cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guanylate cyclase activation by nitroprusside and nitrosoguanidine is related to formation of S-nitrosothiol intermediates

Summary The S-nitroso derivatives of cysteine, penicillamine, 2-mercaptoethylamine, glutathione, dithiothreitol, β-D-thioglucose and other thiols markedly activated unpurified and partially purified hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase. Heme was not required for enzyme activation since partially purified enzyme preparations were devoid of detectable heme. Guanylate cyclase activation by S-nitrosothiols was inhibited by hemoproteins and electrophilic agents. The requirement of thiols for activation of partially purified guanylate cyclase, and the marked enhancement by thiols of activation of unpurified guanylate cyclase, by nitroprusside and nitrosoguanidine suggest that the latter compounds reacted with thiols to form S-nitrosothiols which were potent activators of guanylate cyclase.
Chemical fractionations in meteorites—VIII. Iron meteorites and the cosmochemical history of the metal phase

The chemical composition of the metal phase of iron meteorites is traced through an idealized traditional history from condensation, oxidation, and accretion in the nebula to melting, segregation, and freezing in a parent body, considering the following fifteen elements: Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Ir, Mo, Ni, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, and Ru. Twelve iron meteorite groups resolved by Scott and Wasson (1975) are considered in the framework of cosmochemical historical analysis. The parent bodies of five of these groups seem to have had a traditional history. The others seem to have had more unusual histories. For example, the composition of the metal in group IVB matches that predicted for the metal condensate at 1270 K, implying accretion at high temperatures; and the metal in group IVA has a composition indicative of aggregates undergoing progressive stages of partial melting.
In vitro evaluation of the growth inhibition and apoptosis effect of mifepristone (RU486) in human Ishikawa and HEC1A endometrial cancer cell lines

To determine the growth inhibitory effects of mifepristone on endometrial cancer cell growth and evaluate its effect on apoptosis using HEC-1-A and Ishikawa human endometrial cancer cell lines. The human endometrial cancer cell lines, HEC-1-A and Ishikawa, were cultured in vitro. MTT assays were completed in order to estimate the IC50 of mifepristone. Both cell lines were then treated with the respective IC50 values. Immunohistochemistry assays were performed to investigate the expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα/β), progesterone receptor alpha and beta (PR α/β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), bax, p53, and bcl-2. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to study cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The estimated IC50 of mifepristone for HEC-1-A and Ishikawa was found to be 16 and 19 μg/ml respectively. At this concentration, there was no change in either ERα/β or PR α/β in Ishikawa. However, PR β expression increased with time of treatment in HEC-1-A. Expression of p53 was increased with duration of treatment in both cell lines. Consequently a decrease in bcl-2 and an increase in COX-2 expression were seen in HEC-1-A and Ishikawa cells, respectively. Lastly, flow cytometry analysis confirmed an accumulation of cells in G0 phase after 72 h of treatment in both cell lines. Mifepristone demonstrates activity in both HEC-1-A and Ishikawa cells at clinically relevant concentrations based on an oral human dose of about 200 mg/day. While its mechanism of action remains unknown, this data supports an increase in apoptosis that may be due to p53 activation rather than hormone receptor mediation. Additional studies are needed to help further identify mifepristone mechanism of action.
The VP-function revisited: a survey of the literature on vote and popularity functions after over 40 years

Nannestad and Paldam (Public Choice 79:213–245, 1994) published herein an extremely influential review of the literature linking economics and elections, what they called the “VP functions.” In that work, they offered a number of conclusions, in proposition form, about the state of the evidence in this field. We present the key ones (16 in all), and assess the extent to which they continue to hold, in light of the new evidence about what has come to be known as economic voting. As shall be shown, Nannestad and Paldam were prescient in their early establishment of many of the principal results explaining how the economy moves the vote choice.
Dissipative Operators on Quotient Spaces of H2

Abstract Let φ be an inner function on the unit disc D . Necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator in the commutant A (φ) of the compression of the standard unilateral shift onto H2/φH2 to be dissipative are given. For a singular inner function φ, sufficient conditions for the Cayley transform of a constant multiple of a dissipative operator in A (φ) to be noncyclic and to belong to the class C0 of Sz.-Nagy and Foias are given.
Mutations in the Escherichia coli Ribosomal Protein L22 Selectively Suppress the Expression of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor

Mutations in the ribosomal protein L22 that impair peptide-mediated translation arrest in Escherichia coli have been shown to reduce the expression of several genes, including secA, which encodes an ATPase that drives protein export via the Sec pathway. Here, we used a comparative proteomic approach to obtain insight into the global effects of the L22(Δ82-84) mutation on gene expression and protein synthesis. While the mutation did not affect or modestly affected the level of most soluble proteins, it dramatically reduced the level of antigen 43 (Ag43), a secreted virulence factor that promotes autoaggregation. The reduced protein concentration correlated with a sharp decrease in the abundance and stability of Ag43 mRNA. We found that the overexpression of secA or the inactivation of genes that encode presecretory and membrane proteins restored Ag43 production in the L22 mutant strain. Furthermore, impairment of the Sec pathway in a wild-type strain reduced Ag43 production but did not significantly affect the synthesis of other presecretory proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that Ag43 gene expression is exquisitely sensitive to the status of the Sec machinery and strongly suggest that the L22 mutation decreases the Ag43 concentration indirectly by reducing secA expression. Our results imply the existence of a novel regulatory mechanism in which the efficiency of protein export is coupled to gene expression and help to explain the modulation of SecA synthesis that has been observed in response to secretion stress.
Paul A.M. Dirac's The Principles of Quantum Mechanics*

Paul A.M. Dirac’s book, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, summarized the foundations of a new science, much of which was his own creation. It expressed the spirit of the new quantum mechanics, creating a descriptive language that we still use. I discuss the successive editions of Dirac’s book and their critical reception, noting changes, especially in the formulation of the general theory and in its treatment of relativistic quantum theory and quantum electrodynamics. In the case of the later editions, I discuss Dirac’s negative attitude toward renormalized quantum electrodynamics.
Double-dissociation of D1 and opioid receptor antagonism effects on the acquisition of sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in BALB/c and SWR mice

Sugar appetite is influenced by unlearned attractions to sweet taste and learned responses to sugars' taste and post-ingestive actions. In rats, sugar-conditioned flavor preferences (CFP) are attenuated by dopamine D1 (SCH23390: SCH), but not by opioid (naltrexone: NTX), receptor antagonism. Sucrose-CFP occurs in BALB/c and SWR inbred mice that differ in their suppressive effects of SCH and NTX on sucrose intake. The present study examined whether SCH and NTX altered expression of previously learned sucrose-CFP and acquisition (learning) of sucrose-CFP in these strains. In Experiment 1, food-restricted mice were trained (10 one-bottle sessions) to drink a more-preferred flavored (e.g., cherry) 16% sucrose solution (CS+/Sucrose) on odd-numbered days, and a less-preferred flavored (e.g., grape) 0.05% saccharin solution (CS-/Saccharin) on even-numbered days. Two-bottle tests with the flavors mixed in 0.2% saccharin occurred 30 min following vehicle (Veh), SCH (50-800 nmol/kg) or NTX (1-5mg/kg) assessing preference expression. CS+ preference expression in BALB/c and SWR mice following Veh were significantly reduced by SCH and NTX. In Experiment 2, separate groups of BALB/c and SWR mice received Veh, SCH (50 nmol/kg) or NTX (1mg/kg) injections 30 min prior to daily one-bottle training sessions with the CS+/Sucrose and CS-/Saccharin solutions assessing preference acquisition. Subsequent two-bottle tests with the CS+ vs. CS- solutions were conducted without injections. CS+/Sucrose training intakes were reduced by SCH in both strains and by NTX in BALB/c mice. In the initial two-bottle test, sucrose-CFP acquisition was significantly reduced in BALB NTX (54%), but not in BALB SCH (77%) groups relative to the BALB Veh group (85%). In contrast, sucrose-CFP acquisition was significantly reduced in SWR SCH (61%), but not in SWR NTX (83%) groups relative to the SWR Veh group (86%). DA D1 and opioid receptor signaling modulate acquisition and/or expression of sucrose-CFP in mice with significant strain differences observed.
Epidermoid carcinoma of the gingiva following long-standing leukoplakia.

Abstract A case of leukoplakia, diagnosed by biopsy and followed in the tumor clinic of the Beth Israel Hospital from 1948 until 1957 has been presented. The patient died of primary epidermoid carcinoma of the gingiva which was believed to be related to the leukoplakia. The oral lesion had been present for more than fourteen years. The literature on the definition, classification, and potential malignancy of leukoplakia has been reviewed and discussed.
Osmoregulation in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis—II. Effects of size, age and photoperiod on seawater survival and ionic regulation

Abstract 1. 1. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of a single genetic stock, and hatched at the same time, were raised under two photoperiod and two feeding regimes to obtain fish of the same age but with different sizes and photoperiod experiences. In 11 experiments over 1.5 firs, fish were gradually exposed to 32 ppt seawater for 20 days to investigate the ontogeny of salinity tolerance. 2. 2. Daily changes in plasma osmolarity, [Na+], [Cl−], [K+], [Mg2+], thyroxine, hematocrit and gill Na+,K+-ATPase during adaptation to 10, 20 and 32 ppt were examined in one experiment. 3. 3. Size was the primary determinant of seawater survival (r2 = 0.77) the effect of size on seawater survival slowed after fish reached a fork length of 14 cm. The effect of age on seawater survival (r2 = 0.65) was through its covariance with size. 4. 4. Photoperiod affected seawater survival only through its influence on the timing of male maturation, which decreased salinity tolerance. 5. 5. Regulation of plasma osmolarity, [Na+], [Cl−], [K2+], [Mg2+] and hematocrit in sea water increased linearly with size over the entire range of sizes (6–32 em). 6. 6. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity after 20 days in seawater decreased with increasing size of brook trout, possibly reflecting decreased demand for active ion transport in larger fish. 7. 7. Plasma thyroxine concentrations declined in seawater, but no definitive role of this hormone in seawater adaptation was found. 8. 8. Size dependent survival and osmoregulatory ability of brook trout is compared to other salmonids and a conceptual model is developed.
Cold sensitivity of heart rate and succinate oxidation by myocardial homogenates from hibernating ground squirrels and diet-treated rats.

Abstract Feeding rats a highly unsaturated fat diet, when compared with those fed a highly saturated fat diet, lowered the temperature at which discontinuity in the kinetics of succinate oxidation by myocardial homogenates occurred, raised the apparent energy of activation both above and below the breakpoint temperature, and decreased the mean temperature below which heart rate became irregular. With respect to these criteria, the rats fed unsaturated fat showed characteristics similar to those of hibernating ground squirrels. However, preliminary myocardial phospholipid fatty acid analyses, heart rate-body temperature relationsihps, and the ability to survive profound hypothermia were not appreciably changed by dietary treatment. We conclude that manipulation of dietary fat composition, at least under the circumstances tested, has only a limited ability to influence cold tolerance, that the kinetics of membrane-bound enzymes may not be valid indicators of whole animal cold tolerance and that the degree of membrane fatty acid unsaturation may not determine cold tolerance of mammals.
On “type l” multivariable linear systems

The purpose of this paper is to summarize results for linear multivariable systems that are analogous to those single input single output systems which are ''type l'', i.e. that contain l integrators. Both frequency domain and time-domain properties are given. Appropriate conditions that guarantee zero steady state error in tracking vector polynomial inputs are presented.
Synthesis of a specific messenger RNA during amino acid starvation of Escherchia coli

Abstract Messenger RNA regulation in Escherichia coli has been examined during tryptophan starvation by measuring specific protein and messenger RNA synthesis in an isogenic pair of tryptophan auxotrophs possessing either the stringent or relaxed allele of the RC locus. The formation of the tryptophan synthetase A and B proteins following derepression of the tryptophan operon in these strains was found to be higher in the tryptophan starved stringent strain than in the relaxed strain. This suggested that tryptophan messenger RNA is synthesized at a high rate during starvation even though over-all RNA synthesis is reduced by 80 to 90%. By pulse-labeling RNA during derepression of the tryptophan operon, we have measured the fraction of the labeled RNA which can be characterized as tryptophan messenger RNA by hybridization to φ80 phage DNA which has incorporated all or part of the tryptophan operon into its genome. After more than one hour of tryptophan starvation, the fraction of pulse-labeled RNA which is tryptophan messenger RNA is ten times as great in the stringent strain as in the relaxed strain. We conclude that RNA regulation during amino acid starvation is not co-ordinate and that the effects of the RC locus pertain to regulation of ribosomal and transfer RNA. From the hybridization data it is estimated that the steady-state number of tryptophan messenger RNA molecules per bacterium during derepression of the tryptophan operon is about seven molecules.
Operator quantization of the Green-Schwarz heterotic string

Abstract A new method of canonical quantization proposed by Batalin and Fradkin is applied to the Green-Schwarz heterotic string in the semi light-cone gauge. With a normal ordering regularization, the quantized theory is shown to be free of quantum anomalies at the critical dimension, D = 10, and the super Poincare algebra closes up to BRST.
Electronic structure of solid state tris(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato)aquoeuropium(III)

Abstract Single crystal orthoaxial absorption spectra are reported for tris(1,3-diphenyl-1,2-propanedionato)aquoeuropium(III) at ambient temperature and 77 K. The hypersensitive 7Fo→5D2 and magnetic/electric dipole forbidden 7Fo→5Do transitions are found to be unusually intense. Polarizations and absolute oscillator strengths are determined for all observed transitions from the ground state at 77 K.
Water and sodium balance in the estuarine diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys)

Total body water decreased significantly in terrapins exposed to sea water (SW). Although the intracellular fluid decreased somewhat upon SW exposure, the decline in extracellular fluid was almost twice as great. Under conditions of voluntary drinking after salt loading, terrapins substantially increased the volume of the extracellular fluid while maintaining the intracellular fluid near the freshwater (FW) control levels. FW terrapins were consistently heavier than animals of the same plastron length exposed to SW. Thus expression of body fluid volumes as ml/cm plastron length rather than as % body weight is necessary to correct for the loss of total body water with progressive dehydration. Fasted terrapins in SW lost weight at 0.32% weight/day, whereas the rate in FW was 0.21%/day. Water influx and efflux in SW were 0.17 and 0.16 ml/100 g·h respectively. When the efflux was increased by the calculated value for unmeasured respiratory loss, it exceeded the influex by 0.01 ml/100 g·h. Consequently the net water loss determined with radiotracers (equivalent to 0.24% weight/day) was similar to the difference between the weight losses in SW and FW (0.11%/day). Partitioning studies indicated that the majority of water exchange between the terrapin and SW occurs through the integument. Terrapins in SW underwent a concentration of the body fluids, most of which can be attributed to water loss, not electrolyte gain. The rates of Na influx and efflux were quite low (usually ranging from 6–10 μmoles/100 g·h). In two terrapins the injection of NaCl loads resulted in eight- to 19-fold increases in Na efflux. The uptake of Na from SW occurred orally. The skin was virtually impermeable to Na. The salt gland and possibly the cloaca were the major routes of Na efflux. The injection of NaCl loads resulted in an increase in cephalic Na excretion from a mean of 3.2 μmoles/100 g·h to 32.5 μmoles/100 g·h. Terrapins in SW exhibited a significant increase in bladder urine [K] over the FW controls. There was a direct relationship between plasma [Na], urine [K], and lachrymal salt gland Na−K ATPase content. In comparing SW terrapins with FW painted turtles (Chrysemys) exposed to SW radiotracer studies demonstrated a similarity in Na influx, but there was at least a four-fold increase in water exchange in the painted turtle. It seems likely that the skins of many aquatic reptiles (marine, estuarine and FW) are impermeable to Na but differ markedly in water permeability.
Two Concepts of Concept

: Two main theories of concepts have emerged in the recent psychological literature: the Prototype Theory (which considers concepts to be self-contained lists of features) and the Theory Theory (which conceives of them as being embedded within larger theoretical networks). Experiments supporting the first theory usually differ substantially from those supporting the second, which suggests that these theories may be operating at different levels of explanation and dealing with different entities. A convergence is proposed between the Theory Theory and the intentional stance in the philosophy of language and mind. From this stance, concepts should not be thought of as concrete physical entities.
Teaching students to hack: ethical implications in teaching students to hack at the university level

Hacking has become a widespread problem with the onset of the digital age and the nearly universal access to the internet and other digital media. It is important for individuals, corporations, and the government to protect themselves from being vulnerable to such attacks. The purpose of this paper is to provide detailed information regarding the practices of hacking and ethical hacking, as well as to discuss the ethical nature of teaching computer students how to hack in an attempt to strengthen their skills in the field of information systems security.
Neural Network Models and Mechanisms of Strategy Development

Abstract The focus of this paper is mechanisms that may be responsible for intellectual and developmental differences in the cognitive strategies of typical and atypical children, including those with mental retardation. The discussion of these mechanisms is based on behavioral experiments on external memory strategies and on a set of neural network models designed for these tasks. Following the review of the external memory research, the rationale for using neural network models, how they have been used in other research, and their specific application to intellectual and developmental differences in external memory, including the results of several simulations, are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the mechanisms of intellectual differences and developmental change included in the models and some challenges for this type of modeling. Neural network modeling is discussed as an asset to research on cognitive development.
INTERSTATE BANKING AND THE RELOCATION OF ECONOMIC CONTROL POINTS

This paper examines the geographic shifts in the corporate control of banking which have resulted from interstate acquisitions between 1982 and mid-year 1986. Ninety-nine transactions during the study period have resulted in the interstate transfer of corporate control of $88 billion in assets. In the Southeast, North Carolina and Georgia banks have gained control of assets at the expense of the banking industry in Florida and South Carolina. Within the New England region, Massachusetts banks have made major acquisitions in neighboring states. In the West, California banks have been active with acquisitions in Arizona and Washington. The pattern of acquisitions has been influenced not only by the geographyof interstate banking legislation but also by the relative size of banks. The roles of Atlanta, Charlotte, Boston, and Los Angeles as regional money centers have been expanded because of interstate banking acquisitions.
Use of EPR Spectroscopy in Elucidating Electronic Structures of Paramagnetic Transition Metal Complexes

Electronic structure is an important concept in chemistry. Among the techniques that can be used to understand electronic structure, EPR spectroscopy is unique in the sense that it can specifically probe paramagnetic molecules. This paper describes a number of fundamental concepts of EPR spectroscopy and its application to paramagnetic transition metal ions. As examples, EPR spectra of two paramagnetic metalloporphyrin complexes are used to define electronic structure of these molecules. The concepts described can be used in upper-level undergraduate and first-year graduate classes.
Site-level predictors of children’s school and social competence in the Chicago Child–Parent Centers

Abstract We examined the influence of individual and site-level factors from the Chicago Child–Parent Centers (CPC) early educational program on four competence outcomes for 1539 minority youth in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Individual-level factors included race, gender, risk status, kindergarten duration, and preschool and follow-on experience. Two models were developed to examine site-level factors. The program model included instructional approach, site location, and parent involvement. The school model included the percentage of families that were low-income and the percentage of families that were residentially stable. Outcomes included kindergarten word analysis, eighth grade reading achievement, high school completion, and juvenile delinquency. Results based on hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses indicated that preschool participation was more important than any of the site-level factors. The most consistent site-level finding was that lower income levels within a school attendance area was linked with poorer school and social outcomes. Site-level parental involvement predicted both early and later school outcomes. Instructional approach was not a significant program factor. Site location and family stability were not typically predictive of child outcomes. Policy implications and limitations of the study are addressed.
Numerical study of phonon localization in disordered systems

A new numerical method has been developed to find the frequencies and vibration patterns of normal modes of harmonic systems. We have used this method to calculate the phonon density of states, and the phonon localization length for a two-dimensional square lattice with mass disorder.
Electrostatic spinning of acrylic microfibers

Abstract Fibers measuring less than 1 μ in diameter were spun by electrostatic means from dimethyl formamide (DMF) solutions of acrylic resin. High-speed photographs showed that a single fiber was drawn out from the electrically charged drop which was suspended from a metal capillary. Calculations indicated that spinning velocity probably reached and perhaps exceeded the velocity of sound in air. Electric field maps and other theoretical considerations showed that electric conductivity plays an important role in the spinning mechanism. The effects on fiber diameter and jet length of solution viscosity, surrounding gas, flow rate, voltage, and geometry were determined.
PANEL E PAPER SUL CINEMA ALLA CONFERENZA ANNUALE DELLA AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ITALIAN STUDIES (AAIS) DEL 2012

La XXXII Annual Conference della American Association for Italian Studies (AAIS) che si e svolta al College of Charleston (Charleston, South Carolina) dal 3 al 5 maggio del 2012 ha visto la presenz...
E-cadherin immunostaining of bladder transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and lymph node metastases with long-term followup.

Purpose: We analyze the expression of E-cadherin in bladder transitional cell carcinoma, areas of carcinoma in situ and lymph node metastases, and determine the value of E-cadherin immunoreactivity for predicting disease progression and survival of patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 77 patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Formalin fixed paraffin sections were processed with a hot, citric acid antigen retrieval method, followed by immunostaining with anti-E-cadherin monoclonal antibody and a standard avidin biotin complex technique. E-cadherin expression was also evaluated in carcinoma in situ sections (18) and in regional lymph node metastases (17).Results: Loss of normal membrane E-cadherin immunoreactivity was found in 59 (77%) patients. Abnormal expression of E-cadherin was associated with muscle invasive disease (p = 0.010) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.044). Of the 18 carcinoma in situ specimens 15 (83%) and of the 17 metasta...
Protective action of glycine in cisplatin nephrotoxicity

Protective action of glycine in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Because glycine is cytoprotective for kidney cells in vitro, we investigated its possible action in vivo to protect rats against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, a well-established experimental model of renal tubular injury. Glycine was infused at a dose of 1mmol per 100g body weight per hour for 75 minutes, starting 15 minutes before cisplatin, 5mg per kg, was injected intravenously. Plasma concentration of glycine rose to 3.5mmol per liter at the time cisplatin was injected. These rats were compared with cisplatin-treated animals treated with L-alanine or with isotonic saline. After five days plasma creatinine of saline-treated rats given cisplatin had risen threefold to 2.6 ± 1.5mg per 100ml (mean ± SD), as creatinine clearance fell to 25% of baseline (0.14 ± 0.05ml/min/100g). Morphological evaluation disclosed extensive damage involving all S3 segments in the outer medulla as well as the medullary rays of the cortex. In contrast, in rats treated with glycine, plasma creatinine rose only to 1.2 ± 0.2mg/100ml and creatinine clearance was maintained at 75% of baseline (0.35 ± 0.05ml/min/100g). Glycine also attenuated the weight loss, polyuria, increased fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, decreased urinary osmolality, and renal glycosuria observed in control, saline-treated rats after cisplatin, while substantially decreasing the percentage of S3 tubules with evident morphological injury. Renal platinum content was unaffected by glycine. The administration of L-alanine or the delayed infusion of glycine, starting one hour after cisplatin was given, did not prevent cisplatin toxicity. Thus, high plasma concentrations of glycine achieved during a brief period of time when cisplatin is administered, markedly attenuate cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Neonates with Congenital diaphragmatic hernia have smaller neck veins than other neonates: An alternative route for ECMO cannulation

Abstract Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the size of the right internal jugular vein between neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) who need extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and non-CDH neonates. The purpose also was to describe a method for cannulation of the right brachiocephalic vein if the internal jugular vein was too small for ECMO cannulation. Methods: Birth weight and size of the right internal jugular vein were compared between CDH and non-CDH neonates subjected to ECMO treatment. A corrected venous size was calculated, estimating the venous size if the patient's birth weight was 3,000 g. Results: The mean birth weight of the CDH patients (3,214 g) was lower than that of the non-CDH patients (3,497 g; P P ⪡.001) than that of non CDH patients (13.6 Ch). The corrected venous size also was significantly ( P Conclusions: Severely affected neonates with CDH have significantly smaller right internal jugular veins than other neonates. If the patient needs ECMO and if the internal jugular vein is too small for cannulation, the right brachiocephalic vein can be successfully cannulated from the neck instead. J Pediatr Surg 37:906-908. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Flavohemoglobin Gene Expression

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae hemoglobin is a flavoprotein of unknown function. It shares extensive sequence homology with the globin of Candida as well as those of several bacterial species. We have studied its gene regulation in order to better understand its purpose in the cell. Transcriptional analyses indicate that, in sharp contrast to the bacterial globins of Vitreoscilla and Alcaligenes eutrophus, the S. cerevisiae globin message is induced during logarithmic growth and under oxygen-replete conditions. Transcription of the S. cerevisiae hemoglobin gene is positively regulated by the transcription factors heme-activated protein (HAP) 1 and HAP2/3/4, which respond to intracellular heme levels. Anaerobically, there is a low level, HAP-independent induction of hemoglobin mRNA. Unlike other systems influenced by the HAP2/3/4 transcription factor complex, no activation of hemoglobin expression by growth in non-fermentable carbon sources is observed. Flavohemoglobin gene disruption does not alter cell viability or growth in a variety of oxygen conditions and carbon sources. Physical and genetic mapping of the S. cerevisiae flavohemoglobin gene places it on chromosome seven near the formyltetrahydrofolate synthase (ADE3) locus. These data indicate that, despite the high degree of homology, the S. cerevisiae globin may have a function distinct from those proposed for bacterial globins.
1,2-FCl Rearrangement as an Intermediate Step in the Unimolecular 1,3-HCl Elimination from Chlorofluoropropanes †

Calculations at the B3PW91/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory have been performed on a series of chlorofluoropropanes in order to account for the chemistry of the molecules CF2ClCF2CH3 and CF2ClCF2CD3, chemically activated in the gas phase, which form novel elimination products, CF3CFCH2 or CF3CFCD2, formally a 1,3-HCl or DCl elimination together with a 1,2-fluorine migration. The proposed mechanism involves an initial 1,2-FCl rearrangement, with an activation energy of 62.5 kcal/mol, giving CF3CFClCH3, which is 3.3 kcal/mol lower in energy than CF2ClCF2CH3. Subsequently CF3CFClCH3 eliminates HCl with a barrier height of 55.4 kcal/mol. This mechanism accounts for both the unimolecular kinetics and the small kinetic isotope effect. A concerted transition geometry has been characterized for the 1,2-FCl rearrangement of each molecule of the type CF2ClCXFCY3, where X and Y are H, D, or F; in each case the rearrangement leads to a more thermodynamically stable rearrangement product CF3CXClCY3.
The use of exenatide in severely burned pediatric patients

Introduction Intensive insulin treatment (IIT) has been shown to improve outcomes post-burn in severely burnt patients. However, it increases the incidence of hypoglycemia and is associated with risks and complications. We hypothesized that exenatide would decrease plasma glucose levels post-burn to levels similar to those achieved with IIT, and reduce the amount of exogenous insulin administered.
Stability Studies of Dihydrostreptomycin Ointments

Abstract Dihydrostreptomycin was used as the active ingredient in polyethylene glycol-type bases and in petrolatum base ointments. The different ointments were analyzed over a period of five years for loss in antibiotic activity. The polyethylene glycol ointments, when stored at 5°, lost less than ten per cent activity in two years, and 20 per cent or less in five years. The activity lost, when stored at 25°, was somewhat greater. The petrolatum base for dihydrostreptomycin was not satisfactory after long storage.
Responses of Dairy Calves to Aflatoxin-Contaminated Feed

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the aflatoxin dose relationships, the clinical biochemical changes, and the tissue effects of feeding aflatoxin to young dairy calves. Six aflatoxin dose levels, 0.008mg B 1 /kg body weight per day to 0.080mg B 1 /kg body weight per day, were fed to six pairs of young dairy calves for six weeks. Each pair of calves was fed for a six-week pretoxin and a six-week toxin feeding period. Tissue samples were examined by light microscopy for aflatoxin-induced lesions. The young calves consumed 100% of the dose up to 0.020mg B 1 /kg body weight per day. At higher dose levels, smaller percentages of the aflatoxin dose were consumed. Weekly body weight changes, albumin/globulin ratios, and total serum protein were not significantly affected by aflatoxin treatment. A significant (P 1 /kg body weight per day or more. Gross lesions at postmortem included loss of color in the liver and adrenal hyperplasia of the aflatoxin-treated calves. Histological examination of liver tissue indicated typical early aflatoxin bile duct and central vein proliferative changes, an accumulation of fat and a corresponding loss of glycogen, along with disorganization of the liver lobules and invasion by reticular fibers.
A mechanistic model for two-phase annular-mist flow in vertical pipes

The physical phenomena associated with two-phase annular-mist flow in vertical pipes are considered. A new mechanistic model is developed to predict liquid entrainment, liquid film thickness, in situ velocities, and pressure drop. The model is compared to field data and found to be superior to the three commonly used empirical correlations.
Conditions in which very rapid inflation has appeared A comment

One cannot fault Forrest Capie for lack of ambition in tackling the weighty subject of the preconditions of hyperinflation, too much ambition, in my judgment, within the confines of a paper. There are so many "case studies" under investigation and so little said about each one of them that the reader is overwhelmed and yet wants more. This is not to say that I did not learn from the paper: the basic facts about high-inflation periods are gathered economically. My objections to the paper are that there are more issues raised than solutions provided and that the research strategy is not designed to discriminate among alternative hypotheses.
Alternate energy transduction routes in chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibres: a further study of the effect of MgATP over a wide concentration range

Complex stiffness data were studied over an extended range of MgATP concentrations (3 µm-5mm) in single fibres of Ca2+-activated, chemically skinned adult rabbit psoas. The data were analysed in terms of a model involving three exponential processes, the presence of which was previously observed in fully activated muscles. As fibres were transferred from a rigor solution into solutions of gradually increasing MgATP concentration, the three processes appeared sequentially, each with a uniqueKm. The order of appearance as MgATP increases is (1) the slowest of the three processes [designated process (A)], (2) the fastest of the three processes [designated (C)], and (3) process (B), which occupies the middle range of frequencies; theKms are approximately 10 µm, 0.2mm, and 0.8mm, respectively. The single phase advance [process (A)] remaining at very low substrate concentrations was found to be better described by a distribution of rate constants than by a single rate constant. The influence of substrate concentration on these processes is examined and two parallel hydrolysis routes are suggested as a possible mechanism.
Decreased expression of peroxiredoxin 6 in a mouse model of ethanol consumption

Abstract Alcoholic liver disease is multifactorial and oxidative stress is believed to play an intimate role in the initiation and progression of this pathology. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol treatment on inducing hepatic oxidative stress and peroxiredoxin 6 expression. After 9 weeks of treatment with an ethanol-containing diet, significant increases in serum ALT activity, liver to body weight ratio, liver triglycerides, CYP2E1 protein expression, and CYP2E1 activity were observed. Chronic ethanol feeding resulted in oxidative stress as evidenced by decreases in hepatic glutathione content and increased deposition of 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-oxononenal protein adducts. In addition, novel findings of decreased PRX6 protein and mRNA and increased levels of carbonylated PRX6 protein were observed in the ethanol-treated animals compared to the pair-fed controls. Lastly, NF-κB activity was found to be significantly increased in the ethanol-treated animals. Concurrent with the increase in NF-κB activity, decreases in both MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were also observed in the ethanol-treated animals compared to the pair-fed controls. Together, these data demonstrate that chronic ethanol treatment results in oxidative stress, implicating NF-κB activation as an integral mechanism in the negative regulation of PRX6 gene expression in the mouse liver.
Language co-activation and lexical selection in bimodal bilinguals: Evidence from picture-word interference.

We used picture–word interference (PWI) to discover a) whether cross-language activation at the lexical level can yield phonological priming effects when languages do not share phonological representations, and b) whether semantic interference effects occur without articulatory competition. Bimodal bilinguals fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) and English named pictures in ASL while listening to distractor words that were 1) translation equivalents, 2) phonologically related to the target sign through translation, 3) semantically related, or 4) unrelated. Monolingual speakers named pictures in English. Production of ASL signs was facilitated by words that were phonologically related through translation and by translation equivalents, indicating that cross-language activation spreads from lexical to phonological levels for production. Semantic interference effects were not observed for bimodal bilinguals, providing some support for a post-lexical locus of semantic interference, but which we suggest may instead reflect time course differences in spoken and signed production in the PWI task.
Treatment of supersonic flows with embedded subsonic regions

A nonlinear method based on the full potential equation in conservation form, cast in an arbitrary coordinate system, has been developed to treat predominantly supersonic flows with embedded subsonic regions. This type of flow field occurs frequently near the fuselage/canopy junction area and wing leading-edge regions for a moderately swept fighter configuration. The method uses the theory of characteristics to accurately monitor the type-dependent flowfield. A conservative switching scheme is developed to handle the transition from the supersonic marching algorithm to a subsonic relaxation procedure, and vice versa. An implicit approximate factorization scheme is employed to solve the finite differenced equation. Results are shown for a few configurations, including a wing/body/wake realistic fighter model having embedded subsonic regions.
Testing for Depth of Understanding in Economics Using Essay Questions

Abstract: The essay test has great potential to assess the higher levels of student understanding of economics. The problem is that most instructors fail to exploit the significant advantage of this testing method and to avoid its pitfalls. The author highlights the advantages and pitfalls to essay testing in economics and gives instructors many practical examples and suggestions for improving the quality of essay questions. The general conclusion is that essay testing requires more work than is generally expected by economics instructors, but this commitment needs to be made if essay tests are to be used as an effective and reliable measure for depth of understanding in economics.
Error behavior in optimal relaxation methods

Stiefel's theory of optimal relaxation methods is applied to study the behavior of the error, measured by (the square of) an energy-type norm, as the number of iteration steps tends to infinity. It is shown how certain features of the initial residual vector affect the rate of convergence. Of particular interest are cases in which the higher-order components of the initial residual vector, in the coordinate system of principal axes, are more and more attenuated.
Identifying problems and generating recommendations for enhancing complex systems: applying the abstraction hierarchy framework as an analytical tool.

OBJECTIVE: This study adopts J. Rasmussen's (1985) abstraction hierarchy (AH) framework as an analytical tool to identify problems and pinpoint opportunities to enhance complex systems. BACKGROUND: The process of identifying problems and generating recommendations for complex systems using conventional methods is usually conducted based on incompletely defined work requirements. As the complexity of systems rises, the sheer mass of data generated from these methods becomes unwieldy to manage in a coherent, systematic form for analysis. There is little known work on adopting a broader perspective to fill these gaps. METHOD: AH was used to analyze an aircraft-automation system in order to further identify breakdowns in pilot-automation interactions. Four steps follow: developing an AH model for the system, mapping the data generated by various methods onto the AH, identifying problems based on the mapped data, and presenting recommendations. RESULTS: The breakdowns lay primarily with automation operations that were more goal directed. Identified root causes include incomplete knowledge content and ineffective knowledge structure in pilots' mental models, lack of effective higher-order functional domain information displayed in the interface, and lack of sufficient automation procedures for pilots to effectively cope with unfamiliar situations. CONCLUSION: The AH is a valuable analytical tool to systematically identify problems and suggest opportunities for enhancing complex systems. It helps further examine the automation awareness problems and identify improvement areas from a work domain perspective. APPLICATION: Applications include the identification of problems and generation of recommendations for complex systems as well as specific recommendations regarding pilot training, flight deck interfaces, and automation procedures. Language: en
Dysautonomia From Bilateral Carotid Artery Dissection

The mechanisms of dysautonomia from carotid artery dissection were discussed recently in Circulation . A case was presented of a 49-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and vasovagal syncope who developed abrupt slurred speech and left hemiplegia.1 She had a right internal carotid artery dissection and right cerebral hemispheric infarction involving the insular cortex. During her hospitalization, the patient had episodes of severe bradycardia that Dulay et al1 attributed to “mechanical pressure to an already sensitive carotid sinus from thrombus secondary to a dissection of the internal carotid.” Sarikaya et al2 argued that disrupted descending autonomic pathways from the infarcted insular cortex were responsible. Right-sided insular lesions are known to cause bradyarrhythmias.3 We present a case of bilateral carotid artery dissection in which dysautonomia occurred in the absence of cortical damage. A 47-year-old right-handed woman with rheumatoid arthritis experienced symptoms of an apparent upper respiratory infection with a persistent cough after the syndrome resolved. After …
Thermal infrared (2.5–13.5 μm) spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces

The compositional significance of outstanding spectral features in the reflectance spectra of particulate igneous rocks was investigated by analyzing directional reflectance spectra, obtained with an FTIR spectrophotometer at 2.17-13.5 microns, of a suite of well-characterized igneous rocks ground to fine particle size. It was found that, using spectral features associated with the principal Christiansen frequency and with a region of relative transparency between the Si-O stretching and bending bands, it is possible to identify general rock type using the Walter and Salisbury (1989) SCFM chemical index, SCFM, defined as SCFM = SiO2/(SiO2 + CaO + FeO + MgO). It is emphasized, however, that the appearance and the wavelength of these features may be affected by environmental factors.
Development of an internally quenched fluorescent substrate for Escherichia coli leader peptidase.

Abstract Escherichia coli leader peptidase, an integral membrane protein, is responsible for the cleavage of the signal sequence of many exported proteins. Recent studies suggest that it is a novel serine protease that utilizes a serine–lysine catalytic dyad. In an effort to further understand the mechanism of this enzyme, an internally quenched fluorescent peptide substrate incorporating the leader peptidase cleavage site of maltose binding protein signal peptide, Y(NO 2 )–F–S–A–S–A–L–A–K–I–K(Abz) (anthraniloyl), was designed and synthesized. In the intact peptide, the fluorescence of the anthraniloyl group is quenched by the 3-nitrotyrosine. This quenched fluorescence is liberated upon cleavage of the peptide by the leader peptidase, resulting in increased fluorescence that could then be monitored fluorometrically. The designed substrate can be cleaved effectively by E. coli leader peptidase as detected by both HPLC and fluorescent spectroscopy. Mass spectra of cleavage products demonstrated that the cleavage occurs at the predicted site (A–K). The cleavage of the peptide substrate has a linear dependence on the enzyme concentration (0.1 to 1.9 μM) and the k cat / K m was calculated to be 71.1 M −1 s −1 . These data are comparable with the unmodified peptide substrate. This report represents the first direct continuous assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer for E. coli leader peptidase.
The theory of mixed demand functions

Abstract The properties of Samuelson's mixed demand functions, which express demand as a function of a mixed set of prices and quantities, are derived. By analyzing compensated (or substitution) effects and uncompensated effects, the relationships between mixed demand functions and conditional (or rationed) demands are examined. This provides insights on the behavioral implications of consumer theory for alternative demand specifications.
Comedy and Significance in Proust’s Recherche: Freud and the Baron de Charlus

What is the significance of comedy in A la recherche du temps perdu? How do moments of levity, humorous interlude, and comic relief function in a novel whose overall design is the construct of a highly serious authorial purpose? There is no lack of critical literature on the subject "Proust and Comedy" or "Proust and Humor," but most interpreters have subordinated laughter to the high seriousness of Proust's theories on aesthetics and memory and have explicated humorous passages in terms of these theories, as if comedy in its diversified manifestations could be reduced to the role of exem-