cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-phase network situational awareness cognitive task analysis

The goal of our project is to create a set of next-generation cyber situational-awareness capabilities with applications to other domains in the long term. The objective is to improve the decision-making process to enable decision makers to choose better actions. To this end, we put extensive effort into making certain that we had feedback fromnetwork analysts and managers and understand what their genuine needs are. This article discusses the cognitive task-analysis methodology that we followed to acquire feedback from the analysts. This article also provides the details we acquired from the analysts on their processes, goals, concerns, the data and metadata that they analyze. Finally, we describe the generation of a novel task-flow diagram representing the activities of the target user base.
Recommendations for Fostering Educational Resilience in the Classroom

Sesearch has identified many factors that can foster the educational resilience of students who are at risk for academic failure. Educators have organized many of the recommendations that arise from this data into curricula and programs for implementation at the district and school levels. Researchers and educators have given less attention to compiling recommendations for daily classroom practice. Thus, the present project reviewed findings from current educational resilience research that examined students and teachers in classroom contexts. The synthesis produced 12 specific recommendations for classroom practices that can help foster educational resilience and support the academic achievement of students placed at risk for failure. The author organized the 12 recommendations into 4 clusters—(a) teacher-student rapport, (b) classroom climate, (c) instructional strategies, and (d) student skills—and presents with them the insights and perspectives of over 30 practicing teachers who work with at-risk stu...
Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal Neoplasms other than Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Focusing on Their Molecular Aspects

Gastrointestinal (GI) mesenchymal tumors other than gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are rare neoplasms, but they often enter the differential diagnosis of more common GI lesions. Some of these mesenchymal tumors in the GI tract have well understood molecular pathologic aspects, including desmoid tumors, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), clear cell sarcoma (CCS), inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP), and synovial sarcoma (SS). Molecular pathology is fast becoming a mainstream focus in laboratories because it aids in the precise classification of tumors, may be prognostic, and may help predict response to therapy. The following review is not intended as an exhaustive summary of all mesenchymal tumors that have been reported to involve the GI tract, but instead will highlight the current knowledge of the most important non-GIST GI mesenchymal neoplasms, focusing on those tumors with well-characterized molecular pathology and how the molecular pathologic features impact current diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic standards.
Cholecystokinin Is Up-Regulated in Obese Mouse Islets and Expands β-Cell Mass by Increasing β-Cell Survival

An absolute or functional deficit in β-cell mass is a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes. We model obesity-driven β-cell mass expansion by studying the diabetes-resistant C57BL/6-Leptinob/ob mouse. We previously reported that cholecystokinin (Cck) was the most up-regulated gene in obese pancreatic islets. We now show that islet cholecystokinin (CCK) is up-regulated 500-fold by obesity and expressed in both α- and β-cells. We bred a null Cck allele into the C57BL/6-Leptinob/ob background and investigated β-cell mass and metabolic parameters of Cck-deficient obese mice. Loss of CCK resulted in decreased islet size and reduced β-cell mass through increased β-cell death. CCK deficiency and decreased β-cell mass exacerbated fasting hyperglycemia and reduced hyperinsulinemia. We further investigated whether CCK can directly affect β-cell death in cell culture and isolated islets. CCK was able to directly reduce cytokine- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death. In summary, CCK is up-regulated by islet cells during obesity and functions as a paracrine or autocrine factor to increase β-cell survival and expand β-cell mass to compensate for obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Abdominal muscle activity during classical singing

Summary Electromyography was used to investigate abdominal muscle activity during singing in four subjects, all of whom were trained classical singers. Results revealed regional differences in abdominal activation during the expiratory side of the breathing cycle. These were characterized by high-amplitude activity in the lateral region and low-amplitude activity in the middle region. For three subjects, amplitudes were higher in the lower lateral portion of the abdomen than the upper lateral portion. For the remaining subject, amplitudes were higher in the upper lateral portion than the lower lateral portion. Brief decrements in lateral abdominal activity often occurred in association with the onset of the inspiratory side of the breathing cycle. Findings support the concept that the abdomen plays an important role in the posturing of the chest wall for singing.
Toward automatic program synthesis

An elementary outline of the theorem-proving approach to automatic program synthesis is given, without dwelling on technical details. The method is illustrated by the automatic construction of both recursive and iterative programs operating on natural numbers, lists, and trees.In order to construct a program satisfying certain specifications, a theorem induced by those specifications is proved, and the desired program is extracted from the proof. The same technique is applied to transform recursively defined functions into iterative programs, frequently with a major gain in efficiency.It is emphasized that in order to construct a program with loops or with recursion, the principle of mathematical induction must be applied. The relation between the version of the induction rule used and the form of the program constructed is explored in some detail.
Estimating vaccine efficacy in prospective studies

Abstract Vaccine efficacy may be estimated by comparing affected proportions or incidence rates between groups of vaccinates and non-vaccinates. This paper discusses vaccine efficacy assessment and reviews interval estimation methods for summary measures from clinical trials and cohort studies of a protective exposure. The measures considered are the attributable fraction as the complement of the risk ratio or incidence density ratio, and the difference in risks or incidence densities. A simple formula is developed for the score method of estimating the incidence density ratio. The application of these methods is illustrated using recent reports of veterinary vaccine studies.
Classification of neurons in the ectosylvian auditory cortex of the dog.

The rapid Golgi method was used to classify the neurons in the MES and PES auditory areas of the dog. Small pyramids were found in layer II with percentages of 12% in the MES area and 8.1% in the PES area. Medium sized pyramids possessed a bimodal distribution, the first in layer IV and the second in V, with 58% in MES and 62% in PES. Large pyramids were found in layer V with a proportion of 12.5% in MES and 17% in PES. The star neurons were found in layer III with proportions of 5.9% in MES and 4.0% in PES. The double bouquet neurons in layer III had a proportion of 1.5% in MES and 1.7% in PES. Fusiform neurons in layers V and VI were in proportions of 2.2% in MES and 6.4% in PES. The principal finding was a special auditory cell occurring in layers V and VI of the MES area with a proportion of 8% and from 14.8 to 34.8% in the strata between 1 and 2 mm. Less than 1% of neurons in the PES area were identified as special cells. Its appearance was an inverted pyramidal cell with a large dendrite extending toward the white matter from which the axon arose.
Efficient techniques for predicting viscoelastic behavior of sublaminates

Even for linear elastic behavior, stress analysis of thick laminated composites can be very computation intensive if every lamina is modeled discretely. In such cases, modeling of individual lamina is impractical and the homogenization method for sublaminates becomes essential. In the current work, 3D homogenization formulas for an elastic sublaminate, which were derived by the authors in previous work, were utilized to determine the 3D effective properties for a viscoelastic sublaminate. The properties were determined by three methods that exploited the 3D elastic homogenization formulas: (i) quasi-elastic method, (ii) correspondence principle, and (iii) direct time integration of the incremental viscoelastic equations. The finite element method with discrete modeling of the plies was used to obtain reference solutions. The effective viscoelastic properties obtained using the three methods based on the elastic homogenization formulas were in very good agreement with the reference solution. Among these methods, the quasi-elastic method was found to be both accurate and the simplest method in determining the effective properties. The methods were also used to predict the stress response of a sublaminate to different strain histories. The direct time integration method using the 3D elastic homogenization formulas performs accurately and efficiently for this problem.
Effective computation of singularities of parametric affine curves

Abstract Let k be a field of characteristic zero and f ( t ), g ( t ) be polynomials in k [ t ]. For a plane curve parameterized by x = f ( t ), y = g ( t ), Abhyankar developed the notion of Taylor resultant (Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Vol. 35, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1990) which enables one to find its singularities without knowing its defining polynomial. This concept was generalized as D -resultant by Yu and Van den Essen (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 125(3) (1997) 689), which works over an arbitrary field. In this paper, we extend this to a curve in affine n -space parameterized by x 1 = f 1 ( t ),…, x n = f n ( t ) over an arbitrary ground field k , where f 1 ,…, f n ∈ k [ t ]. This approach compares to the usual approach of computing the ideal of the curve first. It provides an efficient algorithm of computing the singularities of such parametric curves using Grobner bases. Computational examples worked out by symbolic computation packages are included.
Bactericidal Activity of Aqueous Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide Solutions in a Fish Model System

A commercial ClO 2 -producing solution killed mostly Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and its streptomycin-resistant (Str R ) strain at 15, 10, and 7.5 ppm, respectively, while aqueous ClO 2 and chlorine achieved similar results against the tested strains at 20 and 25 ppm, respectively. Aqueous ClO 2 and the commercial solution were more effective than aqueous chlorine in killing Str R -L. monocytogenes inoculated on fish cubes (mangrove snapper) at 3.4 X 10 3 or 2.4 x 10 6 CFU/g, as well as in solutions washed off the cubes. Fish cubes treated with aqueous chlorine or ClO 2 contained negligible chlorine residues, while the commercial treatment samples contained chlorite and some free and combined available chlorine.
Temporal ordering of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and non-bladder conditions.

Objective To examine the prevalence and timing of nonbladder conditions in a community cohort of women with symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Methods As part of the Rand Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology (RICE) study, we identified 3397 community women who met a validated case definition for IC/BPS symptoms. Each completed a survey asking if they had a physician diagnose them as having irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, panic attacks, or depression. If a positive response was received, subjects were asked to provide the age of symptom onset. All subjects were also asked to provide the date of IC/BPS symptom onset. Results A total of 2185 women reported a diagnosis of at least one of the nonbladder conditions. Onset of bladder symptoms was not consistently earlier or later than the onset of nonbladder symptoms. Depression tended to occur earlier (P Conclusion These findings confirm the common co-occurrence of IC/BPS with chronic nonbladder conditions. In women with IC/BPS symptoms and coexistent nonbladder conditions, bladder symptoms do not uniformly predate the nonbladder symptoms. These observations suggest that phenotypic progression from isolated bladder symptoms to regional/systemic symptoms is not a predominant pattern in IC/BPS, although such a pattern may occur in a subset of individuals.
A model for simulating the behavior of pollutants emitted at ground level under time-varying meteorological conditions

Abstract An approach to the numerical modeling of the behavior of pollutants emitted at ground level is described. Basically, the approach uses a gridded emission inventory and assumes that the emissions for a finite time period are introduced into an array of boxes of uniform and finite depth lying above the emissions grid. At the end of a time step all the existing arrays of boxes are moved without distortion (except for changes in depth) according to the prevailing wind and a new array is generated. Vertical growth (and dilution) and inter-box transfers of material are allowed and are governed by atmospheric stability. The model is particularly appropriate for use in areas where diurnal wind cycles cause pollutants to recirculate over the urban area. A preliminary version of the model has been applied to one such area (Phoenix), and has shown good results in predicting the timing of late-night peak carbon monoxide concentrations, but tends to under predict their absolute values. The model is quite efficient and requires only a few cents per station-hour of calculations.
The Effects of Lag Schedules and Preferred Materials on Variable Responding in Students with Autism

Effects of a Lag 1 reinforcement schedule on appropriate and varied responding to the social question, "What do you like to do?" and effects of the proportion of preferred stimuli present during training on the amount of varied responding in each session were investigated with students with autism. An ABAB reversal design and a multielement design were used to evaluate the effects of the Lag schedule and proportion of preferred stimuli, respectively. Results showed that a Lag 1 schedule was effective at increasing varied vocal responding for 2 of 3 participants. The proportion of stimuli that were preferred did not affect the amount of varied responding emitted.
Eye movements and body size judgments in the obese

Obese and normal weight subjects estimated their body size using television- (TV) video methodology in which they adjusted the size of their body image on a TV monitor. Subject's eye movements were recorded throughout the task. Results indicated that both groups of subjects looked most at their chest, waist, and head while estimating their body size, with relatively little attention paid to their thighs or feet, and calves. Obese subjects viewed their waist more than normal weight subjects do. Overall, subjects underestimated their body size by 4.62%. There were no differences between estimations of obese and normal weight subjects, although females underestimated their size more than males. Subjects overestimated on descending trials where the initial image was presented as too large and underestimated on ascending trials where they had to increase the size of the initial image. Subjects were also faster at reaching final size estimation on ascending trials. Results are discussed with respect to previous disparate findings, and implications for treating eating disorders are described. Concerns relevant to the technology and methodology of measuring body size are discussed also.
Image characteristics of digital panoramic radiography—potential for computer-aided diagnosis of calcified carotid atheromatous plaque

Abstract A retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs from patients with head and neck cancer, taken prior to radiation therapy, revealed a prevalence of carotid calcifications of 12.6% in men aged 50–59 years, but only 3.3% in women of the same age. By age 70–79 years, the prevalence of calcified carotid atheromas was similar for both genders. Evaluation of the image layer characteristics of a prototype Instrumentarium OP 100D digital panoramic X-ray machine shows this unit to be suitable for detection of calcifications, within the carotid artery at the region of the bifurcation.
PAF receptor blockade inhibits lung vascular changes in the rat monocrotaline model

We recently reported that platelet-activating factor (PAF) levels increased in lung tissue after 1 subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT) (which causes lung injury), and, further, that treatment with PAF antagonists reduced pulmonary hypertension in this chronic lung injury rat model [15]. In the present study, we examined the effect of WEB 2170, a specific PAF antagonist, on MCT-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. At 3 weeks after MCT injection, pulmonary hypertension in the animals was associated with an increase in the vessel wall thickness of the muscular arteries, reduction in number of peripheral arterioles, and right ventricular hypertrophy. In WEB 2170-treated rats, these changes were significantly less severe when compared with those observed in MCT-treated rats. In MCT-treated rats, there were significant increases in in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation and accumulation of hydroxyproline in the lung tissue, and these changes were inhibited by WEB 2170 treatment. Our results suggest that PAF or a PAF-dependent sequence of events is involved in MCT-induced lung vascular remodeling.
Higher-Pressure Mass Spectrometry: A basic physics tool finds new chemical uses when modified to study reactions up to 1-millimeter pressure.

The development and design of the higher-pressure mass spectrometer for studies of reactions in radiation and catalytic chemistry are discussed. The mass spectrometer at Vanderbilt Univ. is described in detail. Possible applications and some experimental results obtained are given. (D.L.C.)
Kinetics of the hydrolysis of aquopentaamminecobalt(III) and diaquotetraamminecobalt(III) cations in aqueous perchloric acid

Abstract The consecutive reaction sequence consisting of the hydrolysis of Co(NH3)5OH23+ to Co(NH3)4(OH2)23+, the hydrolysis of Co(NH3)4(OH2)23+ to red Co(NH3)3(OH2)33+, and the spontaneous reduction of Co(NH3)3(OH2)33+ to Co(II) has been investigated spectrophotometrically and chromatographically in 0·2-1 F HClO4 (μ 1·0 M, NaClO4) at 110–130°C (monoaquo complex, MA) or 90–110°C (diaquo, DA, and triaqo, TA, complexes). In each case the observed first-order rate constant has the form kobs = k1 (k′2/[H+]), where the hydrogen ion dependence is ascribed to base hydrolysis for the two hydrol3sis reactions and to reduction of Co(NH3)3(OH2)22+ for the reduction step. At 110°C k1MA = (2·05 ± 0·10) × 10−6 sec−1, k′2MA = (0·810 ± 0·070) × 10−6 M sec−1 k1DA = (1·1 ± 0·6) × 10−6 sec−1, and k′2DA = (33·3 ± 0·2) × 10−6 M sec−1. The apparent activation parameters are: EaMA = 38·7 ± 6·0 kcal mole−1 and logPZMA(sec−1) = 16·4 ± 3·3 for the acid-independent path; EaMA = 40·5 ± 4·3 kcal mole−1, log PZMA(M sec−1) = 17·0 ± 3·6, EaDA = 41·6 ± 1·8 kcal mole−1, and log PZDA(M sec−1) = 19·3 ± 1·0 for the acid-dependent path. The reduction rate study is an extension of an earlier study.
Mechanisms of Thermal Decompositions of Polysulfones: A DFT and CBS-QB3 Study

The thermal stabilities of polysulfones with different lengths of the carbon-linker between sulfone groups have been explored. B3LYP and CBS-QB3 calculations on possible thermal decomposition mechanisms of model compounds show that even carbon-linked polysulfonescopolymers of alkenes and SO2decompose by a radical chain mechanism involving facile depolymerization after initial homolysis. Sulfinate impurities [−S(O)−O−CH2−], formed as a minor component in polysulfone synthesis, can serve as good initiators for the radical mechanism. Polysulfones with odd-carbon linkers do not readily depolymerize in this fashion owing to high barriers of depropagation; these polymers undergo thermal degradation by the slower cyclic β-elimination processes.
Acting on Reflection: the Effect of Reflection on Students’ Clinical Performance on a Standardized Patient Examination

Little evidence exists to support the value of reflection in the clinical setting. To determine whether reflecting and revisiting the “patient” during a standardized patient (SP) examination improves junior medical students’ performance and to analyze students’ perceptions of its value. Students completed a six-encounter clinical skills examination, writing a guided assessment after each encounter to trigger reflection. SPs evaluated the students with Medical Skills and Patient Satisfaction checklists. During the last three encounters, students could opt to revisit the SP and be reevaluated with identical checklists. One hundred and forty-nine third year medical students. Changes in scores in the Medical Skills and Patient Satisfaction checklists between first visit and revisit were tested separately per case as well as across cases. On the medical skills and patient satisfaction checklists, mean revisit scores across cases were significantly higher than mean first visit scores [12.6 vs 12.2 (pooled SD = 2.4), P = .0001; 31.2 vs 31.0 (pooled SD = 3.5), P = .0001)]. Sixty-five percent of the time, students rated “reflect–revisit” positively, 34% neutrally, and 0.4% negatively. Five themes were identified in the positive comments: enhancement of (1) medical decision making, (2) patient education/counseling, (3) student satisfaction/confidence, (4) patient satisfaction/confidence, and (5) clinical realism. Offering third year medical students the option to reflect and revisit an SP during a clinical skills examination produced a small but nontrivial increase in clinical performance. Students perceived the reflect–revisit experience as enhancing patient-centered practices (counseling, education) as well as their own medical decision making and clinical confidence.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Hyperbranched Hydrogen Bond Acidic Carbosilane Sorbent Polymer

Sorbent polymers can be designed to target molecular interactions with a variety of hazardous chemicals including explosives, chemical agents, narcotics, and toxic industrial chemicals. Applications of functionalized sorbent polymers include preconcentrator devices, SPME fibers, membrane introduction systems, chromatographic stationary phases and coatings for chemical sensors. One common feature of a wide range of hazardous chemicals is their hydrogen bond (h-b) basicity. In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of a h-b acidic hyperbranched carbosilane fluoroalcohol based sorbent polymer (poly(methyldi(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxypent-4-enyl)silane; HCSFA2), which is suitable for sorbing these hazardous h-b basic analytes. Multiple batches of HCSFA2 were characterized with routine composition, spectroscopic, thermal analysis, and inverse gas chromatography (iGC) to evaluate polymer physicochemical properties. In comparison with previously developed h-b acidic polymers (e.g., FPOL and SXFA), HCSFA2 exhibits a sorption improvement of 10–15 fold for h-b basic analytes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3000–3009, 2010
Promoting continence in individuals with dementia

Urinary incontinence (UI) is common in individuals with dementia as the disease progresses. The primary reasons for incontinence are often not related to pathology in the urinary system but are frequently attributed to losses associated with dementia. This article discusses the scope of the problem of UI in individuals with dementia, possible causes, and assessment methods, as well as interventions that can achieve improved outcomes.
Findings for a CBT Support Group for Latina Migrant Farmworkers in Western Colorado

Despite previous research findings that suggested that migrant farmworkers are at great risk for mental health problems, no published research has evaluated mental health interventions in migrant farmworkers. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a culturally-responsive cognitive-behavioral support group for migrant farmworker women of Mexican descent. Six participants with elevated depression and migrant farmworker stress underwent a 6-session intervention conducted in Spanish by a licensed clinical psychologist and a lay health worker (promotora). Participants completed baseline, posttreatment and 6-month followup assessments. Baseline and outcome measures included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Migrant Farmworker Stress Inventory, Personality Assessment Inventory Anxiety Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Rosenburg Self-Esteem Inventory. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests indicated significant reductions in depression, anxiety, migrant farmworker stress, and hopelessness and increased self-esteem scores at posttreatment and followup. Eighty-three percent of participants achieved clinically significant pretreatment-posttreatment change and 100 % achieved clinically significant pretreatment-followup change. Our overall findings provide support for the usage of culturally-responsive support groups as an effective short-term intervention for migrant farmworkers. Our use of a promotora appeared especially helpful in decreasing stigma and promoting trust. Although our intervention shows promise, future research should evaluate the intervention in a more controlled manner.
Cognizing 'cognized models'

In his later work Rappaport acknowledged that his earlier efforts had overemphasized organic and ecological functions in the explanation of cultural phenomena. He then distanced himself from both idealism and reductive materialism and set out to understand the complexities of cultural understandings and ritual. Specifically, he shifted from functionalism to formalism in an effort to understand ritual and its language in relation to cultural norms. Ultimately his analysis was implicitly structural, understanding the part as a constituent of an overarching arrangement and in terms of what Althusser would have called “structural causality.” Although his work benefited from this shift from function to structure, Rappaport did not use it to explore the political dimension. However, a holistic ecology such as the one Rappaport essayed must ultimately embrace both political ecology and historical ecology, [cognized models, ritual, political ecology, structural causality-]
Occupational exposure to methylene chloride and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis

Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for epidemiologic studies on occupational exposure to methylene chloride and risk of cancer. Estimates of study-specific odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using inverse-variance-weighted fixed-effects models and random-effects models. Statistical tests for heterogeneity were applied.
Monitoring the Structural Changes of Conjugated Antibodies by High-Resolution Electron Microscopy and Individual-Particle Electron Tomography

Peptides have promise as potent and selective drug candidates but have not succeeded primarily because of poor pharmacokinetics. The fusion of these peptides to our scaffold antibody has produced molecules, CovX-Bodies, which protect the peptide from renal elimination and/or enzymatic degradation. However, it is possible that the fusion process may in itself affect the intrinsic properties of the antibody scaffold (eg. effector function). Changes in function may relate to changes in structure. However, the structural study of highly dynamic and structurally heterogenous antibodies by X-ray crystallization and NMR is extremely difficult. These studies were designed to examine structural changes that may have occurred during the conjugation process.Here, we studied the structural changes of antibodies with the high-resolution electron microscopy and individual-particle electron tomography (IPET, for details, see the abstract presented by Lei Zhang and Gang Ren). We found 1) the average angle between the Fab regions was 55 degrees +-15 in unconjugated antibodies, but 40 degrees +-10 in unconjugated antibodies and 2) the average sizes of the Fc domain were similar regardless of conjugation. However, 3) the Fc domain shape differed significantly depending on conjugation. The Fc domains of conjugated antibodies were significantly elongated (>30%). Using IPET, we reconstructed a dozen of three-dimensional density maps of individual conjugated and unconjugated antibodies. Comparing the maps, it showed that all three domains of conjugated antibodies were elongated after fusing with the drug. This example demonstrates that this method could be a useful tool for monitoring the structural changes of antibodies.
Flows Induced by Thermoacoustic Waves in an Enclosure: Effects of Gravity

The effect of gravity on the generation and propagation of flows induced by thermoacoustic waves in an enclosure was numerically investigated. The compressible unsteady Navier-Stokes equations were solved by combining a flux-corrected transport algorithm for the convection terms and by a central differencing scheme for the viscous and conduction terms. In the simulations, the left wall of the enclosure is heated rapidly either in a spatially uniform or a nonuniform manner, whereas the right wall is held at the initial temperature of the gas. The upper and lower , walls of the enclosure are insulated. At zero gravity, the spatially nonuniform heating generates a vortical flow in the enclosure, similar to that found in buoyancy-induced flows in a side-heated enclosure. For the conditions considered, the strength of the flows induced by the thermoacoustic waves is comparable to the flows induced by buoyancy.
Exact modeling of the transient response of an MOS capacitor

The dynamic properties of a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor are simulated using numerical techniques. Time-dependent behavior of the electrons and holes is obtained for large-signal transient applications in the presence of deep-lying Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination centers. The computation is performed throughout the entire device including both the insulator and semiconductor materials. Self-consistent implicit numerical algorithms were developed to solve simultaneously the exact time-dependent continuity equations for electrons and holes, Poisson's equation for the electrostatic potential and the rate equations for both donor- and acceptor-type SRH centers. Stable solutions are obtained for the transient response from flatband to strong inversion which ranges over many decades of time. The results include the simulation of the transient response of a thin substrate MOS capacitor from flatband to inversion. The computer results are explained and compared to the existing theories of transient MOS capacitance. Wherever possible, comparisons of computed results are made for the cases with and without the inclusion of SRH recombination centers. The main results point out the deficiencies in the existing interpretation of the Zerbst plot and offer alternative explanations.
Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between sense of community and cognitive learning in an online educational environment. Study participants consisted of 314 students enrolled in 26 graduate education and leadership courses taught at a distance using the Blackboard.comSM e-learning system. Study results provided evidence that a significant relationship exists between classroom community and perceived cognitive learning. Online learners who have stronger sense of community and perceive greater cognitive learning should feel less isolated and have greater satisfaction with their academic programs, possibly resulting in fewer dropouts.
Gamma-ray decay scheme of 89Sr from the 88Sr(d, pγ)89Sr reaction

Abstract Gamma-ray decay modes for ten low lying excited states in 89Sr up to Ex = 3.76 MeV have been determined. Those for the Ex = 2.67, 3.13, 3.25, 3.39 and 3.76 MeV levels are previously unreported. Angular correlation experiments were performed to determine the spins J = 3 2 for the Ex = 2.45 and J = 7 2 for the 2.67 MeV levels. Several quadrupole/dipole amplitude mixing ratios are also reported. Electromagnetic decay properties of 89Sr levels up to Ex = 2.67 MeV are calculated with previously reported particle-core coupling wave functions. Agreement with experimental data is good for the Ex = 2.00 and 2.67 MeV levels, but generally is not satisfactory for the other levels.
The role of reperfusion therapy in paced patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background/Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy among elderly paced patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Current guidelines make no recommendation for the use of reperfusion therapy among patients who have a paced rhythm during MI. Methods We evaluated 1954 Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older treated for acute MI between 1994 and 1996 who had a paced rhythm for use of reperfusion therapy. Use of reperfusion therapy was evaluated for associations with outcomes by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models incorporating propensity score analysis. Results Reperfusion therapy was used in 171 (8.8%) patients; 70 were treated with primary PTCA and 101 with thrombolytic therapy. Patients who received reperfusion therapy had 30-day mortality rates similar to those who did not receive reperfusion (26.3% vs 25.7%, P =.87). Multivariate adjustment for mortality risk factors and treatment propensity indicated no survival benefit associated with reperfusion therapy at 30 days (relative risk [RR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-1.43) or long-term follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% CI 0.68-1.10). Mortality risks varied by type of reperfusion therapy. Patients treated with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were at comparable risk of mortality at 30 days (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.40-1.23) but at lower risk at long-term follow-up (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.88). Mortality risks were unchanged among patients treated with thrombolytics at 30 days (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.92-1.79) and long-term follow-up (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82-1.43). Conclusion We find suggestive evidence that primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty provides a long-term survival benefit in the treatment of elderly patients with acute MI who have a paced rhythm. (Am Heart J 2001; 142:516-9.)
Comparisons of regression tree models for sub-pixel imperviousness estimation in a Gulf Coast city of Mississippi, USA

We studied the impact of shaded impervious surface area (ISA), atmospheric correction, and seasonal sensitivity, which have been generally ignored in previous studies, on ISA estimation at the sub-pixel scale using regression tree modelling. The study area is Pascagoula City on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, USA. Results showed that inclusion of shaded ISA as the response variable improved the model performance by reducing average error (AE) from 10.17 to 9.36%. Modelling with model-based atmospherically corrected imagery as predictors further reduced AE to 9.27%. The regression tree model using summer imagery as predictors (summer model) finally improved AE to 8.56%, compared with 9.28%, 9.50%, and 8.80% when using early spring, late spring, and autumn images as predictors, respectively; therefore the summer model was considered the optimal model. It was further applied to other seasonal images (i.e. early spring, late spring, and autumn images, as predictors) and the AE was 9.93%, 10.09%, and 9.12%, respec...
Towards the Unification of Views and Versions for Object Databases

There have been a number of approaches to views and meta-data versioning for object databases. However, the essential similarities between the notions of views and versions have not been adequately explored. This paper introduces the concept of a virtual database to unify these two notions in the object database context. The semantics of virtual databases is presented, and a mechanism for interactively creating and deleting virtual databases and manipulating their schemas and instances is described. The application of the virtual database concept to supporting both views and versions in a unified manner is studied, and its practical utility is examined.
Survival of seaward-migrating PIT and acoustic-tagged juvenile Chinook salmon in the Snake and Columbia Rivers: an evaluation of length-specific tagging effects

Acoustic telemetry is a widely used tool for evaluating the behavior and survival of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River basin. Thus, it is important to understand how the surgical tagging process and the presence of a transmitter affect survival. This study evaluated the effect of fish length on the survival of yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon during their seaward migrations through the Snake and Columbia Rivers during 2006, 2007, and 2008. Fish were collected at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River (695 river km from the mouth of the Columbia) and implanted with either only a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag (PIT fish) or both a PIT tag and an acoustic transmitter (AT fish). Across the 3 years, a total of 157,000 yearling and subyearling fish were tagged and designated as PIT fish and 18,500 as AT fish. Survival was estimated from release at Lower Granite Dam to multiple downstream dams using the Cormack–Jolly–Seber single release model, and analysis of variance was used to test for differences among length classes for both tag types. No length-specific tag effect was detected between PIT and AT fish (that is, length affected the survival of PIT fish and AT fish in a similar manner). Fish length was positively correlated with the survival of both PIT and AT fish. Survival was markedly low among the smallest length class (that is, 80 mm to 89 mm) of both PIT and AT subyearling Chinook salmon and the survival of PIT fish was generally greater than that of AT fish. The lack of a length-specific tag effect suggests that under the conditions used in this study, differences in survival between PIT and AT fish may be due to the process of surgically implanting the transmitter rather than the presence of the transmitter.
Fatigue of Prenotched Graphite Fiber Composites in Compression

Direct observation of compressive fatigue of prenotched unidirectional graphite fiber composites reveals that fatigue cracking extends transverse to the fiber direction, via microbuckling. An elast...
RNA: a method to specifically inhibit PCR amplification of known members of a multigene family by degenerate primers.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a versatile method to amplify specific DNA with oligonucleotide primers. By designing degenerate PCR primers based on amino acid sequences that are highly conserved among all known gene family members, new members of a multigene family can be identified. The inherent weakness of this approach is that the degenerate primers will amplify previously identified, in addition to new, family members. To specifically address this problem, we synthesized a specific RNA for each known family member so that it hybridized to one strand of the template, adjacent to the 3′-end of the primer, allowing the degenerate primer to bind yet preventing extension by DNA polymerase. To test our strategy, we used known members of the soluble, nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase family as our templates and degenerate primers that discriminate this family from other guanylyl cyclases. We demonstrate that amplification of known members of this family is effectively and specifically inhibited by the corresponding RNAs, alone or in combination. This robust method can be adapted to any application where multiple PCR products are amplified, as long as the sequence of the desired and the undesired PCR product(s) is sufficiently distinct between the primers.
Systemic Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancers

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are invasive carcinomas that arise from the epithelial lining of the gallbladder and bile ducts. These include intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal biliary tree cancers as well as carcinoma arising from the gallbladder. Complete surgical resection offers the only chance for cure; however, only 10% of patients present with early-stage disease and are considered surgical candidates. Among those patients who do undergo "curative" resection, recurrence rates are high; thus, for the majority of BTC patients, systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of their treatment plan. Patients with unresectable or metastatic BTC have a poor prognosis, with a median overall survival time of <1 year. Despite a paucity of randomized phase III data, a consensus on first-line systemic therapy is emerging. In this review, we discuss the clinical experience with systemic treatment of BTC, focusing on the rationale for a first-line regimen as well as future directions in the field.
Adaptive correctness monitoring for wireless sensor networks using hierarchical distributed run-time invariant checking

This article presents a hierarchical approach for detecting faults in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) after they have been deployed. The developers of WSNs can specify “invariants” that must be satisfied by the WSNs. We present a framework, Hierarchical SEnsor Network Debugging (H-SEND), for lightweight checking of invariants. H-SEND is able to detect a large class of faults in data-gathering WSNs, and leverages the existing message flow in the network by buffering and piggybacking messages. H-SEND checks as closely to the source of a fault as possible, pinpointing the fault quickly and efficiently in terms of additional network traffic. Therefore, H-SEND is suited to bandwidth or communication energy constrained networks. A specification expression is provided for specifying invariants so that a protocol developer can write behavioral level invariants. We hypothesize that data from sensor nodes does not change dramatically, but rather changes gradually over time. We extend our framework for the invariants that includes values determined at run-time in order to detect data trends. The value range can be based on information local to a single node or the surrounding nodes' values. Using our system, developers can write invariants to detect data trends without prior knowledge of correct values. Automatic value detection can be used to detect anomalies that cannot be detected in existing WSNs. To demonstrate the benefits of run-time range detection and fault checking, we construct a prototype WSN using CO2 and temperature sensors coupled to Mica2 motes. We show that our method can detect sudden changes of the environments with little overhead in communication, computation, and storage.
Sentence diagram generation using dependency parsing

Dependency parsers show syntactic relations between words using a directed graph, but comparing dependency parsers is difficult because of differences in theoretical models. We describe a system to convert dependency models to a structural grammar used in grammar education. Doing so highlights features that are potentially overlooked in the dependency graph, as well as exposing potential weaknesses and limitations in parsing models. Our system performs automated analysis of dependency relations and uses them to populate a data structure we designed to emulate sentence diagrams. This is done by mapping dependency relations between words to the relative positions of those words in a sentence diagram. Using an original metric for judging the accuracy of sentence diagrams, we achieve precision of 85%. Multiple causes for errors are presented as potential areas for improvement in dependency parsers.
Application Of Qualitative Depth And Shape From Stereo

Obtaining exact depth from binocular dis- parities is hard if camera calibration is needed. We will show that qualitative depth and shape information can be obtained from stereo disparities with almost no computations, and with no prior knowledge (or computation) of camera's parameters. First, we derive two expressions that order matched points in the images in two distinct depth-consistent ways from image coor- dinates only. Their use demonstrates some anomalies that have been observed in psychophysical experiments, most notably the "induced size effect". Second, we apply the same approach to estimate some qualitative behavior of the normal to the surface of any object in the field of view. In a similar way we develop an algorithm to compute axes of zero-curvature from disparities alone. The algorithm is shown to be quite robust against viola- tions of the basic assumptions of the computation on synthetic images, with relatively large controlled deviations. It performs almost as well on real images, as demonstrated on an image of four cans at different orientations. In this example, the true zero- curvature axes have been found for three cans, and an estimate with some small error has been found for the fourth.
Interpersonal Approaches to Intervention: Implications for Preventing and Treating Social Anxiety in Adolescents

Interpersonal difficulties with peers and family members play an important role in both social anxiety disorder (SAD) and depression in adolescents. SAD and depression are highly prevalent among adolescents, often comorbid, and are associated with significant impairment suggesting that an integrative approach to the treatment and/or prevention of SAD and depression in adolescents may be useful. There is evidence for the effectiveness of the interpersonal approach for treating depression with both adolescents (IPT-A) and adults (IPT). However, there are mixed results for the effectiveness of the interpersonal approach for adults with SAD and little study of the interpersonal approach for adolescents with SAD. IPT-A, with its focus on improving communication and affect management within relationships, may be well suited to address the interpersonal deficits that contribute to and maintain social anxiety. The interpersonal prevention model for adolescents at risk for depression (IPT-AST) may be effective in addressing the shared interpersonal risk factors for both social anxiety and depression in adolescents. The IPT-AST modification called PEERS/UTalk, currently being studied, specifically targets adolescents who have encountered peer victimization experiences that may place them at risk for both social anxiety and depression. The purpose of this chapter is to describe interpersonal approaches to treating and preventing adolescent depression, review the evidence for IPT-A and IPT-AST, and consider how these approaches might be adapted or modified for treating or preventing adolescent SAD and depression, specifically in the context of peer victimization.
Accruals, Deferrals, Cash Flows and Earnings: Articulation Implications for Earnings Management Models and a Suggested Alternative

This paper discusses the implications of using a change in working capital approach to measure accruals and the importance of the distinction between accruals and deferrals in the context of evaluating extant earnings management models. From this discussion, I develop a cash flow mapping model that builds on the Dechow and Dichev (2002) model. A key feature of the proposed model is that it incorporates accrual balances, rather than changes, as they represent more complete measures of the estimates made by managers during a particular period that directly impact that period’s earnings and have yet to settle up. Model validation tests indicate that the proposed model is roughly two to four times as powerful as extant accrual models in detecting earnings manipulation. Additional tests suggest that the model is also not susceptible to performance-related bias — i.e., a major concern of extant accrual models. The discussion and model development in this paper are meant to provide a potential next step for future research in the accrual manipulation literature.