cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventricular epicardial activation studies in experimental and spontaneous right bundle branch block in the dog.

Abstract The time and sequence of right ventricular epicardial activation were determined by measuring the onset of activation at 27 representative sites. Studies were performed on normal and experimental dogs, 1 dog with spontaneous complete right bundle branch block, 1 with spontaneous incomplete right bundle branch block and 1 with an atypical configuration of the QRS complex. In both experimental and spontaneous complete and incomplete right bundle branch block, the total right ventricular epicardial activation time was prolonged beyond that found in the control dogs. The sequence of right ventricular epicardial activation in the spontaneous cases of right bundle branch block was not different from that found in the normal dogs; however, in experimentally produced complete right bundle branch block, the sequence was altered so that earliest activity occurred along the dorsal interventricular sulcus. In both experimental and spontaneous incomplete and complete right bundle branch block, many of the right ventricular epicardial sites were activated later in the QRS complex than in normal dogs.
The Effect on Model Identifiability of Allowing Different Relocation Rates for Live and Dead Animals in the Combined Analysis of Telemetry and Recapture Data

Models are described for the joint analysis of live-trapping and radio telemetry data from a study on black bears (Ursus americanus) in which all animals received ear tags and a subset also received radio tags. Concerns about bias in survival estimates led to investigation of identifiability and estimator precision for a series of models that allowed differenttelemetry relocation rates for living and dead animals, in addition to emigration and seasonal variation in survival. Identifiability was determined by showing that the expected information matrix was nonsingular. Models with fidelity constant across time, and with the same degree of time specificity for survival rates and relocation rates for dead animals, were determined to be nonidentifiable. More general models, with a greater degree of time specificity for survival rates, were near-singular, and estimators under these near-singular models had poor precision. Analysis of data from the study on black bears illustrated that estimates of survival have poor precision when relocation rates are estimated separately for live and dead animals. It is recommended that the effort expended to relocate both living and dead animals be consistently high in each telemetry survey, so that relocation rates will be high and constant across time and mortality status.
Beyond consent and coercion: using republican political theory to understand international hierarchies

In categorizing international hierarchies, theorists often emphasize some balance between levels of consent and coercion. I show that emphasis on these terms is conceptually problematic. Borrowing insights from republican political theory, I argue that we can better distinguish hierarchies on the basis of whether they feature domination. Under domination the subordinate’s freedom of choice is contingent upon the predilections of the superordinate state, which can assert its supremacy whenever and possibly, however, it may please. Moreover, subordinate states cannot unilaterally and peacefully withdraw from the hierarchy. By contrast, in hierarchies of non-domination the superordinate state enjoys the ‘powers of attorney’ with which it might be permitted to practice coercion in order to advance an agreed-upon goal. The contract underpinning this type of hierarchy also allows for the unilateral and peaceful termination by the subordinate, either through withdrawal or expiry. I demonstrate the applicability of this conceptual framework by examining Soviet and American relations with Central-Eastern and Western Europe, respectively, during the Cold War.
Photoelectrochemical studies on stationary surface modified CdSe electrodes

Abstract Photoelectrochemical studies on surface modified CdSe with poly[Os(v-bpy) 3 ] 2+ or with poly[Fe(v-bpy) 2 (CN) 2 ] + have been performed in Fe(CN) 6 −4/−3 and I 3 − /I − redox systems. The modification has been carried out by electropolymerization of either [Os(v-bpy) 3 ] 2+ or [Fe(v-bpy) 2 (CN) 2 ] + (v-bpy is 4-vinyl-4-methyl-2,2-bipyridine) on the surface of CdSe electrodes. Ionic size, charge, pairing, and diffusion of the electrolyte redox anions, and the exclusion properties of the modifying polymer are used to rationalize the observed polymer/semiconductor interface behavior. Photoelectrochemical cells based on modified CdSe electrodes have also been investigated. Studies indicate that these cells exhibit better I – V characters than those cells based on modified CdSe with polyethylene oxide solid electrolyte.
The importance of current density ‘focusing’ in STM image resolution

SUMMARY In a previous paper we incorporated Tersoff and Hamann's model of an STM tip into Lang's transfer Hamiltonian result for the tunnelling current density and applied the resulting simple expression to Tersoff's six-plane-wave model of a monolayer of graphite. In this paper the results for a more realistic model of a graphite surface and a more complete selection of tip positions are presented. They support the previous conclusions that the normal component of the current density takes on both positive and negative values in a complex flow pattern and that its lateral falloff away from the (projected) tip position is much slower than expected from the extraordinary lateral resolution (∼1 A) evident in the best STM images of graphite. This shows that sharp ‘focusing’ of the current density directly under the tip is not a necessary condition for high lateral resolution.
Metal chelates of streptomycin.

Streptomycin has been found to undergo chelation with several metals in aqueous solution. Evidence for chelate formation is provided by a drop in pH during the formation, production of characteristic colors, decreased solubility in water, and absence of metal ions in the solution. The copper chelate, found to be relatively uncontaminated with metal hydroxide, exhibited more prolonged blood levels in guinea pigs than streptomycin sulfate, but also a greater toxicity.
Congenital tricuspid stenosis with pulmonary atresia

Abstract 1. 1. Congenital tricuspid stenosis associated with pulmonary atresia has been referred to in the literature under various names and is, therefore, not quite as rare as is generally accepted. 2. 2. Six cases have been followed and studied in detail, including autopsy findings. The various other abnormalities associated with this defect are described. 3. 3. The differential diagnosis between this lesion and tricuspid atresia is discussed. We believe the diagnosis can be made during life.
The Relationship between Income and Material Hardship

This paper examines the relationship between income and the extent of material hardship and explores other factors that might affect hardship. Using panel data from the Women’s Employment Study (WES), we examine the incidence of material hardship from 1997 to 2003 among current and former welfare recipients. We then consider the extent to which alternative income measures are associated with these hardships. We show that hardship decreases monotonically across quintiles of the disposable income distribution. This decrease is even more noticeable when we measure income as the average across the 6-year study period—those in the bottom quintile are 25 percent more likely to experience hardship than those in the second quintile. This relationship arises, in large part, because income is also correlated with other factors—both observable and unobservable—that affect material hardship. Consistent with ethnographic research suggesting that informal resources play an important role in helping disadvantaged families make ends meet, we find that the relationship between income and hardship is weak in individual fixed effects models. Our results indicate that other observable factors, such as measures of mental health or longrun income, might help identify those families who are at the greatest risk of experiencing material hardship.
Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract Eolian sediment covers about 60% of Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains; about 30% of the sediment is sand and 70% is loess. Initially, flood plains were the principal sources of eolian sediment, but during the Holocene, dunes formed from older eolian sand and alluvium on uplands. Since latest Pleistocene time, dominant dune-forming winds have been northwesterly in the northern part of the region and southwesterly in the southern part. At present, sand sheets and dunes, mainly parabolic types, are stable and covered with vegetation. In dunes, sand is commonly 20–30 m thick but elsewhere averages
Development and Applications of Topologically Segregated Bilayer Beads in One-bead One-compound Combinatorial Libraries

Using a “split – mix” synthesis approach, “One-Bead One-Compound” (OBOC) combinatorial libraries can be generated such that each bead displays only one chemical entity. Tens of thousands to millions of compound-beads can be screened concurrently using a variety of biochemical and cell-based screening methods. Positive beads are then physically isolated for structure determination. Peptide beads or peptoid beads consisting of a-amino acids and with a free N-terminus can be routinely sequenced by an automatic microsequencer using Edman chemistry. Libraries with N-terminally blocked peptides, peptides with unsequenceable building blocks, or small molecules require encoding. To fully exploit the OBOC combinatorial library methods, we have developed topologically segregated bilayer beads. Such bilayer beads allow us to prepare library compound on the outer layer of each bead and the coding tags in the bead interior. In addition, we can use these bilayer beads to prepare OBOC combinatorial libraries that are down-substituted on the bead surface but fully substituted in the bead interior. This configuration enables one to screen at a much higher stringency and yet have enough peptides or coding tags retained in the bead interior for structure determination.
A Disturbance of Tryptophan Metabolism in Congenital Hypoplastic Anæmia

THE clinical entity originally designated as congenital hypoplastic anaemia1 and more recently termed erythrogenesis imperfecta2 is a rare type of anaemia characterized by an erythroid hypoplasia of the bone marrow, by normocytic and normochromic circulating red cells, and by the lack of response to any of the known erythropoietic agents. In the course of some metabolic studies conducted on one such patient whose anaemia was diagnosed shortly after birth and who had been studied for four years by one of the authors (G. M.), a strongly bluishfluorescent substance was noted in the urine. (This patient has been studied through the kindness of Dr. C. P. Katsampes.) This fluorescent material was identified as anthranilic acid by chromatographic methods3, isolation from the patient's urine, and by spectroscopic techniques. The R F of this fluorescent material was 0.90 in butanol : acetic acid : water, 1 : 1 : 5, in agreement with the R F of a known sample of anthranilic acid. The melting point of the material isolated (144–146°) and the absorption spectrum are identical with comparable data reported in the literature for anthranilic acid.
Real and Virtual Radiation in Electron-Nucleus Scattering

Expressions are developed for the virtual photon spectrum and for the bremsstrahlung cross section, using the distorted-wave method for relativistic electrons in a Coulomb field. Evaluation of the matrix elements is made in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions, and some numerical results are given for electrons of energy 10 and 100 MeV. Significant enhancement of the virtual radiation spectrum is found to result from the use of distorted waves as opposed to plane waves. Calculations of the contributions of $E1$, $M1$, $E2$, and $E3$ radiation to the bremsstrahlung cross section, $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\omega}d\ensuremath{\Omega}}$, are also made; enhancement, similar to that observed with the virtual spectrum, is found in this case also.
Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis—Part I: Clinical and pathologic concepts

Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are 2 of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. They are similar in that they are complex inherited diseases involving genes that encode immune components and structural proteins that regulate differentiation of epidermal cells. Each disease is characterized by proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and abnormal cornification or terminal differentiation in the epidermis; skin lesions contain immune infiltrates of T cells, dendritic cells, and other types of leukocytes. We review similarities between the diseases and differences in epidermal barrier defects and immune cells. We also propose mechanisms of pathogenesis based on differences in the balance of immune cell subsets that could cause the phenotypes that distinguish these diseases. The first part of this 2-part review focuses on the clinical and pathologic features of the diseases; the second part discusses differences in immune cell subsets between atopic dermatitis and psoriasis and recent therapeutic strategies.
Homeless but Not Helpless: Legal Issues in the Care of Homeless People with Mental Illness

The sight of homeless people in U.S. cities and countrysides has entered our national consciousness. Many writers blame the increase in homeless people on the deinstitutionalization movement that occurred in the last 30 years. This paper disputes that conclusion and suggests that solutions to the growing problem of homelessness will not be found in admission wards of state mental hospitals. Relaxing commitment laws, imposing mandatory outpatient commitment, or forcibly transporting homeless people to emergency wards of psychiatric hospitals will not end homelessness, nor will they provide homeless mentally ill people what they need most: a decent home and supportive services.
A New Mutational aktivation in the PI3K Pathway

Although multiple members of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway (PI3K) are targeted by germline or somatic mutations, functional mutations in the three akt isoforms have proven elusive. This is somewhat surprising, as AKT represents a key node in the PI3K pathway, exhibiting transforming activity when incorporated into the AKT8 retrovirus. A recent report in Nature identifies a transforming E17K PH domain mutation in akt1 in breast (8%), colorectal (6%), and ovarian (2%) cancers. E17K-akt1 transforming activity appears due to PtdIns(3,4)P2- and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-independent recruitment of AKT1 to the membrane. This novel observation raises important theoretical and clinical questions.
Math Anxiety, Working Memory, and Math Achievement in Early Elementary School

Although math anxiety is associated with poor mathematical knowledge and low course grades (Ashcraft & Krause, 2007), research establishing a connection between math anxiety and math achievement has generally been conducted with young adults, ignoring the emergence of math anxiety in young children. In the current study, we explored whether math anxiety relates to young children's math achievement. One hundred and fifty-four first- and second-grade children (69 boys, 85 girls) were given a measure of math achievement and working memory (WM). Several days later, children's math anxiety was assessed using a newly developed scale. Paralleling work with adults (Beilock, 2008), we found a negative relation between math anxiety and math achievement for children who were higher but not lower in WM. High-WM individuals tend to rely on WM-intensive solution strategies, and these strategies are likely disrupted when WM capacity is co-opted by math anxiety. We argue that early identification and treatment of math an...
Heat Flow of Harmonic Maps Whose Gradients Belong to $$L^{n}_{x}L^{\infty}_{t}$$

For any compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold (M, g) without boundary, a compact Riemannian manifold \(N \subset {\mathbb{R}}^{k}\) without boundary, and 0 < T ≦ +∞, we prove that for n ≧ 4, if u : M × (0, T] → N is a weak solution to the heat flow of harmonic maps such that \(\nabla u \in L^{n}_{x}L^{\infty}_{t}(M \times (0, T])\) , then u ∈C∞(M × (0, T], N). As a consequence, we show that for n ≧3, if 0 < T < +∞ is the maximal time interval for the unique smooth solution u ∈C∞(M × [0, T), N) of (1.1), then \(||{\nabla}u(t)||_{L^{n}(M)}\) blows up as t ↑ T.
Linkage between the X and IV chromosomes in drosophila melanogaster

1) When these translocations are heterozygous with normal, the usual reduction of crossing-over is found near the break. 2) In the homozygous condition, the amount of crossing-over in those regions of the chromosome moved nearer to a spindle-fibre is reduced even below that of the corresponding regions in the heterozygous condition. The percentage of crossing-over in the regions on the other side of the break, unchanged in position with reference to a spindle-fibre, either is not appreciably changed, or is even higher than the control. 3) In mixed crossing-over, the crossover value of each region is about the same as the lowest crossover value of the component translocations heterozygous with normal. 4) All hyperdiploid combinations survive. Also, males hyperploid for various limited regions survive, although none are fertile except those involving only the cut locus. Females hypoploid for any section are viable whenever males hyperploid for that section live. 5) Non-disjunction is very frequent for the left fragment.
Caring for the long-term survivor after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are at risk of developing long-term complications such as subsequent malignancies and cardiopulmonary compromise. The prevalence of chronic health conditions approaches 75% among allogeneic HCT survivors and that for severe or life-threatening conditions exceeds 20%. This chapter describes the burden of morbidity carried by HCT survivors to help healthcare providers and policy makers understand the scope of the problem and the need for life-long follow-up and proactive care for this vulnerable population.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK: THE BASIS FOR IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Abstract Studies of behaviour of sheep, cattle and goats under the full spectrum of management conditions have highlighted the key areas of social interactions. Species-specific behaviour patterns based on studies of feral species have also done much to improve our knowledge of expected behavioural responses of the domestic forms. The interaction between social and maintenance requirements emerge as the dominant factor in the behaviour of free ranging livestock. Social factors such as home range and sub-group formation, leader-follower relations, and social dominance provide a basis for understanding and utilizing livestock behaviour in rangeland situations. For livestock under intensive management, space and sociality become of paramount importance. Behaviour studies can elucidate principles and methods to minimize problems arising from new forms of housing, feeding and handling.
Intestinal transplantation for total/near-total aganglionosis and intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Whether from anatomical short gut (such as after resection of extensive intestinal aganglionosis) or from a functional cause (such as intestinal pseudoobstruction), intestinal failure is a devastating disease process with profound morbidity and mortality. These patients require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and are at risk of developing complications such as liver failure, catheter-related sepsis and loss of venous access. Intestinal transplantation, which has advanced markedly over the last 14 years, is now the accepted standard of care for patients failing TPN. Survival outcomes have improved significantly, infectious complications are better controlled, and new immunosuppressive therapies offer great hope for the future. In particular, the results of intestinal transplantation achieved with the motility disorders are equivalent to those experienced with other causes of intestinal failure. In themselves, the motility disorders present their own set of complicating factors, including determining the extent of the disease process (which may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract), associated urological anomalies, and the type of organ transplantation required. Extensive workup and careful consideration is required before transplantation is undertaken. However, early referral is desirable once complications arise if these patients are to be offered optimal medical care before the chance of transplantation is lost.
The structure of d-threo-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid and derivatives in solution

Abstract The structure of d -threo-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid (1) and various derivatives in solution was determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy to be a hydrated, pyranose form. The structures of the methyl ester of 1 and of its 5-(dimethyl acetal) were confirmed by chemical means and by X-ray structure analysis.
Electrical and optical effects in molecular nanoscopic-sized building blocks

Abstract A biomimetic strategy is used to bridge the gap from the molecular scale to the microscale. Dendritic, conformationally rigid ruthenium(II)polypyridyl complexes have been synthesized to form a set of nanometer-sized building blocks (NBBs) (1.6– 5.0 nm ) with discrete ‘tertiary’ structures. We postulate that thin films constructed from NBBs with differing tertiary structures will form ordered arrays with differing ‘quaternary’ structures and, presumably, differing electronic properties. Experimental studies show that thin films of these molecules are conductive, display electric field-modulated conductivity, and enhanced conductivity upon visible irradiation. Significantly, changes in the molecule's overall shape (tertiary structure) have a measurable effect on the electrical properties of the films prepared from them. Importantly, these NBBs are chemically robust and structurally tunable. We intend to exploit these properties as well as their newly discovered electronic, optical, and, potentially even, chiro-optical properties so as to provide a new, added dimension in molecular electronics and chiral optical devices.
An immunohistochemical study of nuclear proteins in differentiating epidermal cells

Both DNA and RNA disappear from the nucleus during differentiation of granular cells into cornified cells but the fate of nuclear proteins remains unknown. We investigated localization of nuclear proteins in rat epidermis by light and electron microscopic immunoperoxidase techniques. As a probe, three sera that reacted, respectively, with the nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope of basal cells of rat epidermis were used. In granular cells both the antinucleoplasm serum and antinucleolus serum increased intensity of the nuclear staining, but they reacted also with ribosomes, filaments, and periphery of keratohyalin granules in the cytoplasm. The staining appeared diffusely in cornified cells and identification of nuclear components became impossible. In contrast, the antinuclear envelope serum stained only the nuclear outline in granular cells and continued to stain the nuclear contour in cornified cells of the fourth and fifth proximal cell layers. The antigenic components surrounded amorphous but not filamentous materials in cornified cells. These findings suggest that some nuclear proteins become immunologically indistinguishable from cytoplasmic protein. However, the nuclear envelope protein maintains its localization even after nucleic acids are lost and the nuclear space is detectable in cornified cells by use of autoantibody directed to this protein(s).
Ages, irradiation history, and chemical composition of lunar rocks from the sea of tranquillity.

The ^(87)Rb-^(87)Sr internal isochrons for five rocks yield an age of 3.65±0.05 × 10^9 years which presumably dates the formation of the Sea of Tranquillity. Potassium-argon ages are consistent with this result. The soil has a model age of 4.5 × 10^9 years, which is best regarded as the time of initial differentiation of the lunar crust. A peculiar rock fragment from the soil gave a model age of 4.44 × 10^9 years. Relative abundances of alkalis do not suggest differential volatilization. The irradiation history of lunar rocks is inferred from isotopic measurements of gadolinium, vanadium, and cosmogenic rare gases. Spallation xenon spectra exhibit a high and variable 1^(31)Xe/^(126)Xe ratio. No evidence for ^(129)I was found. The isotopic composition of solar-wind xenon is distinct from that of the atmosphere and of the average for carbonaceous chondrites, but the krypton composition appears similar to average carbonaceous chondrite krypton.
Kr+ and Ar+ laser-excited fluorescence of CN in a flame.

Laser-excited fluorescence of the CN radical was obtained using various discrete prism selected lines of krypton and argon-ion lasers. The source of hot CN is a slightly rich atmospheric pressure CH4/N2O premixed flame diluted with N2. The flame is placed within the extended cavity of the ion lasers to take advantage of much higher light intensities. Both B2∑+ ← X2∑+ and B2∑+ ← A2Π transitions of CN have been pumped. The Kr+ laser lines, 6764, 6471, 5309, 4680, 4154, 4131, and 3564 A, all pump CN. The 4545-A line of the Ar+ laser also pumps CN. Vibrational and rotational assignments have been made. Detection of CN in a burning propellant sample has been accomplished by this technique.
The Interaction between Thoughts and Emotions following the News of a Loved One's Murder:

This study uses the social psychological perspective of symbolic interactionism to examine the death notification experience of people who have lost a loved one to murder (“bereaved victims”). The data come from in-depth interviews with 32 bereaved victims whose loved ones were murdered from 1994 to 1999 in Union County (pseudonym). Bereaved victims' notification stories indicate that the interplay between thoughts and emotions in self-interaction during the first stage of grief produces two main types of emotional reactions to the news of murder: 1) feeling emotional upset (e.g., crying, screaming, hysteria) and 2) containing emotional upset (e.g., shock, disbelief, and spontaneous action). Disbelief allowed bereaved victims to cognitively control their physical expressions of emotional upset by dismissing the reality of the news of the death; the spontaneous action response allowed bereaved victims to take action on something in substitution for thinking about the loss and then feeling emotionally overw...
Characterization of maintained voltage-dependent K+-channels induced in Xenopus oocytes by rat brain mRNA

Abstract The voltage-dependent K+ currents encoded by rat brain mRNA were studied in Xenopus oocytes after the voltage-dependent Na+ currents and the Ca2+-activated Cl− currents were eliminated pharmacologically. This paper describes the maintained K+ currents (IK), defined primarily by resistance to inactivation for 1 s at a holding potential of −40 mV. IK activates at potentials more positive than −60 to −70 mV and consists of both low-threshold and high-threshold components. IK is partially blocked by both tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which appear to be blocking the same component. Long depolarizing pulses result in incomplete inactivation of IK; the inactivating component is inhibited by TEA. Sucrose density gradient fractionation partially resolves the RNA encoding the several components of IK; most IK arises from size classes between 3.8 and 9.5 kb. The study gives further evidence for the existence of numerous distinct RNA populations that encode brain K+ channels different from previously reported cloned K+ channels that have been expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Learning to control brain rhythms: making a brain-computer interface possible

The ability to control electroencephalographic rhythms and to map those changes to the actuation of mechanical devices provides the basis for an assistive brain-computer interface (BCI). In this study, we investigate the ability of subjects to manipulate the sensorimotor mu rhythm (8-12-Hz oscillations recorded over the motor cortex) in the context of a rich visual representation of the feedback signal. Four subjects were trained for approximately 10 h over the course of five weeks to produce similar or differential mu activity over the two hemispheres in order to control left or right movement in a three-dimensional video game. Analysis of the data showed a steep learning curve for producing differential mu activity during the first six training sessions and leveling off during the final four sessions. In contrast, similar mu activity was easily obtained and maintained throughout all the training sessions. The results suggest that an intentional BCI based on a binary signal is possible. During a realistic, interactive, and motivationally engaging task, subjects learned to control levels of mu activity faster when it involves similar activity in both hemispheres. This suggests that while individual control of each hemisphere is possible, it requires more learning time.
Board-level optical-to-electrical signal distribution at 10 gb/s

An opto/electrical prototype for on-board optical-to-electrical signal broadcasting operating at 10 Gb/s per channel over an interconnect distance of 10 cm is demonstrated. An improved 1times4 multimode interference (MMI) splitter at 1550 nm with linearly tapered output facet is heterogeneously integrated with four p-i-n photodetectors (PDs) on a silicon (Si) bench. The Si bench itself is hybrid integrated onto an FR-4 printed-circuit board with four receiver channels. A novel fabrication/integration approach demonstrates the simultaneous alignment between the four waveguides and the four PDs during the MMI fabrication process. The entire system is fully functional at 10 Gb/s
Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder

Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder characterized by multiple bouts of sleep within a 24-hour period. Patients present with symptoms of insomnia, including difficulty either falling or staying asleep, and daytime excessive sleepiness. The disorder is seen in a variety of individuals, ranging from children with neurodevelopmental disorders, to patients with psychiatric disorders, and most commonly in older adults with neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment of irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder requires a multimodal approach aimed at strengthening circadian synchronizing agents, such as daytime exposure to bright light, and structured social and physical activities. In addition, melatonin may be useful in some patients.
Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation

Vitamin D is an essential fat soluble vitamin and a key modulator of calcium metabolism in children and adults. Because calcium demands increase in the third trimester of pregnancy, vitamin D status becomes crucial for maternal health, fetal skeletal growth, and optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women (5-50%) and in breastfed infants (10-56%), despite the widespread use of prenatal vitamins, because these are inadequate to maintain normal vitamin D levels (≥32 ng/mL). Adverse health outcomes such as preeclampsia, low birthweight, neonatal hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases have been linked to low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy. Studies are underway to establish the recommended daily doses of vitamin D in pregnant women. This review discusses vitamin D metabolism and the implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation.
Exogenous Auxin and N-1 -Naphthylphthalamic Acid Effects on Populus deltoides Xylogenesis

A method was developed for evaluating the empirical alteration of xylem vessel differentiation in the central leaf trace of Populus deltoides, a species that exhibits helical phyllotaxis. Effects of experimental treatments for a period of six plastochrons were evaluated by vessel parameter ratios = 2 • PT/ (PT+ ] + fT -1), where P was either vessel number or mean transverse vessel area measured at mid-internode at Leaf Plastochron Indices of T — 1, T, and T+1. Excising leaf laminae reduced vessel number and mean vessel area in the associated central leaf trace by 50% and 70%, respectively, compared to unexcised laminae controls. Replacing excised laminae with a concentration series of exogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) resulted in a 5% increase per log mol m 3 of IAA in the number of vessels differentiating in the associated central leaf traces compared to excised controls. Mean vessel areas within these leaf traces were 50% of those of intact leaf traces. No significant effects of different concentrations of exogenously applied IAA on mean vessel area could be demonstrated. A lanolin paste ring of N- 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor, around the petioles of intact leaves reduced the number of differentiating vessels by 7% and mean vessel area by 29% per log mol m~3 of NPA compared to central leaf traces of leaves ringed with plain lanolin paste. The results suggest that NPA treatments may be used to distinguish experimentally, at least in part, the cell division from the cell enlargement phases of primary xylogenesis within central leaf traces of P. deltoides stems.
Solar shroud design using Computational Fluid Dynamics

The Wireless Telecom Industry is moving into a new age wherein remote data transmission capabilities must meet the demands of versatile mobile devices. These needs will be met by powerful new innovations such as 4G and WiMax.
Reducing the leakage and timing variability of 2D ICs using 3D ICs

This paper examines the ramifications of using 3D integration technology on the leakage and timing variability of integrated circuits. We develop models that estimate the outcome of mapping a 2D design onto a 3D stack from a process variation perspective. We statistically prove and experimentally demonstrate that 3D integration is a useful technique to combat process variations even if the die/wafers layers involved in 3D stacks are integrated blindly without any parametric tests prior to integration. We further show that if individual die parametric testing information is available, then it is possible to drastically reduce the impact of process variations. We develop fast, near optimal integration strategies based on recursive matching techniques. Our results show that 3D integration can reduce the variability in leakage and timing of planar ICs by around 50% without any testing and by more than 90% with additional test requirements.
Evaluation of an Attenuated, Cold-Recombinant Influenza B Virus Vaccine

A live, attenuated influenza B virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students. The virus, cold-recombinant (CR) 7, was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent, B/Ann Arbor/1/66, with a wild strain, B/Hong Kong/8/73. In ferrets, the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs, whereas the CR strain and the attenuated parent did not. A total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the CR virus or a placebo. After inoculation, only one symptom was significantly more common in the vaccinees than in the control subjects. That symptom, sore throat, occurred briefly in 26% of the vaccine recipients and in 10.5% of the placebo recipients. An outbreak of influenza B occurred three months after vaccination. When serologic infection rates in the two groups were compared, it was found that the vaccine had been significantly effective (P less than 0.01) in preventing infection.
Strategic momentum: The effects of repetitive, positional, and contextual momentum on merger activity

This paper defines and examines three types of strategic momentum. Repetitive momentum occurs when organizations repeat previous strategic actions. Postitional momentum occurs when organizations take actions that sustain or extend existing strategic positions. Contextual momentum occurs when general traits, such as organizational structure, shape strategic action in a consistent fashion. Event-history analysis of 262 large firms over a 29-year period indicates that: (1) the occurrence of mergers tends to increase the rate of mergers of the same type (repetitive momentum), and (2) organizational decentralization increases the rate of diversifying mergers (contextual momentum). Product market diversification was found to increase the probability of product extension mergers but not conglomerate mergers, only partly confirming positional momentum. The results indicate that internal momentum can affect merger activity, and suggest the importance of continuing research on the role of inertia in organizational adaptation.
Plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease-resistant prion protein in vitro

To clarify the role of plasminogen as a cofactor for prion propagation, we conducted functional assays using a cell-free prion protein (PrP) conversion assay termed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and prion-infected cell lines. Here, we report that plasminogen stimulates propagation of the protease-resistant scrapie PrP (PrP(Sc)). Compared to control PMCA conducted without plasminogen, addition of plasminogen in PMCA using wild-type brain material significantly increased PrP conversion, with an EC(50) = ∼56 nM. PrP conversion in PMCA was substantially less efficient with plasminogen-deficient brain material than with wild-type material. The activity stimulating PrP conversion was specific for plasminogen and conserved in its kringle domains. Such activity was abrogated by modification of plasminogen structure and interference of PrP-plasminogen interaction. Kinetic analysis of PrP(Sc) generation demonstrated that the presence of plasminogen in PMCA enhanced the PrP(Sc) production rate to ∼0.97 U/μl/h and reduced turnover time to ∼1 h compared to those (∼0.4 U/μl/h and ∼2.5 h) obtained without supplementation. Furthermore, as observed in PMCA, plasminogen and kringles promoted PrP(Sc) propagation in ScN2a and Elk 21(+) cells. Our results demonstrate that plasminogen functions in stimulating conversion processes and represents the first cellular protein cofactor that enhances the hypothetical mechanism of prion propagation.
Diversity of Microbial Sialic Acid Metabolism

Sialic acids are structurally unique nine-carbon keto sugars occupying the interface between the host and commensal or pathogenic microorganisms. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity, and microbes have evolved various strategies for subverting this process by decorating their surfaces with sialylated oligosaccharides that mimic those of the host. These subversive strategies include a de novo synthetic pathway and at least two truncated pathways that depend on scavenging host-derived intermediates. A fourth strategy involves modification of sialidases so that instead of transferring sialic acid to water (hydrolysis), a second active site is created for binding alternative acceptors. Sialic acids also are excellent sources of carbon, nitrogen, energy, and precursors of cell wall biosynthesis. The catabolic strategies for exploiting host sialic acids as nutritional sources are as diverse as the biosynthetic mechanisms, including examples of horizontal gene transfer and multiple transport systems. Finally, as compounds coating the surfaces of virtually every vertebrate cell, sialic acids provide information about the host environment that, at least in Escherichia coli, is interpreted by the global regulator encoded by nanR. In addition to regulating the catabolism of sialic acids through the nan operon, NanR controls at least two other operons of unknown function and appears to participate in the regulation of type 1 fimbrial phase variation. Sialic acid is, therefore, a host molecule to be copied (molecular mimicry), eaten (nutrition), and interpreted (cell signaling) by diverse metabolic machinery in all major groups of mammalian pathogens and commensals.
APPROXIMATE SIMULTANEOUS SIGNIFICANCE INTERVALS FOR RESIDUAL AUTOCORRELATIONS OF AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING-AVERAGE TIME SERIES MODELS

. Bonferroni-type inequalities are used to approximate probabilities of the joint distribution of residual autocorrelation coefficients from an autoregressive moving-average time series model. The approximations are useful for testing the goodness of fit of the model:they can be used to find critical values of a test of whether the largest residual autocorrelation is significantly different from zero. The approximation based on the first-order Bonferroni inequality is simple to use and adequate in practice.
The Nature and Use of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospitals

This descriptive study examined the frequency of types of diagnoses formulated by RNs. Ten patient charts were randomly selected from each of 10 frequently occurring diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) (N = 100). Findings indicated the majority of diagnoses (N = 1,504) were made in the Exchanging (55.33%) Human Response Pattern by two groups of nurse raters--RN caregivers and CNSs. Differences in number of diagnoses made by the nurse groups were statistically significant for all Human Response Patterns. Overall, the CNSs made more diagnoses than the caregivers (944 vs. 560), and their diagnoses were of a broader nature.
Using torsional vibration analysis as a synergistic method for crack detection in rotating equipment

A non-intrusive torsional vibration method for monitoring and tracking small changes in crack growth of reactor coolant pump shafts is presented in this paper. This method resolves and tracks characteristic changes in the natural torsional vibration frequencies that are associated with shaft crack propagation. The focus of this effort is to develop and apply the torsional vibration shaft cracking monitoring technique on a Westinghouse 93A reactor coolant pump. While this technique is being applied to reactor coolant pumps, it is generally applicable to many types of rotating equipment, including centrifugal charging pumps, condensate and feed water pumps, and may be used to detect and track changes in blade natural frequencies in gas or steam turbines. A laboratory scale rotor test bed was developed to investigate shaft cracking detection techniques under controlled conditions. The test bed provides a mechanism to evaluate sensing technologies and algorithm development. For accurate knowledge of the crack characteristics (crack depth and front), a sample shaft was seeded with a crack that was propagated using a three-point bending process. Following each crack growth step, the specimen was evaluated using ultrasonic inspection techniques for crack characterization. After inspection, the shaft was inserted in the rotor test bed for analysis and to track changes in shaft torsional vibration features. The torsional vibration measurement method has demonstrated the ability to reliably detect changes in the first natural shaft frequency in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 Hz. This technique shows the potential to enable online structural health diagnostics and ultimately the prevention of shaft or even possibly blade failure due to crack growth.
Work and Family—Allies or Enemies? What Happens When Business Professionals Confront Life Choices

The article reviews the book “Work and Family - Allies or Enemies? What Happens When Business Professionals Confront Life Choices,” by Stewart D. Friedman and Jeffrey H. Greenhaus.
Building a Financially Meaningful Language of Merchandise Assortments

The objectives of this exploratory study included identifying functional relationships between the nature of assortments and potential financial performance and proposing financially relevant definitions and related language for assortment planning. The research method was computer simulation of the merchandising process. Results indicated that more diverse assortments are less financially productive than focused assortments. A definition of assortment diversity was developed and an Assortment Diversity Index (ADI) was proposed. Understanding the diversity of assortments in relation to financial productivity may allow merchandisers to be more certain of outcomes when planning assortments. Additional research may further quantify assortment diversity and contribute to a research-based foundation of merchandising principles.
Intravascular macrophage depletion attenuates endotoxin lung injury in anesthetized sheep.

We recently showed that we can selectively and safely deplete most (average 85%) of the pulmonary intravascular macrophages in sheep by intravenously infusing liposomes containing dichloromethylene bisphosphonate. After a 1-h stable baseline, we made a 6-h comparison after a 30-min intravenous endotoxin infusion (1 μg/kg) between six anesthetized control lambs and six anesthetized lambs in which the intravascular macrophages had been depleted 24 h previously. Three of the control lambs had been macrophage depleted and allowed to recover their intravascular macrophage population for ≥2 wk. After depletion, both the early and late pulmonary arterial pressure rises were dramatically attenuated. Our main interest, however, was in the acute lung microvascular injury response. The early and late rises in lung lymph flow and the increase in lung lymph protein clearance (lymph flow × lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio) were >90% attenuated. We conclude the pulmonary intravascular macrophages are responsible for most of the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension and increased lung microvascular leakiness in sheep, although the unavoidable injury of other intravascular macrophages by the depletion regime may also contribute something.
Microsatellite and chloroplast DNA diversity of the invasive aquatic weed Hygrophila polysperma in native and invasive ranges

As part of an ongoing effort on biocontrol of hygrophila, Hygrophila polysperma, a combination of microsatellite and chloroplast DNA sequences were used to examine the genetic variation of exotic and native populations of this invasive weed and to understand its invasion history. In the US, hygrophila is well established in Florida and Texas and also is found in Alabama, Kentucky, South Carolina and Virginia. This weed is also invasive in Australia, Germany and Mexico. Plant samples were collected from all regions that hygrophila is known to have invaded as well as its native range in India (West Bengal and Assam) and Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Results showed that hygrophila genotypes across the invasive regions are nearly identical and appear to be from a similar clonal lineage. In contrast, native genotypes were highly variable and consisted of 49 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs). The lack of genetic variation and available historical information suggest that hygrophila was first introduced to the US and this population acted as a source for secondary introduction to Mexico and Australia. The German population may be the result of an independent introduction from the same source population.