cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass-loss in 2D zero-age main-sequence stellar models

A large number of massive stars are known to rotate rapidly, resulting in a significant distortion and variation in surface temperature from the pole to the equator. Radiatively driven mass-loss is temperature-dependent, so rapid rotation produces a variation in the mass-loss and angular momentum loss rates across the surface of the star, which is expected to affect the evolution of rapidly rotating massive stars. In this work, we use zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) stellar models to investigate the two-dimensional effects of rotation on stellar mass-loss, using two common prescriptions for radiatively driven mass-loss. The associated loss of angular momentum from these models is also considered. Using 2D stellar models, which give the variation in surface parameters as a function of colatitude, we implement two different mass-loss prescriptions describing radiatively driven mass-loss. We find a significant variation in mass-loss rates and angular momentum loss as a function of colatitude. We find that the mass-loss rate decreases as the rotation rate increases for models with a constant initial mass, and derive scaling relations based on these models. When comparing 2D to 1D mass-loss rates, we find that although the total angle integrated mass-loss does not differ significantly, the 2D models predict less mass-loss from the equator and more mass-loss from the pole than the 1D predictions using von Zeipel’s law. As a result, rotating models lose less angular momentum in 2D than in 1D, which will change the subsequent evolution of the star. The evolution of these models will be investigated in future work.
Meaning and Experience.

Meaning and Experience. Patrizia Violi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 291 pp.
Fundamental studies on the selective epitaxial growth of silicon-based films

Abstract Selective epitaxial growth of silicon-based films is investigated experimentally and theoretically at reduced system pressures and temperatures between 800 and 1100 °C. Smiling and frowning phenomena are examined by developing mask oxide adsorption layer profiles on patterned substrates. Adsorption and desorption rate constant are estimated from transition state theory and theoretical Langmuir adsorption isotherms, while surface diffusivities are modeled as functions of jump length, surface vibration frequency, and surface diffusion activation energy. At lower substrate temperatures, Cl* is predicted to be the most abundant mask oxide adatom, while at higher temperatures, H* is predicted to be the dominating adatom. SiCl 2 * is seen to be the major adatom in the temperature range of about 800 to 1000 °C. At temperatures below 900 °C, increased pressures are predicted to produce higher oxide surface coverages for H* and Cl*, and lower ones for SiCl 2 *. At temperatures above 900 °C, lower pressures are seen to produce higher mask oxide surfaces coverages of H* and Cl*, and lower ones for SiCl 2 *. In selective growth environments, the higher the reactor inlet flow rate of HCl is, the weaker the smiling phenomena in seed windows are found to be. Agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions is seen to be satisfactory.
A ladder of lies: the adaptive advantages of deception

The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life, by Robert Trivers. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books, 2011. ‘The ultimate effect of shielding men from the effects of their folly is to fill the world with fools’. Herbert Spencer Largely through historical examples and personal anecdotes, Robert Trivers builds the foundation for an evolutionary theory of self-deception and deceit in his recent book, The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. Beginning with the evolutionary roots and logic of our unrivaled ability to hide the truth from ourselves and others, Trivers then explores phylogenetic, psychological, anthropological, and historical examples of deception, its consequences, and its propagation. Perhaps the most thought-provoking aspect of The Folly of Fools is Trivers visiting, and revisiting of the (seemingly) incompatible notions that: (1) of the most complex creatures that have ever evolved, we have a sensory system that provides us with an incredibly rich image of the world around us; yet (2) our brains swiftly bend, distort, or ignore this information. In other words, why, at the expense of valuable energetic resources, has evolution favored such sensitive truth-detecting and truth-dispensing processes? It is worth noting that this stark truth/lie dichotomy is likely a bit of an exaggeration; for example, visual perception does not have to wait for processing in visual areas of the brain to be distorted. The bending and aggregating of visual information begins as early in sensory processing as retinal ganglion cells. This relative lack of ‘truth’ in our sensory experience is, later in the text, addressed by Trivers: ‘At every single stage from its biased arrival, to its biased encoding, to organizing it around false logic, to misremembering and then misrepresenting it to others, the mind continually acts to distort information flow...’ (p. 139).
Stability criteria fora free dual-spin satellite

Stability criteria for a space-platform containing a spinning rotor are obtained in this paper. It is shown that the so-called energy sink condition is not necessary for stability. Necessary and sufficient criteria are established based on a simple energy method. In the interpretation of the criteria, various interesting cases are presented, such as constant and variable spin rates, distributions of energies, and motor effects.
Flame Height Measurement of Laminar Inverse Diffusion Flames

Flame heights of co-flowing cylindrical ethylene-air and methane-air laminar inverse diffusion flames were measured. The luminous flame height was found to be greater than the height of the reaction zone determined by planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of hydroxyl radicals (OH) because of luminous soot above the reaction zone. However, the location of the peak luminous signals along the centerline agreed very well with the OH flame height. Flame height predictions using Roper's analysis for circular port burners agreed with measured reaction zone heights when using values for the characteristic diffusion coefficient and/or diffusion temperature somewhat different from those recommended by Roper. The fact that Roper's analysis applies to inverse diffusion flames is evidence that inverse diffusion flames are similar in structure to normal diffusion flames.
A note on the vorticity downstream of a curved shock

Es wird ein expliziter Ausdruck fur die Wirbelstarkeω hinter einem gekrummten Verdichtungsstoss fur den Fall der zweidimensionalen Stromung eines idealen Gases in Termen der Geschwindigkeit der ungestorten StromungV∞, ihrer Mach-ZahlM∞, des Stosswinkelsσ und des Krummungsradiusrs des Verdichtungsstosses im betrachteten Punkt aufgestellt.
Development of optimal kids insulin dosing system formulas for young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to develop predictive formulas for precise insulin dosing in young children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Research Design and Methods: Consecutive 1-year data from a group of 14 young patients (eight girls, six boys) 3.9±0.8 years old with diabetes duration of 2.0±0.8 years, transitioned from multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), were analyzed to identify parameters governing optimal insulin dosing. Body mass index (BMI), total daily dose (TDD), total basal dose, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio (ICR), correction factor (CF), and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) by continuous glucose monitoring and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months. The slopes of CF versus 1/TDD, bolus versus TDD, ICR versus 1/TDD, and CF versus ICR were determined. Results: Kids Insulin Dosing System (KIDS) slope constants at follow-up were associated with MAGE compared with baseline (P<0.0001) without...
Dynamic Quantizers in Presence of Noisy Channels

Abstract In this paper, we deal with the stabilizability of a scalar plant through a noisy discrete channel. Our scheme can be regarded as a variation of the controllers based on dynamic quantizers introduced in [3] and [4], but our analysis based on Lyapunov function allows us to take into consideration more general discrete memoryless channels. Given a plant and a discrete memoryless channel we will provide, using control Lyapunov function ideas, a condition for the existence of an encoder/controller pair with a priori fixed memory that achieves stability. A construction procedure is also provided.
What's New in Burn-Associated Infections?

Abstract Infection remains the most common cause of death in the severely burned patient. The systemic immunosuppression following burn injury allows infection to occur in any organ system, but predominantly in the lungs. In addition, the loss of the skin barrier permits microorganisms to colonize and invade the burn-injured tissue. The use of topical antimicrobial agents and early burn wound excision have significantly decreased the occurrence of invasive burn wound infection. Even so, burn wounds must be examined each day, and a biopsy should be performed of any area showing local signs indicative of infection. If histologic examination of the biopsy tissue confirms invasive infection, local and systemic interventions are required. Candida is a common colonizer of the burn wound, but rarely invasive. Aspergillus species are the most common filamentous fungi found in invasive burn wound infections. Viral infections are uncommon, but should be in the differential diagnosis of patients with cutaneous herpetic lesions and signs of systemic sepsis with no other apparent source. Pneumonia is the most common organ-specific life-threatening infection of extensively burned patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent causative organism at the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center during 1996–1997. Other causes of infection, such as suppurative thrombophlebitis, should be in the differential diagnosis of the septic burn patient with no obvious source. Infection control procedures, including scheduled surveillance cultures, utilization of cohort nursing care, and strict enforcement of patient and staff hygiene, should be instituted at all burn centers.
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification of prions.

Prions are infectious agents that cause the inevitably fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in animals and humans9,18. The prion protein has two distinct isoforms, the non-infectious host-encoded protein (PrPC) and the infectious protein (PrPSc), an abnormally-folded isoform of PrPC 8. One of the challenges of working with prion agents is the long incubation period prior to the development of clinical signs following host inoculation13. This traditionally mandated long and expensive animal bioassay studies. Furthermore, the biochemical and biophysical properties of PrPSc are poorly characterized due to their unusual conformation and aggregation states. PrPSc can seed the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc in vitro14. PMCA is an in vitro technique that takes advantage of this ability using sonication and incubation cycles to produce large amounts of PrPSc, at an accelerated rate, from a system containing excess amounts of PrPC and minute amounts of the PrPSc seed19. This technique has proven to effectively recapitulate the species and strain specificity of PrPSc conversion from PrPC, to emulate prion strain interference, and to amplify very low levels of PrPSc from infected tissues, fluids, and environmental samples6,7,16,23 . This paper details the PMCA protocol, including recommendations for minimizing contamination, generating consistent results, and quantifying those results. We also discuss several PMCA applications, including generation and characterization of infectious prion strains, prion strain interference, and the detection of prions in the environment.
Yeye Sani: an Afro-Surinamese concept of the self in a model of mental well being

This article presents a model of mental well being based in Afro-Surinamese knowledge, experience, and cultural history. The model is the result of a two-year-long ethnographic research project in Paramaribo, Suriname. Suriname is a former Dutch colony in South America, which is known for its harmonious, multi-cultural, and multi-ethnic society. The mental well being model entitled Opo Yeye – which translates into “Raising the Spirit” – reflects an extended sense of self which is traversed and governed by forces seen and unseen. Mental well being is achieved through striving for harmony between all these forces that contribute to the self. The article provides an in-depth exploration of the concept of the self and highlights the historical origins, yet its contemporary value.
GWM: General Weed Management Model

Abstract GWM is a decision support system designed for evaluating soil-applied and post-emergence weed management options in row crops. It has a general structure to allow use with different crops. The system consists of a simulation model, databases, and a database management module. The simulation model has a set structure for linking processes of weed population dynamics during a single season, but allows flexibility in how each process is modeled. Databases store model prameters, information about management options, and field-specific simulation inputs. The database management module allows a user to specify entirely the simulation model or modify existing versions without programming. GWM has been parameterized to evaluate weed management as in two existing models (WEEDSIM and WEEDCAM) and for dry bean production. The structure of GWM and associated databases appears to capture essential aspects of weed biology influencing management decisions. GWN can be enhanced as knowledge of weed biology and ecology is refined.
A Fox of a different color: FoxA1 programs a new regulatory T cell subset.

Interferon-β (IFN-β) is widely used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), but its mechanism of protection remains obscure. A new study shows that IFN-β induces FoxA1+ regulatory T cells, a new regulatory T cell population, which suppress conventional T cells via programmed cell death 1 ligand 1. This cell subset limits disease in a mouse model of MS and was found in patients with MS who responded to IFN-β therapy (pages 272–282 ).
Aragonitic Ultrastructural Relics in Calcite-replaced Pleistocene Skeletons

Skeletal aragonites incorporated into sedimentary rocks may undergo a variety of fates, but these are generally regarded as all-or-nothing phenomena; that is, either the aragonite is preserved unaltered (in organic-rich or low-permeability rocks1–4) or it is lost through replacement (neomorphism5,6, paramorphic replacement7) by calcite or through dissolution.
D.c conduction in sio2 films at elevated temperatures

The temperature dependence of steady-state electronic conduction in SiO2 films was investigated using metal-oxide-silicon capacitors. To remove anomalies due to space charge polarization, a special experimental procedure was employed whereby the steady state current measurement was made at decreasing applied voltage or temperature. Experimental data will be presented to show that Schottky thermionic emission and Schottky-like field emission have been, for the first time to the author’s knowledge, observed in SiO2 at temperatures above 300°C. The self-consistency of the data will be discussed.
An adhesion assay using minimal shear force to remove nonadherent cells

A new 96-well microtiter plate based adhesion assay was developed to measure weak cell adhesion. This assay is distinct from other adhesion assays by the procedure in which the nonadherent cells are removed. In most conventional adhesion assays, nonadherent cells are removed by aspiration followed by repeated washes. However, the shear force generated by such washing also detaches weakly adherent cells. In the minimal shear force adhesion assay (MSFA) described here, the removal of nonadherent cells is carried out by applying a gentle shear force in a fluid environment. In this procedure, adherent cells are not subjected to harsh and variable washing forces and are not exposed to surface tension caused by the removal of washing fluid between successive washes. Using the lymphoid cell lines XC1.5/51 and MPC11, the number of adherent cells determined by this new adhesion assay is three times higher than the conventional adhesion assay. This MSFA assay is simple, consistent, and easy to perform. With modifications for applying a defined shear force, this assay can be adopted to compare cell adhesion strength to various substrata.
Measurement of dependence of backscatter coefficient from cylinders on frequency and diameter using focused transducers—with applications in trabecular bone

A theory for the elastic scattering response from a cylinder insonified by a plane wave was previously derived by Faran. In the present paper, the empirical relationship between Faran’s theory and measurements of backscatter coefficient from cylindrical targets using focused transducers is investigated. Experimental measurements of dependence of backscatter coefficient on frequency and diameter for nylon wires are reported. It is found that, under certain conditions (including weak, incoherent scattering), backscatter coefficient measurements from collections of cylindrical scatterers may be meaningfully compared with Faran’s model predictions. At low frequencies, the theory and experimental measurements exhibit similar dependences on frequency and diameter, provided that the scatterers are not too densely packed. At higher frequencies, the fine structure of Faran’s predictions becomes difficult to reproduce experimentally with a focused transducer. Implications regarding applications to characterization of trabecular bone are discussed.
Vanadate but not ouabain inhibits Na+ + K+-ATPase and sodium transport in tight crab gill (Carcinus maenas)

Abstract 1. 1. The correlation between Na+ + K+-ATPase activity and Na+ transport was studied in inverted basolateral membrane vesicles from gills of the crab Careinus maenas. 2. 2. Sodiium-ortho-vanadate was used as a cytoplasmic side (extra vesicular) inhibitor. 3. 3. Na+ + K+-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Na+ uptake were inhibited equally by the vanadate ion, with I50 values of approximately 1 μM. 4. 4. The results support the notion that ATP-dependent Na+ transport across the plasma membrane of crab gill epithelium is mediated by Na+ − K+-ATPase.
Stable morse decompositions for piecewise constant vector fields on surfaces

Numerical simulations and experimental observations are inherently imprecise. Therefore, most vector fields of interest in scientific visualization are known only up to an error. In such cases, some topological features, especially those not stable enough, may be artifacts of the imprecision of the input. This paper introduces a technique to compute topological features of user-prescribed stability with respect to perturbation of the input vector field. In order to make our approach simple and efficient, we develop our algorithms for the case of piecewise constant (PC) vector fields. Our approach is based on a super-transition graph, a common graph representation of all PC vector fields whose vector value in a mesh triangle is contained in a convex set of vectors associated with that triangle. The graph is used to compute a Morse decomposition that is coarse enough to be correct for all vector fields satisfying the constraint. Apart from computing stable Morse decompositions, our technique can also be used to estimate the stability of Morse sets with respect to perturbation of the vector field or to compute topological features of continuous vector fields using the PC framework.
The temperature dependence of subharmonic gap structures in superconducting heterocontacts of Nb, Pb, V and Ta

Abstract Recent theoretical descriptions for the subharmonic gap structures of point contacts of two different superconductors make specific predictions of their sequencing and temperature dependence. Measurements of conventional metal on metal point contacts for Nb/Pb, Nb/V, Nb/Ta, Pb/V, Pb/Ta, and V/Ta support these predictions in detail.
Application of industrial hygiene air sampling data to the evaluation of controls for air contaminants

Air contaminant concentration measurements are an important part of the evaluation of a local exhaust system's effectiveness. Comparisons of concentration measurements have been used to assess the importance of work practices and emission sources in relation to the worker's exposure. These comparisons can be stated as a null hypothesis. Statistical tests can be used to evaluate the validity of the null hypothesis. Applicable tests include student t-test, analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
WTC Expansions and Nonintegrable Equations

This article presents a generalization, to nonintegrable equations, of the ARS-WTC method for the generation of singular solutions of PDE and ODE. The argument rests on the reduction of the equation to a generalized nonlinear Fuchsian equation and automatically ensures a representation of singularities by convergent expansions. Practical issues in the reduction process are emphasized. Finally, it is shown that a class of unstable characteristic singularities is related to the degeneration of noncharacteristic singularities.
The Anesthetic Management of Adult Patients with Organ Transplants Undergoing Nontransplant Surgery

T he United Network for Organ Sharing reports that in 2008 and 2009 there were more than 54,000 organs transplanted in the United States. Survival rates have continued to increase in the past several decades as surgical techniques, immunosuppressive therapy, and infection prophylaxis have improved. On October 31, 2009 there were nearly 280,000 surviving organ recipients who underwent transplantation between 1987 and 2009 (Table 1). Several organ types now have 1-year survival rates of 85% or greater, with some approaching 95%, and 3-year survival rates of 80% or better. Living donor kidney transplants, for example, have 1-year survival rates of 95% and 10-year survival rates greater than 75% [1]. As the number of people surviving organ transplant steadily increases, more of these patients are likely to present for nontransplant-related surgery, either elective or emergent, in centers that are not normally involved in transplant procedures. This population may be more likely to present for surgery than those without previous transplant for many reasons. Laparotomy for small bowel obstruction, hip arthroplasty given the increased risk of fracture and avascular necrosis as a result of chronic steroid use, lymph node excision and biopsy because of increased risk of lymphoproliferative disease, ureteral stent placement and removal and native nephrectomy in kidney transplant recipients, bronchoscopy in lung recipients, and biliary tract interventions in liver recipients are just a few of the increased surgical needs in this population. Incisional hernias rates are increased because of the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on wound healing and, abscess drainage because of increased risk of infection are additional problems requiring surgical intervention [2,3]. Many transplant recipients live relatively normal and productive lives, but often have limited physical reserves. A successful transplant abolishes the
Addiction and the Mediation of Hope on Craving, Readiness, and Coping

Craving, a compulsive motivation to use, and conscious readiness to change (RTC) are distinct motivators of human behavior. Recovery requires RTC despite involuntary cravings. A structural equation modeling analysis examining hope as a mediator between these constructs found craving to directly associate with precontemplation, while hope partially mediated the relationship between craving, contemplation, and coping. Craving's indirect effect on action toward change occurred only through hope. While craving appears to be a strong associate of precontemplation, hope appears to be an important associate of contemplation toward change and appears to be required for action. Hope also appears to be an important factor of coping in recovery.
Grammar-like functional rules for representing query optimization alternatives

Extensible query optimization requires that the “repertoire” of alternative strategies for executing queries be represented as data, not embedded in the optimizer code. Recognizing that query optimizers are essentially expert systems, several researchers have suggested using strategy rules to transform query execution plans into alternative or better plans. Though extremely flexible, these systems can be very inefficient at any step in the processing, many rules may be eligible for application and complicated conditions must be tested to determine that eligibility during unification. We present a constructive, “building blocks” approach to defining alternative plans, in which the rules defining alternatives are an extension of the productions of a grammar to resemble the definition of a function in mathematics. The extensions permit each token of the grammar to be parametrized and each of its alternative definitions to have a complex condition. The terminals of the grammar are base-level database operations on tables that are interpreted at run-time. The non-terminals are defined declaratively by production rules that combine those operations into meaningful plans for execution. Each production produces a set of alternative plans, each having a vector of properties, including the estimated cost of producing that plan. Productions can require certain properties of their inputs, such as tuple order and location, and we describe a “glue” mechanism for augmenting plans to achieve the required properties. We give detailed examples to illustrate the power and robustness of our rules and to contrast them with related ideas.
Effects of Linearizing on Rocking-Block Toppling

We report on the free and harmonically forced vibration responses of a rigid block rotating on a rigid surface. For free vibration, we compare the approximate quarter period for an initially open block with the exact quarter period, which we derive to be an elliptic integral of the first kind. The difference between the two periods increases as a block becomes less slender; however, the approximate solution improves as a function of an \Iincreasing\N initial rotation. The maximum error is 2.0% for a single segment of rotation for a practical geometries. For harmonic excitation, we compare ensembles of time histories for linear and nonlinear responses. The poorly conditioned nature of the system emerges prominently when very small amplitude (<10\U-4\N) rocking is predicted and when the forcing amplitude to slenderness angle ration is between 1.2 and 1.8. Parameter studies delineating between surviving and toppling reveal that models are least sensitive to slenderness angle and peak amplitude, more sensitive to rebound velocity coefficient, and most sensitive to block diagonal. This sensitivity is generally reduced when using the nonlinear model. We conclude the nonlinear model provides more robust results, even for slender blocks.
Effects of shock pressure on 40Ar -39Ar radiometric age determinations

Abstract The relation of shock to the drop in the 40∗ Ar/ 39∗ Ar ratio seen at high release temperatures in some neutron-irradiated lunar samples is investigated through measurements of the 40∗ Ar/ 39∗ Ar ratio in gas samples released by stepwise heating of rock samples previously subjected to shock, either in the laboratory or in nature. Explosives were used to shock solid pieces and powder of a basalt from a diabase dike in Liberia to calculated pressures of 65, 150 and 270 kbar. These, an unshocked sample of the powder, two naturally shocked samples from the Brent impact crater in Canada, one unshocked sample from near the crater, and appropriate monitors were irradiated. Ar from stepwise heating was analyzed. The unshocked basalt shows a good 40∗ Ar/ 39∗ Ar plateau at age 198 ± 9 m.y. in agreement with a previous result of 186 ± 2 m.y. The shocked samples contain varying amounts of implanted atmospheric Ar, the isotopes of which have experienced mass fractionation. This effect is small enough in four samples so that the linearity of their graphs of 39∗ Ar/ 40 Ar vs 36 Ar/ 40 Ar is evidence of a plateau. The ages of these samples are then 201 ± 10, 205 ± 11, 205 ± 12 and 201 ± 9 m.y. It appears that the shock has had little effect on the 40 Ar- 39 Ar age spectrum, although the release patterns of the 39∗ Ar are shifted downward by the order of 200°C. Shock implantation of Ar was at lower shock pressure, in the presence of less Ar, and into a less porous material than previously demonstrated. The Brent Crater samples do not all show good plateaus, but do indicate an age of ~420 m.y. for the crater event and 795 ± 24 m.y. for the rock formation, in agreement with previous results. None of the 40∗ Ar/ 39∗ Ar profiles shows a drop at high temperature, but a possible role of shock implantation of Ar is indicated in the production of this effect. Further experiments are suggested.
Preparation of phenalenes and hydronaphthacenes through tandem alkyne Fischer-carbene complex coupling and inter- or intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions.

The rapid construction of phenalenes through the reaction of 8-alkynyltetralones with Fischer–carbene complexes followed by either an inter- or intra-molecular Diels–Alder reaction is presented. As a showcase of the synthetic utility of this process, the rapid construction of polycyclic ring systems containing the tetracycline core has been demonstrated through an iterative application of this reaction sequence.
The Southern Sudan: A Reassessment

In light of the bitterness engendered over the past 150 years between the North and South Sudan—especially during the past two decades—the Addis Ababa Agreement signed in February 1972 is indeed a singular event. (For a text of the agreement, see “Agreement Issue” 1972, pp. 18 and 22; full text on pp. 17-26.) Not only did this mark the end of the seventeen-year-old insurgency in the South, but it may well mark the beginning of a new phase in the relationships between the two regions. This is particularly important when it is noted that apparently neither side achieved their declared objectives. There is a need for caution, however. The basis for future relationships, as well as the effectiveness of the post-insurgency reconstruction, rest on the outcome of the eighteen-month interim arrangement, which is a basic part of the Addis Ababa Agreement. The interim arrangement (February 1972-June 1973) privides interalia for an Interim High Executive Council, whose President and members are appointed by the President of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. In effect, the Council is the “Executive and Cabinet” for the Southern Sudan during this interim period. Additionally, a number of other provisions provide for the establishment of institutions and initiate steps for integrating them into a wider national system. Implicitly, the arrangement assumes an effective relationship between the North and South from which a permanent settlement can evolve.
Seabirds as indicators: An exploratory analysis of physical forcing in the Pacific Northwest coastal environment

Bottom-up control, or physical forcing of upper trophic populations, is often cited as a major factor regulating marine species. In particular, seabirds are often cited as indicators of relative productivity and health of the marine environment. The degree to which physical forcing plays a dominant role and the mechanisms of effect remain unclear. We test the relationship between measures of oceanographic and atmospheric forcing, proxied by commonly available monthly to daily indices, and the response of populations of a ubiquitous seabird of the Pacific Northwest coastal environment, the common murre,Uria aalge. We constructed two models: an annualized bottom-up model that examines the degree to which population response variables, including population size, breeding success, and foraging parameters, are correlated with oceanographic forcing at space and time scales relevant to murre biology; and a daily direct forcing model that examines the degree to which diet choices reflect specific, local oceanographic signals. Our bottom-up model suggests that murres are regulated by bottom-up forcing, and that the strength of the association between physical change and population response may be mediated by density dependence. Our direct forcing model indicated that chick diet is affected by both local and remote parameters, including upwelling, tide, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. We conclude that murres, and seabirds in general, can be used as indicators of local to basinwide physical change, but only under certain conditions: the life history of the species, and the specific local population, must be well known; a conceptual model that links life history traits to measures of physical change at biologically relevant space and time scales must be developed; and larger populations that are more apt to show density-dependent effects should be selected.
Childbearing against the state? Asylum seeker women in the Irish republic☆

Sypnosis Challenging standard accounts of globalization that ignore sexuality, race and gender as structuring variables, this article examines how childbearing discourses and practices have provided a means to redraw racial and national boundaries that have become destabilized in the contemporary era. Focusing on the Irish Republic, I show that, historically, women were annexed to postcolonial nationalism through their role as child bearers, understood in racial and national terms, and institutionalized in social policy and law. Today, in the context of accelerated globalization, the Irish government has required new strategies to construct the nation as a sovereign space. Discourses and practices targeting childbearing asylum seeker women have provided the government with a means to reconstitute the Republic as a sovereign space with a legitimate national government—while also generating new modes of racialization and racial hierarchies within Ireland.
Dissolved, exchangeable and bound aliphatic amines in marine sediments: initial results

Abstract Initial studies of aliphatic amines were undertaken to investigate the potential importance of these compounds in marine sediments. Marine sediments from a shallow bay on the coast of Massachusetts and from the continental margin of Mexico (Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean) were analyzed for shortchain aliphatic amines by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent detection. Two amines, dimethyl and trimethyl amine, were found in relatively large amounts, as much as 0.5% of the total organic nitrogen. Both amines were present in the interstitial waters, on exchangeable sites, and bound within the sediments. Similarities between amine and ammonia behavior suggest that, like ammonia, the amines are also a product of the decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds. Amines are more enriched in anoxic sediments compared to oxygenated sediments than would be expected from relative carbon and nitrogen contents. Amines like dimethyl and trimethyl amine may be important in reducing the C/N ration with depth in the sediment.
Soft computing in engineering design: a hybrid dual cross-mapping neural network model

Contemporary design process requires the development of a new computational intelligence or soft computing methodology that involves intelligence integration and hybrid intelligent systems for design, analysis and evaluation, and optimization. This paper first presents a discussion of the need to incorporate “intelligence” into an automated design process and the various constraints that designers face when embarking on industrial design projects. Then, it presents the design problem as optimizing the design output against constraints and the use of soft computing and hybrid intelligent systems techniques. In this paper, a soft-computing-integrated intelligent design framework is developed. A hybrid dual cross-mapping neural network (HDCMNN) model is proposed using the hybrid soft computing technique based on “cross-mapping” between a back-propagation network (BPNN) and a recurrent Hopfield network (HNN) for supporting modeling, analysis and evaluation, and optimization tasks in the design process. The two networks perform different but complementary tasks—the BPNN “decides” if the design problem is a “type 0” (rational) or “type 1” (non-rational) problem, and the output layer weights are then used as the energy function for the HNN. The BPNN is used for representing design patterns, training classification boundaries, and outputting network weight values to the HNN, and then the HNN uses the calculated network weight values to evaluate and modify or re-design the design patterns. The developed system provides a unified soft-computing-integrated intelligent design framework with both symbolic and computational intelligence. The system has self-modifying and self-learning functions. Within the system, only one network training is needed for accomplishing the evaluation, rectification/modification, and optimization tasks in the design process. Finally, two case studies are provided to illustrate and validate the developed model and system.
Total and State-Specific Medical and Absenteeism Costs of COPD Among Adults Aged ≥ 18 Years in the United States for 2010 and Projections Through 2020

BACKGROUND COPD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to estimate (1) national US COPD-attributable annual medical costs by payer (direct) and absenteeism (indirect) in 2010 and projected medical costs through 2020 and (2) state-specific COPD-attributable medical and absenteeism costs in 2010. METHODS We used the 2006-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey, and 2010 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data to generate cost estimates and 2010 census data to project medical costs through 2020. RESULTS In 2010, total national medical costs attributable to COPD and its sequelae were estimated at $32.1 billion, and total absenteeism costs were $3.9 billion, for a total burden of COPD-attributable costs of $36 billion. An estimated 16.4 million days of work were lost because of COPD. Of the medical costs, 18% was paid for by private insurance, 51% by Medicare, and 25% by Medicaid. National medical costs are projected to increase from $32.1 billion in 2010 to $49.0 billion in 2020. Total state-specific costs in 2010 ranged from $49.1 million in Wyoming to $2.8 billion in California: medical costs ranged from $42.5 million in Alaska to $2.5 billion in Florida and absenteeism costs ranged from $8.4 million in Wyoming to $434.0 million in California. CONCLUSIONS Costs attributable to COPD and its sequelae are substantial and are projected to increase through 2020. Evidence-based interventions that prevent tobacco use and reduce the clinical complications of COPD may result in potential decreased COPD-attributable costs.
Autoantigen complementarity: a new theory implicating complementary proteins as initiators of autoimmune disease

Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 21 persons in the United States. Treatment often requires long-term cytotoxic therapy. How and why these deleterious diseases occur is unclear. A serendipitous finding in our laboratory using serum from patients with autoimmune vasculitis led us to develop the theory of autoantigen complementarity, a novel concept that may elucidate the etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease in general. The theory proposes that the inciting immunogen that elicits a cascade of immunological events is not the self-antigen (the autoantigen) or its mimic but rather a protein that is complementary in surface structure to the autoantigen; that is, a protein homologous or identical to the amino acid sequence of translated antisense RNA from the noncoding strand of the autoantigen gene. The cascade begins when this complementary protein initiates the production of antibodies that in turn elicit an anti-antibody or anti-idiotypic response. These anti-idiotypic antibodies can now react with the autoantigen. Strikingly, homology search of complementary proteins yields microbial and fungal proteins, thus indicating that invading micro-organisms can deliver the inciting immunogen. Curiously, approximately 50% of our patients transcribe the complementary protein’s antisense RNA. If it transpires that these aberrant RNAs are translated, the complementary protein would be produced by the individual. Here we review published research investigating complementary proteins, anti-idiotypic immune responses, and antisense transcripts, all of which support complementary proteins as initiators of autoimmune disease. In addition, we provide possible microbial and/or fungal organisms that may incite some of the most studied autoimmune diseases. Lastly, we propose mechanisms by which cell-mediated autoimmunity can be triggered by autoantigen complementarity. Based on our data and the contributions of the researchers described in this review, identification of proteins complementary to autoantigens is likely to be informative in most autoimmune diseases. This vein of study is in the early phases; however, we expect “autoantigen complementarity” is an underlying mechanism in many autoimmune diseases.
Magnetohydrodynamic lubrication flow between parallel plates

The magnetohydrodynamic lubrication flow in an externally pressurized thrust bearing is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The ordinary magnetohydrodynamic lubrication theory for this bearing is extended to include fluid inertia effects. Very good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.
Diagnostic and gender differences in the expressed fears of anxious patients

Fear Survey Schedule data are presented for a sample of 141 psychiatric patients who met the DSM-III criteria for an anxiety disorder. Diagnostic and gender differences in expressed fears are presented and the results are discussed in light of previous research.
Selective adsorption of organic homologues onto activated carbon from dilute aqueous solutions: Solvophobic interaction approach: Part IV. Effect of simple structural modifications with aliphatics

Preferential adsorption of organic compounds onto activated carbon from dilute aqueous solutions is studied to develop a comprehensive theoretical basis for predicting the adsorption of structurally different isomers for different homologous series. The fundamental multidimensional approachof the solvophobic (cϕ) thermodynamic theory is further refined and used to correlate the extent of adsorption for the comprehensive theory with the overall standard net free energy change (ΔGnet/RT) for the association-adsorption reaction in solution, and for the simplified theory with the cavity surface area of the solute (TSA). Experimental adsorption isotherms of two homologous series (12 aliphatic alcohols and 21 aliphatic ketones) were measured and used to test and compare the cϕ theory with seven independent parameters characterizing the sorbates. Several experimental innovations for measuring equilibrium adsorption isotherms are introduced to reduce the possible loss of sorbate during the procedure and to provide reproducible and reliable results. Comparing the coefficients of linear correlation (r), the results for 12 aliphatic alcohols give greater than 99% confidence that the r-values are different for ΔGnet/RT and molecular weight (MW). For the 15 aliphatic ketones, greater than 90% confidence interval is obtained for different r-values for TSA and MW. These results support the contention that simple structural modifications of aliphatic homologous compounds can be used to predict the effect of solute-solvent-sorbent interactions on adsorption. The cϕ theory can thus be used to rank-order adsorption intensity of these compounds from the aqueous phase onto activated carbon.
Distribution of oxytetracycline into ocular tissues and tears of calves.

George, L., Smith, J. & Kaswan, R. Distribution of oxytetracycline into ocular tissues and tears of calves. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 47–54. A long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was administered (20 mg/kg of body weight) intramuscularly to calves, and the concentrations of the drug in serum, ocular tissues and tears were measured. The drug was distributed selectively to the epithelium of the conjunctiva and to the lacrimal gland ductules, and reached concentrations in each tissue that exceeded those in serum. The drug did not penetrate into the aqueous humour, and produced mean peak lacrimal fluid concentrations 2.0 μg/ml were observed in tears for 72 h. Severe local reactions occurred in all calves that were given the drug subconjunctivally. Lisle W. George, Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
Uncertainties and probabilities in nuclear reactor regulation

Abstract Nuclear reactor regulations in the USA originally specified deterministic criteria to be met by thermal/hydraulic codes. A set of results from a single run of the code was compared with a set of criteria. Codes are now becoming “realistic” with uncertainties incorporated into the process, usually requiring many runs of the code. The result is a range of results with associated probabilities. Regulations do not currently specify how such results should be evaluated against acceptance criteria. A suggestion has been made to use a level of confidence (e.g., 0.95) that the criteria are satisfied with at least some specified probability (e.g., 0.95). Some valid and invalid ways of doing this and their consequences are presented. It is suggested that an improved process would relate the thermal/hydraulic outputs to measures of core damage or some other suitable measure of risk. Furthermore, the uncertainties modeled in the code should be combined with uncertainties and probabilities, e.g., about functioning of equipment and operator actions, that are now represented in the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). The task of combining thermal/hydraulic codes with PRA techniques to produce an effective and feasible technology presents a challenge to the technical community.
Induction of T-cell tolerance to an MHC class I alloantigen by gene therapy

Induction of immunologic tolerance to alloantigens is a major goal in the field of transplantation. Here, we demonstrate that efficient transduction and expression of a retrovirally transduced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene(H-2Kb) in bone marrow (BM)–derived cells, resulting in a permanent state of hematopoietic molecular chimerism, induces stable tolerance to the transduced gene product. Reconstitution of lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients with BM transduced with virus encoding H-2Kb resulted in life-long expression of the retroviral gene product on the surface of BM-derived hematopoietic lineages including Sca-1+, lineage negative, hematopoietic progenitors. T cells from mice receiving MHC-transduced BM were unable to kill targets expressing H-2Kbbut were able to respond to third-party controls. Mice reconstituted with H-2Kb-transduced BM exhibited long-term acceptance of H-2Kb mismatched skin grafts but were able to rapidly reject third-party control grafts. Thus, gene therapy approaches may be used to induce T-cell tolerance.