cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Playful Advantage: How Playfulness Enhances Coping with Stress

Research on playfulness has long focused on children, while the study of its expression in adulthood has only recently been undertaken. This cross-sectional study investigated the interrelationship between playfulness in young adults, perceived stress, and styles of coping with 898 students from three universities. Findings revealed that playful individuals reported lower levels of perceived stress than their less playful counterparts, and more frequently utilized adaptive, stressor-focused coping strategies and were less likely to employ negative, avoidant, and escape-oriented strategies. The results suggested that playfulness serves a strong adaptive function with university students, providing them with specific cognitive resources from which they can manifest effective coping behaviors in the face of stressful situations. Speculation as to the role of playfulness in fostering resilience is encouraged, and further empirical research on the therapeutic benefits of playfulness should be undertaken from a...
State dependence of shell-model reaction matrix elements

Abstract Shell-model reaction matrix elements are calculated with a combination of the Moszkowski-Scott separation method and the reference-spectrum method of Bethe, Brandow and Petschek. The reaction matrix G is expanded in terms of Gs and VL, where Gs is the reaction matrix for the short-range potential Vs and VL the long-range potential. The contribution from Gs is then calculated with the reference-spectrum method, where the main criterion for choosing the separation distance is that Gs is best approximated by GsR, the reference-spectrum approximation of Gs. The second-order tensor term VTL (Q/e) VTL is calculated with the closure approximation of Kuo and Brown, however the effective energy denominator is now state-dependent, which means that it has a dependence on binding energy, the local density and the centre-of-mass quantum number. The contributions from VTL (Q/e) VTL vary almost linearly with ϱ 2 3 , where ϱ is the local density. The reaction matrix elements so calculated have a fairly strong state-dependence which comes in predominantly through Gs and VTL (Q/e) VTL. The state dependence can be approximated quite accurately in a simple way, and thus the application to finite nuclei is convenient. Shell-model applications have been made for nuclei 18O and 18F and we find that the matrix elements are generally weaker than those of Kuo and Brown, especially for those of T = 1, J = 0+ and T = 0, J = 1+. This is desirable, because the Kuo and Brown matrix elements are often somewhat too strong.
Validation and refinement of the Questionnaire for Lung Transplant Patients.

Context—The Questionnaire for Lung Transplant Patients was designed to assess symptoms and activity tolerance in lung transplant recipients during their posttransplant evaluations. The initial psychometric evaluation determined that the questionnaire was clinically useful, reliable, and valid.Objective—To report the results of further psychometric analyses in a new, expanded sample of lung transplant recipients and to demonstrate the iterative manner by which instruments are refined and tested.Methods—Internal consistency, test-retest stability, convergent validity, factorial validity, and group differences attributable to age, gender, and transplant type were determined in a pooled sample of 177 lung transplant recipients. Sensitivity to change over time was measured in a subsample (n=51) who provided repeated measures data.Results—The Questionnaire for Lung Transplant Patients and its subscales were internally consistent (Kuder Richardson reliability of 0.73-0.95). Test-retest stability was high (intrac...
Can quality of life assessments differentiate heterogeneous cancer patients

Purpose: This research conducted a face validation study of patient responses to the application of an HRQOL assessment research tool in a comprehensive community cancer program setting across a heterogeneous cohort of cancer patients throughout the natural history of diagnosed malignant disease, many of whom would not be considered candidates for clinical research trial participation. Methods: Cancer registries at two regional cancer treatment centers identified 11072 cancer patients over a period of nine years. The EORTC QLQ-C30 was administered to patients at the time of their initial clinical presentation to these centers. To determine the significance of differences between patient subgroups, two analytic criteria were used. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine statistical significance; clinical relevance defined a range of point differences that could be perceived by patients with different health states. Results: Univariate analyses were conducted across stratification variables for population, disease severity and demographic characteristics. The largest differences were associated with cancer diagnosis and recurrence of disease. Large differences were also found for site of origin, mortality and stage; minimal differences were observed for gender and age. Consistently sensitive QoL scales were appetite loss, fatigue and pain symptoms, and role (work-related), social and physical functions. Conclusions: 1) The EORTC QLQ-C30 collected meaningful patient health assessments in the context of non-research based clinical care, 2) patient assessment differences are manifested disparately across 15 QoL domains, and 3) in addition to indicating how a patient may feel at a point in time, QoL indicators may also reveal information about underlying biological responses to disease progression, treatments, and prospective survival.
Why I Hate Abercrombie & Fitch: Essays on Race and Sexuality

Acknowledgments PrefaceIntroduction: The New Black Studies, or beyond the Old "Race Man" Part I Queer Black Thought1 Straight Black Studies 2 Why I Hate Abercrombie & Fitch 3 It's a White Man's World: Race in the Gay Marketplace of Desire Part II Race and Sexuality on Occasion4 On Race, Gender, and Power: The Case of Anita Hill 5 Feel the Rage: A Personal Remembrance of the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising ix6 Ellen's Coming Out: Media and Public Hype 7 Af?rmative Action and White Rage Part III Straight Black Talk8 Speaking the Unspeakable: On Toni Morrison, African American Intellectuals, and the Uses of Essentialist Rhetoric 9 Cornel West and the Rhetoric of Race-Transcending 10 Can the Queen Speak? Sexuality, Racial Essentialism, and the Problem of Authority Notes Bibliography Index About the Author
Application of discrete fourier transform to find reliable shortest paths

Reliable shortest paths, in this paper, are paths that ensure a desired probability of arriving on time or earlier with the least time budget. Finding reliable shortest paths requires the evaluation of path travel time distributions through numerical convolution, which is a computationally intensive procedure. This paper develops several convolution methods based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and compares them with a direct convolution method implemented with adaptive discretization. Two shortcomings in the conventional DFT-based convolution are recognized, namely, the incompatibility with dynamic programming and the computational inefficiency associated with support points that have negligible probability mass. Remedies are proposed to overcome these shortcomings. However, numerical experiments suggest that, even with these improvements, the DFT-based convolution methods are still not as computationally competitive as the direct convolution method, contrary to the promise of the theoretical com...
Morning plasma free cortisol: Inability to distinguish patients with mild Cushing syndrome from patients with pseudo-Cushing states

Patients with Cushing syndrome have elevated 24 h urinary free cortisol excretion and loss of diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, however, morning total plasma cortisol concentrations are often similar to those of normal individuals. To test the hypothesis that an elevated morning plasma free cortisol could distinguish patients with Cushing syndrome from those without the disorder, we measured plasma free cortisol levels at 08:00 in 20 patients with surgically-confirmed mild Cushing syndrome, 19 patients with pseudo-Cushing states, and 9 normal volunteers. We then determined the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of plasma free cortisol for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism and for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Plasma free cortisol was compared to 08:00 total plasma cortisol and to basal 24 hour urinary free cortisol. Morning plasma free cortisol was significantly elevated in patients with mild Cushing syndrome (58 +/- 6 nmol/L; mean +/- SE) compared to plasma free cortisol in patients with pseudo-Cushing states (36 +/- 6 nmol/L) (p < 0.005) and normal volunteers (22 +/- 4 nmol/L) (p < 0.0005). Total morning cortisol was significantly greater in patients with mild Cushing syndrome (470 +/- 28 nmol/L) than in normal volunteers (310 +/- 33 nmol/L, p < 0.05) but was not different from patients with pseudo-Cushing states (410 +/- 47 nmol/L, p = NS). Urinary free cortisol was also significantly greater in mild Cushing syndrome (540 +/- 50 nmol/d) than in patients with pseudo-Cushing states (430 +/- 41 nmol/d, p < 0.05) or normal volunteers (160 +/- 28 nmol/d, p < 0.0001). However, there was considerable overlap of plasma free cortisol, plasma total cortisol and urinary free cortisol between the three groups precluding these tests alone from being useful to distinguish patients with mild Cushing syndrome from patients with pseudo-Cushing states. To achieve 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome, the specificity for plasma free cortisol, plasma total cortisol and urinary free cortisol was 0.11, 0.32 and 0.32, respectively. We conclude that plasma free cortisol is of limited value in the differential diagnosis of hypercortisolism.
Theoretical and experimental study of passive spatiotemporal shaping of picosecond laser pulses

We report the results of theoretical and experimental studies on passive spatiotemporal shaping of cw mode-locked picosecond laser pulses for driving the photocathode of a high-brightness, high-current energy recovery linear accelerator. The temporal pulse shape is modified using birefringent crystals, while a refractive optical system is used to generate a flattop spatial beam profile. An optical transport system is designed and implemented to deliver the flattop pulse onto a photocathode sited 9 m away from the shapers. The alignment tolerances on the beam shaper and the temporal pulse stacker have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results agree well with theoretical simulations.
INTERPROXIMAL CONTACT HYPOPLASIA IN PRIMARY TEETH: A NEW ENAMEL DEFECT WITH ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This study reports the prevalence, distribution, and expression of enamel defects in a sample of primary teeth (n = 225) from a prehistoric site in western India (1400-700 BC). Five enamel surfaces of individual, isolated primary teeth were observed for surface defects using a binocular stereomicroscope with variable power of magnification (8-20x). Standards for evaluating dental enamel defects (DDE) recommended by the Federation Dentaire International (FDI) were employed. Details of defect expression were also recorded, including size, shape, and surface of tooth crown affected. Hypoplastic enamel defects were observed in 28% of teeth, but the distribution and expression of defects was not random. More than 50% of canine teeth had hypoplastic defects (HD); incisors and molar teeth exhibited far fewer HD. The buccal surface of canines was the most commonly affected crown surface. Areas of missing enamel were also common on the mesial and distal surfaces of canines and incisors and on the mesial surface of molar teeth. The high frequency of enamel defects found on interproximal crown surfaces warrants a label, and the name interproximal contact hypoplasia (IPCH) is proposed. Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) was absent from this primary dental sample. IPCH is more frequent in mandibular than in maxillary teeth, but no side preference was detected. In canine teeth, buccal hypoplasias (localized hypoplasia of primary canines; LHPC) were not positively correlated with interproximal hypoplastic defects. The etiology of IPCH may involve mesial compaction of developing teeth due to slow longitudinal growth of the jaws. Episodic bone remodeling results in ephemeral fenestrae in the mesial and distal walls of the dental crypt permitting tooth-tooth contact and disruption of amelogenesis. IPCH prevalence decreases across the subsistence transition from sedentary Early Jorwe agriculturalists to seminomadic Late Jorwe hunters and foragers, but the difference is not statistically significant. This may be due to underrepresentation of mandibular teeth in the sample. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:718-734, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, biodefense research has been increasingly emphasized. Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models, edited by James R. Swearengen, is a timely and invaluable reference for those performing animal experimentation to develop medical countermeasures and diagnostics against infectious agents and toxins identified as potential biological weapons. Those persons not involved in this field of study who want to educate themselves on biodefense research will also find it interesting and informative. It clearly and concisely provides extensive details about the animal models, both past and present, that have been used to investigate a selected number of disease processes caused by exposure to plausible biological threat agents. The book is exceptionally well written and furnishes a wealth of information from world-renowned scientists who spearheaded infectious disease research at the United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. This reference will equip researchers with pertinent information regarding current animal models, so that future work will not repeat experiments already performed, while at the same time minimizing the number of animals projected for future biodefense studies. Most chapters are devoted to a specific biological agent or toxin and supply interesting historical information as well as descriptions about the pathogenesis in humans and in animal models. Specifically, this reference discusses in detail the bacterial agents that cause anthrax, glanders, plague, tularemia, and Q fever; the viral agents that result in Venezuelan and Eastern and Western encephalitis, poxviruses and hemorrhagic fever viruses; and finally, toxin- and superantigen-induced diseases caused by botulinum toxins, ricin, and staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria. An entire chapter is devoted to the challenges associated with aerobiology. The information in this chapter is well organized and completely outlines the topic, to include transporting and caring for aerosol-challenged animals. The authors adeptly compare the different animal models used and provide reasons why 1 animal model is preferred to another. Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models will certainly benefit scientists designing aerobiology studies or those exploring the infectious agents and toxins discussed in this book. All research laboratories focused on biodefense investigation should seriously consider adding this text to their reference library.
Desorption Potentials of Alkyl Alcohols and Specific Adsorption of Anions

Abstract The potentials of desorption of various alkyl alcohols have been studied as a function of concentration of alcohol and of the nature and concentration of various electrolytes. Specific adsorption of the electrolyte ions is reflected in shifts of the desorption peaks of the alcohols. At anodic potentials, the order of specific adsorption appears to be chloride > sulfate >perchlorate > fluoride, and at cathodic potentials (vs. S. C. E.), chloride > perchlorate > sulfate > fluoride.
Dietary control of liver glucokinase activity in the normal rat.

Adult male rats were fasted 48 hours and then fed a diet containing either: (a) 60% glucose, (b) 60% fructose, or (c) no utilizable carbohydrate. The rats were killed at various times after the onset of the feeding, and glucokinase activity was measured in the particle-free supernatant fractions of their livers. An existing method for preparation of the particle-free, supernatant fraction of the liver and assay of its glucokinase activity was modified to yield activities 2 to 3 times higher than those previously reported. Glucokinase activity increased rapidly in response to the feeding of both the high-glucose and high-fructose diets. The response to glucose was consistently greater than that to fructose. No change from fasting levels was observed in the groups fed diets containing no utilizable carbohydrate. In rats fed the high glucose diet, liver glucokinase levels increased as early as 4 hours after the start of feeding. In the fructose-fed rats, the first change was noted at 12 hours. Glucokinase levels continued to increase over a 24-hour period in the glucose-fed rats but not in the fructose-fed rats. There was no apparent correlation between the increase in glucokinase activity and the level of protein in the supernatant fraction. Decreases in glucokinase activity observed in fasted rats seemed to follow similar changes in the protein content of the supernatant fraction.
The fifth dimension

AS ALWAYS, Pres. Bronwell is unusually generous. To gainsay him would be rude; to agree would be immodest if not somewhat hypocritical. But, I can thank him and do so most sincerely.
A probabilistic model for fatigue crack growth

Abstract A probabilistic model for predicting fatigue crack growth rate and cycles to reach a given crack length is presented. The stochastic characterizations of crack growth parameters c and m in the Paris-Erdogan and Forman laws are investigated based upon crack growth experiments. According to the stochastic characterizations of c and m, the statistical distributions of crack growth rate da dN and cycles to reach a given crack length are found using the Monte-Carlo simulation technique. The predicted results agree closely with those of crack growth experiments of aluminium alloy Ly12-cz. It is shown that this model may be used in engineering.
Substituent-controlled domino-Knoevenagel-hetero Diels—Alder reaction— a one-pot synthesis of polycyclic heterocycles

Abstract The reaction of 2-(N-alkenyl-N-aryl)amino-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbaldehyde with dimedone/Meldrum’s acid/4-hydroxycoumarin by heating in ethanol in the presence of pyridine produces polycyclic heterocycles bearing pyridine and pyran rings in a one-pot reaction. The effect of substituents on N-atom of the amino function controls the mode of reaction. Terminal alkenes prefer intramolecular Michael type reaction, but non-terminal alkenes favour Diels–Alder reaction, whereas, under similar condition, 2-(N-alkyl-N-allyl)amino-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbaldehyde undergoes domino-Knoevenagel-hetero Diels–Alder reaction.
A controlled trial of bicalutamide versus flutamide, each in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue therapy, in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of bicalutamide and flutamide, each used in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRH-A) therapy, in patients with untreated metastatic (Stage D2) prostate cancer.
Bosma Arhinia Microphthalmia Syndrome

Bosma et al. [1981] delineated a syndrome affecting two unrelated males with severe hypoplasia of the nose and eyes, palatal abnormalities, deficient taste and smell, inguinal hernias, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with cryptorchidism, and normal intelligence. Other patients with this syndrome have been reported as cases of arhinia with associated defects. During embryonic development, the nasal placodes form 28 days after conception shortly after the optic vesicles makes contact with the overlying surface ectoderm at 26– 27 days, and both layers invaginate to form the eyes between 34 and 44 days. Mice with homozygous mutations of Pax6, manifest underdevelopment of ocular and nasal structures, and a network of developmentally regulated genes function downstream of Pax6 to form nasal, ocular, and pituitary structures. These genes represent candidate genes for this disorder, and familial recurrence of Bosma syndrome has been reported to occur. This report describes two sporadic unrelated cases of this rare syndrome and briefly reviews the findings in previously reported cases. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Renal sonography with Doppler for detecting suspected pediatric renin-mediated hypertension – is it adequate?

Renal Doppler US is used to evaluate suspected vascular causes of hypertension in children, despite mostly unknown diagnostic performance characteristics. To evaluate renal Doppler US for detecting vascular causes of hypertension in children with high clinical suspicion of aortic or renal artery narrowing. We identified pediatric renal Doppler US examinations performed for hypertension between January 1995 and June 2010 at our institution. We excluded children without follow-up angiography (CT-, MR-, or catheter-based). Two pediatric radiologists reviewed imaging studies and documented relevant findings. Intrarenal spectral Doppler resistive index measurement <0.5 or tardus parvus waveform constituted a positive examination. Thirty-five boys and 13 girls underwent renal Doppler US and confirmatory imaging (mean age = 9.0 years). Nineteen US examinations were truly negative, two were falsely negative, 18 were truly positive (16 involved narrowing of the aorta or main renal artery) and nine were falsely positive. Sonography had a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 68%, respectively, for detecting a vascular cause of hypertension. Renal Doppler sonography reliably detects renin-mediated hypertension caused by aortic or main renal artery narrowing in children. More studies are needed to determine its ability to detect intrarenal and accessory renal artery stenoses.
HIV Prevention Programs in the Black Church: A Viable Health Promotion Resource for African American Women?

ABSTRACT Nearly 40 million people worldwide are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Centers for Disease Control report that women account for more than 50% of the existing 40 million HIV/AIDS cases to date. Moreover, African-American women are infected with HIV/AIDS 25 times more often than white women and four times more often than Hispanic women, making HIV/AIDS the leading cause of death for black women ages 25–34. Given the increasing rate of transmission with this population, the purpose of this article was to review the existing literature to investigate the risk factors associated with African-American women with HIV/AIDS and identify an effective method of HIV prevention for them. A discussion of religion and African-Americans in terms of the Black church and its health promotion efforts was also included. The article concludes with a discussion of program elements of HIV prevention programs in the Black church and possible challenges faced for the programs.
Biologically Active Materials in Coal

THAT materials extractable from coal with polar organic solvents inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi has been known for some years1–5. The name ‘vitricin’ has been applied to the group of biologically active substances found in coal1. Mills recently reported work on acetone and methanol extracts of coals of various ranks5. He found that bacteriologically active extracts contained acidic, basic, neutral, and phenolic components; attempts to separate active components by extraction of ethereal extracts with aqueous acids, alkalis or buffers met with little success. Testing the crude extracts against Bacillus subtilis in nutrient broth demonstrated bacteriostatic activity of the solute at a concentration of 30 µgm./ml. Mills did, however, by steam distillation of an acetone extract of Tupton coal (high-volatile bituminous), obtain an oil fraction which inhibited Gram-positive bacteria and certain moulds.
On a doubly damped quasilinear wave equation

We prove global existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic decay of solutions for an initial and boundary value problem for the equation $$u_{tt} - u_{xx} - \frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\beta (u_{xt} ) + f(u_t ) = g(x,t),(x,t) \in (0,1) \times R^ + ,$$ with Β′ possibly degenerate andf not necessary monotone or Lipschitzian, assuming a smallness condition on the initial data and on the forcing term g.
Aedes aegypti salivary protein "aegyptin" co-inoculation modulates dengue virus infection in the vertebrate host.

Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted in the saliva of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti during blood meal acquisition. This saliva is composed of numerous proteins with the capacity to disrupt hemostasis or modulate the vertebrate immune response. One such protein, termed “aegyptin,” is an allergen and inhibitor of clot formation, and has been found in decreased abundance in the saliva of DENV-infected mosquitoes. To examine the influence of aegyptin on DENV infection of the vertebrate, we inoculated IRF-3/7 −/− −/− mice with DENV serotype 2 strain 1232 with and without co-inoculation of aegyptin. Mice that received aegyptin exhibited decreased DENV titers in inoculation sites and in circulation, as well as increased concentrations of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-6, at 48 hours post inoculation when compared to mice that received inoculation of DENV alone. These and other data suggest that aegyptin impacts DENV perpetuation via elevated induction of the immune response.
Polycrystalline and solution Raman spectra of t-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, its dihydrochloride and its dideuterochloride

Abstract The normal Raman spectra of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and its dihydrochloride and dideuterochloride salts are reported. Frequency shifts observed upon salt formation and deuteration are utilized in the assignment of vibrational modes. Additional assignments are made by comparisons to other pyridine-containing molecules and trans-stilbene. Assignment of the normal Raman spectrum of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene is essential to interpretation of the surface Raman spectrum of this molecule reported elsewhere[1].
Evaluation of diallate and triallate herbicides for genotoxic effects in a battery of in vitro and short-term in vivo tests

Commercial-grade preparations of two thiocarbamate herbicides, diallate and triallate, were evaluated for their mutagenic potential in a battery of short-term bioassays. All in vitro bioassays were performed with and without mammalian metabolic activation, and all such tests were repeated after an interval of at least 1 week. Diallate and triallate were tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay over dose ranges of 0.59 to 118.0 micrograms/plate and 6.37 to 1273 micrograms/plate, respectively. Both diallate and triallate gave positive results in S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA98, and TA100 only in the presence of a rat-liver metabolic activation system. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7, diallate was tested at concentrations from 1.18 to 29.50 micrograms/ml, and triallate was tested at 0.955 to 9.548 micrograms/ml. Both diallate and triallate gave negative results for mitotic gene conversion, mitotic crossing-over, and reverse mutation. In the mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- assay, diallate was tested at concentrations ranging from 1 to 72 micrograms/ml, and triallate was tested at 0.5 to 60 micrograms/ml. Both herbicides produced mutagenic responses in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of metabolic activation. In the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test, flies were exposed to 0.0004% diallate and 0.001% triallate. In this assay, diallate was considered mutagenic, whereas triallate did not produce a detectable mutagenic response.
An empirical analysis of the evolution of user-visible features in an integrated development environment

Programmers spend much of their time interacting with Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), which help increase productivity by automating much of the clerical and administrative work. Like any useful software, IDEs are becoming more powerful and usable as new functionality is added and usability concerns addressed. In particular, the last decade has witnessed the rapid and steady growth of features and enhancements (changes) in major Java IDEs. It is of research interest to learn about the characteristics of these changes as well as salient patterns in their evolution trajectories as these can be useful to understand and guide both the design and evolution of similar systems. To this end, a total of 645 "What's New" entries in seven releases of the Eclipse IDE were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively under two models. Using the first, an activity-based, functional model, it is found that the vast majority of the changes are refinements or incremental additions to the feature architecture set up in early releases (1.0 and 2.0). Using the second, a usability-based model, a detailed usability analysis was performed to further characterize these changes in terms of their potential impact on how effectively programmers use the IDE. Findings and implications as well as results of selective comparison with two other popular IDEs are reported.
Finite difference reaction–diffusion equations with nonlinear diffusion coefficients

A monotone iterative method for numerical solutions of a class of finite difference reaction-diffusion equations with nonlinear diffusion coefficient is presented. It is shown that by using an upper solution or a lower solution as the initial iteration the corresponding sequence converges monotonically to a unique solution of the finite difference system. It is also shown that the solution of the finite difference system converges to the solution of the continuous equation as the mesh size decreases to zero.
COLD TARGET TECHNIQUES.

Abstract A device is described which makes possible the preparation and use of target frozen from the vapor phase onto a thin, liquid nitrogen cooled substrate. The device can also be used as a cold shroud to protect ordinary targets held at room temperature.
"Will the big boys finally love you": The Impossibility of Black Male Homoerotic Desire and the Taboo of Black Homosexual Solidarity in Thomas Glave's "Whose Song?"

Problematizes the role of male compulsive heteronormative behavior in Thomas Glave's short story. The short story focuses on the portrayal of a crime, the gang rape of a young black lesbian, Cassandra, committed by three young black men, Robbie, Bernard, and Dee. The article argues that while the three men appear to commit the atrocity instead of embracing their own varied homosexual identities, Cassandra's gang rape actually functions as their covert homoerotic bonding ritual. In a society that views black gay identities as one of the biggest taboos, the three criminals choose to veil their true identities by acting like and as stereotypical black rapists. Faced with contemporary identity politics, they find it easier to conform to the stereotype rather than challenge the taboo and live in solidarity with each other and Cassandra. The article underlines that Glave's sustained focus on the perspective of the perpetrators (rather than the victim) heightens his critique of the social effects of compulsive heterosexuality within and beyond the black community.
The selective inhibitory effect of NH4Cl on estrogen-stimulated rat uterine in vitro RNA synthesis.

Abstract Estrogen-stimulated in vitro RNA synthesis in rat uterine nuclear-myofibrilar fractions, isolated uterine nuclei, and nucleoli was selectively inhibited by NH4Cl (400 μmoles) when added prior to the start of a 37 °C incubation. This inhibitory effect was not observed if the salt was added after the start (as early as 1 min) of a 37 °C incubation. The removal of NH4Cl from reaction mixtures not yet incubated at 37 °C further reduced in vitro RNA synthesis in both control and hormone-treated nuclei. The data suggest that NH4Cl (400 μmoles) added prior to, but not after, the start of a 37 °C incubation inhibited estrogen-stimulated rat uterine nucleolar RNA polymerase activity perhaps by removing a protein component(s) which is necessary for hormonal stimulation.
444. Use of dsAAV8-Mediated Gene Transfer to Endogenous β-Cells To Investigate the Therapeutic Efficacy of Immunoregulatory Gene Products in Preventing the Onset of Diabetes in NOD Mice

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse represents an animal model of human type 1 diabetes, developing spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Previously, we have shown that intra-peritoneal (i.p.), intravenous (i.v.) or intra-ductal (i.d.) delivery of certain AAV serotypes stably transduces the pancreas and, in particular, the islets1. The endogenous |[beta]|-cells within the islets were best transduced by AAV8 via the i.p. and i.v. routes, but by AAV6 via the pancreatic i.d. route. We also have been able to deliver and express genes specifically in |[beta]|-cells for at least 6 months using an insulin promoter in a double-stranded, self-complementary AAV vector (dsAAV-Ins). This ability to deliver and express gene products specifically in |[beta]|- cells using a dsAAV8-Ins vector allows for the testing of specific gene products in regulating progression of |[beta]|-cell destruction and the onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice. We have evaluated the effects of dsAAV8-Ins delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) to |[beta]|-cells in NOD mice, using a dsAAV8-Ins-eGFP vector as a control. In female NOD mice, the extent of gene transfer to endogenous |[beta]|-cells following i.p. delivery of dsAAV8-Ins-eGFP was comparable to normal Balb/C mice. Furthermore, following i.p. delivery of dsAAV8-Ins-IL-4 or IL-10, expression of IL-4 and IL-l0 cytokine was detected in islets isolated and cultured at different time points post-injection. Expression of IL-4 in |[beta]|-cells prevented the onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice whereas expression of IL-10 enhanced the time of onset of hyperglycemia. These results demonstrate the utility of using the dsAAV8-Ins vector to transfer immuno-regulatory agents to endogenous |[beta]|-cells in NOD mice to examine their role in preventing or exacerbating capable the onset of type 1 diabetes.
Treatment of cultured human colon carcinoma cells with fluorinated pyrimidines

The shape of the initial part of the dose-dependent response curve of LoVo cells, an established human colon carcinoma cell line, exposed for 1 hr to graded concentrations of 5-FU depended on the medium supplement, i.e., fetal calf serum (FCS), in which the cells were treated and subsequently incubated for colony-formation. At concentrations of 50--100 micrograms/ml (equivalent to peak plasma levels following an in vivo bolus dose of 15 mg/kg) cell kill was completely prevented by FCS. The serum did not contain thymidine (TdR) but had significant amounts of uridine (UR). When 5-FU was delivered in dialyzed FCS, concentrations of 50--100 micrograms/ml achieved only a modest 15% cell kill after 1 hour treatment. Regardless of medium supplement, the killing effect of 5-FU did not increase beyond concentrations greater than 2,000 micrograms/ml. Increasing the exposure interval dramatically increased the killing of LoVo cells by 5-FU, although the effects of medium supplement on the degree of cell survival persisted for about 12 hours. Virtually all of the incorporated 5-FU was transformed into 5-FUR, and a very small proportion eventually was incorporated into nucleic acids, suggesting that the killing effect of 5-FU on LoVo cells is mediated mostly by ribosidation and not by conversion into the deoxyribonucleoside. This conclusion is supported by the failure of 5-FUdR to kill LoVo cells after a treatment interval of one hour, even at concentrations of 5000 micrograms/ml; yet after the same exposure interval, 5-FUR effectively killed cells at concentrations of 50--100 micrograms/ml. TdR afforded no protection from cell kill by 5-FU. In contrast, UR was capable of protecting LoVo cells from the lethal effects of both 5-FU and 5-FUR even at concentrations as low as 10 micrograms/ml. Ftorafur exposed to LoVo cells for 1 hour had a slight killing effect (about 20--25%) at concentrations ranging up to 2000 micrograms/ml. Although the lethal effect of ftorafur was slightly increased after longer periods of incubation, it failed to reach 90% even after intervals of 48 hours. The results on cellular sensitivity that we obtained for LoVo cells treated with various fluorinated pyrimidines differ substantially from those of other investigators who used different methods to assess cell killing on nonhuman and noncolonic cell systems. The predictive relevance of these data as compared to those obtained in other systems is justified by the suboptimal results with these agents in clinical practice.
The synthesis of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-l-Galactose by extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Abstract Extracts of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa have been shown to catalyze the epimerization of guanosine 5′-diphosphate- d -mannose to guanosine 5′-diphosphate- l -galactose. The equilibrium is about 0.1 in the direction of the l -galactosyl nucleotide and is independent of temperature. The Km for guanosine 5′-diphosphate- d -mannose was determined to be about 1.2 × 10−4 m . Guanosine 5′-diphosphate- l -fucose (6-deoxy- l -galactose) also serves as a substrate for the enzyme, and the product of that reaction appears to be guanosine 5′-diphosphate- d -rhamnose (6-deoxy- d -mannose).
“flowery war” in Aztec history

The notion that the Aztec fought “flowery wars” primarily to provide captives needed for human sacrifice is called into question. The data on wars called “flowery” in the ethnohistorical sources indicate that they were simply wars not aimed at conquest, and that the most common motive for waging them was to provide military training and practice.
A revealed preference approach to computational complexity in economics

Recent results in complexity theory suggest that various economic theories require agents to solve computationally intractable problems. However, such results assume the agents are optimizing explicit utility functions, whereas the economic theories merely assume the agents behave rationally, where rational behavior is defined via some optimization problem. Might making rational choices be easier than solving the corresponding optimization problem? For at least one major economic theory, the theory of the consumer (which simply postulates that consumers are utility maximizing), we find this is indeed the case. In other words, we prove the possibly surprising result that computational constraints have no empirical consequences for consumer choice theory.Our result motivates a general approach for posing questions about the empirical content of computational constraints: the revealed preference approach to computational complexity. This approach complements the conventional worst-case view of computational complexity in important ways, and is methodologically close to mainstream economics.
Temperatures and Currents in a Stratified Lake: A Two-Dimensional Analysis

Abstract Two-dimensional, time-dependent numerical models are used to predict the temperatures and currents in a stratified lake. In this study, (1) essential features of the observed distributions of temperatures and currents in large, stratified lakes, especially Lake Erie, are reproduced, (2) the effects of various governing parameters such as heat flux to the water, wind stresses, and turbulence are examined, and (3) the effects of changes in various parameters appearing in the turbulent eddy coefficients are investigated. The emphasis is on the general characteristics of thermocline formation, maintenance, and decay and therefore the time scales of interest are weeks and months rather than hours or even days.
Quality of hard red winter wheat grown under high temperature conditions during maturation and ripening.

ABSTRACT High temperature during grain filling has been identified as a major factor in the end-use properties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Our objectives were to assess the effect of high temperature during maturation on the grain characteristics, milling quality, and flour quality of hard red winter wheat. In three separate experiments, plants of wheat cultivar Karl 92 were subjected to regimes (day-night) of 20–20, 25–20, 30–20, and 35–20°C from 10 and 15 days after anthesis (DAA) until ripeness, and 25–20, 30–20, and 35–20°C from 20 DAA until ripeness. In other experiments, plants of wheat cultivars Karl 92 and TAM 107 were dried at 20 and 40°C, and spikes of Karl 92 were dried at different temperature and humidity conditions to asses the effects on quality of high temperature and drying rates during grain ripening. Flour yield correlated positively with kernel weight and diameter, test weight, and proportion of large kernels. Flour yield decreased as temperature increased and correlated neg...
Total synthesis and evaluation of C26-hydroxyepothilone D derivatives for photoaffinity labeling of β-tubulin

Three photaffinity labeled derivatives of epothilone D were prepared by total synthesis, using efficient novel asymmetric synthesis methods for the preparation of two important synthetic building blocks. The key step for the asymmetric synthesis of (S,E)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methyl-5-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)pent-4-enal involved a ketone reduction with (R)-Me-CBS-oxazaborolidine. For the synthesis of (5S)-5,7-di[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4,4-dimethylheptan-3-one an asymmetric Noyori reduction of a β-ketoester was employed. The C26 hydroxyepothilone D derivative was constructed following a well-established total synthesis strategy and the photoaffinity labels were attached to the C26 hydroxyl group. The photoaffinity analogues were tested in a tubulin assembly assay and for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. The 3- and 4-azidobenzoic acid analogues were found to be as active as epothilone B in a tubulin assembly assay, but demonstrated significantly reduced cellular cyto...
First-principles solubilities of alkali and alkaline-earth metals in Mg-B alloys

In this article, we present a comprehensive theoretical study of solubilities of alkali (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and alkaline-earth (Be, Ca, Sr, Ba) metals in the boron-rich Mg-B system. The study is based on first-principles calculations of solutes formation energies in ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$, ${\text{MgB}}_{4}$, ${\text{MgB}}_{7}$ alloys and subsequent statistical-thermodynamical evaluation of solubilities. The advantage of the approach consists in considering all the known phase boundaries in the ternary phase diagram. Substitutional Na, Ca, and Li demonstrate the largest solubilities, and Na has the highest (0.5%--1% in ${\text{MgB}}_{7}$ at $T=650--1000\text{ }\text{K}$). All the considered interstitials have negligible solubilities. The solubility of Be in ${\text{MgB}}_{7}$ cannot be determined because the corresponding low-solubility formation energy is negative indicating the existence of an unknown ternary ground state. We have performed a high-throughput search of ground states in binary Mg-B, $\text{Mg-}A$, and $\text{B-}A$ systems, and we construct the ternary phase diagrams of $\text{Mg-B-}A$ alloys based on the stable binary phases. Despite its high-temperature observations, we find that ${\text{Sr}}_{9}{\text{Mg}}_{38}$ is not a low-temperature equilibrium structure. We also determine two possible ground states ${\text{CaB}}_{4}$ and ${\text{RbB}}_{4}$, not yet observed experimentally.
Narrowing the Definition of Endangered Species: Implications of the U.S. Government's Interpretation of the Phrase “A Significant Portion of its Range” Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973

In 2007, the Solicitor for the Department of Interior advocated for an interpretation of the phrase, “a significant portion of its range,” that would effectively narrow the definition of endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. We review the controversy concerning the government's interpretation of the “significant portion of its range” phrase, focusing on recent case law, the Solicitor's Memorandum, and relevant listing actions. We concentrate our discussion on two key conclusions reached by the Solicitor: (a) the term “range” in the phrase refers only to a species' current range, not its historical range and (b) the government is entitled to adapt its definition of the term “significant” on a case by case basis. We find that implementation of the Solicitor's interpretation could significantly reduce the number of species that qualify for protections and ultimately, result in a diminished capacity to provide for the conservation of threatened and endangered species.
Selective retrograde axonal transport of free glycine in identified neurons of Aplysia

1. The specific retrograde axonal transport of free glycine within the identified neurons R3-14 ofAplysia californica was studied. 2. The soma of the R3-14 neurons are located in the parietovisceral ganglion and their axons project down the branchial nerve to end in a large peripheral field. Using a double-chambered apparatus, the peripheral tissue was incubated in medium containing a3H-amino acid for 4–48 hr, while the nerve and ganglion were isolated and perfused with plain or chemically altered medium. The nerve and ganglion were then either rapidly frozen for scintillation counting or fixed for autoradiography. 3. When3H-glycine was used, radioactivity entered the nerve rapidly, reached the ganglion in 3 hr, and was transported largely (>80%) in the free amino acid form [trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble]. The right parietovisceral hemiganglion accumulated up to nine times more radioactivity than the left hemiganglion, reflecting the presence of the R3-14 axons and soma. Two phases of radioactivity were observed, a fast component moving at about 3 mm/hr and a slower (but larger) component moving at about 0.4 mm/hr. 4. Light microscope autoradiography on nerves containing3H-glycine revealed that the R3-14 axons accounted for more than 30% of the total label in the nerve but occupied less than 7% of the total cross-sectional area of the axonal core. Electron microscope autoradiography showed a close association of silver grains and dense core vesicles in the R3-14 axons. 5. Retrograde axonal transport of free glycine was inhibited by (in decreasing order of effectiveness) mercuric chloride, vinblastine, colchicine, Nocodazole, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). 6. Comparative studies of other amino acids [3H-leucine,3H-serine,3H-glutamic acid,3H-γ-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA), and3H-alanine] showed that3H-glycine is the only amino acid that is rapidly axonally transported in large quantities within the R3-14 axons. 7. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that a free amino acid, glycine, is transported in the retrograde direction within a select group of axons. The significance of this transport of glycine is discussed in relation to its use as a neural messenger by neurons R3-14.