cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Damage due to electric spark discharge machining of zinc

Electric spark discharge machining has been observed to produce severe damage in the form of kinking and slip in single crystals of high-purity zinc. A mechanism by which conditions of plastic anisotropy, relatively high machining temperatures and loading from spark discharge machining interact to produce this damage is proposed. A method for preventing the damage is explained.
Getting started with computers : experience, anxiety, and relational style

Abstract This study examined sex differences, changes over time, and predictors of attrition from introductory computer classes. Males entered the classes with greater previous experience than females in programming, computer games, and miscellaneous uses. Previous programming experience was positively related to staying in computer courses. However, males with more computer game experience and females with less computer game experience were more likely to drop out. Males who were less computer anxious and females who were more computer anxious were more likely to drop out. Liking for computers and perceived experience increased over the semester for all students, but females became more anxious. Overall, sex differences in attribution for success and failure with computers were lacking. Assessments of relational style of interaction with computers showed that females who initially perceived the computer more as a tool/machine and males who initially perceived the computer less as a tool/machine were more likely to drop out. All subjects attributed more animate/human qualities to the computer with time. Suggestions for promoting general computer literacy are discussed.
Lithium polymer electrolyte rechargeable battery

A brief critical review of the lithium polymer electrolyte battery technology is presented. This review specifically addresses some of the key performance characteristics which could yield a superior lithium polymer electrolyte battery technology. Directions for future R&D work are identified.
Benefits of naturalistic methods in research in science education

The author argues that naturalistic (e.g., qualitative, ethnographic) research is appropriate for studying science education. Field methods such as indepth interviewing and observation are used, and the logic of the inquiry is inductive rather than hypothetico-deductive. The stages of naturalistic research are explained and illustrated with material from the NSF-sponsored Case Studies in Science Education. Problems in traditional research methods (construct validity, ecological generalization) are presented as justification for inductive models or models based on multiple methods, perspectives, and operations.
DEFECTIVE NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS AND HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA E—A REVERSIBLE DEFECT?

. An eleven-month-old boy is presented with chronic atopic dermatitis and recurrent infections of the skin and respiratory tract, including subcutaneous abscesses. Immunological studies disclosed a neutrophil chemotactic defect, blood eosinophilia and serum hyper IgE. The clinical and analytical data are similar to those of patients previously described by Hill & Quie. A diet free of the allergens which were responsible for the atopic dermatitis reversed the chemotactic defect, the blood eosinophilia and the clinical symptoms.
Study of interfacial reactions in bimetallic thin‐film couples by contact resistance measurements

Interfacial reactions in bimetallic thin-film couples of copper and nickel are studied by a technique wherein contact resistance is measured as a function of time, temperature, and deposition conditions. Initial values of resistance, due to imperfect contact between copper and nickel films, are too small to be detected; evolution of contact resistance due to interdiffusion, however, is easily discernible at temperatures as low as 300°C. Results are consistent with a model involving rapid diffusion along grain boundaries followed by slower homogenization of grain interiors. This technique is especially sensitive to early stages of interdiffusion over distances approaching atomic dimensions. Grenzflachenreaktionen in bimetallischen Dunnschicht-Paaren von Kupfer und Nickel werden mit einer Technik untersucht, bei der der Kontaktwiderstand als Funktion der Zeit, Temperatur und Aufbringungsbedingungen gemessen wird. Die anfanglichen Werte des Widerstands infolge des nicht perfekten Kontakts zwischen der Kupfer- und Nickelschicht sind zu gering zum Nachweis; die Entwicklung des Kontaktwiderstands infolge von Interdiffusion jedoch last sich leicht nachweisen bei Temperaturen bis herab zu 300°C. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit einem Modell, das schnelle Diffusion entlang von Korngrenzen annimmt, gefolgt von einer langsameren Homogenisierung des Korninneren. Diese Technik ist besonders empfindlich in fruhen Stadien der Interdiffusion uber Entfernungen, die atomare Dimensionen erreichen.
Ira Progoff (1921-1998): The Creator of the Intensive Journal Method and a New Profession

Dr. Ira Progoff, who died at the age of 76, was a member of the Editorial Board for the Journal of Humanistic Psychology beginning with the second issue in 1962 and continued until 1975. His article “Toward a Depth Humanistic Psychology” was published in volume 10 in 1970. This article reviews Progoff’s life and works, his concepts of Holistic Depth Psychology, the creation of the Intensive Journal method, and the applications of these concepts and methods in society. A new helping profession of Intensive Journal consultant illustrates one way Progoff’s concepts and methods of Holistic Depth Psychology have been embodied in society. This article concludes with two examples of research with persons using the Intensive Journal method.
Cancer genomics: advocating for competent care for families.

Modest gains have been made in the prevention and early detection of cancer in the past decade. Pharmacologic agents, lifestyle modifications, and diet and physical activity changes have been linked to preventing cancer. Breast cancer detection now includes digital mammography, computer-assisted diagnosis, and, most recently, breast magnetic resonance imaging. Research of cancer prevention and early detection will no doubt continue to result in improved strategies and outcomes. The premise of cancer prevention and early detection is that cancer will either be prevented or detected when cancer therapy is most likely to be effective, cost efficient, and associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. Clearly, nurses need to be engaged in cancer prevention and early detection and explore creative ways to implement both into the daily practice of all individuals, regardless of cancer diagnosis. A decade ago, cancer prevention practice largely centered on engaging patients in cancer prevention and early detection practices. More recently, the explosion of genetics awareness rapidly is changing oncology practice. Selecting an appropriate prevention or detection strategy requires an accurate risk assessment. Genomics has added an entirely new dimension to cancer risk assessment, and nurses need to be prepared to competently integrate the knowledge into daily practice.
Bench-curing acrylic resins

B ench-curing heat-processed acrylic resins before processing is suggested for the purpose of equalizing pressure in the mold, releasing internal stress, dispersing monomer uniformly, and exposing resin teeth to the monomer.‘*2*+ Opinion varies on the exact amount of time a packed flask should bench-cure before being placed in a processing unit. Two hours is the most commonly quoted length of time.3 A text on dental materials refers to bench-curing only to state that manufacturer’s directions should be followed.’ Two manufacturers suggest bench-curing for 30 minutes.5~6 One states that their resin can be placed directly into water at processing temperature (163” F) immediately after bench-curing. 6 Another manufacturer suggests bench-curing for 20 minutes, but only when their material is to be placed directly into boiling water.’ The latter manufacturer cautioned against the procedures when processing “thick” sections of resin. Shari-y’ suggests a period of 1 to 4 hours without citing references, and Heartwell and Rahn* do not mention bench-curing. Boucher et al.9 suggest 30 to 60 minutes, and Hudis’O suggests bench-curing for 1 hour but adds that longer periods would not be detrimental. In a review of the literature for the Council on Dental Research on processing heat-cured denture base resins, Stanford and Paffenbarger” did not mention benchcuring. The intent of allowing the monomer to penetrate the polymer during bench-curing is to enhance the physical properties of the resin. In addition, residual islands of monomer can result in porosity within the cured resin. Usually, when a packed flask is placed in a curing unit, the water is assumed to be at room temperature (70” F) or at least well below processing temperature (160” to 163” F).3 Rapid polymerization of heat-cured acrylic resin does not begin until it reaches a temperature of
Incorporation of heparin-S35 by cultured leucocytes as a diagnostic tool in cystic fibrosis (CF)

By culturing leucocytes for 5 days in media with Heparin-S35 and PHG and then assaying for cellular incorporation of S35, we were able to distinguish homozygous CF from: heterozygous CF and Hurler's; and homozygous normal and Hurler's. We also noted that cells after incorporating higher levels of Heparin-S35 disrupted when fixed in Carnoy's mixture; so that after staining with Toluidine Blue O, the slide was covered with heavy amorphous metochromatic debris. The mean S.A. for homozygous CF was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than that for all other subjects. The mean S.A. for heterozygous CF, heterozygous and homozygous Hurler's were all the same and different (p < 0.01) from the S.A. for homozygous normal. There was a significant positive (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) correlation between cell disruption and S.A. We suggest that these two complimentary assay systems could be useful in confirming the diagnosis of CF in questionable cases. Furthermore, contrary to metochromasia, cellular Heparin-S35 uptake might differentiate homozygous from heterozygous CF. Hence, if applicable to cultured amniotic fluid cells, the technique could allow detection of homozygous CF in utero.
ISGP-II for multiobjective optimization with imprecise objective coefficients

Abstract In this study, we consider a multiple objective decision-making problem whose objectives involve imprecise/fuzzy coefficients. Triangular possibility distributions are used to quantify the imprecise nature. By using the concept of the most possible α-efficient solution, we propose a computationally efficient auxiliary model to resolve imprecise objectives. Our model effectively uses all the information provided by the possibility distributions. Furthermore, we develop an interactive decision support system ISGP-II to solve a (crisp) multiple objective decision-making problem. ISGP-II provides a process of psychological convergence for the decision maker, whereby (s)he learns to recognize good solutions and their importance in the system, and to design an optimal system, instead of optimizing a given system. For illustrating the proposed approach, we solve a practical bank balance sheet problem with three objectives: maximizing after-tax profit, minimizing capital-adequacy ratio and minimizing risk-asset ratio, where after-tax profit (or cost of fund), relative need for capital, and relative risk of assets are imprecise under dynamic economic conditions and decision makers' subjective judgments.
Emergency Treatment of Acute Asthma With Albuterol Metered-Dose Inhaler Plus Holding Chamber: How Often Should Treatments Be Administered?

Study objective To determine the optimal treatment interval for administering albuterol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with a holding chamber to patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute asthma. Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting EDs of two affiliated teaching hospitals in the Bronx, NY. Patients One hundred adult patients with acute asthma and FEV 1 Interventions At entry (T=0 min), eligible patients all openly received inhaled albuterol (six puffs) via MDI with a spacer. Subsequently, in a double-blind fashion, they received six puffs of albuterol or placebo with new MDIs and spacers at 30,60, and 90 min such that group 1 (n=34) received albuterol every 30 min, group 2 (n=33) every 60 min, and group 3 (n=33) at 120 min only. FEV 1 and vital signs were measured at T=0 and at 15,30,60,90, and 120 min following initial treatment. Potassium levels were measured at T=0 and 120 min. Adverse events, the use of additional inhaled β-agonists or systemic corticosteroids, and hospitalization rates were recorded. Measurements and results At T=0, the groups did not differ in age, FEV 1 , or prescribed asthma medications. All groups showed significant improvement in FEV 1 (p 1 (T=120 vs 0 min) was 0.993±0.108, 0.858±0.135, and 0.321±0.056 L, respectively, for the three groups. Separate analysis for patients with FEV 1 % 40% predicted showed similar results. However, patients who initially were low responders to albuterol treatment ( 15 percentage point increase in FEV 1 at 15 min following initial albuterol inhalation benefited equally from 30- or 60-min treatments compared to 120 min. Potassium levels did not change significantly during the study. Adverse events and hospitalization rates were equivalent. After the conclusion of the study, group 3 patients required a greater number of β-agonist treatments prior to eventual discharge from the ED. Conclusions For acute asthma, albuterol MDI with a holding chamber can be given optimally at 60-min intervals with minimal adverse effects for the majority of patients. However, patients who initially demonstrate a low or poor bronchodilator response to albuterol should be given subsequent treatments at 30-min intervals. This will optimize care and conserve resources for patients who will benefit the most.
Direction studies using microseism ground‐particle motion

Ground-particle trajectories were constructed for Palisades microseisms originating in storms having various positions and azimuths with respect to the continental margin. It was found that good directional success was obtained for sources on the continental shelf or for deep-water storms on an azimuth normal to the continental margin. The complete lack of directional relationship between particle motion and source direction for deep-water sources having azimuths oblique to the coast is ascribed to simple refraction or interference between waves having multiple refraction paths. Microseisms arriving at Palisades with eight- to nine-second period and one- to two-micron ground amplitude have been traced back to North Pacific sources more than 5000 km away. Very good directional correlation was obtained in these cases between ground-particle motion and source direction. The results of the study appear to explain the original tripartite success of Ramirez in obtaining good locations for Atlantic storms.
Effects of lipid composition on partitioning of fullerene between water and lipid membranes

Fullerene partition coefficients ( K lipw ) between water and solid supported lipid membranes were determined for membranes of various lipid types and composition over a range of temperatures. The log K lipw (L/kg) values for fullerene, which range from 3.1 to 5.3, depend on the lipid type in the lipid membranes. Partition coefficients increased with increasing temperature, increasing acyl chain length of unsaturated lipids. The results indicate that lipid composition is a critical factor for bioconcentration of fullerene.
Rangeland to cropland conversions as replacement land for prime farmland lost to urban development

Abstract Data from the 1997 National Resources Inventory (NRI) are used in this study to examine recent trends in the conversion of cropland to urban land with special attention paid to the spatial distribution of these conversions relative to rangeland to cropland conversions. Our findings are that the approximately 11 million acres of cropland converted to urban land between 1982 and 1997 was coincident with an equal amount of rangeland converting to cropland. The rangeland to cropland conversions equate to replacement lands for cropland lost to urban encroachment. Approximately one third of the cropland lost to urban development occurs on prime farmland while the new cropland converted from rangeland is more likely to be irrigated as it resides principally in the arid western United States. The findings are discussed in light of a sustainable land use system perspective.
Ultraviolet Flare Ribbon Brightenings and the Onset of Hard X-Ray Emission

The broadband UV images taken by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) provide a unique opportunity to observe transition region and chromospheric emission from flare footpoints at high spatial and temporal resolution. In this Letter, we present comparisons of UV flare footpoint evolution with hard X-ray light curves from the Yohkoh Hard X-Ray Telescope and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE). The nine events analyzed in this Letter all show evidence for flare footpoint brightenings that precede the onset of the hard X-ray emission. Regression analysis between TRACE UV data taken at very high cadence (2-3 s) and hard X-ray light curves, however, shows that the initial hard X-ray burst is positively correlated only with footpoints that show no pre-hard X-ray activity. This indicates that energy release during the preflare and impulsive phases of the flare is occurring on different loops.
Staurolite-quartzite bands in kyanite quartzite at Big Rock, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico — A discussion

Schreyer and Chinner (1966) described staurolite-quartzite bands of unusual bulk chemical composition associated with the Big Rock kyanite deposit in northern New Mexico. They discussed two possible hypotheses-syngenetic or metasomatic-for the origin of the bands. This paper discusses additional evidence in support of the metasomatic hypothesis. Quartz-muscovite schist and quartz-kyanite rock are believed to be metarhyolite that was altered metasomatically by hydrothermal activity during metamorphism. Experimentally demonstrable reactions that involve ionic exchange equilibria between pore fluid and solid phases best explain the observed alteration. Staurolite-quartzite bands are postulated to be basalts or amphibolites that were hydrothermally altered in a manner analogous to alteration of the enclosing rocks. The process would deplete a basaltic parent rock in alkali and alkaline earth elements and produce a chemical composition similar to the bulk chemical composition of staurolite-quartzite. Schreyer and Chinner used textural evidence to prove that staurolite formed at the expense of chloritoid. Based on the chemical compositions of staurolite and relict chloritoid reported by them, several chemical equations were constructed, using the principle of ionic equilibria between pore fluid and solid phases, in an attempt to realistically portray the reaction. It is suggested that, under open-system metasomatic conditions, the ratio aMg+2/aH+ in the supercritical aqueous fluid is an important parameter that controls the stability of chloritoid vs. staurolite.
The free rectangular band of inverse semigroups on a set

Abstract This paper provides a model for the free rectangular band of inverse semigroups on a set and the free perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids on a set, thus solving a problem originally posed by Pastijn (“Rectangular bands of inverse semigroups”, Simon Stevin 56 (1982) 3–95). It is shown that the free rectangular band of inverse semigroups and the free perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids on X may be described as suitable expansions of the free completely simple semigroup on X . A Rees representation for the free perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids on X is also provided.
A Cluster Study of Anionic Hydration: Spectroscopic Characterization of the I-·Wn, 1 ≤ n ≤ 3, Supramolecular Complexes at the Primary Steps of Solvation

By isolating I-·Wn clusters in the gas phase, we eliminate the fluctuations and heterogeneity present in solution, allowing us to follow how water molecules (W) sequentially lock into position and ...
Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement : a paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research

The development and psychometric evaluation of scales which measure unobservable (latent) phenomena continues to be an issue of high interest among researchers within the information systems community. Accurate measurement of structurally complex constructs provides a potentially powerful means for empirically exploring relationships between information technology and individual, organizational, and industrial phenomena. In exploratory contexts, measurement properties of psychometric scales are evaluated using traditional techniques such as item-to-total correlations, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In instances of strong theoretical rationale, contemporary techniques, such as confirmatory factor analysis, are utilized as a means of assessing model efficacy. An essential, but often overlooked, property of measurement which is assumed in both exploratory and confirmatory statistical techniques is unidimensionality. Scales which are unidimensional measure a single trait. This property is a basic assumption of measurement theory and is absolutely essential for unconfounded assessment of variable interrelationships in path modeling. In this paper, a paradigm for developing unidimensional scales is presented and illustrated. Built on similar frameworks within the disciplines of psychology, education and marketing research, this paradigm is offered as a means of formally defining unidimensionality, distinguishing the concept from traditional reliability-based metrics, and describing a structured technique for empirically testing its existence.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Titrated, Moderate-Dose and Fixed, High-Dose Right Unilateral ECT in Elderly Patients.

The authors compared the efficacy of titrated, moderate-dose and fixed, high-dose strategies for right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a group of elderly patients. Nineteen depressed patients (mean age 76 years) were randomized to receive either fixed, high-dose RUL ECT (n = 10) or titrated, moderate-dose RUL ECT (n = 9). Blind Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ratings were made before and after each treatment. Patients on the fixed, high-dose regimen responded faster and received fewer treatments (mean = 5.7) than the titrated, moderate-dose group (mean = 8.0). The fixed, high-dose group received greater cumulative stimulus charge but less cumulative EEG seizure time. Final depression ratings and memory self-ratings were similar for the two groups.
Continuous monitoring of residual chlorine concentrations in response to controlled microbial intrusions in a laboratory-scale distribution system

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of deploying free chlorine sensors as surrogate monitors for bacterial contamination events in drinking water distribution systems. An on-line sensor integral with a laboratory-scale distribution system (LDS) was shown to respond rapidly to changes in residual free chlorine concentrations induced by injected loads of Escherichia coli suspended in a chlorine demand free buffer. The magnitude of the residual response was proportional to the injected cell concentration, the background free chlorine concentration in the LDS, and the contact time between the chlorine residual and the injected suspension, consistent with previous results in batch reactors. The magnitude of the residual response was predicted when kinetic models developed from reaction kinetics between free chlorine and E. coli determined in batch systems were evaluated at contact times determined from LDS hydraulics. This result highlights the suitability of using batch kinetics when modeling contaminant-induced chlorine decay in the distribution system. Modeling the propagation of chlorine demand signals generated by specific pathogens could aid in the assessment of distribution system vulnerability.
Subtle cardinals and linear orderings

Abstract The subtle, almost ineffable, and ineffable cardinals were introduced in an unpublished 1971 manuscript of R. Jensen and K. Kunen. The concepts were extended to that of k -subtle, k -almost ineffable, and k -ineffable cardinals in 1975 by J. Baumgartner. In this paper we give a self contained treatment of the basic facts about this level of the large cardinal hierarchy, which were established by J. Baumgartner. In particular, we give a proof that the k -subtle, k -almost ineffable, and k -ineffable cardinals define three properly intertwined hierarchies with the same limit, lying strictly above “total indescribability” and strictly below “arrowing ω ”. The innovation here is presented in Section 2, where we take a distinctly minimalist approach. Here the subtle cardinal hierarchy is characterized by very elementary properties that do not mention closed unbounded or stationary sets. This development culminates in a characterization of the hierarchy by means of a striking universal second-order property of linear orderings ( k -critical).
Influence of substrate structure on turnover of the organic cation/H+ exchanger of the renal luminal membrane.

We examined the influence of organic cation (OC) structure on the rate of turnover of the OC/H+ exchanger in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). The rate of efflux of [14C]tetraethylammonium ([14C]TEA) from BBMV, measured in the presence of an inwardly directed chemical gradient for test agent, provided an indirect measure of activity of the OC/H+(OC) exchanger. The trans-stimulation of [14C]TEA efflux from BBMV was a saturable function of increasing extravesicular concentration of both unlabeled TEA and tetramethylammonium (TMA), with an apparent Michaelis constant (Kt) for the interaction of these compounds with the OC/H+(OC) exchanger of 25 µM and 1 mM, respectively. The effect on [14C]TEA efflux of saturating extravesicular concentrations of a series of n-tetraalkylammonium compounds was examined. Whereas the short-chain compounds TMA and TEA markedly stimulated [14C]TEA efflux (by 830% and 690%, respectively), the long-chain compounds tetrapropylammonium and tetrabutylammonium were less effective, increasing efflux by only 40% and 120%, respectively. When the exchanger was saturated with tetrapentylammonium, mediated efflux of [14C]TEA was reduced. Increasing alkyl chain length was also correlated with an increase in the inhibitory effect (as measured by the apparent inhibition constant, Ki, or the IC50 value) that these compounds had against transport of [14C]TEA by the OC/H+(OC) exchanger; i.e., there was a correlation between decreasing IC50 and decreasing turnover of the OC/H+(OC) exchanger. This same correlation was observed for a broader set of test agents of diverse molecular structure, including a series of n-tetraalkylammonium and -phosphonium compounds and the OCs, choline, N1-methyl nicotinamide, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, and amiloride. Because high affinity of substrates for the OC/H+(OC) exchanger is correlated with increasing substrate hydrophobicity, we conclude that the interaction of hydrophobic OCs with the renal OC/H+(OC) exchanger results in the formation of a substrate-exchanger complex that has a comparatively low rate of turnover.
Bacteriostatic properties of some derivatives of DDT.

SummaryA number of miscellaneous compounds related to DDT have been screened for their abilities to inhibit the growth of 5 select bacteria and yeasts. The alcohols were much more active than the corresponding ketones.
Deciding to Restrain Medical Patients

To determine when and why patients are placed in mechanical restraints, we surveyed the nurse and physician caring for each of 102 restrained patients from the general medical floors of an acute-care hospital. Ninety-three percent of the questionnaires were completed. Nursing questionnaires indicated that over half of patients were restrained during the evening shift. Nurses initiated the use of restraints in 75% of cases. Fifteen percent of the patients' physicians were unaware that the patient had been restrained. In the majority of cases, the nurse and physician believed that restraint was the best alternative for managing the patient although more physicians (11%) than nurses (2%) thought an alternative intervention would be better (P less than .02). As a group, physicians and nurses restrained patients for similar reasons, most often to prevent falls from bed (69%) or to protect medical devices (36%). However, there was poor agreement between the nurse and physician as to the reason for restraint in an individual patient (kappa statistic range from .02 to .43). These findings suggest that nurse and physician communication regarding restraint is poor. We recommend that acute-care hospitals adopt policies to promote communication between nurses and physicians concerning restraints to ensure that use of this potentially hazardous intervention is used only when necessary.
The fibroblast growth factors in multiple myeloma.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a membrane-anchored receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits intercellular signals mediated by a family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). In multiple myeloma (MM), 15% of patients markedly upregulate FGFR3 as a consequence of a t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) translocation. Ectopic expression of FGFR3 enhances MM cell proliferation and survival, demonstrating the oncogenic potential of FGFR3.
Shocked Clouds in the Vela Supernova Remnant

Unusually strong high-excitation C I has been detected in eleven lines of sight through the Vela supernova remnant by means of UV absorption-line studies of IUE data. Most of these lines of sight lie near the western edge of the X-ray bright region of the supernova remnant in a spatially distinct band approximately 1deg by 4deg oriented approximately north/south. The high-excitation C I (denoted C I*) is interpreted as evidence of a complex of shocked dense clouds inside the supernova remnant, due to the high pressures indicated in this region. To further analyze the properties of this region of C I*, we present new HIRES-processed IRAS data of the entire Vela SNR. A temperature map calculated from the HIRES IRAS data, based on a two-component dust model, reveals the signature of hot dust at several locations in the SNR. The hot dust is anti-correlated spatially with X-ray emission as revealed by ROSAT, as would be expected for a dusty medium interacting with a shock wave. The regions of hot dust are strongly correlated with optical filaments, supporting a scenario of dense clouds interior to the SNR that have been shocked and are now cooling behind the supernova blast wave. With few exceptions, the lines of sight to the strong C I* pass through regions of hot dust and optical filaments. Possible mechanisms for the production of the anomalously large columns of C I and C I* are discussed. Dense clouds on the back western hemisphere of the remnant may explain the relatively low X-ray emission in the western portion of the Vela supernova remnant due to the slower forward shock velocity in regions where the shock has encountered the dense clouds. An alternate explanation for the presence of neutral, excited state, and ionized species along the same line of sight may be a magnetic precusor that heats and compresses the gas ahead of the shock.
THE INHIBITION IN VIVO OF CEREBRAL GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE AND GLUTAMINE TRANSFERASE BY THE CONVULSANT METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE.

Abstract Evidence is presented for an in vivo interaction of the convulsant agent methionine sulfoximine (MSO) with glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamine transferase of rat cerebral cortex. Unlike the in vitro interaction of MSO with GS, the in vivo effects of the drug on this enzyme activity were irreversible, as judged by the recovery of normal enzyme maximal velocity upon in vitro incubation in the presence of excess substrate (glutamate or ATP). Conversely, identity of the in vitro and in vivo effects of the drug on glutamine transferase was noted, since the inhibitory effect of MSO could be readily reversed at high in vitro concentrations of glutamine under both conditions.
A note on neonatal imitation

Research investigating the imitation or matching of adult facial gestures by infants during the first months of life is reviewed. It is suggested that the matching observed during early infancy can best be attributed to biologically wired-in mechanisms. Counter to Piaget's epigenetic approach, it is proposed that such imitation does not serve as the basis for more advanced cognitive functioning. Neonatal imitation is viewed as having a function of maintaining adult/infant social interaction until infants are capable of intentionally influencing such interactions themselves. Neonatal imitation is interpreted as being an example of a transient ontogenetic adaptation, with imitativelike responses having a specific role in survival during early infancy only, and disappearing when they are no longer necessary.
Labor and Women's Liberation: Popular Readings of The Feminine Mystique

This article explores a series of discursive intersections between women's employment and feminism by investigating Betty Friedan's classic book, The Feminine Mystique, and its popular uptake. Analysis illustrates that The Feminine Mystique envisioned women finding fulfillment not in corporate careers but instead in civic-minded pursuits and, more importantly, through developing thoughtful liberal subjectivity. In contrast, recent mainstream news referencing the book framed it as feminism's origin, a clarion call to work, and used these connections to condemn all feminism as bourgeois careerism. The analysis argues that antifeminist and neoliberal ideologies color contemporary uses of the text, narrowing the range of issues addressed by the book and by women's liberation. Ultimately, the article contends that feminists should reclaim the articulation of feminist and labor politics in Friedan's book in order to contest current constructions of neoliberal governmentality.
Greenhouse gas inventories from animal agriculture for the United States

Abstract The 2005 EPA greenhouse gas emissions inventory estimates that in 2003 total U.S. greenhouse gases were 6900.2 Tg CO 2 Eq. of which 486.4 Tg CO2 Eq. was from agriculture . The contribution of greenhouse gases from agriculture was estimated to be 7.0% of the total emissions. Using the same methodology, EPA estimated that 1990 contributions from agriculture were 418.4 Tg CO 2 Eq. In EPA estimates, contributors to the inventory include methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and N 2 O from manure management and agricultural soils management. The category agricultural soils management includes N 2 O emissions from pasture, range and paddock distribution, synthetic fertilizer use, sewage sludge application, and some other cropping practices. Other contributors to the agriculture sector include livestock facility fuel and power associated emissions, as well as fuel-CO 2 and N 2 O from growth and processing of the crops consumed by livestock. To date, these other contributions are not separately identified by economic sector in any available U.S. inventory. Adding the categories currently unaccounted for into the agricultural inventory would be expected to increase the total from 486.4 to approximately 670 Tg CO 2 Eq. and the livestock sector contribution could reach approximately 380 Tg/year CO 2 Eq.
Oral Toxicity of Ortho-n-alkylphenols to White Rats.

Conclusions1. The oral toxicity of ortho-n-alkylphenols to white rats decreases with the increase in length of the alkyl radical. 2. This decrease in toxicity with increase in length of the alkyl radical corresponds to our toxicity findings in series of 6-alkyl-meta-cresols and 4-n-alkylresorcinols. 3. Ortho-n-alkylphenols are less toxic than n-alkylresorcinols with the corresponding length of alkyl chains but show little difference in toxicity from the 6-alkyl-meta-cresols with the same number of substituted carbon atoms.
Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a Vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae)

Ehrlichia equi, a rickettsia described from horses in California 30 yr ago, causes equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis throughout the Americas and possibly Europe. Here, we report experimental transmission of E. equi from infected to susceptible horses through bites of western blacklegged ticks, Ixodes pacificus (Cooley & Kohls). In preliminary field studies, only I. pacificus consistently infested horses and vegetation at 3 locations with contemporary cases of equine ehrlichosis, and in particular, I. pacificus was the only species found attached to all of the infected horses. Exposure to bites of ticks in the genus Ixodes poses previously unrecognized and serious health risks to humans and animals.
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide metabolism and promotion of cell arrest in G2 in Pisum sativum

Abstract Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are immediate precursors of trigonelline, a hormone present in cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. which promotes cell arrest in G2 during cell maturation in roots and shoots. All three compounds are members of the pyridine nucleotide pathway for the synthesis of NAD and NADP. Concentrations of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in excised roots grown for 3 days in White's medium with sucrose were determined by HPLC. Results suggest that nicotinamide is rapidly converted first to nicotinic acid and then trigonelline. High nicotinic acid concentrations may occur in excised roots. Conversion of trigonelline to nicotinic acid in excised roots did not occur in these experiments. The concentrations of either nicotinamide or nicotinic acid in roots are not related to the proportions of cells arrested in G2. Trigonelline promotes cell arrest in G2, and nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are active only because they are converted to trigonelline.
Effects of Meditation on Anxiety and Chemical Dependency.

Research evidence indicates relationships between anxiety and the use of psychoactive drugs, and between the practice of meditation and lowered physiological indices of anxiety. Ex-post-facto studies of meditators indicate a negative correlation between practice of meditation and drug use. In the present study, a non-self-selected sample of chemically dependent people was instructed in the practice of meditation as part of an ongoing rehabilitation program and compared with a non-instructed control group, both at the termination of training and six months later. Differences established upon termination were no longer evident in the instructed group after six months. Subjects who reported continuing at least minimal meditative practices, however, showed differences in social adjustment, work performance, and use of drugs and alcohol when compared with non-practicers. These differences were more pronounced than those established for on-going Alcoholics Annonymous members.
Pseudospectral Møller-Plesset perturbation theory through third order

We present a formulation and implementation of Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory in a pseudospectral framework. At the second‐order level, the pseudospectral formulation is a formally a factor of N/n faster than conventional approaches, while the third order is formally faster by a factor of n, where N is the number of atomic orbitals and n is the number of occupied orbitals. The accuracy of the resulting energies is probed for a number of test cases. Practical timings are presented and show conclusively that the pseudospectral formulation is faster than conventional ones.
W.M. Keck-Vanderbilt Free-Electron Laser Center facilities

The W.M. Keck-Vanderbilt Free-electron Laser Center operates a reliable free-electron laser (FEL) that is used in human surgical trials, as well as in basic and applied sciences. The wavelength of the FEL is tunable from 2.1 micrometers to 9.6 micrometers , delivering above 50 mJ per macropulse with a repetition rate of 30 Hz. For soft tissue surgery, especially neurosurgery and surgery on the optic nerve, a wavelength of 6.45 micrometers has been found to ablate with little collateral damage. The free-electron laser beam is delivered to experiments approximately 2000 hours each year. The Center also supports several other tools useful for biomedical experiments: an optical parametric generator laser system with tunable wavelength similar to the free- electron laser except it has much lower average power; a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to characterize samples; several devices for in vivo imaging including an optical coherence tomography setup, a two-photon fluorescent confocal microscope, and a cooled, integrating camera capable of imaging luciferin-luciferase reactions within the body of a mouse. The Center also houses a tunable, monochromatic x-ray source based on Compton backscattering of a laser off of a relativistic electron beam.
A Lost Madonna Del Latte by Ambrogio Lorenzetti

Recent research has revealed the meaning and evolution of the theme of the Nursing Madonna in late medieval art. Two Sienese artists, Simone Martini and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, essentially changed the form and iconography of the traditional image,1 and, as can be seen in works by their own hands and by others dependent upon originals of these masters, each transformed earlier formal and hieratic medieval portrayals of the theme into highly sympathetic devotional images of the Virgin Mother nursing the Christ Child in which the warmth and intimacy of their relationship was stressed.2 The origin and meaning of the Madonna of Humility, which was almost certainly first conceived by Simone Martini during the second quarter of the fourteenth century, have been judiciously studied, and although the original by the master's hand is no longer extant, numerous paintings based on the lost prototype, such as the Simonesque panel in Berlin (Fig. 12), indicate its general character and the main lines of its composition.3 ...
Thrombospondin-2 and extracellular matrix assembly

Abstract Background Numerous proteins and small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) make up the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Assembly of individual fibrillar components in the ECM, such as collagen, elastin, and fibronectin, is understood at the molecular level. In contrast, the incorporation of non-fibrillar components and their functions in the ECM are not fully understood. Scope of review This review will focus on the role of the matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP) 2 in ECM assembly. Based on findings in TSP2-null mice and in vitro studies, we describe the participation of TSP2 in ECM assembly, cell–ECM interactions, and modulation of the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Major conclusions Evidence summarized in this review suggests that TSP2 can influence collagen fibrillogenesis without being an integral component of fibrils. Altered ECM assembly and excessive breakdown of ECM can have both positive and negative consequences including increased angiogenesis during tissue repair and compromised cardiac tissue integrity, respectively. General significance Proper ECM assembly is critical for maintaining cell functions and providing structural support. Lack of TSP2 is associated with increased angiogenesis, in part, due to altered endothelial cell–ECM interactions. Therefore, minor changes in ECM composition can have profound effects on cell and tissue function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
Frequency-domain sensitivity analyses of an estuarine ecosystem simulation model

Abstract A mathematical simulation model of the Narragansett Bay (RI) ecosystem which simulates realistic daily values of phytoplankton, several life stages of zooplankton, and three inorganic nutrients, was modified by removing all seasonally-changing environmental forcing functions. This unforced version of the model generated time-series values for the state variables which resulted only from internal mechanistic formulations, not from environmental inputs. Steady state time-series data for biotic responses were analyzed using variance spectral analysis, which partitions the variance of data among frequencies of oscillation. Periodicities at 0.035 and 0.068 cycles d −1 dominated the response spectra for phytoplankton, and juvenile and adult zooplankton. The dominance of these oscillations generally prevailed in experimental runs using constant 1 January and 30 June environmental conditions, and in runs which perturbed the ecosystem with a random temperature component (±1.5 or ±3.0°C) about 1 January (3°C) or 30 June (18°C) temperatures. Biomass decayed to near-zero levels in a temperature perturbation of a version of the model from which nutrient regeneration by the benthos had been eliminated. This result was compared with the responses of microcosms from which a benthic component had been omitted. The dominance of periodicities at 0.035 and 0.068 cycles d −1 cannot be attributed to any single mechanism within the phytoplankton or zooplankton formulations of the model. The lack of sensitivity of model components to temperature perturbations over a wide band of frequencies, and their insensitivity to gross changes in steady-state temperature values, suggest that further analyses should displace rate coefficients of internal mechanisms in order to identify the stability properties of major material cycles of the system.
Bandwidth determination for soft and hard ground planes by spectral FDTD: a unified approach in visible and surface wave regions

A periodic ground plane may be built to either stop the propagation of wave or support a quasi transverse electromagnetic wave along the surface. The former is called a soft surface, and the latter is a hard surface. However, a soft or a hard surface can only be realized in certain frequency and wavenumber regions; therefore, it is important to identify the bandwidth for the surface so that it can be used efficiently. The bandwidth for soft and hard operations of a ground plane has been previously characterized by studying the reflection of normal and oblique plane waves with the real angle of incidence. The bandwidth for soft and hard operations of a periodic ground plane is defined as a wavenumber-frequency region in which the complex value of reflection coefficient is inside a circle with the radius of 1//spl radic/2 and centered at -1 or 1 for soft or hard operation, respectively. This definition gives a unified approach to characterize the bandwidth in both the visible (k/sub x//sup 2/+k/sub y//sup 2/ k/sub 0//sup 2/) regions. The paper uses a newly developed numerical technique referred to as the spectral finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, which is capable of calculating the reflection coefficient and impedance of the surface for any given set of wavenumber and frequency of the incident wave including the surface wave region. By using this method, the reflection coefficients and impedances of a corrugated dielectric-lined surface and a mushroom-like EBG are calculated, and the bandwidth for soft, hard, and perfect magnetic conductor like behavior are specified.