cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Phosphorescent Molecules Used in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

The role of triplet states in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials was investigated. The spectroscopic, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent properties of two phosphorescent materials, platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) and tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(II) [Ir(ppy) 3 ] are described. Radical cations and anions of PtOEP were generated in solution and recombined to produce ECL. The ECL from PtOEP was less than a 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) standard. Ir(ppy) 3 could be electro-oxidized and reduced in acetonitrile to produced ECL that was brighter than DPA. The light from both of these compounds was stable, and their emission spectra were the same as those reported for OLEDs based on these compounds.
A Nondestructive Technique to Determine the Rate of Oxygen Permeation into Solid Dosage Forms

The current study investigated the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy as a nondestructive method to quantify the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in tablets and hard shell capsules. Lithium phthalocyanine crystals (LiPC) were placed inside the dosage forms. The peak-to-peak linewidth of the first derivative of the LiPC EPR spectra was measured and, by calibration tables, the oxygen partial pressure, pO2, within the dosage form was determined. The intra-dosage form pO2 was followed as a function of time after changing the exterior gas stream composition. Results showed initial oxygen concentrations comparable to atmospheric levels in all tablets and capsules investigated. Oxygen rapidly permeated into unsealed gelatin and cellulosic hard shell capsules. Banding at the cap/body joint significantly reduced the oxygen permeation rate. Oxygen also rapidly permeated into tablet compacts, regardless of the compressional force used during tableting, while application of a polymeric film sig...
Rhinoviruses: The Isolation and Characterization of Three New Serologic Types∗

SummaryThree new rhinovirus immuno-types (FO2-2317, FO2-2513 and FO2-2547) were recovered from military recruits at Fort Ord, California. These new viruses were shown to be small RNA viruses which are inactivated at low pH and do not contain lipids as an essential structural component. Thus, they can be classified as human rhinoviruses. Reciprocal neutralization tests show them to be serologically distinct from the presently recognized 55 prototype rhinoviruses and on the basis of one-way neutralization tests they also appear to be distinct from certain other previously described candidate rhinoviruses.
"Alcohol is something that been with us like a common cold": community perceptions of American Indian drinking.

This study examined tribal members’ perspectives on alcohol, risk factors, consequences, and community responses. Focus groups were conducted with five American Indian tribes between 1997 and 2001. Participants were knowledgeable of the cultural lives of their reservation communities. Although there was agreement regarding the pervasiveness of heavy drinking, participants reported different opinions about the meaning of alcohol and appropriate intervention strategies. Three dilemmas were identified, suggesting that community ambivalence may serve as a barrier to reducing problem drinking. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. The study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Technology to support inspection training in the general aviation industry: Specification and design

Abstract Training has been identified as a principal intervention strategy to improve the quality and reliability of aircraft inspection and reducing errors. This paper explores the use of advanced technology for inspection training and reducing inspector errors within the general aviation industry. The research extended earlier work on computer-based inspection training, for the commercial aviation system into an inspection training system for the general aviation (GA) industry. In this article we describe the results of the research pursued over three years with the following specific objectives: (1) conduct task analyses of existing inspection operations at geographically dispersed GA locations, (2) develop and organize content to support inspection training, (3) deliver a prototype training system and (4) disseminate the findings of the research to the GA community and aviation research community. Relevance to industry Specifically designed for training aircraft maintenance technicians in inspection skills, the computer-based inspection training tool entitled GAITS – General Aviation Inspection Training System uses a multi-media presentational approach with interaction opportunities between the user and the computer. It is anticipated that the use of this tool will systematize and standardize the inspection training process in the general aviation industry.
The Bridge: An Authentic Literacy Assessment Strategy for Individualizing and Informing Practice With Young Children With Disabilities

_Brown Bear, Brown Bear, what do you see?_ chant the 3- and 4-year-olds gathered for the emergent reading story time. It is Wednesday and the book has been read at least once each day this week. Today, the children confidently joined in on the repetitive phrase. Mary, a 4-year-old with autism, did not verbally participate when the other children chimed in, even when cued by the teacher's pause and inviting gaze. Mary instead bobbed her head in time with the repetitive phrase, a response captured by Helen, a classroom assistant. Helen has sticky labels for notes and pen in hand to observe and record emergent literacy advances of all the children. Later that day, during the children's rest time, Helen and Roberta reviewed the day's notes and events to better shape their plans for the next day. Helen asked Roberta, the classroom teacher, _Did you see Mary as you read today? Mary was bobbing her head in rhythm with the repetitive line from Brown Bear, Brown Bear! I was not sure at first she really was doing i...
Motion sequence analysis in the presence of figural cues

The perception of 3D structure in dynamic sequences is believed to be subserved primarily through the use of motion cues. However, real-world sequences contain many figural shape cues besides the dynamic ones. We hypothesize that if figural cues are perceptually significant during sequence analysis, then inconsistencies in these cues over time would lead to percepts of non-rigidity in sequences showing physically rigid objects in motion. We develop an experimental paradigm to test this hypothesis and present results with two patients with impairments in motion perception due to focal neurological damage, as well as two control subjects. Consistent with our hypothesis, the data suggest that figural cues strongly influence the perception of structure in motion sequences, even to the extent of inducing non-rigid percepts in sequences where motion information alone would yield rigid structures. Beyond helping to probe the issue of shape perception, our experimental paradigm might also serve as a possible perceptual assessment tool in a clinical setting.
Development of peribiliary dense bodies in embryonic rat.

The formation of peribiliary dense bodies in developing rat liver was studied by electron microscopy. Dense bodies arise in close conjunction with an extensive Golgi apparatus which displays acid phosphatase, inosine diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activity throughout development. The position of these enzymes within the Golgi apparatus appears somewhat variable. Dense bodies are present by the thirteenth day of development and gradually increase in number. They show acid phosphatase activity from their earliest appearance. These findings demonstrate that: (1) peribiliary dense bodies are lysosomal from their earliest appearance; (2) they apparently arise directly from a well-developed Golgi apparatus; and (3) the Golgi apparatus contains several enzymes simultaneously, suggesting that it becomes multifunctional at an early stage of development.
Defects in aluminum quenched from the liquid state

Abstract High purity aluminum was quenched from the liquid state and specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Very high densities of defects in the form of perfect loops, imperfect loops and small black spots were observed. The vacancy concentration, as deduced from the number and size of defects in foils quenched from various temperatures, increased with increasing temperature at a much slower rate in the liquid than in the solid. Both the vacancy formation energy and the entropy factor appeared to be considerably reduced above the melting point. Also, a discontinuity in the vacancy concentration was found at the melting point.
Fourteen year changes in adiposity and blood pressure in American Samoan adults

A cohort of 194 American Samoan adults with no history of antihypertensive treatment was seen at two times, 14 years apart, 1976 and 1990. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) data in 1976 and 1990, and the chages, were described and correlated within age (<40 and ⩾40 years) and sex groups. These Samoans are characterized by massive adiposity and body mass, as well as high prevalence and incidence of overweight and hypertension. The younger group had a notable mean increase in the body mass index (BMI) and fatness over 14 years, whereas only younger females had BP increases. Among older females there were small negative mean chages, and in older males small positive mean changes in BMI and skinfolds. In both older males and females, systolic BP increased markedly with little mean change in diastolic BP. There was substantial heterogeneity around the mean chages in all sex-age groups. Adiposity in 1976, assessed by the BMI and skinfolds, was positively related to follow-up BP in all groups except older males. Chages in adiposity were positively related to chages in BP in all groups. Multiple regression analyses showed that change in BMI and age were positively related to 1990 BP after adjustment for baseline BP. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sinusoidal endothelium in mouse liver show rapid and saturable binding of Jo2 anti-Fas antibody.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate liver binding of Jo2, a Fas agonist antibody known to induce death in mice. Procedures Jo2 was labeled with 99m Tc and separately conjugated with Cy5.5. Following dosing in normal and Fas deficient mice, the in vivo distribution of 99m Tc-Jo2 was imaged. Biodistribution studies were conducted, and liver sections from mice injected with Cy5.5-Jo2 were immunostained with endothelial-specific antibodies and examined by confocal microscopy. Results 99m Tc-Jo2 injected intravenously (i.v.) was rapidly bound in the mouse liver. Fas dependence was confirmed by reduced liver binding in Fas deficient mice. For intraperitoneal (i.p.) dosing, the liver binding was delayed. However, tissue distributions were similar for both routes of injection. 99m Tc-Jo2 liver binding was saturated at greater than 10 μg. For Cy5.5-Jo2 doses less than 10 μg, binding within the liver was confirmed to be sinusoidal endothelium. Conclusions Rapid binding of Jo2 to liver endothelium is the initial event of Jo2-induced death.
Prevalence of chronic otitis media with effusion in a pediatric tracheotomy population: A retrospective review

The prevalence of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) was investigated in a 4-year retrospective study of a pediatric tracheotomy population followed in the outpatient Tracheotomy-Ventilation Clinic of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. After exclusions, 83 patients comprised the study population. In a given patient, COME was defined by the presence of middle ear effusion in more than 50% of ear evaluations during the 4-year study period, or tympanostomy tube placement. The prevalence of COME was 60% in the study population as a whole. Special population groups had prevalence as follows: 90% in craniofacial anomaly patients, 79% in chronically ventilated patients, and 48% in nonventilated patients. Chronically ventilated patients had a statistically significant higher prevalence of COME than the nonventilated group (P < 0.025). These data indicate that COME is a prevalent condition in the pediatric tracheotomy population.
18O-Exchange Evidence That Mutations of Arginine in a Signature Sequence for P-Type Pumps Affect Inorganic Phosphate Binding†

We have proposed a model for part of the catalytic site of P-type pumps in which arginine in a signature sequence functions like lysine in P-loop-containing enzymes that catalyze adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis [Smirnova, I. N., Kasho, V. N., and Faller, L. D. (1998) FEBS Lett. 431, 309-314]. The model originated with evidence from site-directed mutagenesis that aspartic acid in the DPPR sequence of Na,K-ATPase binds Mg(2+) [Farley, R. A., et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 941-951]. It was developed by assuming that the catalytic domain of P-type pumps evolved from enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl group transfer. The functions of the positively charged amino group in P-loops are to bind substrate and to facilitate nucleophilic attack upon phosphorus by polarizing the gamma-phosphorus-oxygen bond. To test the prediction that the positively charged guanidinium group of R596 in human alpha(1) Na,K-ATPase participates in phosphoryl group transfer, the charge was progressively decreased by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutants R596K, -Q, -T, -M, -A, -G, and -E were expressed in yeast membranes, and their ability to catalyze phosphorylation with inorganic phosphate was evaluated by following (18)O exchange. R596K, in which the positive charge is retained, resembled the wild type. Substitution of a negative charge (R596E) resulted in complete loss of activity. The remaining mutants with uncharged side chains had both lowered affinity for inorganic phosphate and altered phosphate isotopomer distributions, consistent with increased phosphate-off rate constants compared to that of the wild type. Therefore, mutations of R596 strengthen our hypothesis that the oppositely charged side chains of the DPPR peptide in Na,K-ATPase form a quaternary complex with magnesium phosphate.
Globally convergent adaptive filters with infinite impulse responses

A class of adaptive filters is considered in which the filters have infinite impulse responses, yet their adaptation is provably convergent. This class is a compromise between adaptive pole/zero filters and the standard adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter, and is obtained simply by fixing the pole locations for the adaptive filter. The convergence behavior for this fixed pole adaptive filter is shown to parallel that for adaptive FIR filters. Hence, adaptation of these filters is well behaved, in contrast to the adaptation of the standard adaptive pole/zero filter. Also discussed is a procedure for the selection of the fixed pole locations, using a priori information in the form of sample impulse responses. Simulation examples show that this procedure gives improved performance relative to adaptive FIR filters given equal computational complexity. >
Getting the fundamentals of movement: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children

The development of fundamental movement skills (FMS) is associated with positive health-related outcomes.Children do not develop FMS naturally through maturational processes.These skills need to be learned,practised and reinforced.The objective was to determine the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children.The following databases were searched for relevant articles:Academic Search Premier,PsycArticles,PsycInfo,SportDiscus and ERIC.No date range was specified and each search was conducted to include all possible years of publication specific to each database.Key terms for the search included motor,skill,movement,intervention,programme or children.Searches were conducted using single and combined terms.Pertinent journals and article reference lists were also manually searched.Inclusion criteria:(1) implementation of any type of motor skill intervention; (2) pre- and post-qualitative assessment of FMS; and (3) availability of means and standard deviations of motor performance.A significant positive effect of motor skill interventions on the improvement of FMS in children was found (d = 0.39,P < 0.001).Results indicate that object control (d = 0.41,P < 0.001) and locomotor skills (d = 0.45,P < 0.001) improved similarly from preto post-intervention.The overall effect size for control groups (i.e.free play) was not significant (d = 0.06,P = 0.33).A Pearson correlation indicated a non-significant (P = 0.296),negative correlation (r =- 0.18) between effect size of pre- to post-improvement of FMS and the duration of the intervention (in minutes).Motor skill interventions are effective in improving FMS in children.Early childhood education centres should implement‘planned’movement programmes as a strategy to promote motor skill development in children.
Informatics training in pathology residency programs.

Information management is crucial in pathology, and previous reports have stressed the need for improved informatics training in pathology residency programs. We surveyed 150 US programs to assess informatics training with respect to types of training, proficiency expectations, and computing infrastructure. Seventy-two programs (48.0%) responded. Of the respondents, 67 (93%) reported offering informatics training; of these, 52 (78%) required it. Most programs integrated informatics into another rotation, usually management. In 37 programs (55%), the amount of informatics training has increased during the last 3 to 5 years. The most common instructional methods were hands-on training and self-study; 61 programs (91%) used multiple methods. In all but 2 programs, computers were designated for residents; 9 programs offered individual computers to residents. All programs provided productivity software. These data suggest progress in informatics training but that considerable room for improvement exists. Our data also document for the first time detailed computing resources available to residents. The fundamental mission of the medical discipline of pathology is to provide information that is used for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes in pursuit of patient care. Effective information management and optimized information systems are crucial to the successful practice of pathology with respect to this mission. Pathology informatics refers to the theory, practice, and investigation of electronic information management in anatomic and clinical pathology. The aim of residency training programs is to provide training in all aspects of pathology. Persons completing the program are expected to function with the highest degree of competency. It follows from the mission of pathology and the purposes of pathology training that an acquisition of baseline knowledge in pathology informatics should be an important part of residency experience in pathology.
Analysis of laser power threshold for self oscillation in thermo-optically excited doubly supported MEMS beams

Abstract An optically thin MEMS beam suspended above a substrate and illuminated with a CW laser forms an interferometer, coupling out-of-plane deflection of the beam to absorption within it. In turn, laser absorption creates thermal stresses which drive further deflection. This coupling of motion to thermal stresses can cause limit cycle oscillations in which the beam vibrates in the absence of periodic external forcing. Prior work has modeled such thermal–mechanical systems using ad-hoc coupled ordinary differential equations, with finite element analysis (FEA) used to fit model parameters. In this paper we derive a first principles model of such oscillations from the continuum description of the temperature and displacement field. A bifurcation analysis of the model is performed, allowing us to easily estimate the threshold power for self-oscillation as a function of geometric and optical constants of the beam.
Association between vitamin D deficiency and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection

Purpose Given that vitamin D (25(OH)D) contributes to immune defense, we sought to determine if deficiency of 25(OH)D was significantly associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
Exorcising Demonolatry Spelling Patterns and Pedagogies in College Writing

Since the rise of college-level spelling instruction, pedagogies have been few, based primarily on “demon lists” of spelling words and injunctions to students about developing “informed doubt.” Thi...
P2X7 receptor activation regulates microglial cell death during oxygen-glucose deprivation

Brain-resident microglia may promote tissue repair following stroke but, like other cells, they are vulnerable to ischemia. Here we identify mechanisms involved in microglial ischemic vulnerability. Using time-lapse imaging of cultured BV2 microglia, we show that simulated ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation; OGD) induces BV2 microglial cell death. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or application of Brilliant Blue G (BBG), a potent P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonist, protected BV2 microglia from death. To validate and extend these in vitro findings, we assessed parenchymal microglia in freshly isolated hippocampal tissue slices from GFP-reporter mice (CX3CR1(GFP/+)). We confirmed that calcium removal or application of apyrase, an ATP-degrading enzyme, abolished OGD-induced microglial cell death in situ, consistent with involvement of ionotropic purinergic receptors. Indeed, whole cell recordings identified P2X7R-like currents in tissue microglia, and OGD-induced microglial cell death was inhibited by BBG. These pharmacological results were complemented by studies in tissue slices from P2X7R null mice, in which OGD-induced microglia cell death was reduced by nearly half. Together, these results indicate that stroke-like conditions induce calcium-dependent microglial cell death that is mediated in part by P2X7R. This is the first identification of a purinergic receptor regulating microglial survival in living brain tissues. From a therapeutic standpoint, these findings could help direct novel approaches to enhance microglial survival and function following stroke and other neuropathological conditions.
Design of traveling wave windows for the PEP-II RF coupling network

The waveguide windows in the PEP-II RF coupling network have to withstand high power of 500 kW. Traveling wave windows have lower power dissipation than conventional self-matched windows, thus rendering the possibility of less stringent mechanical design. The traveling wave behavior is achieved by providing a reflecting iris on each side of the window, and depending on the configuration of the irises, traveling wave windows are characterized as inductive or capacitive types. A numerical design procedure using MAFIA has been developed for traveling wave windows. The relative advantages of inductive and capacitive windows are discussed. Furthermore, the issues of bandwidth and multipactoring are also addressed.
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan

Preface Preface to the paperback edition Introduction 1. Jinnah between the wars 2. Jinnah and the League's search for survival 3. Jinnah and the Muslim-majority provinces 4. Centre and province: Simla and the elections of 1945-46 5. Jinnah's 'Pakistan' and the Cabinet Mission plan 6. The interim government: Jinnah in retreat 7. The end game: Mountbatten and partition.
Monotonic Behavior of Mississippi River Valley Silt in Triaxial Compression

The static behavior of Mississippi River Valley silt was characterized using triaxial compression testing. Silt specimens, especially overconsolidated ones, showed dilation behavior. There was no unique critical state among specimens with different overconsolidation ratios (OCRs). With OCRs of 1, 2, and 8, the specimens exhibited normal behavior and dilated more as effective consolidation pressure dropped. However, for an OCR of 4, the specimens showed opposite behavior and dilated more as effective consolidation pressure rose. The friction angle of the silt was computed on the basis of several failure criteria, and the limiting strain was found to be the best one owing to better consistency and rational results of the friction angle. The silt showed a unique behavior compared with sand and clay: The critical state line was not parallel to the normal consolidation curve in the e-lnp 0 space; the stress-strain behavior can be normalized by effective consolidation pressure. The normalized shear strength of overconsolidated specimens was correlated to that of a normally consolidated specimen using Ladd et al.'s equation with an mvalue of 0.58 for low-plasticity silts. However, the normalized shear strength of overconsolidated silts cannot be related to OCR directly. It was indicated that at least the normalized shear strength of a normally consolidated specimen needs to be tested for low-plasticity silts to obtain the normalized shear strength of overconsolidated specimen using Ladd et al.'s equation. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000603. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Chinese Capitalism, 1522–1840 . Edited by Xu Dixin and Wu Chengming. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. x1, 517. $79.50.

This book is a translation of the first volume of a trilogy entitled History of the Development of Chinese Capitalism published between 1985 and 1993 by a team of researchers at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It focuses on the emergence of what Chinese historians have called â€œembryonic capitalismâ€ (often translated more literally as â€œthe sprouts of capitalismâ€ ) prior to the Opium War (1840â€“1842), which in Chinese historiography marks the beginning of China's modern era. The authors utilize an explicitly Marxian analysis to distinguish embryonic capitalism as a distinct phase of economic development. Many Western scholars have begun to define the period 1500â€“1800 as China's early modern era, finding in the emergence of free labor markets, regional specialization in agriculture and handicraft production, rural market integration, the growing autonomy of merchant groups, and increased foreign trade patterns of socioeconomic change comparable to contemporary developments in Europe. The authors of this study, in contrast, distance themselves from the hypothesis, once prevalent among Chinese historians, that China during this period was developing a capitalist economy along lines similar to Europe. Yet at the same time they challenge the tendency to view the late imperial economy as homeostatic, a characterization that gained considerable currency among Chinese historians during the 1980s, most notably in the â€œsuper-stabilityâ€ hypothesis advanced by Jin Guantao and Liu Qingfeng in their 1983 book Prosperity and Crisis: The Super-Stable Structure of China's Feudal Society (Changsha: Renmin chubanshe). The introduction by Chris Bramall and Peter Nolan provides non-specialists with a useful guide to the historiographical background of this book and its methodological approach; but their review of alternative interpretations of the late imperial Chinese economy, which only considers scholarship published up to the mid-1980s, is outdated.
Posterior wall myocardial infarction

c t t t t r. David Brown: Today’s case is that of a 70-year-old oman who presented to the Emergency Department ED) with chest pain. She was awakened from sleep at :30 a.m. on the day before admission with chest and pigastric burning that was severe and associated with ausea, diaphoresis, and mild dyspnea. The symptoms ersisted for 90 min and then resolved. She went back to leep until later that morning when she awoke again with hest burning. These symptoms disappeared after 15–20 in and recurred several more times that day. When she woke the next morning and the symptoms of chest and pigastric burning recurred and persisted for 90 min, she ame to the ED. There was no further dyspnea, nausea, r diaphoresis. There was no radiation of the pain, which as non-pleuritic. There was no dizziness or palpitaions. There was no back pain or lower abdominal pain. he had no known history of cardiovascular or gastroinestinal disease. Her past medical history was notable for ype II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. There was no amily history of coronary artery disease. She was a ormer smoker who quit 5 years ago; she used only ccasional alcohol. Her medications were glyburide and isinopril. She had no drug allergies. Are there any quesions regarding the history? Dr. Nathan Mick: In retrospect, over the past several eeks had the patient noted any exertional dyspnea, hest or epigastric pain? Dr. Brown: She could not recall any prior similar
Epitaxial Tin Films on Sapphire and Silicon-on-Sapphire by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We have investigated epitaxial growth of TiN on sapphire and electronic grade silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) by PLD. A pulsed KrF excimer laser was used to ablate the stoichiometric TiN target in the deposition chamber maintained at a base pressure of 3xl0-7 Torr. Epitaxial growth was achieved at deposition temperatures of 500-700°C. The films were characterized by x-ray diffraction technique, Raman spectroscopy, high resolution electron transmission microscopy and four-point-probe electrical resistivity. The x-ray diffraction and TEM results showed that the TiN films deposited on sapphire (0001) and SOS above 500oC were single crystal in nature. The epitaxial relationship for TiN on sapphire was found to be TiN[1 1 1]||Al2O3[0001] and in-plane alignment of TiN[110]||Al2O3[1010]. In case of growth on SOS, epitaxy of TiN on Si was cube-on-cube and is similar to that of TiN grown on bulk Si substrates. Four-point-probe electrical resistivity measurements showed characteristic metallic behavior of these films as a function of temperature with the lowest value of resistivity of about 20-22μΩ-cm at room temperature. This paper describes the fundamental issues related to epitaxy, defect formation and nitride-oxide interfaces. It is also shown that the TiN films on sapphire and SOS have unique characteristics and are promising for metallization in advanced microelectronics.
Principles of Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis Under Completely Natural Conditions

The photosynthetic process under completely natural conditions is highly variable from time to time and place to place. The same can be said for practically all other processes occurring in nature. The variations are such that samples collected a few moments or a few meters apart will routinely differ by 20% and not at all unroutinely by 50% or more. The most important consequence of this variation is that an individual sample is poorly representative of the larger population from which it is drawn. To obtain valid averages representing that population one must draw numerous samples. Moreover, because the individual sample is so poorly representative there is usually no virtue in determining the characteristics of the individual sample with a certainty of 95-98%. An investigator who selects methods which measure the characteristics of the individual sample with a certainty of 80% and which permit him to study five times more samples than methods achieving a certainty of 98% would permit, has made a wise choice. This is perhaps the most valuable idea to be presented in this paper. Consequently it has been placed at the beginning. It is also appropriate here because the methods and results of investigation of photosynthesis under completely natural conditions exemplify this principle.
A preliminary report on genetic variability in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.

A search for mutants of Blattella germanica (L.) has led to the discovery of numerous heritable traits, 9 of which are described in this paper. These include 4 which affect body structures, 1 eye-color mutant, 1 resulting in loss of ocelli, and 3 which affect body color. Data concerning the patterns of inheritance and tests for linkage are presented. The work indicates that genes controlling color and color pattern will probably be the most useful markers owing to their frequency and the viability of insects with these traits. In addition, the morphology of 2 structural mutants is highly suggestive of the presence of genetic mechanisms leading to the appearance of apparently primitive body structures.
EQ, Son of EQ, and the Reaction Profile:

Are consumers' ratings of advertisements definitive enough to yield valid information about effectiveness? Or do such ratings register consumers' likes and dislikes, and nothing more?The author con...
Effect of Glucagon on Circulating Gastrin

The effect of glucagon on basal and food-stimulated gastrin release, measured by radioimmunoassay, was studied in normal persons, patients with duodenal ulcer, patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Heidenhain pouch dogs. Intravenous glucagon (30 μg per kg per hr) diminished the basal serum gastrin values and the gastrin response to a standard meal in normal persons, in duodenal ulcer patients, and in dogs. In patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, glucagon caused an immediate increase in basal serum gastrin concentrations, and did not diminish the gastrin response to a meal. Lowering the glucagon dosage to 0.5 μg per kg per hr did not influence the inhibitory effect on basal values of gastrin or on stimulated gastrin release in normal persons. The effects of glucagon on gastrin are not related to the hyperglycemic effect of glucagon. These effects of glucagon on serum gastrin closely parallel the effects of secretin.
The surgical treatment of aneurysm of the ascending aorta with associated aortic valve insufficiency. I. The place for a "conservative" operation. II. A case against coronary perfusion and local hypothermia.

Because of the magnitude of the necessary reconstruction, one of the most difficult open cardiac operations is the surgical correction of the combination of aortic insufficiency associated with and secondary to aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta.
Role of Free Radicals in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the most frequent cancers arising from the squamous epithelia of the aerodigestive tract or skin of the head and neck. Oxidative stress and free radical production from metabolism by host cells and resident microbiota is a continuous process for which cells have protective antioxidant defenses, which usually mitigate damage to prevent or delay development of cancer. In the head and neck, these defenses may be overwhelmed by exposure to carcinogens that cause free radical-mediated or direct DNA damage that results in cancer initiating mutations. Alterations affecting key tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, related oncogene ΔNp63, and PIK3CA, the PI3kinase catalytic subunit alpha, are prevalent. These mutations in turn may activate transcription factor Nuclear Factor-κB to promote host inflammatory responses that further enhance free radical production and cumulative DNA damage, resulting in cancer progression. Mutations in genes such as KEAP1 and NRF2 critical to sensing and inducing antioxidant and survival responses, or the Fanconi/BRCA pathway important in DNA repair enhance susceptibility to HNSCC. Anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib in combination with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor inhibitor erlotinib has demonstrated activity in premalignant lesions. In genetically engineered experimental animal models with genetic defects in Fanconi D2/TP53 or TGFβ receptor 1/Pten genes that activate PI3K signaling, synthetic antioxidants or PI3K inhibitors may delay onset of cancer and have clinical translational potential.
Behavioural Economics and Game Theory

In traditional economic analysis, as well as in much of behavioural economics, the individual’s motivations are summarized by a utility function (or a preference relation) over possible payoff-relevant outcomes while his cognitive limitations are described as incomplete information. Thus, the standard economic theory of the individual is couched in the language of constrained maximization and statistical inference.
Background of Statistical Studies of Carcinogenesis

What follows is a review of generally recent, significant statistical work in the study of carcinogenesis. We consider not only those models, like the one developed in this work, which consider tumor growth on the cellular clone level, but also kinetic models on the scale of molecular biology and models on the socalled somatic scale, concerned with survival. The discussion is loosely grouped under the following headings: (i) Multi-hit versus single hit, multi-stage versus single stage; (ii) Multi-cell versus single cell formation; (iii) Models with stochastic growth parameters; (iv) Dose-response and survival models; (v) Goodness-of-fit considerations; (vi) Kinetic models; (vii) Breast cancer models; and (viii) Leukemia models.
A Model for Dislocation Generation in Shock-wave Deformation

A model for dislocation generation in shock-wave deformation is described. Contrary to earlier models proposed by Smith (1958) and Hornbogen (1960), this model does not require the dislocations to move with the shock front; therefore no supersonic dislocations are needed. Dislocations are homogeneously nucleated at the shock front by the deviatoric component of the applied stress pulse; after generation, they are left behind, organizing themselves into more stable arrangements. Dislocation generation may also take place at the rarefaction part of the wave; however the mechanism is thought to be the conventional multiplication mechanism in this part of the wave. Dynamical considerations for nickel show that dislocations moving at velocities higher than the transverse sound velocity would lead to exceedingly high temperatures; experiments show that such is not the case. What renders the proposed model especially attractive is that, for the first time, quantitative predictions of residual dislocation densities are made possible. Accordingly, calculated dislocation densities are compared to observed densities for nickel reported in the literature.
Prescriptive Theory and the Social Sciences

According to the prospectus for this Conference, one facet of our concern is a theory of scientific development in terms of its conceptual and methodological presuppositions. I propose to emphasize prescriptions — one form of presuppositional attitudes which I consider to be an extremely significant factor in the dynamics of the history of psychology. Some thoughts also about the extension of this view to the other social sciences will be offered.
Does Community Access to Alternative Financial Services Relate to Individuals’ Use of These Services? Beyond Individual Explanations

There is concern that the increasing number of alternative financial services in communities across the USA is risking individuals’ financial health by increasing their use of these high-cost services. To address this concern, this study used restricted-access, zip code data from nationally representative samples of adult individuals and examined associations between the density or concentration of alternative financial services within communities and individuals’ use of these services. The associations between community density and individuals’ use varied by annual household income: Communities’ higher density of alternative financial services was associated with the increased probability that modest- and highest-income individuals ever used these services, while higher density was associated with more chronic use among lowest-income individuals. State regulation that prohibited payday lenders had a protective association for modest- and highest-income individuals but had no effect for lowest-income individuals. Policy implications are discussed.
Evaluation of a high-sensitivity dual-head small animal PET scanner in lesion detection by using computer observer

We have developed a prototype small-animal PET scanner that employs two large-area planar HRRT detector heads arranged in a compact configuration [1], [2]. This prototype has a measured central sensitivity of ∼30%. For rodent imaging at the typical ranges of radioactivity, the measured noise-equivalent count rates of the prototype are also substantially higher than those reported in the literature for other small-animal PET systems. Due to its compact configuration, the prototype exhibits substantial depth-of-interaction (DOI) blurring. We have successfully modeled the DOI blurring of the prototype and used the resulting model to correct for the DOI blurring in reconstruction. After correction, we showed that the prototype can yield an image resolution of about 1.2mm. Since correcting for resolution blur in reconstruction is known to increase the image noise, the question regarding the prototype’s “net” sensitivity — which includes both the detection sensitivity of the scanner and the noise-amplification effects in reconstruction — arises. To address this question is a challenging task. In our opinion, it requires an objective means for evaluating the performance characteristics of an image device in terms of the quality of the resulting images. To the best of our knowledge, a formal framework of this kind has yet to the developed and agreed upon. In this work, we approach this important question by evaluating the equivalent sensitivity of our prototype with respect to a theoretical reference system and a numerical observer in terms of a certain lesion-detection task. Our results indicate that for detecting 1mm lesion at center of a rat-sized cylinder, our prototype has an equivalent sensitivity, with respect to the reference system and the numerical observer, of ∼18%. This equivalent sensitivity increases to reach ∼22% as the lesion size increases.
Runtime power limiting of parallel applications on Intel Xeon Phi processors

Energy-efficient computing is crucial to achieving exascale performance. Power capping and dynamic voltage/frequency scaling may be used to achieve energy savings. The Intel Xeon Phi implements a power capping strategy, where power thresholds are employed to dynamically set voltage/frequency at the runtime. By default, these power limits are much higher than the majority of applications would reach. Hence, this work aims to set the power limits according to the workload characteristics and application performance. Certain models, originally developed for the CPU performance and power, have been adapted here to determine power-limit thresholds in the Xeon Phi. Next, a procedure to select these thresholds dynamically is proposed, and its limitations outlined. When this runtime procedure along with static power-threshold assignment were compared with the default execution, energy savings ranging from 5% to 49% were observed, mostly for memory-intensive applications.
Self-Assembled Magnetic Materials

Since this article is about magnetic assembly, I want to start with a (seemingly) simple question: Why does a magnet stick to a refrigerator (or why do magnets assemble onto refrigerators)? A common answer might be “Because a refrigerator is made of steel, which is a material that a magnet can attract.” While this statement incorporates a necessary condition, it fails to cover the physics of how this attraction occurs physically, namely that for attraction there must be a force. Nor does it identify how this force arises. But surely we can appeal to simplicity. Bar magnets labeled with “N” and “S” stick together with their “N” and “S” ends aligned, that is, opposite poles attract each other. Yet however tempting it may be to assume that the “N” and “S” “poles” are key to the creation of an attractive force, the presence of magnetic poles is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for attraction. A necessary aspect in both of these cases, and required for magnetic materials to self-assemble, is the presence of a spatially changing magnetic field, that is, a magnetic field gradient . It is this gradient that creates the force between two magnetized objects. In fact, without a spatial gradient, a magnetized object only rotates in a magnetic field.
The Chlorobiaceae, Chloroflexaceae , and Heliobacteriaceae

Here we examine the basic biology of three major groups of “green” anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria: the green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae), the green nonsulfur bacteria (also called the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs) (Chloroflexaceae), and the heliobacteria (Heliobacteriaceae). Only organisms that have been grown in laboratory culture are considered. Interestingly, the model organisms for each family are thermophiles: the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, the filamentous green nonsulfur bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, and the hot spring heliobacterium species, Heliobacterium modesticaldum. All model green bacteria have had their genomes sequenced, and in the green sulfur bacteria, genome sequences of all recognized species have been completed and compared. Although species in each family are distinct from species in each of the other families in many ways, there are key properties that unite two families to the exclusion of the third. These include the presence of chlorosomes in the green sulfur and green nonsulfur bacteria and the structure of the reaction centers in the green sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria. However, the three families of green-colored bacteria are phylogenetically distinct and thus any similarities are likely the result of horizontal gene transfers.
Infusion of autograft natural killer cell/CD14 + HLA-DR DIM cell ratio predicts survival in lymphoma post autologous stem cell transplantation

The infusion of autograft absolute lymphocyte count (A-ALC) and autograft natural killer cells (A-NKC) are prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and PFS in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APBHSCT). The human monocytic CD14+HLA-DRDIM cells are associated with worse prognosis in NHL. Thus, we investigated whether the autograft A-NKC/A-CD14+HLA-DRDIM ratio predicts survival in NHL. In a total of 111 NHL patients, we analyzed apheresis collection samples for the content of A-NKC and A-CD14+HLA-DRDIM. With a median follow-up of 57.2 months (range: 2.1-84.6 months), patients with an A-NKC/A-CD14+HLA-DRDIM ratio of ⩾0.29 experienced superior OS (5-year OS rates of 84% (95% confidence interval (CI), 72-91%) vs 48% (95% CI, 34-62%), P<0.0002, respectively) and PFS (5-year PFS rates of 59% (95% CI, 47-71%) vs 32% (95% CI, 20-48%), P<0.002, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that A-NKC/A-CD14+HLA-DRDIM ratio was an independent predictor for PFS (hazard ratio (HR)=0.56, 95% CI, 0.32-0.96, P<0.03) and OS (HR=0.34, 95% CI, 0.16-0.68, P<0.002). The A-NKC/A-CD14+HLA-DRDIM ratio provides a platform to target specific autograft immune effector cells to improve clinical outcomes in NHL patients undergoing APBHSCT.