cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma and Castleman disease: an entity appears to be emerging

Hodgkin lymphoma is a B cell neoplasm characterized by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in an inflammatory background. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) accounts for approximately 90% of all cases of HL and four types are recognized in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification: lymphocyte-rich, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted. Castleman disease (CD) is a designation used for a heterogeneous group of diseases that involve lymph nodes. Histologically, there are hyaline vascular and plasma cell variants, the latter including human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)–positive and HHV8-negative subsets. In this study, we describe three men, 45–57 years of age, one HIV-positive, who had coexistent CHL and CD. All patients had the interfollicular variant of CHL and HHV8-negative plasma cell variant CD. Immunohistochemical analysis supported the diagnosis of CHL; the HRS cells were positive for CD15, CD30, and PAX-5 (dim). In two cases, the HRS cells and the plasma cells of CD expressed interleukin-6 (IL-6). Our review of the literature identified 34 cases of coexistent CHL and CD reported previously. In aggregate, about two-thirds of all cases of CHL have been the interfollicular variant and around 90% of CD cases were plasma cell variant, HHV8-negative in the subset of cases tested. We suggest that interfollicular variant CHL and plasma cell variant CD may be a distinct entity with a common pathogenesis, possibly related to IL-6 dysregulation. The few cases in the literature describing other forms of CHL and hyaline vascular variant CD are different from the entity reported here, with a different pathogenesis, likely similar to focal Castleman-like changes that have been described in association with various types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
EXOTIC PAIRING IN METALS: FORMALISM AND APPLICATION TO Nb AND Pd

Previous treatments of l > 0 pairing assume spherical symmetry, which we find give large errors in metal like Pd. A general formalism is developed, including the influence of impurities. Calculations of the electron-phonon Γ15 (“p-wave”) coupling constants for Nb and Pd suggest that exotic pairing will be hard to observe in metals.
BitSystolic: A 26.7 TOPS/W 2b~8b NPU With Configurable Data Flows for Edge Devices

Efficient deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs) emerges with the exploding demand for artificial intelligence on edge devices. Mixed-precision inference with both compressed model and reduced computation cost enlightens a way for accurate and efficient DNN deployments. Despite obtaining mixed-precision DNN models at the algorithmic level, there still lacks sufficient hardware support. In this work, we propose BitSystolic, a neural processing unit based on a systolic array structure. In BitSystolic, the numerical precision of both weights and activations can be configured in the range of 2 - 8 bits, fulfilling different requirements across mixed-precision models and tasks. Moreover, BitSystolic can support various data flows presented in different types of neural layers ( e.g. , convolution, fully-connected, and recurrent neural layers) and adaptive optimization of data reuse by switching between the matrix-matrix mode and vector-matrix mode. We designed and fabricated the proposed BitSystolic composed of a $16\times 16$ systolic array. Our measurement results show that BitSystolic features the unified power efficiency of up to 26.7 TOPS/W with 17.8 mW peak power consumption across various layer types.
How Do Inventory Costs Affect Dealer Behavior in the US Corporate Bond Market

I show that dealer behavior in the US corporate bond market is consistent with dealers bearing a time-varying cost of holding inventory. Liquidity is worse when inventory costs increase, especially for bonds with lower credit ratings, customers with lower bargaining power, and larger trades. When inventory costs increase, dealers sell more high yield bonds, but sell less investment grade, suggesting a flight to quality. Inventory costs don't affect dealers' trades immediately unwound in the inter-dealer market, but do affect the rate at which these trades occur, as dealers' willingness and ability to risk-share in the inter-dealer market change.
Use of chlorisondamine to assess the neurogenic contribution to blood pressure in mice: An evaluation of method.

Chlorisondamine (CSD) has been used to assess the neurogenic contribution to blood pressure (BP) and vasomotor sympathetic tone in animal models. It is assumed that the reduction in BP following CSD administration is associated to decreases in cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance, reflecting cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone, respectively. Surprisingly, this has not been characterized experimentally in mice, despite the extensive use of this animal model in cardiovascular research. We hypothesize that a specific dose of CSD can selectively block the sympathetic vasomotor tone. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of different doses of CSD (intraperitoneal) on BP and heart rate (HR) using telemetry, and on CO using echocardiography. BP and HR in normotensive C57Bl/6J mice reduced to a similar extent by all CSD doses tested (1-6 mg/kg). CSD at 6 mg/kg also reduced CO without affecting left ventricular stroke volume or fractional shortening. On the other hand, lower doses of CSD (1 and 2 mg/kg) produced significantly larger BP and HR reductions in DOCA-salt-induced hypertensive mice, indicating a greater neurogenic BP response. In addition, all doses of CSD reduced CO in hypertensive mice. Our data suggest that the BP response to CSD in mice likely reflects reduced CO and vasomotor sympathetic tone. We conclude that CSD can be used to assess the neurogenic contribution to BP in mice but may not be appropriate for specifically estimating vasomotor sympathetic tone.
Pricing Catastrophe Insurance Derivatives

We investigate the valuation of catastrophe insurance derivatives that are traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. By modeling the underlying index as a compound Poisson process we give a representation of no-arbitrage price processes using Fourier analysis. This characterization enables us to derive the inverse Fourier transform of prices in closed form for every fixed equivalent martingale measure. It is shown that the set of equivalent measures, the set of no-arbitrage prices, and the market prices of frequency and jump size risk are in one-to-one connection. Following a representative agent approach we determine the unique equivalent martingale under which prices in the insurance market are calculated.
Are hospitalized patients with chronic lung disease and COVID-19 infection at a greater risk of dying? Single cohort experience

Background: Given the devastating impact that COVID-19 can have on the lung, it is reasonable to fear for patients with underlying chronic lung conditions. Recent studies have shown that there is an excess risk of contracting the infection, as well as developing severe symptoms and worst outcomes for some of these conditions. We present a single center experience of the characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted due to with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and chronic lung disease. Methods: Retrospective medical records review of patients with chronic lung conditions (COPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and lung cancer) and SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 1, 2020 and December 1, 2020 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. Patients were identified from our institutional database. Demographics, baseline comorbidities, hospital say, ICU admission, and interventions performed were recorded. Results: 12.405 patients were diagnosed with SARS CoV-2 infection at BIDMC. From the total, 961 (7.8%) patients were admitted for further care with an age of 66 years (IQR 52-78), 464 (48.28%) males, and a BMI of 29.8 kg/m2 (IQR 25.8-34.6). Regarding the comorbid conditions, 157 subjects (16.3%) had COPD, 157 (16.3%) asthma, 24 (2.50%) pulmonary hypertension, 14 (1.46%) ILD and 18 (1.87%) lung cancer. We found that patients with COPD (23.57% vs 14.68%, p=0.005) as well as lung cancer (38.89% vs 15.69%, p=0.016) died more often after hospital admission. Additionally, a logistic regression model for mortality showed an OR of 1.8 (95%CI 1.2-2.7, p=0.006) for COPD and an OR of 3.42 (95%CI 1.30-8.96, p=90.012) for lung cancer. Conclusion: Our review showed that patients hospitalized due to SARS CoV-2 infection, and a previous diagnosis of COPD or lung cancer, were more likely to die during the hospital stay. (Table Presented).
High density and survival of a native small carnivore, the Florida spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius ambarvalis), in south-central Florida

The eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) is a species of conservation concern across much of its range and has experienced a population decline since the 1940s. Little is known about the Florida spotted skunk (S. p. ambarvalis), a subspecies endemic to peninsular Florida, but previous studies and the frequency of incidental observations suggest that populations of this subspecies might be more abundant than the two eastern spotted skunk subspecies that occur elsewhere. To better understand the status and demography of the Florida spotted skunk, we assessed the density and survival of a population occurring predominantly in dry prairie habitat in south-central Florida. To obtain density estimates, we trapped spotted skunks on a mark–recapture grid over 11 independent 4-day trapping sessions from 2016 to 2018. To obtain survival estimates, we monitored weekly survival of 38 radiocollared spotted skunks (20 collared initially in 2016 and 18 collared initially in 2017) from February 2016 to August 2017. We captured a minimum of 91 unique spotted skunks on 404 occasions on the mark–recapture grid and our density estimates ranged from 6.52 ± 2.93 skunks/km2 to 23.29 ± 7.65 skunks/km2, depending on trapping session, but seasonal differences in density were not significant. The sex ratio of spotted skunks at our site was 1.0M:3.8F. Mean annual survival for all spotted skunks was 0.714 (0.503–0.925, 95% CI), and sex, season, and year did not have significant effects on survival. This survival estimate is the highest reported thus far for any skunk species. Collectively, the density and survival estimates from our study are higher than those of many other mephitids and mustelids of similar size, and these findings reinforce the value of studying locally abundant populations of small carnivores to better inform the conservation, management, and potential restoration of these species in the future.
Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Task Load Indices for Single-Site Surgery Tasks:

Background: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) a nd Surgery Task Load Index (SURG-TLX) are two subjective workload m easurement instruments. Both instrumen...
PSO-RDAL: particle swarm optimization-based resource- and deadline-aware dynamic load balancer for deadline constrained cloud tasks

Cloud computing is an Internet-provisioned computing paradigm that provides scalable resources for the execution of the end user’s tasks. The cloud users lease optimal resources that meet their demands with minimum cost and time. The cloud service providers need high utilization of cloud resources and minimized execution cost. To achieve high user satisfaction and improve utilization of cloud resources, the task scheduling techniques should be resource and deadline aware and distribute the workload in a balanced manner. A number of heuristic and meta-heuristic-based task scheduling approaches have been proposed; however, the majority of these approaches are not resource and deadline aware. Moreover, these schedulers either optimize a single objective or multiple objectives with non-conflicting parameters. However, there is a need for schedulers that can provide a balanced solution for conflicting parameters like time and cost. In this paper, a modified and adaptive PSO-based resource- and deadline-aware dynamic load-balanced (PSO-RDAL) algorithm is proposed. The PSO-RDAL scheduling technique aims to provide an optimized solution for the workload of independent and compute-intensive tasks with reasonable time and cost. Moreover, the proposed approach also supports multi-objective-based optimization with conflicting parameters like time and cost. The experimental results reveal that the PSO-RDAL has gained up to 66%, 162%, 56%, 89%, 98%, and 97% enhancement in terms of makespan, average resource utilization, task response time, meeting task deadline, penalty cost, and total execution cost, respectively, as compared to existing state-of-the-art tasks scheduling heuristics.
Incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Objective:The epidemiology of the incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) is only partially understood. In the presence of HIV, HCV infection is more likely to become chronic and liver fibrosis progression is accelerated.Des
Spin distribution of the compound nucleus formed by O 16 + 154 Sm

Gamma-ray multiplicities for the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{154}$Sm system have been determined using two different coincidence techniques. Fusion events are tagged either by observation of low-lying gamma transitions in the evaporation residues or by direct detection of the residues exploiting an electrostatic deflector and time-of-flight identification. The gamma-ray tagging measurements have been made with higher sensitivity than previously, allowing us to include the contribution of the 3n channel. The contribution of this channel modifies the conclusions made before in regard to the spin distribution of the compound nucleus produced at near-barrier energies. The procedure for conversion of gamma-ray multiplicities to mean spin values has been calibrated by measuring gamma-ray multiplicities and fusion cross sections for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$${+}^{166}$Er and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$${+}^{167}$Er reactions that lead to the same compound nucleus as $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{154}$Sm, at bombarding energies that span the same region of excitation energies and spin. The use of an electrostatic deflector enables an inclusive tag on all evaporation residues, and has sufficient sensitivity to enable measurements at a lower energy than is possible with gamma-ray tagging techniques. The energy dependence of the mean spin deduced from gamma-ray multiplicity measurements is in qualitative agreement with model calculations which include the effects of the static and dynamical deformations of the target nucleus. There is, however, a tendency for the calculations to underestimate somewhat the mean spin near and below the barrier.
Fungal-Bacterial Interactions

This chapter describes a number of in vitro systems that have been used to model different aspects of fungal biology in naturally occurring complex, host-associated communities. The authors have divided fungal-bacterial model systems into categories based on the in vivo community that they seek to model. First, fungal-bacterial interactions associated with opportunistic infections are addressed. Subsequently, models designed to elucidate interactions in the oral microflora, intestinal environment, and the female reproductive tract are discussed. The chapter talks about the challenges and potential benefits of translating what has been learned with in vitro model systems to the analyses of in vivo fungal-bacterial communities. In general, when Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus are found together in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the numbers of fungal cells remain relatively small until patients are treated with antibacterial compounds that attenuate the P. aeruginosa infection. The study of Mycobacterium-Aspergillus interactions in an in vitro model system might provide tools to better understand how these mycobacteria cause disease in the human lungs and how mixed bacterial-fungal infections could negatively impact the patient. Antibiotic-based studies may also be useful for creating model systems for the in vivo analysis of fungal-bacterial interactions on skin or on the mucosal surfaces of the mouth or female reproductive tract. Ultimately, the authors not only aim at predicting how microbes interact with one another but also determining the part that the host plays in governing and responding to different microbial communities.
Dependence of the Rate of Synthesis of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylglycerol on the Rate of Growth of Escherichia coli

The rates of synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol vary inversely with the rate of growth of Escherichia coli.
Practical robustness measures in multivariable control system analysis

The robustness of the stability of multivariable linear time invariant feedback control systems with respect to model uncertainty is considered using frequency domain criteria. Available robustness tests are unified under a common framework based on the nature and structure of model errors. These results are derived using a multivariable version of Nyquist's stability theorem in which the minimum singular value of the return difference transfer matrix is shown to be the multivariable generalization of the distance to the critical point on a single input, single output Nyquist diagram. Using the return difference transfer matrix, a very general robustness theorem is presented from which all of the robustness tests dealing with specific model errors may be derived. The robustness tests that explicitly utilized model error structure are able to guarantee feedback system stability in the face of model errors of larger magnitude than those robustness tests that do not. The robustness of linear quadratic Gaussian control systems are analyzed.
Computation of Crack Propagation and Arrest by Simulating Microfracturing at the Crack Tip

This paper describes the initial development stages of a computational capability for fast fracture and arrest, based on treatment of plastic flow and microfracturing at the crack tip. The approach is to model the events occurring within the process zone, compute the associated energies, and thereby determine the fracture toughnesses of propagating and arresting cracks. The model treats crack propagation as occurring by the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microfractures in the plastically deforming material at the crack tip. It uses as input actual measurements from specimens fractured under stress wave loads. The dynamic stress history experienced by this material is calculated by a two-dimensional wave propagation code. The approach was demonstrated by performing a computational simulation of a Battelle double-cantilever-beam crack arrest experiment and calculating the energies absorbed in plastic flow and microfracturing. Plastic work accounted for about 95 percent of the fracture toughness, but microfracture activity controls the amount of plastic work that is done and hence governs the toughness. Agreement between computed and observed crack velocity and arrest length is not yet satisfactory but should improve when a finer computational grid is used. The approach offers an avenue for understanding fracture toughness on a micro-level by linking micromechanical material response to continuum toughness parameters.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like molecules in the retina, retinotectal pathway, and optic tectum of the frog

Forty-two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) from electric organ were tested for their ability to cross-react in the optic tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. Twenty-eight of the mAbs tested (67%) bound to the optic neuropil of the tectum as revealed by immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. The pattern of peroxidase stain for cross-reacting mAbs corresponded in position to a subset of the retinotectal projections. Electron microscopic examination revealed that peroxidase reaction product was associated with the surface of vesicle-containing profiles but not with synaptic sites. Removal of one retina resulted in the loss of immunoreactivity in the contralateral tectum. AChR-like immunoreactivity was also associated with the optic tract and optic nerve and with retinal ganglion cells. These results indicate that some classes of retinal ganglion cells bear AChR-like molecules on their surface. The existence of these molecules on ganglion cell axons and terminals seems the most likely explanation for the AChR-like immunoreactivity present in the tectum.
Knowledge-based adaptive channel estimation for digital storage channels

To prevent misequalization in digital magnetic recording, we propose a method for fast channel response estimation. Utilizing the a priori knowledge about the general shape of the transition response, the channel identification problem is reduced to estimating two parameters, namely gain and the pulse width at half of the peak magnitude. This simplified estimation method has much faster convergence rate than the direct LMS approach. Once the algorithm converges, the estimates can be used to select an appropriate set of equalizer coefficients or to modify the decoder parameters. >
The hand sock, an artificial handicap to prehension in infancy, and its relation to clinical disuse phenomena.

Prehension was temporarily handicapped in 57 normal infants by enclosing one hand and forearm in a soft sock. In contrast to control performance infants frequently did not attempt to reach and grasp with the hand thus covered though use of the other arm continued. The disuse exceeded that attributable to the mechanical restriction of the sock. In younger infants (4 to 6 months of age) it appeared to result from ignorance of the option to attempt prehension with the covered hand. In older infants (6 to 12 months of age) some of the disuse of that arm appeared deliberate, was reversible under circumstances of special need, and there was clearer awareness of the prehensile nature of the arm despite its functional and anatomical distortion by the sock. However, in older infants the unhampered arm and hand were more apt to substitute for the other, and in a few cases disuse and disregard of the arm with the enclosed hand was so extreme as to suggest an agnosia for the arm. The results, which link prehensile disuse to immature concepts of arm function, are relevant to pediatric conditions in which excessive arm disuse may occur, including sensory deprivation, hemiplegic cerebral palsy, brachial plexus palsy, and congenital arm amputations fitted with a prosthesis.
Externalities and the Calculation of Exchange Outcomes

Externalities have been defined by marketers as the uncalculated costs and/or benefits of exchange, where uncalculated refers to costs and benefits that have not been accurately included in the exchange valuation (Mundt 1993). This article suggests that anticipation and valuation are necessary for accurate calculation of exchange outcomes and discusses their difficulties as they relate to externalities. A dyadic exchange relationship is then studied, as it relates to exchange parties having symmetric or asymmetric knowledge, to determine whether the uncalculated effects are first-or third-party effects. This design manifests a tripartite analysis. The article concludes with a discussion of how first parties and third parties attempt to manage externalities.
Medicinal Chemical Studies of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Natural Products

Following the discovery of salicylates and its conversion to aspirin, natural products research has provided many promising leads for further modification as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Recent studies have focused on biosynthesis inhibitors of eicosanoids and receptor antagonists of the platelet activating factor, including a new class of dual functional inhibitors derived from neolignans. The highly potent analgesic alkaloid epibatidine from the frog skin has been synthesized and recharacterized as a very strong acetylcholine nicotinic receptor agonist. Some novel epibatidine analogs have shown promise as potential CNS drugs and research probes for clarifying the anti-addictive property of the African alkaloid ibogaine.
Feasibility of Using a Bone-Targeted, Macromolecular Delivery System Coupled with Prostaglandin E1 to Promote Bone Formation in Aged, Estrogen-Deficient Rats

Purpose Macromolecular delivery systems have therapeutic uses because of their ability to deliver and release drugs to specific tissues. The uptake and localization of HPMA copolymers using Asp8 as the bone-targeting moiety was determined in aged, ovariectomized (ovx) rats. PGE1 was attached via a cathepsin K-sensitive linkage to HPMA copolymer–Asp8 conjugate and was tested to determine if it could promote bone formation.
Dissolution of Mesoporous Silica Supports in Aqueous Solutions: Implications for Mesoporous Silica-based Water Treatment Processes

Under pH 7 - 10 conditions, the mesoporous silica supports proposed for use in water treatment are relatively unstable. In batch experiments conducted in pH 7 solutions, the commonly used support SBA-15 dissolved quickly, releasing approximately 30 mg/L of dissolved silica after 2 hours. In column experiments, more than 45% of an initial mass of 0.25 g SBA-15 dissolved within 2 days when a pH 8.5 solution flowed through the column. In a mixed iron oxide/SBA-15 system, the dissolution of SBA-15 changed the iron oxide reactivity toward H(2)O(2) decomposition, because dissolved silica deposited on iron oxide surface and changed its catalytic active sites. As with SBA-15, other mesoporous silica materials including HMS, MCM-41, four types of functionalized SBA-15, and two types of metal oxide-containing SBA-15 also dissolved under circumneutral pH solutions. The dissolution of mesoporous silica materials raises questions about their use under neutral and alkaline pH in aqueous solutions, because silica dissolution might compromise the behavior of the material.
Evidence of inflammatory cell involvement in brain arteriovenous malformations.

OBJECTIVEBrain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have high matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression, and polymorphic variations in inflammatory genes are associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage. In this study, we characterized the presence of inflammato
The National Minimum Drinking-Age Law

The National Minimum Drinking-Age Act of 1984 was hailed by some observers as a welcome and appropriate exercise of federal power. However, the act also constituted an invasion of states' rights. The act stipulates a minimum legal age of 21 for the purchase or public possession of any alcoholic beverage, and incorporates sanctions against states whose laws are not in compliance. This article evaluates the constitutional bases for federal intergovernmental regulation in a policy area dominated by states since the repeal of prohibition in 1933 by the TwentyFirst Amendment. It also considers the effectiveness of policies designed to prevent alcoholrelated highway deaths, and the relative merits of federal incentives or penalties to induce desired behavior by the states. The article concludes that the states, for which the Reagan administration 's early theme of decentralization was so promising, may continue to find both their federal funds and individual autonomy seriously compromised in the foreseeable future.
Coping with a crowded ED: An expanded unique role for midlevel providers

Crowding in the emergency department (ED) has multiple causes, including space and staffing in both inpatient areas and the ED. Waiting for inpatient beds is the primary issue in our ED. Waiting inpatients require continuing care and attention from emergency-medicine (EM) physicians. As a managerial response, we developed a unique role for midlevel practitioners (MLPs) in which they could provide "back-end" work for patients awaiting inpatient beds. After initial EM physician evaluation, patients without ready inpatient beds were grouped in the ED and their care was transferred to the transition team (TT). The TT consisted of an MLP (nurse practitioner or physician assistant) and a registered nurse or licensed practical nurse, all reporting to ED supervisors. MLPs were readily available from the local medical professional market. The TT provided all patient care until a patient was seen by the admitting inpatient service or until the patient left for an inpatient unit. The major TT objectives were a reduction of EM physician work in caring for inpatients, and improved patient care. We demonstrated that the TT assumed a significant patient load, an indirect measure of reduced EM physician work, but this did not improve patient satisfaction. The TT clinical role is less desirable to MLPs than are other traditional clinical roles. The TT is a potentially available, incremental staffing resource for a crowded ED.
Cytotoxic action of normal human serum on ehrlich ascites and sarcoma 180 cells.

Summary(1) Thermolabile, non-dialyzable cytotoxins are present in normal, human serum for Ehrlich ascites and Sarcoma 180 cells. (2) Similarities and differences of these cytotoxins and those active against atypical human cell strains U12 and HeLa are described. (3) Data are presented showing relationship of these cytotoxins to serum complement.
Evidence for the behavioral supersensitivity of dopamine D2 receptors without receptor up-regulation in morphine-abstinent rats

Abstract The effect of morphine tolerance-dependence and abstinence on the characteristics of dopamine D 2 receptors in brain regions and spinal cord was determined in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted s.c. under light ether anesthesia with 6 morphine pellets for a 7-day period, each containing 75 mg of morphine free base. Rats implanted with placebo served as controls. This procedure resulted in the development of tolerance to morphine as evidenced by decreased analgesic response to a challenge dose of morphine. Similarly, the development of physical dependence was evidenced by a decreased in body weight and colonic temperature after morphine pellet removal (withdrawal). The binding characteristics ( B max and K d values) of [ 3 H]spiroperidol to dopamine D 2 receptors were determined in the tissues of morphine-tolerant and morphine-abstinent rats. In the tolerant rats, the pellets were left intact at the time of sacrificing, whereas, in the abstinent rats the pellets were removed 18 h prior to sacrificing. The binding of [ 3 H]spiroperidol was determined in membranes prepared from brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex, pons and medulla, midbrain, corpus striatum and amygdala) and spinal cord of rats from various treatment groups. [ 3 H]Spiroperidol bound to brain regions and spinal cord at a single high affinity site. The B max or the K d values in brain regions and spinal cord of morphine-tolerant and -abstinent rats did not differ from their respective placebo controls. The behavioral responses to a selective dopamine D 2 receptor agonist, 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine were also determined in the morphine-abstinent rats. In morphine-abstinent rats, increased behavioral activity, such as total distance travelled, number of movements, and the number of stereotypic movements was seen as compared to placebo controls. The dose of 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine which by itself had no effect on any type of behavioral activity in placebo-treated rats, increased the total distance travelled, horizontal activity, number of movements, and movement time in morphine-abstinent rats. Although in morphine-tolerant or morphine-abstinent rats, the characteristics of [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding to dopamine D 2 receptors in brain regions and spinal cord were unchanged, the supersensitivity was observed to behavioral responses of 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine, a selective dopamine D 2 receptor agonist. These results provide an evidence for behavioral responses of 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine, a selective up-regulation in morphine abstinent rats. Previously, we have show that dopamine D 1 receptors are unaffected in morphine tolerant rats but are modified in morphine-abstinent rats. Thus, in the morphine abstinent process a significant difference was noted in the biochemical characteristics of dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptors.
Quantile Regression in the Study of Developmental Sciences

Linear regression analysis is one of the most common techniques applied in developmental research, but only allows for an estimate of the average relations between the predictor(s) and the outcome. This study describes quantile regression, which provides estimates of the relations between the predictor(s) and outcome, but across multiple points of the outcome's distribution. Using data from the High School and Beyond and U.S. Sustained Effects Study databases, quantile regression is demonstrated and contrasted with linear regression when considering models with: (a) one continuous predictor, (b) one dichotomous predictor, (c) a continuous and a dichotomous predictor, and (d) a longitudinal application. Results from each example exhibited the differential inferences which may be drawn using linear or quantile regression.
Imipramine in agoraphobia

Abstract This article briefly and selectively reviews recent controlled trials of imipramine in agoraphobia. It is concluded that (1) imipramine enhances the effects of exposure treatments of agoraphobia probably due to facilitation of the process of habituation underlying repeated/prolonged exposure to phobic stimuli, (2) that imipramine doses in the range of 150 to 200 mg/d may be required for optimal pharmacological effects and (3) that the extent of imipramine's clinical effects in the absence of exposure and the relationship between its antiphobic, antipanic, and antidepressant actions require further elucidation. Some possibilities for future research are also discussed.
Six Basic Interpersonal Skills for a Negotiator's Repertoire

A well-rounded person has a large repertoire of interpersonal skills, and exercises them appropriately depending upon the circumstances. All of us, however, find ourselves stronger in some skills than in others. We naturally tend to use those skills in which we feel more adept and to avoid those in which we feel less comfortable or less competent. A skilled negotiator not only has a broad repertoire of interpersonal skills, but also uses those most appropriate to the circumstances of a particular situation. He or she recognizes that one's effectiveness within a given negotiation is likely to be enhanced by being able to change pace and approach. There is an infinite range and variety in interpersonal skills. Many of these skills can be seen as attractive opposites, such as being independent and being cooperative, or being pragmatic and being imaginative, or being controlled and being expressive. We would like to be good at both but tend to be stronger in one than the other. These desirable qualities can be visualized as lying on the circumference of a circle, so that becoming more skillful is seen as extending our skills in all directions. Improving our skills can then be recognized not as correcting a fault (such as "I am too flexible"), but rather as becoming more skillful at its attractive opposite (e.g., "I want to become better at being firm when that is appropriate."). To broaden one's repertoire, it may help to think of these qualities as falling into six basic categories of interpersonal skills in which each effective negotiator enjoys some competence and confidence. We have tentatively identified these as follows:
Progress towards an amebiasis vaccine

Amebiasis (infection by Entamoeba histolytica) remains a major health problem in much of the developing world. Morbidity and mortality from amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscess have persisted despite the availability of effective anti-amebic therapy, suggesting a need for alternative measures of disease control. Through the application of recombinant DNA technology, several E. histolytica antigens have now been expressed in prokaryotic systems and tested in animal models as vaccines to prevent invasive amebiasis. In this review, Sam Stanley Jr discusses why a vaccine for amebiasis may be feasible, and describes the recent development of several promising recombinant E. histolytica antigen-based parenteral and oral vaccine candidates.
Deriving parallel computations from functional specifications: a seismic example on a hypercube

Three algorithms developed for a seismic model illustrate that, when the target hardware has many processing elements, functional programs can exhibit better performance than programs developed with conventional techniques. This stands in contrast to the widely held belief that functional programs necessarily pay in poor performance for their advantages in conciseness and likelihood of correctness. Two of the algorithms evolved from an analysis of the seismic model with the goal of finding parts of the computation that could proceed in parallel. The first algorithm has a low communication to computation ratio. The second and third algorithms have higher ratios trading communication time for computation time. The third algorithm was derived from a presentation of the input/output relationship of the model expressed as a composition of mathematical functions. This algorithm exhibited substantially better performance than either of the others. The algorithm achieves its good performance by setting up a producer-consumer pipeline between simultaneously operating portions of the computation. This pipeline balances computation and interprocessor communication more effectively than the other two algorithms.
Invertible Composition Operators: The Product of a Composition Operator with the Adjoint of a Composition Operator

In this paper, we study the product of a composition operator $$C_{\varphi }$$ with the adjoint of a composition operator $$C^{*}_{\psi }$$ on the Hardy space $$H^2(\mathbb {D})$$ . The order of the product gives rise to two different cases. We completely characterize when the operator $$C_{\varphi }C^{*}_{\psi }$$ is invertible, isometric, and unitary and when the operator $$C^{*}_{\psi }C_{\varphi }$$ is isometric and unitary. If one of the inducing maps $$\varphi $$ or $$\psi $$ is univalent, we completely characterize when $$C^{*}_{\psi }C_{\varphi }$$ is invertible.
SP100 space reactor design

The SP100 space nuclear reactor was designed for use as an orbital power supply, lunar or Martian surface power station, and power supply for nuclear electric propulsion, with a scaleable power range of 10's kWe to 100's kWe. The original mission was an orbital power supply for the United State's (U.S.) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) of the 1980s. Although the original sponsors were a consortium of the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as the SDI effort diminished with the demise of the Soviet Union the mission evolved more toward the needs of NASA. Eventually, as the grandiose missions of NASA came into question in the early 1990s and less extravagant missions became more palatable, the SP100 program was discontinued. At the time of program discontinuation a complex infrastructure of industry and national laboratories had been established, and approximately $1-billion invested in design and development. The SP100 was not intended as a low cost one-time-use device; but rather, a highly flexible power supply that realized a cost advantage by being capable of multiple missions, based on a common design with the flexibility to evolve. The design and development team made major progress successfully fabricating and testing technology features that were essential to meeting the stringent safety, performance, lifetime and reliability requirements of proposed missions. The following paper attempts to describe the high level of sophistication incorporated in the SP100 design, and the high degree of technology readiness at the time of program discontinuation.
Identifying Regime Changes in Closed-End Fund Discounts

In seeming contradiction of the efficient markets hypothesis, closed-end fund shares typically trade at discounts to their portfolio values. We find that about half of these discounts are nonstationary. Focusing only on those funds that have stationary discounts, this study applies the Bai and Perron (1998, 2003a,b) methodology to test for structural breaks in the mean discounts. Virtually all have structural breaks, and our findings contradict previous studies that indicate closed-end fund discounts revert to a long-term mean value. The data indicate that closed-end fund trading strategies are more risky than they superficially appear. As structural breaks in mean discounts do not occur together, our analysis does not find support for a common factor (possibly investor sentiment) causing these breaks.
Impact of a First-year Primary Care Experience on Residency Choice*

We designed a retrospective cohort study of first-year medical students to assess the impact of a community-based primary care course, Introduction to Primary Care (IPC), on residency choice. In the group that took IPC (n = 282), 48.2% entered generalist residencies (internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, or medicine/pediatrics), compared to 38.2% in the group that wanted IPC (n = 398) and 39.6% in the group that did not want IPC (n = 245). Controlling for gender, students who took IPC had a 40% higher odds of selecting a generalist residency than those who wanted to take IPC (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.95). There was no difference between those who wanted IPC and those who did not (OR, 1.08; CI, 0.78 to 1.52). The community-based primary care experience was positively associated with students' selection of generalist residencies.
Differences Among Coccoid Green Algal Communities in Minnesota and North Dakota Lakes

Very little is known about the diversity and distribution of freshwater unicellular coccoid green algae. The simple morphology and small size of these organisms make reliable identification extremely difficult. Current hypotheses suggest that species of coccoid algae are widely distributed, opportunistic organisms that are always present in aquatic systems. These hypotheses are based on the assumption that phytoplankton communities include only one or a few species of coccoid algae. We examined the diversity and distribution of green-colored autosporic coccoid algae in Itasca State Park in Minnesota and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota using molecular techniques and light microscopy. Our preliminary results indicate a higher level of diversity of coccoid green algae than has been reported in regional flora. Contrary to current hypotheses, communities of coccoid green algae vary among the different lakes.
The English Roman Catholics and Emancipation: The Politics of Persuasion

Discussions of the ‘Catholic Question’ of the early nineteenth century have concentrated almost exclusively upon developments in Ireland, where demagogues, priests, and peasants cleverly contrived to extort Emancipation from a protestant parliament. The historian's choice of focus scarcely requires explanation, what with the purport of Irish events and the relentless logic with which the O'Connellites had organised their following. And yet, despite the emphases of scholarship, the concessions of 1829 actually represented a triumph on both sides of St. George's Channel. The Catholic Saxon as well as the Catholic Celt, each in his own way, had contributed to the joyous outcome, and quite possibly neither would have succeeded without the other.
Comparative morphology of the neurohypophysis of the three life stages of the central newt (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis)

Abstract The comparative morphology of the neurohypophysis of the three life stages of the central newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis ) is described. The neurosecretory neurons of the preoptic nuclei appear to be unipolar. No evidence was found to suggest the secretion of neurosecretory material into the third ventricle or the reception of stimuli from the third ventricle as has been described for other amphibian species. The ventral floor of the infundibulum is not thickened in the newt; however, in both the eft and the aquatic adult, but not in the larva, numerous capillaries occur within the connective tissue between the pars distalis and the infundibulum and are indented into the surface of the infundibulum. The capillaries communicate with the sinusoids of the pars distalis without the intervention of portal vessels. The capillary network and the adjoining infundibular floor would seem to be homologous to the primary capillary plexus and the median eminence, respectively, of anurans and amniote vertebrates and to represent the morphological basis for neuroendocrine regulation of the pars distalis by hypothalamic neurosecretory centers. The amount of stainable neurosecretory material was found to vary within the neurohypophysis of the three life stages. The greatest amount of stainable neurosecretory material occurred in the terrestrial eft and was present throughout the neurohypophyseal system. The least amount of stainable neurosecretory material occurred in the aquatic larva; stainable neurosecretory material was absent from the neurohypophyseal system of approximately one-half of the larvae examined and, when present, occurred only in the pars nervosa. The presence of stainable neurosecretory material in the pars nervosa of some larvae presumably represents the synthesis of the antidiuretic hormone vasotocin as the larva approaches metamorphosis and is one of the physiological changes that the aquatic larva undergoes in the adaptation to the terrestrial eft stage. The aquatic adult maintained in water had an amount of stainable neurosecretory material in the neurohypophysis intermediate between that of the larva and the eft; however, the stainable neurosecretory material increased to that of the eft if the aquatic adult was maintained, like the eft, on damp sphagnum. The aquatic adult, unlike the larva, is adapted to a terrestrial environment with regard to water metabolism.
A Sensitive H2O2 Assay Based on Dumbbell‐like PtPd‐Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Dumbbell-like Pt(48)Pd(52)-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles are synthesized and functionalized with oleylamine-polyethyleneglycol to serve as an efficient catalyst for H(2)O(2) reduction and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation in biological solutions. The Pt(48)Pd(52)-Fe(3)O(4)/TMB kit is even more active than the natural enzyme for H(2)O(2) detection with a detection limit reaching 2 μM, and is successfully used to quantitatively monitor the extracellular H(2)O(2) generated by neutrophils.