cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments

Benthic O2 availability regulates many important biogeochemical processes and has crucial implications for the biology and ecology of benthic communities. Further, the benthic O2 exchange rate represents the most widely used proxy for quantifying mineralization and primary production of marine sediments. Consequently, numerous researchers have investigated the benthic O2 dynamics in a wide range of environments. On the basis of case studies from abyssal sediments to microbial phototrophic communities I hereby try to review the current status on what we know about controls that interrelate with the O2 dynamics of marine sediments. This includes factors like: sedimentation rates, bottom water O2 concentrations, diffusive boundary layers, fauna activity, light, temperature, and sediment permeability. The investigation of benthic O2 dynamics represents a challenge in resolving variations on temporal and spatial scales covering several orders of magnitude. Such an effort requires the use of several complementary measuring techniques and modeling approaches. Recent technical developments (improved chamber approaches, O2 optodes, eddy-correlation, benthic observatories) and advances in diagenetic modeling have facilitated our abilities to resolve and interpret benthic O2 dynamics. However, all approaches have limitations and caveats that must be carefully evaluated during data interpretation. Much has been learned during the last decades but there are still many unanswered questions that need to be addressed in order to fully understand benthic O2 dynamics and the role of sediments for marine carbon cycling.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: clinical and biochemical findings in Brazilian patients. Scalco et al. Genetics and Molecular Biology (this issue)

Scalco et al. present a clever diagnostic algorithm for nosologic application in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz” (SLO or RSH) syndrome based on their 11 biochemically confirmed patients and 34 others culled from prior publications. They are correct in inferring that none of the congenital anomalies they considered are specific to or pathognomonic of RSH syndrome, and that the greater the number of anomalies included in the calculation the greater the likelihood of effective nosologic discrimination and correct diagnosis. While methodically sophisticated, this approach has two weaknesses. First, it is based on propositi biasing the sample to the most severe and of the phenotypic spectrum. While not common, mildly affected individuals with RSH
A family of scalable FFT architectures and an implementation of 1024-point radix-2 FFT for real-time communications

The paper presents a family of architectures for FFT implementation based on the decomposition of the perfect shuffle permutation, which can be designed with variable number of processing elements. This provides designers with a trade-off choice of speed vs. complexity (cost and area.). A detailed case study is provided on the implementation of 1024-point FFT with 2 processing elements using 45 nm process technology, including area, timing, power and place-and-route results.
Rummaging through Earth's attic for remains of ancient life

Abstract We explore the likelihood that early remains of Earth, Mars, and Venus have been preserved on the Moon in high enough concentrations to motivate a search mission. During the Late Heavy Bombardment, the inner planets experienced frequent large impacts. Material ejected by these impacts near the escape velocity would have had the potential to land and be preserved on the surface of the Moon. Such ejecta could yield information on the geochemical and biological state of early Earth, Mars, and Venus. To determine whether the Moon has preserved enough ejecta to justify a search mission, we calculate the amount of terran material incident on the Moon over its history by considering the distribution of ejecta launched from the Earth by large impacts. In addition, we make analogous estimates for Mars and Venus. We find, for a well-mixed regolith, that the median surface abundance of terran material is roughly 7 ppm, corresponding to a mass of approximately 20,000 kg of terran material over a 10×10-square-km area. Over the same area, the amount of material transferred from Venus is 1–30 kg and material from Mars as much as 180 kg. Given that the amount of terran material is substantial, we estimate the fraction of this material surviving impact with intact geochemical and biological tracers.
Bank Failures and Mergers in Turkey: 1992-2014

The Turkish banking system went through a period of crisis in 1999-2001. As a result, reforms were instituted and the banking system was consolidated. The system was then only mildly affected by the global crisis in 2008. This study examines the process of bank failures and mergers and acquisitions during this period in Turkey. A proportional hazard is used to determine the bank-specific accounting ratios that predict bank defaults and mergers and acquisitions in Turkey. The focus is on capitalization, a key regulatory tool. Capitalization decreases the failure rate, as expected, and does so at a decreasing rate. This is consistent with regulatory policy that focuses on capitalization. For banks at risk, income is a good short-run predictor of default. The results for mergers and acquisitions imply that under-capitalized banks are more likely to be acquired. Finally, the implied “frontier” for the trade-off between return and equity and default risk is calculated.
Unassisted Aircraft Landing Via Co-Operative Data Exchange

The air traffic controller (ATC) is required to maintain a safe and orderly flow of airplanes in any airport. A fairly recent incident at the Los Angeles Airport (LAX) caused a blackout to the entire control tower and resulted in a number of aircrafts being stranded in the air, due to the lack of communication with the ATC. This incident has caused widespread concern in the aircraft community and needs to be addressed so that future occurrences can be avoided. In Ragothaman et al., 2004, the authors demonstrated the ability of an aircraft to communicate with ground stations via Internet protocol (IP), utilizing satellite links. Several aircrafts in the vicinity of each other will utilize the same satellite link to communicate with the ground. In this work, the authors propose a system for aircrafts in the same airspace to communicate with each other, via IP, thus forming an ad-hoc network. This brings about the possibility of exchanging information between aircrafts and co-operative unassisted landing of an aircraft in worst case scenarios
Conditional expectations in network traffic estimation

We describe a fast Monte Carlo method for computing conditional expectations that arise in a fixed point equation in a problem of network traffic estimation.
Development of Metabolic Indicators of Burn Injury: Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Acetoacetate Are Highly Correlated to Severity of Burn Injury in Rats

Hypermetabolism is a significant sequela to severe trauma such as burns, as well as critical illnesses such as cancer. It persists in parallel to, or beyond, the original pathology for many months as an often-fatal comorbidity. Currently, diagnosis is based solely on clinical observations of increased energy expenditure, severe muscle wasting and progressive organ dysfunction. In order to identify the minimum number of necessary variables, and to develop a rat model of burn injury-induced hypermetabolism, we utilized data mining approaches to identify the metabolic variables that strongly correlate to the severity of injury. A clustering-based algorithm was introduced into a regression model of the extent of burn injury. As a result, a neural network model which employs VLDL and acetoacetate levels was demonstrated to predict the extent of burn injury with 88% accuracy in the rat model. The physiological importance of the identified variables in the context of hypermetabolism, and necessary steps in extension of this preliminary model to a clinically utilizable index of severity of burn injury are outlined.
Cinematographic observations of growth cycles of Chlamydia trachomatis in primary cultures of human amniotic cells.

Time-lapse cinematography was used to study the growth cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis in primary cell cultures of human amnion. Twelve preterm and twelve term placentas were obtained within 8 h of delivery, and epithelial cells were dissociated from the amniotic membranes by trypsinization and grown in Rose chambers. The epithelial nature of the cultured cells was documented by morphology and by immunofluorescence staining for cytoskeletal proteins, which matched the staining of intact amnion. With regular feedings, uninfected cultures remained healthy for up to 30 days. Confluent cultures (7 to 10 days) were infected with a genital strain (E/UW-5/CX) of C. trachomatis at 10(5) infectious units per chamber. Infections were done in culture medium without cycloheximide, which is often used to induce susceptibility of the cells. Between 66 and 90% of the cells were infected. Intracytoplasmic inclusions were visible by 18 h post infection (p.i.) and grew larger as the organisms inside multiplied. By 72 h p.i., the inclusions occupied the entire cytoplasm of the host cells. Further growth of the inclusions overdistended and ruptured the host cells on days 3 to 7. Cells not infected by the original inoculum became infected on day 5 or 6 p.i. by the chlamydial particles released from the ruptured cells. No amniotic cell was ever observed to survive the infection. The data presented support the hypothesis that amniotic epithelium is susceptible to infection and damage by C. trachomatis. This culture system provided detailed and dynamic observations of chlamydial infection under conditions more nearly physiologic than previously reported.
Obesity and cancer: mechanistic insights from transdisciplinary studies

Obesity is associated with a range of health outcomes that are of clinical and public health significance, including cancer. Herein, we summarize epidemiologic and preclinical evidence for an association between obesity and increased risk of breast and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Moreover, we describe data from observational studies of weight change in humans and from calorie-restriction studies in mouse models that support a potential role for weight loss in counteracting tumor-promoting properties of obesity in breast and prostate cancers. Given that weight loss is challenging to achieve and maintain, we also consider evidence linking treatments for obesity-associated co-morbidities, including metformin, statins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with reduced breast and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Finally, we highlight several challenges that should be considered when conducting epidemiologic and preclinical research in the area of obesity and cancer, including the measurement of obesity in population-based studies, the timing of obesity and weight change in relation to tumor latency and cancer diagnosis, and the heterogeneous nature of obesity and its associated co-morbidities. Given that obesity is a complex trait, comprised of behavioral, epidemiologic and molecular/metabolic factors, we argue that a transdisciplinary approach is the key to understanding the mechanisms linking obesity and cancer. As such, this review highlights the critical need to integrate evidence from both epidemiologic and preclinical studies to gain insight into both biologic and non-biologic mechanisms contributing to the obesity-cancer link.
A Modified Computational Dynamic Programming Approach To a Production and Inventory Control Problem

A production and inventory control problem is solved by a modified computational dynamic programming procedure. Specifically a two dimensional problem described by differential system equations with an integral objective function is solved by the proposed scheme. The numerical results are examined for different number of stages. The advertising rate, inventory, sales, and profit are illustrated through tables and diagrams.
Diagnostic Value of Guided Biopsies: Fusion and Cognitive-registration Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Conventional Ultrasound Biopsy of the Prostate.

Objective To better assess the increased utilization of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and fusion biopsy of the prostate, we compared prostate cancer detection rates among (a) men undergoing MR-ultrasound (US) fusion biopsy, (b) mpMRI cognitive-registration biopsy, and (c) conventional transrectal US-guided biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods We present a retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI of the prostate with subsequent prostate biopsy from October 2013 to September 2015. Lesions concerning for prostate cancer visualized on mpMRI were targeted with cognitive-registration or MR-US fusion biopsies. A cohort of men undergoing conventional prostate biopsy was utilized for comparison. Rates of cancer detection were compared among the 3 cohorts. Results A total of 231 patients underwent mpMRI-targeted biopsy (81 fusion, 150 cognitive). There was no difference in prostate specific antigen, mpMRI-defined Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score or number of lesions, or history of prostate cancer among the cohorts. The overall detection rate of cancer was significantly higher in the fusion cohort (48.1%) compared with both the cognitive (34.6% P = .04) and conventional (32.0%, P = .03) cohorts. Cancer detection rates were comparable in the MRI-cognitive and transrectal prostate US biopsy groups (34.6% vs 32%). MR fusion detected significantly more Gleason ≥7 cancer (61.5 vs 37.5%, P = .04) and significantly less Gleason 6 cancer (38.5 vs 62.5%, P = .04) compared with conventional biopsy. Conclusion Targeted biopsy of the prostate using MR-US fusion increased the cancer detection rate compared with both cognitive registration and conventional biopsy and was associated with detection of higher-grade cancer compared with conventional biopsy.
Enteral nutrition practices: similarities and differences between dietitians and physicians in Connecticut.

There has been little evaluation of attitudes, beliefs, and practices of health professionals involved in the provision of enteral nutrition support. A study was undertaken to define and describe enteral feeding practices of registered dietitians (R.D.s) and physicians (M.D.s) in Connecticut. Survey questionnaires were returned by 74.5% of R.D.s and 53.3% of M.D.s. Data were analyzed for 195 respondents. Overall, there were more similarities than differences between R.D.s and M.D.s. Malnutrition was the most frequent indication for tube feedings. Dietitians and physicians selected formulas on the basis of nutrient needs of the patients, but R.D.s gave significantly more weight to formula design and nutrient composition than did M.D.s. Lactose-free low-residue, high-calorie high-nitrogen, and elemental diets were considered to be the most desirable products to include in a hospital formulary. Dietitians more frequently monitored nutrition-related parameters, whereas M.D.s followed metabolic parameters of patients on tube feeding. Physicians relied on R.D.s to recommend formulas and to provide them with enteral nutrition information. The results from this study may be useful in planning nutrition education programs, evaluating standards for enteral nutrition practice, and improving utilization of enteral nutrition therapy.
Matching markets in the digital age

Recent advances in information technology are enabling new markets and revolutionizing many existing markets. For example, taxicabs used to find passengers through chance drive-bys or slow central dispatching (see the photo). Location tracking, computer navigation, and dynamic pricing now enable ride-sharing services such as Uber to offer low and consistent delay times of only a few minutes. In a recent study, Cramer and Krueger ( 1 ) show that ride-sharing has dramatically increased the usage of drivers and their cars, cutting costs for riders. The results highlight the opportunities provided by digital markets. Further efficiency gains may come from academia-industry collaborations, which could also help to ensure that the markets develop in ways that further the public interest.
An Axiomatic Analysis of Planner-Doer Games

Planner-doer games, introduced in Thaler and Shefrin (1981), are frequently used to model decision-makers with self-control problems. In such games, the planner moves first by making a strategic commitment which partially restricts the doer's choices and the doer follows by making a consumption choice. The game itself is a subjective construct, meaning that neither the preferences of the players nor the planner’s commitment strategies are necessarily observable. However, when commitment strategies only allow partial control of the doer there is - in principle - an observable preference for external commitment, i.e. a preference over menus. The contribution of this paper is that we use preferences over menus to elicit and partially identify a class of planner-doer games.
Architecture for in-space robotic assembly of a modular space telescope

An architecture and conceptual design for a robotically assembled, modular space telescope (RAMST) that enables extremely large space telescopes to be conceived is presented. The distinguishing features of the RAMST architecture compared with prior concepts include the use of a modular deployable structure, a general-purpose robot, and advanced metrology, with the option of formation flying. To demonstrate the feasibility of the robotic assembly concept, we present a reference design using the RAMST architecture for a formation flying 100-m telescope that is assembled in Earth orbit and operated at the Sun–Earth Lagrange Point 2.
Distributed MPC with parametric coordination

The paper presents an effective coordination scheme for a distributed optimization based on dual decomposition. The targeted class of optimization problems are strictly convex quadratic functions with linear constraints, where the dual function with coupling equality constraints in Lagrangian is continuous piecewise quadratic. The coordination is based on multi-parametric programming - the subproblem solvers return their solution on a polyhedron around a given Lagrange multiplier value. Centralized coordinator constructs the gradient and Hessian of a dual function and reaches exact consensus in a finite number of iterations, while only some subproblems are queried for a new solution in each iteration. The algorithm is applied to the distributed model predictive control. The efficiency, in terms of optimization time and the number of iterations, is demonstrated on the distributed model predictive control of the Barcelona water distribution network.
Radiation Chemical Applications in Science and Industry

This chapter deals with the chemical applications of radiation. It presents a variety of applications including dosimetry; industrial synthesis and processing; irradiation of food, waste, and medical equipment; and low-energy ion interaction with matter. Dosimetry is of fundamental importance for yield calculations and also for personnel exposure. Industrial processing would include some polymerization. Irradiated food and radiation sterilization of medical equipment are gradually gaining acceptance. Low-energy ion implantation has technological relevance in the semiconductor industry. The lower energy of the beam is associated with relatively high linear energy transfer (LET). The ions can be implanted in shallow regions to achieve desired properties. Ion implantations have been carried out successfully in metals, semiconductors, and insulators. In microelectronics, there are various uses of the ion beam method for advanced integrated circuit fabrication including, but not limited to, low-energy implantation for shallow junctions, germanium implantation in silicon for bandgap engineering in high-performance integrated circuits, and implantation in silicon for well engineering.
P2Y12 hyporesponse (PRU>200) is not associated with increased thromboembolic complications in anterior circulation Pipeline

Introduction Recent reports suggest that thromboembolic complications are associated with Pipeline embolization device (PED) placement cluster in P2Y12 hyporesponders. Objective To evaluate the role of P2Y12 hyporesponse in PED placement by retrospectively reviewing a single-center series of patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed an institutional review board-approved database of patients with an aneurysm at a single institution and identified all patients with a measured P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU)>200 who had undergone anterior circulation PED placement. Events such as transient ischemic attack, stroke, and hemorrhage were identified as well as demographic and procedural details. Results Fifty-two patients with a PRU >200 had undergone anterior circulation PED placement. Four patients had prior subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (8%) and 11 aneurysms (21%) had been previously treated. The average aneurysm size was 7.6 mm (±6.2). PED thrombosis occurred intraprocedurally in three patients, none of whom developed neurological deficits after abciximab administration. Treatment of all patients was successful and 48 procedures (92%) had no complications. One patient had a major stroke (2%) with permanent hemiparesis. There were three minor complications (6%): one minor stroke with a visual field cut, one 10 cc intracranial hemorrhage with transient left lower extremity weakness, and one transient neurological deficit not verified by imaging. No deaths or cases of SAH occurred. Conclusions P2Y12 hyporesponse (PRU>200) is not associated with increased periprocedural complications in a contemporary series of patients undergoing anterior circulation PED placement. Titration of antiplatelet medications to P2Y12 >200 remains unindicated and may increase the risk of hemorrhagic complications.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With Early Compared With Delayed Pushing Among Nulliparous Women

OBJECTIVE:To describe factors associated with delayed pushing and evaluate the relationship between delayed pushing and perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women with singleton term gestations.METHODS:This was a secondary analysis of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Hu
Lipid nanoparticles incorporated with Ebola glycoprotein for induction of humoral immunity against Ebola infection.

The recent outbreaks of Ebola virus in Africa and isolated incidents in the U.S. have increased global attention and concern for this pathogen. The highly contagious nature and severe mortality rate of Ebola infection highlight the urgent need for an effective vaccine. To cull its spread, many vaccines are currently being tested in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Here, we report the development of a vaccine nanoparticle system that can safely elicit antibody responses and protect animals against Ebola viral challenge. We incorporated Ebola glycoprotein (GP) into lipid-based nanoparticles, called Interbilayer-crosslinked multilamellar vesicles (ICMVs), that were produced by fusing and crosslinking functionalized phospholipids. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited GP loading efficiency of 45–60 % with the particle diameter of approximately 350 nm. We observed strong binding of the murine mAbs 6D8 and 13C6, recognizing GP epitopes, on GP-ICMVs, indicating surface-bound GP in its natural configuration on ICMVs. C57BL/6 mice were immunized on days 0 and 21with 10 ug GP plus 2.5 ug monophosphoryl lipid A, a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, in either ICMV or soluble formulations. Compared with the soluble GP+MPLA control, GP-ICMVs elicited 10-fold and 3-fold higher GP-specific IgG sera titers at two weeks post prime and boost, respectively. Vaccinated mice were challenged with 1000 p.f.u. of mouse adapted Ebola virus on day 28 after vaccination. All mice immunized with ICMVs survived up to 21 days post challenge, compared with 60 % survival for mice immunized with the GP+MPLA formulation. These preliminary experiments show strong elicitation of protective immunity however more research is needed to determine real world efficacy.
“No Business Like Show Business”: The American Media Exception

There is no business like American show business. Since the 1800s, operating through a variety of media, Americans have pioneered ways of turning arts and entertainment into commercial mass culture. In magazines and moving pictures, in radio and recorded music, in television and on the Internet, they have crafted new cultural products to amuse audiences. In the late nineteenth century, photography was the hot new medium: the U.S. counted some 6000 publishers of stereographic images (four times as many as in Europe), millions of image-reproducing chromolithographs were sold, and George Eastman captured a mass market with his Kodak camera (Rydell and Kroes 2005: 40–2).
Development and validation of the meaning of food in life questionnaire (MFLQ): Evidence for a new construct to explain eating behavior

Abstract Herein we present the development and validation of an assessment tool for empirically measuring the meaning of food in life (MFL), a construct which has been shown through repeated qualitative, ethnographic and quantitative analyses to exert influence over food choice but which has never before been systematically operationalized for empirical investigation. In this investigation we operationalize the MFL and generate a 22-item tool for its assessment. The items were tested in an online format in three empirical studies (n = 560), and participants were recruited through MTurk. Exploratory factor analyses and item analysis were conducted to confirm the psychometric characteristics of the item pool. Overall, five distinct domains of food meanings emerged: moral, sacred, health, social, and aesthetic. Each dimension of food meaning was associated with different dietary intake outcomes, providing evidence for criterion validity. Further, each dimension of food meaning displayed associations with psychologically similar, yet distinct constructs from the literature in a manner concordant with the theoretical specifications of each construct, providing further validity evidence. The strong associations between the different domains of food meanings and behavioral outcomes suggest that this construct may be an important and clinically relevant aspect of people’s relationship to food which has heretofore lacked systematic investigation.
Engineered Surface-Immobilized Enzyme that Retains High Levels of Catalytic Activity in Air

In the absence of aqueous buffer, most enzymes retain little or no activity; however, “water-free” enzymes would have many diverse applications. Here, we describe the chemically precise immobilization of an enzyme on an engineered surface designed to support catalytic activity in air at ambient humidity. Covalent immobilization of haloalkane dehalogenase on a surface support displaying poly(sorbitol methacrylate) chains resulted in ∼40-fold increase in activity over lyophilized enzyme powders for the gas-phase dehalogenation of 1-bromopropane. The activity of the immobilized enzyme in air approaches 25% of the activity obtained in buffer for the immobilized enzyme. Poly(sorbitol methacrylate) appears to enhance activity by replacing protein–water interactions, thereby preserving the protein structure.
Diurnal Cortisol Interacts With Stressful Events to Prospectively Predict Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls.

Abstract Purpose The aim of present study was to test the diathesis-stress model of depression using baseline cortisol, prospective assessment of depression symptoms, and stressful life events. Methods The sample consisted of 527 adolescent girls aged 13.5–15.5 years without major depressive disorder. At baseline, saliva samples were collected at waking, 30 minutes after waking, and 8 p.m. on 3 consecutive days. Diurnal cortisol was indexed by cortisol awakening response (CAR) and area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg). Stressful events during the preceding interval and current depressive symptoms were assessed 18 months following baseline. Results Stressful events and the interaction of CAR or AUCg with stressful events predicted depressive symptoms at 18 months, even after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms. Specifically, in the face of high levels of stress, baseline blunted CAR or smaller AUCg were associated with future depressive symptoms. This was more apparent for CAR than AUCg. The effect was reversed at low levels of stress, with heightened CAR associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions Blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output at baseline appear to accentuate the depressogenic effects of stressful events after 18 months, consistent with the diathesis-stress model of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in depression.
27-OR: HISTORY OF HLA-DP ANTIBODIES IN A POTENTIAL BONE MARROW RECIPIENT AFTER GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION: CLINICAL CONUNDRUM TO TRANSPLANT

Aim Case: 36 year old female with AML diagnosed in Dec 2011 and persistent disease after 3 rounds of chemotherapy. She received 7 granulocyte transfusions for neutropenic sepsis in Dec 2011. Single antigen bead (SAB) testing in Jan 2012 demonstrated alloimmunization to HLA-DPB1. Patient has one mismatched sibling and unrelated search was initiated. She demonstrated donor specific antibodies (DSA) to all donors. We present here the progression of DSA over a 5 month period and the clinical care based on these DSA. Methods Confirmatory typing of 5 donors found that 2 were 10/10 match with the recipient, while 3 were mismatched at DQB1. Since the recipient demonstrated DP antibodies with MFI >1000, DPB1 typing was performed on the recipient and donors. Results Recipient and donor DPB1 typing and DSA are summarized [ Table 1 ]. Serial SAB demonstrate decreasing MFI with no specific DSA reducing intervention and reflected in B-FXM with donor-2 cells [ Table 2 ]. Based on the high DSA levels, an autologous bone marrow harvest was performed as backup to allotransplant. As the DSA MFI was Conclusions DPB1 antibodies are known to play a role in graft rejection. We present a case of alloimmunization to HLA-DPB1 antibodies following granulocyte transfusion and with decreasing MFI after discontinuation of transfusion. Post transplant DPB1 antibody levels and clinical outcome will be presented at the meeting.
Enhanced Third-Order Optical Nonlinearity Driven by Surface-Plasmon Field Gradients.

Efficient nonlinear optical frequency mixing in small volumes is key for future on-chip photonic devices. However, the generally low conversion efficiency severely limits miniaturization to nanoscale dimensions. Here we demonstrate that gradient-field effects can provide for an efficient, conventionally dipole-forbidden nonlinear response. We show that a longitudinal nonlinear source current can dominate the third-order optical nonlinearity of the free electron response in gold in the technologically important near-IR frequency range where the nonlinearities due to other mechanisms are particularly small. Using adiabatic nanofocusing to spatially confine the excitation fields, from measurements of the $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$ four-wave mixing response as a function of detuning ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$, we find up to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ conversion efficiency with a gradient-field contribution to ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{Au}}^{(3)}$ of up to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. The results are in good agreement with the theory based on plasma hydrodynamics and underlying electron dynamics. The associated increase in the nonlinear conversion efficiency with a decreasing sample size, which can even overcompensate the volume decrease, offers a new approach for enhanced nonlinear nano-optics. This will enable more efficient nonlinear optical devices and the extension of coherent multidimensional spectroscopies to the nanoscale.
Kim Kardashian is my new BFF: Video games and the looking glass celebrity

Mobile-based celebrity games are a by-product of a new, more feminized video game industry. Within celebrity games, the player engages with celebrity culture in a variety of ways, often being transformed into their own brand of celebrity. Celebrity games are a form of hypertrophic media, based on the dyadic interactions between the player and celebrity. Within this, one becomes a looking-glass celebrity—an enculturation process by which the celebrity text situates the player as closer to the titular star than the player actually is. In turn, the player uses this position to reflexively construct what the player believes constitutes a successful celebrity. The path to fame, however, is a hollow one, wherein the player can never really lose and never really win.
Abstract BS3-2: Breast cancer intra-tumor heterogeneity and its clinical implications

Breast cancer is a known heterogeneous disease with significant inter-tumor differences being manifested on many levels including histology, response to therapy, and patient survival outcomes. Importantly, even within an individual tumor, significant heterogeneity may exist. This intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) poses a challenge to understanding the biology of breast cancer, and an open question is what impact does ITH have on the clinical decision making process? Over the past ten years, a rich body of genetic, genomic, and proteomic data has been accumulated concerning the ITH of breast cancers. Much of these data is coming from Massively Parallel Sequencing, and it is yielding a wealth of quantitative data concerning DNA- and RNA-based ITH. This variation can be in the form of somatic mutations, DNA copy number changes, and gene expression differences due to epigenetic differences (i.e. cell state changes) and or microenvironmental influences. Notable recent examples of DNA-based ITH include PIK3CA mutation heterogeneity across different metastatic sites within the same patient with some lesions responding to PI3K inhibitors while others did not. Another key example of ITH are ESR1 mutations that arise within the setting of aromatase inhibitor treatment, where it is sometimes seen that within an individual, multiple different mutations in ESR1 can occur and that confer estrogen independence. Lastly, significant epigenetic ITH can also occur, with a prime example being epithelial tumor cell plasticity, which is often manifested as “state changes”. Examples of this include chemotherapy induced changes that may select for epithelial cells with more mesenchymal features (often referred to as EMT), and which is also typically linked to a more treatment resistant state. Another important concept that is emerging is that it might be better to target the clonal (or trunk) alterations, as opposed to targeting the subclonal variation. The latter, by definition, is not present within all tumor cells, and thus even if that therapy is effective, it will not target all tumor cells. Conversely, if clonal variants (i.e. those present within the founding clone) are targeted, the treatment may be more effective and cause regression and/or complete response. These multiple examples of ITH are biologically important, but the question still remains, what are the clinical implications? These ITH topics will be presented and discussed within the context of how these findings might affect treatment options and decision making. Citation Format: Perou Perou CM. Breast cancer intra-tumor heterogeneity and its clinical implications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr BS3-2.
16α-[18F]Fluoro-17β-estradiol (FES) metabolite analyses in rodent tissue micro samples by solid-phase (SP) Florisil columns

1436 Objectives FES has been used to study the estrogen receptor (ER) in primary and metastatic breast cancers using positron emission tomography (PET). Rodents are critical to assess the effect of new therapies and to develop useful kinetic models. Determining the metabolite-corrected input function in a mouse with a blood volume of ~ 1.5 ml creates challenges. However, the rapid metabolism of FES necessitates a reliable and easy-to-implement methodology to account for the % of FES that is present in order to correct for the effects of its extensive by-products generated in vivo. The goal of this project was to develop a relatively fast and accurate protocol, based on the use of SP-Florisil columns and capable of separating the authentic FES from all of its metabolites in samples as small as 10-15 ug. Methods Custom-made columns were prepared by adding 50-300 mg Florisil to 3-mL plastic columns (frits at top-bottom), that were conditioned with hexane prior to use. After tissue extraction, the sample was added to the column and eluted with 10% acetone in methylene chloride. Non- metabolized FES eluted cleanly from all other polar species, which are retained on the column. Control experiments (HPLC/TLC) were used to validate the process. Results Macro (~300 mg) and micro (10-15 ug) tissue samples were analyzed with similar results. Our method showed that after 10 min, less than 20% remained as FES in blood. Conclusions We have validated a reliable, easy-to-use micro-analysis of FES in the presence of its metabolites in rodents. This type of analysis can be applied to determine the metabolite-corrected input function of the tracer and, hence, to quantify receptor density. Research Support NIH U01CA141541-0
Epithelial Lesions of Bladder Mucosa Following Ureteral Reimplantation

AbstractWe report on 3 children who underwent ureteral reimplantation. Postoperatively, each patient had persistent, irritative, lower urinary tract symptoms and continuous or recurring urinary infections, with or without gross hematuria. Because of these symptoms cystoscopy was done in 2 children and the third child underwent repeat ureteral reimplantation because of persistent vesicoureteral reflux. At operation single or multiple hyperplastic, sessile lesions of the urothelium, not evident at the time of initial ureteral reimplantation, were discovered in each child. Histologically, these lesions showed proliferative and metaplastic glandular epithelial changes. Treatment consisted of transurethral fulguration and long-term antimicrobial medication plus partial cystectomy and topical intravesical chemotherapy for recurrent lesions in 1 child. The etiology of these epithelial lesions, although uncertain, is believed to be a response to long-standing inflammation.
Ends and automorphisms of infinite graphs

These lectures introduce the finite graph theorist to a medley of topics and theorems in infinite graphs theory. Section 1: three graph theoretical notions required for a study of infinite graphs, namely end-equivalence (as developed by R. Halin), a refinement of the notion of connectivity, and growth. Section 2: an extension to infinite graphs (by C. Thomassen and the author) of W.T. Tutte’s thoerem on arc-transitivity. Section 3: twoended graphs, especially various characterizations of strips. Section 4: rays, double rays, quasi-axes, and the automorphism group action upon them. Section 5: joint work by P. Niemeyer and the author on fiber-equivalence, which is a refinement of end-equivalence. Section 6: the classification of locally finite, edge-transitive planar graphs by J.E. Graver and the author in terms of the number of ends, their Petrie walks, and the local behavior of their automorphism groups.
A Multiscale Approach to High-Resolution Ocean Profile Observations within a 4DVAR Analysis System

AbstractMost ocean data assimilation systems are tuned to process and assimilate observations to constrain features on the order of the mesoscale and larger. Typically this involves removal of obse...
The Effect of Freeform Surfaces on the Volume and Performance of Unobscured Three Mirror Imagers

The volume reduction capabilities of freeform surfaces compared to off-axis aspheres is presented in the context of unobscured three-mirror imagers. A design study demonstrates the effectiveness of freeform mirrors, reducing the volume by up to 25%.
Benchmarks for Model Validation based on LiDAR Wake Measurements

Technology development and design decisions in wind energy are often based on results from simulations performed for individual wind turbines or entire wind plants. It is therefore critical to ensure that the models being used for research and industry applications in wind energy be thoroughly validated against measurements. A full-system validation of wind plant simulations must consider the atmospheric inflow, the response of the wind turbines, and their wakes. This task is complicated by the lack of freely available, quality-controlled, high-quality measurements. Here, such measurements are used to offer a validation exercise that can be used to assess the accuracy of models of any fidelity level. When it comes to real-world measurements, the dataset considered herein is simple in terms of terrain but exhibits pronounced diurnal cycles. Instead of a full-scale wind plant, we consider an individual research-scale, utility wind turbine instrumented for power and loads measurements. Three benchmarks are defined, with increasing levels of complexity: near neutral, slightly unstable, and very stable atmospheric stratification. Through comparisons between observations and simulations, the benchmarks provide complementary information about the model performance and its ability to reproduce mean and dynamic wake characteristics. This article describes the measurements and methodology used to define these benchmarks and provides the information required to perform simulations and conduct the model-measurement comparison. The objective is to provide a robust wake model validation exercise open to anyone, which will serve to minimize uncertainty in model validation practices related to varying methodologies across simulation tools and users.
Exotic oryx interact with shrub encroachment in the Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract Biotic invasions can interact with ongoing landscape transitions in introduced ranges, acting synergistically to accelerate landscape change. The African oryx (Oryx gazella), a large ungulate native to the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, was intentionally released into the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico to provide increased hunting opportunities. Oryx have subsequently dispersed widely, including into the adjacent Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research site, which contains native grassland communities imperiled due to shrub encroachment. We examined how landscape use and diel activity of oryx interacts with shrub encroachment at Jornada Basin. We hypothesized that oryx would be more common on unencroached grasslands that provide preferred forage, and that oryx would be most active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular) when ambient temperatures were favorable and predator surveillance was possible. We sampled 24 sites across a broad gradient of shrub encroachment from 2014 to 2018 using camera traps to evaluate our hypotheses. Oryx relative abundances were higher on unencroached grasslands, especially in years of low to moderate precipitation. We found oryx were most active during crepuscular periods, and this behavior was consistent across the shrub encroachment gradient. Our research suggests exotic oryx could contribute to shrub encroachment by focusing their foraging on remaining grasslands, especially during drier years, which may adversely affect livestock production and other ecosystem services.
Iterative Training Sampling Coupled With Active Learning for Semisupervised Spectral–Spatial Hyperspectral Image Classification

Training sample selection is a great challenge for hyperspectral image classification (HSIC), specifically when only a very limited number of labeled data samples are available for training. Two recently developed concepts for training sample selection are of particular interest. One is active learning (AL), which augments labeled training samples by including unlabeled data samples as new training samples. The other is iterative training sampling (ITS), which expands data cubes by including additional spatial classification information into the training samples. This article combines AL and ITS simultaneously to derive a joint ITS–AL spectral–spatial (SS) classification approach, to be called ITS augmentation by AL spectral–spatial classification, referred to as ITSA-AL-SS, which can improve SS classification using either AL or ITS alone. The novel idea of ITSA-AL-SS is to take advantage of ITS to expand data cubes by incorporating additional spatial classification information iteratively into the AL-augmented unlabeled data samples to update the current training samples iteration by iteration in one-shot operation. As expected, ITSA-AL-SS is benefited from both ITS and AL to not only further improve classification accuracy but also reduce classification inconsistency.
Primary Radial Head Arthroplasty

Radial head arthroplasty has become increasingly utilized over the past several decades. Recent improvements in our understanding of the indications for this procedure, advances in technical aspects of the procedure including appropriate sizing, and improvements in implant designs have resulted in increased implant durability and more normal elbow biomechanics and subsequently lower reoperation and complication rates. This chapter will discuss relevant elbow anatomy and biomechanics, surgical indications, operative techniques and tips, and complications of radial head arthroplasty.
Game Utilization and Performance Following RTP From ACL Reconstruction Does not Influence a Subsequent Second ACL Injury in National Football League Players.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in game utilization or performance following primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between National Football League (NFL) players with and without a second ACL injury. Methods NFL players who underwent ACL reconstruction between 2013 and 2017 were identified. Players were classified as having one injury (“tear”) or having later sustained a subsequent second (reinjury or contralateral) ACL injury (“retear”). Players were excluded if they tore their ACL prior to the NFL, did not return to play (RTP), did not play the season before injury, or had concomitant injuries. Demographic characteristics, game utilization statistics, and season approximate value (SAV) performance metrics were recorded. Statistical analysis compared data after RTP from primary ACL reconstruction (seasons +1, +2, and +3) relative to the season before injury (season −1) between cohorts using mean differences and relative percentages. Results Analysis included a total of 45 players, 32 in the “tear” group and 13 in the “retear” group. Demographics, level of play, and time to RTP after primary ACL reconstruction did not differ between the groups (P > .05). Tear and retear groups demonstrated similar utilization and performance metrics the season prior to injury (−1) and the 3 seasons following RTP (season of injury is “0”). Both groups had a similar decrease (relative percentage) in games played and started, snap counts, and SAV during the 3 seasons following RTP compared to baseline (P > .05). The draft pick position was correlated with the relative percentage of games started the first season after RTP (r = .6, P = .02). Conclusions Game utilization and performance metrics following ACL reconstruction were not associated with a subsequent second ACL injury. Players with a higher draft pick position were more likely to return to the starting lineup following primary ACL reconstruction. Ultimately, player game utilization and performance following primary ACL reconstruction is not predictive of a subsequent second ACL injury. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective case-control study
Nonlinear Reduced-Order Modeling of Flat Cantilevered Structures: Identification Challenges and Remedies

AbstractThe focus of this investigation is on the development and validation of nonintrusive structural dynamic reduced-order models (ROMs) for the geometrically nonlinear response of flat cantilev...