cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dancing the cell cycle two-step: Regulation of yeast G1-cell-cycle genes by chromatin structure

The chromatin structure at a promoter can define how a gene is regulated. Studies of two yeast genes expressed in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, HO and CLN2, have provided important paradigms for transcriptional regulation. Although the SBF (Swi4/Swi6 box factor) transcription factor activates both genes, the chromatin landscapes that regulate SBF binding are different. Specifically, the CLN2 promoter is constitutively available for SBF binding, whereas HO has a complex two-step promoter in which chromatin changes in one region allow SBF to bind at a downstream location. These studies reveal the role of chromatin in defining the regulatory properties of promoters.
Tumor markers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

A tumor marker is a biochemical indicator for the presence of a tumor. In clinical usage, the term usually refers to a molecule that can be detected in plasma or other body fluids. Table I summarizes the major concep tual developments in the history of tumor markers. Bence Jones proteins in urine and the serum levels of acid phosphatase have been employed for many years as indica tors for multiple myeloma and prostatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. Although efforts were made in the early decades of this century to identify tumor-specific anti gens, the number of markers in clinical use remained limited, and almost none were available for the more common cancers. The discovery of alpha-feto@@t@Th' (AFP) as a marker for hepatomas, and car cinoembryonic antigen2 (CEA) as a marker for colon carcinoma, provided a fresh im petus for the search for specific tumor
Extracellular Matrix Regulates UNC-6 (Netrin) Axon Guidance by Controlling the Direction of Intracellular UNC-40 (DCC) Outgrowth Activity

How extracellular molecules influence the direction of axon guidance is poorly understood. The HSN axon of Caenorhabditis elegans is guided towards a ventral source of secreted UNC-6 (netrin). The axon’s outgrowth response to UNC-6 is mediated by the UNC-40 (DCC) receptor. We have proposed that in response to the UNC-6 molecule the direction of UNC-40-mediated axon outgrowth is stochastically determined. The direction of guidance is controlled by asymmetric cues, including the gradient of UNC-6, that regulate the probability that UNC-40-mediated axon outgrowth is directed on average, over time, in a specific direction. Here we provide genetic evidence that a specialized extracellular matrix, which lies ventral to the HSN cell body, regulates the probability that UNC-40-mediated axon outgrowth will be directed ventrally towards the matrix. We show that mutations that disrupt the function of proteins associated with this matrix, UNC-52 (perlecan), UNC-112 (kindlin), VAB-19 (Kank), and UNC-97 (PINCH), decrease the probability of UNC-40-mediated axon outgrowth in the ventral direction, while increasing the probability of outgrowth in the anterior and posterior directions. Other results suggest that INA-1 (α integrin) and MIG-15 (NIK kinase) signaling mediate the response in HSN. Although the AVM axon also migrates through this matrix, the mutations have little effect on the direction of AVM axon outgrowth, indicating that responses to the matrix are cell-specific. Together, these results suggest that an extracellular matrix can regulate the direction of UNC-6 guidance by increasing the probability that UNC-40-mediated axon outgrowth activity will be oriented in a specific direction.
The possibility of determining the activity coefficients of individual ions from acid-base titration data

A method is described for obtaining the activity coefficients of individual ions from experimental titration data. For this purpose, a general polyprotic acid-base-titration-curve equation is derived. The equation allows obtaining the dissociation equilibrium constants of the acid and the ratio of the activity coefficient of each ion to the activity coefficient of the undissociated acid directly from the titration data. Results obtained are compared with coefficients calculated using Debye-Huckel equation. A general equation relating the ionic strength to the pH of the titration medium is also established.
Drug-induced decrement in spatial reversal learning in the white rat.

This study investigated the effects of LSD-25, amphetamine sulfate and chlorpromazine on a simple spatial reversal learning problem in a water-filled maze. Following subcutaneous injections of 0.50 and 0.52 mg/ kg of LSD-25, albino rats were significantly handicapped in acquiring a reversed turning response. The performance of groups given 0.13 mg/kg LSD-25, 1 mg/kg chlorpromazine and 2 mg/kg amphetamine sulfate was not reliably different from a Ringer's-injected control group.
Degenerate Dirichlet Problems Related to the Invariant Measure of Elasto-Plastic Oscillators

A stochastic variational inequality is proposed to model a white noise excited elasto-plastic oscillator. The solution of this inequality is essentially a continuous diffusion process for which a governing diffusion equation is obtained to study the evolution in time of its probability distribution. The diffusion equation is degenerate, but using the fact that the degeneracy occurs on a bounded region we are able to show the existence of a unique solution satisfying the desired properties. We prove the ergodic properties of the process and characterize the invariant measure. Our approach relies on extending Khasminskii’s method (Stochastic Stability of Differential Equations, Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1980), which in the present context leads to the study of degenerate Dirichlet problems with nonlocal boundary conditions.
The 21st century challenge for science education: Assessing scientific reasoning

Abstract Expectations of the outcomes of education in the 21st century increasingly focus on higher order thinking of synthesis, analysis and evaluation. Yet school science education is still dominated by lower level cognitive demands—in particular recall. The argument made by this paper is that the failure to transform science education for the needs of the 21st century is a consequence of a lack of a good model of scientific reasoning and a body of expertise about how to assess such higher order cognitive competencies. In response, this paper presents a model for scientific reasoning which is a synthesis of contemporary philosophical perspectives and empirical psychological studies of how scientists work. Such a model offers some insights into the kind of competencies that science education might seek to develop to address the contemporary demands of society. Scientific reasoning is, however, domain specific and dependent on a knowledge of the content and concepts of science; a body of procedural knowledge about standard methods; and an epistemic knowledge of how such procedures warrant the claims that scientists advance. Assessing ‘what counts’ depends on a deeper understanding of what counts—in this case the nature of the performance and the knowledge base required for the display of higher-order thinking reasoning. Finally, it is argued that recent developments in computer-based platforms such as the open-source TAO platform to be used for the PISA assessment in 2015 and other computer-based platforms offer the promise of enabling students to display a wider range of performances and more sophisticated methods of assessments. Better assessments are not possible, however, without better constructs and likewise, better constructs cannot be assessed without a broader repertoire of methods of assessing student performance.
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for the determination of cellulase solubilizing activity.

A cellulase assay was developed for the continuous measurement of colored cellulose oligosaccharides (total carbohydrates) released during enzymatic hydrolysis of dyed crystal-line cellulose. Several cellulosic substrates were uniformly dyed by Remalzol brilliant blue R salt without altering their physical properties. Dyed Avicel (6.5%, w/w) was selected as the most representative substrate for the assay procedure. The assay was performed continuously in a simple, thermally controlled apparatus designed for filtration of the reaction mixture via a 5-μm-pore-size nylon filter to retain the crystalline dyed cellulose while spectrophotometrically monitoring the absorbance at 595 nm of the reaction filtrate. Crude supernatant cellulase of Trichoderma viride QM9414 was used to test the assay procedure. The activity of cellulase on dyed Avicel as measured by ΔA595nm correlated directly with the total carbohydrates formed. The initial reaction rate of cellulase solubilizing activity was readily determined with high sensitivity. The continuous assay has utility for the study of cellulase kinetics and for the comparison of activities from different microorganisms.
Differential effects of sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine in a rat model of topical FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis.

Introduction: In the rat model of topical ferric chloride-induced carotid artery thrombosis, a transient blood flow velocity (VEL) increase is observed immediately following ferric chloride application. The immediacy of the response suggested vasoconstriction, as thrombotic narrowing of the vessel lumen was hypothesized to be too slow to account for the rapidity of the response. Methods: To explore this phenomenon, the effects of two mechanistically distinct vasodilators, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and hydralazine (HYD), on velocity increase, ex vivo platelet aggregation and thrombosis, were assessed in the rat ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model. Results: Sodium nitroprusside (10, 30 and 50 μg/kg/min i.v.) and hydralazine (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg/min i.v.) reduced the mean arterial pressure with the higher dose regimens eliciting equivalent hypotensive effects. Both sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine blunted the initial velocity increase, but only sodium nitroprusside significantly reduced the incidence of thrombotic occlusion. No differences in ex vivo platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen (COLL) and arachidonic acid (AA) were observed between the sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine treatment groups. However, platelet aggregation response to thrombin was significantly reduced in the 50 μg/kg/min i.v. sodium nitroprusside compared to the 1.0 mg/kg/min i.v. hydralazine and vehicle groups. Conclusions: Inhibition of the initial velocity increase by two mechanistically distinct vasodilators, and the dissociation between this velocity change and antithrombotic efficacy, support the hypothesis that the early velocity increase results from a change in vascular tone rather than due to enhanced platelet activation and thrombus formation. Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet activation may contribute to the antithrombotic actions of sodium nitroprusside in this preparation.
Emotional intelligence and resilience

This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the stress process. Participants (N = 126) completed an ability-based measure of EI and then engaged with two stressors. We assessed stressor appraisals, emotions, and physiological stress responses over time. We expected that higher EI would facilitate stress responses in the direction of challenge, rather than threat. As expected, EI facets were related to lower threat appraisals, more modest declines in positive affect, less negative affect and challenge physiological responses to stress. However, findings differed for men and women. This study provides predictive validity that EI facilitates stress resilience.
Subjective Well-Being Predictors of Academic Citizenship Behavior

Two studies tested the hypothesis that SWB predicts unique variance in academic citizenship attitudes, even while accounting for personality traits. In Study 1, participants (n = 2,566) completed an online questionnaire assessing their positive and negative affect, ACBs and personality. The results indicated that positive affect predicted consideration, civic virtue, and conscientiousness, whereas negative affect predicted citizenship conscientiousness and sportsmanship while controlling for personality. In Study 2, participants (n = 260) completed measures of life satisfaction, ACBs and personality. The results showed that life satisfaction predicted all ACBs while controlling for personality. Based on these results, it can be concluded that SWB is an important predictor of ACBs. Implications for the selection of student aids in academic settings are discussed.
The New Soviet History

The fields of late Imperial Russian and Soviet history have reached a new plateau. Recent scholarship-particularly in the areas of social history of late Imperial Russia, the historiography of the Russian revolutions of 1917, and the post-1917 history of the Soviet Union-has broken new conceptual ground and, at least in the case of post-1917 history, has opened entire new areas of enquiry. These developments often have run well ahead of corresponding openings in the current Soviet discourse of historians and publicists. There, the tendency has been to blame present-day problems and moral failures of the party on Stalin and his personal regime and on the "administrative command" system.' It is convenient to begin Soviet history in 1928 or 1929 with Stalin's "great change," but it is the investigation of the formative years of Soviet power, which must include the revolutionary tradition going back to 1905-7 and 1917 through the end of the twenties, that will supply the insight into basic Soviet political and social institutions. Only very recently have professional historians in the USSR begun to call for abandoning the hoary official historiography of the October Revolution and reassessing the role of Lenin.2 With the events of the past eighteen months in Eastem Europe and the Soviet Union, some have already proclaimed "the end of history" and have argued that one need not bother explaining how the Soviet Union came to be, how its basic social and political institutions (totalitarian or not) were created, how they developed, and how they launched and nurtured the processes that have brought us to the present watershed. It is as if by labeling the period a totalitarian or utopian disaster one is no longer required to explain its sources or how it worked. This is a peculiar form of moral blindness, for it surely
Efficient Two-phase 3D Motion Planning for Small Fixed-wing UAVs

We present an efficient two-phase approach to motion planning for small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) navigating in complex 3D air slalom environments. A coarse global motion planner first computes a kinematically feasible obstacle-free path in a discretized 3D workspace which roughly satisfies the kinematic constraints of the UAV. Given a coarse global path, a fine local motion planner is used to compute a more accurate trajectory for the UAV at a higher level of detail. The local planner is iterated as the vehicle traverses and refines the global path as needed up to its planning horizon. We also introduce a new planning heuristic for 3D motions of fixed-wing UAVs based on 2D Dubins curves, along with precomputed sets of motion primitives derived from the vehicle dynamics model in order to achieve high efficiency.
Electric field effect devices based on doped conducting polymers

The field effect devices prepared using active channels fabricated from doped conducting polymers, such as PEDOT/PSS (poly-(3,4-ethyldioxythiophene/poly(styrene sulfonic acid)), polypyrrole/Cl-, and polyaniline/Cl- with various dopants are reported. Normally in the "on" state, the devices have a sharp switch off at a small gate voltage. The current ratio Ion/Ioff can exceed 104 at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the dc conductivity of the PEDOT/PSS follows the variable range hopping law both before and after application of the gate voltage. The activation energy, T0, increases even for on/off ratios as small as 1.07 demonstrating that the electric field effect has changed the bulk charge transport in the active channel despite the expected screening due to mobile charge carriers. Based on these transport and optical studies we propose that the conducting polymer is near the metal-insulator transition and that the field effect in the transistor is related with electric field modulating this transition in the region underneath of gate through field induced ion motion. The time dynamics of current with the gate modulation strongly supports our proposal. Application of the Doped Polymer Field Effect Devices (DPFEDs) to form circuit components has been demonstrated.
Modulation of epithelial differentiation by the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomaviruses

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect squamous epithelial cells of the genital tract and induce a variety of hyperproliferative lesions, including carcinomas. The vegetative viral life cycle is linked closely to epithelial differentiation, with virion production occurring only in highly differentiated suprabasal cells. We have used organotypic cultures to study the effects of HPV gene products on epithelial differentiation. Although E6 and E7 gene products immortalize normal human keratinocytes efficiently in culture, additional cellular mutations are required to induce a complete loss of differentiation capability. These results are consistent with a multistep process in the development of HPV-associated anogenital malignancies in vivo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction assays in the study of cases with fatal sporadic myocarditis.

Summary Paraffin tissue blocks from 27 cases with sporadic myocarditis were collected during a 12-year period at a single medical examiner's office. Blocks were studied by using histopathology; immunohistochemistry for viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, and human herpes types 4 and 5), bacteria ( Neisseria menigitidis , Ehlichia sp, spotted fever group Rickettsia ) and parasites ( Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi ); and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/RT-PCR for adenovirus and enterovirus. We identified enterovirus in 5 (18.5%) cases and Sarcocystis in a 36-year-old woman who had focal inflammation and myocyte necrosis. Immunohistochemical evidence of enteroviruses was found in the myocytes of 2 patients less than 6 months old who had diffuse mononuclear myocardial inflammation, interstitial pneumonitis; one also had encephalitis. In these 2 patients, the presence of enterovirus was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting the 5′ nontranslated region and was serotyped as coxsackievirus B2 by sequencing the VP1 capsid region. In another 3 cases (ages 12, 47, and 54), enterovirus was detected by the 5′ nontranslated region region; VP1 sequencing identified these as echoviruses 6, 13, and 7, respectively. Accurately identifying an infectious agent is the foundation for clinical and public health interventions. Despite using multiple diagnostic methods, an organism could only be detected in a small proportion of sporadic myocarditis cases.
Nitrogen source influences on forage and soil in young southern-pine silvopasture

Abstract Southern-pine silvopasture can be established by thinning an existing forest plantation then adding or improving a forage component, or by adding low densities of trees to existing pasture. Studies in mature loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine silvopasture (26 years) developed from a thinned plantation on the Western Coastal Plain of Louisiana, USA estimated higher forage biomass production for open-pasture versus silvopasture. However, little is known about temporal and spatial dynamics of forage productivity and soil quality in permanent pastures being converted to silvopasture on the Southern Coastal Plain of the Southeastern USA. The objectives of this research were to determine the impact of nitrogen (N) source (legume-N versus fertilizer-N), pasture type (silvopasture versus open-pasture), and alley position relative to trees in young Southern Coastal Plain silvopasture on (1) forage productivity and quality; (2) soil aggregate stability, density of fungal hyphae, and soil penetration resistance. This research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications from 2005 to 2007 at Americus, Georgia, USA in a young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)-bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) silvopasture and adjoining bahiagrass pasture without trees (open-pasture). Treatments included either fertilizer-N or overseeded crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. ‘Dixie’). Silvopasture forage parameters were monitored at two (2005: 1.0 and 6.1 m) or three (2006–2007: 1.0, 3.5, and 6.1 m) alley positions relative to the tree base; soil parameters were monitored at two alley positions (1.0 and 6.1 m). Cool-season (April or May) forage biomass was 40% higher and forage N concentration 27% higher for the legume-N versus fertilizer-N treatment. When compared to the 3.5- or 6.1-m alley positions, forage productivity at the 1.0-m alley position decreased when the pines were 6 years old. Lower N and higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) levels were found in forage from silvopasture versus open-pasture in August 2006, and July and September 2007, the result of pine straw accumulation in the forage alleys. Water stable aggregates were 5% lower in silvopasture versus open-pasture. Soil penetration resistance was lower in silvopasture versus open-pasture at 10–15- and 15–20-cm in 2005, and at 15–20-cm in 2007. This research found that forage productivity and forage and soil quality can be improved, and N fertilizer additions replaced by introduction and maintenance of crimson clover into young longleaf pine-bahiagrass silvopasture during the hay-production period of pasture to silvopasture conversion on Southern Coastal Plain soil in the Southeastern USA.
Performance evaluation of optimal aggregate-flow scheduling: a simulation study

Providing scalable QoS-sensitive services to applications with varying degrees of elasticity using aggregate-flow scheduling is a challenging problem. In a previous paper [Proc. IEEE/IFIP Int. Workshop Quality Service (2000) 211], we advanced a theoretical framework where an optimal differentiated services provisioning problem is formulated and solved to yield solutions for optimal per-hop control. In this paper, we extend our previous work by investigating performance evaluation and implementation issues associated with the induced optimal differentiated services architecture. We design a system that realizes the optimal per-hop control coupled with end-to-end adaptive QoS control, and implement a practical enhancement by introducing a scaling function which is applied to the TOS field label value in the IP header at each router. The scaling function allows the service provider to configure the per-hop control so as to export customized QoS separation-essential when shaping end-to-end absolute QoS over per-hop relative QoS-commensurate with the QoS profiles of the service provider's user base. We use simulation to study the structural and dynamical properties of differentiated services as affected by optimal aggregate-flow per-hop control.
College education for police: Problems in measuring component and extraneous variables

Abstract There is a need for the better control of methods when measuring the impact of college education on police. Current findings are generally drawn from a base of inadequately designed research that leaves us without a firm picture of the effects of a college education. Design problems are discussed centering on the difficulties associated with controlling for component and extraneous variables. Particular attention is devoted to the primary subconcepts inherent in the global concept “college education.” The factors of duration, environment, emphasis, and mix are discussed as central considerations of research design.
Exploring Web Usage and Selection Criteria Among Male and Female Students1

This study addresses three questions related to the evaluative criteria used by men and women to make judgments about Web pages. What are the major criteria used by students to evaluate Web sites? What are the different kinds of Web sites used by students? Is there a difference in Web site preference and use based on gender? Using a survey design with college students, we show that students tend to use Web sites that are clearly understandable, do not contain too many “bells and whistles,” and are relevant to their special interests and needs. Furthermore, significant gender differences emerge with respect to evaluative criteria and use patterns, with men liking some of the “bells and whistles” and women using academic Web sites more.
Asphalt Pavement Aging and Temperature Dependent Properties through a Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Model, Part-I: Development, Implementation and Verification

Asphalt concrete pavements are inherently graded viscoelastic structures. Oxidative aging of asphalt binder and temperature cycling due to climatic conditions are the major cause of such graded non-homogeneity. Current pavement analysis and simulation procedures either ignore or use a layered approach to account for non-homogeneities. For instance, the recently developed Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide (MEPDG) [1], which was recently approved by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), employs a layered analysis approach to simulate the effects of material aging gradients through the depth of the pavement as a function of pavement age. In the current work, a graded viscoelastic model has been implemented within a numerical framework for the simulation of asphalt pavement responses under various loading conditions. A functionally graded generalized Maxwell model has been used in the development of a constitutive model for asphalt concrete to account for aging and temperature induced property gradients. The associated finite element implementation of the constitutive model incorporates the generalized iso-parametric formulation (GIF) proposed by Kim and Paulino [2], which leads to the graded viscoelastic elements proposed in this work. A solution, based on the correspondence principle, has been implemented in conjunction with the collocation method, which leads to an efficient inverse numerical transform procedure. This work is the first of a two-part paper and focuses on the development, implementation and verification of the aforementioned analysis approach for functionally graded viscoelastic systems. The follow-up paper focuses on the application of this approach.
Development of a user-friendly software planning tool to assess effects of biofilm activity on contaminant reduction in streams

A user-friendly planning tool which models the reduction of organic contaminant levels in rivers or streams, via the activity of biofilms, has been developed. Biofilms are matrices of micro-organisms and organic matter which line many stream beds. The planning tool is hosted on a personal computer, and has been written in Fortran. The theoretical basis and development of the planning tool are described, and several examples are presented.
Solar Cycle 23 forecast update

Solar activity, although virtually impossible to forecast a month in advance, has succumbed to scientific methods on long time scales, much as climate or seasonal weather predictions are simpler than weekly weather forecasting. Moderately accurate solar activity forecasts on decadal time scales now seem possible. The methods that work fall into a class of prediction techniques called “precursor methods.” We utilize solar, interplanetary field, and geomagnetic precursors to update our cycle 23 prediction to provide a mean smoothed sunspot number of 153 ± 30 and mean smoothed Fl0.7 cm Radio flux of 200 ± 30. This is comparable to, but somewhat smaller than, the NOAA SEC panel findings that the next solar cycle would peak at a sunspot number near 160 ± 30. This paper also provides some discussion relating solar and interplanetary field components to serve as a bridge in interplanetary space, helping to forge Sun-Earth connections.
Electromagnetic magnitude and phase measurements from infrared thermograms

This paper describes a technique for determining the magnitude and phase of a radiating electromagnetic (EM) field from measurements taken using an Infrared (IR) camera. A thin resistive screen of low conductivity is positioned in the radiating field. The resistive screen absorbs energy from the radiating field and converts this energy into heat within the screen. An IR thermal picture is then taken of the heat distribution on the screen using an IR imaging camera (either a "scanning" array or "starring" focal plane array). The resulting 2D image is called an IR thermogram, i.e. an iso-temperature contour map of the data which is a representation of the absorbed electric field. The thermogram is processed to determine the intensity (magnitude) of the radiating field at each pixel location in the thermal image. This IR technique is described and comparisons are made between standard probe measurements and results from measured IR thermographs. The thermogram is also processed to determine the phase of the radiating field by the application of a plane-to-plane (PTP) iterative Fourier processing technique to the near-field IR thermographic images of the radiation, for the purpose of determining the complete complex near-field and far-field patterns of the radiating antenna. The PTP technique allows recovery of the phase by combining magnitude-only measurements made on two planes, both in the radiating near field of the antenna under test. The PTP technique is described and comparisons are made between predicted results and results from measured IR thermograms of the field of a 36 element patch array antenna operating at 4 GHz.
Effect of the number and length of zonal isolations on pressure behaviour of horizontal wells

Horizontal wells with multiple zonal isolations have become a common completion technique in the oil and gas industry. Sand problems, damaged zones, and water or gas coning are the main reasons for using isolators to sustain or improve oil and gas recovery. However, they have certain effects on pressure behaviour of horizontal wells. This paper introduces new analytical models for studying the effect of this completion technique on pressure behaviour of horizontal wells with multiple isolated zones. These models have been derived based on the assumption that reservoirs can be divided into multi-subsequent segments of producing and non-producing intervals. Based on the pressure and pressure derivative, the models can be used to estimate the impact of isolators on the pressure behaviour. This impact can be seen in the early time flow regimes such as early radial, linear, and second radial for long isolators or pseudo-spherical flow for long isolators in short wellbore. The effects of the number and length of isolators have been investigated for wells having different lengths.
Conceptual Combinations and Subsequent Creativity

Conceptual combination has been advocated as an important component of creativity, but relatively little research has investigated its importance. Two experiments were designed to extend previous research on the relationship between performance on conceptual combination tasks and subsequent performance on creativity tasks. Both experiments involved the generation of category exemplars and manipulated the type of conceptual combination experience and whether the items presented were related or unrelated to one another. In the first experiment, this was followed by a brainstorming task (divergent thinking) and in the second experiment by a creative problem solving task (convergent thinking). Contrary to expectations, the condition that required conceptual combinations did not enhance the generation of the number and originality of exemplars. As predicted, exposure to unrelated items led to more original products than related ones. The conceptual combination task with related items was predictive of performa...
Mechanism of Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Glutathione

The mechanism of copper-catalyzed glutathione oxidation was investigated using oxygen consumption, thiol depletion, spectroscopy and hydroxyl radical detection. The mechanism of oxidation has kinetics which appear biphasic. During the first reaction phase a stoichiometric amount of oxygen is consumed (1 mole oxygen per 4 moles thiol) with minimal .OH production. In the second reaction phase, additional (excess) oxygen is consumed at an increased rate and with significant hydrogen peroxide and .OH production. The kinetic and spectroscopic data suggest that copper forms a catalytic complex with glutathione (1 mole copper per 2 moles glutathione). Our proposed reaction mechanism assumes two parallel processes (superoxide-dependent and peroxide-dependent) for the first reaction phase and superoxide-independent for the second phase. Our current results indicate that glutathione, usually considered as an antioxidant, can act as prooxidant at physiological conditions and therefore can participate in cellular radical damage.
An analytical model for the pull-out of rigid anchors

A linear elastic fracture mechanics model is presented for the pull-out failure caused by a rigid anchor embedded in a brittle material. The anchor is modeled as a vertically loaded, partly bonded rigid plate in an elastic half-space, and failure is assumed to arise from cracking which emanates from the edges of the plate. The two-dimensional elasticity problem is reduced to solving numerically a system of coupled singular integral equations. Stress intensity factors are presented for several combinations of load geometry, crack length, crack extension angle, and embedment depth. The stress intensity factors are used to construct crack paths and to determine the stability of crack propagation.
Counseling Issues with African College Students in U.S. Colleges and Universities

The increasing number of international students in U.S. colleges and universities has led to increased research on counseling international students. Despite this increased interest in the counseling needs of international students, very little has been written about one group of international students, those from Africa. This article identifies counseling needs of African college students and discusses suggestions for helping American counselors work effectively with African college students.
Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Extremity

As the population continues to grow in average age, chronic lower extremity ischemia is becoming more prevalent. Recently, Dormandy et al. 1 reported the weighted mean incidence of intermittent claudication from five large population-based studies. The incidence ranged from two per 1000 men per year in the 30- to 54-year-old group to seven per 1000 in those over 65 years of age. In a recent summary of large population studies from Italy, Britain, Holland, and Finland, the prevalence of intermittent claudication increases gradually from <1% in 30-year-old men to 3% in 55- to 59-year-old men. The prevalence also increases starting at age 60, from 3% to over 7% in those 70 years old and older.2 It is believed that the overall incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease are likely to increase significantly with the aging of the population, and it has been estimated that the number of individuals aged ≥65 will grow by 70% in the United States between 2010 and 2030.3
Reduction of the Damage Induced in an Fib-Fabricated X-Tem Specimen

In focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) specimens, highly accelerated ion beams sometimes cause serious damage. The damage can be induced in both the specimen surface and in the side walls. We used X-TEM observations to investigate the side-wall damage induced by FIB fabrication in crystalline silicon. The damaged layer was found to be about 20 nm thick in the case of 30-keV FIB etching. We tried to reduce the damage by several methods, such as gas-assisted etching (GAE) with iodine, broad argon ion milling and wet etching. The damaged layer was 19 nm for GAE and 12 nm for argon ion milling with a beam current of 70 mA and the tilt angle between the beam and the specimen of 15 degrees. Wet etching using a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid removes most of the damaged layer.
Reflections on the Looking Glass: A Review of Research on Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Organizations:

This paper presents and organizes the results of two decades of research on feedback-seeking behavior according to three motives: the instrumental motive to achieve a goal, the ego-based motive to protect one’s ego, and the image-based motive to enhance and protect one’s image in an organization. Each motive is discussed with reference to its impact on the frequency of feedback seeking, seeking method (whether by inquiry or monitoring), timing of feedback seeking, choice of the target of feedback seeking, and the topic on which feedback is sought. The role of context in influencing these patterns is also discussed. Issues in the literature are identified throughout, and the review ends by identifying five promising areas for future research.
Chromatography and Biological Stains IV. Preparation of a Suitable Fat Stain from Commercial Sudan III

A variety of modifications of the Bensley and Bensley method for the preparation of a fat-staining solution from commercial Sudan III were examined for dye content by paper chromatography and for fat staining efficiency on frozen sections of Musca domestica larvae. These modifications have led us to believe that the most effective staining agent in commercial Sudan III is a bright orange compound with an Rf value of 0.92 in an isooctane system. This compound could be obtained in good yields by reflux extraction of the commercial dye widi dry petroleum ether (1 g. dye to 100 ml. solvent) for 2 hours, filtering, concentrating to 25 ml., and adding the concentrated solution to a 25 × 200 mm. Celite-silicic acid column. The chromatogram was then developed with petroleum ether for 3 hours, dried by suction and extruded. The orange band was sectioned, air dried and stored. One gram of this dry powder extracted with 10 ml. of 40% alcohol gave an efficient staining solution.
Evolutionary based techniques for fault tolerant field programmable gate arrays

The use of SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is becoming more and more prevalent in space applications. Commercial-grade FPGAs are potentially susceptible to permanently debilitating single-event latchups (SELs). Repair methods based on evolutionary algorithms may be applied to FPGA circuits to enable successful fault recovery. This paper presents the experimental results of applying such methods to repair four commonly used circuits (quadrature decoder, 3-by-3-bit multiplier, 3-by-3-bit adder, 4-to-7 decoder) into which a number of simulated faults has been introduced. The results suggest that evolutionary repair techniques can improve the process of fault recovery when used instead of, or as a supplement to triple modular redundancy (TMR), which is currently the predominant method for mitigating FPGA faults.
An examination of the effects of government purchases in an open economy

This paper examines the effects of permanent and transitory changes in government purchases in the context of a model of a small open economy that produces and consumes both traded and nontraded goods. The model incorporates an equilibrium interpretation of the business cycle that emphasizes the responsiveness of agents to intertemporal relative price, changes. It is demonstrated that transitory increases in government purchases lead to an appreciation of the real exchange rate and an ambiguous change (although a likely worsening) in the current account, while permanent increases have an ambiguous impact on the real exchange rate and no effect on the current account. When agents do not know whether a given increase in government purchases is permanent or transitory the effect is a weighted average of these separate effects. The weights depend on the relative variances of the transitory and permanent components of government purchases. In the past few years a considerable amount of effort has been devoted to examining the effects of macroeconomic policy in an open economy. Such issues as exchange rate overshooting, deviations from purchasing power parity, sterilization and monetary control, the effectiveness of monetary policy, and the choice between alternative exchange rate regimes have been at center stage. The models that have been employed to study these issues have run the spectrum from variants of the Mundell-Fleming model such as Dornbusch (1976), Turnovsky (1981), and Kimbrough (1983a), to wage contracting and indexing models like Bhandari (1982b) and Flood and Marion (1982), to equilibrium models of the business cycle along the lines of Bhandari (1982a), Saidi (1982), and Kimbrough (1983b), to the closely related intertemporal utility maximization models with money of Helpman (1981) and Stockman (1980,1983). One common thread that, in a sense, unifies all of these, and other, recent contributions is that they are concerned primarily with the effects of alternative monetary and exchange rate policies that the central bank might enact. In light of the development and refinement during this period of the monetary approach to the balance of payments and the exchange rate, it is not surprising *I would like to thank Phil Brock, Jeremy Greenwood, Gary Zarkin, and two anonymous
A Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Continuous-Scan Laser Doppler Vibrometry

A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) measures the laser Doppler frequency shift and converts it to the velocity at a point of a structure along the laser beam direction. In commercially available scanning LDV, the laser is redirected by a pair of orthogonal mirrors from one point to another, measuring the responses at these points sequentially. Continuous-Scan Laser Doppler Vibrometry (CSLDV) is built on scanning LDV; the laser sweeps continuously over a structure while recording the response along the laser path. The continuous-scan approach can greatly accelerate modal testing, providing spatially detailed vibration shape of the structure at tens or even hundreds of points in the time that is required to measure the vibration at a single point. However, extracting vibration shapes from CSLDV measurements is challenging because the laser spot is continuously moving. This technical difficulty and the equipment cost have become the major barriers that prevent the widespread use of CSLDV. Several algorithms to extract vibration shapes have been developed since CSLDV was introduced. Ewins et al proposed a polynomial approach that treats the vibration shape along the laser scan path as a polynomial function of the laser position. The polynomial coefficients were found from the sideband harmonics in the frequency spectrum of the acquired velocity signal. Allen et al proposed a lifting approach that collects the measured responses at the same location along the laser path. The reorganized measurements appear to be from a set of pseudo transducers attached to the structure. Hence, the well-established conventional modal identification routines can be applied to process CSLDV measurement. Algorithms based on linear time periodic system identification theory were explored as well. These algorithms are based on the fact that the measured velocities along the laser path are the responses of a special liner time periodic system when a closed, periodic laser scan pattern is employed. For the first time, this work compares these signal processing techniques employed in different applications using the same set of data obtained from a cantilever beam. The noise and uncertainty in the reconstructed vibration shapes are discussed in order to present the advantages and disadvantages of each method.© 2014 ASME
Time-dependent studies of a tandem mirror with thermal barriers

The time evolution of a plasma confined in a tandem mirror with thermal barriers has been studied. A physics model is given which describes the kinetic interactions in velocity space between the particles of the various plasma species that exist in each spatial region of the confinement, and the effects of a variety of particle and energy sources applied to the plasma. The analysis includes particle and energy rate equations for the various species determining the plasma confinement. The analysis also includes quasi-neutrality and ambipolarity conditions which define the ambipolar potential profile along the axis of the device as well as expressions for the passing particle densities in each region. This model describes in a self-consistent manner the time evolution of tandem mirror confinement with thermal barriers including the steady-state phase of operation. The resulting system of equations is solved numerically. The axicell MFTF-B configuration has been studied specifically. A possible startup scenario has been obtained. The results show the time sequence that must be followed to build up a plasma from given initial conditions to the steady-state phase by means of appropriately programmed particle and energy sources applied to the plasma.
Vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities for malonaldehyde: a post-Hartree-Fock theoretical study

Abstract The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities of the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded malonaldehyde molecule are shifted abruptly by the effects of electron correlation. The present ab initio study employed second-order perturbation theory in conjunction with a 6–31G ★★ basis set of contracted Gaussian functions. Comparison with the two experimental infrared assignments of Smith, Wilson and Duerst is made.
Prevalence of Resident Burnout at the Start of Training

Background: Job burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feelings of decreased personal accomplishment, and it may be linked to depression and suboptimal patient care. Burnout among American internal medicine residents ranges between 55% and 76%. Purpose: We aim to further characterize burnout prevalence at the start of residency. Methods: Between 2006 and 2007, all incoming internal medicine interns at Mount Sinai Hospital and Elmhurst Hospital Center were asked to complete a survey at orientation. The survey included an instrument to measure burnout, a sleep deprivation screen, a personality inventory and demographic information. Comparison tests were conducted to identify statistically significant differences. Results: The response rate was 94% (145/154). Overall burnout prevalence was 34% (50/145). Interns self-identifying as anxious (51% vs. 28%, p= .01) or disorganized (60% vs. 31%, p= .03) were more likely to have burnout. Conclusions: Our study found higher levels o...
Pulse Chase of Suspension Cells.

(Abstract) Pulse-chase method is a powerful technique used to follow the dynamics of proteins over a period of time. The expression level, processing, transport, secretion or half-life of proteins can be tracked by metabolically labeling the cells, such as with radiolabeled amino acids (pulse step). This protocol describes the condition used to study the folding and disulfide bond formation of immunoglobulin in suspension cells. With some minor modifications, this protocol can be adapted to study the degradation rate or the secretion of target proteins.