cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quench and protection characteristics of the GEM test coil

The GEM test coil, will be wound from 70 m of conductor identical to that used in the full scale magnet. The coil configuration will duplicate the field distribution of the full scale magnet and current control will duplicate full scale current decay characteristics. Therefore, quench/protection analysis of this coil will reveal very important information about the behavior of the full scale model. Due to the uncertainty associated with the contest between the cable, the conduit and the sheath, a parametric analysis has been performed in order to determine and bracket the behavior. With no electrical contact the quench evolves normally until, due to heat transfer from the sheath into the cable, the superconductor temperature becomes critical and the entire length becomes normal. >
Localization of a substrate binding site on the FeMo-cofactor in nitrogenase: Trapping propargyl alcohol with an α-70-substituted MoFe protein

Substitution of the MoFe protein α-70Val residue with Ala or Gly expands the substrate range of nitrogenase, allowing the reduction of larger alkynes, including propargyl alcohol (HC⋮CCH2OH). Herein, we report characterization of the α-70Val→Ala MoFe protein with propargyl alcohol trapped at the active site. The α-70Ala variant MoFe protein was rapidly frozen during reduction of propargyl alcohol, resulting in the conversion of the resting-state FeMo-cofactor EPR signal (S = 3/2 and g = [4.41, 3.60, 2.00]) to a new state (S = 1/2 and g = [2.123, 1.998, 1.986]). This EPR signal of the new state increased in intensity with increasing propargyl alcohol concentration, consistent with the binding of a single substrate. The EPR signal of the propargyl alcohol state showed temperature and microwave power dependencies markedly different from those of the classic FeMo-cofactor EPR signal, consistent with the difference in spin. The new state is analogous to that induced by the binding of the inhibitor CO (“lo CO” ...
Concerning the Luminosity of Methanol-Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames

Abstract Luminosity of methanol-hydrocarbon diffusion flames was studied as a function of liquid fuel composition. Wick flames were used. Fuel compositions producing low-luminosity and high-luminosity flames are separated by a concentration threshold whose location varies among different hydrocarbon cofuels. Cofuels that burn individually to form large amounts of soot, e.g., xylene, exhibit lower thresholds than confuels that burn forming little soot, e.g., n-hexanol. Luminosity studies of small pool fires were performed. Distillation effects are severe. With solutions of low-boiling hydrocarbons in methanol the hydrocarbons are selectively vaporized out of pool liquid, and burned, during early stages of the pool fire. This produces high initial flame luminosity which later decreases as the residual pool liuqid is enriched in methanol. In contrast, selective methanol vaporization occurs during pool fires involving methanol solutions of high-boiling hydrocarbons; e.g., xylene. Here initial flame luminosity...
Swallowing-related quality of life after head and neck cancer treatment

Objectives: To determine the role of treatment modality in swallowing outcome after head and neck cancer treatment and to identify potential risk factors for posttreatment dysphagia. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey of patients with no evidence of disease 12 months or more after the treatment of a stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. Methods: Potential subjects were stratified by tumor site and tumor T-stage to achieve a balanced comparison between chemoradiation (n = 18) and surgery/radiation (n = 22) groups. Outcome measures included a dysphagia risk factor survey, the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and the Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Results: Patients who received chemoradiation for oropharyngeal primaries demonstrated significantly better scores on the emotional (P = .03) and functional (P = .02) subscales of the MDADI than did patients who underwent surgery followed by radiation. There were no significant differences between chemoradiation and surgery/radiation groups for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal primaries. Additional risk factors for posttreatment dysphagia include prolonged (>2 weeks) nothing by mouth (NPO) status (P =.002) and low SF-36 Mental Health Subscale score (P =.002). Conclusion: The study suggests that chemoradiation may provide superior swallowing outcome to surgery/radiation in patients with oropharyngeal primary. Patients with depressed mental health and prolonged feeding tubes may be at higher risk of long-term dysphagia.
Environmental effects on Coulomb blockade in a small tunnel junction: A nonperturbative calculation

clude dissipation by means of a self-consistent calculation, which considers not only the discrete charge transfer across the junction, but also the leads connecting the junction to external circuit. Our treatment is based on recent advances in the following two areas: ~a! the polaron problem where use has been made of both path integral and closed time-path Green’s function formulations; 10 ~b! single-electron tunneling by use of the path-integral method. 11‐14 This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we present our model Hamiltonian for the environmental effects on single-electron tunneling. In Sec. III, we derive the selfconsistent equations of motion by using the path integral and the closed time-path Green’s-function formulation. In Sec. IV, we present our results where we focus on the weakcoupling regime. Our results are summarized in the concluding section.
Filamentous fungi from blossoms, ovaries, and fruit of pickling Cucumbers.

Results are presented for the identification of fungi isolated from samples of blossoms, ovaries and immature fruit of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) collected throughout one season from five co...
Trade-offs in designing markets with multiple objectives☆

Abstract This paper explores some of the problems involved in designing markets with multiple objectives. The first part of the paper considers the issue of how such markets are designed in theory while the second part reviews some evidence on actual applications in the field of air pollution control.
Surface tension of aqueous polymer solutions

Abstract The surface tension of four kinds of aqueous polymer solutions was measured as a function of polymer concentration using a capillary tube surface tensiometer. The surface tension values of polyacrylamide solutions (Separan AP-30 and Separan AP-273) and polyacrylic acid solutions (Carbopol 934) were very close to the surface tension value of water. The surface tension values of hydroxyethyl cellulose (Natrosol 250HHR) were approximately 10% lower than the values for water. Finally, the capillary tube measurements were in good agreement with earlier measurements obtained with the maximum bubble pressure method.
Characterization of epoxy coating degradation using NDE imaging techniques

Polymeric aerospace coating systems are subject to environmental degradation from ultraviolet light, water exposure and thermal cycling. This paper discusses the current progress in a novel study to develop nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for monitoring coating degradation during service. In the current study, weathering tests were conducted for varying lengths of time. The examined specimens were single layer epoxies on aluminum alloy (AA2024-T3) substrates. Artificial weathering of the coated samples was conducted using simulated sunlight exposure (Xenon arc lamps), combined with heat and humidity. The coatings were characterized using spectroscopic and NDE techniques after each exposure interval. The NDE included infrared microscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM). IR absorption spectra as a function of UV radiation exposure were obtained by using attenuated total reflection- infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). These spectra provide quantitative measures of coating degradation and enabled a correlation with SAM measurements. Thus, potential acoustic parameters could be identified that can be used to track coating degradation. Degradation in the coating as indicated by the IR spectra and NDE data will be correlated with physical changes observed in the coating morphology.
Evaluation of phosphorus transport in surface runoff from packed soil boxes.

Evaluation of phosphorus (P) management strategies to protect water quality has largely relied on research using simulated rainfall to generate runoff from either field plots or shallow boxes packed with soil. Runoff from unmanured, grassed field plots (1 m wide × 2 m long, 3-8% slope) and bare soil boxes (0.2 m wide and 1 m long, 3% slope) was compared using rainfall simulation (75 mm h -1 ) standardized by 30-min runoff duration (rainfall averaged 55 mm for field plots and 41 mm for packed boxes). Packed boxes had lower infiltration (1.2 cm) and greater runoff (2.9 cm) and erosion (542 kg ha -1 ) than field plots (3.7 cm infiltration; 1.8 cm runoff; 149 kg ha -1 erosion), yielding greater total phosphorus (TP) losses in runoff. Despite these differences, regressions of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in runoff and Mehlich-3 soil P were consistent between field plots and packed boxes reflecting similar buffering by soils and sediments. A second experiment compared manured boxes of 5- and 25-cm depths to determine if variable hydrology based on box depth influenced P transport. Runoff properties did not differ significantly between box depths before or after broadcasting dairy, poultry, or swine manure (100 kg TP ha -1 ). Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) from manures dominated runoff P, and translocation of manure P into soil was consistent between box types. This study reveals the practical, but limited, comparability of field plot and soil box data, highlighting soil and sediment buffering in unamended soils and manure WEP in amended soils as dominant controls of DRP transport.
Quantification of blood flow using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging

Phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC MR) imaging provides an accurate, non- invasive method for blood flow quantification. Unlike conventional MR images that are derived from the amplitude of the proton signal, velocity maps are reconstructed from the phase information of the MR signal. When a magnetic field gradient is applied along the axis of a vessel, intravascular magnetic spins accumulate a phase- shift that is proportional to flow velocity. The phase-shifts are mapped into a 2D array composed of flow velocities. The velocities over an entire cross-sectional area of a blood vessel can then be summed to quantitate actual blood flow. We have used PC MR imaging to quantitate flow in a flow phantom and human subjects. In flow phantom studies, a significant correlation was found between PC MR flow measurements made proximal and distal to a bifurcation (r2 equals 0.999, N equals 5). In 6 human subjects, we found right pulmonary artery (PA) blood flow comprised 53% +/- 1% (mean +/- SEM) of total PA blood flow with the remaining 47% +/- 1% provided by the left PA (difference not statistically significant). Blood flow in the descending aorta, distal to the takeoffs of arteries to the head and upper extremeties, equaled 75% +/- 5% of the blood flow in the ascending aorta. PC MR imaging promises to be a useful tool in the evaluation of blood flow. Advantages of this method include the ability to profile flow velocities over the entire cross-sectional area of the vessel and non-invasive analysis of structures not accessible by other imaging modalities.
Broadly Tunable Picosecond Infrared (IR) Source

We report a completely grating tuned (1.9 to 2.4 µm) picosecond traveling wave it generator capable of controlled spectral bandwith operation down to the Fourier Transform limit. Subsequent down conversion in CdSe extends the tuning range to 10 to 20 µm.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Partisan Development in Post-Soviet Ukraine

ABSTRACT The development of mass partisanship and party identification in post-Soviet societies is a controversial subject of scholarly research. One prevalent view argues that post-Soviet citizens are distrustful of parties and that it will take generations for party identification to appear in these societies. Others argue that partisanship is emerging as a result of citizens perceiving meaningful differences between the parties. If party identification is forming, partisanship should be relatively stable across time at the individual level. This study takes a rare look at 1999 panel data from Ukraine to determine the degree of partisan stability. The findings demonstrate that meaningful party identification appears to be emerging for a significant proportion of the population due to political information and this partisanship is influencing election decision making among Ukrainian voters.
Abstract 3109: ALK as a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, a member of the insulin receptor family, with a tightly controlled expression pattern. Deregulated ALK expression has been linked to the development of several types of cancers. Typically, chromosomal translocations involving ALK generate constitutively expressed chimeric oncoproteins, such as NPM-ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and EML4-ALK in non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, activating mutations in ALK, and increased copy number that result in aberrant gene expression, have also been observed in neuroblastoma and colorectal cancers. Based on the above observations, several small molecule ALK inhibitors have been developed and are in clinical trials for a variety of tumors expressing this kinase. This has resulted in the use of crizotinib for the treatment of EML4-ALK + lung cancers. Recently several large scale immunohistochemistry and genome sequencing studies of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) revealed aberrant ALK expression. It was found that ALK mRNA expression was significantly different in alveolar (ARMS) and embryonic RMS (ERMS), the two major histological subtypes in children. Thus, ALK expression might play a role in tumorigenesis for this disease, and this kinase may represent a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of RMS. To answer this question we analyzed ALK expression in a large panel of RMS cell lines, and pediatric tumor samples by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. We also compared the sensitivity of these cells to a series of ALK inhibitors. Our results indicate that the majority of ARMS cell lines demonstrated significantly higher ALK mRNA expression as compared to ERMS, and to normal human myoblast control cells. This was confirmed by western analysis. Growth inhibition assays confirmed that all RMS lines were more sensitive to crizotinib and LDK-378 than control lines, consistent with the hypothesis that ALK is a driver of cell growth in these tumors. Based on our in vitro analysis, we suggest that ALK inhibition may represent an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of ALK+ RMS. Preclinical studies to confirm or disprove this hypothesis are currently underway. Supported by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities Citation Format: Monika Wierdl, Lyudmila Tsurkan, Viktor Tollemar, Lying Chi, Elizabeth Stewart, Michael A. Dyer, Philip M. Potter. ALK as a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3109. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3109
Conditioned reinforcement value and resistance to change

Three experiments examined the effects of conditioned reinforcement value and primary reinforcement rate on resistance to change using a multiple schedule of observing-response procedures with pigeons. In the absence of observing responses in both components, unsignaled periods of variable-interval (VI) schedule food reinforcement alternated with extinction. Observing responses in both components intermittently produced 15 s of a stimulus associated with the VI schedule (i.e., S+). In the first experiment, a lower-valued conditioned reinforcer and a higher rate of primary reinforcement were arranged in one component by adding response-independent food deliveries uncorrelated with S+. In the second experiment, one component arranged a lower valued conditioned reinforcer but a higher rate of primary reinforcement by increasing the probability of VI schedule periods relative to extinction periods. In the third experiment, the two observing-response components provided similar rates of primary reinforcement but arranged different valued conditioned reinforcers. Across the three experiments, observing-response rates were typically higher in the component associated with the higher valued conditioned reinforcer. Resistance to change was not affected by conditioned reinforcement value, but was an orderly function of the rate of primary reinforcement obtained in the two components. One interpretation of these results is that S+ value does not affect response strength and that S+ deliveries increase response rates through a mechanism other than reinforcement. Alternatively, because resistance to change depends on the discriminative stimulus-reinforcer relation, the failure of S+ value to impact resistance to change could have resulted from a lack of transfer of S+ value to the broader discriminative context.
Blue electroluminescence from ZnO based heterojunction diodes with CdZnO active layers

p-ZnO/i-CdZnO/n-ZnO was grown on n-type Si substrates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. Rectifying I-V curves show typical diode characteristics. Blue electroluminescence emissions at around 459 nm were observed when the diodes were forward-biased at room temperature. The emission intensity increases with the increase of the injection current. Temperature dependent electroluminescence measurements suggest that the peak positions of blue emissions represent the band gap of the CdZnO active layer, which changes with the temperature.
Falcotentorial meningiomas: clinical, neuroimaging, and surgical features in six patients.

Object. Meningiomas arising from the falcotentorial junction are rare. As a result, their clinical presentation and surgical management are not well described. During the past 3 years, the authors have treated six patients with falcotentorial meningiomas. Methods. Most patients presented with symptoms related to raised intracranial pressure, including headaches, papilledema, and visual and gait disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a smooth, oval, or round mass, which was typically homogeneously enhancing. Angiography was useful in evaluating arterial supply for embolization, when possible, and determining the status of venous collateral supply and sinus patency. The authors detail the surgical technique used in all six patients. Postoperatively, patients experienced transient cortical blindness, which in all cases spontaneously resolved during the course of several days to weeks. They provide a comprehensive description of the presentation and surgical management of falcotentorial meningiomas. Conclusions. An excellent outcome can be expected when surgery is predicated on detailed preoperative neuroimaging and knowledge of the nuances of the surgical technique.
Pancreatic secretory abnormalities precede appearance of tumors of the pancreas in hamsters treated with bis-(2-oxopropyl)-N-nitrosamine.

The possibility that pancreatic secretory abnormalities might precede the appearance of pancreatic neoplasms and thus provide clues to early detection of this malignancy has been investigated in an animal model. Syrian golden hamsters were treated with bis-(2-oxopropyl)-N-nitrosamine on two successive weeks (2 mg/100 g body weight/week). Pancreatic secretions from treated and untreated control animals were studied at approximately monthly intervals. The animals were anesthetized, their pancreatic ducts cannulated, and basal pancreatic juice collected for 30 min. Pancreatic secretion was then stimulated by sequential intravenous injection of secretin (50 ng/100 g) and C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (4 ng/100 g) 1 hr later. Four consecutive 15-min collections of fluid were made following secretin stimulation and four additional collections after CCK administration. Each collection was examined for volume, total protein, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, arylsulfatase, β-d-glucuronidase, α-d-glucosidase, and leucine naphthylamidase. In addition two trypsinogen variants present in pancreatic secretions were determined. The pancreas and other organs were removed and examined histologically at the end of each experiment. Cytological atypia appeared 3 months, ductal hyperplasia 4 months, and pancreatic neoplasms 6 months after the last injection of carcinogen. Striking decreases in flow rate and output of trypsin and chymotrypsin were observed several months prior to the appearance of histologically recognizable pancreatic tumors. By contrast, output of β-d-glucuronidase and α-d-glucosidase in pancreatic juice increased markedly in the last 2 months preceding the emergence of neoplasms. The diagnostic significance of these premalignant abnormalities is illustrated most dramatically in the form of ratios of lysosomal to digestive enzymes, such as β-d-glucuronidase-trypsin or α-d-glucosidase-chymotrypsin. Highly significant increases in these ratios were observed consistently, not only in hamsters with pancreatic neoplasms, but also in animals with preneoplastic lesions (ductular hyperplasia) which preceded malignancies by about 2 months.
The Rookie and the Pros

As a nursing student I’ve experienced routine times and exciting times, but this was one of the most unforgettable days in all of my clinical experiences—I witnessed a birth, an emergency and a miracle all together. As I reflect back on that day I’m deeply inspired by the dedicated and masterful work of the nurses and physician, and I’m touched by the determination and courage of the mother. The day was already hectic when I arrived on the unit at 7 a.m. There was a laboring woman with a baby in a breech presentation who needed urgent surgery, plus three scheduled cesareans, yet everything remained organized and calm. I stayed in Labor and Delivery (L&D) hoping to see a vaginal delivery—something on the “must-do” list for all nursing students. The list is long and we always try to keep our eyes open for fear of missing anything, because we know that we’ll never have the opportunity to rotate through all these different specialties after graduation. Around 9:30 a.m., a woman in her early 30s The Rookie and the Pros
Severe dysphagia from an Angelchik prosthesis: Futility of routine esophageal testing

A 33-year-old woman presented with progressive dysphagia 3 years after implantation of an Angelchik prosthesis for esophageal reflux disease. Routine esophageal testing was normal. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and computed tomography suggested migration of the prosthesis. Because of the persistent and progressive dysphagia, the device was removed. All symptoms of dysphagia or reflux have since resolved. Routine esophageal testing may not be helpful in the evaluation of dysphagia associated with the Angelchik prosthesis.
Detection of left atrial scar and changes of cardiac function in relation to AF ablation, by 3D late gadolinium enhancement

Background Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice; cathete ra blation (AFCA) is aw idespread treatment. Determinants of AFCA success and post-AFCA left atrial remodeling are poorly understood. Delayed Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (DE-CMR) has been used to image LA scar post-AFCA and its relation to ablation outcome. Here we explored the role of postablation LA scar in subsequent cardiac remodeling. Methods We correlated post AFCA scar with cardiac volumes and function including LA volume, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and LV cardiac output (LVCO). In a retrospective analysis, we identified 46 patients who underwent AFCA -pulmonary vein antral isolation in whom DE-CMR was obtained before and after AFCA (174 ± 160 days postablation). In 20 patients, a repeat AFCA procedure was performed due to recurrent AF. DE-CMR procedure was performed utilizing a navigated 3D inversion recovery gradient echo sequence (Siemens 1.5T Avanto or 3.0T Verio) approximately 15 minutes after administration of 0.2 mmol/kg Gadolinium (Magnevist). Scans were ECG-gated and acquired during a 150 ms window in mid-diastole with navigator-gating and fat suppression. We have developed an image analysis method and graphical user interface (GUI) to semi-automatically quantify hyperenhanced regions (scar) in the entire LA wall. Scar was quantified semi-automatically as fraction of LA contour in every slice from base to roof. STATA/IC 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Two-way Interclass Correlation (ICC) for rater agreement was tested for LA perimeter and LA scar detection between two independent readers for 40 MRI slices. Variable normality was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine statistical significance between non-parametric variables in pre and post AFCA. Results ICC indicates similarity between observers in both LA Perimeter (ICC: 0.785, CI: 0.59-0.886, p < 0.05) and LA Scar (ICC: 0.609, CI: -0.14-0.844, p < 0.05). The extent of LA Scar was higher in postablation (Median: 8.62, IQR: 5.43-16.4) DE-CMR compared to baseline
The first evidence for aggregation behavior in a lipophilic [2.2.2]-cryptand and in 18-membered ring steroidal lariat ethers

Abstract 2- n -Tetradecyl-[2.2.2]-cryptand aggregates in aqueous solution to give micelles either in the presence or absence of Li+, Na+, or K+ but N -(3-cholesteryloxycarbonylmethyl)-aza-18-crown-6 shows unusual behavior that is interpreted in terms of micelle formation in the absence of cations and vesicle formation in their presence.
Behavioral assessment of sodium arsanilate induced vestibular dysfunction in rats

Vestibular dysfunction was induced in Long-Evans and Wistar rats—previously thought to be refractory to the effects of ototoxic drugs—by subcutaneous or intratympanic injections of sodium arsanilate (atoxyl). Three measures of swimming behavior were taken to assess the degree of vestibular dysfunction. These measures were: escape latencies, errors, and underwater swimming times. Subcutaneous injections of sodium arsanilate that resulted in no behavioral impairment of previously trained rats resulted in less efficient learning of the maze by naive rats. Visual compensation for vestibular impairment was detected by altering or removing the visual cues the rats used in their compensation. A strain difference in sensitivity to subcutaneous injections of sodium arsanilate was found between the Wistar and Long-Evans rats, with the Wistar rats being much more sensitive.
A simple and valid tool distinguished efficacy from effectiveness studies.

Abstract Objective To propose and test a simple instrument based on seven criteria of study design to distinguish effectiveness (pragmatic) from efficacy (explanatory) trials. Study Design Currently no validated definition of effectiveness studies exists. We asked the directors of 12 Evidence-based Practice Centers to select six studies each: four that they considered to be examples of effectiveness trials and two considered efficacy studies. We then applied our proposed criteria to test the construct validity using the selected studies as if they had been identified by a gold standard. Results Based on the rationale to identify effectiveness studies reliably with minimal false positives (i.e., a high specificity), a cutoff of six criteria produced the most desirable balance between sensitivity and specificity. This setting produced a specificity of 0.83 and a sensitivity of 0.72. Conclusion When applied in a standardized manner, our proposed criteria can provide a valid and simple tool to distinguish effectiveness from efficacy studies. The applicability of systematic reviews can improve when analysts place more emphasis on the generalizability of included studies. In addition, clinicians can also use our criteria to determine the external validity of individual studies, given an appropriate population of interest.
Effect of temperature on the plasma membrane and tonoplast ATPases of barley roots : comparison of results obtained with acridine orange and quinacrine.

The effect of temperature on the rate of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis by plasma membrane (PM) and tonoplast (TN) ATPases from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv CM 72) roots were compared. Rates of proton transport were estimated using the fluorescent amine dyes quinacrine and acridine orange. The ratio between rate of transport and ATP hydrolysis was found to depend on the dye, the temperature, and the type of membrane. The PM ATPase had an estimated Arrhenius energy of activation (Ea) of approximately 18 kilocalories per mole for ATP hydrolysis, and the Ea for proton transport was best estimated with acridine orange, which gave an Ea of 19 kilocalories per mole. The TN ATPase had an Ea for ATP hydrolysis of approximately 10 kilocalories per mole and the Ea for proton transport was best estimated with quinacrine, which gave an Ea of 10 kilocalories per mole. Acridine orange did not give an accurate estimate of Ea for the TN ATPase, nor did quinacrine for the PM ATPase. Reasons for the differences are discussed. Because it was suggested (AJ Pope, RA Leigh [1988] Plant Physiol 86: 1315-1322) that acridine orange interacts with anions to dissipate the pH gradient in TN vesicles, the complex effects of NO(3) (-) on the TN ATPase were also examined using acridine orange and quinacrine and membranes from oats and barley. Fluorescent amine dyes can be used to evaluate the effects of ions, substrates, inhibitors, and temperature on transport but caution is required in using rates of quench to make quantitative estimates of proton fluxes.
Differences in colonoscopy technique impact quality.

Colonoscopists differ in skill, technique, and attitude in relation to the examination. These differences have a potential impact on the quality of the examination and the risk of complications. This study aimed to document differences in technique between individual colonoscopists and to explore some possible consequences to the patient and the examination. This prospective, comparative study analyzed 10 individual endoscopists practicing in outpatient endoscopy clinics at a major medical center. Consecutive patients presenting for elective outpatient colonoscopy were included in the study. Examinations were observed, and techniques used during scope insertion and withdrawal were recorded. The type and dose of medication, the pain score recorded by the endoscopy nurses (scale of 1–10), and the incidence of hypotension and hypoxia were noted. The study involved 245 patients (129 men and 116 women) with a mean age of 59.5 years. The number of colonoscopies per examiner ranged from 12 to 31, with nine tenths of the examiners performing more than 20 colonoscopies. Completion rates ranged from 82.6 to 100 %; the withdrawal time averages ranged from 3.5 to 21.7 min; and the average number of techniques used ranged from one per four exams to three per exam. The average pain score per endoscopist ranged from 2.1 to 4.3, and the percentage of patients with either hypoxia or hypotension ranged from 11.5 to 85.0 %. A sedation/analgesia product (SAP) was derived by multiplying the mean dose of versed by the mean dose of meperidine. Regression analysis showed significant relationships between the number of techniques used and the levels of pain (R 2 = 0.395) and hypoxia/hypotension (R 2 = 0.513). The findings showed that SAP was significantly associated with hypoxia/hypotension (R 2 = 0.826) but not pain (R 2 = 0.01). Use of ancillary techniques for colonoscope insertion minimizes pain, narcotic use, and hypoxia/hypotension. The product of benzodiazepine dose and narcotic dose is a good way of assessing sedative effect.
Biogenesis of mitochondria: Neuroendocrine effects on the development of respiratory functions in fat body mitochondria of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract Fat body mitochondria from male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches underwent a hormone-independent respiratory development during the first 5 days of adult life followed by a neurohormone-dependent development during the next 5 days. Increases of two- to threefold were shown for oxygen uptake and for succinate-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities during this period. Also, an increased capacity for respiratory control by ADP was evident. No further respiratory changes occurred between 10 and 30 days of adult age. Respiratory enzyme activities and respiratory control failed to develop beyond the 5 day level after disruption of neurosecretory functions by extirpation of the corpora cardiaca. Conversely, daily administration of corpora cardiaca extracts stimulated precocious 10 day levels of respiration by 5 days of adult age. Uncoupling with 2,4-DNP indicated electron transport as the rate-limiting process of respiratory activity. Total incorporation of 14Camino acids into fat body mitochondria increased twofold during the first 5 days of adult life. This level of amino acid incorporation was maintained thereafter and corpora cardiaca removal had no effect. The fat body of Blaberus appears useful for studies on the hormonal regulation of mitochondrial development in higher eucaryotic animals.
Synthesis and properties of poly(vinyl chloride-g-2-methyl-2-oxazoline)

Poly(vinyl chloride-g-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) copolymers were prepared by grafting from the allyl chloride sites of PVC with KI or AgOSO3CF3 as coinitiators. Use of AgOSO3CF3 led to higher grafting efficiencies and higher contents of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) in the graft copolymers. DTA analyses of the P(VC-g-Me-Oxz) identified the thermal transitions of this copolymer; TGA analyses showed that the graft copolymers were less thermally stable than the constituent homopolymers. Unlike blends of P(Me-Oxz) and PVC, the graft copolymers could be molded easily; the graft materials exhibited greater flexural moduli but lower HDT's than PVC.
Efficient photoacids based upon triarylamine dialkylsulfonium salts.

New triarylamine dialkylsulfonium salts that are photosensitive in the near-ultraviolet have been prepared. The quantum yields of photoacid generation were found to be ∼0.5 and are independent of the counterion. On the other hand, the efficiencies of the sulfonium salts toward the photopolymerization of cyclohexene oxide depend on the counterion and the sulfonium substituents. Photopolymerization kinetic studies demonstrate that these triphenylamine sulfonium salts are highly efficient cationic photoinitiators.
Enterohepatic circulation of organochlorine compounds: a site for nutritional intervention

Organochlorine compounds enter the body primarily as components of the diet. Their removal from the body is via excretion into the feces. There is evidence that many people are in a positive balance, with the rate of intake of organochlorines exceeding that of their excretion. A desirable nutritional approach to this problem would both reduce dietary intake and increase fecal excretion. Nonabsorbable dietary lipids reduce the absorption of dietary organochlorines and also increase the rate of their fecal excretion. Organochlorine compounds that are stored in the body enter the intestine both in bile and through a poorly understood nonbiliary mechanism. Part of the amount that enters the intestine is excreted, and part is reabsorbed in an enterohepatic circulation. There is evidence that an increase in excretion can be achieved by interference with the enterohepatic circulation of organochlorine compounds and their metabolites. Data from animals and humans show that the presence of nonabsorbed lipid in the intestine can increase the rate of excretion in a clinically significant manner.
Solving problems with automated reasoning, expert systems and neural networks

Abstract We give an introduction into the three AI-fields: logic and automated reasoning, expert systems and blackboard architecture, neural networks, and also discuss some of their practical applications.
Wechsler Picture Arrangement Scores and Children's Problem Solving

Summary Sixty-four fifth-grade boys and girls were administered a two-choice discrimination learning task. The two major factors were (a) high versus low picture arrangement scores and (b) two treatment conditions: neutral and cue. Contrary to prediction, children scoring high in picture arrangement demonstrated significantly poorer discrimination learning ability across conditions than children with low picture arrangement scores. The need for further research on the factors underlying picture arrangement performance was stressed.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of high-quality arsenic-doped HgCdTe

We have initiated a joint effort to better elucidate the fundamental mechanisms underlying As-doping in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown HgCdTe. We have greatly increased the As incorporation rate by using an As cracker cell. With a cracker temperature of 700°C, As incorporation as high as 4×1020 cm−3 has been achieved by using an As-reservoir temperature of only 175°C. This allows the growth of highly doped layers with high quality as measured by low dislocation density. Annealing experiments show higher As-activation efficiency with higher anneal temperatures for longer time and higher Hg overpressures. Data are presented for layers with a wide range of doping levels and for layer composition from 0.2 to 0.6.
Influence of SO2 on the electrolytic domain of yttria stabilized zirconia

The influence of SO2 in gas environments on the electronic transference number of a partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ: ZrO2 + 4.5 mol% Y2O3) was investigated. The total conductivity for PSZ was measured in air and in an SO2-O2 gas mixture of identical $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ for temperatures in the range of 500–1000°C. The conductivity increased measurably with the presence of SO2. This increase is attributed primarily to the addition of electronic carriers in the presence of SO2. Two methods for estimating and measuring transference numbers in the SO2 environment gave electronic transference numbers ranging from ≈0.05 to ≈0.33 for the temperature range of 500–1000° C. These results indicate that zirconia electrolytes may be mixed conductors for other environments containing sulphur species and the Nernst equation may not be valid.
The development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships through computer‐mediated communication

A total of 985 university students were surveyed to determine how the Internet (Internet Relay Chat, e‐mail, and instant messaging) is influencing the way that people develop and maintain interpersonal relationships. Results indicated that 37% have used the Internet to meet someone new. Results show the extent to which subjects engage in flirting, self‐disclosure, cybersex, and other aspects of on‐line interactions. The study reveals that as many as 27% of subjects have engaged in deceptive behaviors such as lying and gender switching while on‐line. There were many significant differences in how males and females engage in on‐line relationships.
The Putin-Chavez Partnership

Oil wealth makes Venezuela more attractive than Cuba as a Latin American partner for Russia.
Dynamic subsidence and uplift of the Colorado Plateau

We use inverse models of mantle convection to explore the vertical evolution of the Colorado Plateau. By satisfying multiple constraints (seismic tomography, stratigraphy in the western United States and Great Plains, and other structural and volcanic data adjacent to the plateau), the model provides predictions on the continuous history of Colorado Plateau vertical motion since 100 Ma. With the arrival of the flat-lying Farallon slab, dynamic subsidence swept from west to east over the plateau and reached a maximum ca. 86 Ma. Two stages of uplift followed the removal of the Farallon slab below the plateau: one in the latest Cretaceous and the other in the Eocene with a cumulative uplift of ~1.2 km. Both the descent of the slab and buoyant upwellings raised the plateau to its current elevation during the Oligocene. A locally thick plateau lithosphere enhances the coupling to the upper mantle so that the plateau has a higher topography with sharp edges. The models predict that the plateau tilted downward to the northeast before the Oligocene, caused by northeast-trending subduction of the Farallon slab, and that this northeast tilting diminished and reversed to the southwest during the Miocene in response to buoyant upwellings.
Communicating Cancer Control to the Public

A fifty-year historical review of public communications research, an analysis of factors influencing communication effectiveness, descriptions of fifteen cancer public communication programs, and recommendations for future cancer communications programs are presented The programs described were specific to five cancer sites, were targeted to six types of audiences and included several types of educational objectives and communication modes. Recommendations include greater use of social science literature and evaluative designs in program planning; cooperative research to provide data suitable for educational diagnosis; and standardization of evaluation results to document effectiveness of techniques and strategies.
How to compute the difference between tomographic images

An algorithm for estimating the difference between two tomographic images is proposed if the two data vectors are obtained in nonoverlapping time intervals. The algorithm takes advantage of statistical independence of the two vectors. The results are significantly different from the traditional approach in which the two images are reconstructed separately and then subtracted. >
Effect of manganese on endomycorrhizal sugar maple seedlings

Manganese (Mn) toxicity may play an important role in the poor survival of seedlings in declining sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in northern Pennsylvania. To determine the effect of Mn on the growth of sugar maple seedlings, 1-year-old seedlings inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and growing in sand-vermiculite-peat moss medium were irrigated for 7 weeks with nutrient solution (pH 5) containing 0.1 (control), 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg L-1 Mn. Total seedling dry weight was negatively correlated with Mn, becoming significantly different than the control at 2 mg L-1 Mn. Stem and root dry weight were reduced by lower Mn levels than leaf dry weight. Manganese had no effect on the root/shoot ratio. The concentration of Mn in roots and leaves increased as the level of Mn in the nutrient solution increased, with the concentration in the leaves 2.2- to 3.7fold greater than the concentration in the roots. Except for a reduction of P in the roots, Mn had little effect on the concentration of nutrient elements in the roots or leaves. Colonization of the roots by VAM fungi was increased by Mn, with a maximum percentage at 4 mg L -1 Mn. Manganese toxicity symptoms in the leaves, small discrete chlorotic spots, began to appear at 1 mg L -1 Mn. The sensitivity of sugar maple seedlings to Mn found in this
Medial displacement calcaneal tuberosity osteotomy in the treatment of posterior tibial insufficiency

The loss of function of the posterior tibial tendon has been associated with a progressive deformity in adults, resulting in a painful flatfoot. Patients who have a painful flatfoot usually develop a valgus deformity of the hindfoot and an abduction deformity of the forefoot. If these deformities are supple, a medial displacement calcaneal tuberosity osteotomy together with a soft tissue repair by talonavicular capsulorraphy and repair of the spring ligament associated with a flexor digitorum tendon transfer to the posterior tibial can result in a satisfactory outcome.
A Primer for Nurses on Perinatal/Neonatal Stroke

Perinatal or neonatal stroke is not uncommon, but diagnosis is often missed. Perinatal nurses are often the first health professionals in the position to observe the most typical symptom of stroke in a newborn, which is focal seizure. Etiology, symptoms and outcomes are reviewed and discussed through the context of the author's personal story.
Programs, Materials and Techniques:

The consensus of our reader survey and followup consultations indicated that a question of major interest is: How shall we handle this child? On behalf of our readers, we are expanding the section, Programs, Materials, and Techniques on dealing with children with learning disabilities.This month we have reviewed a wide variety of programs and topics. The Rebus reading program is novel, The KeyMath Test is useful and the handbook by Anne Rogovin is valuable. A physical education program is included for those who teach a full curriculum.Each month I intend presenting a different “Techniques” section in which I will describe in some detail a practical method for helping learning disability children. which has proved useful in our Learning Center. These will not be THE technique. There is no technique for dealing with all these children as yet, but we feel a contribution can be made by telling what has been successfully used before. If readers have any tips or techniques they would like to share, send them to...
Music in the Lutheran Church before and at the time of J. S. Bach

Those who had once experienced the power and blessedness of the Gospel as revealed by Luther felt that he had restored to them a lost treasure greater than all worldly riches. So it is in the work of Luther that we find the roots of Lutheran church music. The story of carrying over the old in music and tracing its influence in the new era is an unending maze of facts and conjectures, none the less interesting, however. This new church body would become distinctive in its music. It would substitute for the ritualistic and even pantomimical where every feature of the architecture, of the altar, and environment, as well as the liturgie services, symbolized religion, a new vitality, direct interest, and instructiveness. This would mean a breaking away from that form of church services where reverence is voiced by every appeal to eye and ear, where one would feel himself verily to be in the House of Prayer and before the throne of the Holy One.
A slot-ring antenna with an octave of tunability

Slot-ring antennas are attractive because of their inherently folded geometry, large bandwidth, and dual-polarization capability. Hong demonstrated that the resonance frequency of a slot-ring antenna can be reduced by capacitive loading. Slot-ring antennas that are tunable or reconfigurable over a small frequency range have been presented using either capacitive loading or reconfigurable matching networks. This paper presents a square slot-ring antenna that tunes from 5 GHz to less than 2 GHz with capacitive loading.
Citizenship, Cowardice and Freedom of Conscience: British Pacifists in the Second World War

Freedom of conscience is widely claimed as a central principle of liberal democracy, but what is conscience and how do we know what it looks like? Rather than treat conscience as a transcendent category, this paper examines claims of conscience as rooted in distinct cultural and political histories. I focus on debates about conscientious objection in Second World War Britain, and argue that, there, persuasive claims of conscience were widely associated with a form of “detached conviction.” Yet evidence of such “detached convictions” always verged on being interpreted as deliberate manipulation and calculation. More broadly, I argue that the protection of freedom of conscience is necessarily incomplete and unstable. The difficulties in recognizing individual conscience point to anxieties within liberal democracy. Not only strangers are suspect and mistrusted, but also those who claim to stand most strongly by the principles of liberal citizenship.