cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Searching for cancer-related information online: unintended retrieval of complementary and alternative medicine information.

Summary Purpose: The Web is an important source of health information for consumers. Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is also increasing. Therefore, we studied the likelihood that consumers will incidentally encounter CAM information while searching the Web and the factors that influence retrieval of CAM information. Methods: We evaluated results retrieved by 10 cancer-related searches on six common search engines. Results: Of 1121 search results, 16.2% displayed CAM information. Sponsored (i.e., paid) results were more likely to display CAM information than non-sponsored results (38% versus 7.5%, p p Conclusions: Clinicians should help consumers recognize sponsored results and encourage search engines to clearly explain sponsored results.
Use of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide immunoadsorbents to prepare high potency, mono-specific antibodies

Potent, mono-specific anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulins were isolated from serum and lung lavage fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis using immunotype specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) substituted immunoadsorbent gel. Iodinated monovalent Pseudomonas LPS somatic antigens, Fisher immunotypes, were used as ligands for two different insoluble gel matrices. LPS iodination, using the water insoluble chloroglycoluril reagent, permitted quantitation of the percent LPS bound as a ligand. The coupling efficiencies of epoxy-activated and cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose matrices for various Pseudomonas immunotype specific LPS preparations were compared. Although each of the 7 LPS somatic antigens produced an equivalent amount of coupling, higher percentages of coupling were found using the cyanogen bromide-activated gel when compared to the epoxy-activated gel. IgG fractions prepared from cystic fibrosis sera and lung lavage fluid were passed through the LPS affinity gels, and Pseudomonas LPS immunotype specific antibodies were eluted. The presence of specific antibody activity against individual Pseudomonas immunotypes was determined with a passive micro-hemagglutination assay. Bronchial lavage fluid seemed to be as effective as serum as a source of Pseudomonas specific antibody. Use of such a LPS substituted gel permits direct recovery of Pseudomonas monospecific antibodies suitable for physical-chemical analyses and for biologic functional assays.
Concentration fluctuations and peak-to-mean concentration ratios in plumes from a ground-level continuous point source☆

Diffusion data collected by 63 incremental samplers during four short duration, continuous releases of 85Kr are used to examine concentration fluctuations and peak-to-mean concentration ratios in the atmosphere. Cumulative frequency distributions and the intensity of short-term concentrations are shown to be a function of the relative crosswind position within the mean plume. Peak-to-mean concentration ratios are shown as a function of relative crosswind position within the plume and the ratio of the durations of the mean and the peak (time ratio). The relationship between the intensity of concentration fluctuations and the relative crosswind position is similar to that reported for laboratory data. The relationship between peak-to-mean ratios and the time-ratio was found to differ from the simple power law relationship suggested by several workers. Previous estimates of the peak-to-mean/time ratio relationship for positions near the mean plume axis are shown to be too low.
Second virial coefficient of α‐crystallin

Light scattering studies were performed on bovine alpha-crystallin measuring the scattering intensities as a function of scattering angle, concentration, and temperature. The data yielded the molecular weight, radius of gyration, and second virial coefficient of alpha-crystallin at different temperatures. The second virial coefficient increased with increasing temperature. Both the enthalpy and entropy of solution of alpha-crystallin are positive. The Flory theta temperature was found to be 271 K.
Lipofuscin formation in the developing nervous system of squirrel monkeys consequent to maternal dietary protein deficiency during gestation

The formation of lipofuscin pigment under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during most of the gestation period has been demonstrated in the cerebellum and motor cortex of the developing fetuses and neonates in squirrel monkeys. The controls maintained on high protein diets failed to show lipofuscin pigment in appreciable quantities. The dirty yellow to dark brown pigment bodies exist as homogeneous particulates as well as duplex structures, each with a thin, irregular, light brown cortex, studded with one or more darker granules, and a medulla filled with sharp yellow substance. The malnourished neonates, especially in the third and fifth laminae of motor cortex, show loose aggregations of lipofuscin bodies in the apical dendrite and occasionally in the body of the dendritic branches but not in the axon hillock or the body of the axon. Histochemically, the pigment is a complex of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, showing strong reaction for non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase and mild activity of succinate and lactate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, which puts the pigment observed in the same category as the typical aging pigment described in literature. It is clear that maternal protein deficiency during the critical period of the fetal brain development has an adverse effect on its biochemical maturation. The accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is probably one manifestation of the metabolic changes in the neurons, which may have the impact of hastening the aging process, if protein deprivation is continued into the postnatal period.
Management of potential neurocysticercosis in patients with HIV infection.

In patients with human immunodeficiency virus, the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis can be complex, and the current diagnostic criteria may not apply. We report 3 cases and suggest including the CD4 + T lymphocyte count as an important factor in the proper diagnosis and treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and potential neurocysticercosis.
Fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of intranodal squamous-cell carcinoma metastatic from the skin.

. Fine-needle aspiration is a useful way to determine the presence of squamous-cell carcinoma in enlarged lymph nodes of patients at high risk for metastases. Advantages include a high degree of accuracy, outpatient as well as inpatient availability, and negligible potential for seeding of malignant cells. Cutaneous oncologists should consider using this technique in patients with lymphadenopathy and a previous history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Coupling of HLA-A3,Cw6,Bw47,DR7 and a normal CA21HB steroid 21-hydroxylase gene in the Old Order Amish.

HLA-Bw47, a rare human histocompatibility antigen, occurs in strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3,Cw6,DR7 and salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and is associated with a contiguous deletion of the active CA21HB gene and the C4B complement gene. We studied the HLA-A3,Cw6,Bw47,DR7 haplotype in 10 subjects of the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County in Pennsylvania and found that this haplotype, which occurs with a similar frequency in this group as in the general caucasoid population, has C4B and CA21HB genes. These C4B and CA21HB genes are expressed as assessed by C4 typing and iv ACTH testing, respectively. Serological studies indicate that the HLA-D loci of this Amish haplotype are the same as those in patients with HLA-Bw47 and CAH, but different from HLA-D loci coupled to HLA-B13, which some workers have proposed is the progenitor genotype for HLA-Bw47. Our studies demonstrate that 1) HLA-Bw47 is not an invariant marker for saltlosing CAH due to 21-hyd...
A paper-based bacteria-powered battery having high power generation

We report a microfabricated paper-based bacteria-powered battery generating 10 μW/cm 2 . Only four batteries connected in series provided desired values of current and potential to power an LED for more than 30 minutes without power management interface circuits. The battery features (i) a low-cost paper-based proton exchange membrane directly patterned on commercially available parchment paper with laser treatment and (ii) paper reservoirs for holding the anolyte and the catholyte for extended period of time. Since sewage or soiled water in a puddle can become an excellent source for extracting bioelectricity through bacterial metabolism, this paper-based bacteria-powered battery is expected to be a simple, low-cost, and easy-to-use power source for single-use paper-based diagnostic devices in resource-limited settings.
Formation of Cobalt Oxide Nanotubes: Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding between Co(III) Complex Precursors Incorporated onto Colloidal Templates

Several water-soluble cobalt(III) complexes were employed as precursors to form cobalt oxide nanostructures. These complexes were incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayers precoated onto colloidal particles, followed by calcination. Cobalt complexes with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding form one-dimensional Co3O4 nanotube structures. Short Co3O4 nanotubes with defects and broken spheres are formed when cobalt complexes with weak or no intermolecular hydrogen bonding are used. The sites for disulfide bond formation present on some complexes were found to be unessential for the nanotube formation.
Increased recruitment of northeast Pacific barnacles during the 1997 El Niño

Recruitment of intertidal barnacles was markedly higher in May–September 1997, just after the apparent onset of El Nino conditions in the waters off California, than over the same period during the previous year. This increase was geographically broad, spanning five degrees of latitude, and was unusually large, relative to interannual differences in barnacle recruitment previously documented for this region. Increased onshore transport associated with El Nino events probably caused high recruitment in 1997. This explanation accords with the findings of previous, smaller scale studies in central and northern California and indicates that oceanographic transport anomalies associated with El Nino can strongly affect benthic communities in the northeast Pacific.
NOA: a cytoscape plugin for network ontology analysis

Summary: The Network Ontology Analysis (NOA) plugin for Cytoscape implements the NOA algorithm for network-based enrichment analysis, which extends Gene Ontology annotations to network links, or edges. The plugin facilitates the annotation and analysis of one or more networks in Cytoscape according to user-defined parameters. In addition to tables, the NOA plugin also presents results in the form of heatmaps and overview networks in Cytoscape, which can be exported for publication figures. Availability: The NOA plugin is an open source, Java program for Cytoscape version 2.8 available via the Cytoscape App Store (http:// apps.cytoscape.org/apps/noa) and plugin manager. A detailed user manual is available at http://nrnb.org/tools/noa.
Culture–gene coevolutionary psychology: cultural learning, language, and ethnic psychology

While most psychologists recognize the importance of genes and culture in shaping human cognition, few theoretical perspectives in the field offer a framework for understanding their relationship and for deriving predictions about the structure of the variation we see across space and time. Here we argue that culture-gene coevolutionary (CGC) frameworks have such potential, and can unite disparate fields across the social sciences and sub-fields within psychology. We illustrate the power of this functionalist evolutionary approach by reviewing recent research on three interlinked topics; cultural learning rules, language cognition, and reasoning about ethnic social groups. We show how CGC approaches complement, and contrast with, traditional approaches in psychology on these topics. Furthermore, this theoretical framework has already been fruitful in drawing new predictions and pointing to new directions of inquiry.
Managerial, Institutional, and Technical Influences on Administration: A Longitudinal Analysis

A framework is proposed in which changes in administrative component are related to organization requirements for managerial, institutional, and technical activities. Longitudinal data for a sample of high school districts are used to test the framework. Empirically, size of administrative component had impact on both revenue acquisition and service outputs. Findings suggest that an administrative component larger than required by organization size may have positive influence on both institutional and technical outcomes of school district organizations. The question has often been asked, what accounts for the relative size of the administrative component in organizations? Answers have been coming in for about 25 years, beginning with Melman and with Terrian and Mills. The extent of research answers since that time was captured by Kimberly (a), who reported 80 studies of organization size, most of which also opera
A Study of the Effect of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation on Unprotected Solar Cells

The problem of solar cell damage by proton and electron radiation is treated analytically from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint. The general approach is to form a damage integral, consisting of the integral over the energy spectrum, for both electrons and protons, of an integrand formed by the product of the differential energy spectrum and a damage function, and to relate this damage integral to the deterioration of solar cells under irradiation. The damage function is considered theoretically from the microscopic viewpoint of collision theory and empirically by using available experimental data. By making several approximations and assumptions, the data from the solar cell patches on Explorer XI is compared with predictions based upon the empirical relationship developed for the damage integral.
Chryseobacterium piperi sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater creek.

As part of an undergraduate microbiology course, a yellow–orange pigmented, Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated CTMT, was isolated from a creek in North-central Pennsylvania during the winter of 2006. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain showed ~97 % similarity to that of Chryseobacterium soldanellicola PSD1-4T and Chryseobacterium soli JS6-6T, while the protein-coding gyrB gene sequence of strain CTMT showed <87 % similarity to those of its two closest relatives. Using a polyphasic approach, strain CTMT was characterized and compared to these and other closely related species of the genus Chryseobacterium. Strain CTMT was similar to other strains of the genus Chryseobacterium in that it contained MK-6 as its major respiratory quinone, produced flexirubin-type pigments, oxidase and catalase, hydrolysed DNA, gelatin and aesculin and contained the fatty acids iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). Based on the results of this study, strain CTMT represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium piperi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CTMT ( = ATCC BAA-1782T = CCUG 57707T = JCM 15960T = DSM 22249T = KCTC 23267T).
Reassessing the Foundations of Semiotics: Preliminaries

What justifies a discipline is its grounding in practical activities. Documentary evidence is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for viability. This applies to semiotics as it applies to mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer science, and all other forms of questioning the world. While all forms of knowledge testify to the circularity of the epistemological effort, semiotics knowledge is doubly cursed. There is no knowledge that can be expressed otherwise than in semiotic form; knowledge of semiotics is itself expressed semiotically. Semiotics defined around the notion of the sign bears the burden of unsettled questions prompted by the never-ending attempt to define signs. This indeterminate condition is characteristic of all epistemological constructs, whether in reference to specific knowledge domains or semiotics. The alternative is to associate the knowledge domain of semiotics with the meta-level, i.e., inquiry of what makes semiotics necessary. In a world of action-reaction, corresponding to a rather poor form of causality, semiotics is not necessary. Only in acknowledging the anticipatory condition of the living can grounding for semiotics be found. This perspective becomes critical in the context of a semiotized civilization in which the object level of human effort is progressively replaced by representations and their associated interpretations.
The Amino Acid Requirement of the Growing Chick Fed a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet

ABSTRACT Reports in the literature indicate that the growth of chicks ad libitum fed free amino acid diets as the only source of nitrogen is consistently poor. However, Glista (1951) found that chicks force-fed this type of diets grew as well as those receiving intact protein. A free amino acid diet has been developed which, when fed on an ad libitum basis, is consumed in sufficient amounts to support satisfactory growth (9–11 gm./ chick/day). This diet has been used to determine the requirement of the growing chick for each of the essential amino acids. The basal diet developed for use in these studies contained: corn starch, 29.46%; mineral mix 1 , 5.37%; corn oil, 30.00%; Solka floc, 3.00%; Gelusil (antiacid adsorbent), 1.0%; NaHCO3, 1.00%; choline chloride, 0.20%; amino acid mix, 30.00%; plus vitamins 2 . Several amino acid mixtures were fed in preliminary trials, but the most satisfactory results were obtained with a mixture . . .
A view from Riggs: treatment resistance and patient authority--introduction to paper VII.

As we have noted throughout this evolving series of articles, efforts to approach the problem of treatment resistance generally focus on the development of biological treatment algorithms, with little attention to psychosocial factors or to meaning. The preferred logic of the field is that of evidence–based medicine, with the gold standard of evidence the randomized controlled trial. This series of articles has introduced alternative points of view to the conceptualization and understanding of the treatment resistant or treatment refractory patient drawn from our experience at Riggs. My first article in the series (Plakun, 2006) surveyed the scope of treatment resistant patients and defined a subgroup who benefit from an alternate approach, and then emphasized the importance of attending to and utilizing negative transference and countertransference in work with such patients. The second article by Jerry Fromm (2006) focused on the way trauma from a previous generation may lead to what appears to be treatment resistance in a patient. In the third series article, David Mintz and Barri Belnap introduced “psychodynamic psychopharmacology” to the field, noting the importance of including careful attention to the meaning of medication along with knowledge of pharmacological effects, particularly in work with treatment resistant patients. Now, in the fourth series article, John Muller offers a conceptual article explicating and further developing the notion of the “Third” in psychoanalytic treatment, and explains how this notion plays a role in treatment resistance. Muller introduces us to the notion of the Third and its origin, and then differentiates the developmental, relational, and structural thirds as a way of clarifying what has sometimes seemed a hard to define and shifting concept. Among other points he makes is to show how representative clinical interventions from the earlier series articles by Fromm and by me may be understood as clinical applications of his notion of the Third. Muller’s elucidation of the Third helps illuminate often invisible
Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and type of coccidioidal infection

The clinical manifestations of coccidioidomycosis vary depending upon the extent of exposure and immune status of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated an essential role for vitamin D in both innate and acquired immunity and serum levels strongly correlate with the development of upper respiratory tract infections, including tuberculosis. Despite similar pathophysiologic processes at play in the control of tuberculosis and invasive fungal infections, a possible association of low serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels had not previously been assessed in the latter patient group. Therefore, we performed a case-control study examining serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in three distinct groups of patients with coccidioidomycosis as compared to healthy uninfected controls. Of the 89 patients included in this study, there were 26 negative controls, 23 who were immune, 22 with primary coccidioidal pneumonia, and 18 who had disseminated/meningeal infection. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels varied between groups with lowest levels seen in the group with disseminated/meningeal coccidioidomycosis ( P 0.14). In this evaluation of a diverse group of patients with varying forms of coccidioidomycosis we found no association of vitamin D with the acquisition or resolution of this infection. Vitamin D does not play a signifi cant role in host susceptibility to coccidioidomycosis.
Interpersonal relationships influence ethnic identification among Asian-American women

We sought to examine the fluidity of ethnic identification and test shared reality’s hypothesis concerning the effects of interpersonal relationships on ethnic identification. To investigate the ef...
Tet1 is dispensable for maintaining pluripotency and its loss is compatible with embryonic and postnatal development.

Summary The Tet family of enzymes (Tet1/2/3) converts 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) highly express Tet1 and have an elevated level of 5hmC. Tet1 has been implicated in ESC maintenance and lineage specification in vitro but its precise function in development is not well defined. To establish the role of Tet1 in pluripotency and development, we have generated Tet1 mutant mESCs and mice. Tet1 −/− ESCs have reduced levels of 5hmC and subtle changes in global gene expression, and are pluripotent and support development of live-born mice in tetraploid complementation assay, but display skewed differentiation toward trophectoderm in vitro. Tet1 mutant mice are viable, fertile, and grossly normal, though some mutant mice have a slightly smaller body size at birth. Our data suggest that Tet1 loss leading to a partial reduction in 5hmC levels does not affect pluripotency in ESCs and is compatible with embryonic and postnatal development.
AMIRA: Interference-Aware Routing Using Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we address the problem of packet routing for interference avoidance in infrastructure mesh networks. We propose AMIRA, an interference-aware routing protocol designed to improve load balancing by avoiding inter and intra flow interference in a typical mesh backbone network. AMIRA is based on the framework of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) which is a meta-heuristic approach for stochastically solving a problem together with our local heuristic technique to avoid interference within and among packet flows. In AMIRA, each node uses MAC level information to measure link qualities which helps in selecting reduced interference paths thus resulting in improved load balancing in addition to the auto load balancing feature of the ACO framework. Our simulation results demonstrate that under congestion, AMIRA gives increased throughput and low end-to-end delay when compared to other existing routing protocols because of its interference aware technique and stochastic data forwarding nature.
Thermal stress distribution in laser-irradiated hard dental tissue: implications for dental applications

This paper examines the thermomechanical effects of Er:YAG irradiation of tooth from a theoretical standpoint. Based on the high absorption coefficient of biological tissue at 2.94 micrometers , and the short interaction time between the photons at this wavelength and the tissue, effects of light scattering and heat conduction were neglected in calculating the temperature distributions in a tooth irradiated by Er:YAG laser. Radial and circumferential stresses developed as a result of temperature rise were then calculated on the surface of tooth. Radial stresses were always found to be compressive. Circumferential stresses, however, were compressive within a range inside the beam radius, and tensile outside the beam radius. Locations of the maximum tensile stress and maximum displacement were found to be outside and inside the beam radius, respectively. Maximum stresses and displacements decreased monotonically with increasing beam radius. Our results also revealed that ablation and thermal stresses beyond enamel strength could be reached within a single pulse.
A moving-window detector for binary integration

A device for performing binary integration on quantized data from a multiple-resolution-element radar is described. The moving window detector is described, and expressions for false-alarm and detection probabilities are given. A scheme for determining the optimum detection thresholds and the optimum quantizing levels is given. Application of the moving window detector to a particular multiple-range-element radar is described.
Defects in mucosal immunity leading to ulcerative colitis.

Summary: Evidence accumulated over the last decade demonstrates that what we call ‘ulcerative colitis’ is actually a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from different pathogenic mechanisms with a common symptomatic expression. Subgroups of patients with ulcerative colitis can be stratified by presence or absence of serum autoantibodies, which are thought not to be pathogenic but to mark for a distinct disease phenotype. In recent years, animal-based experimental systems have emerged that reflect human ulcerative colitis and have potential to accelerate our understanding of its pathogenesis. Genetic and immunological data from human studies in combination with results from animal model systems are the foundation of a hypothesis, which includes a role for microbial antigen exposure in the initiation, perpetuation, and amplification of the disease. In ulcerative colitis, it appears as though the T-cell response to the antigens is not T-helper (Th) 1 dominant as in the case of Crohn's disease but rather is either Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13] or is mediated by specialized cells such as natural killer (NK) T cells (IL-13). Lamina propria T cells from ulcerative colitis patients produce significantly greater amounts of IL-13. Ulcerative colitis is associated with an atypical Th2 response mediated by a distinct subset of NK T cells that produce IL-13 and are cytotoxic for epithelial cells. The way in which this response affects the ultimate cascade of inflammatory events has yet to be determined.
Diagnosis of a Patient with Primary Pancreatic Lymphoma

Primary pancreatic lymphoma (PPL) is a rare condition that represents 2% of extranodal malignant lymphomas and 0.5% of all pancreatic masses.1 Diagnostic criteria for PPL include a lack of superficial lymphadenopathy or mediastinal lymphadenopathy on chest radiography, a normal peripheral leukocyte count, a mass in the pancreas with only peripancreatic nodal involvement, and a lack of hepatic or splenic involvement.1 The presentation of patients with PPL can often mimic that of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Distinguishing between the 2 conditions continues to be imperative, as PPL responds well to chemotherapy, whereas pancreatic adenocarcinoma may require surgical excision.2 To confirm the diagnosis of PPL, histologic analysis is required, and samples are commonly obtained by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). EUS has been shown to be an accurate tool for identifying, diagnosing, and staging pancreatic masses.3 A review of the literature reveals limited descriptions of endoscopic PPL findings and few EUS images of the condition.3-7
Gödel, Nagel, Minds, and Machines

This is the author’s slightly revised Nagel Lecture as it was published in the Journal of Philosophy CVI, 4 (April 2009), pp. 201–219. The permission of the Journal to republish the article is gratefully acknowledged.
Intradural jugular tubercle reduction to enhance exposure via the transcondylar approach: technical note

Objective The jugular tubercle can present an obstruction to adequate visualization of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms approached via a far lateral transcondylar approach. Reduction of the tubercle via an intradural approach was performed to enhance exposure. The technical details of this maneuver are discussed and demonstrated. Methods Two patients with PICA aneurysms were treated via the far lateral transcondylar approach. Intradural reduction of the jugular tubercle was performed to enhance exposure in each case. Results Exposure of the parent artery and aneurysm was enhanced in each case by intradural reduction of the jugular tubercle, providing several millimeters of added space. Both PICA aneurysms were successfully clipped with no intraoperative complications. Conclusion Several millimeters of additional exposure can be obtained when treating a PICA or vertebrobasilar junction aneurysm via the far lateral transcondylar approach by removing the jugular tubercle via an intradural approach.
On the Safety and Efficiency of Firewall Policy Deployment

Firewall policy management is challenging and error-prone. While ample research has led to tools for policy specification, correctness analysis, and optimization, few researchers have paid attention to firewall policy deployment: the process where a management tool edits a firewall's configuration to make it run the policies specified in the tool. In this paper, we provide the first formal definition and theoretical analysis of safety in firewall policy deployment. We show that naive deployment approaches can easily create a temporary security hole by permitting illegal traffic, or interrupt service by rejecting legal traffic during the deployment. We define safe and most-efficient deployments, and introduce the shuffling theorem as a formal basis for constructing deployment algorithms and proving their safety. We present efficient algorithms for constructing most-efficient deployments in popular policy editing languages. We show that in certain widely- installed policy editing languages, a safe deployment is not always possible. We also show how to leverage existing diff algorithms to guarantee a safe, most- efficient, and monotonic deployment in other editing languages.
Microstructural Mechanics Model of Anisotropic-Thermal-Expansion-Induced Microcracking

Thermal-expansion-induced microcracking in single-phase ceramics has been simulated using a simple mechanics model based upon a regular lattice of brittle, elastic springs. Microcracks preferentially form at grain boundaries and propagate either into the bulk or along grain boundaries, depending on the toughness of the boundaries relative to the grain interiors. The present results show that anisotropic-thermal-expansion-induced microcracking can be more severe for either large or small grain size samples depending on the damage measure employed. At very small misfit strains, the large grain microstructure develops microcracks before the small grain microstructure. However, over most of the misfit strain regime examined, the total length/area of all cracks in a sample is larger when the grain size is small. This is manifested in a larger decrement of the elastic modulus in small grain size samples as compared with large grain size samples at the same misfit (AT). However, large grain sizes are more detrimental with regard to fracture properties. This is because the fracture stress scales as inversely with the crack length and large grain samples exhibit larger microcracks than small grain samples. Unlike in the unconstrained samples, when a sample is constrained during a temperature excursion, the stress created by the overall thermal expansion can directly lead to fracture of the entire sample. I. Introduction ANY ceramic materials are known to undergo spontaneM ous cracking when cooled from high processing temperatures. The presence of microcracks modifies several physical properties including thermal diffusivity, dielectric constant, acoustic transparency, and elastic moduli.' Microcracking can also lead to an increase in fracture toughness: presumably associated with the microcracking-induced dilatation and also partly due to the formation of a process zone ahead of a propagating rack.^,^ However, the contribution of microcracking to toughening is usually minor.' The tendency to form these cracks is known to increase with increasing temperature excursions and increasing grain size6 and is often attributable to residual stresses that develop from either thermal contraction anisotropy or non-shape-preserving phase transformations.' In multiphase
Dexamethasone-induced antagonism of growth hormone (GH) action by down-regulation of GH binding in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts.

Supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids, whether endogenous (Cushing's syndrome) or exogenous (glucocorticoid therapy), inhibit growth in children and immature animals. This effect has long been suspected to be due to glucocorticoid antagonism of GH action at the level of peripheral tissues. In the present study we demonstrate direct antagonism of GH action at the cellular level by the artificial glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Dexamethasone was found to inhibit the ability of GH to elicit several early events in GH signaling in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts. Dexamethasone (100 nM) for 24 h decreases by 50-75% GH-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, the transcription factor Stat3/APRF, the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2, and the GH receptor. These effects appear to be specific to GH. Dexamethasone does not inhibit induction of tyrosyl phosphorylation of ERK proteins by epidermal growth factor or phorbol myristate acetate, nor does it block induction o...
Are comic books an effective way to engage nonmajors in learning and appreciating science

Comic books employ a complex interplay of text and images that gives them the potential to effectively convey concepts and motivate student engagement. This makes comics an appealing option for educators trying to improve science literacy about pressing societal issues involving science and technology. Here, we report results from the first systematic assessment of how a science comic book can affect student learning and attitudes about biology. We used pre- and postinstruction instruments to measure students' attitudes about biology, attitudes about comics, and content knowledge about evolution before and after using the science comic book Optical Allusions in their classes. On the preinstruction instrument, nonmajors reported the lowest scores on the content test and attitude surveys relative to the other groups. However, on the postinstruction instrument, nonmajors' content scores and attitudes showed a statistically significant improvement after using the comic book, particularly among those with lower content knowledge at the start of the semester. The improvement in attitudes about biology was correlated to attitudes about comics, suggesting that the comic may have played a role in engaging and shaping student attitudes in a positive way.
Public health and pork: pre-harvest food safety and slaughter perspectives.

Summary Operating conditions for the food industry in general and pork production in particular are changing. The safety and quality of food are attracting increasing concern from the consumer, especially in industrialise d countries. This paper describes the impact on the swine industry and on the veterinary profession of the 'farm-to-table' concept and the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point plans throughout the food production chain.
The Feasibility of WGS Association Studies for Complex Traits

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) reveals every base pair of the human genome and offers the ultimate information resolution to researchers. In January 2014, Illumina announced that the $1,000 genome is available. It was a significant achievement in highthroughput sequencing technology since it took more than 10 years to break this long-sought threshold after the completion of the first sequenced human genome, which cost nearly $3 billion. However, the $1,000 price tag is a marketing figure that does not account for analysis or data storage, both of which tend to be more expensive than the consumables.
Micropropagation of Yucca (Yucca glauca Nutt.)

Approximately 30 species comprise the genus Yucca, family Agavaceae (Alexander and Pond 1974). Vegetative characteristics include sword-shaped, evergreen leaves that are borne rosette-like on acaulescent to caulescent stems to 30 feet or more in height. Generally slow-growing, yuccas may require 3 to 7 years to flower from seed (Webber 1953). The clump-forming or rhizomatous habit of many yuccas is also an important means of reproduction because lack of rainfall may limit successful natural reproduction by seed (Webber 1953; Alexander and Pond 1974). Flowers are greenish to creamy white, sometimes tinged pink or purple, and borne erect in racemes or panicles. Most Yucca sp. are dependent upon moths for pollination and seed set. Fruits are dehiscent or indehiscent and contain hard black seeds. The basic chromosome number is reported to be x = 30 (2n = 60) (Fedorov 1974).
Catalytic Oxidation Pathways for the Production of Carboxylic Acids from Biomass

The transition from a fossil chemical industry to a renewable chemical industry depends on breakthroughs in the research and development on the most promising alternatives. Biomass is such a class of renewable raw carbon materials for the production of fuels and chemicals, with growing interest among researchers aiming to achieve global sustainability. Catalytic oxidation of biomass can lead to multiple products, and the challenge is to direct the reaction pathways to the desired products. Organic acids are among the listed “platform molecules,” which have the potential to be further converted into high-value-added chemicals. In this chapter, various pathways are reviewed for catalytic oxidation of a variety of biomass to produce value-added organic acids.
A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI GROUP: CONFLICTS BETWEEN SPECIES CONCEPTS?

The six sibling species of the Neotropical Drosophila willistoni group have a long history in studies of evolutionary biology, yet to date only one molecular study, which used allozymes, has been published on the phylogeny of the group. Here we present a phylogeny of the siblings based on the sequences of two nuclear genes, period (per) and Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), as well as the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Taken individually, only per has a strong phylogenetic signal supporting a well-resolved phylogeny of the group, and this phylogeny is different from that obtained using allozymes. The COI dataset by itself produces trees that disagree with per, and neither that data nor the Adh data have a strong phylogenetic signal, as indicated by low bootstrap values for all analyses. Combining the Adh and COI datasets results in the same tree as per alone. Combining all three genes results in the same topology, which is strongly supported. Two problematic taxa, D. pavlovskiana and a "Carmody strain," which were identified as potentially separate species based on reproductive isolation, clearly cluster in the phylogenetic analyses within D. paulistorum and D. equinoxialis, respectively. Thus, there appears to be a conflict between the biological species concept and the phylogenetic species concept.
A “Hyper- and Pessimistic Activism” in a Curriculum Master's Course

In this article the author explores Foucault's counter-intuitive views on intellectuals and political activism—a stance he once described as “a hyper- and pessimistic activism” (Foucault, 1983). After contrasting the activist stance of critical pedagogy with Foucault's writing on political activism, the author outlines early attempts to put Foucault's ideas to work in a master's level curriculum course and then explores the case of two English teachers who represented pivotal moments in the course as “critical and effective” in a Foucauldian sense (Dean, 1994). Conceptual and empirical arguments are also explored to consider ethical positions available to curriculum scholars that do not presume that academics should necessarily produce more truth, correct untruth, or align teachers’ subjectivities with critical theories that presently hold academic currency.
Health Education Research and Practice Literature on Hispanic Health Issues Have We Lost Sight of the Largest Minority Population

Hispanics constitute the largest racial/ethnic minority population in the United States and are the fastest growing segment of the population. Knowledge about health needs and practices, effective health promotion programs, and health policy making for Hispanics has the potential to improve population health outcomes for this group. Continued research and practice literature will aid in accomplishing these objectives. However, little is known about the extent of health education-related literature available on Hispanic health issues. In this review, we analyzed research and practice publications in all health education-related journals to assess the volume of articles published on Hispanic health issues. We found that the portion of journal articles devoted to Hispanic health issues varied widely among the journals and that there was a very limited emphasis on Hispanic health-related issues. Journal editors and editorial board members may need to be more proactive in soliciting manuscripts on Hispanic health, and our practitioners may have to improve their professional skills and cultural competence in order to work with Hispanic populations to produce research and practice literature that is of adequate quantity and quality to help improve Hispanics' health.
Ergodic and Prediction Problems

In this chapter we will be concerned with the asymptotic behavior of Markov processes with stationary transition probability function P(·,·). It is occasionally useful to look at the process only when it falls within a proper measurable subset A of the state space Ω. In the first section, conditions under which a well-defined “process on A” can be defined will be established. Sometimes it is useful to look at such derived processes when trying to establish the existence of subinvariant or invariant measures μ, that is, σ-finite measures for which $$ \int {\mu (dx)P(x,A) \leqslant \mu (A)} $$ or $$ \int {\mu (dx)P(x,A) = \mu (A)} $$ hold for each set A ∈ A, respectively. The primary object of this chapter is the study of the asymptotic behavior of partial sums $$ \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{P_j}} ( \cdot , \cdot ) $$ (1) or of $$ {P_n}( \cdot , \cdot ) $$ (2) itself as n→∞. Problems dealing with the partial sums (1) are related to ergodic theory while those concerned with the transition probability function (2) itself are more closely related to prediction. In discussions of ergodic and prediction problems, the existence of an invariant (or subinvariant) measure is usually required. Some conditions under which such a measure exists will be derived in section 3 under assumptions of a topological character. However, in discussions of ergodic and prediction problems the existence of such a measure will be taken for granted. In section 2 an ergodic theorem due to Chacon and Ornstein will be given with the classic Birkhoff ergodic theorem for stationary processes as an almost immediate corollary. Some aspects of a least squares version of the (nonlinear) prediction problem for a Markov process are sketched in section 4. It is quite clear that they are directly related to the asymptotic behavior of the transition function or equivalently to the asymp­totic behavior of powers of the induced operator.
ROMK and Bartter Syndrome Type 2

The renal outer medullary potassium (K) channel, ROMK (aka Kir1.1, encoded by the KCNJ1 gene), is the founding member of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel family. It is primarily expressed in the kidney where it transports potassium into the pro-urine, important for maintaining salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, and potassium-homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in ROMK cause Bartter syndrome (type 2), a familial salt-losing nephropathy. This review provides a bedside-to-bench understanding of the disease, tracking the clinical phenotype to defects in tubule transport to the mutations in the channel.
3D image-based navigators for coronary MR angiography

Purpose To develop a method for acquiring whole-heart 3D image-based navigators (iNAVs) with isotropic resolution for tracking and correction of localized motion in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA). Methods To monitor motion in all regions of the heart during a free-breathing scan, a variable-density cones trajectory was designed to collect a 3D iNAV every heartbeat in 176 ms with 4.4 mm isotropic spatial resolution. The undersampled 3D iNAV data were reconstructed with efficient self-consistent parallel imaging reconstruction (ESPIRiT). 3D translational and nonrigid motion-correction methods using 3D iNAVs were compared to previous translational and nonrigid methods using 2D iNAVs. Results Five subjects were scanned with a 3D cones CMRA sequence, accompanied by both 2D and 3D iNAVs. The quality of the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries was assessed on 2D and 3D iNAV-based motion-corrected images using a vessel sharpness metric and qualitative reader scoring. This assessment showed that nonrigid motion correction based on 3D iNAVs produced results that were noninferior to correction based on 2D iNAVs. Conclusion The ability to acquire isotropic-resolution 3D iNAVs every heartbeat during a CMRA scan was demonstrated. Such iNAVs enabled direct measurement of localized motion for nonrigid motion correction in free-breathing whole-heart CMRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1874-1883, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
c-Src, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor, G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases and Focal Adhesion Kinase are Enriched Into Prostate Cancer Cell Exosomes

It is well known that Src tyrosine kinase, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) play important roles in prostate cancer (PrCa) development and progression. Src, which signals through FAK in response to integrin activation, has been implicated in many aspects of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, Src signaling is known to crosstalk with IGF-IR, which also promotes angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that c-Src, IGF-IR, and FAK are packaged into exosomes (Exo), c-Src in particular being highly enriched in Exo from the androgen receptor (AR)-positive cell line C4-2B and AR-negative cell lines PC3 and DU145. Furthermore, we show that the active phosphorylated form of Src (SrcpY416 ) is co-expressed in Exo with phosphorylated FAK (FAKpY861 ), a known target site of Src, which enhances proliferation and migration. We further demonstrate for the first time exosomal enrichment of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 5 and GRK6, both of which regulate Src and IGF-IR signaling and have been implicated in cancer. Finally, SrcpY416 and c-Src are both expressed in Exo isolated from the plasma of prostate tumor-bearing TRAMP mice, and those same mice have higher levels of exosomal c-Src than their wild-type counterparts. In summary, we provide new evidence that active signaling molecules relevant to PrCa are enriched in Exo, and this suggests that the Src signaling network may provide useful biomarkers detectable by liquid biopsy, and may contribute to PrCa progression via Exo. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 66-73, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.