cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Pyridoxal 5‘-Phosphate with Tryptophan-139 at the Subunit Interface of Dimeric d-Amino Acid Transaminase†

The crystal structure of dimeric bacterial d-amino acid transaminase shows that the indole rings of the two Trp-139 side chains face each other in the subunit interface about 10 A from the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate. To determine whether it has a role in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme or interacts with the coenzyme, Trp-139 has been substituted by several different types of amino acids, and the properties of these recombinant mutant enzymes have been compared to the wild-type enzyme. In the native wild-type holoenzyme, the fluorescence of one of the three Trp residues per monomer is almost completely quenched, probably due to its interaction with PLP since in the native wild-type apoenzyme devoid of PLP, tryptophan fluorescence is not quenched. Upon reconstitution of this apoenzyme with PLP, the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched to about the same extent as it is in the native wild-type enzyme. The site of fluorescence quenching is Trp-139 since the W139F mutant in which Trp-139 is replaced...
Simulation of fabric development in recrystallizing aggregates—I. Description of the model

Abstract A new computer simulation of the development of grain shape and crystallographic preferred orientations in dynamically recrystallizing aggregates is presented. This model is based on a uniform array of points, each of which represents a small area of crystal. This model combines homogeneous strains, simplified versions of the lattice rotations predicted by Taylor-Bishop-Hill theory, mobile grain boundaries and the nucleation of subgrains. It allows the progressive development of the fabrics and microstructures to be followed. The limitations of the simplifying assumptions used in this model are discussed.
Evaluation of Competing Candidate Solutions in Electronic Networks of Practice

Electronic networks of practice have become a prevalent means for acquiring new knowledge. Knowledge seekers commonly turn to online repositories constructed by these networks to find solutions to domain-specific problems and questions. Yet little is understood about the process by which such knowledge is evaluated and adopted by knowledge seekers. This study examines how individuals filter knowledge encountered in online forums, a common platform for knowledge exchange in an electronic network of practice. Drawing on dual process theory, we develop research hypotheses regarding both central and peripheral evaluation of knowledge. These hypotheses are examined in a field experiment in which participants evaluate online solutions for computer programming problems. Results show that peripheral cues source expertise and validation have a greater influence on knowledge filtering decisions than does the content quality of the solution. Moreover, elaboration increases the effect of content quality but does not seem to attenuate the effect of peripheral cues. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FREQUENCY OF PURCHASE OF CATFISH BY U.S. HOUSEHOLDS IN SELECTED CITIES

Increased understanding of the factors that influence the frequency of purchase of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by U.S. households would provide guidance for catfish marketing programs. A household survey was conducted to analyze consumer preferences and consumption trends of U.S. farm-raised catfish in Birmingham, Memphis, Chicago, Jackson (MS), New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Little Rock, Oklahoma City, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. An ordered probit model was developed to examine the variables influencing frequency of catfish purchase. Household respondents in all cities except Jackson, New Orleans, Oklahoma City, and San Antonio were found to be more frequent buyers of catfish products. Respondents who preferred fresh catfish had a greater likelihood of frequent catfish purchase while buyers of frozen catfish were less likely to purchase catfish frequently. Method of preparation and serving had no influence on catfish purchase frequency. Buyers purchasing from supermarket outlets had a higher probabili...
Restraint use in inpatient rehabilitation: incidence, predictors, and implications

The use of mechanical restraints in rehabilitation facilities focuses attention on the conflict between patient safety and independent physical function. To evaluate restraint use, we reviewed records of 323 inpatient rehabilitation admissions. Restraint orders were written for 78.3% of admissions, but used in only 32.2% of cases (mean duration of use was 16 days). Posey vests were most commonly used (78.2%). Reasons for restraint were previous fall (26.8%), impulsivity (23.7%), and inappropriate self-transfers (19.6%). Male sex, decreased mental status, low admission functional independence measure (FIM) score, stroke, or traumatic brain injury were closely associated with restraint use. Falls occurred in 25% of restrained and 10.1% of unrestrained patients. Conclusions are as follows: (1) although physician orders are required to apply restraints, nursing staff initiate, monitor, and discontinue restraint use independently; (2) traumatic brain injury or stroke, decreased admission mental status, lower FIM scores, and male sex are indicators of restraint use; (3) age is not associated with restraint use; and (4) restraints may not prevent falls.
Kinetics of urinary recovery of five sugars after orogastric administration in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE To describe the kinetics of urinary recovery (UR) of 5 sugars used for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose. ANIMALS 7 healthy male Beagles. PROCEDURES A sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose was administered by orogastric intubation to healthy dogs. Urine samples were collected immediately before sugar solution administration (baseline) and at 2-hour intervals thereafter. The UR of the 5 sugars was determined from urine concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Percent urinary recovery (%UR) of the total UR up to 12 hours after sugar solution administration was calculated for each sugar at 2-hour intervals. RESULTS Mean %UR exceeded 85% for all 5 sugars at 6 hours after orogastric administration of the sugar solution and exceeded 90% after 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, a urine collection period of 6 hours is sufficient for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose.
Extended application of the DMRG methodology to nuclei in the 1f ? 2p shell

In this paper, we present systematic results of the J-DMRG method (an angular-momentum-conserving version of the Density Matrix Renormalization Group) in truncated shell-model calculations of nuclei in the 1f – 2p shell. In contrast to earlier studies, these calculations consider both even-even and odd-mass nuclei. Comparison of the results of these calculations with those of exact shell-model treatments of the same nuclei shows that the method converges smoothly to the exact results in all cases and furthermore that the fraction of the full shell-model space required to obtain accurate agreement with the exact results decreases rapidly as the size of the full space grows. This latter result bodes well for the future applicability of the method to even larger nuclei with even larger shell-model spaces as is the ultimate goal of our development of this approach to large-scale shell model studies.
Microelectrode analysis of some functional characteristics and inter-relationships of specific, association and non-specific thalamo-cortical systems.

Abstract 1. 1. Some functional aspects of three thalamo-cortical systems (specific, non-specific, association) of cat have been investigated by means of tungsten microelectrodes. One thalamic nucleus for each system (n. geniculatus lateralis, n. centralis lateralis and n. lateralis posterior) was selected for stimulation while recording was carried out from the corresponding cortical areas (g. lateralis and g. suprasylviua) and underlying white matter. 2. 2. The effectiveness of suprathreshold stimuli to activate cortical elements is maximal in the case of the specific and minimal for the non-specific system. 3. 3. Spikes have the shortest and most constant latency when activated by specific nuclei stimulation, while not only latency values, but also their variability range increase with stimulation of association and especially of non-specific nuclei. 4. 4. In the course of a “recruiting” response the latency of a given activated spike may often change as a function of the phases of the response itself. There is some experimental evidence to suggest that these changes are, at least in part, the expression of intra-thalamic recruiting phenomena. 5. 5. In the case of the non-specific system, several findings confirm and extend those previously reported by other investigators. In general they emphasize the extremely variable and complex behaviour of this thalamo-cortical system. 6. 6. Reciprocal facilitatory effects at the unitary level were observed in the suprasylvian gyrus, between association and non-specific thalamo-cortical systems. Some inhibitory effects were also noted, but no evidence was found to indicate convergence of impulses from the two systems upon the same neuron. 7. 7. Reciprocal facilitatory and some inhibitory effects between specific and association systems upon unit spikes, were found in the cortex of g. lateralis where convergence of both stimuli upon the same neuron could also be demonstrated.
Parting Perspectives from an Aging Editor (& thanks for all the fish)

Unlike the dolphins in Douglas Adams' Hitchhikers' Guide to the Universe who originally expressed the parenthetical phrase of the title, the editor is not deserting the planet. But becoming a non-editor means a departure from a special world that filled so much time for so long. And after a long academic life including over 35 years of membership in ACCI, one gets a skeptical perspective to hear young scholars confidently predict the future of consumer issues, which in many ways looks like the past.
Theory of grain boundaries in ordered alloys

Abstract A theoretical analysis has been made with respect to the low angle tilt boundary configurations in superlattices and applied specifically to the FeCo alloy. It is found that for small tilt angles the wall may consist of superlattice dislocations extended either along the slip plane or perpendicular to it depending on the anti-phase boundary energy variation with orientation. As the angle of misfit increases, the wall composed of vertically extended dislocations is favoured in all cases, the extension being equal to one-half the spacing between superlattice dislocations. The boundary is thus effectively disordered.
The Rhetoric of Graduate Employee Unionization: Critical Rhetoric and the Yale Grade Strike

In the fall of 1995, graduate student employees at Yale University withheld grades in the courses they taught to win recognition for their union. This essay offers a critical rhetorical analysis of the Yale Grade Strike. This essay argues that the labor identity constructed at Yale is predicated on the historical-material circumstances of graduate labor in the modern corporate university. The essay argues that critical rhetoric must focus on such material realities as the basis for developing an ongoing critique with the potential to work for social change.
A comparison of direct and vicarious treatments of speech anxiety: Desensitization, desensitization with coping imagery, and cognitive modification *

Sixty-three speech-anxious subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: Desensitization, Desensitization with Coping Imagery, and Cognitive Modification. Each group was then divided so that half received treatment directly while the remainder received treatment vicariously (i.e., observed direct subjects on videotape). Additionally, 10 subjects were assigned to a No-Treatment Control group. All groups met for three weekly 2-hr sessions. Treatment effectiveness was measured by both behavioral and cognitive measures of speech anxiety and generalized anxiety taken before and after treatment and again at an 11-week follow-up. Results indicated no consistent significant differences between the direct and vicarious conditions or among the three treatments. However, a series of comparisons with the Control group indicated that the pooled treatment subjects did improve significantly on all measures of speech anxiety and generalized anxiety. Furthermore, trends in the data pointed to the greater effectiveness of the direct treatments in reducing generalized anxiety and to the greater consistency of the Cognitive Modification program in reducing both speech anxiety and generalized anxiety.
Electrophoretic characterization of shuttling and nonshuttling small nuclear RNAs

Abstract snRNAs that shuttle nonrandomly between nucleus and cytoplasm, and snRNAs that do not leave the interphase nucleus have been characterized by transplanting 32 P-RNA nuclei into unlabeled amebae followed by electrophoresis of RNA extracted from grafted nuclei, host cell nuclei, and cytoplasms. Amebae were found to possess snRNAs designated: 3.5S, 4S, 5S, 5.5S, U1, U2, U3, and 8S, which range from about 80 to about 200 nucleotides long. Because they migrate from grafted to host nucleus, 5S, U1, U3, and 8S are recognized as the shuttling RNAs. The 3.5S, 5.5S, and U2 RNAs, which do not migrate, clearly are nonshuttling. The nuclear and cytoplasmic concentrations of 4S RNA are approximately equal, presumably reflecting a lack of a nuclear envelope barrier to its free intracellular movement. 5S RNA is about 250 times and 8S RNA about 750 times more concentrated in nucleus than cytoplasm, and the other snRNAs are substantially greater than 750 times more concentrated in the nucleus. The shuttling RNAs thus migrate into the nucleus from the cytoplasm against steep concentration gradients. The shuttling 5S RNA appears to be unrelated to ribosomal 5S RNA, although they are electrophoretically indistinguishable. In the presence of actinomycin D the shuttling RNAs continue to shuttle but nonshuttling and shuttling snRNAs appear in the cytoplasm in significant amounts, suggesting that some snRNAs at least are normally bound to chromatin. This finding also demonstrates that the observed shuttling behavior does not reflect reutilization, in new transcription events, of labeled RNA breakdown products. How snRNAs may be related to gene function is considered briefly.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of short time dynamics in polymer liquid and glass

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation of a united-atom polyethylene model was performed to study the short time dynamics of polymer liquid and glass. Simulation runs lasting up to 5 ns were performed at ten temperatures above and below the estimated glass transition temperature. Both the segmental translational motion and the bond reorientational motion were investigated. Quantities evaluated for the study of the translational motion include: segmental mean square displacement, van Hove space-time correlation function, intermediate scattering function, and dynamic structure factor. For the reorientational motion, the quantities evaluated include: the rms reorientation angle and the time-correlation functions of various orders giving the decay in the correlation of the bond orientation with time. Many examples are cited to show that most of the features obtained from the simulation agree well with those observed experimentally, mainly by means of quasielastic neutron scattering with polymeric and non-polymeric liquids. In particular, the dynamics in the timescale between 0.01 and 10 3 ps clearly divide themselves into two regimes: the fast process, occurring below about 1.5 ps, is Debye-like, while the slower process that follows is fitted well with the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function. The former probably arises from motion of a segment within a cage, while the latter is the α-relaxation process involving structural rearrangement and cooperative motion of groups of segments. The hopping process, seen in the simulation of small molecule liquids, is not observed here at any temperature. Yet there is no indication that a non-ergodicity, or a state of complete structural arrest, sets in even at the lowest temperature studied. Rather, the temperature at which the ‘apparent’ glass transition sets in is seen to shift downward as the observation time is prolonged.
Massively Parallel Searching for Better Algorithms or How to Do a Cross Product with Five Multiplications

A number of "tricks" are known that trade multiplications for additions. The term "tricks" reflects the way these methods seem not to proceed from any general theory, but instead jump into existence as recipes that work. The Strassen method for 2 × 2 matrix product with seven multiplications is a well-known example, as is the method for finding a complex number product in three multiplications. We have created a practical computer program for finding such tricks automatically, where massive parallelism makes the combinatorially explosive search tolerable for small problems. One result of this program is a method for cross products of three-vectors that requires only five multiplications.
Radical Islam in East Africa

Islam has a 1,000-year history in West Africa; in East Africa it is even longer. What started out as liberating efforts by Muslims in Africa degenerated into oppressive regimes over time. Over the centuries, conquest increasingly came to define Islam’s approach in Africa. How Africa manages its necessity to accommodate Islamic elements in its midst is one of the continent’s most daunting challenges. On the one hand, the region is home to a substantial number of Muslims. On the other hand, there is a connection between religious radicalism and poverty. Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete, a Muslim, suggested that if belief is the potential seed of radicalism, then poverty is the fertilizer. Overcoming the factional divide within Islam is important because the fissures are latent in countries with large Islamic populations. How Africa manages this challenge has profound long-term implications for peace, stability, and development on the continent.
Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea.

Considerable progress has been made over the last several decades in our understanding of the pathophysiology of both central and obstructive sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea, in its various forms, is generally the product of an unstable ventilatory control system (high loop gain) with increased controller gain (high hypercapnic responsiveness) generally being the cause. High plant gain can contribute under certain circumstances (hypercapnic patients). On the other hand, obstructive sleep apnea can develop as the result of a variety of physiologic characteristics. The combinations of these may vary considerably between patients. Most obstructive apnea patients have an anatomically small upper airway with augmented pharyngeal dilator muscle activation maintaining airway patency awake, but not asleep. However, individual variability in several phenotypic characteristics may ultimately determine who develops apnea and how severe the apnea will be. These include: (1) upper airway anatomy, (2) the ability of u...
Improvement of wear resistance of pulsed laser deposited diamond-like carbon films through incorporation of metals

We have investigated the characteristics of diamond-like carbon (DLC), DLC doped with Cu, and DLC doped with Ti deposited by a sequential pulsed laser ablation of two targets. The composition of these films was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies showed typical features of DLC with a high fraction of sp 3 bonded carbon in the doped films as well as in the undoped films. Wear resistance measurements made on the samples by means of the ‘crater grinding method’ showed that DLC2.75% Ti has the highest wear resistance, while that of pure DLC has the lowest amongst the samples. Careful analysis of the Raman data indicates a significant shift to shorter wavelength with the addition of metal, which means that the compressive stress in the DLC films has been reduced. We envisaged that the reduction in the compressive stress promotes the wear resistance of the coatings. The XPS studies showed evidence for the formation of Ti‐C bonding in the Ti doped sample. Thus metal-doped DLC coatings are expected to improve the tribological properties and enhance the performance of components coated with metal-doped DLC. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Selective recovery of the cultivation-prone components from mixed trypanosomatid infections: a case of several novel species isolated from Neotropical Heteroptera

Mixed trypanosomatid infections (a simultaneous presence of two or more parasites in the same host) have long been suspected to represent an obstacle for recovering cultures that would faithfully represent original species descriptions. However, without the means to directly compare the parasites in the host and in culture, this would remain just a possibility. Here we have used PCR-based genotyping of spliced leader RNA gene repeats to analyse several novel species of insect trypanosomatids isolated from heteropteran hosts and to compare them with the parasites that had been detected in the gut smears of the same hosts. We have found that, whereas the original infections were dominated by some blastocrithidia-like parasites, most of the respective axenic cultures contained novel species of Crithidia and Leptomonas. Therefore, we concluded that, in each case, this replacement was caused by differences in cultivation properties between the original predominant blastocrithidia and the less fastidious parasite that was later recovered in culture. The properties of the new organisms, including their morphology and ultrastructure, as well as their phylogenetic affinities within the family, were investigated and used to describe five novel species.
Effect of betamethasone on maternal glucose.

Objective: To determine the effect of single and multiple betamethasone courses on maternal fasting and postprandial glucose values. Study design: A prospective cohort study was performed in women receiving betamethasone at 24–34 weeks' gestation. Fasting and 1-h postprandial capillary glucose values were obtained daily following betamethasone therapy for hospitalized patients. A control group comprised outpatients who underwent weekly fasting and postprandial assessments for 3 weeks. Fasting and 1-h postprandial capillary glucose values were compared between control and betamethasone patients using an unpaired t test. Results: Thirty-five women received a single course of therapy, 19 received multiple courses and 28 served as controls. Mean fasting glucose values for control patients fell within a narrow range of 81.6 ± 10.3 to 82.2 ± 6.4 mg/dl for weeks 1–3. Of women receiving betamethasone, 59% of fasting glucose values were greater than 90 mg/dl as compared to 16% of control fasting values (p < 0.001,...
Feeding Behavior of Captive-Reared Juvenile Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii)

Abstract Feeding preference of Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle) is not well known. Juveniles reared with no prior exposure to natural prey were tested for innate prey (i.e., fish) preference and foraging ability for mussels in coarse and fine substrates. Alligator Snapping Turtles consumed fish non-selectively, except that they selected Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) over Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) in live-prey trials, and Lepomis cyanellus (Green Sunfish) over Notemigonus crysoleucas (Golden Shiners) in carrion trials. Juvenile Alligator Snapping Turtles were less active and less successful when foraging for a benthic prey species, Lampsilis siliquoidea (Fatmucket), in coarse substrate than they were when the mussels were in fine and no substrates. Juvenile Alligator Snapping Turtle preference for Bluegill in a controlled environment corresponds to predator and prey habitat associations but could also be influenced by prey (i.e., fish) behavior. Likewise, enhanced activity and prey...
Correlation of flip chip underfill process parameters and material properties with in-process stress generation

Package design is headed towards fewer levels of packaging and one such design is flip chip on board (FCOB). In this method, the chip is attached face down directly to a printed wiring board (PWB). The interconnection technique utilizes chips having solder bumps on each bond pad. The bumped chips are aligned to the substrate traces and attached using eutectic solder. As the package is comprised of dissimilar materials, the mechanical integrity of the flip chip during assembly and operation becomes an issue due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between these materials. To overcome this problem, a rigid encapsulant is introduced between the chip and the substrate which reduces the actual CTE mismatch thus reducing the effective stresses experienced by the solder interconnects and significantly improving long term reliability. The underfill material however, does introduce a high level of mechanical stress in the silicon die. The induced stress in the assembly is a function of the underfill material utilized, the assembly process used and the curing parameters. Therefore, the selection of underfill material is critical to achieving the desired performance and reliability. The effect of encapsulation material on the mechanical stress induced in a flip chip assembly during underfill cure was presented in previous papers (Palaniappan and Baldwin, 1997). This paper studies the effect of the cure parameters on a selected commercial underfill and correlates these properties with the stress induced in flip chip assemblies during processing. The goal of this work is to determine the fundamental effects of assembly process history on stresses generated in low cost flip chip assemblies ultimately linking these to reliability performance. The objectives are to characterize the material properties of underfills processed under varying assembly conditions, perform in-situ stress measurements in the flip chip assemblies processed under the same conditions to characterize the stress distribution and maximum stress at the chip/underfill interface and to correlate material properties with the residual stresses as a function of assembly process parameters. In this work, the ATC04 assembly test chip from Sandia National Laboratories was used to analyze commercial underfill processed under different cure parameters. Underfill samples were cured in situ during test vehicle assembly process to determine the glass transition temperature, T/sub g/, storage modulus, G' and the coefficient of thermal expansion, CTE. Correlation between the underfill material properties, the relative stresses produced during cure, and the cure parameters are made.
Distribution-free vessel deployment for liner shipping

Abstract One important problem faced by the liner shipping industry is the fleet deployment problem. In this problem, the number and type of vessels to be assigned to the various shipping routes need to be determined, in such a way that profit is maximized, while at the same time ensuring that (most of the time) sufficient vessel capacity exists to meet shipping demand. Thus far, the standard assumption has been that complete probability distributions can be readily specified to model the uncertainty in shipping demand. In this paper, it is argued that such distributions are hard, if not impossible, to obtain in practice. To relax this oftentimes restrictive assumption, a new distribution-free optimization model is proposed that only requires the specification of the mean, standard deviation and an upper bound on the shipping demand. The proposed model possesses a number of attractive properties: (1) It can be seen as a generalization of an existing variation of the liner fleet deployment model. (2) It remains a mixed integer linear program and (3) The model has a very intuitive interpretation. A numerical case study is provided to illustrate the model.
Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Many anaesthesia practitioners caring for patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) lack the knowledge, experience, and requisite programming devices to independently manage these patients perioperatively. A recently updated ASA task force Practice Advisory presents expert opinion regarding the perioperative management of patients with CIEDs, and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) recently published a consensus statement on this subject in collaboration with the ASA, American Heart Association (AHA), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). The main intent of these documents is to provide recommendations that promote safe management of patients with CIEDs throughout the perioperative period and reduce the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Reviews of this topic focusing on the actions of the anaesthesiologist have been published, but a multidisciplinary approach to the perioperative management is now advocated. In emergent situations, however, or when there is no time for the requisite consultations, and in practice settings where the suggested multidisciplinary approach is simply not feasible, the anaesthesia team must still provide effective, safe perioperative management. Thus, all anaesthesiologists should become familiar with the basics of the current CIED technology and the essential tenets of perioperative CIED management. This review discusses relevant advances in CIED technology and practical perioperative management as outlined in the 2011 ASA Practice Advisory and HRS consensus statement.
A study of organizational image resulting from international joint ventures in transitional economies

Abstract Organizational image is a very popular issue in China. This study explores the images of Sino-American international joint ventures (IJVs) and Sino-Japanese IJVs in the Chinese context and identifies four categories (product, service, environment, and social images) for predicting the images resulting from Sino-American and Sino-Japanese IJVs studied. The results indicate that these image categories significantly relate to the images of the IJVs. Product image has the largest effect while country-of-partner of the IJVs, at least in a comparison of companies originating in the United States and Japan, does not have a significant impact on the IJVs' image.
Timing, memory for intervals, and memory for untimed stimuli : The role of instructional ambiguity

Theories of animal timing have had to account for findings that the memory for the duration of a timed interval appears to be dramatically shorted within a short time of its termination. This finding has led to the subjective shortening hypothesis and it has been proposed to account for the poor memory that animals appear to have for the initial portion of a timed interval when a gap is inserted in the to-be-timed signal. It has also been proposed to account for the poor memory for a relatively long interval that has been discriminated from a shorter interval. I suggest here a simpler account in which ambiguity between the gap or retention interval and the intertrial interval results in resetting the clock, rather than forgetting the interval. The ambiguity hypothesis, together with a signal salience mechanism that determines how quickly the clock is reset at the start of the intertrial interval can account for the results of the reported timing experiments that have used the peak procedure. Furthermore, instructional ambiguity rather than memory loss may account for the results of many animal memory experiments that do not involve memory for time.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus with a mutation at open reading frame m166

We have recently generated a pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants by using a Tn3-based transposon mutagenesis approach. In this study, one of the mutants, Rvm166, which contained the transposon sequence at open reading frame m166, was characterized both in tissue culture and in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient SCID mice. The viral mutant replicated as well as the wild-type Smith strain in vitro in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas the transposon insertion precluded the expression of >65% of the m166 open reading frame. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the m166 region, the viral mutant was significantly attenuated in growth in both BALB/c and SCID mice that were intraperitoneally infected with the viruses. At 21 days postinfection, the titers of the viral mutant in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the infected SCID mice were lower than the titers of the Smith strain and the rescued virus by about 30,000-, 10,000-, 1,000-, 300-, and 800-fold, respectively. Moreover, the virulence of the mutant virus appears to be severely attenuated because no death was found in SCID mice infected with the viral mutant up to 90 days postinfection, whereas all of the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died at 27 days postinfection. Our results suggest that m166 probably encodes a virulence factor and is required for MCMV virulence in killing SCID mice and for optimal viral growth in vivo.
Perturbed Square-Ring Slot Antenna With Reconfigurable Polarization

A perturbed slot with reconfigurable polarization that allows operation in left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), or linear polarization (LP) is presented. This antenna topology is well suited for wireless communications applications requiring polarization diversity since it provides the ability to switch between the three polarization states. This design is realizable in cost-effective printed circuit board technology, making it an attractive design for low-cost personal communications devices. An element was simulated, built, and tested to illustrate the electromagnetic polarization properties of each polarization state. While the simulation includes p-i-n diode switches, the measurements only use manual switching to prove the concept.
Genotype Imputation Reference Panel Selection Using Maximal Phylogenetic Diversity

The recent dramatic cost reduction of next-generation sequencing technology enables investigators to assess most variants in the human genome to identify risk variants for complex diseases. However, sequencing large samples remains very expensive. For a study sample with existing genotype data, such as array data from genome-wide association studies, a cost-effective approach is to sequence a subset of the study sample and then to impute the rest of the study sample, using the sequenced subset as a reference panel. The use of such an internal reference panel identifies population-specific variants and avoids the problem of a substantial mismatch in ancestry background between the study population and the reference population. To efficiently select an internal panel, we introduce an idea of phylogenetic diversity from mathematical phylogenetics and comparative genomics. We propose the “most diverse reference panel”, defined as the subset with the maximal “phylogenetic diversity”, thereby incorporating individuals that span a diverse range of genotypes within the sample. Using data both from simulations and from the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that the most diverse reference panel can substantially improve the imputation accuracy compared to randomly selected reference panels, especially for the imputation of rare variants. The improvement in imputation accuracy holds across different marker densities, reference panel sizes, and lengths for the imputed segments. We thus propose a novel strategy for planning sequencing studies on samples with existing genotype data.
The Materials Analysis patticle Probe (MAPP) diagnostic system in NSTX

Lithium conditioning of plasma-facing surfaces (PFS) has been implemented in NSTX leading to improvements in plasma performance such as reduced D recycling and a reduction in edge localized modes (ELMS). Analysis of post-mortem tiles and offline experiments has identified interactions between Li-O-D and Li-C-D as chemical channels for deuterium retention in ATJ graphite. MAPP is the first in-vacuo surface analysis diagnostic directly integrated into a tokamak and capable of shot-to-shot chemical surface analysis of plasma material interactions (PMI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy ion surface spectroscopy (LEISS) can show the chemical functionalities between D and lithiated graphite at both the near surface (5–10 nm) and top surface layer (0.3–0.6 nm) for XPS and LEISS respectively. MAPP will correlate plasma facing component (PFC) surface chemistry with plasma performance to lead the way to improved understanding of plasma-surface interactions and their effect on global plasma performance. Remote operation and data acquisition, integrated into NSTX diagnostic and interlocks, make MAPP an advanced PMI diagnostic with stringent engineering constraints.
Santayana on Athletics

The good things about America, Santayana wrote to Van Wyck Brooks, ' are football, kindness, and jazz bands '. To many this remark would typify the philosopher's lifelong disdain of American life. But Santayana meant his description as a compliment. For he saw football and jazz as manifestations of a healthy spontaneity and goodwill. Of course, there is no question about his ambivalence towards the United States; he loathed what he took to be a lethal presence in the American psyche a prosaic utilitarianism and moral poverty. Yet he could not write off those qualities that in part redeemed the brave new world : ' There is much forgetfulness, much callow disrespect for what is past or alien; but there is a fund of vigour, goodness, and hope such as no nation ever possessed before.'1 George Santayana, his American and Hispanic ties notwithstanding, was a Greek. That is, he was a classicist who admired that ancient civilization. In her religion, drama, and games, Greece developed an undergirding public philosophy, an attitude toward life that supported all community activities. Such cultural reinforcement, Santayana felt, provided the commonweal with a stabilizing consistency. It was this sanity that ennobled the games. The Greeks honoured their victorious athletes with laurel and accepted their feats of strength, speed, and agility as evidence of the full beauty and triumph of youth. The onlookers, delighting in the aesthetics of the spectacle, admired the athletes' courage and superb conditioning. Far from constituting mere diversions and frivolous amusements of an immature society, then, the Greek Olympics integrated marvellously with the public ideals of health and form. These rites were supported by a philosophy of man widely accepted in the city-states. To Santayana, therefore, a nation's public games provided a fair index of its sanity and stability. Santayana found America sorely lacking such common ideals. In its workaday life he saw a fragmented set of values, a cultural eclecticism severed from the traditions upon which the society had been built. The good had come to be recognized by pedestrian quantitative criteria: how much,
Clinical Reviews in Andrologic Endocrinology III. Treatment of Seminal Failure

In a preceding communication (1) the diagnosis and therapy of combined androgenic deficiency and seminal inadequacy were considered. However, deficiencies in seminal function are observed commonly in males who present no evidences of androgenic failure or other sexual incompetency as evaluated by present diagnostic criteria. Moreover it is unlikely that pronounced grades of hypogonadotropic failure exist in these patients for, if that were true, androgenic deficiency states would likewise be noted. The consideration of seminal inadequacy alone, therefore, assumes definite clinical importance. Impairment of seminal function of the male, unaccompanied by androgenic failure, may be due to several factors: a) intrinsic testicular failure due to maldescent; b) extra-endocrine factors; c) altered metabolism due to thyroid disease; d) altered metabolism due to adrenal disease; e) inadequate gonadotropic activation of the germinal epithelium due to low-grade pituitary deficiency; and f) intrinsic germinal failure...
Aeroelastic Analysis of Composite Wings

An aeroelastic stability analysis is presented for high-aspect ratio composite wings. The structural model is based on an asymptotically correct crosssectional formulation and a nonlinear geometric exact beam analysis, both derivable from 3-D elasticity. A new 2-D unsteady in∞ow flnite-state theory is considered for the aerodynamic part of the solution. Theodorsen theory is also implemented and used for most of the preliminary tests. The paper discusses, among other things, the importance of using the right stifiness formulation in order to model material couplings, the variations of divergence and ∞utter speeds with the changes in the lamination angle of a box-beam model of a wing cross section, and some of the efiects of a nonlinear structural model on the aeroelastic stability of a slender wing.
Uniform and large volume microwave magnetic coupling to NV centers in diamond using split ring resonators

A microwave resonator for uniform coupling of microwave magnetic field into NV centers in diamond over a mm3 volume with an average Rabi frequency of 16 MHz with a 5% variance for 0.5 W microwave power is reported.
Max Black on the Identity of Indiscernibles

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la refutation du principe d'identite des indiscernables par M. Black se fonde sur un argument du monde actuel. L'A. repere l'analogie entre les experiences de pensee et les histoires fictives dans le mode d'emergence des personnages
Laspeyresia ingens, A Seedworm Infesting Cones of Longleaf Pine

Laspeyresia ingens Heinrich may cause serious loss in seed orchards, although it does not usually hinder natural reforestation. The grayish-brown adult has a wingspread of 17–20 mm. Eggs, thin ovals 0.64 mm long and 0.54 mm wide, are laid on scale apophyses of 1-year-old developing cones. Larvae hatch in 7–10 days, bore downward through the scale, and enter seeds through the micropyle. Fifth-instar larvae overwinter and pupate; adults emerge from open cones in early spring. Natural agencies found affecting the pest are 5 parasites, 1 insect predator, cone-feeding squirrels, and starvation (with cannibalism) resulting from competing cone-feeding insects and cyclical cone production.
Example-based learning: Effects of different types of examples on student performance, cognitive load and self-efficacy in a statistical learning task

ABSTRACTPrevious research has indicated the disconnect between example-based research focusing on worked examples (WEs) and that focusing on modeling examples. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effect of four different types of examples from the two separate lines of research, including standard WEs, erroneous WEs, expert (masterly) modeling examples, and peer (coping) modeling examples, on student performance (knowledge retention, near transfer, and far transfer), cognitive load, and self-efficacy. One hundred and sixteen students participated in the study by undergoing computer-based instruction in one of the four versions differing in how examples were provided. The results showed that, overall, expert modeling examples were most effective in promoting knowledge retention, near transfer, and far transfer, while peer modeling examples were shown to be superior in fostering self-efficacy among the four different types of examples.
Facieology and Mineragraphy Characteristics of Drilling ZK725in Hujiashan on Yongping Copper Deposit Peripheral Areas,Jiangxi and Their Significance

Hujiashan area is located to east of the Yongping deposit in Yanshan County,Jiangxi province.It is a breakthrough of geological prospecting in recent years,with Cu resources increasing about 300000tons(333+334types).Taking the Hujiashan drilling ZK725as the main research object,we found two kinds of mineralization genesis in the shallow part where above 766.0mdepth in drilling ZK725and deep part under 766.0mbased on collected samples,indoor petrologic and mineralogical determination,SEM and EDS analysis.The shallow part is magmatic hydrothermal-structure mineralization and the deep part is the eastern extension of Yongping deposit.(Zn,Sb)Tetrahedrite in quartz vein type ores indicates the hydrothermal mineralization,and extensive distribution of mylonite magmatite reflects control of structure over mineralization.The presence of a large number of colloidal pyrite suggests that there had been largescale hot water sedimentary and the same mineralization system as the Yongping deposit.We also have found(Zn,Sb)Tetrahedrite,Re-scheelite,Re-ferberite,uraninite,thorianite,pilsenite,hammarite,hessite,volynskite.In addition to copper,zinc,lead,cadmium and tungsten,it can be determined in this study that the concentration of bismuth and indium is up to the lowest level for exploration.
Experimental Study on Detonating Plastic Nonel Tube Reliably by Industrial Detonator

The effect of the different industry detonators,enlace intensity and detonate modes on detonating plastic nonel tube reliably by industrial detonator were studied in this paper.The results offer necessary reference value for the laying-out of the plastic nonel tube.
Modeling and optimization of resources in multi-emergency department settings with patient transfer

Abstract The increasing number of non-emergency patients in emergency departments (EDs) and long wait times caused by their overcrowding are some of the main concerns in health systems research. If an ED reaches an overcrowding state, there may be a need to transfer patients to other hospitals, which may or not belong to the same hospital system. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of transferring non-emergency patients to other hospitals in multi-hospital settings. The strategy of transferring patients between hospitals can be used to minimize patient wait times without increasing the number of required resources. In this research, hospital capacity allocation is modeled using capacitated network design models, wherein transferring patients between hospitals is allowed. To investigate the effect of various system parameters, a comprehensive set of experiments are conducted for the proposed integer programming model. The experimental results showed that transferring patients is an effective way to decrease the number of patients waiting, especially in cases when minimum overlap exists in peak demand times of hospitals or when there is high uncertainty in the rate of patient arrivals. The experiments proved that the proposed patient transfer strategy can reduce the number of patients waiting by up to 35%. It was also shown that transferring patients between hospitals can decrease the resource requirements in each hospital by about 10%.
Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of neurons within neocortical ectopias.

Focal developmental abnormalities in neocortex, including ectopic collections of neurons in layer I (ectopias), have been associated with behavioral and neurological deficits. In this study, we use...
Overworked and Stressed Teachers Under the Market Economy

This chapter is based on a case study conducted in Xisheng (pseudonym promised to the participants for anonymity purposes) in Northwest China to explore teachers’ perspectives on teaching under the market economy system. The original plan was to study local indigenous teachers, but that was not possible due to political sensitivity of the region at the time of data collection.