1·cyclin B, requires an “RXL” motif in DmOrc1p. We also identify casein kinase 2 (CK2) as a kinase activity in embryonic extracts targeting DmORC for modification. CK2 phosphorylation does not affect ATP hydrolysis by DmORC but modulates the ATP-dependent DNA-binding activity of DmORC. These results suggest molecular mechanisms by which Cdks may inhibit ORC function as part of re-replication control and show that DmORC activity may be modulated in response to phosphorylation by multiple kinases.
Anion-Exchange Analysis of Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Reactions: CO2/O2 Specificity Determination and Identification of Side Products

Abstract An improved anion-exchange chromatographic method for determining the carboxylation/oxygenation specificity (τ) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is presented. This assay, which entails radiometric detection of [1-3H]ribulose-bisphosphate turnover products separated on MonoQ anion-exchange resin, is more convenient, less error-prone, and more generally applicable than previous methods of τ determination. It is suitable for both wild-type and site-directed mutant enzymes of widely varying activity and specificity levels and allows simultaneous visualization of various side products of ribulose-bisphosphate processing. A facile method for scrubbing dissolved O2 from carboxylase reaction solutions, which does not require extensive purging and exchange of dissolved gases, is also described.