cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dangerous noncompliance: a narrative analysis of a CNN special investigation of mental illness

Prevention of illness has become a central theme in debates over strategies to reduce healthcare costs. Severe mental illness poses a special challenge to the paradigm of rational prevention, the principal strategy of which is adherence to pharmacological therapies. With the contraction in the US of in-patient psychiatric care from the 1960s onwards, the mentally ill have become more visible among the homeless and among those caught up in the penal system. Their characteristic visibility contributes to their image as threatening. The perceived dangerousness and the combined societal and economic costs associated with the illness have generated a heightened, and in some venues even a sensationalized rhetoric surrounding the questions of responsibility and control, which we consider in terms of compliance. Using the linguistic method of discourse analysis, we analyze one high profile instance – an episode of CNN's ‘Special Investigations Unit’, which aired several times in the summer of 2007 – to demonstrat...
Venn Diagrams for Plurative Syllogisms

By a ‘plurative syllogism’ we understand a two-premiss argument in which, in addition to the familiar categorical propositions of the types A, E, I, and O, there may also figure plurative propositions 1 of these four types:
An FPGA based rapid prototyping platform for wavelet coprocessors

ABSTRACT MatLab/Simulink-based design ows are being used by DSP designers to improve time-to-market of FPGA im-plementations. 1 Commonly, digital signal processing cores are integrated in an embedded system as coprocessors.Existing CAD tools do not fully address the integratio n of a DSP coprocessor into an embedded system design.This integration might prove to be time consuming and error prone. It also requires that the DSP designer has anexcellent knowledge of embedded systems and computer ar chitecture details. We present a prototyping platformand design ow that allows rapid integration of embedde d systems with a wavelet co processor. The platformcomprises of software and hardware modules that allow a DSP designer a painless integration of a coprocessorwith a PowerPC-based embedded system. The platform has a wide range of applications, from industrial toeducational environments.Keywords: Wavelets, coprocessor, FPGAs 1. INTRODUCTION One of the advantages of FPGA-based embedded systems is their ability to integrate customized user coreswith a soft or hard embedded processor in system-on-a-chip (SoC) solutions. Improvements in an algorithmsexecution time are expected when such customized user cores are used as ha rdware accelerators to calculatecomputationally intensive operations. Wavelets, FFT s, DCT and other transforms are an excellent example ofoperations whose performance can be imp roved by using hardware accelerators.The integration of customized user cores and embedde d processors is done by connecting them together viaa bus. Several options are available to the designer,
Comparison of the effects of anoxia and whole heart ischemia on carbohydrate utilization in isolated working rat hearts.

The rates of utilization of glycogen and exogenous glucose by hearts perfused at low coronary flows and high perfusate oxygen tension (ischemia) and by hearts perfused at high coronary flows and low perfusate oxygen tension (anoxia) were studied in the isolated, working rat heart. Ischemic tissue had a glycolytic rate that was 25% of the anoxic rate and 50% of the control rate. Inhibition of carbohydrate utilization during ischemia was due to a lower flux through the glycolytic pathway and not to a lower rate of glucose transport or substrate availability. Insulin and elevated perfusate glucose increased glucose transport and caused accumulation of free intracellular glucose, but ischemia still inhibited glucose utilization. Insulin failed to maintain tissue levels of high-energy phosphates or to prevent mechanical failure in ischemic hearts. In the absence of insulin, tissue lactate increased tenfold during 20 minutes of ischemia, although it increased only threefold in anoxic tissue. The increased tissue lactate in ischemic hearts corresponded to the inhibition of glycolysis and to the failure of mechanical performance. Insulin caused a further increase in tissue lactate during ischemia. These findings illustrate several important differences between anoxia and ischemia and suggest that insulin may be more harmful than it is beneficial in severely ischemic tissue.
Poster: Reducing the Migration Times of Multiple VMs on WANs

It is difficult to statically minimize the time required to transfer multiple VMs across a WAN. One approach is to migrate a large number of VMs concurrently, but this leads to long migration times of each individual VM. Long migration times are problematic in catastrophic circumstances where needed resources can fail within a short period of time. Thus, it is important to shorten both the total time required to migrate multiple VMs and the migration time of individual VMs. This work proposes a feedback-based controller that adapts the number of concurrent VM migrations in response to changes in a WAN. The controller implements an algorithm inspired by the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm in order to regulate the number of VMs in transit depending on network conditions. The experiments show that the controller shortens the individual migration time by up to 4.3 fold compared to that of the static VM migrations.
Theoretical study of bonding in SePH3, OPX3 and SPX3: an ab initio investigation (X = H, F, Cl,-CCH, -CH3, -NH2, -CN)

Abstract Detailed ab initio molecular orbital studies of OPX 3 and SPX 3 , (X = H, F, Cl, -CCH, CH 3 , NH 2 -CN and mixed substituents), using various basis sets, are reported. Work on SePH 3 and OPH 3 , using Huzinaga basis functions contracted to [4s,3p,1d], is compared to the pseudopotential approach. The study focuses on geometries, charge distributions and substituent effects on the nature of P-Se, P-S and P-O bonds. Characterization of the bond is studied via vibrational frequencies, phosphorus d populations, (d-p) π , back bonds, and polarity. The decreasing net dipole moments in SePH 3 , SPH 3 and OPH 3 in addition to reverse trends in halogenated compounds, are clarified. Phosphoroamides are contrasted with phosphoronitriles, and the amine lone pairs are compared to acetylene's π contributions in their effect on P-O and P-S stability. The special bonding effects of fluorine in these phosphine compounds, in PF 4 − and PF 6 − , and all fluorinated analogues of the alkynes are calculated.
Regulation of fibronectin biosynthesis by glucocorticoids in human fibrosarcoma cells and normal fibroblasts

When treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells show changes in morphology, adhesion, and the extracellular matrix. Dexamethasone treatment results in a tenfold increase in the rate of fibronectin biosynthesis in HT1080 cells and a twofold increase in untransformed, normal human fibroblasts. Maximal induction levels are attained within one cell generation, while decay of the response requires several cell cycles. Pulse-chase studies showed that most of the newly synthesized fibronectin is secreted into the medium. The glucocorticoid antagonist, RU-486, blocks the dexamethasone-induced changes but does not alter the basal rate of fibronectin production. Therefore, fibronectin biosynthesis appears to be controlled by two distinct mechanisms--one, regulating basal rates of fibronectin production, which is transformation-sensitive and glucocorticoid-independent; and another, which is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, resulting in elevated rates of fibronectin biosynthesis upon dexamethasone treatment both in normal fibroblasts and in HT1080 cells.
BIOAVAILABILITY OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM WATER, SEDIMENTS, AND DETRITUS TO THE MARINE ANNELID, NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA

ABSTRACT Uptake, retention, metabolism, and depuration of diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata, were examined in experiments utilizing seawater solutions and sediments contaminated with either No. 2 fuel oil water-soluble fractions or radio-labelled naphthalenes. Polychaetes rapidly accumulate 14C-naphthalene (magnification factor = 40X) from solution during short-term exposure (24 hr). Worms slowly released hydrocarbons accumulated during acute exposure down to undetectable levels (<0.05 ppm) within 300 hours after return to clean seawater. 14C-naphthalene accumulated from solution was metabolized by polychaetes, and associated microflora apparently play no role in uptake, release, or metabolism. Analyses of worms held for 28 days in clay-silt sediments artificially contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil (9 μg total naphthalenes/g wet sediment) indicate that naphthalenes were not accumulated by worms at tissue concentrations above 0.1 ppm. Polychaetes likewise failed to accumulat...
A murine model of obesity implicates the adipokine milieu in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis

Obesity is clearly an independent risk factor for increased severity of acute pancreatitis (AP), although the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Adipokines (including leptin and ad...
Ground-Based and Satellite Evidence for a Pronounced Total-Ozone Minimum in Early 1983 and Responsible Atmospheric Layers

Abstract Ground-based and satellite measurements show a 5–7% decrease of total ozone in North America, Europe and Asia in late 1982, resulting in record low (since 1958) total-ozone values in North America and the north temperate zone in early 1983. Total-ozone values appear to be returning to normal later in 1983. Umkehr and ozonesonde-derived estimates of layer-mean ozone in the north temperate zone indicate that this decrease in total ozone was mainly the result of large (10–15%) ozone decreases in the low stratosphere. The ozone deviation in the high stratosphere cannot be properly determined owing to the biasing of upper level Umkehr observations by the optical effects of the stratosphere aerosol from the El Chichon volcanic eruption, but the contribution of these layers to the total ozone, and hence to the total ozone deviation, will be small. Considered briefly is the possible relation between the total-ozone minimum in the winter of 1982–83, the very warm surface temperatures in the north temperat...
The Gene CSTF2T, Encoding the Human Variant CstF-64 Polyadenylation Protein τCstF-64, Lacks Introns and May Be Associated with Male Sterility

Abstract Messenger RNA polyadenylation in male germ cells does not seem to require the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal required in all other cell types. To account for this difference, we found a variant form of the polyadenylation protein, the 64,000 Mr protein of the cleavage stimulation factor (CstF-64), in mouse meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells. This protein is a candidate to alter polyadenylation in those cells. More recently, we reported the cloning from mouse pachytene spermatocytes of mouse τCstF-64 (gene symbol Cstf2t), which is a homolog of CstF-64 fitting the criteria we expected for the variant CstF-64 protein. Here we report the cloning and mapping of the human ortholog of mouse τCstF-64. The human τCstF-64 cDNA (gene symbol CSTF2T) is 2324 bp in length and encodes a protein of 616 amino acids (64,442.90 Da). Although most highly related to mouse τCstF-64 (89.8% identity), human τCstF-64 is also related to the human and mouse somatic CstF-64 (74.9% and 73.4% identity, respectively). Alignment of human τCstF-64 with human genome sequence from chromosome 10 shows that CSTF2T lacks introns. Radiation hybrid mapping places the human τCstF-64 gene at 10q22–q23, which is the site of a translocation that has been associated with human neurological problems and male infertility.
Properties of baked starch foam with natural rubber latex

Petroleum-based synthetic plastics used for making consumer articles constitute the largest non-renewable source of municipal solid waste in the United States. Containers and packaging products represent the largest group within plastic waste in municipal landfills. Efforts are being made worldwide to search for renewable and biodegradable substitutes for non-biodegradable plastics. Starch from surplus commodity crops has been investigated as a possible replacement, but it does have some disadvantages such as its susceptibility to water owing to its highly hydrophilic nature. To improve the water resistance of starch-based products, we incorporated natural rubber latex into baked starch foams based on wheat, potato, and waxy corn starches. While latex increases the density of the foam, it also improves the flexibility of the product. Stabilization of the latex with non-ionic additives helped prevent irregularities in the foam product. The flexural properties of these foams are comparable with commercial products and can be ‘tuned’ by varying the starch type and adjusting the latex concentration. Latex also decreases the equilibrium moisture content and decreases the effect of higher humidity on the foam products.
Vehicle evaluation of neat methanol—compromises among exhaust emissions, fuel economy and driveability

Methanol was evaluated as an alternative fuel in vehicles with spark-ignited, internal-combustion engines. Acceptable driveability was achieved with a methanol-fuelled car equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI) which was modified to provide proper air-fuel ratios for methanol. the target level for driveability was not achieved with a methanol-fuelled carburetted car modified to provide proper air-fuel ratios for and increased vaporization of methanol. With the EFI car, using the average equivalence ratio (Φa = 0·96) and spark timing designed for the production gasoline car, exhaust emissions and fuel economy with methanol fuelling were compared to those with gasoline. With methanol, compared with gasoline, 60 per cent lower NOx, 3·5 times higher unburned fuel emissions (UBF), and similar CO engine emissions were measured. the air pollution significance of the higher UBF emissions from methanol combustion is unknown because the UBF species (mainly methanol) are different from those from gasoline combustion. A catalytic converter decreased emissions of UBF and CO similarly for both fuels. Fuel economy with methanol—about half that of gasoline on a volume basis—was 7–10 per cent better on an energy basis than that with gasoline. With methanol fuelling, spark timing and Φa were varied from production values to obtain a more acceptable compromise among driveability, exhaust emissions and fuel economy. While fuelling with methanol at Φa = 0·96, using best power rather than production spark timing increased fuel economy 3 to 6 per cent without significantly affecting emissions and driveability. As Φa was leaned to 0·62 while maintaining best-power spark timing engine and tailpipe (after converter) CO emissions decreased, engine UBF emissions increased, NOx and tailpipe UBF emissions were not greatly affected, and driveability deteriorated. With best-power spark timing and the Φa for maximum economy (0·83), driveability was acceptable, and CO and NOx emissions met the 1977 standards. At Φa = 0·83, NOx emissions were reduced below the statutory standard (0·4 g/mile) by retarding spark timing; however, driveability and fuel economy deteriorated. Although the feasibility and benefits of operating vehicles with neat methanol have been demonstrated, not all problems of methanol fuelling (for example, cold start) were addressed. In addition, other alternatives such as obtaining hydrocarbon liquids from coal or using methanol as fuel for stationary powerplants must also be considered to obtain the most efficient utilization of energy resources.
The Cross Section for the Photodetachment of Electrons from I

The cross section for photodetachment of ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at 347 nm, 0.5 eV above threshold, has been determined to be (2.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. This value has been obtained in a crossed-beam experiment by comparison with photodetachment from ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at 993 nm, 0.5 eV above its threshold. The present determination permits placement of the previously determined relative-cross-section curve for the first electron volt above threshold on an absolute scale. The entire experimental curve is compared with the recent calculation of Robinson and Geltman. Although the shapes of the two curves are very similar, the new experimental cross section exceeds the calculation by nearly a factor of 2.
Diversity and regulation of expression of human leukocyte antigen class II molecules

The initiation of an immune response requires that a foreign antigen be degraded, and that one of the degradative fragments be presented in the context of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule to an antigen-specific helper T cell. The success of this process is maximized by the diversity of the class II molecules possessed by a given person. The expression of the HLA class II molecules is highly selective. Aberrant expression has been postulated to be responsible for autoimmune disease. The interaction of inducible tissue-specific transacting factors with cis-acting genetic elements adjacent to the coding portion of the class II genes is responsible for both normal and aberrant expression of class II molecules. The cDNA encoding one such transacting factor that binds to the cis-acting element known as the Y box has been cloned.
Requiem for a Lightweight: Vice Presidential Candidate Evaluations and the Presidential Vote

Presidential election scholars have recently begun to explore whether vice presidential nominees have a meaningful influence on the presidential vote. Their findings are in conflict. Aggregate-level analyses find little support for the hypothesis that vice presidential candidates bring their ticket any regional or home state advantage. Individual-level analyses, on the other h ands find that vice presi dential nominees have a surprisingly powerful influence on the typical voter's vote for president. These conflictingfindings suggest that either aggregate-level results underestimate vice presidential nominees'influence on the vote or that individual-level results overestimate vice presidential nomi nees'influence on the vote. The author assumes it is the latter. Based on this assumption, the author reexamines whether vice presidential candidates influence the individual vote for president. Once rationalization affects are controlled, it is found that vice presidential candidates have no influence on the voters' choice for president. Every four years, Americans experience the hoopla of a presidential election. A side show in this spectacle is the vice presidential nominees. Presidential nominees, party offi cials, journalists, and pundits all weigh the pros and cons of the candidate short list. Voters are also assumed to size up the veep nominees when mulling their vote for president. And, since 1976 (excepting 1980) vice presidential candidates have engaged in nationally televised debates.
Consequences of starting whole cow milk at 6 months of age

Two groups of infants, one fed whole cow milk commencing at 6 months of age(n=69) and the other continuing to recelve iron-fortified infant formula (n=98), were closely observed over their second 6 months of life. Af 12 months of age, infants fed cow milk had significantly lower mean serum ferritin leveis and mean corpuscular volume, higher free erythrocyte protoporphyrin values, and greater incidence of hemoglobin values
Accuracy enhancement of a horizontal machining center by real-time error compensation

A real-time error compensation system was developed to improve the geometric-thermal volumetric accuracy of a T-10 machining center by using sensing, metrology, modeling, and computer control techniques. Including thermal errors, 32 error components are formulated as a four-dimensional error field in the time-space domain. Fifteen thermal sensors are used to characterize the temperature field of the machine. A compensation controller based on the IBM/PC has been linked with an Acramatic-950 CNC controller to compensate for machine errors in real time. The maximum linear displacement error in four body diagonals was reduced from 140 μm to 34.5 μm with this compensation system, and the spindle thermal drift in space was reduced from 147.3 μm to 16.8 μm.
LONG TERM STUDIES IN DOGS RECEIVING SINGLE MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF RADIOACTIVE IRON DURING GROWTH.

Two groups of litter mate dogs were injected with iron containing the Fe59 isotope at levels ranging from 0.74 to 3.3 mC (70 to 435 μ C/kg) during active growth. The animals were followed for periods of four and half to six years, respectively, complete blood examinations being conducted at monthly intervals. They developed normally and showed no clinical or hematologic changes up to the time of sacrifice.
Experience teaching Barry Boehm's techniques in industrial and academic settings

This paper discusses the author's twenty five years of experience teaching Dr. Boehm's techniques in software estimating, software risk management, and other aspects of software project management. This experience has occurred in both industrial and academic settings. Dr. Boehm's techniques have proven to be robust, well suited for teaching purposes, straightforward to implement, and practical enough that many students reported successful application in the workplace.
The Government As Venture Capitalist: Organisational Structure and Contract Design in Germany's Privatisation Process

This paper examines the role that organisation structure and contract design played in resolving economic and political problems that arose during Germany's privatisation process. We find that German officials structured organizations and contracts in a way that made credible the government's commitment to rapid privatisation. This credibility served to protect the process from political and social opposition. In addition, it enabled Germany to attract talented private sector managers to its privatisation effort. This began with the establishment of an independent privatisation agency, the Treuhand. It culminated with the creation of another set of independent organisations called Management KGs, to which the Treuhand outsourced part of its restructuring, management and privatisation work. The Treuhand provided funding to this effort, thus serving as a kind of venture capitalist.
Increased tolerance of orthostatic stress in patients with heart disease.

Abstract Increased tolerance of orthostatic stress in patients with heart failure was studied. Responses of heart rate and blood pressure to passive 70 ° upright tilt were measured in 6 healthy subjects and 33 patients with heart disease and analyzed in relation to hemodynamic data in the supine position. The responses of heart rate and diastolic blood pressure correlated negatively with the level of right and left ventricular filling pressures and pulmonary arterial pressure. The response of heart rate correlated positively with cardiac index and negatively with arteriovenous oxygen difference and peripheral resistance. Thus, hemodynamic abnormalities characteristic of heart failure were associated with increased orthostatic tolerance. In 5 healthy subjects the effect of expansion of intravascular volume upon the response to tilt was studied. After expansion heart rate and diastolic blood pressure increased less in response to orthostatic stress. In contrast, 5 individuals studied after volume reduction by diuresis exhibited a vasodepressor response, accompanied by significant tachycardia. Improved tolerance of orthostatic stress by cardiac patients may thus be related to increased intravascular volume, increased peripheral resistance and increased ventricular filling pressures.
The Home Network as a Socio-Technical System: Understanding the Challenges of Remote Home Network Problem Diagnosis

Research focused on the user experience of home networking repeatedly finds that householders have difficulties setting up networked equipment. No research to date, however, has studied the in the moment interactions of householders with networking technical support professionals. In this paper, we analyze 21 phone calls to a technical support call center of a home network hardware manufacturer. The phone calls focus on overcoming difficulties during one particular task: adding a wireless router to an existing home network. Our results reaffirm prior studies in remote collaboration that suggest a need to support shared understandings of the problem at hand between remote parties. Our results also suggest that technical properties of the home network and the structure of the home itself complicate the social work of remote diagnosis and repair. In response, we suggest new approaches for remote home network problem diagnosis and repair, including resources for householders to reason about their home networks prior to call placement, and improved methods of inter-organizational information sharing between stakeholders.
Overview of electrocardiographic findings and clinical presentation of common cardiac arrhythmias

Purpose To review the components and interpretation of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and compare and contrast the ECG waveforms and clinical presentation associated with major cardiac arrhythmias. Summary A 12-lead ECG reflects the electrical activity of the heart from many different perspectives, and individual leads may reveal conduction disturbances and disorders in a particular area of the heart. Components of the ECG complex include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. The timing and amplitude of ECG waveforms provide valuable information about heart rate and rhythm. This information can be used in conjunction with clinical signs and symptoms to differentiate between major arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Conclusion The monitoring of drug therapies used to treat arrhythmias is facilitated by an understanding of ECG interpretation and the typical clinical characteristics of major cardiac arrhythmias.
Electrical conductivity method for estimating right ventricular output and mathematical model.

Abstract A constant-rate injection, dilution technique for estimating right ventricular output was employed in normal dogs. Five per cent NaCl solution was injected at the right atrial-inferior vena caval junction and changes in electrical conductivity were measured from pulmonary arterial blood. There was good agreement between right ventricular output estimates with this technique and mean pulmonary arterial flow measured electromagnetically. Evidence was presented that the added indicator cleared the right atrium within one cardiac cycle, under the conditions of the experiment. A mathematical model was constructed to express the relationship of indicator concentration in pulmonary arterial blood to the indicator injection rate, the residual fraction of right ventricular blood, and the heart rate.
Optical Sectioning Raman Microscopy

We describe the use of Hadamard transform Raman microscopy to acquire optically sectioned images of crystals of benzoic acid. Nearest-neighbor deblurring is used to reject out-of-focus information and sharpen the Raman images obtained from the crystal.
Oral pharmacokinetics of doxapram in preterm infants

Background Doxapram is frequently administered orally to treat apnea of prematurity. However, in contrast to IV, oral pharmacokinetic data are scarce in this population. Methods Preterm infants on a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit received doxapram for treatment of apnea of prematurity. Doxapram was infused orally (loading dose 2.5 mg/kg followed by 1 mg/k/h infusion). Blood samples were taken at least 24 hours after start of the continuous oral infusion, assuming steady-state. Doxapram plasma concentrations were determined using HPLC. Clearance was calculated as: Cl=Css/infusion rate, oral bioavailability as Clor/Cliv. Results For 8 patients (GA 28 6/7 ± 1 1/7 weeks, postnatal age 29.6 ± 12.6 days), median oral doxapram clearance was 0.81 l/kg/h (range 0.49–2.02 l/kg/h). Doxapram oral bioavailability could be determined for one patient, as this patient also received an IV infusion before oral administration, its oral bioavailability was 72%. Discussion This study presents first data on oral clearance of doxapram in preterm infants. Clearance values are in the same range as intravenous data from the literature, which suggests a higher oral bioavailability than reported in adults. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P68–P68; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.153
Review of Metrics and Assignment of Confidence Intervals for Health Management of Gas Turbine Engines

The development and evaluation of new diagnostic systems requires statistically-based methods to measure performance. Various metrics are in use by developers and users of diagnostic systems. Current metrics practices are reviewed, including receiver operating characteristics, confusion matrices, Kappa coefficients and various entropy techniques. A set of metrics is then proposed for assessment of diverse gas path diagnostic systems. The use of bootstrap statistics to compare metric results is developed, and demonstrated for a set of hypothetical data sets with a range of relevant characteristics. The bootstrap technique allows the expected range of the metric to be assessed without assuming a probability distribution. A method is proposed to develop confidence intervals for the calculated metrics. The application of a confidence interval could prevent a good diagnostic technique being discarded because of a lower value metric in one test instance. The strengths and weaknesses of the various metrics with derived confidence intervals are discussed. Recommendations are made for further work.Copyright © 2008 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
‘Finding the Way’: James Legge and the Victorian Invention of Taoism

Abstract James Legge (1815–97) is primarily known as the great missionary translator of the Confucian Classics (1861–72, 1893–95). However, after his installation as the first Professor of Chinese at Oxford University in 1876, Legge was a close associate of Max Muller and participated in the production of the Sacred Books of the East (1879–1910), the foundational documents for the new discipline known as the comparative science of religions. By virtue of his translations for Muller's Sacred Books (1891), Legge was the most important figure contributing to the late Victorian invention of ‘Taoism’ as a ‘world religion’ located ‘classically’, ‘essentially’, and ‘purely’ within certain ancient texts or ‘sacred books’, especially a single enigmatic text or Taoist ‘bible’ known as the Tao Te Ching , attributed to the sage Lao Tzu. It was Legge's Protestant (and resolutely anti-Catholic) paradigm of an early philosophically and morally pure Taoism (identified with the Tao Te Ching), as distinguished from a later...
Connection between momentum cutoff and operator cutoff regularizations.

Operator cutoff regularization based on the original Schwinger proper-time formalism is examined. By constructing a regulating smearing function for the proper-time integration, we show how this regularization scheme simulates the usual momentum cutoff prescription yet preserves gauge symmetry even in the presence of the cutoff scales. The similarity between the operator cutoff regularization and the method of higher (covariant) derivatives is also observed. The invariant nature of the operator cutoff regularization makes it a promising tool for exploring the renormalization group flow of gauge theories in the spirit of the Wilson-Kadanoff blocking transformation. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Absence of the pre-adaptive utilization of galactose by yeasts.

YEASTS genetically capable of fermenting galactose require a definite period of exposure to galactose before they can utilize it. Reiner and Spiegelman1 found that immediately after the addition of galactose (recrystallized from alcohol) to a suspension of unadapted cells (capable of adapting themselves to the fermentation of galactose) the cells consumed oxygen and gave off carbon dioxide with a respiratory quotient of about 1. They inferred that this oxidation, which occurred before the cells became adapted to the fermentation of galactose, was due to the presence of a constitutive enzyme controlling the oxidation of galactose, and termed the phenomenon “The Pre-adaptive Oxidation of Galactose”. They proposed that the phenomenon is general and that yeasts completely incapable of fermenting galactose, as well as those only unadapted, are able to oxidize galactose with a respiratory quotient of 1 immediately on exposure. We have found that ordinary C.P. galactose gives a positive iodoform test which suggests that galactose recrystallized from alcohol contains alcohol. Since Reiner and Spiegelman found a respiratory quotient of 1 rather than 0.66 (the respiratory quotient of oxidation of alcohol), it is presumed that, in addition to alcohol, galactose also contains another impurity, presumably glucose.
Fractal geometry and vertebral compression fractures

Cancellous bone in postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by widely spaced and disconnected trabeculae. These architectural changes may disproportionately increase bone fragility compared with the decrease in bone mass alone. To determine whether there is an independent architectural contribution to fracture risk, we applied fractal geometry to the cancellous bone in osteoporosis. Fractal objects have recurrent, branching patterns that are quantified by a fractal dimension D, that describes how the object fills space. Photomicrographs of transiliac bone biopsy specimens were digitized, and D was calculated from the negative of the straight portion of the slope of the log of the number of pixels containing boundary points versus the log of the pixel size over a range of pixel sizes. The results were compared with the cancellous bone histomorphometry in 31 individuals, aged 19–80 years, who were healthy before sudden death. D was inversely related to age (r = −0.72, p < 0.0001) and trabecular spacing (r = −0.87; p < 0.0001) and directly related to bone area (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) and trabecular number (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001). We then examined 12 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with vertebral compression fractures as a result of osteoporosis who were matched for age and cancellous bone area. The patients with fractures had a 7.9% lower mean value for D (1.224 ± 0.085 SD versus 1.329 ± 0.125, p < 0.026). Other markers of the cancellous architecture, such as trabecular width, separation, and number, were not different between the matched groups. D was more than 1 SD below the normal mean value in 50% of the fracture cases and in only 1 of the nonfracture cases (p < 0.025). Applied to cancellous bone, fractal geometry may discriminate more effectively between fracture and nonfracture cases than measurement of bone area and help accent the impact of architecture on bone fragility. The single expression, D, greatly simplifies description of the spatial distribution of cancellous bone and thus has a potential role in the computer-assisted histologic investigation of osteoporosis.
The Necessity for Substitute Prices Recreation Demand Analyses

Omitting substitute prices from a travel cost model is shown to cause a significant bias in consumer surplus estimates. Three sets of travel cost models are developed from a common data base representing 60,000 day-users of U.S. Army Corps of Engineer reservoirs in Kansas and Missouri. The firzt set of models omitted substitute prices; the latter two sets included them. An analysis of variance test showed that consumer surplus estimates from the first set of models were significantly higher than the other two (F = 26.2 with 2, 20 degrees of freedom). The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Economic theory postulates that the demand for a good is a function of its price, the price of related goods and services, and income. Still, many empirical estimates of demand for recreation sites have ignored the price of substitute recreation sites. The most common technique for estimating recreational demand is the travel cost model (TCM). A comprehensive literature review of the TCM conducted by Dwyer, Kelly, and Bowes showed that only six of twenty clearly defined TCM demand functions included substitute prices as an argument in the demand function. Most of the models they reviewed were old, but considerable debate remains about incorporating substitutes in the TCM. Consider the diversity of approaches that have recently been used to incorporate substitute prices into TCM demand functions. When modeling recreation demand at Corps of Engineer reservoirs, Desvousges, Smith, and McGivney omitted any
Automatic image annotation using inverse maps from semantic embeddings

Human annotation in large scale image databases is time-consuming and error-prone. Since it is very hard to mine image databases using just visual features or textual descriptors, it is common to transform the image features into a semantically meaningful space. In this paper, we propose to perform image annotation in a semantic space inferred based on sparse representations. By constructing a semantic embedding for the visual features, that is constrained to be close to the tag embedding, we show that a robust inverse map can be used to predict the tags. Experiments using standard datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in automatic image annotation when compared to existing methods.
Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits HIV-1-gp120-Induced Immune Dysregulation and Apoptosis in Human Lymphocytes

913 Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits HIV-1-gp120-Induced Immune Dysregulation and Apoptosis in Human Lymphocytes C. L. Nance, S. P. Westerfield, V. C. Willis, W. T. Shearer; Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection results in impaired immune function by initial binding of the HIV-1 virion envelope glycoprotein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor. This binding induces immune activation/proliferation, cytokine dysregulation, and programmed cell death. Previously, we presented evidence that the green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), binds with high affinity (Kd510nM) to the CD4 D1 domain at the gp120 attachment site (Phe43, Arg59, Trp62). We, hereby, present evidence that physiologically relevant levels of EGCG (200-2000nM) prevent these HIV-1-gp120-induced responses in human lymphocytes. METHODS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD41 T cells were isolated from HIV-1 seronegative donors. Proliferation was measured by XTT assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V binding and Apo-1/Fas (CD95) surface expression. IL10 cytokine production was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: HIV-1-gp120-induced proliferative responses were reversed 46% by EGCG at 2000nM (p<0.01). HIV-1-gp120-induced apoptosis measured by Annexin V binding was reversed by EGCG at 200-2000nM (37%, 47%, respectively) (p<0.01). CD95 receptor expression upregulated by HIV-1-gp120 (100ng/ml) was reversed 32% and 52% with EGCG at 200-2000nM, respectively (p<0.01). HIV-1-gp120-induced IL10 cytokine production was down-regulated 55% with EGCG at 2000nM (p<0.001). The specificity of the EGCG effects was demonstrated by substitution with control catechin, (-)-catechin. CONCLUSION: By binding to the CD4 molecule, EGCG, at physiologically relevant concentrations, counteracts the effects of HIV-1-gp120 on human lymphocytes. This may lead to the restoration of T cell immunity, a goal of immune based therapy in HIV. Thus, EGCG has potential as adjunctive therapy in HIV-1 infection. Funding: NIH
Morning glory disk anomaly—more than meets the eye

T hree case reports of morning glory disk anomaly in this issue of Journal of AAPOS illustrate peculiar and unique clinical aspects or associations of this uncommon optic nerve malformation. Although it had been described previously, the clinical features of morning glory disk anomaly were delineated in 1970 by Kindler, who so named the condition on account of its resemblance to the morning glory flower. Based on 10 patients, Kindler defined morning glory disk anomaly as an enlarged optic disk with a funnel-shaped excavated peripapillary region surrounded by a wide, elevated annulus of chorioretinal pigment, central white tissue, and retinal vessels appearing on the edge of the disk. The degree of disk excavation, the extent of hyaloid system remnants, and the peripapillary pigment changes are variable. The retinal blood vessels that emerge from the disk extend radially rather than in an arcuate pattern. The anomaly is usually unilateral, and there is no family history of similar occurrences. Bilateral cases have been rarely reported. Lee and Traboulsi have recently published an extensive review of the clinical aspects of the morning glory disk anomaly. The optic nerve develops along the path of the optic stalk that connects the developing globe to the developing forebrain. Signals from the surrounding mesenchyme as well as a very delicate balance and well-orchestrated expression of a number of genes determine the organization of the structures that make up the nerve. Interference with the normal fetal developmental processes that guide the formation of the optic nerve proper or its surrounding and supporting structures results in congenital malformations, some of which occur with abnormalities of the brain and its vasculature or of distal organs in the context of distinct syndromes. The embryologic basis of morning glory disk anomaly is unclear. Although the exceptional, bilateral cases may be genetically determined, a stochastic process could be the cause of the much more common unilateral cases. Morning glory disk anomaly may be the result of a defect in the formation of the posterior sclera with secondary herniation of neural tissue and interference
Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Acute Care Management

Severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a disease that is caused by premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Cytokine release contributes to systemic manifestations such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and sepsis. Diagnosis is based on a history of abdominal pain, laboratory values such as serum amylase and lipase levels, and CT scan. Medical management focuses on fluid and electrolyte balance, antibiotic therapy, pain control, and decreasing systemic complications. Surgery is indicated when infectious pancreatic necrosis has been identified. This article addresses incidence and etiology; pathophysiology; clinical manifestations; diagnostics; and medical and surgical patient care management.
Investigations of the fluctuations of the ground‐water table in Pennsylvania

Hydraulic engineers are interested in ground-water as a source of water supply and also as it affects stream-flow. The stream-flow is especially valuable at low stages and it is at the low stages that it is most closely related to the ground-water conditions. For several years the Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey and the United States Geological Survey have cooperated in making a comprehensive study of the ground-water resources of Pennsylvania, but no adequate records of ground-water levels have in the past been obtained. Recently, however, a project for obtaining systematic records in Pennsylvania has been started.
Picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of the biliprotein phycocyanin 612: Direct evidence for fast energy transfer

Abstract Energy-transfer processes in phycocyanin 612, a light-harvesting biliprotein from the cryptomonad alga Hemilselmis virescens , have been studied by picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence was excited with a 30 ps 532 nm laser pulse and detected with a streak camera. Two types of data were obtained. Profiles of intensity versus time using 10 nm band pass interference filters are summarized as follows: emission at wavelengths 650 nm) exhibits a 7 to 10 ps exponential rise time and a long exponential decay (1.0–1.4 ns). In the region from 600 to 640 nm, the time-resolved emission is more complicated; it consists of at least the sum of the shorter and longer wavelength components but additional components cannot be ruled out. The second type of data consists of spectra (intensity versus wavelength) taken at various times relative to the excitation pulse. These spectra qualitatively confirm the interference filter results. The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of Forster energy transfer between spectrally different chromophores within the biliprotein. Thus the emission of phycocyanin 612 provides a direct probe for studying the fast component of fluorescence during an energy transfer process.
Confocal scanning optical microscope with circular scan line

A reflected-light confocal scanning optical microscope with circular scan line is described. For the horizontal scanning, the instrument uses a rotating dispersive prism embedded at the tip of a hollow motor shaft. The rotating hollow motor shaft accepts a polarized collimated laser beam and transforms it into a rotating beam, with a cone-shaped trajectory, on its exit from the prism. The rotating beam then passes through an inverted telescope and a quarter-wave plate before it is focused onto the specimen plane by a conventional microscope objective. To improve upon the ranging accuracy, a telecentric scan is maintained throughout the scan. The reflected light travels back through the same components until it is redirected by a beam splitter to pass through an analyzer and a pinhole before arriving at the detector. The use of the same optics for both illumination and imaging automatically satisfies the confocal requirement, and eliminates the need for a synchronizing mechanism. Also, the use of a rotating prism renders the system completely insensitive (for all practical purposes) to motor wobble.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Decision Support Databases in Libraries: Three Cases and A Brief Review of Disparate Literatures

This article is about how information is gathered in organizations to make decisions. There is actually a long history in economics on this topic, called the “economics of information,” but this is a bare beginning on the topic for libraries, suggesting only a few patterns from observation and a few literatures that might help with the challenge. In libraries, we now need even more information in order to take control over what we purchase and help us make decisions about licensing (to name only two problematic areas). More often than not, this information, formerly gathered in spreadsheets, text documents, and hand-written notes, is now gathered in various kinds of databases, which are also used as the basis for arguments we use to get funding, to persuade users that we are appropriate stewards of monies given, to prove libraries have enduring value, and to fight the myth that libraries will disappear because, “pretty soon, everything will be online.” Here is brought together a number of observations and...