cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inference by Analogy and the Progress of Knowledge: From Reflection to Determination in Judgements of Natural Purpose

In this paper, I argue that Darwin's On the Origin of Species can be interpreted as the culmination of an extended exercise of what Kant called ‘the reflecting power of judgement’ that issued in a form of reasoning that Hegel associates with inference by analogy and that Peirce associates with hypothesis and later assimilates to abduction. After some exegetical and rationally reconstructive work, I support this reading by (1) showing that Darwin's theory of natural selection gave us a way of understanding the purposive character of organic generation and growth that does not rely on an analogy with intentional agency and (2) outlining some of the uses to which this new understanding was put in reasoning about mind and society by American intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the process I hope to shed some light on the relationship between mechanistic and purposive explanation in judgements of nature.
The Biosynthesis of the Nucleoside Antibiotics IX. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE 8-FORMYLHYDROLASE THAT CATALYZES PRODUCTION OF FORMIC ACID FROM THE UREIDO CARBON OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

The data presented suggest that GTP, but neither ATP nor ITP, is a substrate for the biosynthesis of the pyrrole ring of the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics. GTP-8-formylhydrolase from Streptomyces rimosus has been purified 240-fold; the enzyme is not constitutive and chloramphenicol markedly inhibits the biosynthesis of the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside antibiotic, sangivamycin, when added to cells in the late log phase of growth. As sangivamycin production increases, the specific activity of GTP-8-formylhydrolase also increases. A streptomyces that produces the nucleoside antibiotic, showdomycin, does not have this enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes the release of carbon 8 of the imidazole ring of GTP as formic acid. The molecular weight is about 500,000. DEAE chromatography splits the enzyme into two active proteins when precipitated with ammonium sulfate and dialyzed against buffer without EDTA. The purified enzyme requires EDTA for full activity; oxygen, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and showdomycin are inhibitory; cysteine reverses this inhibition. These properties of the enzyme along with the in vivo studies and the correlation of enzyme activity in the streptomyces-producing pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics supply information that the ring-opened GTP is the branch point compound for the biosynthesis of folic acid, riboflavin, xanthopterin, toxoflavin, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, and the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics.
Summaries of Action Rules by Agglomerative Clustering

Finding useful rules is an important task of knowledge discovery in data. Most of the researchers on knowledge discovery focused on techniques for generating patterns, such as classification rules, association rules...etc, from a data set. They assume that it is users responsibility to analyze these patterns and infer actionable solutions for specific problems within a given domain. Action rules mining is a technique that automatically assists humans in acquiring useful information from data. In addition to uncovering important patterns, action rules may suggest actions to be taken based on that knowledge and contribute to business strategies and scientific research. The large amounts of knowledge in the form of rules presents a challenge of identifying the essence, the most important or interesting part of high usability. In this paper, we propose a new method for clustering action rules and replacing them by new action rules of a compact form called summaries. This method is based on agglomerative clustering.
A Discussion of Protectionist Trade Policies in the USA, Japan and Korea

Part I provides an introduction and overview and discusses topics such as the present state of Japanese-American trade policy, the trade deficit mentality, antidumping laws, auto industry protection, exchange rate manipulation, Super 301 and the hypocrisy of the United States position. Part II discusses the present Korean-American trade policy and includes issues such as U.S. trade barriers to Korean exports, tariffs, quantitative restrictions, antidumping and antisubsidy duties and Korean protectionism. Part III presents conclusions.
Here or There? A Survey of Factors in Multinational R&D Location: Report to the Government/University/Industry Research Roundtable

Contrary to popular belief, it is intellectual capital and university collaboration, not just lower costs, that primarily attract companies to locate RD addressed favored countries for locating RD and outlined trends industry expects for R&D expansion in the future.Among the top factors going into new R&D siting decisions in both developed and emerging countries are market growth potential, quality of R&D talent, collaboration with universities and IP protection. How these factors influence the decision, however, depend on whether the site is in a developed or emerging country. In neither emerging nor developed countries was cost consideration the most important factor, which runs contrary to what has been reported by the media (according to an analysis of media coverage over the past few years in The Wall Street Journal and New York Times on multinational R&D locations).Among the study's more surprising findings, according to the researchers, was the role university collaboration plays in the decision-making process for locating R&D facilities. In fact, collaboration with universities was particularly prevalent as a factor for expanding to emerging countries, even though these countries provide lesser degrees of IP protection.More than half of the corporate respondents who identify the United States as their home country report that they have either recently expanded or planned to locate R&D facilities in China and India vs. other developed countries. Of 63 Western European companies responding, 13 plan on expanding or locating new R&D facilities to the United States. The issue of collaborative research between universities and corporations has been a growing concern within the United States, with some observers saying legal wrangling over intellectual property rights is not only slowing the pace of innovation but also prompting companies to seek university research partners in other countries.The study indicates, however, that while the trend toward R&D offshoring to Asia will continue despite concerns over IP protection, companies are keeping their most cutting-edge research in developed countries where IP protection is the strongest. According to the study, only 22 percent of the R&D effort in emerging countries is for new science.Another public policy implication of the findings, say the researchers, is that the United States must focus on highly skilled worker immigration.
Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow

Hydraulics is a branch of fluid mechanics specifically dealing with water as a major fluid in many engineering systems. It is safe to consider water as an incompressible fluid for typical engineering applications. Pressurized flow usually refers to the flow in closed conduits. Hydraulics of pressurized flow involves three basic equations: continuity, energy, and momentum equations. Head loss is important in hydraulics of pressurized flow regardless of system design or flow analysis. Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen and Williams equations typically estimate friction head loss. The friction factor depends on Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Total head loss includes friction head loss caused by fluid viscosity and local head losses at changes in the cross section, bends, and various pipe fittings. A pump provides energy head to, and a water turbine takes energy head from, the pipe system. Keywords: pipe flow; hydraulics; pressurized flow; flow equations; energy losses
An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian computing technique

The technique to be described, called ALE, is a combined Lagranglan and Eulerlan computing method for the transient dynamics of an incompressible fluid. Because of the Lagrangian aspects of this technique it is applicable to flows with free surfaces or having material interfaces, but it also maintains Eulerian aspects to overcome undesirable grid distortions often associated with Lagrangian methods. This technique is referred to as an arbitrary Lagranglan or Eulerian computing method because there are three options for moving vertices: (i) they can flow with the fluid for Lagrangian computing, (2) they can remain fixed for Eulerlan computing, or (3) they can move in an arbitrarily prescribed way to give a continuous rezoning capability.
Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures

Monazite and xenotime, the RE(P04) dimorphs, are the most ubiquitous rare earth (RE) minerals, yet accurate structure studies of the natural phases have not been reported. Here we report the results of high-precision structure studies of both the natural phases and the synthetic RE(P04) phases for all individual stable rare earth elements. Monazite is monoclinic, P2/n, and xenotime is isostructural with zircon (space group 14/amd). Both atomic arrangements are based on [001] chains of intervening phosphate tetrahedra and RE polyhedra, with a REOgpolyhedron in xenotime that accommodates the heavy lanthanides (Tb-Lu in the synthetic phases) and a RE09 polyhedron in monazite that preferentially incorporates the larger light rare earth elements (La-Gd). As the structure "transforms" from xenotime to monazite, the crystallographic properties are comparable along the [00I] chains, with structural adjustments to the different sizes of RE atoms occurring principally in (00I). There are distinct similarities between the structures that are evident when their atomic arrangements are projected down [001]. In that projection, the chains exist in (100) planes, with two planes per unit cell. In monazite the planes are offset by 2.2 A along [010], relative to those in xenotime, in order to accommodate the larger light RE atoms. The shift of the planes in monazite allows the RE atom in that phase to bond to an additional 02' atom to complete the RE09 polyhedron.
Genetic evidence for functional interactions between TolC and AcrA proteins of a major antibiotic efflux pump of Escherichia coli.

Summary Genetic data have suggested that TolC, AcrA and AcrB constitute a major antibiotic efflux system in Escherichia coli. Through reversion analysis of an unstable and antibiotic-sensitive TolC mutant (TolCP246R,S350C), we isolated extragenic suppressors that mapped within the acrRAB loci. DNA sequence analysis revealed that 18 isolates contained 10 different missense mutations within the acrA gene, whereas a single isolate had a missense mutation within the acrR gene, which codes for the acrAB repressor. Besides reversing the hypersensitivity phenotype of TolCP246R,S350C, AcrA and AcrR alterations elevated the mutant TolC protein level, thus indicating that the mechanism of suppression involves the stabilization of an unstable mutant TolC protein. Eight of the 10 AcrA alterations were clustered in the 202–265 region of the mature protein, whereas the other two suppressors affected residues 30 and 146. Based on the recently solved crystal structure of MexA, an AcrA counterpart from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the regions encompassing residues 30 and 202–265 constitute the α+β-domain of AcrA (MexA), whereas that of 146 form the α-domain. The data suggest that residues of these two AcrA domains either directly or indirectly influence interactions with TolC. Curiously, the stability of three mutant AcrA proteins, bearing an L222Q, L222R or P265R substitution, became dependent on the presence of either wild-type or mutant TolC. This dependence of the mutant AcrA proteins on TolC further supported the notion of a direct physical interaction between these two proteins. Because a mutation in acrR or acrAB expression from a multicopy plasmid also suppressed the TolCP246R,S350C defects, it indicated that wild-type AcrA when produced in high levels presumably establishes similar interactions with the mutant TolC protein as do the suppressor forms of AcrA produced from the chromosomal copy. The AcrA-mediated suppression of mutant TolC phenotypes and the stabilization of mutant TolC protein were dependent on AcrB, reflecting the existence of a functional complex between TolC and AcrAB in vivo.
A Comparative Analysis on the Response of a Wind-Turbine Model to Atmospheric and Terrain Effects

In a series of wind-tunnel experiments conducted at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, a wind-turbine model was exposed to three different thermal regimes (neutral, weakly stable and weakly convective flows) in three simple arrangements relevant to wind-farm applications: single turbine in the boundary-layer, aligned turbine-turbine, and an upwind three-dimensional sinusoidal hill aligned with the turbine. Results focus on the spatial evolution of large-scale motions developing over the different thermal and topographic boundary conditions, and on their influence on the mean and fluctuating angular velocity of the turbine rotor. As compared to the single turbine case, both the upwind hill and turbine caused a reduction in the mean angular velocity regardless of the thermal regime; the turbine angular velocity fluctuations always decreased with a turbine upwind, which depleted the energy of the large structures of the flow; however such fluctuations decreased (increased) under stably stratified (convective) conditions when the hill was present. Pre-multiplied spectra of the rotor angular velocity and two-point correlation contours of the streamwise velocity component confirmed a non-trivial link between thermal stratification and terrain complexity. It is inferred that the thermal effects occurring in the three different boundary-layer regimes modulate the spanwise motion of the hill wake and define whether the hill shelters or exposes the turbine to enhanced large-scale energetic motions.
Smallpox vaccines: targets of protective immunity

The eradication of smallpox, one of the great triumphs of medicine, was accomplished through the prophylactic administration of live vaccinia virus, a comparatively benign relative of variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. Nevertheless, recent fears that variola virus may be used as a biological weapon together with the present susceptibility of unimmunized populations have spurred the development of new-generation vaccines that are safer than the original and can be produced by modern methods. Predicting the efficacy of such vaccines in the absence of human smallpox, however, depends on understanding the correlates of protection. This review outlines the biology of poxviruses with particular relevance to vaccine development, describes protein targets of humoral and cellular immunity, compares animal models of orthopoxvirus disease with human smallpox, and considers the status of second- and third-generation smallpox vaccines.
A Paradigm Lost: New Theories for Aspherical PNe

Theoretical Models for the shaping of PNe are reviewed in light of new high resolution images. The new data indicate the purely hydrodynamic interacting stellar winds model can not recover the full variety of shapes and kinematics. New models, some speculative, others more firmly grounded are discussed. In particular, accretion disks and magnetic fields are identified as two of the most promising avenues of future research. Outstanding issues such as jet formation by PNe disks and dynamo activity in P-AGB stars remain to studied. Finally, new simulations of the Egg Nebula are presented as an example of a ``paleontological'' study designed to recover the history of an individual object.
Pyrosequencing for assessing diversity of eukaryotic microbes: analysis of data on marine planktonic ciliates and comparison with traditional methods.

Summary Assessing microbial diversity requires analysis of all three domains of life, including eukaryotic microbes. We examined the diversity of two ecologically important clades of microbial eukaryotes, ciliates in the subclasses Oligotrichia and Choreotrichia (class Spirotrichea), by comparing pyrosequencing to Sanger-sequenced clone libraries and microscopy. Using samples from a large temperate estuary (Long Island Sound, USA), we gained three major insights. First, richness estimates varied by up to one order of magnitude either using different criteria for pyrosequence processing or among pyrosequencing, cloning and microscopy, while taxon identification was almost always coherent. Error-correcting algorithms for pyrosequences (‘denoising’) reduced discrepancies in richness but also removed known morphospecies from the data. Second, although most of the pyrosequenced operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were distributed within known orders and families, we found evidence of a previously uncharacterized or unknown clade even in these ciliate lineages that have a rich history of morphological description. Third, pyrosequencing allowed the detection of OTUs that were either dominant or extremely rare in different samples. Our findings confirm the potential of pyrosequencing for quantifying microbial diversity, but also highlight the importance of careful evaluation of pyrosequence processing for using this method to address ecological questions.
Psychopathy and Responsibility Theory

Psychopathy presents a difficult challenge to moral and criminal responsibility theorists. Persons with the disorder have an impaired capacity for empathy and other moral emotions, and fail to feel the force of moral considerations. They have some rational impairments, but they reason adequately to manipulate, con, and exploit their victims, and otherwise to engage successfully in antisocial behavior. Is it appropriate to hold them morally responsible for their wrongdoing? Should the law hold psychopaths criminally responsible? This essay discusses philosophical debates involved in addressing these questions.
SHEARED ALGEBRA MAPS AND OPERATION BIALGEBRAS FOR MOD 2 HOMOLOGY AND COHOMOLOGY

The mod 2 Steenrod algebraA and Dyer-Lashof al- gebra R have both striking similarities and dierences, arising from their common origins in \lower-indexed" algebraic operations. These algebraic operations and their relations generate a bigraded bialgebraK, whose module actions are equivalent to, but quite dif- ferent from, those ofA andR. The exact relationships emerge as \sheared algebra bijections", which also illuminate the role of the cohomology ofK. As a bialgebra,K has a particularly attractive and potentially useful structure, providing a bridge between those ofA andR, and suggesting possible applications to the Miller spectral sequence and theA structure of Dickson algebras.
Radiological considerations in pulmonary embolism.

The radiological manifestations of pulmonary embolism are very dependent on the site of the embolization, the stage of the disease and the presence of infarction. A radiological classification of pulmonary embolism is presented and the roentgen signs on the chest roentgenogram of each classification are described and discussed. Conventional chest roentgenogram still remains an important tool in the diagnosis of haemodynamically and clinically significant pulmonary embolism. Careful observation of the changes in the pulmonary vasculature on routine chest roentgenogram is most important in the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The anatomical diagnosis can be made from the pulmonary arteriogram.
Development and Validation of the Teacher Evaluation Needs Identification Survey.

Although current accountability trends have drawn considerable attention to the evaluation of teacher performance, little research has been conducted in this area. One reason for this lack of research is the sparsity of quality instruments for assessing the status of teacher evaluation programs. The purpose of this article was to describe the procedures used to develop and validate an instrument appropriate for assessing the status of teacher evaluation practices in schools, the Teacher Evaluation Needs Identification Survey (TENIS). Data are presented substantiating the reliability and validity of TENIS as well as its sensitivity to differences in teacher evaluation programs. Such evidence strongly supports the use of this instrument in research studies focusing on teacher evaluation practices in schools.
Capillary electrophoresis methods for the determination of covalent polyphenol-protein complexes.

The bioactivities and bioavailability of plant polyphenols including proanthocyanidins and other catechin derivatives may be affected by covalent reaction between polyphenol and proteins. Both processing conditions and gastrointestinal conditions may promote formation of covalent complexes for polyphenol-rich foods and beverages such as wine. Little is known about covalent reactions between proteins and tannin, because suitable methods for quantitating covalent complexes have not been developed. We established capillary electrophoresis methods that can be used to distinguish free protein from covalently bound protein–polyphenol complexes and to monitor polyphenol oxidation products. The methods are developed using the model protein bovine serum albumin and the representative polyphenol (−)epigallocatechin gallate. By pairing capillaries with different diameters with appropriate alkaline borate buffers, we are able to optimize resolution of either the protein–polyphenol complexes or the polyphenol oxidation products. This analytical method, coupled with purification of the covalent complexes by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, should facilitate characterization of covalent complexes in polyphenol-rich foods and beverages such as wine.
Balkan Anti-Semitism: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania before the Holocaust

The considerable difference between Bulgaria and Romania with regards to Jews and anti-Semitism makes for an intriguing case study, and the available evidence thus far appears to challenge prominent theories of European anti-Semitism. Why did Bulgaria protect its Jews despite its alliance with Nazi Germany during WWII, while anti-Semitism flourished in Romania? Were these countries equally as distinct with regards to anti-Semitism prior to the rise of European fascism? If so, how great was the difference in popular anti-Semitism in the two countries, and how might the differences be explained? In this article, the authors attempt to address the latter two questions by examining Bulgarian and Romanian anti-Semitism prior to WWII. They seek to show that popular anti-Semitism in Bulgaria was noticeably scant between 1899 and 1939 while rather extensive in Romania during the same period, attempt to illustrate where existing theories of anti-Semitism have trouble explaining the cases of Bulgaria and Romania, a...
Fire development theory—An overview

Man's qualitative understanding of fire phenomena has enabled him to develop the fire prevention, control, and extinguishment methods in use today Quantitative understanding derived from the application of engineering science has resulted in significant improvements in many areas of technology. Would not the same approach, the author asks, benefit fire protection engineering?
Serial Position and Growth Curves in Demand Concept Recall.

Since the serial-position effect has been demonstrated to diminish as learning progresses, it was hypothesized that only a weak recency serial-position effect would result from demand recall of concepts in a complex problem-solving situation. Six groups of 14 Ss solved 15 problems, 5 soluble by each of 3 concepts (rules), recalled from prior instruction. Each group received a different permutation of the 3 concepts. The serial-position effect appeared to be minimal for demand recall of concepts with the predicted weak recency effect (.01 < p < .05) but no primacy effect.
Electron Density Mapping of Triblock Copolymers Associated with Model Biomembranes: Insights into Conformational States and Effect on Bilayer Structure

One-dimensional electron-density profiles derived from synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) have been constructed and used to determine the conformational state of selected poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymers and the region of their association with a lipid bilayer. The number of molecular repeat units in the hydrophobic PPO block has been found to determine both the nature of triblock polymer-membrane association and the conformational state of the symmetric, flanking hydrophilic PEO units. For DMPC-based biomembranes, polymers whose PPO chain length is less than that of the bilayer thickness insert weakly into the membrane with the PEO blocks on the same side of the bilayer, leading to delocalization of the PEO at the membrane-water interface. This polymer architecture has been found not to alter the membrane fluidity and roughness. Conversely, polymers whose chain length is sufficient to span the lipid bilayer are tightly integrated, projecting their PEO chains into the water channels on opposing sides of the bilayer. The coiled conformational state of the PEO chains produces steric pressure on the bilayer, causing a thinning of the membrane and leading to a rigid, less-mobile bilayer than systems where the polymer is introduced as the lipid conjugate.
The role of interleukin 1 and 2 in generation of acquired resistance against mouse typhoid infection afforded by dialyzable factor from Salmonella typhimurium.

Dialyzable factor (DF) prepared from a ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium was tested for its ability to induce interleukin 1 (IL 1) and 2 (IL 2) production, in relation to acquired resistance, after an intraperitoneal injection of DF. IL 1 production in vitro by peritoneal macrophages of DF-treated mice reached the maximum 4 days after injection, at the time when the nonspecific local resistance via macrophages directly activated with DF became apparent (Kita et al, Microbiol. Immunol. 28: 807, 1984). Concanavalin A-induced IL 2 production by splenocytes of DF-treated mice reached the maximal level between days 6 and 8, and it could be enhanced even on day 14. Antigen-induced blastogenic responses of splenocytes from DF-treated mice reached the maximal level 14 days after treatment. Although DF did not show the mitogenic activity to normal splenocytes, T cells of DF-treated mice could respond to S. typhimurium. On the contrary, T cells of normal mice could respond to heat-killed cells of S. typhimurium when they were cultured with macrophages which had been directly stimulated in vitro with DF. Furthermore, T cells from DF-treated mice could respond to antigens of different species of bacteria, and especially to Listeria monocytogenes. These results suggest that T cells of DF-treated mice, being at the intermediate stage of activation via monokines including IL 1 which is produced by macrophages stimulated with DF, are able to proliferate immediately after the administration of challenging organisms as a second signal, and also that the specificity of the response may be defined by the challenging organisms. Previous work from our laboratory (13) has demonstrated that the nucleotide mixture (dialyzable factor : DF) prepared by dialysis of the freeze-thawed ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 is protective in ddY mice against mouse typhoid infection. Protection afforded by DF of S. typhimurium LT2 consisted of two phases: (i) nonspecific macrophage activation resulting in reduction of organisms at the infected site, which became apparent in the early stage of DF-treatment and (ii) salmonella-specific resistance capable of preventing systemic infection, which became apparent in the late stage of DF-treatment (15). It is well known that different types of immune responses are involved in mouse typhoid infection (3, 10). The relative importance of cellular immunity vs. humoral
CARP Plays a Key Role in Cellular Growth Under Hypertrophic Stimuli in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Cardiac hypertrophy is a growth process that occurs in response to stress stimuli or injury, and leads to the induction of several pathways to alter gene expression. Under hypertrophic stimuli, sarcomeric structure is disrupted, both as a consequence of gene expression and local changes in sarcomeric proteins. Cardiac-restricted ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) is one such protein that function both in cardiac sarcomeres and at the transcriptional level. We postulate that due to this dual nature, CARP plays a key role in maintaining the cardiac sarcomere. GATA4 is another protein detected in cardiomyocytes as important in hypertrophy, as it is activated by hypertrophic stimuli, and directly binds to DNA to alter gene expression. Results of GATA4 activation over time were inconclusive; however, the role of CARP in mediating hypertrophic growth in cardiomyocytes was clearly demonstrated. In this study, Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes were used as a model to detect changes over time in CARP and GATA4 under hypertrophic stimulation by phenylephrine and high serum media. Results were detected by analysis of immunoblotting. The specific role that CARP plays in mediating cellular growth under hypertrophic stimuli was studied through immunofluorescence, which demonstrated that cardiomyocyte growth with hypertrophic stimulation was significantly blunted when NRVMs were co-treated with CARP siRNA. These data suggest that CARP plays an important role in the hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes.
Analysis of acid-treated dentin smear debris and smear layers using confocal Raman microspectroscopy.

Smear layers are generally present on any dentin surface prepared with cutting instruments and are often the only available substrate for bonding. It is commonly reported that acid removes these layers, but to date there has been no chemical evidence to support this observation. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy was used to investigate changes in the composition and molecular structure of acid-treated smear debris and in situ dentin smear layers. The exposed dentin in human molars was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide sandpaper. Raman spectra were acquired on the smear debris and collected from the sandpaper before and after treatment with 10% citric acid, 35% H3PO4, or 0.5M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The resultant smeared dentin samples were treated with one of the aforementioned reagents, and spectra were acquired at 1.0-μm intervals across the interfaces of the smear layers/demineralized dentin/mineralized dentin. Corresponding specimens were morphologically analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the composition of the smear debris and the in situ smear layers was a mixture of disorganized collagen and mineral. Spectral changes in the smear debris suggested that the disorganized collagen was denatured by acid treatment. The denatured collagen formed a gelatinous matrix around the mineral in the smear layer, thereby shielding it from the acid. The smear layers were not apparent in the SEM micrographs of acid-etched dentin prepared and processed with conventional techniques. The micro-Raman spectroscopic results presented in this study provide the first direct evidence that partially denatured collagen within smear layers is not removed and that the mineral is only partially removed with acids that represent conventional dentin adhesive etchants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 300–308, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10108
Early Adolescents' Perceptions of Patterns of Parenting, Teaching, and School Atmosphere Implications for Achievement

The purposes of this study were to examine the perceived congruence among middle school students' perceptions of parenting style, teaching style, and school atmosphere and to examine differences between resulting clusters of students on the importance of grades, academic competence, and school achievement. Participants were 230 fifth- and sixth-grade students whose perceptions of their contexts were cluster analyzed. Students who perceived congruent authoritative parenting and teaching styles accompanied by high parental involvement and a positive school atmosphere had the highest achievement outcomes. Students who perceived incongruent styles between their parents and teachers (neglecting parenting and authoritarian teaching) accompanied by low parental involvement and a negative school atmosphere had the lowest achievement outcomes. No gender or socioeconomic differences were found among the clusters. The importance of studying students' achievement within multiple contexts is discussed.
Orbital magnetism of singlet large bipolarons.

Despite having no spin magnetism, a singlet large bipolaron in an anisotropic environment has a large anisotropic Van Vleck orbital paramagnetism. With the disklike large-bipolaron morphology envisioned for layered structures, the induced moment is aligned within the planes. The paramagnetic susceptibility and magnetic excitations of large bipolarons are suppressed in the condensate of interacting large bipolarons. Thus, carrier-related shifts of NMR frequencies and spin-lattice relaxation rates progressively fall as the temperature is lowered below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder

Sixty-five carefully diagnosed patients with generalized anxiety disorder were treated with either relaxation, cognitive therapy, or their combination. These three active treatment conditions were compared to a wait-list control group. On several measures, in-cluding measures of worry, treated patients were significantly better than those in the wait-list control group at post treatment. These gains were maintained across the two-year follow-up period. Notably, these therapeutic gains were accompanied by substantial reductions in anxiolytic medication use over the period of follow-up. No differences emerged, however, among treatments at any point of comparison. In addition, drop-out rates among the active treatment groups were high (range = 5% to 38%). Moreover, most patients were left with residual anxiety suggesting the need for the development of more focused and efficient psychological treatments for generalized anxiety disorder.
SECURITY PURCHASES OF SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES

IN AUGUST, 1958, Congress passed the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, which, in my opinion, can be the creation of one of the most important financing institutions yet devised by our economy. I would like for you to remember that I said this can be. I say this because in any pioneering venture there are bound to be problems occurring, and the manner in which these problems are resolved will determine the future effectiveness of this new banking system which Congress has created. The idea of a capital banking structure designed to supply equity and loan capital to small business is not new. The report of the British Committee on Finance and Industry (MacMillan Report), published in 1931, recommended that a private investment company be formed, devoted primarily to the capital requirements of smaller industrial and commercial enterprises. This report lay dormant until July, 1945, when its ideas were put into practical use by the establishment of the Industrial and Commercial Finance'Corporation, Limited, as a private enterprise, financed by a group of banks, including the Bank of England, British clearing banks, and the Scottish banks. The same ideas were crystallized in Canada in 1944 with the establishment of the Industrial Development Bank as a subsidiary of the Bank of Canada. This bank was authorized to provide loan capital to small and new industries by direct lending, by guaranteeing loans, or by other means found to be acceptable. In the United States the need for some formal, organized financial machinery to supply long-term loan funds and equity capital to small business has long been recognized. The need was brought to a head at a hearing before the Select Committee on Small Business of the House of Representatives on November 21, 1957, when William McChesney Martin, Jr., chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, agreed that the board would undertake a study of the financing needs of small business to ascertain the facts. By March, 1958, Parts I and II of the report had been completed. The entire report is called Financing Small Business. Part I consists of fifteen "Background Studies" of existing data and materials on
Regulation of reproductive behaviour and egg maturation in the tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta

. The virgin female tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta, flies during the early scotophase in an LD 16:8 cycle at 24dC then begins ‘calling’ within 2h. Mating lasts 3–4 h. Oviposition occurs in the succeeding scotophases if a tobacco plant is present. The switch from virgin ‘calling’ behaviour to mated ovipositional behaviour is mediated by the presence of sperm and/or associated testicular fluids in the bursa copulatrix. The corpora allata, which are necessary for egg maturation in this species, are activated via the NCC I and II around the time of eclosion. Feeding increases the activity of the corpora allata in the virgin female (as judged by the number of eggs matured in 4 days) but mating brings about a further stimulation of the activity of the corpora allata. The stretching of the bursa copulatrix by the insertion of the spermatophore during mating is probably the trigger for this response. Continued neural input from the bursa copulatrix to the brain is necessary to maintain the increased activity of the corpora allata.
Effect of initially limited resuscitation in a combined model of fluid-percussion brain injury and severe uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.

Object. Studies of isolated uncontrolled hemorrhage have indicated that initial limited resuscitation improves survival. Limited resuscitation has not been studied in combined traumatic brain injury and uncontrolled hemorrhage. In this study the authors evaluated the effects of limited resuscitation on outcome in combined fluid-percussion injury (FPI) and uncontrolled hemorrhage. Methods. Twenty-four swine weighing 17 to 24 kg each underwent FPI (3 atm) and hemorrhage to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30 mm Hg in the presence of a 4-mm aortic tear. Group I (nine animals) was initially resuscitated to a goal MAP of 60 mm Hg; Group II (nine animals) was resuscitated to a goal MAP of 80 mm Hg; and Group III (control; six animals) was not resuscitated. After 60 minutes, the aortic hemorrhage was controlled and the animals were resuscitated to baseline physiological parameters and observed for 150 minutes. Mortality rates were 11%, 50%, and 100% for Groups I, II, and III, respectively (Fisher's exact test; ...
Isolation and Cultivation in vitro of the Actinomycete Causing Root Nodulation in Comptonia

The soil actinomycete causing formation of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic nodules on roots of the woody angiosperm Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. (Myricaceae) has been isolated from surface-sterilized root nodules after incubation and enzyme maceration. The filamentous bacterium grows slowly in pure culture on a yeast extract medium, producing sporogenous bodies which form large numbers of ovoid spores. Reinfection of sand-grown or aeroponically grown seedlings of Comptonia was achieved repeatedly with inocula prepared from suspensions of the Comptonia isolate. The same actinomycete has been reisolated from these seedling nodules. The induced nodules are highly active in the acetylene-reduction assay, and plants grow vigorously without an exogenous supply of fixed nitrogen.
Structural behavior and chemical order of Fe in YBa2(Cu1 − xFex)3O7 + δ

Abstract Neutron and Mossbauer effect measurements have been made as a function of Fe concentration in orthorhombic ( x = 0.01, 0.02) and tetragonal ( x ⩾ 0.05), YBa 2 (Cu 1 − x Fe x ) 3 O 7 + δ . A systematic Rietveld analysis of the neutron data for all concentrations shows that Fe principally occupies a site slightly displaced ( y , y , 0) from the Cul (0, 0, 0) site in order to approach tetrahedral coordination. Neutron data for the x = 0.05 compound at 10 K show no significant difference from those obtained at 297 K. Local ordering of oxygen about an Fe substituent is conducive to placement of a second Fe atom in an adjacent site leading to local aggregation into chains of various lengths. This clustering is reflected in the character of low temperature magnetic Mossbauer spectra and in specific heat measurements. The Mossbauer spectra yield the relative changes in oxygen configurations about Fe atoms as the Fe concentration changes.
Inhibition of protein adsorption to muscovite mica by monovalent cations

One of the most challenging steps in biological atomic force microscopy (AFM) is to find conditions under which the sample will adsorb to a substrate. Here we show that a common constituent of biological buffers, monovalent cations, can inhibit the adsorption of a number of different proteins onto one of the best substrates for biological AFM, muscovite mica. The potency series for different cations to prevent adsorption is the same for every protein, K+ > Na+ > Li+, and, in each case, this inhibition could be overcome by increasing the concentration of proteins. These results thus suggest that reducing the extent of this inhibition by using lower concentrations of salt, higher concentrations of proteins, or Li+ in place of K+ and Na+ may be generally useful procedures to maximize the amount of protein on mica.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Daptomycin in Young and Geriatric Volunteers

Daptomycin is a novel lipoprotein antibiotic that was recently approved for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by aerobic gram-positive bacteria. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin was evaluated after a single 0.5-hour intravenous infusion of 4 mg/kg to groups of young adult (18-30 years) and geriatric (>or= 75 years) volunteers. Daptomycin was safe and well tolerated. No adverse events related to the infusion were reported. With increased age, there were increases in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC( infinity )) and the terminal elimination half-life. Systemic (CL) and renal clearance (CL(R)) both decreased with increasing age. The observed changes seen in CL between the two cohorts were most likely a result of changes in renal function, as estimated by creatinine clearance. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)). The confidence intervals for the arithmetic mean ratios of the fraction of the dose excreted in the urine as daptomycin (%Fe) (geriatric subjects over younger subjects) were 60% to 101%, indicating that %Fe(dose) was lower in geriatric subjects. These results demonstrate that changes in the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in the elderly are attributable to changes in renal function, whereas age per se is not a significant factor.
Imperial mission and manifest destiny: A case study of political myth in rhetorical discourse

By differentiating between the concepts “myth” and “ideology,” this study accounts for the rise in popularity of imperialist policies in the United States and Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century. Specifically, it is argued that the use of mythically grounded rhetorical appeals by proponents of empire explains the ultimate defeat of the anti‐imperialist movement in both Britain and the United States.
Attitudes Toward Birth Spacing Among Low-Income, Postpartum Women: A Qualitative Analysis

To explore attitudes about birth spacing among low-income, recently postpartum women, using qualitative methods, seven focus groups among postpartum women were conducted, probing knowledge and attitudes related to desired birth spacing. Transcripts of the discussions were reviewed and coded for salient themes using a Grounded Theory approach. In regards to whether to pursue pregnancy in the future, major themes included the availability of adequate resources, current family composition and the role of partners. With respect to when to have a next pregnancy, themes centered around the desire for particular intervals between siblings. Discussions of the effect of spacing on the health of the mother or child did not emerge frequently. Themes underlying postpartum women’s desire for particular birth spacing are varied, but social and family considerations seem to predominate over concerns or knowledge about potential health effects. Improving women’s knowledge about these consequences could lead to lowering the incidence of short interpregnancy intervals, known to be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.
Adequate confirmation of recovery from neuromuscular blockade: What are the obstacles?

To the Editor, We read with interest the article by Dr. Donati on residual paralysis and the accompanying editorial. The author effectively summarizes the rationale for documenting complete (near-complete) recovery from neuromuscular blockade and also points out that residual paralysis continues to occur frequently and likely increases perioperative complications. We don’t necessarily view this as a deficiency of knowledge in the field but as a failure to implement what is known. It has been recognized for some time and published in major anesthesia texts that ‘‘normal respiratory and upper airway function does not return to normal unless the train of four ratio at the adductor pollicis is 0.9 or more’’. As Dr. Donati points out, it is also understood that the twitch should be assessed at the adductor pollicis, not at the corrugator supercilii. This failure to implement ‘‘expert knowledge’’ is not unique to anesthesiologists. It is well recognized that implementation of evidence-based practice can take years to disseminate both inside and outside the field of medicine. Many ‘‘expert’’ recommendations have been reversed, including many that affect anesthesiologists, such as perioperative blockade and tight glycemic control, and these changes of opinion likely create skepticism. In addition to the reasons cited in the editorial for failure to achieve complete reversal, including lack of knowledge, skepticism, and technical issues, we consider production pressure to be another reason why tracheal extubation is performed before the patient has achieved a train-of-four ratio (TOFR)[0.9. In cases that require deep neuromuscular blockade during the procedure, e.g., laparoscopy, it may be very difficult with current reversal agents to achieve complete recovery in the short period of time it takes to close the port-site wounds and wake the patient. As such, the options are 1) to prolong tracheal intubation with the patient in the recovery room; 2) to wait until the TOFR is 0.9, thereby ‘‘delaying’’ the next case; or 3) to perform tracheal extubation when the patient ‘‘seems ready’’, which is typically based on subjective measures such as tidal volume and head lift. Most anesthesiologists support use of the third option sensing that they don’t see problems related to residual neuromuscular blockade in the postanesthesia care unit. The risk to the patient will likely be reduced over time through increased education and awareness as well as availability of drugs with rapid reliable reversal of paralysis. We applaud the authors for their efforts in this regard.