cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders

Modeling of human neuropsychiatric disorders in animals is extremely challenging given the subjective nature of many symptoms, the lack of biomarkers and objective diagnostic tests, and the early state of the relevant neurobiology and genetics. Nonetheless, progress in understanding pathophysiology and in treatment development would benefit greatly from improved animal models. Here we review the current state of animal models of mental illness, with a focus on schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. We argue for areas of focus that might increase the likelihood of creating more useful models, at least for some disorders, and for explicit guidelines when animal models are reported.
Tolerance develops to LSD while the drug is exerting its maximal behavioral effects: implications for the neural bases of tolerance.

Abstract Tolerance to a test dose of 50 mg/kg of LSD occurred within 0.5–1.0 h following an initial dose of 10 mg/kg of the drug, using limb flicking and abortive grooming as behavioral indices in the cat. These findings represent an example of very rapidly developing drug tolerance using a behavioral index. These data are discussed within the context of hypotheses concerning the neurochemical bases of tolerance to LSD.
Development of a Multiwavelength Thermal Lens Spectrophotometer Based on an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter as a Polychromator

Instrumentation development of a novel multiwavelength thermal lens spectrophotometer which has the capability of achieving truly multi-wavelength excitation is described. The spectrophotometer is based on a new concept by which the sample is excited by multiwavelength excitation beams simultaneously, not sequentially as in previously reported multiwavelength thermal lens apparatus. This was accomplished by use of the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a polychromator. Specifically, four different rf signals were simultaneously applied to the filter to enable it to diffract incident multiline laser light into a beam which contained four different wavelengths. This multiwavelength beam was then used to excite the sample, and the corresponding thermal lens signal was measured by a He-Ne probe laser. Compared with other multiwavelength thermal lens instruments, this all-solid-state thermal lens spectrophotometer has advantages that include its ability to simultaneously analyze multicomponent samples in microsecond times scale, without the need for any prior sample preparation. With this apparatus and with the use of a 12-mW multiwavelength excitation beam, the limit of detection for four-component (lanthanide ions) samples is estimated to be 10-6 cm-1, which is similar to the detection limit obtained for one-component samples with the use of a single-wavelength system.
DIEL PATTERNS IN AGGREGATIONS OF PELAGIC DOLPHINS AND TUNAS IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC

Data collected by scientific technicians aboard tuna purse seiners in the eastern Pacific Ocean since the early 1970s have allowed us to study the biology and herd dynamics of pelagic dolphins. A pattern of increasing group size in the morning and subsequent decline in the late afternoon or night was evident for spotted, spinner, and common dolphins, as well as for large yellowfin tuna that associate with dolphins. Diel patterns were also apparent in the formation of mixed-species herds of spotted and spinner dolphins and tuna-dolphin aggregations. Different patterns, however, were displayed by bottlenose dolphins and by yellowfin and skipjack tunas that did not associate with dolphins. It appears that these diel patterns are produced by an interaction of predation pressure and prey distribution.
Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy managed with immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Background Acute myocardial infarction, a rare peripartum event, is accompanied by significant maternal and fetal mortality. The greatest maternal mortality is realized when myocardial infarction occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy, but there is very little information about the use of acute interventional therapy during pregnancy. Case We present a patient who sustained an acute anterior infarction during the third trimester of pregnancy; she underwent immediate cardiac catheterization and coronary angioplasty within 90 minutes of onset of chest pain for high-grade stenosis of the left anterior descending and diagonal coronary vessels. Maternal and fetal outcome was good. Conclusion Immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy is a viable treatment option in selected patients.
Proximity requirements for auditory gap detection

The discrimination of a single temporal discontinuity, or gap, within an auditory pulse train was studied as a function of the relative magnitude of the gap region to its immediately surrounding interpulse intervals (the near surround) and to interpulse intervals flanking the near surround (the far surround). Near-surround effects substantially outweigh far-surround effects.
Geographic Variation in Song of Gambel's White-Crowned Sparrow

White-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) song varies geographically, often forming local 'dialects' in sedentary and short-distance migratory subspecies. In playback experiments males and females can distinguish this variation. Gambel's white-crowned sparrow (Z. L. gambelii) is a long-distance migrant that breeds across subarctic Canada and Alaska. Previous studies identified a wide degree of song variation within local populations of this subspecies. I compared songs recorded in Alaska and Churchill, Manitoba, and found significant differences in acoustic structure. As in other subspecies, the most prominent differences occurred in the terminal trill portion of the song. In a playback experiment to territorial males at Churchill, males gave equivalent strong responses to both Alaska and local gambelii song, significantly weaker responses to mountain white-crowned sparrow (Z. L. oriantha) song, and the weakest responses to heterospecific song. I describe a model of song recognition in which 'dialect recognition' is a component of species recognition. I conclude that as a consequence of differences in the timing of song learning, the subspecies of white-crowned sparrow may differ in the acoustic features that they attend to in song recognition. The diversity of song types at a local level within gambelii populations may interfere with recognizing song differences between populations.
Treatment thresholds for osteoporosis in men on androgen deprivation therapy: T-score versus FRAX.

Summary Men treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for localized prostate cancer are at risk for fracture, but it is not known which men require pharmacologic treatment. We found that 33% of men on ADT had osteoporosis of spine, hip, or forearm by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), thus requiring treatment. Using the new fracture prediction algorithm (FRAX™) tool with corrected femoral neck T-score identified only 17% requiring treatment, and, if calculated without femoral neck, 54% were identified to need treatment.
SU‐FF‐T‐163: Quantitative Verification of IMRT Intensity Maps Using An Amorphous Silicon Electronic Portal Imager

Purpose: Common quality assurance procedures for intensity modulated radiotherapy include ionization chamber and/or film measurements in phantom for comparison with point doses and dose distributions predicted by the treatment planning system. We have developed a method to quantitatively compare individual intended fluence maps with measured intensity distributions using an aS500 amorphous silicon electronic portal imager (EPI). Method and Materials: A software program recognizes the intensity map and extracts the intensity in each bixel relative to the maximum bixel value. A simple single‐bixel scatter model was applied to account for scatter in the imager. The software quantitatively compares normalized bixel values in the EPI intensity map with the fluence map exported from the Corvus treatment planning system after correction for scatter. Results: Applying the scatter correction reduces the deviation between EPI maps and planned fluence maps, decreasing the correlation coefficient from 0.59 to 0.24. For 14 gantry angles and a total of 1663 bixels, we compared EPI intensity maps with scatter‐corrected planned fluence maps. The mean error was 1.0% ± 4.1% (1σ) with scatter correction, and 2.4% ± 4.9% (1σ) without scatter correction. Our clinical intensity maps utilize ten intensity levels. When rounded to the nearest intensity level, 69% of all bixels agree with the predicted intensity level, while 99% of bixels are within 10% of the predicted intensity. The majority of bixels in disagreement have low intensity. The mean error for bixels with a planned relative intensity of 10% was 6.3% ± 5.2%. Conclusion: Future refinement of the normalization and scatter correction methods will improve agreement in the low intensity bixels. This would improve the sensitivity of this tool and potentially allow it to replace the more time consuming film and ionization chamber techniques commonly used for IMRTquality assurance.
The effect of immunization against somatostatin on growth and concentration of somatotropin in plasma of Holstein calves.

Holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of immunization procedures against somatostatin (SRIF) on growth and concentrations of somatotropin in plasma. In Trial 1, eight heifers 37 weeks of age were inoculated with cyclic-SRIF conjugated to human alpha-globulin. Final body weight, average daily gain, and measurements of body size were not significantly different between control and SRIF-immunized calves. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization also were not significantly different between treatments. Plasma concentrations of somatotropin were increased and plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen were decreased in calves immunized against SRIF compared to controls, but these mean differences were not significant. In Trial 2, eleven bull calves seven weeks of age were inoculated with cyclic-SRIF conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Calves immunized against SRIF had larger average daily gains (P less than .06) than did control calves. Body size, efficiency of feed utilization, and concentrations of somatotropin in plasma were not significantly different for SRIF immunized calves and control calves. Urea nitrogen in plasma was lower (P less than .04) for calves immunized against somatostatin than for control calves. Data indicate that Holstein calves can produce auto-antibodies against SRIF; however, additional research will be required before such immunization techniques can be effectively used to improve weight gains in cattle.
The 70Ge(3He, d)71As reaction

Abstract A high-resolution study of the 70Ge(3He, d)71As reaction has been performed. Ten new states in 71As were observed below 2.7 MeV excitation. The ground state transition is characterized by lp = 3 transfer and states at excitation energies of 0.15, 0.50 and 1.42 MeV by lp = 1. The experimental transition strengths favour the assignments of J π = 5 2 − and 3 2 − for the ground state and first excited state of 71As, respectively.
Engineering Nanospaces: OMS/Dendrimer Hybrids Possessing Controllable Chemistry and Porosity

The synthesis and characterization of melamine-based dendrimer/SBA-15-hybrids are reported. The current work demonstrates the ability to fabricate hybrid materials containing a high loading of organic moieties (∼30−35 wt %) that possess a well-defined structure. Numerous characterization methods including X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, MALDI-MS, elemental analysis, and nitrogen porosimetry have been used to characterize the microstructure of the hybrids obtained. On the basis of thermal gravimetric analysis and elemental analysis, the average conversion between generations is between 70 and 75% and highly reproducible. MALDI-MS verifies that a significant fraction of the organic groups on the OMS surface possesses the desired structure, consistent with IR and NMR results. The porosity of the hybrid can be modified either by using dendrimers of different generations, using different linkers in the dendrimer structur...
Against Cognitivism about Practical Rationality

Cognitivists about Practical Rationality argue that we can explain some of the (apparent) requirements of practical rationality by appealing to the requirements of theoretical rationality. First, they argue that intentions involve beliefs, and, second, they show how the theoretical requirements governing those involved beliefs can explain some of the practical requirements governing those intentions (or they show how these apparently practical requirements are actually theoretical requirements). This paper avoids the ongoing controversy about whether and how intentions involve beliefs and focuses instead on this second part of the Cognitivist approach, where I think Cognitivism faces significant difficulties. I proceed by considering two attempts by Cognitivists to explain (apparent) requirements of practical rationality and I argue that neither of them succeed.
Silicon abundances in some meteorites and standard rocks by activation analysis

Abstract New analytical data for silicon in 18 meteorites and 8 standard rocks have been obtained by nondestructive fast neutron activation analysis. The new meteorite data together with the data of Vogt and Ehmann (1965) are used to compute mean silicon abundances among the chondrite classes of Van Schmus and Wood (1967).
The current fertility preservation consultation model: are we adequately informing cancer patients of their options?

Background There is very limited information about the amount of information that cancer patients retain after a fertility preservation (FP) consultation (FPC). Our objective was to assess patients' knowledge following FPC and to examine predictors of increased knowledge. Methods We conducted a multi-center, cross-sectional, web-based survey at academic IVF centers, including women aged 18-43 years seen for comprehensive FPC between April 2009 and December 2010. The primary outcome measure was a knowledge score designed to assess comprehension of FP options. Analysis was performed to assess which patient variables were associated with higher knowledge scores. A 13-item knowledge tool about FP was developed (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.64). Result(s) Among 90 eligible subjects, 66 were successfully contacted and 52 completed the survey (79% response rate). Participant's median age was 30.7 (interquartile range (IQR) 24.9-36.9) years and most were Caucasian, college graduates, nulliparous and in a committed relationship. The median knowledge post-FPC score was 6 (IQR: 5-9). Higher knowledge scores were associated with a college education, higher income, a primary diagnosis of breast cancer, additional contact with the FP specialist following the initial FPC and use of specific reference websites such as www.fertilehope.org. Parity, marital status and completion of FP treatment were not associated with knowledge scores. Conclusions FP knowledge following comprehensive FPC remains limited. Modifications to the current single visit FPC, such as a standard follow-up visit or additional educational tools, may be needed to improve patient comprehension of complex FP treatment options. Further research is needed to validate the knowledge scale in broader populations of cancer patients receiving FPC.
Embedding values: how science and society jointly valence a concept-the case of ADHD.

Abstract Many successful sciences both serve and shape human ends. Conversely, the societies in which these sciences are practiced support the research and provide interpretive context. These mutual influences may result in a positive feedback loop that reinforces constitutive and contextual values, embedding them in scientific concepts: the ADHD concept is a case in point. In an ongoing process, social considerations fuel investigational choices and contexts for evaluating data. Scientific study forwards the feedback loop through the influence of investigative trends, by directly and indirectly embedding values in data interpretation, and by core methodologies that heighten the contrast between ‘ADHD’ and ‘normal’. The resulting scientific conclusions embed value valences in the ADHD concept; social uptake of that valenced concept begins another round of interest in its implications and support of the science. The processes at work in the ADHD case are very general, so we should expect to see similar processes and results in other fields.
Discrete Optimization of Radiant Heaters With Simulated Annealing

The simulated annealing algorithm is used to seek optimal radiant heater configurations that provide a desired distribution of incident radiant energy onto a surface. The problem is motivated by a need to create well-understood boundary conditions that simulate fire environments. A bank of halogen lamps irradiates the back of a thin black plate (called a shroud), which simulates the fire environment. For such fire simulations, shroud temperatures routinely exceed 1000 °C and thermal radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer. The test specimen is then heated by placing it in front of the shroud. The panel, accommodating the radiant heaters (lamps), provides equally spaced slots all of which are powered at the same voltage. Lamp positioning is crucial to obtaining a uniform temperature on the shroud, but determining the best positioning of the lamps experimentally through trial and error has proven difficult. The discrete optimization problem searches possible lamp configurations by simulating adding or removing lamps from the panel. Inverse heat transfer methods have been successfully applied to similar problems. Applying inverse heat transfer methods to this problem, the desired boundary conditions on the shroud are used to solve for the required heater settings. Two boundary conditions are needed: the temperature profile and the heat flux profile on the shroud. The heat flux profile is determined by calculating the radiation heat transfer between the shroud and the test object. However, because the heaters used in the design can only assume discrete positions and are all maintained at the same power level, traditional inverse methods fail. A discrete inverse radiation heat transfer solution method is needed. In this study, a simulated annealing optimization routine is used to determine optimal heater positions given desired boundary conditions on the shroud. Computational characteristics of simulated annealing are presented as well as results of the optimization.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Ruminal and Post-Ruminal Utilization of Starch in the Young Bovine

Abstract In the first of two experiments, ten calves, randomized into two groups, were fed a semi-purified diet containing 62% of either corn starch or lactose in the form of dry milk solids as the sole source of carbohydrate. At the end of 12 weeks, ration digestibility and blood glucose responses were determined, and the animals were switched to the opposite rations to test adaptive responses to carbohydrates. Calves in each group were then randomly assigned to five treatments to test digestibility and blood glucose responses. Treatments were 8.8 g/kg body weight of lactose or one of four amounts of starch (2.2, 4.4, 8.8, and 13.2 g/kg body weight). Daily gains for the starch and lactose-fed calves averaged .12 kg and .78 kg for the 12 weeks. Blood sugar was two and one-half times greater during lactose ingestion than for starch. Digestibility of starch averaged 72.8% as compared to 92.5% for lactose. No adaptation to starch was evident. Blood sugar responses to different starch intakes were erratic. Starch digestion coefficients decreased linearly (P In the second experiment, 40 calves were randomly assigned to 10 rations containing five increasing per cents of straw (5 to 60%) and decreasing amounts of soluble carbohydrates (1 to 53%). Starch and cerelose were studied at ratios of 1:1 and 3:1. At 20 weeks of age, blood sugar response to test meals of starch and lactose were determined. After a readjustment period, calves were slaughtered and samples from various sites of the alimentary tract were analyzed for total carbohydrate content. Soluble carbohydrates, ratio of carbohydrates, and hour of sampling had no effect (P > .05) on blood sugar response to a ruminal bypass test meal of starch. Total carbohydrate recovery from the abomasum and fecal residue of calves receiving the different amounts of starch and cerelose increased with decreasing starch in the ration. Amylase activity determined on pancreatic tissue homogenate was not affected by dietary starch or cerelose.
Emission and absorption measurements of the anomalous cesium principal-series doublet oscillator-strength ratios

The doublet oscillator-strength ratios ρn of the cesium principal series (62S1/2−n2P3/2,1/2) have been measured for principal quantum number n = 7–21. Both emission and absorption spectroscopic measurements were performed with a 9.1-m focal-length spectrometer. The results show that ρn increases monotonically with n. Discrepancies between emission and absorption results are attributed to collisional mixing of the excited-state populations. Oscillator strengths of both fine structure lines were obtained from the absorption measurements. These agree substantially with similar work by Lorenzen and Niemax [ J. Phys. B11, L723 ( 1978)]. Fano X parameters derived from the measured results are found to decrease monotonically with n. The value of X, extrapolated to the ionization potential, is 2.05 ± 0.03, in good agreement with recent laser-excited atomic-beam results of Raimond et al. [ J. Phys. B11, L765 ( 1978)]. This makes unlikely the existence of a pole of ρn in the discrete spectrum, which requires that X have the value 2.
New Teacher Perceptions of the “Teacher Leader” Movement:

This study explored how untenured teachers define the concept of teacher leadership and how this understanding is evidenced in day-to-day practice. Results suggest that new teachers view teacher leadership as activities necessary for promotion to higher-level administrative roles. Much less consideration was given to the notion of teacher leadership as a means to promote social justice or socially just teaching. These findings are posited as useful to those who work with new teachers through induction or teacher education programs.
Strategic Internet application trends in supply chain management

Abstract The Internet is evolving as a powerful force in the new marketplace where the nexus of competition has changed from individual firms to efficient supply chain networks both between firms and within industries. This study explores Internet adoption patterns and operational applications in US supply chain networks. The data reveal that the integration of the Internet into supply chain management applications has increased and has moved away from indiscriminate application of novel Internet technologies towards becoming a focused endeavor with precise expectations and measurable goals. Specifically, the study finds that Internet usage within supply chains is maturing as evidenced by enhanced and increased productivity, reduced costs and increased profit for participating firms.
Exploring the relationship between information technology and business process reengineering

This study examines a series of relationships between information technology (IT) and business process reengineering (BPR). Specifically, it argues that those aspiring to do business process reengineering must begin to apply the capabilities of information technology. This paper provides a summary of IT roles in initiating and sustaining BPR and examines several companies that have successfully applied IT to reengineering. The paper also addressees barriers to successful implementation of reengineering and identifies critical factors for its success.
Self-Concept as an Indicator of Acculturation in Mexican Americans

A self-concept element was employed as the basis for a nine-item index of acculturation. The self-concept component, conceived of as a role-identity, employed in the present study measures a construct that has been neglected in acculturation research. The component assesses the respondent's feelings of insiderness/outsiderness. The measure was developedfrom a nationally representative sample of 991 Mexican Americans. Factor analysis of the items resulted in threefactors: (1) language, (2) self-definition as an insider, and (3)self-definition as an outsider. The index supplied significant and meaningful correlations with previously employed indicators of acculturation. The measure was concluded to be both an extension of the acculturation concept and a parsimonious indicator of acculturation.
Mast Cell Regulation of the Immune Response

Mast cells are well known as principle effector cells of type I hypersensitivity responses. Beyond this role in allergic disease, these cells are now appreciated as playing an important role in many inflammatory conditions. This review summarizes the support for mast cell involvement in resisting bacterial infection, exacerbating autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, and promoting cancer progression. A commonality in these conditions is the ability of mast cells to elicit migration of many cell types, often through the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor. However, recent data also demonstrates that mast cells can suppress the immune response through interleukin-10 production. The data encourage those working in this field to expand their view of how mast cells contribute to immune homeostasis.
Cardiovascular Effects of Cimetidine

Excerpt To the editor: The cardiovascular effects of Cimetidine have never been documented through organized studies addressing this problem; the number of case reports describing them may merely r...
Measurements of early and late time plasmasphere refilling as observed from geosynchronous orbit

Measurements of the cold ion density at geosynchronous orbit obtained by Los Alamos magnetospheric plasma analyzers over the course of 7 years are used to estimate the rate of plasmaspheric refilling at early times in the refilling process (≤24 hours) and at late times (up to several days during intervals of prolonged geomagnetic quiet). While the measured refilling rates are highly variable, we find that plasmasphere refilling at geosynchronous orbit occurs as a two-step process: for early times the refilling rate is ∼0.6–12 cm−3 d−1, while for later times the refilling rate rises up to 10–50 cm−3 d−1. These results are consistent with a model of plasmasphere refilling which uses Coulomb collisions as a dominant trapping mechanism [see Wilson et al. 1992].
Wear behavior of triode-sputtered MoS2 coatings in dry sliding contact with steel and ceramics

Abstract The endurance of MoS 2 sputter-coated steel balls was measured in continuous and stop-start sliding tests in a four-ball wear tester. Test variables were counterface materials, uncoated steel and two ceramics (Co-bonded tungsten carbide and sapphire), and gaseous atmospheres, dry Ar and dry air. In continuous tests, coating endurance increased from 14 to 80 min; combinations were ranked as follows: steel in air = ceramics in air
Cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides

Antisense oligonucleotides can be successfully employed to inhibit specifically gene expression. However, many oligonucleotide classes are polyanions and cannot passively transit the cell membrane. Thus, the use of naked oligonucleotides for antisense purposes poses some rather stringent challenges, and it is not a trivial task to appropriately interpret the data derived from experiments in which they have been used. Multiple methods have been developed to improve intracellular, and in particular, intranuclear oligonucleotide delivery, and in doing so, to maximize the performance of the antisense technologies that are currently available. This review discusses the use of cationic lipids, protein and peptide delivery agents, and several novel chemical and viral methods that have recently been explored as delivery vehicles, focussing not only on their strengths, but also on their limitations.
Racial Differences in Blood Pressure Control: Potential Explanatory Factors

Objective The objective of the study was to identify potential explanatory factors for racial differences in blood pressure (BP) control.
Ionization of Argon, Neon and Helium by A, Ne and He Atoms

The ionization of argon, neon and helium under impact of A, Ne and He atoms was investigated by a method which eliminated errors due to secondary electrons. When argon, neon and helium were bombarded with their own atoms, ionization was found to set in at approximately 100 equivalent volts in each case. When any one of these three rare gases was bombarded with atoms of either of the other two, no ionization could be detected. If ionization had set in at 150 volts or less it should have been apparent.
Applying Q-methodology to select and define attributes for non-market valuation: A case study from Northwest Wyoming, United States

The underlying validity of stated preference non-market valuation methods relies on the analyst's ability to identify, select, define, and articulate the goods being valued in a way that is relevant and understandable to the respondent, which requires detailed understanding of the respondents' experiences and points of view. Poor articulation of the good being valued will result in biased to useless information for decision-makers. It should therefore be of concern to economists and policymakers that the question of how best to perform pre-design qualitative work with local stakeholders is a neglected area of inquiry. This paper assesses Q-methodology as an objective, transparent, easily replicable, and statistically-rigorous approach to qualitative research to support the selection and definition of attributes for non-market valuation.
Conventional, confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy investigations of polymer-supported oxygen sensors.

Luminescence-based, polymer-supported oxygen sensors, particularly those based on platinum group complexes, continue to be of analytical importance. Commercial applications range from the macroscopic (e.g. aerodynamic investigations in wind tunnels, monitoring of oxygen concentration during fermentation, and measurement of biological oxygen demand) to the microscopic (e.g. imaging of oxygen in blood, tissue, cells and other biological samples). Problems hindering the design of improved oxygen sensors include non-linear Stern-Volmer calibration plots and the multi-exponentiality of measured lifetime decays, both of which are attributed primarily to heterogeneity of the sensor molecule in the polymer support matrix. Conventional, confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy have proven to be invaluable tools with which the microscale heterogeneity and response of luminescence-based oxygen sensors can be investigated and compared to the macroscopic response. Results obtained for three ruthenium(II) alpha-diimine complexes in polydimethylsiloxane polymer supports indicate the presence of unquenched microcrystals within the polymer matrix that probably degrade oxygen quenching sensitivity and linearity of the Stern-Volmer quenching plot. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy proved most useful for imaging microcrystals within sensor films, and conventional microscopy allowed direct comparison between microscopic and macroscopic sensor response. The implications of the results in the rational design and mass production of luminescence-based oxygen sensors are significant.
LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS/MS analysis of multiple illicit drugs, methadone, and their metabolites in oral fluid following protein precipitation

A quantitative LC−APCI-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of multiple illicit drugs, methadone, and their metabolites in oral fluid was developed and validated. Sample pretreatment was limited to acetonitrile protein precipitation. LC separation was performed in 25.5 min, with a total analysis time of 35 min. Identification and quantitation were based on selected reaction monitoring. Calibration by linear regression analysis utilized deuterated internal standards and a weighing factor 1/x. Limits of detection and lower limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established between 0.25 and 5 ng/mL and 0.5−10 ng/mL, respectively. Linearity was obtained with an average correlation coefficient (R2) of >0.99, over a dynamic range from the LOQ up to maximum 500 ng/mL. The method demonstrated good accuracy, intra- and interbatch precision, recovery, and stability for all compounds. No oral fluid matrix effect was observed throughout the chromatographic run. Protein precipitation provided a fast and simple sampl...
Transport‐based method for estimating in‐stream nitrogen uptake at ambient concentration from nutrient addition experiments

Nutrient addition experiments are commonly used for reach-scale quantification of in-stream nitrogen uptake. Traditional, short-term nutrient addition experiments are subject to nutrient saturation effects, which influence the measured uptake rates, and are not transport based, which limits their ability to distinguish between channel and hyporheic processes. We developed a transport-based nutrient addition approach adapted to account for the effect of nutrient saturation. We incorporated the Michaelis-Menten saturation-limited uptake function into the One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) solute transport model and specifically designed the field experiments for this modified version of the model (called OTIS-MM). Cross-method evaluations were performed for estimates of NH4+ and NO3− uptake lengths (Sw). For NH4+, OTIS-MM and sequential, multiple-level traditional experiments produced almost identical Sw values (124 versus 122 m), and the slopes of the regression lines relating Sw to added concentration were similar (4% difference). For NO3−, the methods produced similar Sw values (872 versus 909 m), but the slopes of the regression lines relating Sw to added concentration were different (23% difference). We complemented the cross-method evaluations with sensitivity analyses for both NH4+ and NO3−, which confirmed that the estimates of the OTIS-MM uptake parameters were robust. Our field-modeling approach can easily be designed to cover multiple, sequential reaches in one single addition; hence, it allows for increased spatial coverage.
Control of arterial hemorrhage using percutaneous arterial catheter techniques in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Control of hemorrhage in seven patients with gynecologic malignancies was attempted using arterial catheter techniques. Each patient was actively bleeding, either from the malignancy itself (two cases) or from complications of the treatment of the malignancy (five cases). All patients were debilitated, and a nonsurgical approach to the control of the hemorrhage was preferred. The active bleeding site was visualized by selective arterial catheterization. In four cases the bleeding was completely controlled, in three cases employing embolization of autologous tissue or synthetic material and in one case using a balloon catheter. Three patients underwent arterial infusion of vasopressin for gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to complications of treatment of the malignancy. The infusions did not provide adequate control of the bleeding.
Seasonal and diel movements and habitat use of robust redhorses in the lower savannah river, Georgia and South Carolina

Abstract The robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum is a large riverine catostomid whose distribution is restricted to three Atlantic Slope drainages. Once presumed extinct, this species was rediscovered in 1991. Despite being the focus of conservation and recovery efforts, the robust redhorse's movements and habitat use are virtually unknown. We surgically implanted pulse-coded radio transmitters into 17 wild adults (460–690 mm total length) below the downstream-most dam on the Savannah River and into 2 fish above this dam. Individuals were located every 2 weeks from June 2002 to September 2003 and monthly thereafter to May 2005. Additionally, we located 5–10 individuals every 2 h over a 48-h period during each season. Study fish moved at least 24.7 ± 8.4 river kilometers (rkm; mean ± SE) per season. This movement was generally downstream except during spring. Some individuals moved downstream by as much as 195 rkm from their release sites. Seasonal migrations were correlated to seasonal changes in water tem...
Married is Better: Attitudes toward Single Persons as a Function of Their Age:

In a study of attitudes toward older single people subjects were given a brief description of a target person which varied that character's marital status (single or married), age (25 or 35 yr.), a...
Students as Employees: Applying Performance Management Principles in the Management Classroom

The student-as-employee metaphor emphasizes student accountability and participation in learning and provides instructors with work-oriented methods for creating a productive class environment. The authors propose that the tenets of performance management in work organizations can be applied to the classroom. In particular, they focus on three important areas within performance management: identifying performance, developing performance, and dealing with the social environment associated with managing performance. Beyond implications for course management, the authors discuss the instructor’s role in the performance management process, directions for future research, and the value of these classroom practices for the work setting.
“Teaching for the Masses”—The e-Learning Revolution

The traditional mechanism by which education is delivered has changed. In today's competitive business environment, accessing a product via only a single route is no longer acceptable to the consumer, and education is no exception. Universities are increasingly embracing the concept of e-learning by hosting so-called massive open online courses (MOOCs).2 This report, based on an article by M. Mitchell Waldrop, briefly discusses the reasons why universities are now offering such courses and how laboratory medicine could also benefit from adopting a similar approach (1). The origin of MOOCs may be traced back to Stanford University in the early 1990s. Then, the project was driven by a handful of individuals in research centers who were dedicated to developing open-source education initiatives. In the years since, the explosion of the Internet and technological advances in broadband, smartphones, and the growth of social media have made MOOC a reality. The financial …
Intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults

Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is an uncommon occurrence in young adults. Signs and symptoms may be subtle or atypical and predisposing factors absent in patients with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-proven hemorrhage. Rapid evaluation and referral to a neurosurgeon are critical if consequent morbidity and mortality are to be minimized. Presented are the cases of two patients in their early thirties with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-proven intra-cerebral hemorrhage. These cases vividly demonstrate that in young adults there is a need to maintain a high index of suspicion and consideration of intracerebral hemorrhage before signs and symptoms are attributed to less malignant disease processes.
Best Practices for Producing Video Content for Teacher Education

Through the use of Web 2.0 technologies the production and distribution of professional digital video content for use in teacher education has become more prevalent. As teachers look to learn from and interact with this video content, they need explicit support to help draw their attention to specific pedagogical strategies and reduce cognitive load. This support can be provided through the use of different design strategies that include providing access to prompts, teacher commentary, reflective tools, and multiple representations of a particular observation. This article provides a review of these design strategies and discusses the ways in which they can be used to produce effective video for teacher education.
Learning CRFs Using Graph Cuts

Many computer vision problems are naturally formulated as random fields, specifically MRFs or CRFs. The introduction of graph cuts has enabled efficient and optimal inference in associative random fields, greatly advancing applications such as segmentation, stereo reconstruction and many others. However, while fast inference is now widespread, parameter learning in random fields has remained an intractable problem. This paper shows how to apply fast inference algorithms, in particular graph cuts, to learn parameters of random fields with similar efficiency. We find optimal parameter values under standard regularized objective functions that ensure good generalization. Our algorithm enables learning of many parameters in reasonable time, and we explore further speedup techniques. We also discuss extensions to non-associative and multi-class problems. We evaluate the method on image segmentation and geometry recognition.
Pseudo-Kinematic GPS Results Using the Ambiguity Function Method

Pseudo-kinematic positioning with the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a survey technique employed by the National Geodetic Survey. This technique, which could also be called broken static (or intermittent static), must not be confused with kinematic surveying. The kinematic survey method requires continuous carrier phase tracking while moving between survey monuments and places strong restrictions on the number of satellites without cycle slips. The pseudo-kinematic method is a static technique whereby a geodetic monument is occupied for, typically, 1 to 5 minutes for two or more occupations separated substantially in time (e.g., 1 hour). Tracking during the transitions between monuments is Categorically not required but is often done for practical reasons (e.g., to avoid having too many files and to achieve more rapid reacquisition of those satellites which were obscured enroute). In fact, in pseudo-kinematic mode the rover receiver may be turned off while traveling between monuments. Pseudo-kinematic surveying (PK) promises substantial productivity gains over classical static surveys and can be employed where the regular kinematic method is impractical. (However the static GPS survey method will remain as the method of choice in a wide variety of situations.) Furthermore, PK is safer than the regular static mode in that a constant antenna height is normally involved. It is more accurate than the regular static mode where the last millimeter is important. These advantages are discussed. The paper also defines the PK method, provides a very brief history, considers alternative possible names, presents the mathematical and physical basis for the method with emphasis on what to do about all the cycle slips between occupations separated by an hour or more, and provides a number of examples and results.
Studies of the differences between the fauna of grazed and ungrazed grassland in Tiree, Argyll

The Reef machair on the south side of the airfield in Tiree, Argyll is a highly uniform type of grassland which has never been tilled. The airfield was built in the locality during the 1939-45 war and the perimeter fence constitutes an ecological discontinuity of at least twelve years' standing, between grazed and ungrazed grassland. The differences in the soil fauna on either side of the fence are demonstrated by two similar batteries of pit-fall traps over a period of twelve months. The catches of the traps consist mainly of arthropods. Over eighty species of invertebrate were identified and some of these were used for quantitative analysis. The numerical differences between catches on grazed and ungrazed plots are great, and the taxonomic groups are classified into those which are favoured by grazed and ungrazed conditions. The abundance peaks of the two plots are compared. Most of the groups have a single peak in autumn, a few in early summer and a few in both early summer and autumn. Numbers caught at times of climatic extreme are discussed. This habitat of highly uniform appearance is found to be heterogeneous and the reasons for this are given. Fencing is an important technique in forestry and wildlife management in Britain. The finer consequences are unknown, and this paper demonstrates what these are likely to be in a simple situation in uniform natural grassland in Tiree.
Establishing causal coherence across sentences: An erp study

This study examined neural activity associated with establishing causal relationships across sentences during on-line comprehension. ERPs were measured while participants read and judged the relatedness of three-sentence scenarios in which the final sentence was highly causally related, intermediately related, and causally unrelated to its context. Lexico-semantic co-occurrence was matched across the three conditions using a Latent Semantic Analysis. Critical words in causally unrelated scenarios evoked a larger N400 than words in both highly causally related and intermediately related scenarios, regardless of whether they appeared before or at the sentence-final position. At midline sites, the N400 to intermediately related sentence-final words was attenuated to the same degree as to highly causally related words, but otherwise the N400 to intermediately related words fell in between that evoked by highly causally related and intermediately related words. No modulation of the late positivity/P600 component was observed across conditions. These results indicate that both simple and complex causal inferences can influence the earliest stages of semantically processing an incoming word. Further, they suggest that causal coherence, at the situation level, can influence incremental word-by-word discourse comprehension, even when semantic relationships between individual words are matched.
2F-2 Annular CMUT Arrays for Side Looking Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging

Although side looking intravascular ultrasound (SL-IVUS) imaging systems using single element piezoelectric transducers set the resolution standard in the assessment of the extent of coronary artery disease, improvements in transducer performance are needed to perform harmonic imaging and high resolution imaging of vulnerable plaque. With their small channel count, annular arrays exploiting the inherent broad bandwidth of CMUTs and electronic focusing capability of integrated electronics provide a path for desired SL-IVUS imaging catheters. In this paper, we first describe the design, low temperature fabrication of an 840 mum diameter, 8 element CMUT annular array. Testing of the individual elements in oil shows a uniform device behavior with 100% fractional bandwidth around 20 MHz without including the effects of attenuation and diffraction. We also present linear scan imaging results obtained on wire targets in oil, tissue and tissue mimicking phantoms using both unfocused and dynamically focused transducers. The results for axial and lateral resolution are in agreement predicted by the simulations and show the feasibility of this approach for high resolution SL-IVUS imaging.