cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability

Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it work...
Effect of ventilation velocity on hexavalent chromium and isocyanate exposures in aircraft paint spraying

ABSTRACTExposure control system performance was evaluated during aircraft paint spraying at a military facility. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, tracer gas testing, and exposure monitoring examined contaminant exposure vs. crossflow ventilation velocity. CFD modeling using the RNG k-ϵ turbulence model showed exposures to simulated methyl isobutyl ketone of 294 and 83.6 ppm, as a spatial average of five worker locations, for velocities of 0.508 and 0.381 m/s (100 and 75 fpm), respectively. In tracer gas experiments, observed supply/exhaust velocities of 0.706/0.503 m/s (136/99 fpm) were termed full-flow, and reduced velocities were termed 3/4-flow and half-flow. Half-flow showed higher tracer gas concentrations than 3/4-flow, which had the lowest time-averaged concentration, with difference in log means significant at the 95% confidence level. Half-flow compared to full-flow and 3/4-flow compared to full-flow showed no statistically significant difference. CFD modeling using these ventilation ...
Using Species Distribution Models to Guide Field Surveys for an Apparently Rare Aquatic Beetle

Abstract Surveying for rare animals can be difficult but using models to predict suitable habitat can guide sampling efforts. We used models to predict suitable habitat for the Narrow-footed Hygrotus Diving Beetle Hygrotus diversipes (diving beetle hereafter), a dytiscid beetle that is known from 10 streams in central Wyoming. The diving beetle was a category-2 Candidate species for listing as Threatened or Endangered in the Endangered Species Act between 1989 and 1996, and was petitioned for listing in 2007, 2008, and 2013. Suitable habitat for the diving beetle was predicted using Maximum Entropy and Random Forest models in Wyoming. Both models predicted that the diving beetle was more likely to occur in intermittent streams with a gentle gradient, shallow water table, variable precipitation pattern, and high soil electrical conductivity, and in the warmest areas of Wyoming. We conducted surveys for the diving beetle at sites where the species had previously been found, and in new areas that were predic...
A Pilot RCT of an Internet Intervention to Reduce the Risk of Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies (AEPs) could reduce the incidence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Previous face-to-face interventions significantly reduced risk for AEP, but a scalable intervention is needed to reach more women at risk. METHODS This study compared a 6 Core automated, interactive, and tailored Internet intervention, the Contraception and Alcohol Risk Reduction Internet Intervention (CARRII), to a static patient education (PE) website for its effect on AEP risk. Participants were recruited online to a pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) with baseline, 9 weeks posttreatment, and 6-month (6-M) follow-up assessments. Seventy-one women completed online questionnaires and telephone interviews and were randomized to CARRII (n = 36) or PE (n = 35). Primary outcomes were rates of risky drinking, unprotected sex episodes, and AEP risk, collected from online prospective diaries. RESULTS CARRII participants showed significant reductions in rate of unprotected sex from pretreatment (88.9%) to posttreatment (70.6%) (p < 0.04) and to 6-M follow-up (51.5%) (p = 0.001); rate of risky drinking from pretreatment (75.0%) to posttreatment (50.0%) (p < 0.02), but insignificant change from pretreatment to 6-M follow-up (57.6%) (p < 0.09); and rate of AEP risk from pretreatment (66.7%) to posttreatment (32.4%) (p = 0.001) and to 6-M follow-up (30.3%) (p = 0.005). PE participants demonstrated no significant changes on all 3 variables across all time points. Intent-to-treat group-by-time tests were not significant, but power was limited by missing diaries. Over 72% of CARRII participants completed all 6 Cores. Exploratory analyses suggest that higher program utilization is related to change. CONCLUSIONS These data show that CARRII was acceptable, feasible, promising to reduce AEP risk, and merits further testing in a fully powered RCT.
Cancer invasion associated gene expression signature is present in differentially expressed genes in the reprogramming of fibroblasts into stem cells

Abstract Tumors become invasive by penetrating adjacent connective tissue, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain obscure. We recently identified a precise gene expression signature of fibroblastic origin associated with cancer invasion, the first step of the metastatic cascade. The signature contains many coordinately overexpressed genes, prominent among which are COL11A1 , THBS2 and INHBA . Here we show that there is a striking similarity between the set of expressed genes in this metastasis-associated fibroblastic (MAF) signature and the set of genes that are downregulated when fibroblasts are reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Because it is known that fibroblast reprogramming involves a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), the above facts suggest that, conversely, the metastasis-associated fibroblasts responsible for the signature may result from stem-like cells undergoing some type of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, we speculate that cancer stem cells (CSCs) undergoing some type of EMT become fibroblastic to obtain motility and invasiveness, reactivating early embryonic developmental pathways, and that these fibroblast-like cells are the main source of the MAF signature that we previously identified.
Biological nitrogen fixation in forestry - research and practice in Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand are so frequently grouped together on a regional basis that outsiders may be led to assume similarities between the two countries that do not exist. Climate is related to land mass, and although New Zealand and much of the southern half of Australia lie in the same sub-tropical to temperate zone, the mainland Australian climate is far more extreme than that of the New Zealand islands. Because of the climate difference and the geographical separation, the flora and fauna of the two countries are quite distinct. The native New Zealand flora (except for the southeastern Canterbury Plains) is characterised by moist evergreen rainforest throughout, whereas forests in mainland Australia are of a sclerophyll type, ranging from wet to dry sclerophyll depending on rainfall. Small areas of rainforest exist in regions of high rainfall without a pronounced dry season. Forest and woodland occupy about 14% of the total land area in Australia and about 26% of the total land area of New Zealand (Table 1). The area occupied by exotic plantation forests is similar in both countries.
The implication of lymph node metastasis on survival in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer

Though survival for well-differentiated thyroid cancer is very good, specific populations suffer greater recurrence and mortality. Defining these cohorts can significantly influence prognosis and extent of treatment. This study, using a large, multi-institutional database, seeks to determine how the presence of lymph node disease in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer affects outcome. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database is a large-scale sample of 14 per cent of the U.S. population. It was used to identify patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas and identify the prognostic implications of lymph node metastasis. Additional factors, including presence of metastasis, age, and tumor size, were compared using multivariate and chi2 analyses. Of 19,918 patients identified, lymph node status was known for 9,904 (49.7%). On multivariate analysis, age > 45 years, presence of distant metastasis, large tumor size, and lymph node involvement significantly predicted poor outcome. Overall survival at 14 years was 82 per cent for node negative and 79 per cent for node positive patients (P < 0.05). This study shows that the survival of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer is adversely affected by lymph node metastases. The optimum treatment for this cohort needs further delineation, as particular populations are at greater risk of recurrence and death.
X-Y Recorders

By the term X-Y recorder is meant an instrument that is capable of plotting any two variables against each other, rather than against time. This requires that the recorder be able to plot multiple-valued as well as single-valued curves. Nearly all X-Y recorders are potentiometric servo types, with separate input networks and amplifiers for the two axes. Hence the chief differences from the instruments discussed in Chapter 3 are in mechanical rather than electrical features.
Three Species of Eccrinales Inhabiting the Hindguts of Millipeds, With Comments on the Eccrinids as a Group

Three commensal fungi in the hindguts of millipeds belonging to the genus Enterobryus are described, one a long-established species and the other two new. The first species described and assigned t...
Biomass Burning Plumes in the Vicinity of the California Coast: Airborne Characterization of Physicochemical Properties, Heating Rates, and Spatiotemporal Features

This study characterizes in situ airborne properties associated with biomass burning (BB) plumes in the vicinity of the California coast. Out of 231 total aircraft soundings in July–August 2013 and 2016, 81 were impacted by BB layers. A number of vertical characteristics of BB layers are summarized in this work (altitude, location relative to cloud top height, thickness, number of vertically adjacent layers, interlayer distances) in addition to differences in vertical aerosol concentration profiles due to either surface type (e.g., land or ocean) or time of day. Significant BB layer stratification occurred, especially over ocean versus land, with the majority of layers in the free troposphere and within 100 m of the boundary layer top. Heating rate profiles demonstrated the combined effect of cloud and BB layers and their mutual interactions, with enhanced heating in BB layers with clouds present underneath. Aerosol size distribution data are summarized below and above the boundary layer, with a notable finding being enhanced concentrations of supermicrometer particles in BB conditions. A plume aging case study revealed the dominance of organics in the free troposphere, with secondary production of inorganic and organic species and coagulation as a function of distance from fire source up to 450 km. Rather than higher horizontal and vertical resolution, a new smoke injection height method was the source of improved agreement for the vertical distribution of BB aerosol in the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System model when compared to airborne data.
Estimating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Effects in Low-incidence Settings

Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for determining efficacy of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have not been conducted among US women because their lower HIV incidence requires impractically large studies. Results from higher-incidence settings, like Sub-Saharan Africa, may not apply to US women owing to differences in age, sexual behavior, coinfections, and adherence. Methods We propose a novel strategy for evaluating PrEP efficacy in the United States using data from both settings to obtain four parameters: (1) intention-to-treat (ITT) and (2) per-protocol effects in the higher-incidence setting, (3) per-protocol effect generalized to the lower-incidence setting, and (4) back-calculated ITT effect using adherence data from the lower-incidence setting. To illustrate, we simulated two RCTs comparing PrEP against placebo: one in 4000 African women and another in 500 US women. We estimated all parameters using g-computation and report risk ratios averaged over 2000 simulations, alongside the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the simulation results. Results Twelve months after randomization, the African ITT and per-protocol risk ratios were 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) and 0.20 (0.08, 0.34), respectively. The US ITT and per-protocol risk ratios were 0.42 (0.20, 0.62) and 0.17 (0.03, 0.38), respectively. These results matched well the simulated true effects. Conclusions Our simple demonstration informs the design of future studies seeking to estimate the effectiveness of a treatment (like PrEP) in lower-incidence settings where a traditional RCT would not be feasible. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B506.
Movement Vigor as a Reflection of Subjective Economic Utility.

To understand subjective evaluation of an option, various disciplines have quantified the interaction between reward and effort during decision making, producing an estimate of economic utility, namely the subjective ‘goodness’ of an option. However, variables that affect utility of an option also influence the vigor of movements toward that option. For example, expectation of reward increases speed of saccadic eye movements, whereas expectation of effort decreases this speed. These results imply that vigor may serve as a new, real-time metric with which to quantify subjective utility, and that the control of movements may be an implicit reflection of the brain’s economic evaluation of the expected outcome.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism and COVID-19.

Risk factors for pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 include obesity, an elevated d-dimer value, elevated C-reactive protein level, and a rising d-dimer value over time.
Analyzing K-12 Blended MOOC Learning Behaviors

We investigate student learning behaviors in a Massive Open Online Course with in-person components. Our goal is to improve the design of the course through learning analytics. The programming language taught, App Inventor, is a drag-and-drop language to create Android applications. We visualize and quantify student behaviors such as automatic and manual saving of code, video sections viewed, and the various forms of knowledge required to understand the course material. It appears students are less likely to go from course material that teaches procedures to other material that teaches procedures than we would expect, and rarely review previous topics covered in the course. We also find students tend to save marginally less at the beginning and end of sessions. However, since the data set is small, our conclusions are limited.
Systematic analysis of goal-related movement sequences during maternal behavior in a female mouse model for Rett syndrome

Parenting is an ethologically relevant social behavior consisting of stereotypic components involving the care and nourishment of young. First-time rodent dams seek and gather wandering/scattered pups back to the nest (pup retrieval), an essential aspect of maternal care. Over the decades, qualitative observations of the behaving animal have been presented in quantitative discrete units. However, systematic analysis of the dynamic sequences of goal-related movements that comprise the entire behavioral sequence, which would be ultimately essential for understanding the underlying neurobiology, is usually not analyzed. Here, we present systematic analysis of pup retrieval behavior across three days in alloparental female mice (Surrogates or Sur) of two genotypes; Mecp2Heterozygotes (Het), a female mouse model for a neuropsychiatric disorder called Rett syndrome and their wild type (WT) siblings. Additionally, we analyzed CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J WT surrogates for within-strain comparisons. Frame-by-frame analysis over different phases was performed manually using DataVyu software. We previously showed that Het are inefficient, by measuring latency and errors, at pup retrieval. Here, we show that the sequence of searching, pup-approach and good retrieval crystallizes over time for WT; this sequence does not crystallize in Het. We found that goal-related movements of Het in different phases were similar to WT, suggesting context-driven atypical dynamic patterns in Het. We also identified pup approach and pup grooming as atypical tactile interactions between pups and Het, which contribute to inefficient pup retrieval. Day-by-day analysis showed dynamic changes in goal-related movements in individual animals across genotypes and strains in response to the growing pups. Overall, our approach 1) embraces natural variation in individual mice on different days of pup retrieval behavior, 2) establishes a "gold-standard" manually curated dataset to next build behavioral repertoires using machine learning approaches, and 3) identifies distinct atypical tactile sensory processing in a female mouse model for Rett syndrome.
Poverty and Student Homelessness at the Metropolitan Margins: Sensemaking Among School and Community Leaders in a Growing Suburb

Background/ContextHistorically, the suburbs have symbolized the attainment of the American dream. In this post-World War II imagery, the typical suburban residents are White middle-class homeowners...
Biased auditory nerve central synaptopathy is associated with age‐related hearing loss

Key points Sound information is transmitted by different subtypes of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) from the ear to the brain. Selective damage of SGN peripheral synapses (cochlear synaptopathy) is widely recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of hearing loss, whereas the mechanisms at the SGN central synapses remain unclear. We report that different subtypes of SGN central synapses converge at different ratios onto individual target cochlear nucleus neurons with distinct physiological properties, and show biased morphological and physiological changes during age-related hearing loss (ARHL). The results reveal a new dimension in cochlear nucleus neural circuitry that systematically reassembles and processes auditory information from different SGN subtypes, which is altered during ageing and probably contributes to the development of ARHL. In addition to known cochlear synaptopathy, the present study shows that SGN central synapses are also pathologically changed during ageing, which collectively helps us better understand the structure and function of SGNs during ARHL. Abstract Sound information is transmitted from the cochlea to the brain by different subtypes of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), which show varying degrees of vulnerability under pathological conditions. Selective cochlear synaptopathy, the preferential damage of certain subtypes of SGN peripheral synapses, has been recognized as one of the main mechanisms of hearing loss. The organization and function of the auditory nerve (AN) central synapses from different subtypes of SGNs remain unclear, including how different AN synapses reassemble onto individual neurons in the cochlear nucleus, as well as how they differentially change during hearing loss. Combining immunohistochemistry with electrophysiology, we investigated the convergence pattern and subtype-specific synaptopathy of AN synapses at the endbulb of Held, as well as the response properties of their postsynaptic bushy neurons in CBA/CaJ mice of either sex under normal hearing and age-related hearing loss (ARHL). We found that calretinin-expressing (type Ia ) and non-calretinin-expressing (type Ib /Ic ) endbulbs converged along a continuum of different ratios onto individual bushy neurons with varying physiological properties. Endbulbs degenerated during ageing in parallel with ARHL. Furthermore, the degeneration was more severe in non-calretinin-expressing synapses, which correlated with a gradual decrease in bushy neuron subpopulation predominantly innervated by these inputs. These synaptic and cellular changes were profound in middle-aged mice when their hearing thresholds were still relatively normal and prior to severe ARHL. Our findings suggest that biased AN central synaptopathy and the correlated shift in cochlear nucleus neuronal composition play significant roles in weakened auditory input and altered central auditory processing during ARHL.
A Quantum Bayesian Approach for Bike Sharing Demand Prediction

The bike-sharing system (BSS) aims to provide an alternative mode of public transportation that are being adopted in urban cities. The use of the bike for short-distance travel aids in mitigating traffic congestion problems, reduce carbon emissions, and decrease the risk of overcrowding during a pandemic like COVID-19, thereby satisfying the urban-mobility needs of the residents. The key success of incorporating urban-mobility through BSS lies behind the prediction of bikes by identifying the pick-up and drop-off operations in each station. The main challenge includes the demand prediction for the number of bikes available for pick-up and drop-off during a specific point in time. Quantum Computing has been increasingly gaining popularity for its superior computational performance over similar classical algorithms. In this paper, we will illustrate potential applications of Quantum Bayesian networks, which are quantum-equivalent to classical Bayesian networks for probabilistic bike demand prediction.
Attenuation of motion artifacts in fMRI using discrete reconstruction of irregular fMRI trajectories (DRIFT)

PURPOSE Numerous studies report motion as the most detrimental source of noise and artifacts in fMRI. Current motion correction methods fail to completely address the motion problem. Retrospective techniques such as spatial realignment can correct for between-volume misalignment but fail to address within volume contamination and spin-history artifacts. Prospective motion correction can prevent spin-history artifacts but currently cannot update the gradients fast enough to remove k-space filling artifacts, calling for a hybrid approach to fully address these problems. THEORY AND METHODS Motion can be mathematically formulated into the MR signal equation to describe the motion artifacts at their origin in k-space. From these equations, it is demonstrated that different motions have different effects on the signal. A novel motion correction algorithm is designed from these equations to remove motion-induced artifacts directly in k-space, discrete reconstruction of irregular fMRI trajectory (DRIFT). This method is evaluated rigorously using fMRI simulations and data from a rotating phantom inside the scanner. RESULTS The results indicate that although some motion types have negligible effects on the MR signal, others produce catastrophic and lasting artifacts even after motion cessation. In simulation, DRIFT is able to remove motion artifacts in the absence of spin history. In a phantom scan, DRIFT significantly attenuates the motion artifacts in the fMRI data. CONCLUSION Neither prospective nor retrospective motion correction methods could completely remove the motion artifacts from the fMRI data. However, DRIFT, as a retrospective technique, when combined with prospective motion correction, can eliminate a significant portion of motion artifacts.
Estimate of the branching ratio for Z→νν̄γγ

The effective interaction for two neutrino-two photon coupling is used to find an approximate width for the decay of the $Z$ boson into the $\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ final state.
Modeling and Simulation of Power-Electronic Inverters in Analog Electronic Circuit Simulators

This paper demonstrates how equivalent-circuit representations of grid-following power-electronic inverters can be realized within a SPICE-based development environment using common circuit components and VerilogA code. This facilitates computationally lean simulations of inverter networks leveraging the strengths of SPICE in large-scale simulations. We validate the approach with time-domain simulations for a modified version of the IEEE standard 118-bus system modeled in Virtuoso (a SPICE-based solver). Simulation results are compared—focusing on accuracy and computation speed—with results from a commonly used power-electronics simulation package. We note a significant decrease in simulation time with comparable signal resolution when simulating the network in SPICE.
Fostering socio-emotional learning through early childhood intervention

Educators and researchers are increasingly interested in evaluating and promoting socio-emotional learning (SEL) beginning in early childhood (Newman & Dusunbury in 2015; Zigler & Trickett in American Psychologist 33(9):789–798 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.9.789 , 1978). Decades of research have linked participation in high-quality early childhood education (ECE) programs (e.g., public prekindergarten, Head Start) to multidimensional wellbeing. ECE programs also have demonstrated potential to be implemented at large scales with strong financial returns on investment. However, relatively few studies have investigated the effects of ECE programs on SEL, particularly compared to smaller-scale, skills-based SEL interventions. Furthermore, among studies that have examined SEL, there is a general lack of consensus about how to define and measure SEL in applied settings. The present paper begins to address these gaps in several ways. First, it discusses conceptual and methodological issues related to developmentally and culturally sensitive assessment of young children’s socio-emotional functioning. Second, it reviews the empirical research literature on the impacts of three types of early childhood programs (general prekindergarten programs; multi-component prekindergarten programs; and universal skills-based interventions) on SEL. Finally, it highlights future directions for research and practice.
Does multiplicity of synchronous multiple lung primaries (SMLPs) affect prognosis.

e20530Background: SMLPs are detected more commonly due to advancements in screening technology. Their workup and classification; however, are still lacking a clear standard. T stage of the largest ...
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is a rare and duct-dependent congenital heart disease with a spectrum of lesions, which include pulmonary atresia, variable degrees of hypoplasia of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve, and anomalies of the coronary artery circulation. In 25% of the cases, there is a right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. Recognition of this clinical scenario is important, because right ventricular decompression may lead to coronary ischemia and sudden cardiac death when the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction is relieved. Diagnosis of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is generally made by echocardiography. However, cardiac CT may be needed to better delineate branch pulmonary arteries, ductal anatomy, and coronary artery abnormality. Cardiac catheterization is essential to identify right ventricle-dependent coronary artery system.
Insulin resistance persists despite a metabolically healthy obesity phenotype.

OBJECTIVE Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is often defined as the absence of metabolic syndrome in the presence of obesity. However, phenotypic features of MHO are unclear. Insulin sensitivity in MHO was cross-sectionally compared with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) and a reference group of young healthy participants without obesity. METHODS Sedentary adults (n = 96) undergoing anthropometric, blood chemistries, maximal aerobic capacity, and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp measurements were classified by BMI (<25 and ≥30 kg/m2 ). MUO was defined as having obesity with metabolic syndrome (≥2 additional risk factors). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed models approach. RESULTS Body weight was similar between MHO and MUO. Body fat (percentage) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher (p < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin were lower in MHO versus MUO (p < 0.03, all). The MHO group also had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and insulin compared with the reference. Both the MHO and MUO groups displayed impaired insulin sensitivity compared with the reference control (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Participants with MHO had distinct clinical measures related to hypertension, lipid metabolism, and glycemic control compared with a healthy reference group. Peripheral insulin resistance in obesity independent of metabolic status portends increased risk for type 2 diabetes in the MHO patient population.
Online Appendix for: 'Supplier Encroachment Under Asymmetric Information'

This is the Online Appendix to the paper "Supplier Encroachment Under Asymmetric Information."The paper "Supplier Encroachment Under Asymmetric Information" to which these Appendices apply is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2018432
4 Frequency control devices

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the frequency control devices. Frequency control devices provide the precise time and frequency on which modem electronics depends. A vibrating quartz crystal, i.e., a quartz resonator, is the "heart" of nearly all frequency control devices. Quartz clocks provide accurate time and quartz oscillators are the sources of precise frequency. Time is important not only for the daily schedules of human beings, but also, for example, for determining the sequence of events that take place inside computers, and for time-tagging the information that flows through communication systems. Frequency sources are essential for determining the frequencies of radio and TV transmissions, radar systems, communication and navigation systems, etc. Frequency control technology took a great leap forward in the 1920s when quartz was first utilized to realize crystal resonators for the stabilization of oscillators, thereby launching the field of modem frequency control. With the introduction of quartz control, timekeeping moved from the sun and stars to small, man-made sources that exceeded astronomy-based references in stability.
Eight (and a half) deadly sins of spatial analysis

Biogeography is spatial by nature. Over the past 20 years, the literature related to the analysis of spatially structured data has exploded, much of it focused on a perceived problem of spatial autocorrelation and ways to deal with it. However, there are a number of other issues that permeate the biogeographical and macroecological literature that have become entangled in the spatial autocorrelation web. In this piece I discuss some of the assumptions that are often made in the analysis of spatially structured data that can lead to misunderstandings about the nature of spatial data, the methods used to analyse them, and how results can be interpreted.
Hierarchical Multiple Regression in Counseling Research: Common Problems and Possible Remedies

A brief content analysis was conducted on the use of hierarchical regression in counseling research published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology and the Journal of Counseling & Development dur...
Nutritional and metabolic adaptations to prolonged sleep deprivation in the rat

To understand how and why sleep deprivation is physically harmful, we explored the possible causal relationship between its two main effects, 1) negative energy balance and 2) a composite of symptoms that resemble protein malnutrition, both of which occur despite increased food consumption. We provided balanced diets augmented with either protein or calories (by increased fat content) to freely moving rats. Interactions between sleep deprivation symptoms and energy and protein supplies were assessed from measurements of body weight regulation, consumption of macronutrients, clinical chemistry and hematology profiles, and physical appearance. The results indicate that sleep deprivation causes malnutrition, which is secondary to increased energy expenditure. Even though food consumption remained normal in sleep-deprived rats fed a diet of high protein-to-calorie ratio, body weight loss was more than 16% of baseline, development of skin lesions was hastened, and longevity was shortened by 40% compared with sleep-deprived rats fed the calorie-augmented diet. Food consumption of the calorie-fed rats was lower during baseline than that of the protein-fed group but during sleep deprivation increased to amounts 250% of normal without net body weight gain. Despite a fat-laden diet the calorie-fed hyperphagic group did not have abnormal levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose, indicating accelerated turnover of nutrients. As would be consistent with calorie malnutrition, pronounced clinical chemistry or hematological abnormalities were not found in any group. Beneficial effects of the calorie-augmented diet are attributed to 1) caloric density of fat, 2) induction of hyperphagia, and 3) efficiency of utilization of fat. We conclude that diet composition interacts strongly with sleep deprivation, affecting the time course and development of pathologies, whereas it exerted negligible influence on body weight regulation under normal conditions.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and functional outcomes in the elderly

The objective of this article was to consider key evidence that treatment of vitamin D insufficiency has measurable clinical benefits for the musculoskeletal system in the elderly. The functional outcomes considered were increased bone mass, decreased rates of bone loss, improved muscle performance, reduced risk of falls, and reduced fracture incidence. Available evidence suggests that the elderly need a mean serum concentration of >/=65 nmol/L of vitamin D to improve muscle performance and reduce the risk of falling and >/=75 nmol/L to reduce the risk of fracture. Many elderly persons in the United States and elsewhere have serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations below these levels. For this reason, supplementation is likely to provide significant benefit to this segment of the population.
Spring recycling rates of ammonium in turbid continental shelf waters off the southeastern United States

Abstract Nitrogen ( NH 4 + ) recycling rates were measured over 3 weeks and 1000 km 2 during April 1985 as part of a multidisciplinary study to determine the fate of low-salinity water off the southeastern coast of the United States. During the study period, low-salinity water was not advected offshore as expected but held against the coast by a weak onshore-southward wind stress. Several analytical nitrogen ( 15 N) models were examined to determine the appropriateness of each model to describe the experimental field data. Two frequently applied mathematical models were compared, and it was determined that Laws (1985, Limnology and Oceanography , 30 , 1340–1350) nitrogen cycling model best described our experimental data set. Mean values for NH 4 + regeneration at each station during the study did not vary by more than a factor of 3 from the overall mean value (0.224 ± 0.041μM h −1 , ±1 S.E.). NH 4 + utilization (0.111 ± 0.030 μM h −1 ) showed the same overall variance, i.e. less than a factor of 3. NH 4 + regeneration exceeded utilization by a factor of 1.7:1 ( U : R ratio was 0.58:1). NH 4 + assimilation, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease across the area (0.090-0.021 μM h −1 ) and correlated with particulate N and chlorophyll a . Regeneration rates were unaffected and assimilation rates were significantly affected (mean 75%) when coastal plankton were deprived of full sunlight. Nanoplankton and microplankton (1 μm) were responsible for most of the regeneration and assimilation of NH 4 + . In addition, NH 4 + disappearance from the NH 4 − phase was not balanced by an increase in particulate N, and NH 4 + assimilation contributed only 10–20% of the phytoplankton nitrogen requirement. These results suggest that phytoplankton are not the sole consumer of regenerated NH 4 + , the fate(s) of regenerated NH 4 + remains unknown and the spring phytoplankton off the southeastern United States may have been nitrogen limited.
America's Public Schools in Transition: Future Trends and Issues by T.M. Stinnett and Kenneth T. Henson. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. 318 pp. $24.95

(1984). America's Public Schools in Transition: Future Trends and Issues by T.M. Stinnett and Kenneth T. Henson. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. 318 pp. $24.95. The Educational Forum: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 123-124.
Production of Metal Wire — Polymeric Foam Composites for Dielectric Applications

Dielectric materials are used as spacers in antennas. The design of the dielectric determines the properties of the antenna. The insertion of high dielectric materials in a specific pattern into a low dielectric matrix material is one means to accomplish this. This article reports on the insertion of metal cylinders (wire or nails) into polymer foams to produce such a material. Depending upon the antenna properties desired, the patterns and number of nails vary tremendously. Varying the depths of the nails into the antenna spacers is also important. A penetration model was developed that calculates the forces required to penetrate a nail into foam. Experimental observations are used to verify the model. These equations allow one to predict the forces required for a nail to be inserted into foam to a desired depth, thereby facilitating manufacture of these dielectric materials.
All My Buddies Was Male: Relationship Issues of Women With Addictions

There is a common perception that women who abuse drugs and alcohol do not like women. How does this attitude relate to women's abuse of drugs, and what difference might it make to the nursing care of addicted women? The importance of relationships to self and others has been emphasized in nursing theories, recent theories of women's psychologic development, and the social models used to explain substance abuse. This article examines what is known about the interpersonal relationships of women with addictions, including those with men and with other women, and explores how those relationships are associated with women's substance abuse behaviors. A brief explanation of current theories of women's psychologic development is followed by a review of the literature regarding the relationships of women with addiction problems, highlighting their attitudes toward themselves as women and the importance of the adult mother-daughter relationship. Implications for the treatment of addicted women by nurses are discussed.
Turning personal calendars into scheduling assistants

Personal calendars have long played a major role in time management, but they have evolved little over the years, and their contribution to productivity has stagnated. Inspired by logical theories of intention as well as experimental results on human productivity, and leveraging the power of optimization algorithms, we seek to reinvent the digital calendar. First, we increase the expressive power of calendar systems by deriving new entity types that go beyond simple events to better represent human intentions, plans, and goals. Next, we build on social psychological research to characterize the properties of a schedule best engineered for human productivity. Finally, we develop an optimization framework and algorithm to generate these schedules from a set of entities. With these tools combined, we transform the digital calendar from a passive repository into an active scheduling assistant.
A theory of forest dynamics: Spatially explicit models and issues of scale

Good progress has been made in the first year of DOE grant (number sign) FG02-90ER60933. The purpose of the project is to develop and investigate models of forest dynamics that apply across a range of spatial scales. The grant is one third of a three-part project. The second third was funded by the NSF this year and is intended to provide the empirical data necessary to calibrate and test small-scale (less than or equal to 1000 ha) models. The final third was also funded this year (NASA), and will provide data to calibrate and test the large-scale features of the models.
Another Lnk to STAT activation.

Aberrant JAK-STAT activation characterizes human myeloproliferative neoplasms. The study by Oh and colleagues in this issue of Blood identifies STAT activation through loss of negative feedback by novel mutations of the adapter protein Lnk.[1][1] Human myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) result
Protein surface area and retention in hydrophobic interaction chromatography

Molecular surface areas accessible to a 4 A diameter spherical probe were calculated from crystallographic data for five proteins: α-chymotrypsinogen A, lysozyme, trypsinogen, ribonuclease A and ribonuclease S. The retention factors of various proteins were measured on stationary phases having polyether- and phenylligates and with aqueous eluents containing (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4 or NaCl at pH 7.0. The logarithmic retention factors were plotted against the salt molality and the hydrophobic interaction parameters evaluated from the limiting slopes of the plots at high salt concentrations for the proteins in the chromatographic systems investigated. The hydrophobic interaction parameters thus obtained were linear in both the molecular surface areas of the proteins and the molal surface tension increments of the salts. The experimental results obtained with these relatively simple proteins of known molecular structure, which were available in high purity, support earlier theoretical predictions for the dependence of the hydrophobic interaction parameter on the surface area of the protein and the surface tension raising effect of the salt.
The combined effects of frustrative nonreward and shock on aggression between rats

Twenty-eight rats were individually placed in an operant chamber where they received food-reinforced barpress training for 15 min each day for 7 days. An additional 28 rats were similarly placed into the chamber, but were given no training. On the next 2 days, two food-reinforced or two nonreinforced Ss were placed in the chamber together. Previously reinforced Ss were given extinction training for 4 min. Then one-half of the pairs in each condition received shock and the other half did not. The group given extinction training plus shock displayed significantly more aggression than the group given only shock, and both shocked groups exhibited more aggression than both nonshocked groups. Thus, the effects of shock and frustrative nonreward combined to enhance aggressive responding.
Fixed Sagittal Plane Deformity: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment Options

Sagittal plane deformity describes the loss of normal lumbar lordosis. This deformity is usually iatrogenic and often follows lumbar fusion, thoracolumbar fusion, and (in some cases) lumbar decompressive procedures. Nonsurgical causes include ankylosing spondylitis, degenerative changes, or adult presentation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The deformity may lead to neurogenic radicular symptoms secondary to stenosis, paraspinal muscular fatigue, and low back pain. Nonoperative treatment options fail for most patients. Surgical interventions are aimed at restoring lumbar lordosis, which is typically accomplished with revision decompression, fusion, and various osteotomies.
The use of isolates and migrant populations in human biology research designs

Roberts, D. F., N. Fujiki, and K. Torizuka, eds. Isolation, Migration and Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xii + 267 pp. including index. $69.95 paper. Birdsell, Joseph B. Microevolutionary Patterns in Aboriginal Australia: Gradient Analysis of Clines. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. xviii + 469 pp. including references and index. $125.00 cloth.
Amphomycin inhibits the incorporation of mannose and GlcNAc into lipid-linked saccharides by aorta extracts

Amphomycin inhibits the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose and GlcNac from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc into lipid-linked saccharides by either a particulate or a solubilized enzyme fraction from pig aorta. The solubilized enzyme was much more sensitive to the antibiotic than was the particulate fraction with 50% inhibition being observed at 8–15 μg of amphomycin. Although the antibiotic inhibited mannose transfer from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol, lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein, the synthesis of mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol was much more sensitive to amphomycin. Amphomycin also inhibited the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannosyl-phosphoryldecaprenol in particulate extracts of Mycobacterium smegmatis.
High-performance liquid chromatography of nitrophenols with a swept-potential electrochemical detector

Abstract The advantages of a swept-potential electrochemical detector are demostrated by application to the high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) of nitrophenols. The primary advantage of the detector is that an additional dimension of information is obtained which can be help identify a chormatographic peak and help to resolve overlapping peaks. The detector retains the selectivity of a differential-pulse detector and yet is general enough to minimize the time for development of new procedures and to detect true methanol-acetate buffer mobile phases. Selectivity factors of the mononitrophenols are independent of the composition of the mobile phase from pH 3.25 to 6.00 and from 40 to 55% methanol. The selectivity factors of dinitrophenols are highly dependent on pH. Limits of detection depend on many parameters but are approximately 1 ng injected for the nitrophenols.
“It Should Have Been Happening To Me”: The Psychosocial Issues Older Caregiving Mothers Experience

The occurrence of cancer is an event of significant importance to family functioning. The present analysis reports on an understudied group profoundly affected by this health event: older mothers caring for an adult child with cancer. As part of a study of breast cancer survivors and their family caregivers, a subsample (N = 13) of older caregiving mothers (mean age 68) participated in focused interviews. The interviews, conducted in English or Spanish, were audio-taped, transcribed, and subjected to content analysis. Analyses of the mothers' accounts elucidate complex psychosocial reactions to their adult daughters' cancer diagnosis that are informed by life-cycle considerations. These reactions, which include a reawakening of maternal behavior, a need to come to terms with the asynchronous nature of their daughters' health event, and an intense feeling of personal responsibility, illustrate the need for family-centered care in oncology.
Asymptotic Diffusion and Simplified PN Approximations for Diffusive and Deep Penetration Problems. Part 1: Theory

The classic diffusion approximation to the linear Boltzmann equation is known to be accurate if the underlying physical system is (i) optically thick and (ii) scattering-dominated. This approximation has been mathematically justified by an asymptotic analysis having a scaling that is consistent with these two conditions. Also, the Simplified P N (SP N ) equations have been shown to be higher-order asymptotic corrections to the diffusion equation for the same class of physical problems. In this paper, we alter the asymptotic scaling that yields the standard diffusion and SP N approximations and obtain modified diffusion and SP N approximations that can be significantly more accurate for deep penetration problems, which are not scattering-dominated.