cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoregulation of Acute Progesterone and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Responses to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in Porcine Granulosa Cells: Effects of FSH, Cholera Toxin, Forskolin, and Pertussis Toxin*

The purpose of these studies was to determine how exposure to FSH affects subsequent responsiveness of adenylyl cyclase and progesterone production to FSH in immature porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Acute cAMP and progesterone responses to FSH and the postreceptor activators of cyclase, forskolin and cholera toxin, were determined after a 24-h preincubation with FSH. Pretreatment with FSH (1–1000 ng/ml) resulted in an increase in subsequent basal progesterone production which was dependent on preincubation FSH concentration. The cAMP response to FSH, on the other hand, was reduced after preincubation with FSH in a manner dependent on preincubation FSH concentration. Removal of FSH with acidified medium and subsequent incubation in FSH-free medium resulted in recovery of the cAMP response to FSH, indicating that attenuation of the response is reversible. Attenuation of the cAMP response to FSH does not appear to be due to 1) a loss of activity of the catalytic moiety of cyclase, since the response to for...
Direct oxidation of jet fuels and Pennsylvania crude oil in a solid oxide fuel cell

Abstract A Cu-ceria solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is shown to generate electric power using jet fuels and Pennsylvania crude oil through direct oxidation of the fuels. The liquid fuels contained up to 910 ppm of sulfur and were injected into the anode compartment either with or without N2 dilution. The performance of the fuel cell was stable over 30 h for jet fuels and Pennsylvania crude oil without N2 dilution whereas N2 dilution prolonged the stable power generation up to 100 h for jet fuel and up to 80 h for Pennsylvania crude oil. The generated power density was about 0.1 W cm−2 for both fuels.
Electron emission mechanism for impact of CN- and SiN- clusters

Surface collisions of negatively charged atomic clusters C N - and Si N - , N<15, have been investigated by time-of-flight methods. At low impact velocities (<10 km/s), the intact scattered ion and its charged fragments are clearly observed, along with ejected electrons. The time profile for the electron is broad and asymmetric, proving that it arises from delayed emission from the intact scattered negative ion. This provides a simple explanation for the low-energy emission found by Achiba and co-workers which they attribute to cluster electronic excitation
Supramolecular assemblies of calix [4] arenes organized by feeble forces

Abstract X-ray crystallographic investigations have shown that dimeric supramolecular assemblies of water-soluble calix[4]arenes are formed by a combination of hydrophobic effects and either hydrogen bonding or secondary bonding. For Na4(pyridinium)[calix[4]arene sulfonate] · 8H2O, a dimeric arrangement based on hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects is found. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 11.873(3), b = 24.345(6), c = 14.846(3) A, β 96.78(2)°, and Dc = 1.66 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Refinement based on 3492 observed reflections led to a final R value of 0.051. For [Cu(NC5H5)2(H2O)3](Na)3[calix[4]arene sulfonate] · 13 H2O, the dimeric association is based on a secondary bonding interaction between the copper(II) ion and a sulfonate oxygen atom combined with hydrophobic interactions. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 14.672(3), b = 25.577(5), c = 15.457(3) A, β = 101.94(4)°, and Dc = 1.55 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Refinement based on 3602 obse...
What if alcoholism had not been invented? The dynamics of American alcohol mythology

This essay speculates on what might have been had alcoholism not been invented. The invention is viewed as a product of the ongoing myth-making process whereby society continuously defines and redefines alcohol, seeking to integrate it into the culture in ways that allow enjoyment of its pleasures with minimum pain. Had alcoholism not been invented, (a) the myth-making process might have yielded another simplistic explanation of drunkenness, but more likely alcohol would have remained the supposed cause; (b) the per capita alcohol consumption uptrend of some 50 years standing might not have reversed as it did in 1982; (c) chronic drunkards might still be denied life-saving hospitalization which gains them more time for the natural reform process to work for them; and (d) local communities nationwide might have taken common-sense actions to facilitate the natural rehabilitation process and provided more benefit to more alcoholics for less cost than treating alcoholism. It is expected that Americans will continue to drink and will continue to seek a more harmonious relationship with alcohol. The informal social controls will continue to largely constrain individual appetites for alcohol's pleasures, and most alcoholics will continue to gain control of their excessive drinking in the natural course of events with or without exposure to alcoholism treatment.
Seismic modeling and imaging based upon spectral-element and adjoint methods

The overarching goal of exploration geophysics is to map or “image” geological structures. Seismic migration, which attempts to map reflected and/or refracted signals to their actual spatial origin, plays a central role in imaging. Migration techniques are frequently based upon approximations to the seismic wave equation (e.g., ray-theory-based Kirchhoff migration or acoustic/first-arrival wavefield continuation methods).
Codeine and oxycodone use in patients with chronic rheumatic disease pain

Objective Opioid treatment of chronic rheumatic disease pain is controversial because of concerns regarding efficacy, toxicity, tolerance, dependence, and abuse. This study examined opioid use in a cohort of patients with pain due to defined rheumatic diseases. Methods Opioid use was studied retrospectively in a cohort of 644 rheumatology clinic patients. Computerized pharmacy records identified patients who had been prescribed opioids during the previous 3 years. Medical records were reviewed to determine reasons for opioid dosage escalations. Patients were interviewed to determine efficacy, frequency and types of side effects, and history of alcohol or street-drug abuse. Results Opioid prescriptions were found in the 3-year pharmacy database for 290 of 644 clinic patients: 153 for <3 consecutive months and 137 for ≥3 months. All opioid-treated patients received codeine and/or oxycodone. In this cohort, 133 patients in each opioid-treated group and 76 of the 354 non-opioid-treated control patients were studied. Opioids significantly reduced rheumatic disease pain severity scores from 8.2 to 3.6 (on a 0-10 scale) (P < 0.001). Mild side effects were reported in 38%; nausea, dyspepsia, constipation, and sedation were the most common. The mean ±SD initial dosage was 2.1 ± 1.7 30-mg codeine equivalent/day, the mean peak was 3.4 ± 3.3 per day, and the mean current dose was 2.7 ± 2.0 per day. Dosage escalations occurred in 32 patients and were attributable to worsening of the underlying painful condition or a medical complication thereof in all but 4 patients, who also displayed other abuse behaviors. Abuse behaviors were not more frequent in those with or without a history of abuse/addiction. Conclusion Prolonged treatment of rheumatic disease pain with codeine or oxycodone was effective in reducing pain severity and was associated with only mild toxicity. Doses were stable for prolonged periods of time, with escalations of the opioid dose almost always related to worsening of the painful condition or a complication thereof, rather than the development of tolerance to opioids. Doubts or concerns about opioid efficacy, toxicity, tolerance, and abuse or addiction should no longer be used to justify withholding opioids from patients with well-defined rheumatic disease pain.
Differential amplifier synthesis of driving-point admittances

Five active networks for realizing ratios of arbitrary polynomials in δ as driving-point admittances are presented. The active elements used are differential amplifiers, and in each network all the amplifiers have a common ground. Three of the networks require the realization of passive RC one-port admittances while one network requires the realization of passive RC one-port impedances. The final network requires the realization of both types of passive one-ports.
Acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, and fear-potentiated startle measured in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Background: Modulation of the acoustic startle response is a simple and objective indicator of emotionality and attention in rodents and humans. This finding has proven extremely valuable for analysis of neural systems associated with fear and anxiety. Until recently, there have been few efforts to develop acoustic startle measurement in nonhuman primates. We report here development of a whole-body acoustic startle protocol in rhesus monkeys. Methods: Eight juvenile rhesus monkeys were tested in a new whole-body (somatic) acoustic startle protocol. Startle responses were assessed in three paradigms: 1) stimulus intensity-response amplitude, 2) prepulse inhibition (PPI), and 3) fear-potentiated startle. Results: Initial studies revealed that the amplitude of whole-body startle in monkeys, as in rodents and humans, is directly proportional to acoustic stimulus intensity and gradually habituates with repeated exposures. Presentation of a weak acoustic stimulus 45–2020 msec before a startle stimulus reduces startle amplitude by 40%–50%, depending on interstimulus interval length (PPI). We have also measured significant potentiated startle amplitude in the presence of a visual stimulus after pairing it with an inescapable pulse of pressurized air (fear-potentiated startle). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that acoustic startle in nonhuman primates successfully bridges rodent and human research in two broad areas: stimulus-response relationships and behavioral plasticity represented by habituation, PPI, and fear potentiation. The opportunity now emerges to link concepts developed in rodents to the more complex neuroanatomical and cognitive processes common to monkeys and humans.
Corynebacterium jeikeium sepsis after 8-methoxypsolaren photopheresis for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

We describe a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who developed Corynebacterium jeikeium sepsis after experimental treatment with 8-methoxypsolaren. The epidemiology and clinical features of C. jeikeium infection are discussed. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous vancomycin without recurrence.
OBSERVATIONS IN FIVE JAPANESE HOMES.

In the homes I visited in Kyoto, probably the most conservative city in Japan, my observations were focused upon children thirteen to fourteen months of age when I first saw them and sixteen to seventeen months at the time I left. They were the first-born and only children of parents engaged in manual work that required some skill. I was trying to approximate our selection in the longitudinal development research project, conducted from 1954 to 1959 at the Boston University Medical Center, 1 as regards the position of the child in the family and the socioeconomic class. Most of them appeared to be more affluent than our Boston group, but that was because four of the five were living with the older generation, in houses owned by the grandparents, and they shared in their well-established small business enterprises. Kyoto is known for its small businesses carried on in the homes. This afforded the opportunity of observing children in their transactions not only with their mothers but also with their fathers and a variety of other people-grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, apprentices and neighbors. Only one of my families was independently established; they had far fewer material comforts than the others. They lived in a tworoom house at the end of a narrow alley. The father of this small family worked constantly at tailoring men's clothes-odd jobs brought him by messengers--and much of the time the mother, across a large table from her husband, was also engaged in pressing and sewing.
Characterization of [3H]estradiol-17β-(β-d-glucuronide) binding sites in basolateral and canalicular liver plasma membranes

The specific binding of [3H]estradiol-17 beta-(beta-D-glucuronide) ([3H]E217G) was examined in isolated basolateral (bLPM) and canalicular (cLPM) liver plasma membranes. Two distinct binding sites were identified in each membrane fraction by competition and saturation experiments. Binding parameters obtained from competition studies were: Kd1 = 26 nM, Bmax1 = 0.26 pmol/mg protein; Kd2 = 2.6 microM, Bmax2 = 27 pmol/mg protein for bLPM; and Kd1 = 81 nM, Bmax1 = 0.61 pmol/mg protein; Kd2 = 6.7 microM, Bmax2 = 79 pmol/mg protein for cLPM. Binding parameters obtained from saturation experiments were not significantly different. There was no Na+ requirement for binding. Kinetic dissociation experiments showed that binding was reversible and revealed two components. The dissociation rate constants did not vary with the method of dilution of radioligand, i.e. by "infinite" volume, or excess unlabeled ligand, thus ruling out the possibility of cooperativity. The ability of a series of compounds to inhibit the binding of [3H]E217G was also examined. In bLPM, taurocholate (TC), estrone sulfate (E1SO4) and bromosulfophthalein (BSP) were able to compete with both binding sites, whereas estriol-17 beta-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E317G), estriol-16 alpha-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E316G), testosterone glucuronide (TG), estradiol-3-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E23G), estriol-3-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E(3)3G), cholate and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) were able to inhibit binding to only the low-affinity site. In cLPM, only the cholestatic steroid D-ring glucuronides (E(3)17G, E(3)16G and TG) and TC were able to compete with both sites, whereas the non-cholestatic steroid A-ring glucuronides (E(2)3G and E(3)3G), BSP and DIDS competed for only the low-affinity site. Based on the observed substrate specificities, the low-affinity sites in bLPM and cLPM are postulated to represent multispecific organic anion carriers. The high-affinity site in cLPM may play a role in mediating steroid D-ring glucuronide-induced cholestasis.
Effective Sealing of a Disk Cavity Using a Double-Toothed Rim Seal

The trend towards higher gas turbine inlet temperatures is a natural consequence of the pursuit of higher turbine operating efficiencies. More efficient disk cooling technology is therefore a prime need. The sealing characteristics of a advanced air-cooled turbo-expander disk cavity have been studied using laser sheet flow visualization and static pressure measurements. Experiments were performed on a simplified half-scale model of an actual low pressure turbo-expander first-stage disk cavity. The rotor-stator geometry tested was equipped with a double-toothed rim (DTR) seal at the outer periphery and a labyrinth seal (or shaft seal) at the inner periphery of the cavity. This is one of the first studies that incorporates the effects of shaft sealing flows. Experiments were conducted in the absence of an external flow stream for various labyrinth seal flow rates, and rotational Reynolds numbers up to 1.52 × 106. The results confirm the adequacy of previously estimated design data for this disk cavity configuration. Pressure measurements reveal that a pressure difference criterion based on the differential pressure across the teeth of the rim seal can be used to detect ingress of mainstream flow. The superior performance of the seal geometry studied was confirmed by a comparison against a single-toothed rim seal and a simple axial rim seal.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
An approximate model for sizing and costing a solar thermal collector-central receiver system

Abstract An approximate generalized theoretical model is presented for the geometry and energy transfer of a solar thermal collector-central receiver system. Equations permit sizing the receiver, tower, and heliostat field. Cost functions correlate data from Department of Energy studies. Based on a set of assumed conditions, simplified, optimized sizing equations yield the minimum capital cost. The costs of the tower and central receiver will change with plant and equipment cost indices, while heliostat costs are expected to diminish as annual production increases. The heliostat cost is the major cost component even at lowest projected unit cost; therefore optimization tends toward minimum heliostat area. The model permits order-of-magnitude cost estimates to be made very quickly, compared to detailed simulation.
Photoacoustic calorimetry studies of ligand-exchange of aliphatic amines with Cr(CO)6: Steric effects and hydrogen bonding

Abstract The exchange of aliphatic amines with Cr(CO)6 in heptane occurs in two steps: a CO is lost forming a solvent-coordinated complex, Cr(CO)5(heptane), and then heptane is lost to form Cr(CO) 5(amine). The enthalpies of exchange of aliphatic amines (piperidine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine and tri-n-butylamine) with Cr(CO)6 have been determined in heptane at ambient temperatures. The enthalpies of reaction determined by photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) include contributions from hydrogen-bond formation between free amine and the pentacarbonylamine chromium, 1. The enthalpy of hydrogen-bond formation was found to be about 4 kcal mol−1 and was determined from the temperature and concentration dependence of the amine NH chemical shifts of 1. The PAC values were corrected for hydrogen-bond formation contributions to obtain only the enthalpy of ligand-exchange (ΔH12). The ΔH12 was more endothermic for bulky amines, and this steric effect can be attributed to inhibition of CRN bond formation. These results, along with those in the literature, provide a detailed description of the energetics of each step of the ligand-exchange in both directions. The results suggest there is a continuum from an associative to a dissociative process for the displacement of heptane by amine that depends on the steric bulk of the amine.
A probable signal of the 11-year solar cycle in the troposphere of the northern hemisphere

The existence of a signal of the 11-year solar cycle in the geopotential heights of the lower half of the stratosphere implies, through hydrostatic argument, an association with the temperatures in the troposphere. We have defined this association for the layer between 750hPa and 200hPa by means of the NCEP/NCAR re-analyses for the period 1958–1997. In the zonal average it is estimated to be 0.15°C–0.2°C for the whole of the Northern Hemisphere in summer, and about the same for the tropics-subtropics in March–December.
Is a nadir bone marrow required and, if so, what to do with residual disease?

Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment state that bone marrow biopsies should be completed 7–10 days after completion of chemotherapy. Treatment decisions change based on cellularity of that biopsy. Several studies show that bone marrow aspirates at nadir can be used to predict complete remission (CR) and overall survival. Many groups have attempted to modify induction regimens based on results of bone marrow biopsies with mixed results. This paper will review the current literature on using bone marrow biopsy to prognosticate and guide treatment for AML patients.
αvβ5 integrin recruits the CrkII-Dock180-Rac1 complex for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

α v β 5 integrin recruits the CrkII–Dock180–Rac1 complex for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
Factors associated with acceptance of sex before marriage among high school freshmen who have not experienced sexual intercourse

This study examined the association of demographic and other factors with acceptance of sex before marriage among 262 male and female freshmen attending Missouri high schools who reported they had never experienced sexual intercourse. The students completed the 7-item Acceptance of Sex Before Marriage Scale. Just under half (48.5%) of the students strongly agreed or agreed that “People should have sex only if they are married,” 22.5% were unsure, and 29% strongly disagreed or disagreed. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors significantly associated with acceptance of sex before marriage by tertile (higher scores on the 7-item scale indicate more acceptance of sex before marriage). Results indicate freshmen who were female (OR=0.39), satisfied with their sexually activity status (OR=0.18), and received parent support when needed (OR=0.16) were significantly less likely to have high acceptance of sex before marriage. Conversely, those who reported strict household rules (OR=7.05)...
Building States to Build Peace

Agencies throughout the development, humanitarian, political and defence fields have recently endorsed the centrality of state institutions in post-war peacebuilding. But how can external actors go about peacebuilding in a way that reinforces effective and legitimate states without doing harm? Drawing on an International Peace Institute project, this article calls into question the assumption that peacebuilding can be boiled down to building state institutions. The article argues that the process of building states can actually undermine peace, postulating five tensions between peacebuilding and statebuilding even as it asserts that strong state institutions remain crucial for consolidating peace. Identifying three crucial state functions for peacebuilding, the article emphasises the complex interrelationships among legitimacy, state capacity and security in post-conflict societies.
2.5 million hectares and one sustainable goal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate historical environmental destruction and subsequent land use policies enacted over the last 400 years in the Adirondacks Park & Preserve – America's largest park and preserve in the lower 48 states. Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes a historical analysis using an extensive literature review. The historical analysis is divided into four distinct waves of time analyzing the specific environmental destruction and the policies enacted. They closely mimic century waves: 1700s, 1800s, 1900s, and the present 2000s. Findings – Findings indicate that each of the major policy or land use instruments applied to the Adirondack region were appropriate at the time, however, were retroactive approaches to stem widespread environmental devastation. These strong measures still impact the region today, impairing the 2.5 million ha and the ability to ensure a sustainable future of environmental protection, economic prosperity, and societal well-being. The ...
Modeling viscoelastic networks in Stokes flow

Filamentous networks and elastic polymers immersed in a viscous fluid are central to many processes in biology. Here, we present a model of a discrete viscoelastic network coupled to a Stokesian fluid. The network is built out of a collection of cross-linked nodes where each link is modeled by one or more simple viscoelastic elements. The method of regularized Stokeslets is used to couple network dynamics with a highly viscous fluid in three dimensions. We use computational rheometry tests to characterize the viscoelastic structures, such as computing their frequency-dependent loss and storage moduli. We find that when linkages between nodes are modeled by Maxwell elements, the qualitative behavior of these moduli reflects that of many biological viscoelastic structures.
Pro‐War and Prothalamion: Queen, Colony, and Somatic Metaphor Among Spenser's “Knights of the Maidenhead”

AbstractThis essay charts the points of contact ‐ or more precisely the “overlay” ‐ between Spenser's gender ethics, his experience of the Irish landscape, and his singular reception of the Petrarchan literary heritage. Spenser portrays the Queen as Petrarchan lover against the background of a male‐driven conquest of the feminized landscape, a juxtaposition in which the love‐frowardness of the Petrarchan lady is translated into the frowardness of a queen hesitant to take the expensive and potentially devastating steps necessary for the expansion of her empire. Spenser uses the traditional metaphor of the land as female body to link colonial approaches to land with staunchly Protestant conceptions of marriage, working a double sense of “husbandry” to criticize the Queen for her restraint in supporting the Irish project. In an act of colonial poetic production unmatched in its era, the Faerie Queene presents a system of similitudes centering on the female body, the land, and literary history in which each t...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of mammalian hepatic microsomal cytochrome b5: Some properties of the enzyme system catalyzing the endogenous reduction of pyridine nucleotides

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme system is present in mouse hepatic microsomes which is capable of reducing NAD+ and NADP+ and, consequently, of reducing cytochrome b5 in the absence of other externally added cofactors. 2. 2. A similar enzyme system is also present in hepatic microsomes of rat and rabbit. 3. 3. The rates of reduction of cytochrome b5 and auto-oxidation of reduced cytochrome b5 were, however, much slower in NAD+ supplemented reaction media than in those supplemented with NADH. 4. 4. The effects of sulfhydryl reagents, chelating agents and divalent cations are reported.
Evidence for a negative charge on hydrogen for some metal carbonyl hydrides

Abstract Because of the acidity of hydrogen on several metal carbonyl hydrides, it has been presumed that the hydrogen bears a positive charge in the molecule. Matrix isolation studies have led to the characterization of neutral metal carbonyl fragments either directly from hydrogen loss from the related hydride or by independent routes. A comparison of the energy factored force fields of the fragment with those of the hydride containing molecule supports the conclusion that the hydrogen does bear a negative charge in spite of the acidity of the molecule in polar solvents. The acidity of the hydrides is less a function of the charge on hydrogen than a reflection of the weakness of the metalhydrogen bond.
Dispersal of epithelial cancer cell colonies by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)

We describe a model system in which cancer cell colonies disperse into single, highly migratory cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Though LPA is known to stimulate chemotaxis and chemokinesis, a colony dispersal effect has not been reported, to our knowledge. Cancer colony dispersal by LPA is comprised of an ordered sequence of events: (1) stimulation of membrane ruffling and formation of lamellipodia, (2) dissolution of adherens junctions, (3) single cell migration in a mesenchymal-like morphology we term "ginkgo-leaf." The net result is dispersal of carcinoma cells from a compact colony. We analyzed these three steps using live-cell imaging and computer-assisted quantification and measured the following parameters: onset of lamellipodia formation, lamellipodia velocity, colony dispersal, trans-epithelial resistance, migrating cell number and speed. Because hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was described as an epithelial scatter factor, we compared it to LPA in our system and found that HGF has no epithelial colony dispersal properties and that this effect is strictly related to LPA. Given its striking similarity to tumor cell budding observed in patients, we propose that LPA-colony dispersal may provide a cellular mechanism underlying cancer invasion and as such deserves further studies.
Effects of dissolved mineral species on the electrokinetic behavior of calcite and apatite

Abstract The interfacial behavior of salt-type minerals such as calcite and apatite is governed to a large extent by their electrochemical properties which in turn are governed by pH and concentration of dissolved mineral species. In mixed mineral systems, the interfacial behavior of various minerals is often quite different from what might be expected on the basis of their individual properties. Predictions for flotation separation based on single mineral tests often fail in these systems mainly owing to the interactions between dissolved mineral species. The effect of dissolved mineral species of the calcite—apatite system is investigated in this study using the electrokinetic technique. The electrochemical, dissolution and spectroscopic properties of each mineral were markedly altered by the supernatants of the other mineral. Most interestingly, under the test conditions, the isoelectric point of each mineral in the supernatant of the other was observed to be similar to the supernatant mineral source. It is clear that, under these conditions, a flotation separation scheme designed on the basis of the surface properties of the single minerals is not likely to perform satisfactorily. Tests in inorganic solutions have shown that surface reaction and/or bulk precipitation could be responsible for the observed shifts. Surface chemical alterations predicted from theoretical considerations using species distribution diagrams are correlated with the experimental results.
A Cross-Cultural, Multi-Dimensional, Nonlinear Examination of Managerial Skills and Effectiveness1

Prior studies in United States organizations have suggested that appropriate development of managerial skills can improve managerial effectiveness, thus saving time and other resources. Little prior cross-cultural research has been done, however, on managerial skills and effectiveness. In addition, models depicting linear combinations of skills have dominated the available research on managerial effectiveness. In contrast, this research investigates in each culture whether a linear or nonlinear model better depicts the relationship between managerial skills and effectiveness. Comparisons of the best predicting models across the three cultures are examined and their implications for managerial development are explored.
Moral Panic Over Youth Violence: Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media

In 1989, while reporting the well-publicized attack on a female jogger in New York City, the media discovered wilding, a newly stylized word used to describe sexual violence committed by a group of urban teens. Sociologically, the term wilding became particularly significant due to its racial connotation, perpetuating a stereotype of young Black (and Latino) males belonging to a dangerous class. This work explores the contours of moral panic over wilding by attending to elements of race, class, and fear of crime, especially as they manifest in the media. The findings contribute to a critical understanding of youth in society by offering an interpretation of wilding, a distinctive form of moral panic that symbolizes not only a threat to society at large but also to a political economy that reproduces racial and social disparities.
An overview of chronic disease models: a systematic literature review.

Aims: The objective of our study was to examine various existing chronic disease models, their elements and their role in the management of Diabetes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed and CINHAL during a period of January 2003- March 2011. Following key terms were used either in single or in combination such as “Chronic Disease Model” AND “Diabetes Mellitus” OR “COPD” OR ‘CVD”. Results: A total of 23 studies were included in the final analysis. Majority of the studies were US-based. Five chronic disease models included Chronic Care Model (CCM), Improving Chronic Illness Care (ICIC), and Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC), Stanford Model (SM) and Community based Transition Model (CBTM). CCM was the most studied model. Elements studied included delivery system design and self-management support (87%), clinical information system and decision support (57%) and health system organization (52%). Elements including center care on the patient and family (13%), patient safety (4%), community policies (4%), built integrated health care (4%) and remote patient monitoring (4%) have not been well studied. Other elements including support paradigm shift, manage political environment, align sectoral policies for health, use healthcare personnel more effectively, support patients in their communities, emphasize prevention, identify patient specific concerns related to the transition process, and health literacy between visits and treatments have also not been well studied in the existing literature. Conclusions: It was unclear to what extent the results generated is applicable to different populations and locations and therefore is an area of future research. Future studies are also needed to test chronic disease models in settings where more racially and ethnically representative patients receive chronic care. Future program development should also include information on other barriers including transportation issues, finances and lack of services.
Computation of 3-D velocity fields from 3-D cine CT images of a human heart

A method of computing the three-dimensional (3-D) velocity field from 3-D cine computer tomographs (CTs) of a beating heart is proposed. Using continuum theory, the authors develop two constraints on the 3-D velocity field generated by a beating heart. With these constraints, the computation of the 3-D velocity field is formulated as an optimization problem and a solution to the optimization problem is developed using the Euler-Lagrange method. The solution is then discretized for computer implementation. The authors present the results for both simulated images and clinical cine CT images of a beating heart. >
LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE HELIOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD: 1976-1991

A uniform set of computed large-scale coronal fields derived from photospheric field observations now exists for the interval 1976 to the present. Using this data base we can begin to compare Solar Cycle 21 with Solar Cycle 22. The character of the field and its evolution are the same, but many of the particulars are different. The polar field was about 25 percent stronger at solar minimum in 1986 than in 1976, consequently the heliospheric current sheet was confined to a narrower latitude range. In the rising phase of Cycle 21 a strong 4-sector pattern developed; the same pattern was not present in Cycle 22. Other differences include the timing of the polar field reversals and changes in latitudinal extent of the current sheet.
Preoperative Recipient Cytokine Levels Are Associated With Early Lung Allograft Dysfunction

Background Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a morbid complication after lung transplant (LTx). Recipient before and after cytokine and chemokine profiles may be associated with a recipient's propensity to have PGD. Methods Serum samples were obtained from adult (more than 17 years old) primary LTx recipients (2002 to 2007) at two time points: (1) pre-reperfusion of transplanted lungs, and (2) within 24 hours after reperfusion. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels were determined. A PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio less than 300 at 48 hours (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation PGD grade 2 or more) was used to stratify patients. Follow-up was obtained through August 2009. Cytokine levels at both time points and the change in levels were assessed for association with PGD grade 2 or more. Outcomes and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Results Of 28 patients, 8 (28.6%) had PGD grade 2 or more. Median follow-up was 23 months (interquartile range, 16 to 31). Demographics, clinical data, and pre-LTx diagnoses did not differ between the groups. Patients who had PGD grade 2 or more had higher baseline levels of IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, and CCL-2 (all p p = 0.02) and CCL-2 ( p = 0.04) levels. The PGD grade 2 or more patients were more likely to have had cardiopulmonary bypass during LTx ( p = 0.002) and blood products administered: platelets ( p = 0.004), plasma ( p = 0.05), and packed red blood cells ( p = 0.03)]. The PGD grade 2 or more patients had longer length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and total intensive care unit days. Conclusions Higher before and after transplant cytokine/chemokine levels were found in LTx recipients who subsequently had PGD grade 2 or more. Our study demonstrates that the recipient's inflammatory state at the time of LTx may impact early allograft function. That could represent a potential target for pretransplant pharmacologic intervention.
Methamphetamine Use and Criminal Behavior

This research seeks to broaden our understanding of methamphetamine’s (meth’s) place within the study of drugs and crime. Through extensive court records research and interviews with 200 offenders in local jails in western Colorado, this research contributes to the creation of a meth user profile and begins to identify the place of meth in the drug—crime nexus. The study compares the criminal behavior of meth users with other drug users, finding that meth users are more likely than other drug users to be drunk or high at the time of arrest and claim their crimes were related to drug use in other ways. A content analysis of criminal records demonstrates that meth users have more extensive criminal records and are more likely than other drug users to commit property crimes.
Use of 4-mg/kg/24-Hour Empiric Aminoglycoside dosing in Preoperative Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease

BACKGROUND:Empiric dosing of gentamicin has not been evaluated in critically ill neonates with unrepaired congenital heart disease (CHD). Many factors may alter gentamicin pharmacokinetics in this patient population and there are few data describing gentamicin dosing regimens in this patient population.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether an empiric gentamicin dosing regimen for neonates achieves acceptable serum trough concentrations in neonatal patients with unrepaired CHD receiving alprostadil.METHODS:Term neonates with unrepaired CHD who received gentamicin for empiric treatment of sepsis were identified over a 3-year period. Patients were included if they received gentamicin 4 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours, were receiving alprostadil for maintenance of a patent ductus arteriosus, and had at least one gentamicin serum trough concentration determined. Patients were evaluated to determine whether they achieved a serum trough concentration of <1 mg/L, and differences in patient characteristics were noted for those...
Neuropragmatism on the Origins of Conscious Minding

The philosophy of pragmatism has much to offer mind and life scientists in their thinking about the origins and nature of experience. In this chapter, I provide an introduction to neurophilosophical pragmatism by reviewing how classical pragmatists, such as John Dewey, reconceived concepts like experience, mind, and consciousness in light of the advances ushered forth by Darwinism. I then elaborate on a recent debate in cognitive science and neurophilosophy over how to think about conscious mental activity. In doing so, I draw on and modify the pragmatist framework sketched in the first part of the chapter.
The viscosity of pure substances in the dense gaseous and liquid phases

Viscosities available in the literature for the gaseous and liquid states of eleven substances have been correlated with reduced density by the use of dimensional analysis and the Abas-zade expression for the residual viscosity to produce a single generalized relationship which is presented both graphically and analytically. The substances are argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, and n-pentane. The properties required for the calculation of viscosity with this relationship are the molecular weight, the critical constants, and the density of the substance at the temperature and pressure considered. Separate relationships were developed for hydrogen, ammonia, and water which do not follow the consistent behaviour of the other substances. Viscosity values for ethylene calculated with the generalized relationship compared favorably with the corresponding experimental values.
Role of sensory input distribution and intrinsic connectivity in lateral amygdala during auditory fear conditioning: a computational study.

Abstract We propose a novel reduced-order neuronal network modeling framework that includes an enhanced firing rate model and a corresponding synaptic calcium-based synaptic learning rule. Specifically, we propose enhancements to the Wilson–Cowan firing-rate neuron model that permit full spike-frequency adaptation seen in biological lateral amygdala (LA) neurons, while being sufficiently general to accommodate other spike-frequency patterns. We also report a technique to incorporate calcium-dependent plasticity in the synapses of the network using a regression scheme to link firing rate to postsynaptic calcium. Together, the single-cell model and the synaptic learning scheme constitute a general framework to develop computationally efficient neuronal networks that employ biologically realistic synaptic learning. The reduced-order modeling framework was validated using a previously reported biophysical conductance-based neuronal network model of a rodent LA that modeled features of Pavlovian conditioning and extinction of auditory fear ( Li et al., 2009 ). The framework was then used to develop a larger LA network model to investigate the roles of tone and shock distributions and of intrinsic connectivity in auditory fear learning. The model suggested combinations of tone and shock densities that would provide experimental estimates of tone responsive and conditioned cell proportions. Furthermore, it provided several insights including how intrinsic connectivity might help distribute sensory inputs to produce conditioned responses in cells that do not directly receive both tone and shock inputs, and how a balance between potentiation of excitation and inhibition prevents stimulus generalization during fear learning.
Solid-state 31P NMR chemical shielding tensors in phosphonates and bisphosphonates: A quantum chemical investigation

We report the results of a quantum chemical investigation of the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotropic chemical shieldings (σiso) and the 31P NMR chemical shielding tensor principal values...
A Latent Variable Model for Geographic Lexical Variation

The rapid growth of geotagged social media raises new computational possibilities for investigating geographic linguistic variation. In this paper, we present a multi-level generative model that reasons jointly about latent topics and geographical regions. High-level topics such as "sports" or "entertainment" are rendered differently in each geographic region, revealing topic-specific regional distinctions. Applied to a new dataset of geotagged microblogs, our model recovers coherent topics and their regional variants, while identifying geographic areas of linguistic consistency. The model also enables prediction of an author's geographic location from raw text, outperforming both text regression and supervised topic models.
Phenology of Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Washington and Oregon Apple Orchards

Abstract The phenology of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was investigated in 30 apple orchards in central Washington state and northeastern Oregon from 1998 to 2001 (57 total orchard-yr). Adult captures in pheromone-baited traps were fit to a Weibull distribution to model emergence of the first and second generations. Initial capture of first generation adults was observed at 216.2 ± 2.6 degree-days (DD) (mean ± SEM) from 1 March by using a base temperature of 6.7°C. The model predicted that flight was 5 and 95% complete by 240 and 700 degree-days (DD), respectively. Monitoring of oviposition and hatch was used to establish a protandry plus preoviposition degree-day requirement of 160.0 ± 7.7 DD, as well as to provide data to describe the entire hatch period. Egg hatch was 5 and 95% complete by 395 and 630 DD, respectively. The start of the second flight was observed at 1217.1 ± 8.3 DD by using an upper threshold for development of 32°C and a horizontal cutoff. The model i...
Variations of the extreme-lateral craniocervical approach: anatomical study and clinical analysis of 69 patients

Object. The aim of this study was to describe six variations of the extreme-lateral craniocervical approach, their application, and treatment results. Methods. During a 4-year period 69 patients underwent surgery in which six variations of the extreme-lateral craniocervical approach were performed. The variations included: the transfacetal approach (TFA), performed to treat four lesions in the upper cervical spine anterior or anterolateral to the spinal cord; the retrocondylar approach, to treat five intradural lesions located anterolateral to the medulla oblongata and six vascular lesions to expose the extradural segment of the vertebral artery (VA); the partial transcondylar approach (PTCA), to treat 18 intradural lesions located anterior to the medulla oblongata; the complete transcondylar approach (CTCA), to treat 13 extradural lesions that involved the lower clivus and anterior upper cervical spine; the extreme-lateral transjugular approach, to treat 14 jugular foramen tumors; and the transtubercular...
Physical performance effects of low-intensity exercise among clinically defined high-risk elders.

Background: Falls are among the leading causes of injuries and deaths. Results from a number of studies have suggested that a community-based exercise program may be effective in im
Shear and Curvature vorticity and Potential-Vorticity Interchanges: Interpretation and Application to a Cutoff Cyclone Event

Abstract Equations are presented for the evolution of isobaric shear and curvature vorticity and for isentropic shear and curvature potential vorticity in natural (streamline-following) coordinates, in the case of adiabatic, frictionless flow. In isobaric coordinates, two terms of equal magnitude and opposite sign arise in the respective tendency equations for shear and curvature vorticity; these terms represent conversions between shear and curvature vorticity in the sense that their sum does not alter the total tendency of absolute vorticity. In isentropic coordinates, only the conversion terms remain in the tendency equations for shear and curvature potential vorticity, consistent with potential-vorticity conservation. The vorticity and potential-vorticity conversions arise from (i) along-stream variations in wind speed in the presence of Lagrangian changes in wind direction and (ii) flow-normal gradients of Lagrangian changes in wind speed. The assumption of horizontal nondivergence simplifies the int...
Stimulus relatedness in equivalence classes, perceptual categories, and semantic memory networks

ABSTRACTPerceptual categories, also called resemblance-based classes, contain stimuli that resemble each other. Other classes called equivalence classes contain stimuli that do not resemble each other. The membership of a stimulus in each type of class is defined by the generalization of responding trained by one stimulus to the other class members. Alternatively, class membership is defined by the selection of any member of the potential class in the presence of other class members. These performances indicate the interchangeability or equal relatedness of the stimuli in a class. In addition, the stimuli in a resemblance-based class can be rank ordered in terms of perceived similarity to a prototypical class member. Thus, the stimuli are differentially related to each other. In addition, this article will present post class formation steady state test results that document differential relatedness of the stimuli in an equivalence class, where relatedness is determined by the number of nodes that separate...