cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax requires transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization.

HTLV-1 Tax can induce senescence by up-regulating the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. Tax increases p27KIP1 protein stability by activating the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) precociously, causing degradation of Skp2 and inactivation of SCFSkp2, the E3 ligase that targets p27KIP1. The rate of p21CIP1/WAF1 protein turnover, however, is unaffected by Tax. Rather, the mRNA of p21CIP1/WAF1 is greatly up-regulated. Here we show that Tax increases p21 mRNA expression by transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization. Transcriptional activation of p21CIP1/WAF1 by Tax occurs in a p53-independent manner and requires two tumor growth factor-β-inducible Sp1 binding sites in the -84 to -60 region of the p21CIP1/WAF1 promoter. Tax binds Sp1 directly, and the CBP/p300-binding activity of Tax is required for p21CIP1/WAF1 trans-activation. Tax also increases the stability of p21CIP1/WAF1 transcript. Several Tax mutants trans-activated the p21 promoter, but were attenuated in stabilizing p21CIP1/WAF1 mRNA, and were less proficient in increasing p21CIP1/WAF1 expression. The possible involvement of Tax-mediated APC/C activation in p21CIP1/WAF1 mRNA stabilization is discussed.
The flow and fracture of a Ti 3 Al-Nb alloy

The deformation and fracture behavior of the titanium aluminide alloy Ti-24Al-11Nb (atomic percent) have been investigated over the temperature range of 27 °C to 500 °C. The alloy, which was examined in the “basket-weave” microstructural condition, deforms in a nonuniform manner and is characterized by plastically anisotropic flow on the scale of the prior beta grain size. As a consequence, locally severe strain incompatibilities develop near prior beta grain boundaries and contribute to microcrack initiation, which appears to be caused by a slip intersection process. The beta phase influences microcrack initiation as well as subsequent crack propagatio in both direct and indirect manners.
Ozone Air Quality over North America: Part I—A Review of Reported Trends

ABSTRACT Ozone and precursor trends can be used to measure the effectiveness of regulatory programs that have been implemented. In this paper, we review trends in the concentrations of O3, NOx, and HCs over North America that have been reported in the literature. Although most existing trend studies are confounded by meteorological variability, both the raw data trends and the trends adjusted for meteorology collectively indicate a general decreasing trend in O concentrations in most areas of the United States during 1985-1996. In Canada, mean daily maximum 1-hr O3 concentrations at urban sites show mixed trends with a majority of sites showing an increase from 1980 to 1993. Mean daily maximum 1-hr O3 at most regionally representative Canadian sites appears to decrease from 1985 to 1993 or shows no significant change. There are far fewer data and analyses of NOx and HC trends. Available studies covering various ranges of years indicate decreases in ambient NOx and HC concentrations in Los Angeles, CA, dec...
Detection of a Formate Surface Intermediate in the Atomic Layer Deposition of High-κ Dielectrics Using Ozone

In situ FTIR studies of O3 interacting with TMA-derived Al2O3 surfaces reveal that O incorporation into the surface results in a stable formate intermediate. DFT calculations provide conclusive band assignments, identifying the surface species. These results have broad implications for understanding the high-κ dielectric ALD process using an O3 precursor
Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction phase mapping and α → β → α transformation kinetics in the heat-affected zone of commercially pure titanium arc welds

Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction (SRXRD) is used to map the α → β → α phase transformation in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of commercially pure titanium gas tungsten arc welds. In situ SRXRD experiments were conducted using a 180-µm-diameter X-ray beam at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) (Stanford, CA) to probe the phases present in the HAZ of a 1.9 kW weld moving at 1.1 mm/s. Results of sequential linear X-ray diffraction scans made perpendicular to the weld direction were combined to construct a phase transformation map around the liquid weld pool. This map identifies six HAZ microstructural regions between the liquid weld pool and the base metal: (1) α-Ti that is undergoing annealing and recrystallization; (2) completely recrystallized α-Ti; (3) partially transformed α-Ti, where α-Ti and β-Ti coexist; (4) single-phase β-Ti; (5) back-transformed α-Ti; and (6) recrystallized α-Ti plus back-transformed α-Ti. Although the microstructure consisted predominantly of α-Ti, both prior to and after the weld, the crystallographically textured starting material was altered during welding to produce different α-Ti textures within the resulting HAZ. Based on the travel speed of the weld, the α → β transformation was measured to take 1.83 seconds during heating, while the β → α transformation was measured to take 0.91 seconds during cooling. The α → β transformation was characterized to be dominated by long-range diffusional growth on the leading (heating) side of the weld, while the β → α transformation was characterized to be predominantly massive on the trailing (cooling) side of the weld, with a massive growth rate on the order of 100 µm/s.
Mechanisms of FRNK Inhibition of FAK in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an important regulator of growth and migration in smooth muscle cells that acts as a kinase and a scaffolding protein. FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK) is an endogenously expressed truncated form of FAK that inhibits FAK signaling through an unknown mechanism. Traditionally, FRNK has been thought to inhibit FAK by displacing it from focal adhesion binding sites. We propose an additional parallel mechanism wherein FRNK binds directly to FAK, inhibiting downstream signaling. Initial co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested FAK and FRNK interact. We quantified fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from FAK to FRNK using acceptor photobleaching and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Both approaches used total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for selective illumination. Acceptor photo-bleaching experiments indicated 5.2±1.2% FRET between CER-FRNK and YFP-FAK. Fluorescence lifetime FRET experiments revealed 8.6±0.9% FRET between GFP-FAK and mCherry-FRNK. Furthermore, we show that FAK and FRNK localize to specific locations within focal adhesions. FRNK appears to be localized preferentially towards the proximal side of the focal adhesion. We hypothesize that this polarization is induced by strain on the focal adhesion from the attached actin stress fiber. Lastly, we have identified a phosphorylation site on FRNK, serine at position 217, that appears to regulate FRNK inhibition. A phosphomimetic mutant with serine 217 mutated to aspartic acid reduced FAK Y397 (activation site) phosphorylation by approximately 50% compared to wild type. The phosphomimetic mutant tagged with mCherry exhibited reduced FRET with GFP-FAK (5.4 ± 0.8) compared to wild type FRNK (8.6 ± 0.9%) suggesting decreased FAK binding or an altered conformation of the FAK/FRNK regulatory complex. We conclude that FRNK regulates FAK through a direct inhibitory interaction, and the inhibitory potency of FRNK is modulated by phosphorylation of serine 217.
Social Desirability and Psychological Well-Being Reports in Late Life: A Further Inquiry

Randomly-selected older people (N = 104) completed Lawton's revised PGC Morale Scale and a brief version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. It was hypothesized that morale and social desirability would covary positively. This expectation was partially supported by the data, but the results are different from earlier findings. Theoretical and measurement difficulties in social desirability research are discussed and gerontological researchers are cautioned against being any more sympathetic toward SD measures than they are toward measures of well-being.
Residuals management: A national need

Waste generation is a direct consequence of consumption practices. In the United States, consumption levels per capita have reached an almost incredible level. Around 6 × 109 t of materials are consumed yearly - fuels, minerals, foods, timber, and chemicals. That amounts to 28 t for each man, woman, and child each year or 150 lb day−1. Like some insects, we consume the equivalent of our own weight in ‘stuff’. High consumption rates necessitate high energy consumption to harvest, extract, process, and move about the materials we need. The U.S. per capita energy consumption is twice as high as England's, the next contender. Waste generation, therefore, has international implications and is not merely a local problem of finding disposal sites.
Redox-Coupled Protonation of Respiratory Complex I: The Hydrophilic Domain

Respiratory complex I, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is a large and complex integral membrane enzyme found in respiring bacteria and mitochondria. It is responsible in part for generating the proton gradient necessary for ATP production. Complex I serves as both a proton pump and an entry point for electrons into the respiratory chain. Although complex I is one of the most important of the respiratory complexes, it is also one of the least understood, with detailed structural information only recently available. In this study, full-finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann calculations of the protonation state of respiratory complex I in various redox states are presented. Since complex I couples the oxidation and reduction of the NADH/ubiquinone redox couple to proton translocation, the interaction of the protonation and redox states of the enzyme are of the utmost significance. Various aspects of complex I function are presented, including the redox-Bohr effect, intercofactor interactions, and the effects of both the protein dielectric and inclusion of the membrane.
Magnetic hardening in ultrafine FePt nanoparticle assembled films

Ultrafine FePt nanoparticles have been synthesized via a novel chemical solution synthesis route. Without using a reducing agent, the stoichiometric FePt nanoparticles were produced by the decomposition of iron acetylacetonate and platinum acetylacetonate in octyl ether in the presence of oleic acid and oleyl amine as the surfactants. The particle size was found to be around 2 nm with a narrow size distribution. The particles were then deposited on substrates and heat treated afterwards. Upon annealing, the nanoparticles sintered together to form continuous thin films and at the same time to transform from disordered face centred cubic (fcc) structure to the highly anisotropic ordered face centred tetragonal (fct) structure and therefore magnetic hardening was realized in the thin films. Coercivity up to 27 000 Oe at room temperature has been obtained in the annealed samples. The very high coercivity indicates a highly completed fcc–fct phase transition which may be related to the very fine original particle size.
Spatial bandwidth analysis of fast backward Fresnel diffraction for precise computer-generated hologram design

Designing near-field computer-generated holograms (CGHs) for a spatial light modulator (SLM) requires backward diffraction calculations. However, direct implementation of the discrete computational model of the Fresnel diffraction integral often produces inaccurate reconstruction. Finite sizes of the SLM and the target image, as well as aliasing, are major sources of error. Here we present a new design prescription for precise near-field CGHs based on comprehensive analysis of the spatial bandwidth. We demonstrate that, by controlling two free variables related to the target image, the designed hologram is free from aliasing and can have minimum error. To achieve this, we analyze the geometry of the target image, hologram, and Fourier transform plane of the target image to derive conditions for minimizing reconstruction error due to truncation of spatial frequencies lying outside of the hologram. The design prescription is verified by examples showing reconstruction error versus controlled parameters. Finally, it is applied to precise three-dimensional image reconstruction.
Studies on the blood pyridoxine of vitamin B6 deficient monkeys.

SummarySuitable modifications for the extraction and assay of blood pyridoxine are described. The vitamin B6 levels of 14 rhesus monkeys were followed before and after withdrawal of the vitamin from the diet. The vitamin B6 levels fell during the first 2 weeks of deprivation. This usually brought the levels down to values of 2-3 μg per 100 ml of whole blood or lower, where they remained throughout the rest of the experiment for periods exceeding 1 year. Control animals on a daily intake of equivalent to 1 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloric acid had values ranging horn 5.0 to 20.8 μg, averaging 11.2. Some of the changes observed in deficient animals are discussed.
A microneutralization test for the identification of enterovirus isolates

Two-hundred and thirty-four enterovirus isolates were identified using a recently modified, microneutralization procedure. Neutralization tests were performed in 96 well plastic 'V' plates, using 20 microliter quantities of antisera and virus, then inoculated onto monolayers of buffalo green monkey kidney cells, growing in 48 well tissue culture plates. Utilization of this microneutralization procedure resulted in considerable savings of time, material, and particularly, neutralizing antisera.
Fatal child abuse and sudden infant death syndrome: a critical diagnostic decision.

Distinguishing between an unexpected infant death due to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and one due to fatal child abuse challenges pediatricians, family physicians, pathologists, and child protection agencies. If child abuse is suspected, the physician must fuffill mandated legal obligations to report the case to the appropriate authorities. Coroners, medical examiners, and pathologists have the added responsibility of rendering a medicolegal opinion as to the cause and manner of death. Child protection agencies need to ensure that other children in the home are not at risk. Law enforcement personnel and prosecutors need to proceed if the law has been broken. All agree that the state of our knowledge in this area is incomplete and ambiguity exists in some cases. For everyone concerned, it is necessary and desirable, within the limits of our capability, to know the cause and manner of an infant death. This process requires application of current knowledge, a desire to know the reasons for the deaths, the resources necessary to conduct essential procedures, and the sensitivity and wisdom to perform the task without causing distress to innocent family members. The history relevant to this decision is a relatively short one. In the first half of this century, searching for the reasons infants die was the lonely province of a few clinicians, researchers, and pathologists who examined the retrospective traces of infant deaths. Bergman1 recounts the slow progression of knowledge about sudden unexpected infant death in the pathologists9 laboratories and morgues where Werne and Garrow2 and then Adelson and Kinney3 proposed etiologies for "crib death" other than suffocation.
An Estrogen Receptor (ER)α Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Domain Knock-In Mutation Provides Evidence for Nonclassical ER Pathway Signaling in Vivo

We created a nonclassical estrogen receptor (ER) knock-in mouse model by introducing a mutation that selectively eliminates classical ER signaling through estrogen response elements, while preserving the nonclassical ER pathway. Heterozygous nonclassical ER knock-in (NERKI) females are infertile. Their ovaries contain no corpora lutea, reflecting a defect in ovulation, and the stromal cells contain lipid droplets, suggesting altered steroidogenesis. The uteri are enlarged with evidence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and the mammary glands are hypoplastic. These phenotypic features indicate differential ER effects on growth and development in various estrogen-responsive tissues. These findings suggest that nonclassical ER signaling pathways play an important physiological role in the development and function of the reproductive system.
Patient-Specific Quality Assurance for Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Spot Scanning Proton Therapy Using Single-Field Uniform Dose

Purpose To describe our experiences with patient-specific quality assurance (QA) for patients with prostate cancer receiving spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT) using single-field uniform dose (SFUD). Methods and Materials The first group of 249 patients with prostate cancer treated with SSPT using SFUD was included in this work. The scanning-beam planning target volume and number of monitor units were recorded and checked for consistency. Patient-specific dosimetric measurements were performed, including the point dose for each plan, depth doses, and two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution in the planes perpendicular to the incident beam direction for each field at multiple depths. The γ-index with 3% dose or 3-mm distance agreement criteria was used to evaluate the 2D dose distributions. Results We observed a linear relationship between the number of monitor units and scanning-beam planning target volume. The difference between the measured and calculated point doses (mean ± SD) was 0.0% ± 0.7% (range, −2.9% to 1.8%). In general, the depth doses exhibited good agreement except at the distal end of the spread-out Bragg peak. The pass rate of γ-index (mean ± SD) for 2D dose comparison was 96.2% ± 2.6% (range, 90–100%). Discrepancies between the measured and calculated dose distributions primarily resulted from the limitation of the model used by the treatment planning system. Conclusions We have established a patient-specific QA program for prostate cancer patients receiving SSPT using SFUD.
Synthesis of Novel N-Halamine Biocidal Polymers

Two new water-insoluble polymeric biocides have been synthesized: poly[3-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-(4'-vinylbenzyl)imidazolidin-4-one] (Poly-p-VBD-Cl) and poly[acrylonitrile-co-(1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-(4'-vinylbenzyl)barbituric acid)] (Poly-AN-Barb-Cl). The polymer and copolymer were tested for longevity of the bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Not only did this test reveal significant bactericidal activity by these materials, but also good stability in dry storage. These new biocidal polymers could be used in cartridge filters for the disinfection of recreational and potable water.
Suicide Terrorism and the Backlash Effect

This paper presents a game‐theoretic model of suicide terrorism containing three agents: the terrorist leader; a targeted government; and potential terrorist supporters. Supporters join the terrorist group if they gain more from their participation than from their economic opportunities. Preemptive measures by the government can result in a backlash that encourages recruitment through new grievances. Suicide attacks can also lead to recruitment. Increases in preemption costs and/or economic opportunities can reduce the overall level of terrorism, while increasing the proportion of suicide to normal attacks. An increase in the effect of preemption on recruitment, or the propaganda effect of suicide bombings has the opposite effect of increasing normal and suicide attacks, but decreasing the proportion of suicide to normal attacks in the terrorist organization’s strategy profile.
Intramolecular hydrogen transfer in arene complexes of V, Cr and Ni

Abstract EPR spectroscopical evidence is presented for the formation of arene complexes during the reduction of transition metal salts with lithium-naphthalide in tetrahydrofuran. Deuterolysis of such solutions demonstrates an intramolecular hydrogen transfer from naphthalene to metal. Up to 6 negative charges per metal atom can be incorporated by such arene complexes.
INTENTIONAL ACTION AND THE UNINTENTIONAL FALLACY

Much of the recent work in action theory can be organized around a set of objections facing the Simple View and other intention-based accounts of intentional action. In this paper, I review three of the most popular objections to the Simple View and argue that all three objections commit a common fallacy. I then draw some more general conclusions about the relationship between intentional action and moral responsibility.
Anomaly Detection with Sensor Data for Distributed Security

There has been increasing interest in incorporating sensing systems into objects or the environment for monitoring purposes. In this work we compare approaches to performing fully-distributed anomaly detection as a means of detecting secu- rity threats for objects equipped with sensing and communication abilities. With the desirability of increased visibility into the cargo in the transport chain and the goal of improving security, we consider the approach of equipping cargo with sensing and communication capabilities as a means of ensuring the security of the cargo as a key application. We have gathered real sensor test data from a rail trial and used the collected data to test the feasibility of the anomaly detection approach. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. I. INTRODUCTION
Shear bond strengths of one-bottle adhesives to moist enamel.

: Purpose: This study evaluated bond strengths of six one-bottle bonding agents and a control (primer plus unfilled resin) to moist enamel. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and five bovine teeth were randomly assigned to seven groups of 15. Enamel was etched for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid. Etched enamel was rinsed, and excess water was blotted with tissue paper. Following application of the adhesive, composite resin was bonded using a gelatin capsule technique. Shear bond strengths to enamel were determined using a universal testing machine (Instron Corp., Canton, Massachusetts). Results: Mean bond strengths ranged from 21.9 MPa for OptiBond Solo (Kerr Corp., Orange, California) to 29.6 MPa for Prime & Bond 2.1 (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, Delaware). Prime & Bond 2.1 had a significantly higher mean bond strength than the other adhesives. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggest that all of the one-bottle systems tested should provide clinically acceptable bonding to moist enamel.
A Lattice Vq For Transform Image Coding

A lattice vector quantizer (VQ) is developed for discrete cosine transform (DCT) image coding. The VQ codewords are encoded using a noiseless code based on a model for the DCT coefficient distributions. The rate versus distortion performance is shown to be superior to a benchmark system that uses the DCT, uniform scalar quantization, and a single entropy code. The performance is similar to that of an entropycoded uniform scalar quantization system that uses a different entropy code for each transform coefficient. The approach is generalized to use multiple VQ/noiseless codes. Most of the possible improvement to be achieved by using multiple codes is achieved by using just two codes. SUMMARY
MEASUREMENT OF THE APPARENT DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF CARBONIC ACID IN SEAWATER AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE1

The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater were determined as functions of temperature (2-35°C) and salinity ( 19-43%) at atmospheric pressure by measurement of K’1 and the product K’, K’,. At 35sa salinity and 25°C the measured values were pE1 = 6.600 and pK’2 = 9.115; at 35% and 2°C the measured values were pK’1 = 6.177 and pKPz = 9.431.
Toward an ecological approach to perceived crowding in outdoor recreation.

Abstract Perceived crowding in outdoor recreation research is generally approached from a sociological or interpersonal basis. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual approach to perceived crowding where people/environment interactions are emphasized, rather than social relationships. Crowding is treated as a perceptual reaction to an environmental situation, where environmental constraints interfere with the functioning and task performances desired by an individual. It is postulated that crowding can occur without the presence of others, that it can be the result of functional density and not simply the result of social processes involving the interacting of others.
Gradient steepness metrics using extended Baum-Welch transformations for universal pattern recognition tasks

In many pattern recognition tasks, given some input data and a family of models, the "best" model is defined as the one which maximizes the likelihood of the data given the model. Extended Baum- Welch (EBW) transformations are most commonly used as a discriminative technique for estimating parameters of Gaussian mixtures. In this paper, we use the EBW transformations to derive a novel gradient steepness measurement to find which model best explains the data. We use this gradient measurement to derive a variety of EBW metrics to explain model fit to the data. We apply these EBW metrics to audio segmentation via Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and show that our gradient steepness measurement is robust across different EBW metrics and model complexities.
Commentary: Can critical theories of or on race be used in evaluation research in education?

This commentary explores the utility of critical race theory in the evaluation process in education, particularly in regard to the methodological and epistemological perspectives put forth by the Talent Development evaluation paradigm.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Can Detect Acyl Homoserine Lactone Production by Yersinia enterocolitica in Mice

LuxR-type transcription factors detect acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and are typically used by bacteria to determine the population density of their own species. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium cannot synthesize AHLs but can detect the AHLs produced by other bacterial species using the LuxR homolog, SdiA. Previously we determined that S. Typhimurium did not detect AHLs during transit through the gastrointestinal tract of a guinea pig, a rabbit, a cow, 5 mice, 6 pigs, or 12 chickens. However, SdiA was activated during transit through turtles colonized by Aeromonas hydrophila, leading to the hypothesis that SdiA is used for detecting the AHL production of other pathogens. In this report, we determined that SdiA is activated during the transit of S. Typhimurium through mice infected with the AHL-producing pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. SdiA is not activated during transit through mice infected with a yenI mutant of Y. enterocolitica that cannot synthesize AHLs. However, activation of SdiA did not confer a fitness advantage in Yersinia-infected mice. We hypothesized that this is due to infrequent or short interactions between S. Typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica or that the SdiA regulon members do not function in mice. To test these hypotheses, we constructed an S. Typhimurium strain that synthesizes AHLs to mimic a constant interaction with Y. enterocolitica. In this background, sdiA+ S. Typhimurium rapidly outcompetes the sdiA mutant in mice. All known members of the sdiA regulon are required for this phenotype. Thus, all members of the sdiA regulon are functional in mice.
[Un]Comfortable in My Own Skin Articulation, Reflexivity, and the Duality of Self

This article offers a reflexive [re]discovery of my own Whiteness, my own Southern-ness, and my own masculinity through ethnographic engagement with the “New Sporting South”; reporting on the juxta...
Java Grande: software infrastructure for HPCC

We describe the definition, motivation and current status of Java Grande activities. We introduce 3 roles of Java in Grande programming at client, middleware or backend tiers of a computing system. We start with Java as a language and describe where it is clearly good and where it could be good! The Java Grande Forum has numerical and distributed computing working groups and projects include the study of changes to Java and its runtime to enhance Grande applications and their programming environment community. There is an important activity to define seamless interfaces allowing universal access to general hosts. Benchmarks for all sorts of Grande applications are critical. We discuss Java for Parallel Computing including message passing (MPI) and data parallelism.
Structural models of faulted detachment folds

Faulted detachment folds represent a common structural style in several hydrocarbon-producing fold and thrust belts, including the Zagros, Idaho-Wyoming-Utah, Carpathian, and Albanide belts, and several deep-water fold belts, including the Mississippi Fan and Per dido belts. These structures form in units with high competency contrasts and display a transition in deformational behavior from detachment folding to progressive fault propagation with increasing shortening. The structures first form by symmetric or asymmetric detachment folding, with the fold wavelength controlled by the thickness of the dominant units. Volumetric constraints require the movement of material from the synclines to the anticlines. Contin ued shortening results in tighter folds, with limb rotation by hinge migration, limb segment rotation, and internal shear. Rotation of limb segments between locked hinges results in thrust faults, which propagate through deformation zones on the frontlimb and possibly the backlimb. The faults may terminate both up and down section within brittle or ductile deformation zones. Eventually, a through going fault connects one of the major faults with the basal detach ment. Variations in the structural geometry are related to the rela tive thickness and competency of the units and the mechanisms of deformation. Because faulted detachment folds superficially resem ble fault-propagation folds, their geometry can be misinterpreted in areas of poor data quality. Characteristic features for distinguish ing these structures include (1) smaller variations in anticlinal length during fold evolution, (2) a more open and rounded fold geometry, (3) complex and nonuniform variations in fault slip, (4) a significant variation in deformational behavior among different units, and (5) fold-fault relationships indicating transition from folding to faulting, such as footwall synclines and decapitated fold geometries.
Numerical models of thermally and mechanically coupled two-layer convection of highly viscous fluids

Thermal convection in the earth mantle is investigated by means of numerical simulations. The mantle models comprise two horizontal layers of viscous incompressible fluid (with identical or differing properties) separated by a fixed horizontal interface; an isothermal, fixed-heat-flux, or insulating lower boundary; and heat supplied either from below or internally (in the lower layer only, equally in both layers, or primarily in the upper layer). The mathematical formulation of the models is explained, and results for linear stability and finite-amplitude convection are presented in extensive tables and graphs and discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the presence of thermal coupling without interface distortion in many cases, the predominance of long-wavelength cells in the finite-amplitude models, and the large (50 percent) temperature difference across the interface in all cases.
Parasitoids and Dipteran Predators Exploit Volatiles from Microbial Symbionts to Locate Bark Beetles

Host location by parasitoids and dipteran predators of bark beetles is poorly understood. Unlike coleopteran predators that locate prey by orienting to prey pheromones, wasps and flies often attack life stages not present until after pheromone production ceases. Bark beetles have important microbial symbionts, which could provide sources of cues. We tested host trees, trees colonized by beetles and symbionts, and trees colonized by symbionts alone for attractiveness to hymenopteran parasitoids and dipteran predators. Field studies were conducted with Ips pini in Montana. Three pteromalid wasps were predominant. All were associated with the second and third instars of I. pini. Heydenia unica was more attracted to logs colonized by either I. pini or the fungus Ophiostoma ips than logs alone or blank controls (screen with no log). Rhopalicus pulchripennis was more attracted to logs colonized by I. pini than logs alone or blank controls. Dibrachys cavus was attracted to logs but did not distinguish whether or not they were colonized. Two dolichopodid predators were predominant. A Medetera species was more attracted to colonized than uncolonized logs and more attracted to logs than blank controls. It was also more attracted to logs colonized with the yeast Pichia scolyti than uncolonized logs, but attraction was less consistent. An unidentified dolichopodid was more attracted to logs colonized with I. pini, O. ips, and the bacteria Burkholderia sp., than to uncolonized logs. It was also attracted to uncolonized logs. Its responses were less consistent and pronounced than H. unica. These results suggest some parasitoids and dipteran predators exploit microbial symbionts of bark beetles to locate hosts. Overall, specialists showed strong attraction to fungal cues, whereas generalists were more attracted by plant volatiles. These results also show how microbial symbionts can have conflicting effects on host fitness.
No Room in the Ark? Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania.

The islands of Pacific Oceania face unprecedented anthropogenic climate change within this century. Rising sea levels, increasing ocean acidification, warming land and sea temperatures, increasing droughts, and changes in the frequency and intensity of storms are likely to reorder or destroy ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangrove and montane forests, and coastal wetlands. For the developed nations, an array of measures could ameliorate these effects. Developing nations, whose economies may be significantly damaged by climate change, face major impacts on their citizens, identifying conservation of biodiversity as a lesser priority. Conservation in these countries may not succeed unless the rich nations are willing to pay for preservation of biodiversity hotspots or where preservation of biodiversity satisfies the needs of local communities, often through traditional management and land tenure systems in rural areas. These communities will need useable information, as well as technical advice on how to reduce stressors on changing ecosystems such as wetlands, mangrove forests and coral reefs, if they are going to achieve conservation. The resulting process if it involves local people may appear inefficient, relative to international expectations, but will be more effective over a wide area in conserving biodiversity.
Identification and characterization of genes responsive to apoptosis: application of DNA chip technology and mRNA differential display.

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a genetically programmed active cell death process for maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions and for responding to various stimuli. Many human diseases have been associated with either increased apoptosis (such as AIDS and neurodegenerative disorders) or decreased apoptosis (such as cancer and autoimmune disorders). In an attempt to understand apoptosis signaling pathway and genes associated with apoptosis, we established two cell model systems on which apoptosis is induced either by DNA damaging agent, etoposide or by redox agent, 1,10-phenanthroline (OP). DNA chip profiling or mRNA differential display (DD) was utilized to identify genes responsive to apoptosis induced by these two agents. In etoposide model with chip hybridization, we defined signaling pathways that mediate apoptosis in p53 dependent manner (through activation of p53 target genes such as Waf-lIp21, PCNA, GPX, S100A2 and PTGF-β) as well as in p53-independent manner (through activation of ODC and TGF-β receptor, among others). In OP model with DD screening, we cloned and characterized two genes: glutathione synthetase, encoding an enzyme involved in glutathione synthesis and Sensitive to Apoptosis Gene (SAG), a novel evolutionarily conserved gene encoding a zinc RING finger protein. Both genes appear to protect cells from apoptosis induced by redox agents. Further characterization of SAG revealed that it is a growth essential gene in yeast and belongs to a newly identified gene family that promotes protein ubiquitination and degradation. Through this activity, SAG regulates cell cycle progression and many other key biological processes. Thus, SAG could be a valid drug target for anti-cancer and anti-inflammation therapies.
Method of identification for game of human-water harmony and calculation on game force

Taking both the sides to realize the human-water harmony—human system and water system as study object,the interaction between the human system and the water system is analyzed,and then the concepts of identification for the game of human-water harmony,influence force,game force,resultant game force,game predominance are put forward herein,and the common process(HWH-GI) and the calculation method for the influence force,game force,resultant game force,game predominance are given as well;from which the results coincide with those from the actuality concerned when the method is applied to the identification of the human-water harmony of Zhengzhou City.
Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the Manufacture and Aging of Gouda and Stirred-Curd Cheddar Cheeses Manufactured from Raw Milk

This study was conducted to examine the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the manufacture and aging of Gouda and stirred-curd Cheddar cheeses made from raw milk. Cheeses were manufactured from unpasteurized milk experimentally contaminated with one of three strains of E. coli O157:H7 at an approximate population level of 20 CFU/ml. Samples of milk, whey, curd, and cheese were collected for enumeration of bacteria throughout the manufacturing and aging process. Overall, bacterial counts in both cheese types increased almost 10-fold from initial inoculation levels in milk to approximately 145 CFU/g found in cheeses on day 1. From this point, counts dropped significantly over 60 days to mean levels of 25 and 5 CFU/g in Cheddar and Gouda, respectively. Levels of E. coli O157:H7 fell and stayed below 5 CFU/g after an average of 94 and 108 days in Gouda and Cheddar, respectively, yet remained detectable after selective enrichment for more than 270 days in both cheese types. Changes in pathogen levels observed throughout manufacture and aging did not significantly differ by cheese type. In agreement with results of previous studies, our results suggest that the 60-day aging requirement alone is insufficient to completely eliminate levels of viable E. coli O157:H7 in Gouda or stirred-curd Cheddar cheese manufactured from raw milk contaminated with low levels of this pathogen.
Pastoral System Dynamics and Environmental Change on Ethiopia’s North-Central Borana Plateau—Influences of Livestock Development and Policy

The Borana Plateau is a heavily studied pastoral ecosystem. Knowledge generated with respect to the history and politics of the region, pastoral system dynamics, and patterns of environmental change is instructive in understanding how environmental degradation is linked to pastoral development priorities and policies. Despite decades of research and development efforts, the Borana pastoral system is characterized by increasing poverty, wealth stratification, and food insecurity. The condition and trend for rangelands in the north-central portion of the plateau is deemed generally poor due to chronically intense pressure from large numbers of livestock in support of a growing human population. Particularly noteworthy is the emergence of extensive gullying and bush encroachment in several locations; in both cases the productivity of the pastoral system has been reduced. This trend is attributed to decades of development priorities and policies that have failed to provide incentives for surplus pastoralists to discover alternative livelihoods, or for herd owners to adopt resource management tactics that could promote environmental stewardship. The way forward is to dispense with laissez faire attitudes regarding condition and trend of natural resources and forge new collaborative partnerships among pastoral communities, researchers, and development agents to reverse environmental degradation where possible. This requires a transformation of local governance so that stocking rates can be better managed and innovative land-management systems can be adopted to better accommodate the increasing population pressure and more frequent droughts. Over the longer term, assisting those who wish to leave pastoralism can reduce demands on natural resources and promote system sustainability.
Cytokines as Active Factors in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Cytokines may play important roles in primary focal segmental sclerosis. One or more may be the elusive circulating factor(s) that induces proteinuria in this condition, and their local renal tissue production may be crucial to the development of glomerular and interstitial fibrosis.
Sacrificium, Martyrium, „Deficior“!

Richtige Menschen, die verloren haben, sehen sich als Opfer der Suprasysteme. Richtige Menschen fuhlen sich in normalen Systemen wohl. Sie wollen dort geborgen in einer riesigen Gemeinschaft arbeiten und einen Teil fur das Grose beitragen. „Meine kleine Rolle in diesem System ist es, hier Besucher zu begrusen.“
Epigenetic Profiling of Gliomas

Glioma is understood as a genetic disease in that it is caused and exacerbated by genetic lesions in specific genes that control cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Epigenetics, mitotically heritable changes in gene expression not due to changes in the primary DNA sequence, provides additional mechanisms by which cancer genes can be dysregulated. Gliomas are affected by genetic and epigenetic lesions that can be independent of each other or interacting. The relative contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in gliomagenesis is currently unknown but under active investigation. Epigenetic analyses in gliomas, to date mostly involving DNA methylation, have identified new tumor suppressor genes; pinpointed mechanisms for inactivation of pathways controlling genome integrity, cell-cycle regulation, proliferation, and invasion; uncovered epigenetic mechanisms regulating drug and radiation resistance that influence prognosis; provided a rationale for epigenetic-based therapies; and provided clinically useful biomarkers of drug response. Newer technologies such as next-generation sequencing will undoubtedly bring more rapid advancements in glioma epigenome profiling, and allow direct integration of DNA methylation and histone modification profiles. Considering that epigenetic enzymes are critical targets for drugs that are already in clinical trials for gliomas, the paucity of information on the glioma epigenome is surprising.
China’s International Science and Technology Relations: A Look at the Critical Issues

Science and technology have played a unique and pivotal part in the normalization of relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the industrialized nations. In many respects, the expansion of scientific cooperation, educational exchanges, and industrial technology transfer has been symbolic of the overall progress in the evolving Chinese political relationship with the West and Japan. Within the broad context of these three areas, the issue of technology transfer has taken particular significance, especially as Beijing has affirmed its commitment to maintain an open door to the outside world and to secure foreign technology and capital to support its economic modernization. For Chinese as well as Western and Japanese leaders, technology transfer seems to present some critical challenges and significant opportunities. And, based on the heightened attention given to technology transfer during the recent several years, it is clear that technology-related issues will continue to occupy a central position the agenda of present and future leaders in China and their counterparts in the US, Western Europe and Japan.
PERSISTENCE OF SUBALPINE FOREST-MEADOW ECOTONES IN THE GUNNISON BASIN, COLORADO

Forests of the southern Rocky Mountains are punctuated by persistent meadows called parks that are dominated by grasses and forbs. In an attempt to elucidate the maintenance of subalpine parks in the Gunnison Basin, Colorado, soil texture and tree morphology differences along 60-m transects spanning the forest-park ecotone were studied in 6 representative parks. Seedling survivorship, percent seed germination, and soil moisture available to plants were also studied along one of the transects in Willow Park. Soil analyses revealed 40% more silt and significantly less sand and clay in all 6 parks ( P P = 0.011), with 54% more water in forest than in park soils. Measures of growth rate obtained from tree height, dbh, and age were significantly higher nearer the ecotone ( P P = 0.002). These results suggest that stress of mature Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii ) and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) is an unlikely explanation of park maintenance. P. engelmanii percent seed germination and seedling survivorship were significantly higher in the forest than in the park ( P < 0.001). This may be largely due to the more severe seedling microclimate observed in the park. Results indicate that limited seedling establishment is primarily responsible for maintenance of subalpine parks in the Gunnison Basin.
Data resources for thermophysical properties of metals and alloys, Part 1: Structured data capture from the archival literature

Abstract In support of the continuous scientific and industrial need for accessible and high-quality thermophysical property data for metals and alloy systems, NIST/TRC is expanding its data archiving and critical evaluation activities to include this area. As part of this effort, a new data-capture software tool was developed. The new tool is described here in detail, including a list of supported properties, descriptions, and justification for capture of specific metadata. The key design features are: the separation of experimental results from author interpretations, a data-capture structure that mimics that of typical published experimental data, extensive and flexible capabilities for phase identification, well-structured capture of metadata related to sample characterization, and quantitatively defined uncertainties. This work (Part 1) marks the completion of an essential first step in the development of a freely available data resource of experimental and critically evaluated thermophysical properties for metallic systems. The next article in this series (Part 2) will describe the first implementation of data analysis tools, as well as channels for dissemination of results to users through online web services and offline software.
Thermal Comfort Evaluation of Seam Types in Athletic Bodywear (UG - 1st place)

To objectively evaluate the thermal comfort properties of three typical seams used in sportswear construction (overlock seam, flatlock seam and adhesive seam), this study examined 1) physical properties of seams created by the three seaming methods in small-scale fabric samples, and 2) thermal properties of activewear bodysuit created by the three seaming methods through a series of thermal manikin test.