cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting Volunteerism in Youth Development Programs: Progress and Prospects for Advancing the Knowledge Base

Volunteers are essential to the viability of a large segment of youth development programs. Yet, research on this topic has been relatively limited and it has not thus far congealed into a cohesive area of study. The contributions to this special issue advance our understanding of a number of important issues having to do with volunteerism in youth programs and provide a solid foundation for catalyzing both the further generation of knowledge in this area and its practical application. One priority should be to more rigorously establish and delineate suggested connections among program practices, volunteer skill development, behaviors, and experiences, and the outcomes of participating youth. There also is a need to substantially broaden the scope of programs studied in order to clarify both areas of generalizability and dynamics that may vary as a function of volunteer contexts and roles. Finally, as the knowledge base matures, translational research is needed to apply this knowledge to the design of supports for volunteerism in youth development programs and to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies.
Stock Price Reactions to ESG News: The Role of ESG Ratings and Disagreement

We investigate whether ESG ratings predict future ESG news and the associated market reactions. We find that the consensus rating predicts future news, but its predictive ability diminishes for firms with large disagreement between raters. Relation between news and market reaction is moderated by the consensus rating. In the presence of high disagreement between raters, the relation between news and market reactions weakens while the rating with most predictive power predicts future stock returns. Overall, while rating disagreement hinders the incorporation of value relevant ESG news into prices, ratings predict future news and proxy for market expectations of future news.
Role of Policy in the Development of Business Models for Battery Storage Deployment: Hawaii Case Study

Hawaii is one of the first states in the United States to have a renewable energy target of 100%. This has led to a rapid growth of renewable generation resources in the state. Given the unique islanded nature of Hawaii’s grid, such a rapid increase in variable generation resources has resulted in grid issues. This has driven the state to use new energy storage technology, namely battery storage in its grid. The state has used multiple policy initiatives such as technology-specific procurements, financial incentives, and utility programs to facilitate such market development. This motivates us to try to understand the various business models in the state and the minimum set of barriers that must be overcome for its successful deployment. We achieve the former by assessing the various projects in the state and identifying the dominant business models. We also use a barrier-solution framework that posits the minimum set of barriers that must be met for the successful deployment of energy storage business models, and verify it by identifying the role of various policies/drivers in supporting these business models. We find that there are predominantly three business models in Hawaii: Co-located Front-of-the-Meter, Behind-the-Meter, and Aggregated Behind-the-meter. We also find that at least one barrier from barrier categories associated with market demand and project economics along with all the barriers related to interconnection and market participation must be addressed for successful deployment of energy storage. Additionally, we recommend policymakers seeking to develop an energy storage market to start with developing the Behind-the-meter market as it requires the least amount of intervention and then move to develop the Front-of-the-meter market, and finally to the Aggregated Behind-the-meter market.
In Utero Exposure to Industrial Disasters: A Case Study of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Background: Globalization and industrialization can increase economic opportunity for low- and middle-income nations, but recent cross-national evidence indicates that these processes may also be increasing industrial accidents and harming the workers of these nations. This paper focuses on the Bhopal Gas Disaster (BGD), one the most serious industrial accidents in history, which caused thousands of deaths at the time of the leak, and tens of thousands more deaths and serious health sequelae in the three decades since. Methods: We use geolocated data on health and education and a spatial difference-in-differences strategy to estimate the relative effect of being in utero near Bhopal relative to other cohorts and to those further from Bhopal. Findings: We document long-term, intergenerational impacts of the BGD, showing that men who were in utero at the time were more likely to have a disability that affected their employment 15 years later, and had higher rates of cancer and lower educational attainment over 30 years later. Interpretation: These results indicate social costs stemming from the BGD that extend far beyond the mortality and morbidity experienced in the immediate aftermath. Quantifying these multigenerational impacts are important for policy consideration. Moreover, our results suggest that the BGD affected people across a substantially more widespread area than has previously been demonstrated. Funding Information: AR received funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1179208). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Osteochondral allograft

Over the past decade, osteochondral allograft transplantation has soared in popularity. Advances in storage techniques have demonstrated improved chondrocyte viability at longer intervals and allowed for potential of increased graft availability. Recent studies have stratified outcomes according to location and etiology of the chondral or osteochondral defect. Unipolar lesions generally have favorable outcomes with promising 10-year survival rates. Though those undergoing osteochondral allograft transplantation often require reoperation, patient satisfaction remains high.
PyMM: Heterogeneous Memory Programming for Python Data Science

While persistent memory (PMEM) is a promising technology, leveraging it with legacy applications is non-trivial. This is primarily because legacy applications assume all memory is volatile and there is no notion of crash-consistency or state recovery. As new types of persistent and intelligent memory emerge, propelled by the CXL standard, the problem of integration and adoption remains. In this paper we present PyMM, a framework for heterogeneous memory management in Python. It provides a means to abstract upon different memory types and their underlying traits (e.g., persistence, near/far). PyMM focuses on ease-of-use and employs an approach of sub-classing existing heavily-used types such as NumPy ndarray and PyTorch tensors. By doing so, PyMM allows new memory adoption with only minor modification to the application.
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leakage causes orthostatic headache, and mental dullness, diplopia, and coma may occur. Most cases are due to a tear in the spin...
Management of Proximal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Anatomical Variations and Technical Nuances

Objective The proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1) is among the most uncommon locations for occurrence of an intracranial aneurysm. These aneurysms may be missed if small or misinterpreted when they are near the internal cerebral artery bifurcation or Anterior Communicating Artery region. The association with congenital vascular anomalies and multiplicity makes them unique. Methods Seventeen A1 aneurysms were diagnosed in sixteen patients between January 2000 and October 2014 in our institution. A retrospective review of the clinical, radiological, and management (microsurgical and endovascular) details of these patients was conducted. Results The incidence of A1 aneurysm was 1.71% of all patients harboring aneurysms and 1.19% of all aneurysms. Half of these patients exhibited subarachnoid hemorrhage. Fourteen aneurysms underwent microsurgical or endovascular intervention. All patients recovered well, except for one patient who died in the postoperative period. Conclusions A1 aneurysms are rare, with wide anatomic variations. In this article, we discuss those variations in detail with illustrative cases and pictures. We also discussed the microsurgical and endovascular strategies to encounter them highlighting the technical challenges.
Enhanced heterologous gene expression in novel rpoH mutants of Escherichia coli

Extragenic temperature-resistant suppressor mutants of an rpoD800 derivative of Escherichia coli W3110 were selected at 43.5 degrees C. Two of the mutants were shown to have a phenotype of enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins. Genetic mapping of the two mutants showed that the mutation conferring temperature resistance resided in the rpoH gene. P1-mediated transduction of the rpoD+ gene into both of the rpoD800 rpoH double mutants resulted in viable rpoH mutants, MON102 and MON105, that retained temperature resistance at 46 degrees C, the maximum growth temperature of W3110. The complete rpoH gene, including the regulatory region, from MON102, MON105, and the parental W3110 was cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results showed that a single C----T transition at nucleotide 802 was present in both MON102 and MON105, resulting in an Arg(CGC)----Cys(TGC) substitution at amino acid residue 268 (R-268-C; this gene was designated rpoH358). Heterologous protein accumulation levels in both MON102 and MON105, as well as in rpoH358 mutants constructed in previously unmanipulated W3110 and JM101, were assessed and compared with parental W3110 and JM101 levels. Expression studies utilizing the recA or araBAD promoter and the phage T7 gene 10L ribosome-binding site (g10L) showed that increased accumulation levels of a number of representative heterologous proteins (i.e., human or bovine insulin-like growth factor-1, bovine insulin-like growth factor-2, prohormone of human atrial natriuretic factor, bovine placental lactogen, and/or bovine prolactin) were obtained in the rpoH358 mutants compared with the levels in the parental W3110 and JM101. The mechanism of enhanced heterologous protein accumulation in MON102 and MON105 was unique compared with those of previously described rpoH mutants. Pulse-chase and Northern (RNA) blot analyses showed that the enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins was not due to decreased proteolysis but was instead due to increased levels of the respective heterologous mRNAs accompanied by increased synthesis of the respective heterologous proteins. The plasmid copy number remained unaltered.
How Gsα activates adenylyl cyclase

The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of adenylyl cyclase in complex with its activator Gsα suggests a surprising allosteric mechanism of activation by formation of a new catalytic site at the interface between conserved dimers of the soluble adenylyl cyclase domains.
The urgent need for ecosystem integrity and ethics to support environmental sustainability

This paper reviews the current status of the debate about concept of environmental sustainability, and mentions its related aspects of growth, limits, scale and substitutability. The paper suggests that ES is a clear concept and that it is universal and rigorous. While the many paths leading to ES in each country or sector will differ, the goal remains constant. ES is contrasted from social and economic sustainability, because the three types of sustainability follow different laws and require different means by different disciplines to achieve each of them. ES is fundamental for survival of humanity; but ES without some measure of social sustainability will not be very attractive. The three now need to be integrated.This conceptualisation is far from an academic exercise. The monumental challenge of ensuring that possibly ten billion people are decently fed and housed within less than two human generations—without damaging the environment on which we all depend—means that the goal of environmental sustai...
Military formation flight as a model for increased capacity in civilian airspace

Military transport aircraft such as the C-130 and C-17 regularly fly in formation. Formation flight is used as an effective approach to moving large numbers of aircraft safely. Procedures and onboard avionics have been developed to make formation flight possible in all weather conditions. The in-trail spacing for military formations is one-half to one-fourth of the spacing standards used today in terminal airspace in the United States and substantially less than the spacing in en route and oceanic environments. This paper discusses how the procedures and avionics developed for military formation flight might be used to reduce aircraft spacing and complement the existing activities aimed at capacity improvement.
Psychoanalytic and biological approaches to mental illness : schizophrenia

Biological psychiatrists tend to look upon the phenomena of mind and meaning, which are the data of psychoanalysis, as meaningless epiphenomena, and propose reductive explanations of complex mental states, whereas psychoanalysts tend to ignore the proliferation of neurobiological data indicating the importance of constitutional factors in mental illness. Interactive models which confuse biological causes and psychological consequences, or vice-versa, are theoretically unsound. A scientific model hierarchy is proposed, along with some principles for coexistence and collaboration between neurobiology and psychoanalysis. The problem is illustrated with schizophrenia, a condition whose probable biological underpinnings are now generally considered to remove it from the realm of psychoanalysis. Schizophrenia-vulnerable phenotypes consistent with organic findings and clinical observations are hypothesized, and some ideas about their development in the context of early object relations, leading to pathological forms of symbiosis, are elaborated. A neurobiological rationale for the psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenia is presented, and special problems related to the biological and symbiotic substrate are examined.
The Levodopa Test in Parkinson's Disease

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease may be difficult. In elderly patients there may be other causes of the triad of rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor. This study was designed to assess whether a single levodopa challenge could predict dopa responsiveness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-two of 27 newly diagnosed patients completed the study. Of the 22, 17 (77%) responded positively to the initial test and five (23%) showed no response. At 1 month, 18 (82%) were improved on treatment and four (18%) were not. Thus the initial test predicted 17 (94%) of the 18 who responded at 1 month and correctly identified the response of 21 (95%) of the 22 patients. There was only one false negative result. Patients with negative results turned out to have other parkinsonian syndromes. A positive levodopa test helps to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and a negative test should alert one to alternative diagnoses.
Visualizing Common Artefacts to Support Awareness inComputer-Mediated Cooperation

The idea of a “common artefact” is a useful metaphor for the design of CSCW systems. Our ACCT model of a common artefact describes structural elements that provide awareness about the work of others. The ACCT model identifies actors, contents, conversations, and tools as the central components of a common artefact, arranged on a shared background. The elements of a common artefact provide both a background visualization of the activity, but also permit dynamic notification of particular events. We explore this process of notification, which is composed of a selection and a presentation stage. We identify the critical factors of the process, in particular we highlight techniques related to temporal and spatial distortion. The framework helps to prepare design decisions of multi-user systems more consciously.
Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel nodes

Introduction. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) represents a new standard of care for the patient with clinically node-negative breast cancer. Many published studies of SLNB validated by completion axillary dissection have confirmed that SLNB is both feasible and accurate, reliably detecting axillary metastases in 97% of all patients, and 93% of node-positive cases. We hypothesize that frozen section results correlate well with permanent section results and we can continue to base our intraoperative decisions on the results of frozen sectioning. Methods. All patients who underwent SLNB with frozen section from January 2002 through June 2003 were included in this review. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to detect statistically significant differences within continuous variable data. Results. One hundred thirteen patients had 222 sentinel lymph nodes identified. A total of 335 lymph nodes were identified and included for permanent and frozen section analysis (median 1.8 nodes/patient). The incidence of lymph node involvement in this series was 17.5%. Twenty-two lymph nodes were positive by both frozen and permanent analysis; 0 lymph nodes were positive by frozen and negative by permanent analysis; 8 lymph nodes were negative by frozen but positive by permanent and 189 lymph nodes were negative by both techniques. The sentinel nodes of seven patients were falsely negative by frozen analysis. The intraoperative management of six of these patients was adversely affected by the misdiagnosis. Those patients who were misdiagnosed had primary tumor sizes of 1.4 ± 1.0 cm compared to those patients who were correctly diagnosed by frozen section who had primary tumors 2.3 ± 1.0 cm (P < 0.001). The average size of patients with sentinel lymph nodes deemed to be negative by both frozen and permanent analysis was 1.4 ± 1.0 cm. The overall sensitivity of frozen section analysis was found to be 0.73 and the specificity was 1. Conclusions. We have reviewed our technique of intraoperative sentinel lymph node evaluation for the management of clinically node negative breast cancer and found the sensitivity to be 73%. Therefore, we have eliminated frozen section analysis of SLN as a routine screening test.
Mechanically-assisted nanocrystallization and defects in amorphous alloys: A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on mechanically-induced nanocrystallization in amorphous alloys are reviewed briefly. Using a recently-developed, quantitative, high-resolution TEM method, defects in deformed, Al-based, amorphous, alloys were observed and related to mechanically-induced nanocrystallization. Deformation-assisted atomic transport and the resulting nanocrystallization are discussed.
Tandem spinal stenosis: a case of stenotic cauda equina syndrome following cervical decompression and fusion for spondylotic cervical myelopathy

Tandem spinal stenosis is a clinical phenomenon which may cause a functional loss related to neurologic compression in numerous areas of the spinal cord. In this phenomenon, the second area of symptomatic neurologic insult is not revealed until the primary symptomatic area has been treated. This case describes a 71-year-old male referred to physical therapy 4 weeks following a combined anterior/posterior C3/4 decompression and fusion for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Approximately 8 weeks post-operatively (4 weeks after initiation of physical therapy), the patient began to complain of bilateral lower extremity weakness, primarily with climbing stairs. At 12 weeks post-operatively, the patient developed bowel incontinence and saddle paresthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple levels of critical stenosis of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine, which resulted in referral for surgical intervention. Following surgical decompression there was complete recovery of lower extremity strength, saddle area sensation and bowel function. This case highlights the need for the clinician to remain vigilant for concomitant pathology despite successful surgical intervention. A thorough knowledge of the presentation of various spinal disorders, as well as a thorough neurologic examination, is required to accurately recognize both candid and subtle red flags requiring immediate referral for surgical intervention.
Wide-range wavelength modulation spectrometer.

A wavelength-modulation spectrometer with a spectral range of 2000-8000 A has been constructed. The system measures simultaneously the derivative spectrum and the conventional spectrum. The derivative spectrum has a sensitivity of ΔR/R ~ 10−5 and is completely free of background trouble. With proper changes in the optical components, the spectral range of the spectrometer can be extended further into the infrared and into the uv.
Safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with fondaparinux in ischemic stroke

Abstract Introduction Unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin or fondaparinux are recommended for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. There are limited data on the safety of fondaparinux for VTE prophylaxis in ischemic stroke. We examined adverse event frequency in hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke who received VTE prophylaxis with fondaparinux versus UFH. Materials and Methods We performed a propensity score matched analysis on a retrospective cohort of 644 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving fondaparinux (n = 322) or UFH (n = 322) for VTE prophylaxis. Patients who received intravenous tPA and continuous intravenous infusions of UFH were excluded. The primary outcome was major hemorrhage (intracranial or extracranial) and the secondary outcome was total hemorrhage (major and minor hemorrhage) during hospitalization. We also examined the rate of symptomatic VTE. Results Mean age of the matched cohort was 71.3 ± 14.1 years, median NIHSS score was 4 (IQR 1–11), median duration of anticoagulant exposure was 5 (IQR 3–8) days, and 98.1% received antiplatelet medications. In the matched cohort, there were less observed major hemorrhages in the fondaparinux group 1.2% (4/322) compared to UFH 3.7% (12/322), but this difference was not significant (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.08–1.10, p = 0.08). There were also no significant differences in total hemorrhage (p = 0.15), intracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.48), major extracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.18) and symptomatic VTE (p = 1.00) between the groups. Conclusions Fondaparinux is not associated with increased hemorrhagic complications compared with UFH in patients with ischemic stroke. There were low rates of symptomatic VTE in both groups.
Cholangiocarcinoma presenting as a cerebellar metastasis: Case report and review of the literature

Cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon tumor that presents with hepatobiliary dysfunction. We report a patient with a chronic progressive organic mental syndrome, diffuse weakness, and gait disturbance who was discovered to have obstructive hydrocephalus due to a neoplasm. Pathologic examination revealed primary cholangiocarcinoma metastatic to the cerebellum. This tumor has not been previously reported to present with neurologic involvement.
Environmental temperature variations cause degradations in epinephrine concentration and biological activity

This study determined the biological consequence of temperature induced epinephrine degradation. Two different epinephrine preparations (1:1,000 and 1:10,000) were exposed to either cold (5 degrees C) or hot (70 degrees C) temperature. The exposure occurred for 8-hour periods each day in 4-, 8-, and 12-week intervals. Samples and identical controls were then chemically evaluated using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and biological activity of samples showing chemical degradation was assessed in conscious rats. Epinephrine (1:10,000) underwent a significant degradation and a loss of concentration of the parent compound after 8 weeks of heat treatment. By 12 weeks, 64% of the epinephrine was degraded. A smaller (30%) but significant loss of cardiovascular potency was determined by blood pressure and heart rate responses in conscious rats. The degradation of epinephrine (1:1,000) was not statistically significant even after 12 weeks of heat exposure. No change was noted from control in either epinephrine concentration when exposed to cold temperatures. In conclusion, epinephrine (1:10,000) deteriorates in the presence of elevated temperature and should be protected from high temperatures when carried by EMS providers. The degradation products may possess biological activity.
LUST OF THE EYE: The Act of Killing and Aesthetic Sensibility

The two questions I would like to bring to the table are these: do the aesthetics that shape The Act of Killing (TAOK) position us as spectators, and does this positioning, rather than offering pos...
A constitutional view of legislative pay

The distinction between constitutional rules and post-constitutional laws is often a fine line. However, this analysis suggests that, in the case of state legislative pay, constitutional rules are much more binding than post-constitutional restrictions. Further research in the area of constitutions from an economic point of view may yield fruitful results. As Tullock (1988: 140) has stated, “The real importance of such an evaluation could be as a first step toward developing improved constitutional rules.” Evaluating other areas of policy from a “constitutional” point of view might shed light on the path towards the development of optimal rules in a democratic process.
Modeling of absorption spectra in dense argon plasmas

Abstract We have modeled the optical depth of hot, dense Ar plasmas due to line absorption in n = 1 to n = 2 inner-shell transitions in L -shell Ar ions by performing Stark broadened absorption line profile and ionization balance calculations. Our results have built-in the temperature and density dependence characteristic of the level populations as well as the density sensitivity inherent in the Stark broadening of these transitions. Results are presented that illustrate the temperature and density dependence of the optical depth. As an application, we use these results to analyse absorption spectra recorded during the collapse of laser driven implosions of Ar-filled plastic microballoons.
Predicted Geographic Ranges for North American Sylvatic Trichinella Species

Because of a lack of comprehensive surveys, the geographic distributions of the North American species of encapsulating Trichinella (T. nativa and its variant T6, T. murrelli, and T. spiralis) are poorly characterized in detail. These species are potentially zoonotic; therefore, biogeographic information is critical to monitoring their status and any distribution changes due to climatic and man-made environmental impacts. The maximum entropy (Maxent) program was used to model predicted ranges for these sylvatic Trichinella spp., using a limited number of available location records with confirmed species identifications collected over 55 yr throughout North America. The resulting prediction models were shown to be robust, and the species maps created are presented. The predicted range of T. nativa is primarily north of the 48u-52u latitudes, overlapping the Tundra, sub-Arctic, and Warm Continental eco-regions. Its sympatric genotypic variant, T6, has a predicted range covering primarily the sub-Arctic and mountainous Temperate Steppe eco-regions, the latter extending below 48uN latitude. In the east, the T6 range includes the Warm Continental and the mountainous Hot Continental eco-regions; the T6 range is also predicted to extend to the Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico. The most probable range of T. murrelli is centered in the Midwest within the Hot Continental and Prairie eco-regions, with an extension southward to the Subtropical and Tropical/Subtropical Steppe and Desert eco-regions. In the west, it exists in a restricted range characterized as mountainous Mediterranean. The most probable distribution of sylvatic T. spiralis is along the humid east North American coast (Hot Continental south to Subtropical), and along the coast of northwest North America (Marine) to Alaska (sub- Arctic and Tundra). Its most southerly range extends into central Mexico (Tropical/Subtropical Desert). The difference in relative freeze resistance between T. nativa/T6 and T. murrelli undoubtedly accounts for much of this geographic separation. However, the factors responsible for the absence of a more southerly distribution of T. nativa are not obvious, given the overlap in host range with T. murrelli. The maximum July temperature appears to have a significant effect on this distribution pattern. The results of the model building highlight subjects for future research on the biotic and abiotic factors important in determining Trichinella spp. distributions and directions for model validation research. The recent era in the long history of trichinellosis and Trichinella spp. might be fairly characterized as the revolution of the parasite's systematics and ecology. Over the first 150 yr of its scientific recognition, T. spiralis was considered to be the sole member of the genus, with a host range of more than 100 species
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: National Trauma Data Bank-Based Review of Outcomes.

IMPORTANCE The present study is the largest on the use and effect of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in pediatric trauma patients. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of ICP monitoring on survival in pediatric patients with severe head injuries using the National Trauma Data Bank. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The National Trauma Data Bank was queried (version 6.2, 2001-2006) for information on patients younger than 17 years admitted to an intensive care unit with blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI), Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 9, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score less than 9. Patients with incomplete medical records and those with intensive care unit length of stay of less than 24 hours were excluded from the study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Parametric comparisons (t tests and χ2 as appropriate) were performed to compare patients who received ICP monitoring with those who did not. Stepwise logistic regression methods were used to assess whether ICP monitoring in the presence of other variables (age, sex, ISS, Revised Trauma Score, and GCS score) was associated with survival. RESULTS Monitoring of ICP was performed in only 7.7% of patients who met the monitoring criteria recommended by the Brain Trauma Foundation. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or GCS score. After adjustment for admission GCS score, age group, sex, Revised Trauma Score, and injury ISS, ICP monitoring was associated with a reduction in mortality only for patients with a GCS score of 3 (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-1.00). Comparison between the 2 groups showed that the ICP monitoring group had a longer hospital length of stay (21.0 days vs 10.4 days; P CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite current Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines, ICP monitoring is used infrequently in the pediatric population. The data suggest that there is a small, yet statistically significant, survival advantage in patients who have ICP monitors and a GCS score of 3. However, all patients with ICP monitors experienced longer hospital length of stay, longer intensive care unit stay, and more ventilator days compared with those without ICP monitors. A prospective observational study would be helpful to accurately define the population for whom ICP monitoring is advantageous. Language: en
Hydrologic and water-quality impacts of agricultural land use changes incurred from bioenergy policies

Summary The US Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 has contributed to widespread changes in agricultural land uses. The impact of these land use changes on regional water resources could also be significant. Agricultural land use changes were evaluated for the Red River of the North Basin, an international river basin shared by the US and Canada. The influence of the land use change on spring snowmelt flooding and downstream water quality was also assessed using watershed modeling. The planting areas for corn and soybean in the basin increased by 62% and 18%, while those for spring wheat, forest, and pasture decreased by 30%, 18%, and 50%, from 2006 to 2013. Although the magnitude of spring snowmelt peak flows in the Red River did not change from pre-EISA to post-EISA, our uncertainty analysis of the normalized hydrographs revealed that the downstream streamflows had a greater variability under the post-EISA land use scenario, which may lead to greater uncertainty in predicting spring snowmelt floods in the Red River. Hydrological simulation also showed that the sediment and nutrient loads at the basin’s outlet in the US and Canada border increased under the post-EISA land use scenario, on average sediment increasing by 2.6%, TP by 14.1%, nitrate nitrogen by 5.9%, and TN by 9.1%.
Hollow-core rib waveguide sensor

We propose a new hollow-core fiber that employs a rib-waveguide geometry for improved gas or liquid sensing. This waveguide supports a true guided mode that is connected laterally to the external environment through a hollow slab. Such designs eliminate the requirement of small transverse holes and open up new opportunities for sensing.
Clustering Random Curves Under Spatial Interdependence With Application to Service Accessibility

Service accessibility is defined as the access of a community to the nearby site locations in a service network consisting of multiple geographically distributed service sites. Leveraging new statistical methods, this article estimates and classifies service accessibility patterns varying over a large geographic area (Georgia) and over a period of 16 years. The focus of this study is on financial services but it generally applies to any other service operation. To this end, we introduce a model-based method for clustering random time-varying functions that are spatially interdependent. The underlying clustering model is nonparametric with spatially correlated errors. We also assume that the clustering membership is a realization from a Markov random field. Under these model assumptions, we borrow information across functions corresponding to nearby spatial locations resulting in enhanced estimation accuracy of the cluster effects and of the cluster membership as shown in a simulation study. Supplementary ...
Diatom locomotion: A consideration of movement in a highly viscous situation

Diatoms which exhibit gliding motion have a very low Reynold's number and therefore their movement in water represents a highly viscous situation; the implications of this are discussed with reference to the external forces resisting motion and to possible means of propulsion. As the diatom is separated from the substratum by a thin film of water they experience additional viscous drag not experienced by other motile microorganisms which swim through open water. The power required to overcome such forces in order to move are discussed with reference to the energy budget of the cell.
Clay modeling as a method to learn human muscles: A community college study

The efficacy of clay modeling compared with cat dissection for human muscle identification was examined over two semesters at LaGuardia Community College in Queens, NY. The 181 students in 10 sections in this study were randomly distributed into control (cat dissection) and experimental (clay modeling) groups, and the results of the muscle practical examination were analyzed. The clay-modeling group was significantly better at identifying human muscles on human models than the cat-dissection group, and was as good at identifying muscles on their self-made clay mannequins as the cat-dissection group was at identifying cat muscle on their specimens. This study demonstrated that clay modeling is more effective than cat dissection for learning human muscles at the community college level.
Finite element formulation for modeling nonlinear viscoelastic elastomers

Nonlinear viscoelastic response of reinforced elastomers is modeled using a three-dimensional mixed finite element method with a nonlocal pressure field. A general second-order unconditionally stable exponential integrator based on a diagonal Pade approximation is developed and the Bergstrom–Boyce nonlinear viscoelastic law is employed as a prototype model. An implicit finite element scheme with consistent linearization is used and the novel integrator is successfully implemented. Finally, several viscoelastic examples, including a study of the unit cell for a solid propellant, are solved to demonstrate the computational algorithm and relevant underlying physics.
THE GENUS METACYCLOPS (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA) PRESENT IN NORTH AMERICA: M. CUSHAE, NEW SPECIES, FROM LOUISIANA

ABSTRACT The cyclopoid copepod Metacyclops cushae, new species, was collected from temporarily water-filled depressions in greater New Orleans, Louisiana. The species possesses a combination of characters unique in the genus: the antennule of 11 articles, legs 1-4 spine formula 3,4,3,3, leg 4 endopodite article 2 with only 1 terminal spine, legs 1-4 couplers lacking ornament, and medialmost terminal caudal seta shorter than lateralmost terminal caudal seta. This is the first confirmed published report of the genus Metacyclops from the North American continent.
Karl Popper, Forensic Science, and Nested Codes

This paper utilizes the framework of Karl Popper’s 3-world ontology to make the case that forensic science is a specialized coding system that establishes meaningful connections between the world of biology (world 1) and the world of human society (world 3). Forensic science is a cross-disciplinary endeavor that uses scientific methods to determine what transpired in a crime so the legal system can determine how to prosecute the offender(s). On a Popperian analysis of forensic science, world 1 consists of evidence gathered at the crime scene, which enables investigators to develop a detailed reconstruction of the incident for consideration under the legal and ethical codes of society, which are products of world 3. Understanding forensic science in this way serves two purposes: first, it extends Marcello Barbieri’s code biology into the realm of philosophical considerations in science, law and ethics; and second, it situates forensic science within the larger context of debates in contemporary philosophy of science.
BEARING WITNESS: SECOND GENERATION LITERATURE OF THE SHOAH

The Shoah refuses to disappear. Memories of the monstrous evil unleashed by this fiery cataclysm of history continue to plague its survivors, to vex the religious imagination, and to defy the notion of innocence. This "wound in the order of being," as Martin Buber termed the Holocaust, does not heal. Its effects are seen most profoundly in literary reflections of the Kingdom of Night written by the witnessing generation whose works testify to the sense of cosmic upheaval and covenantal challenge illuminated by the flames of Auschwitz. Indeed, Elie Wiesel has observed that what the survivors "took away from our tales and from our burning houses in European history was the fire."' This literary "fire" illuminates the witnessing generation's determination to tell the tale and, in so doing, to both educate and warn future generations. Consequently, how, and by whom, the Shoah's legacy is assumed touches a multiplicity of concerns: covenantal, historical, literary, and psychological. As the drama of Holocaust literature unfolds, an international literary second generation has begun to transmit the Shoah's memory with a compelling moral, existential, and religious urgency. Unlike the witnessing generation, however, the second generation lacks direct access to the Holocaust. Thus, their writings weave their parent's memories with their own imagination. The resulting tapestry portrays the Holocaust's profound effect on questions of post-Auschwitz Jewish identity and authenticity. In what follows I discuss the distinction between witnessing and bearing witness, and then investigate the relationship of the symbolism of second generation Holocaust literature to what has recently been termed the "Second Life of Holocaust Imagery." Wiesel's novel The Fifth Son is briefly examined as a transitional work between the first and second generations.2 Next, an analysis of selected examples of American second
Second-year surveillance of recipients of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein subunit vaccine, PFP-1: evaluation of antibody persistence and possible disease enhancement

In a previous study, children 18 to 36 months of age and seropositive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were vaccinated with an RSV subunit vaccine (PFP-1) consisting of the viral fusion protein. Vaccines developed substantial increases in anti-fusion and neutralizing antibody and exhibited protection against RSV infection through one RSV epidemic, in comparison to controls. This present study of the same cohort was undertaken to determine the persistence of antibody responses and immunity to reinfection, as well as to monitor for enhanced disease upon subsequent RSV infection during the second RSV season after vaccination. Vaccinees continued to have greater ELISA specific anti-fusion (F) antibody responses than controls up to 18 months after vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titres were not as durable, and the attack rates for RSV in the second winter season after vaccination (25% in vaccines versus 42% in controls) were not significantly different (p = 0.23). Nevertheless, 'high-responder' subgroups may have had residual protection into the second postvaccination year. Enhanced illness did not occur. PFP-1 is immunogenic and appears safe, but yearly reimmunization may be necessary to maintain immunity to RSV infection.
The Big Five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger in the prediction of unsafe driving☆

Despite a wealth of literature supporting the utility of trait driving anger, sensation seeking, and the Big Five personality factors in predicting unsafe driving behavior and crash-related outcomes, these predictors have been studied in isolation. The present study investigated the utility of combining these variables in the prediction of self-reported driving anger expression and the frequency of aggressive and risky driving behaviors. Three hundred and fifteen college students completed measures of driving anger, sensation seeking, Big Five personality factors, unsafe driving behavior, and driving anger expression. Hierarchical regressions controlling respondent age, gender, and average weekly miles driven supported the predictive utility of driving anger, sensation seeking, emotional stability, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Results supported the use of multiple predictors in the study of unsafe driving and demonstrated that different combinations of predictors are needed to explain different aspects of driving behavior.
Considerations for Selection of Suture Materials

The selection of a suture material, in the past, was based primarily on habit, guesswork and physical properties. This is understandable because there was a limited number of materials to select from and the interaction of suture material with tissues was not understood.
Reconfiguration in Shipboard Power Systems

A shipboard power system is self contained, tightly coupled, and small enough to allow nearly real time state estimation, given the right equivalent circuit representations. Redirecting power flow is the preeminent task of reconfiguration. This redirection should be accomplished in less than two cycles, while never compromising system stability or power delivery to critical loads. These performance objectives can be achieved using equivalent impedance system representations and various optimization procedures, as demonstrated by simulation. Additional issues are addressed concerning proper realization of a reconfigurable power system by incorporating gas turbine status, and due consideration for stable and safe transition between different power system states.
Siderophiles and volatiles in Apollo-16 rocks and soils

The duplicate and mean concentrations of eight trace elements (Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Cd, In, Ir, Au) in eight Apollo-16 soils, five rocks, and a metallic spherule were determined by radiochemical neutron-activation analysis (RNAA) following radiochemical separation. Data are presented and compared with analyses of Apollo-14 samples. The concentration of extralunar components in mature Apollo-16 soils is about 3.8%, and the samples contain a large amount of pre-Imbrium regolith. Volatiles, siderophiles, and cosmogenic isotopes are intercorrelated, largely as a result of mixing of North Ray crater ejecta having low concentrations with mature soils containing high concentrations. Light soils have higher concentrations of Zn, Ga, and Cd than dark mature and submature soils, which contain comparatively higher concentration of Sc and Fe. Volatility largely controls the distributions of Zn, Cd, and In in soils and soil breccias and probably affects the Ga distribution.
Peripheral hyperosmolality reduces cardiac baroreflex sensitivity

The effects of acute increases in peripheral osmolality on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity were tested in conscious, unrestrained rats by fitting values for arterial blood pressure and heart rate during acute pressor and depressor responses to a four-parameter, sigmoid logistic function curve. Cardiac baroreceptor reflex function curves were produced before and following 30 min intravenous (i.v.) infusion of 2.5 M NaCl, an equipressor concentration of phenylephrine, isotonic saline, or 2.5 M NaCl following central administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Hypertonic saline infusion increased blood pressure, reduced heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity (gain and range), and shifted the baroreflex function curve to a higher operating blood pressure. These effects were prevented or attenuated by prior central administration of an ACE inhibitor. Isotonic volume expansion did not alter baroreflex responses. Finally, phenylephrine produced similar changes in blood pressure but did not alter cardiac baroreflex responses. These data demonstrate that acute increases in peripheral osmolality and/or sodium decrease cardiac baroreflex sensitivity through generation of central angiotensin II, independent of changes in extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.
Frontiers in Outreach and Education: The Florida Red Tide Experience

To enhance information sharing and garner increased support from the public for scientific research, funding agencies now typically require that research groups receiving support convey their work to stakeholders. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-(NIEHS) funded Aerosolized Florida Red Tide P01 research group (Florida Red Tide Research Group) has employed a variety of outreach strategies to meet this requirement. Messages developed from this project began a decade ago and have evolved from basic print material (fliers and posters) to an interactive website, to the use of video and social networking technologies, such as Facebook and Twitter. The group was able to track dissemination of these information products; however, evaluation of their effectiveness presented much larger challenges. The primary lesson learned by the Florida Red Tide Research Group is that the best ways to reach specific stakeholders is to develop unique products or services to address specific stakeholders needs, such as the Beach Conditions Reporting System. Based on the experience of the Group, the most productive messaging products result when scientific community engages potential stakeholders and outreach experts during the very initial phases of a project.