cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-assembly of coherently dynamic, auxetic, two-dimensional protein crystals

Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials possess unique structural, mechanical and electronic properties that make them highly attractive in many applications. Although there have been advances in preparing 2D materials that consist of one or a few atomic or molecular layers, bottom-up assembly of 2D crystalline materials remains a challenge and an active area of development. More challenging is the design of dynamic 2D lattices that can undergo large-scale motions without loss of crystallinity. Dynamic behaviour in porous three-dimensional (3D) crystalline solids has been exploited for stimuli-responsive functions and adaptive behaviour. As in such 3D materials, integrating flexibility and adaptiveness into crystalline 2D lattices would greatly broaden the functional scope of 2D materials. Here we report the self-assembly of unsupported, 2D protein lattices with precise spatial arrangements and patterns using a readily accessible design strategy. Three single- or double-point mutants of the C4-symmetric protein RhuA were designed to assemble via different modes of intermolecular interactions (single-disulfide, double-disulfide and metal-coordination) into crystalline 2D arrays. Owing to the flexibility of the single-disulfide interactions, the lattices of one of the variants ((C98)RhuA) are essentially defect-free and undergo substantial, but fully correlated, changes in molecular arrangement, yielding coherently dynamic 2D molecular lattices. (C98)RhuA lattices display a Poisson's ratio of -1-the lowest thermodynamically possible value for an isotropic material-making them auxetic.
An evaluation of the effect of partial-septa on detection of small lesions in brain phantom study using MDAPET camera

We investigated the effect of partial-septa on detection of small lesions embedded into the Hoffman brain phantom using a high resolution PET camera. Three-dimensional (3D) positron emission tomography (PET) acquisition in comparison to two-dimensional (2D) PET acquisition improves the sensitivity of the system at the cost of higher random and scatter coincidence contributions. A partial-septa system, in which full ring septa are inserted between only some of the detector rings, allowing "partial" 3D acquisition may provide a better alternative than the 2D acquisition and full 3D acquisition for reducing the scatter and random coincidence with less sensitivity loss. We used the MDAPET camera to detect small lesions in brain images obtained from the scan of the 3D Hoffman brain phantom with three embedded small lesion phantoms with diameters of 3, 5, and 8.6 mm. To include the effect of background from activity outside the FOV, a large cylindrical uniform phantom with diameter of 21.5 cm filled with lower activity was placed near the Hoffman brain phantom. Data were acquired in three separate scans for 3 phantoms: (1) the large uniform cylindrical phantom; (2) the Hoffman brain phantom; (3) the 3 small lesions embedded in brain phantom. For scan of each phantom, the other phantoms were filled only with water. For lesions, data were collected for several standard uptake values (SUVs) as activity decayed. The three sets of data were selectively combined to generate the sinograms for the desired SUVs. In partial-septa configurations, the white matter regions of the brain images had lower counts and the images visually looked better than no-septa images. Images taken in the partial-septa configuration had slightly higher contrast
Molecular Characterization of the Cannabinoid-Mediated Migration of Monocytes.

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, functions as a chemokine for monocyte migration. However, the molecular mechanism of its chemotactic effects is not clear. We found, consistent with previous data, that 2-AG induces the migration of differentiated but not undifferentiated monocytic cells in a dose-dependent manner. We first asked whether the expression of cannabinoid receptors changed during monocytic differentiation. Treatment with 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D3, a potent inducer of monocyte differentiation, or with 2-AG did not alter the surface expression of the CB1 and CB2 receptors, indicating that signaling downstream of receptor ligation accounted for the observed effect on monocyte migration. In addition, treatment of differentiated monocytic cells with inhibitors for adenyl cyclase and rho kinase blocked the 2-AG-mediated migration, directly implicating these signaling molecules in monocyte motility. Upon eliminating the concentration gradient of 2-AG, the motility of the cells from the upper to lower compartment was sharply reduced, but not completely abrogated. This suggested that the chemotactic effect may not fully explain the observed change in cell migration. Of note, treatment of monocytes with 2-AG resulted in an enhanced secretion of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8. Moreover, exposure of the cells to 2-AG inhibited their migration towards MCP-1, while exposure to MCP-1 did not alter migration toward 2-AG. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that intracellular signaling cascades as well as induction of chemokine secretion contribute to the cannabinoid-mediated migration of monocytes.
An Introduction to Group Representations and Orthogonal Polynomials

An elementary non-technical introduction to group representations and orthogonal polynomials is given. Orthogonality relations for the spherical functions for the rotation groups in Euclidean space (ultraspherical polynomials), and the matrix elements of SU(2) (Jacobi polynomials) are discussed. A general theory for finite groups acting on graphs, giving a finite set of discrete orthogonal polynomials is given. Explicit examples include graphs giving the Krawtchouk and Hahn polynomials.
Viertes Kapitel. Projektive Geometrie. Axiomatik. Nichteuklidische Geometrien

Die Geometrie beschaftigt sich mit den Eigenschaften von Figuren in der Ebene oder im Raume. Diese Eigenschaften sind so mannigfaltig und verschiedenartig, das man ein Klassifizierungsprinzip braucht, um Ordnungin die Fulle der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu bringen. So kann man zum Beispiel eine Klassifizierung nach der Methode zur Ableitung der Satze vomehmen. Von diesem Standpunkt aus macht man oft die Unterscheidung zwischen „synthetischen“ und „analytischen“ Verfahren. Synthetisch ist die klassische axiomatische Methode von Euklid: Der Stoff wird auf rein geometrischer Grundlage entwickelt, unabhangig von der Algebra und dem Begriff des Zahlenkontinuums; die Lehrsatze werden durch logische Schlusse aus einem Anfangssystem von Aussagen abgeleitet, die man Axiome oder Postulate nennt. Demgegenuber beruht die analytische Methode auf der Einfuhrung numerischer Koordinaten und bedient sich der algebraischen Technik. Diese Methode hat eine tiefgreifende Wandlung in der mathematischen Wissenschaft herbeigefuhrt, aus der sich eine Zusammenfassung der Geometrie, der Analysis und der Algebra zu einer organischen Einheit ergeben hat.
Escape of O(3P), O(1D), and O(1S) from the Martian atmosphere

Abstract We have computed here the escape probabilities, fluxes and rates for hot O atoms that are initially produced in the ground state and the first two excited metastable states, O(1D)and O(1S), in the Martian thermosphere by dissociative recombination of O 2 + . In order to compare our results with those of our previous calculations and with those of others, we have employed here the pre-MAVEN models that we have used previously. To compute the escape probabilities, we have employed the Monte Carlo escape code that has been described previously, but we here use for the first time energy-dependent elastic cross sections for collisions of the energetic O atoms with each of the twelve background species in our model. We also incorporate three mechanisms that interchange identities of the O(3P) and O(1D) atoms, including collisional excitation of O(3P) to O(1D), quenching of O(1D) to O(3P), and excitation exchange of O(1D) with O(3P). We find that the escape probabilities of O atoms that are produced initially as O(1D) are reduced compared to those in which these processes are not included, but the escape probabilities of O atoms that are initially produced as O(3P) are not significantly reduced. As a guide for our future research and those of other investigators, we review here what is known about the interactions of O atoms with other species in which the energies of the O atoms are altered, and several other sources of hot and escaping O, many of which have been suggested by other investigators. We will incorporate these data in a future MAVEN-like model.
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY WITH NORMAL SERUM CORTISOL DUE TO LARGE, BILATERAL ADRENAL METASTASES

Objective: Herein, we report a case of adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal metastases in which random serum cortisol was in the normal range. Methods: Case details and literature review. Results: A 68-year-old woman under treatment for ovarian cancer was referred for endocrine consultation because of bilateral adrenal metastases, weakness, and orthostatic symptoms. Biochemical evaluation found that despite normal levels of serum cortisol, she had primary adrenal insufficiency. A review of the literature found that normal levels of serum cortisol are typical in rare cases of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal metastases. Conclusion: In cancer patients with bilateral adrenal metastases, cortisol production is enhanced and unregulated. In those rare cases when adrenal insufficiency is caused by bilateral adrenal metastases, serum cortisol may be normal, and accurate diagnosis requires further biochemical evaluation, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum cor...
Does Versatility Matter in Match-Play Sports?

In match-play sports, the best players seem to be both versatile and unpredictable in their use of techniques during play. Our analysis extends empirical work on player versatility and unpredictability to the Japanese sport of sumo wrestling. While earlier studies of tennis serves and football penalty kicks were motivated by game-theoretic analysis of choices made by players to start a match, our study is motivated by labor market theories that tie the success of workers to their portfolio of skills and its application to particular situations. We analyze panel data on tournament records of top sumo wrestlers participating in Japan’s grand sumo tournaments over the 1995–2004 time period to test whether players with better physical attributes and a balanced, unpredictable portfolio of winning techniques are more likely to win matches. Our econometric results show that better physical attributes, a diverse portfolio of techniques to finish a match, and unpredictable use of techniques are all associated with more wins per tournament.
Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A review and statistical evaluation.

Abstract Given the rapid proliferation of trajectory-based approaches to study clinical consequences to stress and potentially traumatic events (PTEs), there is a need to evaluate emerging findings. This review examined convergence/divergences across 54 studies in the nature and prevalence of response trajectories, and determined potential sources of bias to improve future research. Of the 67 cases that emerged from the 54 studies, the most consistently observed trajectories following PTEs were resilience (observed in: n = 63 cases), recovery (n = 49), chronic (n = 47), and delayed onset (n = 22). The resilience trajectory was the modal response across studies (average of 65.7% across populations, 95% CI [0.616, 0.698]), followed in prevalence by recovery (20.8% [0.162, 0.258]), chronicity (10.6%, [0.086, 0.127]), and delayed onset (8.9% [0.053, 0.133]). Sources of heterogeneity in estimates primarily resulted from substantive population differences rather than bias, which was observed when prospective data is lacking. Overall, prototypical trajectories have been identified across independent studies in relatively consistent proportions, with resilience being the modal response to adversity. Thus, trajectory models robustly identify clinically relevant patterns of response to potential trauma, and are important for studying determinants, consequences, and modifiers of course following potential trauma.
Deletions of chromosome 5q13.3 and 17p loci cooperate in myeloid neoplasms

Nonrandom interstitial deletions and monosomy of chromosomes 5, 7, and 17 in refractory myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) suggest a multistep pathway that culminates in aggressive clinical course. Because cytogenetic studies frequently identify chromosome 5 and 17 deletions within a single clone, we searched for allele loss for 5q loci and TP53 gene mutations in the same leukemic samples. Cosegregating deletions of chromosomes 5 and 17 were found to specifically include the 5q13.3 interval between the loci D5S672 and D5S620/D5S626, a locus hypothesized to harbor a tumor suppressor gene(1) and the TP53 gene on 17p. A rare patient with secondary refractory MDS and an unbalanced translocation [der(5;17)], which resulted in deletions of the 5q13.3-qter and 17p loci, provided clues on the sequence of genetic alterations. Serial molecular analysis of this patient revealed a dysplastic clone with der(5;17), which gave rise to a leukemic clone on acquiring an inactivating mutation of TP53. Our findings are consistent with functional cooperation between a putative tumor suppressor gene at 5q13.3 that contributes toward the progression of early stages of MDS, and the TP53 gene when mutated, causes transformation to AML. (Blood. 2000;95:2138-2143)
Histiocytic Diseases of the Lung

Histiocytic lesions of the lung are a group of diseases that arise out of defects in the lung’s macrophage population. Although histiocytes play a major role in many diseases of the lung, including granulomatous diseases (mycobacterial and fungal infections, sarcoidosis)1 and other interstitial lung disease,2 we discuss only those lesions with the primary defect in the lung histiocyte or those systemic diseases with notable lung involvement. These include pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.
On the Stabilization of Stress-Point Integration in the Element Free Galerkin Method

Stabilized stress-point integration schemes based on Least-Squares Stabilization (LSS), Taylor series Expansion Based Stabilization (TEBS) and Finite Increment Gradient (FIG) are compared for linear elastostaticity problems and some relations between them are described. Particular emphasis is placed on stress-point integration procedures with stabilization. The convergence and stability properties of stabilized methods in the framework of the element free Galerkin (EFG) method with stress-point integration are studied by numerical examples. It is shown that stabilized stress-point integration consumes much less computational time than full integration and exhibits higher accuracy and much better convergence and stability than unstabilized stress-point integration and stabilized nodal integration.
Prediction‐based Adaptive Robust Tracking Control of an Uncertain First‐Order Time‐Delay System

Abstract This paper considers the tracking problem of a delayed uncertain first‐order system which is simultaneously subject to (possibly large) known input delay, unknown but bounded time‐varying ...
Characterization of Redlen CZT detectors for hard x-ray astronomy

We present the results of ongoing characterization of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) semiconductors produced by Redlen Technologies. In particular we hope to determine their viability for future X-ray astronomy missions such as the High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P). The fully fabricated hybrid detectors consist of CZT crystals with a collecting area of 2 cm × 2 cm and thickness of 3 mm mounted on a custom pixelated ASIC originally designed for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) mission, which launched in 2012. We present the results of inter-pixel conductance and leakage current tests as well as spectral characterization using an 241Am source. Although further calibration and testing is necessary to determine the capabilities of these detectors, preliminary results indicate that Redlen CZT will be able to achieve spectral resolution and noise levels comparable to those of the CZT detectors currently in use aboard NuSTAR.
Reasons geriatrics fellows choose geriatrics as a career, and implications for workforce recruitment.

Objectives: Although the population of older adults is rising, the number of physicians seeking geriatrics training is decreasing. This study of fellows in geriatrics training programs across the U...
Mitigation and Identification of the Cause of Radiated Emissions in an 8 Gbps High-Speed System

This paper studies the impact of signal integrity issues related to rise/fall time and delay imbalance in differential traces of an 8 Gbps high-speed system in generation of excess radiated emissions at 8 GHz. Since modification of layout and system specifications are not possible at the final stages of system development, a custom-designed Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) absorber is used to reduce the emissions. The effectiveness of this solution is determined in comparison with a commercially available microwave absorber. This evaluation is conducted by observing the return loss and coupling between active sources on a mock-up system board and measuring radiated emissions outside the enclosure box containing the system board. An improved EMC scan set up is developed in-house for over the air radiation pattern measurements. The experimental results closely match simulations and all prove the superior performance of the custom-designed FSS absorber.
Sigmoid Sinus Patency following Vestibular Schwannoma Resection via Retrosigmoid versus Translabyrinthine Approach

Introduction The treatment options for acoustic neuromas are observation with serial imaging, stereotactic radiation, or surgical resection. The most common surgical approaches are the translabyrinthine (TL), the retrosigmoid (RS), and the middle cranial fossa. During the TL approach the sigmoid sinus is decompressed with bipolar cautery to allow greater medial exposure. It is unknown if this causes any long-term narrowing or thrombus of the sigmoid sinus. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent acoustic neuroma resection to determine if patients undergoing a TL approach for acoustic neuroma resection develop radiographic evidence of sigmoid sinus stenosis or thrombosis compared with patients undergoing a RS approach. Results A total of 128 patients were included in this study, 56 patients underwent a TL approach and 72 patients underwent a RS approach. We compared the preoperative and postoperative diameter of the ipsilateral and contralateral sigmoid sinus at proximal, midpoint, and distal locations on magnetic resonance imaging examinations. There was no significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative diameter of the ipsilateral or contralateral sigmoid sinus based on surgical approach. Conclusion Decompression of the sigmoid sinus during the TL approach does not have a significant postoperative effect on the dural venous sinus patency.
The Role of Oxygen Intake and Liver Enzyme on The Dynamics of Damaged Hepatocytes}: \\ Implications to Ischaemic Liver Injury via A Mathematical Model.

Ischaemic Hepatitis (IH) or Hypoxic Hepatitis (HH) also known as centrilobular liver cell necrosis is an acute liver injury characterized by a rapid increase in serum aminotransferase. The liver injury typically results from another underlying medical conditions like cardiac failure, respiratory failure and septic shock in which the liver becomes damaged due to deprivation of either blood or oxygen. IH is a potentially lethal condition which is often preventable if diagnosed properly. {\em Unfortunately, mechanism that causes IH are often not well understood, making it difficult to diagnose or accurately quantify the patterns of related biomarkers}. In most cases, currently the only way to determine a case of IH (i.e., to diagnose it) is to rule out all other possible conditions for other liver injuries. A better understanding of the liver9s response to IH is necessary to aid in its diagnosis, measurement and improve outcomes. {\bf The goal of this study, is to identify mechanisms that can alter a few associated biomarkers for reducing density of damaged hepatocytes, and thus reduce chances of IH}. To this end, we develop a mathematical model capturing dynamics of hepatocytes in the liver through the rise and fall of associated liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) related to condition of IH. %It studies liver cell death in response to IH caused by chronic heart failure and cardiovascular shock. The model analysis provides a novel approach to predict the level of biomarkers given variations in the systemic oxygen in the body. Using IH patient data in US, novel model parameters are described and then estimated for the first time to capture real time dynamics of hepatocytes in the presence and absence of IH condition. Different scenarios of patient conditions were also analyzed and validated using empirical information. This study and its results may allow physicians to estimate the extent of liver damage in a IH patient based on their enzyme levels and receive faster treatment on real time basis.
Gifts, Graces, and Griefs: Giving Voice to All the Songs Reflections on the Life of Sarah Steele

Sarah Steele was a young woman who lived her whole life with a rare disabling condition, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), and in a family that include religion professor, clergy woman, ...
AI Decision Support Prognostics for IoT Asset Health Monitoring, Failure Prediction, Time to Failure

This paper presents a novel tandem human-machine cognition approach for human-in-the-loop control of complex business-critical and mission-critical systems and processes that are monitored by Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor networks and where it is of utmost importance to mitigate and avoid cognitive overload situations for the human operators. We present an advanced pattern recognition system, called the Multivariate State Estimation Technique-2, which possesses functional requirements designed to minimize the possibility of cognitive overload for human operators. These functional requirements include: (1) ultralow false alarm probabilities for all monitored transducers, components, machines, subsystems, and processes; (2) fastest mathematically possible decisions regarding the incipience or onset of anomalies in noisy process metrics; and (3) the ability to unambiguously differentiate between sensor degradation events and degradation in the systems/processes under surveillance. The prognostic machine learning innovation presented herein does not replace the role of the human in operation of complex engineering systems, but augments that role in a manner that minimizes cognitive overload by very rapidly processing, interpreting, and displaying final diagnostic and prognostic information to the human operator in a prioritized format that is readily perceived and comprehended.
Sphaleron Transitions in Big and Little Bangs

The observed Baryonic Asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) is usually expressed as the ratio of the baryon density to that of the photons. This key parameter enters calculations of primordial nucleosynthesis of such nuclei as d, t, He4, andLi7: all of them agree that its value is $$\displaystyle \begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} n_B/n_\gamma \sim 6\times 10^{-10} \end{array} $$
A Capabilities Approach to Communications Equity

This Article seeks to clarify the role of equity considerations in communications policy, and offer guidance for policy-makers going forward. Part I examines existing equity measures and their justifications. Three different forms of equity—user, provider, and burden fairness—are usually conflated, which confuses matters. Many of the most significant recent policy controversies at the FCC can be understood in terms of one or more of these equity considerations. Part II introduces Sen’s capabilities approach and outlines its implications for communications policy. Understanding communications equity in terms of functionings and capabilities makes intuitive sense, because communications is itself such an important means toward human flourishing. As in the earlier era of voice telephony, the first equity goal of broadband policy was to build out the network widely. While work on that front remains, more of the focus now should shift from enabling the network to what the network enables. A capabilities orientation provides the FCC and other policy-makers with a sounder framework for equity initiatives in the current environment.
Understanding the opaque priority of safety measures and hotel customer choices after the COVID-19 pandemic: an application of discrete choice analysis

Hotels are vulnerable to health-related crises due to their communal nature of living spaces and the unavoidable contact with strangers. Consequently, many hotels have initiated safety measures aga...
Dispersed Information and CEO Incentives

I measure the social cost of stock-based compensation schemes in a model in which the CEO learns from market prices. In my model, all agents commit a small correlated error when forming their expectations about future productivity. The equilibrium stock price thus aggregates private information with noise. I show that a stock-based compensation scheme leads the CEO to overuse the price information by a factor of three, which in turn makes the excess return and investment growth excessively volatile. I calibrate a DSGE model that embeds this mechanism, and estimate an implied welfare loss of 0.55% of permanent consumption. Surprisingly, if households were given the choice within this model of preserving the status quo or forcing the CEO to ignore all price information, they would choose the latter. ∗I would like to thank Fernando Alvarez, Will Cong, Douglas Diamond, Tarek Hassan, Zhiguo He, Juhani Linnainmaa, Thomas Mertens, Stavros Panageas, David Schreindorfer, Nancy Stokey, Amir Sufi, Harald Uhlig, Pietro Veronesi, Verena Werkmann, and Mirko Wiederholt for helpful comments and discussion. I am also grateful for comments from seminar participants at Goethe University Frankfurt and University of Chicago (Econ and Booth). †Email: schneemeier@uchicago.edu; Website: http://home.uchicago.edu/schneemeier/
Chapter 18 Low-Molecular-Weight Basic Proteins in Spermatids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the low-molecular-weight basic proteins in spermatids. The rat testis system offers the possibility of analyzing the role of nuclear proteins in terms of their effect on nuclear structure and gene transcription. Low-molecular-weight basic proteins replace the histones and many of the nonhistone proteins during maturation of spermatids in the rat testis. The maturation process serves as a model of cellular differentiation in which the major morphological event is the condensation of chromatin and the major functional event is the total cessation of transcription. The chapter describes the techniques for the localization and identification of proteins in spermatid nuclei that are applicable to other nuclear proteins and to a variety of cell types within the testis. Methods for analyzing the proteins from spermatid nuclei are described, and procedures for purifying three of the low-molecular-weight basic proteins isolated from rat testis spermatids are discussed. The availability of spermatidal proteins in purified form permits the design of in vitro experiments to test mechanisms of nuclear protein replacement.
Antitrust Enforcement and Non-Enforcement as a Barrier to Import in the Japanese Automobile Industry

Foreign automobile manufacturers long have found it difficult to compete in the Japanese automobile market. For decades, governmentally imposed restraints prevented foreign manufacturers from gaining a foothold in the Japanese market. In recent decades, these governmental restrictions have been replaced by private restraints which create equally formidable barriers to entry. Many private restraints persist despite repeated informal investigations and administrative guidance by the Japan Fair trade Commission (JFTC). The endurance of these private restraints raises the question of what mechanisms may be available to make the Japanese automobile market more contestable. While vigorous and transparent enforcement of Japan's Antimonopoly Law by the JFTC is the preferred mechanism, other mechanisms for alleviating these private restraints include the extraterritorial enforcement of U.S. antitrust laws by U.S. antitrust enforcement authorities, mediation by the OECD or the enforcement of an international competition code in an international forum.
Are Corporations People? Corporate Personhood Under the Constitution and International Law

Is a corporation a person? If it is, what rights and duties go along with corporate personhood? My interest in this topic began with a stark comparison: how is it possible that a corporation can have a constitutionally protected right to contribute unlimited sums of money to influence an election, but that same corporation cannot be sued for human rights violations such as genocide? That is the unlikely result of two cases: Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 130 S. Ct. 876 (2010), in which the United States Supreme Court held that the First Amendment protects a corporation’s right to make electoral expenditures, and the Second Circuit decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 621 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2010), which held that international human rights norms do not apply to corporations. This stark comparison may seem to compare apples and oranges: Citizens United relied on U.S. constitutional law, while Kiobel applied international law. But there are important links between our domestic understanding of corporations and international law. First, international law looks to domestic law to define the legal relationship between a corporation and the human and legal persons that act on its behalf, including the question of whether corporations are liable for wrongs inflicted by their agents. Second, there is an unjustifiable difference in the way that courts analyze the nature of a corporation in constitutional cases and the Kiobel approach. That is, there is a basic difference in the way the cases address or ignore my opening question: Are corporations people? Citizens United and other constitutional law cases portray the corporation as a robust, multi-dimensional entity: a person in (almost) all its glory. In Kiobel, however, the corporation is just a one-dimensional dot. “Corporation” is an empty label, an undefined term that either appears in an international document or not. No background, no exploration of function and role. The distinct approaches are not the product of differences between the ways that international and domestic law define corporations. The problem, instead, is that the Kiobel majority, and commentators endorsing its views, ignore the robust corporate identity that they recognize when considering a corporation’s constitutional rights. To illustrate this contrast and explain its implications, I start by outlining the historical approach of U.S. courts to corporate personhood and corporate constitutional rights. Next, I analyze corporate-defendant human rights cases in U.S. courts, including the circuit court cases that, in contrast to Kiobel, have held that human rights norms do apply to corporations, and I explore the impact of the April 2013 Supreme Court decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Shell. Finally, I discuss the implications of the discrepancy between the way that some U.S. courts have approached corporate personhood in constitutional and international law cases. The comparison may be good politics – a very good political sound bite – but it is also something much more.
A Quantitative analysis of disk drive power management in portable computers

With the advent and subsequent popularity of portable computers, power management of system components has become an important issue. Current portable computers implement a number of power reduction techniques to achieve a longer battery life. Included among these is spinning down a disk during long periods of inactivity. In this paper, we perform a quantitative analysis of the potential costs and benefits of spinning down the disk drive as a power reduction technique. Our conclusion is that almost all the energy consumed by a disk drive can be eliminated with little loss in performance. Although on current hardware, reliability can be impacted by our policies, the next generation of disk drives will use technology (such as dynamic head loading) which is virtually unaffected by repeated spinups. We found that the optimal spindown delay time, the amount of time the disk idles before it is spun down, is 2 seconds. This differs significantly from the 3-5 minutes in current practice by industry. We will show in this paper the effect of varying the spindown delay on power consumption; one conclusion is that a 3-5 minute delay results in only half of the potential benefit of spinning down a disk.
Generalizations of the Restricted Problem of Three Bodies

This paper offers several generalizations of the restricted problem of three bodies from an analytical and dynamical point of view. First, a short review of the classical restricted problem is offered which is followed by the most general reformulation of the problem. In this most general formulation we consider a dynamical system consisting of several large bodies and of several smaller masses. The influence of the large masses on the small ones can be arbitrary but in most practical cases we consider gravitational forces only. We also allow forces acting between the small bodies influencing their motion. The restriction comes in that we follow the basic idea of the restricted problem of three bodies and do not allow any influence of the small bodies on the motion of the large ones. This complete generalization is then followed with some special situations such as having two primary masses and two smaller masses. In this case we also establish a new Jacobian Integral which might be considered the generalization of the classical well known Jacobian Integral.
Outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at a Comprehensive Stroke Center (P3.118)

Objectives: We seek to examine the outcome of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Background: Aneurysmal SAH portends mortality rate as high as 50[percnt] at hospital discharge. Reports of better outcomes at high-volume centers have prompted Comprehensive Stroke Center certification by The Joint Commission and AHA/ASA. The goals of this study are to examine the outcome of aneurysmal SAH at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Design/Methods: All patients with SAH were admitted to the closed 24-bed Neuro ICU at our Medical Center. The data of consecutive patients was collected prospectively. Only patients with angiographically verified aneurysmal SAH were included in this study. Ruptured aneurysm was treated with either coil embolization or surgical clipping. All patients were managed by the neurointensivist-led multidisciplinary team. Results: From April 1, 2012 to May 30, 2014, 119 patients were identified to have aneurysmal SAH. Their average ages were 56.4 ±16.9 years old. 40 patients (33.6[percnt]) were Hunt-Hess grade 4 and 5. 64 patients (53.8[percnt]) were Fisher grade 4. 64 aneurysms (53.8[percnt]) were treated with coil embolization and 53 (45.4[percnt]) with surgical clipping. The mean ICU and hospital length of stay was 14.1 ± 10.6 and 20.9 ± 16.6 days, respectively. 66 patients (55.5[percnt]) had favorable functional outcome (mRS ≤3) at hospital discharge. The mortality rate was 15.1[percnt] in the cohort and 30[percnt] in patients with Hunt-Hess grade 4 and 5 SAH. Of the 18 deaths, 7 died from ictal cardiac arrest or brain-stem herniation, 5 from rebleed, and 7 from withdrawal of life support per patient/family wishes. Conclusions: We demonstrate excellent favorable functional outcome (55.5[percnt]) and low mortality rate (15.1[percnt]) from aneurysmal SAH at our Comprehensive Stroke Center. Aneurysmal SAH patients benefit from multidisciplinary care at high volume centers. Study Supported by: None. Disclosure: Dr. Yu has received personal compensation for activities with Stryker as a consultant. Dr. Alva has nothing to disclose. Dr. Majic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kavi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moheet has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schievink has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alexander has received personal compensation for activities with Penumbra Inc. as a consultant.
A lőcsei Baumerth festő-fivérekről

The names and the few known works by Johann and Christian Baumerth slightly run into one another in the Hungarian art historical literature. On the basis of the data in registers of birth of the evangelical church in Lőcse (Levoca) became clear that we could talk about two painters who were brothers. Johann Baumerth (11 March, 1788–5 March, 1833) worked as a teacher of drawing in the evangelical secondary school for girls in Lőcse (Levoca). His younger brother Christian (8 May, 1792–18 July, 1824) was the pupil of the painter Jozsef Czauczik and wanted to develop his knowledge in the Academy of Arts Vienna. His early work is a memorial leaf of Anna Maria Horvath Stansith, wife of Ferenc Mariassy at her death in 1810. We know a few more works of Johann Baumerth. The engravings of the cities of Rozsnyo (Rožňava) and Iglo (Spisska Nova Ves) probably were made after his own drawings around 1820. Two gouache paintings (1810) by him recently appeared in art dealer’s gallery, a romantic style landscape and a bib...
Protonation Sites in Gaseous Pyrrole and Imidazole: A Neutralization–Reionization and ab initio Study

Mild gas-phase acids C4H9+ and NH4+ protonate pyrrole at C-2 and C-3 but not at the nitrogen atom, as determined by deuterium labeling and neutralization–reionization mass spectrometry. Proton affinities in pyrrole are calculated by MP2/6–311G(2d, p) as 866, 845 and 786 kJ mol-1 for protonation at C-2, C-3 and N, respectively. Vertical neutralization of protonated pyrrole generates bound radicals that in part dissociate by loss of hydrogen atoms. Unimolecular loss of hydrogen atom from C-2-and C-3-protonated pyrrole cations is preceded by proton migration in the ring. Protonation of gaseous imidazole is predicted to occur exclusively at the N-3 imine nitrogen to yield a stable aromatic cation. Proton affinities in imidazole are calculated as 941, 804, 791, 791 and 724 for the N-3, C-4, C-2, C-5 and N-1 positions, respectively. Radicals derived from protonated imidazole are only weakly bound. Vertical neutralization of N-3-protonated imidazole is accompanied by large Franck–Condon effects which deposit on average 183 kJ mol-1 vibrational energy in the radicals formed. The radicals dissociate unimolecularly by loss of hydrogen atom, which involves both direct N-H bond cleavage and isomerization to the more stable C-2 H-isomer. Potential energy barriers to isomerizations and dissociations in protonated pyrrole and imidazole isomers and their radicals were investigated by ab initio calculations.
Caspofungin acetate: an antifungal agent

The pharmacology, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of caspofungin acetate are reviewed. Caspofungin acetate is an echinocandin with fungicidal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Histoplasma spp. It is active against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible strains of Candida albicans. Caspofungin acetate irreversibly inhibits the enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, preventing the formation of glucan polymers and disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin acetate has an elimination half-life of 9-10 hours and is suitable for once-daily regimens. Data from animal and human studies demonstrate that the drug is 80-96% protein bound. Less than 3% of the dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and the proposed route of elimination is hepatic. In a trial of 128 patients with Candida esophagitis, clinical response rates were higher with caspofungin acetate 50 or 70 mg/day (85%) than with amphotericin B 0.5 mg/kg/day (67%). Most enrolled patients had HIV infection, and almost half had CD4+ lymphocyte counts of less than 50 cells/microL in another study, 56 immunocompromised patients with aspergillosis were treated with one 70-mg dose of caspofungin acetate, then 50 mg once a day. All patients had refractory invasive aspergillosis or were intolerant of amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B, or azole therapy. In patients who received at least one dose of caspofungin acetate, a favorable response was reported in 41%. In 128 patients who received either caspofungin acetate or amphotericin B, fewer caspofungin acetate recipients (1.4%) had elevated serum creatinine levels and discontinued therapy because of adverse effects (4%) than amphotericin B recipients (15% and 22%, respectively). The manufacturer's recommended dose for infections caused by Candida or Aspergillus spp. has not been determined. Caspofungin acetate appears to be fungicidal, with a wide spectrum of antifungal activity and a good safety profile. The lack of adequate efficacy and safety data in humans makes a recommendation to add this drug to the formulary premature. Pending advanced clinical trials and cost information, caspofungin acetate may be a reasonable addition to the formulary, particularly in hospitals with large immunocompromised patient populations.
X-ray survival characteristics and genetic analysis for nine saccharomyces deletion mutants that show altered radiation sensitivity

The availability of a genome-wide set of Saccharomyces deletion mutants provides a chance to identify all the yeast genes involved in DNA repair. Using X rays, we are screening these mutants to identify additional genes that cause increased sensitivity to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. For each mutant identified as sensitive, we are confirming that the sensitivity phenotype cosegregates with the deletion allele and are obtaining multipoint survival-vs.-dose assays in at least one homozygous diploid and two haploid strains. We present data for deletion mutants involving the genes DOT1, MDM20, NAT3, SPT7, SPT20, GCN5, HFI1, DCC1, and VID21/EAF1 and discuss their potential roles in repair. Eight of these genes cause a clear radiation-sensitive phenotype when deleted, but the ninth, GCN5, results in at most a borderline phenotype. None of the deletions confer substantial sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, although one or two may confer marginal sensitivity. The DOT1 gene is of interest because its only known function is to methylate one lysine residue in the core of the histone H3 protein. We find that histone H3 mutants (supplied by K. Struhl) in which this residue is replaced by other amino acids are also X-ray sensitive, which confirms that methylation of the lysine-79 residue is required for effective repair of radiation damage.
Illinois State University to recycle dining center food and paper wastes into cattle feed

Abstract Some Illinois cattle came in for a slight change in their menu, compliments of residence hall students who do not clean their plates. The first practical demonstration in the nation of the recycling technology needed to mix food and paper into a form that can be used for cattle feed is being conducted at Illinois State University under a state-sponsored initiative. Cattle at the Illinois State University farm now eat feed made from recycled food waste and paper from four residence hall dining centers. In what is the first program of its kind in the world, the recycled material is used as silage to feed beef cattle at the University Farm's beef research center. It is believed that no other program has combined food waste and newsprint to serve as cattle feed. The concept of using pulped food waste and ground newsprint to create an ensilage is a new and relatively unexplored idea.
EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETRIC COMPARISONS FOR A FIN INDUCED CROSSING SHOCKS INTERSECTING A LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER AT MACH6

The present investigation provides an experimental database for fin induced crossing shocks intersecting a laminar boundary layer at Mach 6. The experimental parameters varied were Reynolds number, fin leading edge bluntness and fin thickness. The experimental data collected were heat transfer maps between the two fins, static pressure measurements and oil flow visualization. All test runs were performed at the von Karman Institute's H-3 Mach 6 tunnel under laminar boundary layer conditions. Three fin thicknesses were considered: thin (5mm), medium (10 mm) and thick (j9.4 mm). Experimental evaluation indicates the thin tin case showed a fundamentally different flow field as the medium and thick fins. Thick and medium fins exhibited reflection along the plane of symmetry, whereas the thin fins observed only focusing and no shock interactions along the plane of symmetry. The most significant parameter upon the experimental data collected was the fin thickness. The fin leading edge bluntness shifted the peak heating location upstream for the thick and medium fins, but cause the peak heating to move downstream for the thin fin case. The Reynolds number variance did not have any significant effect upon any configuration except the thin fins with a sharp leading edge. The high Reynolds number exhibited GGrtler type vortices downstream of the fin expansions. These Giirtler type vortices were not observed in the low Reynolds test cases or any other fin thickness and fin leading edge roundness. M Mach number
Computational studies on a latent thermal energy storage system with integral heat pipes for concentrating solar power

Abstract Latent thermal energy storage system (LTES) is an effective technique for storing solar energy and load management with advantages including isothermal operation and high-energy storage density. However, the low thermal conductivity of the phase change material (PCM) in a LTES reduces the melting and solidification rates of the PCM, which is sought to be increased for a viable operation of the energy storage system. This paper investigates an approach to reducing the thermal resistance of PCM through embedded heat pipes which are passive heat transfer devices that efficiently transfer large amount of thermal energy between the phase change material and a heat transfer fluid (HTF). A transient three-dimensional computational analysis of a shell-and-tube LTES embedded with heat pipes is performed for melting (charging) and solidification (discharging) to determine the position of melt front, energy stored and effectiveness of the heat pipe embedded configurations as a function of time. The influence of the number and orientation of heat pipes and the configuration of the system are analyzed to identify designs that lead to improved effectiveness.
Evaluating the contribution of intermittent generation to power system adequacy at different demand levels

This paper discusses the contribution of intermittent generation sources to power system adequacy for the Chilean Northern Interconnected System (SING) at different demand levels. Curves showing the system risk for different levels of demand are obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation approach that performs unit commitment and economic load dispatch, considering randomly generated outages and randomly selected synthetic wind and solar generation profiles created using a semi-parametric model. The simulation results are then used to estimate the probability of having energy not served for different demand levels. These curves can then be used to gain a better understanding of the contribution to adequacy of intermittent generators such as wind and solar (CPV and CSP), and the impact that thermal storage in CSP plants can make to improve their capacity value.