cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Examining the association between work-life factors and health disorders/excessive fatigue among Japanese truck drivers].

OBJECTIVES Karoshi problems (overwork-related deaths and disorders caused by cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases) still occur in Japan. Truck drivers, who are in one of the riskiest occupations, are reported to show an increased prevalence of hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which are characteristic of Karoshi. Their health problems also include excessive fatigue. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between work-life factors and health disorders/excessive fatigue among Japanese truck drivers. METHODS We distributed a questionnaire regarding work hours, health status, lifestyle, burden of driving, and excessive fatigue to 5,410 truck drivers and collected a total of 1,947 responses, all from males. The association between work-life factors and health outcomes was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, drinking, and smoking status. RESULTS The prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and excessive fatigue were 22.2%, 19.3%, 8.5%, 5.6%, 2.5%, 0.7%, and 6.0%, respectively. Significant associations were observed for long-haul trips (two days or more) with obesity (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 [95% Confidence Interval 1.1-2.1]), local and night trips with hypertension (1.5 [1.0-2.2]), early morning awakening on workdays with obesity (1.5 [1.1-2.1]), being indoor-oriented on weekends with hypertension (1.5 [1.1-2.0]); and heavy burden of driving at night with hyperlipidemia (2.0 [1.3-3.0]). The adjusted odds ratios were significant for waking after sleep onset (2.6 [1.2-5.3]) and lack of sleep satisfaction (2.7 [1.4-5.1]) on workdays, less than six hours of sleep (2.8 [1.0-7.8]) and lack of sleep satisfaction (2.8 [1.5-5.2]) on weekends, 0-3 days off per month (3.6 [1.3-10.2]), and heavy burden of driving at night (2.2 [1.0-4.8]) with excessive fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight that night and early morning work, heavy burden of night driving, and the resultant decreases in the quality and quantity of sleep may represent shared risk factors for health disorders and excessive fatigue among truck drivers. Adequate measures should be taken to limit the amount of night and early morning work, reduce the burden of night driving, and ensure days off for sleep opportunities and leisure activities, with the goal of preventing Karoshi.
Identifying Top Predictors of Change in Noncalcified Coronary Burden in Psoriasis by Machine Learning Over 1-Year:

Background:Psoriasis is associated with accelerated non-calcified coronary burden (NCB) by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been shown to effec...
The structure and bonding of 4 f and 5 f series organometallic compounds

This paper will focus on the molecular structures of organo-actinides and -lanthanides (as determined primarily by x-ray diffraction). To the extent that these structures or comparison of structural parameters tell us something about the bonding, the details of these structure results will be discussed in this light. Fortunately the science of x-ray diffraction has advanced to the stage where it can be used as a general structural probe in the investigation of series of compounds in addition to the character­ization of individual examples. In the area of organoactinides and -lanthanides this has been a particularly important tool for the characterization of the basic chemistry of these species. Un­like the classic d transition metal organometallic compounds there appeared no early, unifying law such as the 18 electron rule. However it became clear that the chemistry of these compounds was more extensive and complex than would be expected of simple ionic salts. In several cases the structures found have been completely unanticipated — no stronger statement can be made about the role of crystallography in the understanding that we have today of this area of chemistry.
Investigating the Lipid Selectivity of the Ammonium Transporter AmtB in Heterogeneous Nanodiscs

The structure and function of membrane proteins can be significantly impacted by the surrounding lipid environment, but membrane protein-lipid interactions in lipid bilayers are often difficult to study due to their transient and polydisperse nature. Here, we used two native mass spectrometry (MS) approaches to investigate how the Escherichia coli ammonium transporter (AmtB) selectively remodels its local lipid environment in heterogeneous lipoprotein nanodiscs. First, we used gas-phase ejection to isolate AmtB with bound lipids from heterogeneous nanodiscs with different combinations of lipids. Second, we used solution-phase detergent "flash" extraction as an orthogonal approach to study AmtB remodeling with native MS. Flash extraction of AmtB showed that Triton X-100 retains lipid selectivity, but C8E4 distorts preferential lipid interactions. Both approaches reveal that AmtB has a few tight binding sites for PC, is selective for binding PG overall, and is nonselective for PE, providing a detailed picture of how AmtB binds different lipid head groups in the context of mixed lipid bilayers.
GIRLS, GADGETS AND GATEKEEPERS: HOW GENDER AND CLASS ASPIRATIONS SHAPE ADOLESCENT ACCESS TO MOBILE PHONES IN MUMBAI, INDIA

Within a patriarchal, caste-based and restrictive family setup, how do gender and class work together to shape adolescent girls’ access to mobile phones in Mumbai, India? How do adolescent girls mediate their own independent aspirations and desires to variously fit within or subvert these frameworks of class stability and social morality? This paper addresses these question by using a mixed-methods study of 59 group interviews and 278 surveys with adolescents aged 13-15 in Mumbai. Taking an intersectional analytical framework, the findings show how gender and class together, create varying standards of respectable femininity and class distinction that families aspire to and cultivate in adolescent girls. The mobile phone can be seen as both a threat and a necessity to the maintenance of these standards of respectability, resulting in families variously enabling or constraining access to mobile phones by girls. Rather than interpreting the findings through binaries of lower-class/upper-class or empowered/constrained, I instead consider how classed ideals of respectable femininity create different aspirational conditions for girls belonging to each class group, and form the cultural frames of everyday life. I explore what implications this might have for adolescents girls’ understandings and enactments of independence, and how they use the site of the mobile phone to make these enactments.
Clinical Approaches to Reducing Material Hardship Due to Poverty: Social Risks/Needs Identification and Interventions.

Abstract The field of pediatrics has pioneered approaches to mitigating poverty's harmful effects on children's health and development. Clinical interventions for systematically addressing material hardships due to poverty within the context of pediatric care delivery, however, are still in their infancy. Since the American Academy of Pediatrics published its policy statement on Child Health and Poverty in the United States in 2016, interest has surged in the development and implementation of care models that systematically identify and address social risks and/or social needs. This article explores this major shift in interest, research, and investment in such interventions within pediatric care. We provide an overview of current screening and referral models for addressing poverty-related social factors and explore the strengths and weaknesses of these varied approaches. We summarize the current evidence supporting such clinical approaches, and comment on the importance of multi-sectoral partnerships in addressing families’ and communities’ needs. Lastly, we propose future directions for research and pediatric practice that may enhance the uptake of social risks/needs interventions and bolster the evidence of their effectiveness. Though clinical approaches for addressing material hardship may be limited by an insufficient social safety net and other barriers, interventions to identify and address families’ social risks and social needs have the potential to combat poverty's impact on children and advance health equity.
A global meta-analysis of yield and water productivity responses of vegetables to deficit irrigation.

Strategies promoting efficient water use and conserving irrigation water are needed to attain water security to meet growing food demands. This meta-analysis study evaluated the effect of deficit irrigation (DI) strategy on eight vegetables to provide a quantitative estimate of yield and water productivity (WP) responses under variable soil textures, climates, and production systems (open-field and greenhouse). This study analyzed 425 yield and 388 WP comparisons of different DI levels to full irrigation (FI), extracted from 185 published studies representing 30 countries. Moving from the highest (> 80%FI) to the lowest ( 65%FI) accompanied by gains in WP may be justifiable in the light of anticipated water restriction.
What Will They Think If I Post This? Risks and Returns for Political Expression Across Platforms:

Social networking sites (SNSs) allow individuals to establish and maintain a variety of relationships as well as share different aspects of their identity by expressing their views on numerous topi...
The blood volume of infants. IV. Infants born by cesarean section.

Abstract The effect of early and delayed cord clamping and position of the infant delivered by cesarean section upon the total blood, plasma, and red cell volumes was studied at 3½ to 4 hours of age in 23 term infants. Immediate clamping of the cord did not change the volumes from those reported for the term fetus. Delay with the infant held above the mother caused a significant reduction of blood, red cell, and plasma volumes in each instance. Delay with the infant held below the level of the uterus resulted in a moderate placental transfusion, even though the uterus was atonic.
Reforming Foreclosure: The Uniform Nonjudicial Foreclosure Act

The Uniform Nonjudicial Foreclosure Act is one of the few creative approaches to mortgage foreclosure to emerge in many decades. In this Article, the authors examine why uniformity in foreclosure law among the states is desirable and, accordingly, advocate foreclosure reform. They analyze the Act, promulgated in 2002, giving specific attention to the Act's new methods of foreclosure by negotiated sale and by appraisal. They also examine the Act's numerous special protections for residential debtors and consider the effectiveness of the Act's procedures concerning subordinate leases, titles arising from foreclosures, surpluses and deficiencies resulting from foreclosures, and fairness of foreclosure prices. They conclude that the Act is fair and well balanced as between creditors and debtors and that it has the potential to make foreclosures more efficient, benefiting all affected parties. Finally, they argue that because a critical mass of state legislatures likely will not adopt the Act, Congress should consider enacting it as a federal statute.
The PRS as entry point for improving governance in fragile states : a case study

The issue note discusses the rationale for, and presents the initial results of an innovative method of governance support conducted through the preparation and implementation of Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) in fragile states. The experiment was conducted in the context of an action and learning program on governance in fragile and conflict affected countries. The note first examines the political economic framework prevailing in fragile states, and particularly the neopatrimonial dynamics which structure political agents behavior, as they have been studied, notably, by Chabal and Daloz; Douglass North, John Wallis and Bary Weingast; and Margaret Levi. The note looks at the relatively brief history of PRSs and notes that they have been reviewed from a classical economics perspective: whether the PRSs' proposed policies 'got it right.' It argues that an institutionalize perspective, on the other hand, will rather look at the institutional processes from which the PRSP is developed, and concludes that PRS support will be more effective if it is focused on issues of methodology and process facilitation rather than analytics. The last chapter describes, in operational terms, the type of PRS support that has been provided through the experiment in the Cote d'Ivoire case: methodological support and process facilitation were provided for the preparation of the PRS policy matrices and the design of its monitoring and evaluation system. It concludes by proposing a set of results that can be monitored to assess the impact of this type of approach, not only for governance in the meaning of the capacity of a state to develop and implement policies, but also for governance in its broader, more traditional meaning.
The speedup and efficiency of 3-D FFT on distributed memory MIMD systems

The author analyzes a 3-D FFT (fast Fourier transform) algorithm for a distributed memory MIMD (multiple-instruction multiple-data) system. It is shown that the communication complexity limits the efficiency even under ideal conditions. The efficiency for the optimal speedup is eta /sub opt/=0.5. Actual applications which experience load imbalance, duplication of work, and blocking are even less efficient. Therefore the speedup with P processing elements, S(P)= eta *P, is disappointingly low. Moreover, the 3-D FFT algorithm is not susceptible to massive parallelization, and the optimal number of PEs is rather low even for large problem size and fast communication. A strategy to reduce the communication complexity is presented. >
Pathological tumour diameter predicts risk of conventional subtype in small renal cortical tumours

OBJECTIVE To examine whether pathological tumour diameter assists in predicting conventional vs other histological subtypes in renal cortical tumours (RCTs) of ≤4 cm diameter. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 393 patients from Columbia University’s Comprehensive Urologic Oncology Database who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 1988 and 2005 and had RCTs of ≤4 cm were analysed. Logistic regression analysis using tumour diameter as a continuous variable was used to determine whether size predicted histological subtype. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to estimate the likelihood of having conventional histology based on diameter. RESULTS The median patient age at surgery was 64.3 years and median tumour diameter was 3 cm, In all, 256 (65.1%) of the RCTs were conventional subtype and 137 (34.9%) were nonconventional. Logistic regression analysis showed that for every 1 cm increase in diameter up to 4 cm, the RCT was 1.27 times more likely to be conventional (P = 0.020). The ORs showed that a 4-cm RCT was 2.06 times more likely to be conventional than tumours of 0.6–1.5 cm. CONCLUSION There was a positive association between RCT diameter and the risk of having conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Given that RCC histological subtype is a prognostic indicator for outcome, these findings may be applied in the selection of treatment options. Further studies investigating tumour size and other variables predictive of tumour histology will help clinicians better predict the RCC subtype.
Isomorphisms Between Petr Nets and Dataflow Graphs

Dataflow graphs are a generalized model of computation. Uninterpreted dataflow graphs with nondeterminism resolved via probabilities are shown to be isomorphic to a class of Petri nets known as free choice nets. Petri net analysis methods are readily available in the literature and this result makes those methods accessible to dataflow research. Nevertheless, combinatorial explosion can render Petri net analysis inoperative. Using a previously known technique for decomposing free choice nets into smaller components, it is demonstrated that, in principle, it is possible to determine aspects of the overall behavior from the particular behavior of components.
Evaluating AHRD Research Using a Feminist Research Framework

Over 600 AHRD Proceedings papers from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed according to a feminist research framework. Although knowledge in HRD is being produced through both traditional and nontraditional methodologies, few studies recognize gender and race/ethnicity as a category of analysis. Nearly absent from the literature are studies concerned with women/diverse people’s experience; asymmetrical power arrangements; problems of racism and sexism; and advocacy of social justice and change. Implications for research are discussed.
Solid-state physics: Silicon spintronics warms up.

Electrical injection and detection of spin-polarized electrons in a silicon chip have now been demonstrated at room temperature, paving the way to the development of low-power semiconductor spintronics circuitry.
Calcium controls light-triggered formation of catalytically active rhodopsin

Background light reduces the gain of phototransduction in retinal rods so that the ability to register changes in light intensity is not prevented by saturation of the cell's response. The gain is reduced by a light-induced fall in the intracellular calcium concentration which results from blockage of Ca2+ entry through the channels closed by light and continued Ca2+ extrusion by the Na:Ca,K exchanger. Calcium seems to exert several coordinated effects on the cyclic GMP cascade: a fall in [Ca2+] stimulates cGMP synthesis, increases the affinity of the cGMP-gated channel for cGMP and accelerates rhodopsin deactivation by phosphorylation. We now report that lowering intracellular [Ca2+] reduces the catalytic rhodopsin activity produced by light. The effect is operationally equivalent to a fourfold reduction in the number of rhodopsin molecules available for activation. The reduction in gain is cooperative and half-maximal at about 35 nM Ca2+, suggesting that it is mediated by a specific Ca(2+)-binding protein. Reduced rhodopsin activity in low Ca2+ should contribute to adaptation in background light.
Calculation of weld metal composition change in high-power conduction mode carbon dioxide laser-welded stainless steels

The use of high-power density laser beam for welding of many important alloys often leads to appreciable changes in the composition and properties of the weld metal. The main difficulties in the estimation of laser-induced vaporization rates and the resulting composition changes are the determination of the vapor condensation rates and the incorporation of the effect of the welding plasma in suppressing vaporization rates. In this article, a model is presented to predict the weld metal composition change during laser welding. The velocity and temperature fields in the weld pool are simulated through numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation and the equation of conservation of energy. The computed temperature fields are coupled with ve-locity distribution functions of the vapor molecules and the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and the translational kinetic energy in the gas phase for the calculation of the evap-oration and the condensation rates. Results of carefully controlled physical modeling experi-ments are utilized to include the effect of plasma on the metal vaporization rate. The predicted area of cross section and the rates of vaporization are then used to compute the resulting com-position change. The calculated vaporization rates and the weld metal composition change for the welding of high-manganese 201 stainless steels are found to be in fair agreement with the corresponding experimental results.
Optimizing Mixing for Maximum Damping of Fuel-Air Ratio Oscillations in Gas Turbine Premixers

An analytical model based on advection-diffusion volume is analyzed with the objective to investigate the limits of achievable damping in fuel-air ratio oscillations over the range of frequencies at which combustor thermoacoustic instabilities are normally encountered. Results show that there exists an optimum degree of diffusion that will allow maximum damping in fuel-air ratio fluctuations. The upper bound on damping is found to be dependent on a constant value of a new non-dimensional number, defined as a ratio between Peclet Number and Strouhal Number. The analysis presented here is considered useful to evaluate the extent of damping that is inherently obtainable in practical premixers. Also presented are the results of experimental investigations, which were conducted to verify the analytically predicted behavior of premixers. The measurements were performed over a selected range of frequencies using a premixer configuration with square cross section and with fuel jet issuing in a co-flowing bulk air stream. The effects of modulation amplitude and frequency, and pressure drop across the premixer on the damping effectiveness of the premixer were examined. Results show that for the test conditions considered, the modulation amplitude has a profound effect on the premixer performance, whereas pressure drop effects are insignificant.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
High-pressure Mössbauer study of SnSe.

SnSe is a member of the IV-VI family of binary compounds which have orthorhombic structure and are layered, exhibiting properties that place SnSe intermediate between two- and three-dimensional crystals. M\"ossbauer measurements have been made on SnSe under hydrostatic pressure in the range 0.001 to 55 kbar. The results are interpreted with respect to interlayer and intralayer bonding. Two ranges of response to the pressure were found: (1) a lower-pressure range (below 30 kbar), in which measurable changes in isomer shift and quadrupole splitting were found, and (2) a higher-pressure range (between 30 and 55 kbar), where no further changes were found. The lower-pressure range is interpreted as a range in which the interlayer bonds are changed.
A molecular genetic timescale for the diversification of autotrophic stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): substantive underestimation of putative fossil ages.

Background Stramenopiles constitute a large and diverse eukaryotic clade that is currently poorly characterized from both phylogenetic and temporal perspectives at deeper taxonomic levels. To better understand this group, and in particular the photosynthetic stramenopiles (Ochrophyta), we analyzed sequence data from 135 taxa representing most major lineages. Our analytical approach utilized several recently developed methods that more realistically model the temporal evolutionary process. Methodology/Principal Findings Phylogenetic reconstruction employed a Bayesian joint rate- and pattern-heterogeneity model to reconstruct the evolutionary history of these taxa. Inferred phylogenetic resolution was generally high at all taxonomic levels, sister-class relationships in particular receiving good statistical support. A signal for heterotachy was detected in clustered portions of the tree, although this does not seem to have had a major influence on topological inference. Divergence time estimates, assuming a lognormally-distributed relaxed molecular clock while accommodating topological uncertainty, were broadly congruent over alternative temporal prior distributions. These data suggest that Ochrophyta originated near the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary, diverging from their sister-taxon Oomycota. The evolution of the major ochrophyte lineages appears to have proceeded gradually thereafter, with most lineages coming into existence by ∼200 million years ago. Conclusions/Significance The evolutionary timescale of the autotrophic stramenopiles reconstructed here is generally older than previously inferred from molecular clocks. However, this more ancient timescale nevertheless casts serious doubt on the taxonomic validity of putative xanthophyte/phaeophyte fossils from the Proterozoic, which predate by as much as a half billion years or more the age suggested by our molecular genetic data. If these fossils truly represent crown stramenopile lineages, then this would imply that molecular rate evolution in this group proceeds in a fashion that is fundamentally incompatible with the relaxed molecular clock model employed here. A more likely scenario is that there is considerable convergent morphological evolution within Heterokonta, and that these fossils have been taxonomically misdiagnosed.
540 FACTORS W THE POSSIBLE NOSOCOMIAL SPREAD OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE b (HIB)

Top of pageAbstract Serial nasopharyngeal (np) cultures for Hib were obtained from twenty-three children (ages 2 months to 9 years) with invasive Hib disease during systemic antibiotic therapy (ampieillin, chloramphenicol, or both). During the first 12 hours of antibiotic therapy, 4 of 10 (40%) np cultures were positive; during the first 24 hours of therapy, 6 of 25 (24%) were positive. None of the 74 cultures obtained after 25 hours of therapy (median = 5 days) were positive for Hib. Four of six children who had received no antibiotics at the time of the initial np culture were culture positive and had moderate (21 to 100 cfu/plate) or many (>100 cfu/plate) Hib present. The positive cultures obtained more than three hours after the first dose of appropriate therapy had rare “5 cfu/plate) Hib present. Reconstruction experiments to investigate the survival of Hib in the environment were performed using 103, 105 or 107 cfu Hib mixed with tracheal secretions and applied to various surfaces. Using 103 cfu, all surfaces tested had no Hib recovered beyond 15 min. after contamination. Using 105 or 107 cfu, Hib was recovered from stainless steel, plastic laminate countertop and plastic gloves for at least 120 min. and from paper towels up to 15 or 45 min. after contamination. No Hib was isolated beyond 1 min. from cotton sheets. These results suggest that respiratory secretion precautions for patients hospitalized with invasive Hib disease should be maintained for 48 hours after initiation of adequate antimicrobial therapy to prevent possible nosocomial spread of this organism.
Computationally Efficient Model Predictive Control with Explicit Disturbance Mitigation and Constraint Enforcement

Making model predictive control (MPC) practical for systems with fast dynamics and limited on-board computing power has motivated researchers to propose various implementation or approximation methods that can alleviate the on-line computational demands. In this paper, we investigate one predictive control scheme (Wilson et al., 1999; You et al., 2005) which allows efficient utilization of processor idling time, between samples and control updates, to pre-compute the optimization solution. Two aspects of the MPC scheme are addressed, namely, the explicit mitigation of disturbances and the active enforcement of constraints. We first propose a novel method that provides estimation and compensation of the state-dependent disturbance for the perturbed system. In case the disturbance is known or measured, the stability of the closed-loop system is established. In dealing with input and state constraints, we propose to solve on-line a single step low-dimensional optimization problem to complement the scheme of Wilson et al. and You et al., thereby providing local compensation and avoiding constraint violation. A numerical example is provided to illustrate different computational aspects of the proposed scheme
Effects of filipin and cholesterol on housefly, Musca domestica L., and wax moth, Galleria mellonella L.

Abstract The effects of filipin on insects are dependent on the molar ratio of cholesterol to filipin. The larvicidal effects of the polyene antibiotic, filipin, can be prevented by excess cholesterol (“excess” herein is defined as a molar ratio of cholesterol to filipin of greater than 2 : 1) in housefly, Musca domestica L., and wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., larvae. Excess cholesterol also prevents the chemosterilant effect of filipin in housefly adults. The filipin-induced inhibition of [ 14 C]cholesterol uptake by wax moth larvae is prevented by excess cholesterol; cholesterol uptake is increased severalfold. Dietary filipin, in the absence of added cholesterol, caused loss of 32 P from housefly tissues and decreased the incorporation of 32 P- and [ 14 C]methyl-labeled choline into phospholipids of wax moth tissues. Addition of excess cholesterol to filipin-containing diets enhanced incorporation of 32 P into the different classes of phospholipids, and phospholipid synthesis was nearly doubled.
Child development in educational settings 1

A year as headmaster of a small school suggested some practical and some conceptual issues regarding child development in educational settings. On the practical plane perhaps the most significant contribution child development can make is to provide teachers with developmental perspectives and with methods and techniques for assessing the child's view of classroom realities. On a more general plane developmental psychology needs to distinguish between the developmental, the school and the personal curricula and to help teachers coordinate the three rather than insisting upon a substitution of the personal and developmental curricula for the school curriculum. Developmental psychology could also be more helpful if it studied the complicated learning actually engaged in by pupils and teachers. Finally, if child development, or some branch of it, aspires to be a science of education, then new patterns of training combining teaching and research experience will have to be instituted.
Decomposition algorithms for locating minimal cuts in a network

This paper provides decomposition algorithms for locating minimal cuts in a large directed network. The main theorem provides several cases for the algorithms. In the worst case, it is shown that the efficiency of one of the proposed algorithms is of the same order as a no-decomposition algorithm. As in linear programming, the obvious advantage of the proposed decomposition procedure is its ability to potentially handle larger problems than a no-decomposition algorithm.
Discussion of Financial Globalization, Governance, and the Evolution of Home Bias

kets (generally referred to as home bias) is a well-established empirical reg ularity (French and Poterba [1991], Cooper and Kaplanis [1994], Tesar and Werner [1995], Lewis [1999], and many others). The original findings have been replicated across a wide spectrum of countries and investor types. Var ious explanations have been examined over the years, beginning with trans action costs and frictions then moving into informational costs (Kang and Stulz [1997], Suh, [2001], Ahearne, Griever, and Warnock [2004], Doidge, Karolyi, and Stulz [2004]). Despite this long and persistent history of empir ical investigation, the literature in the area has difficulty providing a robust explanation for this pervasive phenomenon. "Financial Globalization, Governance, and the Evolution of Home Bias" by Kho, Stulz, and Warnock [2008] (henceforth, KSW) provides a potential explanation for the home bias and investigates that explanation with tests based on two different data sets. They suggest that the observed home bias is a result of an "optimal corporate ownership theory" where firms in poor governance countries are heavily owned by insiders or large shareholders with the ability to monitor. Both types of shareholdings reduce the float
Clinical Skills in the 21st Century

A PHYSICIAN intends to examine the spleen of a patient. She approaches the patient tentatively; her eyes move left, then right. Finally she palpates the right upper quadrant of the patient's abdomen, searching in vain for a spleen tip. A physician intends to measure the blood pressure of a patient. She unhooks the blood pressure cuff from the wall of the examining room, examining it quizzically. She wraps it around the upper arm of the patient (inside out), perhaps realizing something is not right. The physician pumps up the cuff with the black rubber bulb—the cuff expands like a balloon, ripping apart the hook-and-loop (Velcro) closure. The cuff falls uselessly, half-inflated, by the examining table. Despite several further attempts, the physician is unable to correctly place the cuff on the patient's arm. Are these fanciful examples of futuristic physicians, well versed in high technology but incompetent in physical examination? No,
The role of the self in biological and cultural systems: A response to Czikszentmihalyi and Massimini

Once, while still a college freshman, I (the first author) saw a man clearing a path in the snow from his doorway to the street. Suddenly I began to think of the scene in different terms. I thought of the snow as crystallized forms of oxygen and hydrogen, precipitated in a given range of temperatures, responding to Newtonian laws of gravitation, settling on earth and creating impediments to human locomotion. I saw the man’s house as an insulating barrier creating a temperature differential between a micro-environment in which he dwelled and the larger ambient atmosphere, accompanied by a few thoughts on laws of thermodynamics and the principles of heat transmission through varying materials. And my attitude toward these reflections was one of ambivalence. Had I thought something useful or was this pretentious musing? I never could decide, and that is to some extent what we feel about the far more sophisticated thinking of Csikszentmihalyi and Massimini (1985). We can’t quite decide whether what they are saying is extremely interesting, or merely the commonplace raised to a high order of technical expression. The authors point out that earlier approaches to the study of human evolution have been unidirectional, with some theorists arguing that biology determines culture and others arguing that culture determines biology. However, the authors assert that neither position, nor even an interactionist position, gikes an adequate account of the process. They propose a third, autonomous factor, the role of self, which enters into circular causality with culture and biology. At the descriptive level, much of what the authors say appears true, but perhaps self-evidently so. Who can deny that “plans in the briefcase” constitute “exosomatically stored information”? Who can deny that when a man makes a decision to marry, this psychological choice has consequences both for the biological and cultural systems ? But the critical question is whether the authors’ perspective sheds new light on these matters, leads to an actual increment in knowledge, or is essentially a reformulation of what we already know. Certainly the terms of their argument are not especially new. For example, in the nineteenth century, Auguste Comte (1854), in seeking the basis of an
Functionalized surface arrays for spatial targeting of immune cell signaling.

The effect of surface topography and chemistry on cellular response is of fundamental importance, especially where living systems encounter device surfaces as in medical implants, tissue engineering, and cell-based sensors. To understand these biological processes on surfaces, there is a widespread interest in tailored surface-active materials produced by a combination of surface chemistry coupled to advanced patterning processes. We utilize self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as molecular templates with submicrometer-scale spatial resolution to engage and cluster IgE receptors on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) mast cells. Bioactive templates consisted of gold arrays on silicon with patterns from 1 μm down to 45 nm. These gold arrays served as molecular tethering sites, enabling covalent binding of functionalized self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols. The free ends of the monolayers were functionalized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl(DNP)-caproate-based ligands which interact specifically with anti-DNP IgE bound t...
Interactions of antitumor drug ditercalinium with nucleic acids in solutions and in situ.

Abstract Ditercalinium (7-H-pyridocarbazole dimer), a prospective antitumor drug, is a bis-intercalator characterized by a very high affinity towards nucleic acids. Specificity of binding of this drug has been studied using spectroscopy and flow cytometry. The competition experiments between the drug and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole · 2HCl (DAPI) or acridine orange indicate that in solution the drug had higher affinity to DNA whereas in situ it binds preferentially to RNA. The results suggest that despite their high affinity towards DNA, the intracellular target of some intercalating drugs may be RNA.
Effect of hyponatraemia on outcomes following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Background: Hyponatraemia increases risk of adverse outcomes following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but it is unclear whether improvement of pretransplant hyponatraemia ameliorates post-transplant complications. Aims: To assess impact of pretransplant hyponatraemia on post-transplant outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 213 patients with cirrhosis who underwent liver transplantation. Patients with serum sodium ≤130 mEq/L immediately before transplantation (‘hyponatraemia at OLT’; n=34) were compared with those who had experienced hyponatraemia but subsequently improved to a serum sodium >130 mEq/L at transplantation (‘resolved hyponatraemia’; n=56) and to those without history of hyponatraemia before transplantation (‘never hyponatraemic’; n=123). Primary endpoint was survival at 180 days post-OLT. Secondary outcomes included time until discharge alive, complications during hospitalization, length of time ventilated and length of post-transplant intensive care unit stay. Results: There was no survival difference at 180 days post-OLT between groups. After transplantation, patients with either hyponatraemia at OLT or resolved hyponatraemia had longer time until discharge alive and had higher rates of delirium, acute renal failure, acute cellular rejection and infection than those who were never hyponatraemic. As compared with patients with hyponatraemia at OLT, those with resolved hyponatraemia were more likely to be discharged alive within 3 weeks, but other outcomes, including survival, did not differ significantly. Conclusions: We conclude that hyponatraemia at any time before liver transplantation is associated with adverse post-transplant outcome, even when hyponatraemia has resolved.
Awareness and Attitudes about Open Access Publishing: A Glance at Generational Differences

Abstract This study explores PhD faculty members' current awareness of open access (OA) and perceptions of OA publishing, focusing on demographic characteristics to understand whether these variables correspond to specific perceptions and behaviors. The majority of respondents taught in Art, Humanities and Social Sciences disciplines. Results point to a growing trend in self reported knowledge of OA across all age groups but OA publishing activity is relatively limited. The younger age brackets reported higher percentages of publishing history than older age brackets, but these younger groups tended to also be tenured. Credibility of OA journals was the top concern of respondents. Results suggest that faculty authors cannot be prejudged by their age, seniority or rank as to their perception of, or experience with OA, because these indicators no longer appear to be strong predictors.
Inductive attenuation of the transpolar voltage

The circuit that couples the magnetospheric boundary to the ionosphere has a significant self inductance which, in combination with ionospheric resistivity, gives the circuit an appreciable inductive inertia. The inductive inertia attenuates the amplitude of fluctuation of the transpolar ionospheric voltage relative to fluctuations of the transpolar boundary voltage, which drives the ciruit. We adopt a simple electrical circuit analog of the tailward moving part of magnetospheric convection and combine it with statistical representations of the solar wind EMF to obtain a quantitative estimate for the average voltage attenuation at the ionospheric level. We find that in an average three hours interval—the period range in which most magnetospheric phenomena directly related to the transpolar voltage lie—fluctuation amplitudes in the ionosphere reach only about 50% of their boundary values.
The Launching of Transactional Web Sites: Market Response to Announcements by Incumbent B2C Companies

Stock market responses to announcements of transactional Web site launches by business-to-consumer retail outlets are examined. In general, announcements by retail firms yielded positive average abnormal returns (AAR). More specifically, announcements by catalog firms yielded higher AAR than announcements by physical (brick-and-mortar) retail firms. Announcement of portal tenancy also leads to higher AAR for the subsample of firms making such announcements. Responses to announcements of plans to launch transactional Web sites are also explored. The implications of the results for multiple theoretical perspectives are discussed.
Liberation Theology in Latin America: Antecedents and Autochthony:

Liberation theology surfaced at Medellin in 1968. Professor Neely, whose eleven-year service in Colombia included that date, fully acknowledges the importance of the CELAM conference. However, he f...
Work: Postwar trends and future prospects

Arne L. Kalleberg is Associate Professor of Sociology at Indiana University in Bloomington. His current research and consulting interests are in the areas of work and organizations. He is currently directing the 1982 Indianapolis Area Project, which will examine the relationship between organizational structures and worker attitudes and behaviors in a sample of business firms in Indianapolis. His recent publications have appeared in the American Sociological Review and the American Journal of Sociology. The author would like to thank Karyn he work that people do Loscocco, Mike Wallace, and Judy I reveals much about them Kalleherg for their comments on earlier and their society. Work is a versions of this essay, central activity in the lives of most people. It is a major mechanism for positioning people in society and for allocating social status and power. Jobs largely determine how and where we live, who our friends are, the kinds of education our children receive, and how we define our relationships to one another. Work patterns also have important implications for the economy as a whole. They greatly influence and reflect how we produce and consume needed goods and services. Work's pervasive influence makes its understanding essential for comprehending important changes, past and future, that affect people and the social structures they create and perpetuate. "You can't eat for eight hours a day nor drink for eight hours a day nor make love for eight hours a day all you can do for eight hours is work." William Faulkner
Literary Careers: Breaks and Stalls

In his article, "Literary Careers: Breaks and Stalls," W. Ray Crozier argues that biographical evidence points to considerable individual variation in writers' output over the life span even when allowance is made for longevity and length of writing career. This issue has been neglected by psychological accounts of creativity. Crozier outlines a theoretical framework for understanding variation in terms of an "artistic career." This is conceptualised as a sequence of projects, the success of which are influenced by intra-project factors such as the rewardingness and difficulties of literary projects and extra-project factors such as work pressures, poverty, and competing demands on time. This account is compared to an explanation proposed by Dean Keith Simonton, which emphasises the reduction over time in the potential to produce new work. The framework is applied to the analysis of biographical material on six writers of fiction who were all critically acclaimed writers who lived until at least their eightieth year but who were among the least productive in a large sample of twentieth-century British novelists. W. Ray Crozier, "Literary Careers: Breaks and Stalls" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 3.3 (2001):
Effect of Growing Regimen and Cannibalism Control Measures on Performance of White Leghorn Pullets

Abstract SINCE feed cost is the major item of expense in reading pullets, the importance of developing feeding programs which minimize this cost is obvious. Crowding pullets in laying houses in order to reduce housing costs may result in increased cannibalistic tendencies. Preventive measures such as pickguards, “peepers” or “specs” and antipick salves or sprays are being used commercially to control cannibalism. Research work on the effects of cannibalism preventive measures upon subsequent performance has not been extensive. Noles et al. (1962) demonstrated that the effects of debeaking varied between the 2 years of their experiment. Feed conversion followed the usual pattern with the best conversion in those instances where egg production was highest. Morgan (1957) reported that pullets which had either ⅓ of both beaks or ½ of the upper beak removed when one day old weighed about the same as the non-de-beaked control birds at 5 months of age . . .
Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in insects: Succinate is a precursor of the methyl branched alkanes

Abstract Studies were undertaken to determine the precursors to the methyl branched cuticular hydrocarbons in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. [2,3-14C]Succinate was incorporated into both the normal and methyl branched components in accord with the mass distribution of each component. In contrast, [1-14C]succinate was preferentially incorporated into the normal alkanes of this insect and [2,3-3H]succinate was preferentially incorporated into the methyl branched alkanes. Malonate markedly inhibited the incorporation of succinate into hydrocarbon and changed the distribution of radioactivity from [2,3-14C]succinate such that the methyl branched hydrocarbons were preferentially labeled. Incorporation of dual labeled [1-14C,2,3-3H]succinate resulted in the methyl branched hydrocarbons having a higher 3 H 14 C ratio than the normal alkanes. Addition of malonate further increased this ratio. These data are consistent with a pathway in which succinate is converted to methylmalonyl-CoA and subsequently incorporated into methyl branched hydrocarbons. Neither [methyl-14C]methionine nor [U-14C]isoleucine, other possible sources of the branching methyl groups, were efficient precursors to the methyl branched hydrocarbons. These data give strong evidence that a source of the methylmalonyl-CoA used for the biosynthesis of methyl branched alkanes in insects is succinyl-CoA.
Cognitive Analysis of Expert and Novice Troubleshooting Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of mental models on the performance differences between expert and novice service technicians who troubleshoot faulty technical equipment. This study involved the use of behavioral and cognitive methods of analysis to identify and develop the ideal mental models that are used by expert technical troubleshooters. These two methods of analysis involved the identification of the specific tasks used during troubleshooting and the collection and analysis of the verbal protocols of expert and novice technicians as they attempted to identify faults in technical equipment. The results of the study showed definite differences between experts and novices. The experts were able to acquire and correctly interpret the initial symptoms of the problem, and from the interpretation of the initial symptoms the experts were able to represent the problem through the development of an accurate problem space. The sequences used by the experts to find faults in technical systems involved the generation of hypotheses that were used to reduce the size of the problem space and, therefore, to narrow the number of potential locations for the fault. In contrast, the novice subjects were unable to accurately interpret the initial symptoms of the problem. They were also unable to represent the problem through the development of an accurate problem space. The lack of an accurate problem representation resulted in the apparent random search for faults in the system.