cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of frequency variance for tonal sequences

Real-world auditory stimuli are highly variable across occurrences and sources. The present study examined the sensitivity of human listeners to differences in global stimulus variability. In a two-interval, forced-choice task, variance discrimination was measured using sequences of five 100-ms tone pulses. The frequency of each pulse was sampled randomly from a distribution that was Gaussian in logarithmic frequency. In the non-signal interval, the sampled distribution had a variance of σSTAN2, while in the signal interval, the variance of the sequence was σSIG2 (with σSIG2 > σSTAN2). The listener's task was to choose the interval with the larger variance. To constrain possible decision strategies, the mean frequency of the sampling distribution of each interval was randomly chosen for each presentation. Psychometric functions were measured for various values of σSTAN2. Although the performance was remarkably similar across listeners, overall performance was poorer than that of an ideal observer (IO) which perfectly compares interval variances. However, like the IO, Weber's Law behavior was observed, with a constant ratio of (σSIG2-σSTAN2) to σSTAN2 yielding similar performance. A model which degraded the IO with a frequency-resolution noise and a computational noise provided a reasonable fit to the real data.
Growth dynamics in the regeneration of a fragment of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Regen rating fragments of wing imaginal discs were cultured in vivo for various periods up to 1 week. At specified times the fragments were removed, macerated, and the resulting cell counts were compared to similar counts made on the contralateral intact disc. Significant growth was seen beginning on the second day if the hosts were transferred to fresh media daily, while seen only on Day 4 and not thereafter if hosts were maintained on the same media throughout the culture period.
Increasing Story-Writing Ability through Self-Regulated Strategy Development: Effects on Young Writers with Learning Disabilities:

In this replication study, supplemental writing instruction in strategic planning was used to improve the story writing ability of young writers with learning disabilities (LD) and poor writing ski...
Determinants and characteristics of motor patterns used for typing

Abstract In the course of a study directed to investigate whether or not a relationship exists between changes in typing rate throughout a sentence and the syntactic structure, we found that the motor patterns used by professional typists are highly characteristic of individual words. The following main points were demonstrated: (1) First order interactions for letter-to-letter transitions, as determined by keyboard designing, digrams frequency in the language and individual ‘habits’ cannot account for the specific structure of the motor sequences used for typing individual words. (2) This structure is invariant and independent of the absolute time used for typing the word. It is the same whether the word is part of a meaningful sentence, a list of unrelated words, or it is typed from memory. The structure consists of a set of ratios of the time intervals between each successive pairs of key pressings. Time is instead a free parameter, which is independently regulated. (3) These patterns are characteristic of the word and the subject, and represent well-defined units of motor action. However, in the case of long polysyllabic words, it was possible to prove that subunits are present in the pattern (which sometimes coincided with the syllables, but at other times did not). The uniqueness of the pattern for the entire word then arises, in these cases, from the fact that the subunits are either typed at different speeds or some discontinuity is present between two adjacent subunits. (4) For the pattern to be correctly implemented, sensory input data generated by touching and/or pressing the keys are necessary. However, the motor commands and the proprioceptive inputs generated by the movements of the fingers are insufficient alone to insure such implementation. Also, the force necessary to accomplish the task can be regulated by the subject without affecting the structure of the pattern. When a disturbance in the implementation of the pattern is obtained, using a very large and asymmetric load (loading of only one finger), such disturbance is spatially localized to the loaded fingers, and it consists of a jump discontinuity which resets the implementation of the pattern, without causing any further disruption. On the basis of these and other data, it has been concluded that an anatomico-functional representation of the pattern is likely to be permanently available in the nervous system which consists of: (1) a set of basic motor engrams for the most common words and groups of letters; (2) a set of rules for combining basic motor engrams into larger units. It has also been argued that, functionally, a parallel arrangement of the events included in each engram is likely, since the variability of each of these events does not increase with its rank order. Time would then intervene as a free parameter during the implementation of the pattern, being responsible for modulating uniformly the rate of the motor commands pertinent to each engram. The internal process responsible for such modulation apparently is accessible to sensory inputs and perceptual events.
A Comparison of Parenteral Sulbactam/Ampicillin versus Clindamycin/Gentamicin in the Treatment of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

60 hospitalized patients with pelvic inflammatory disease entered a randomised study to compare the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin with that of clindamycin/gentamicin. All 49 pathogens isolated at entry from 21 evaluable patients in the sulbactam/ampicillin group were eradicated. 34 out of 35 pathogens isolated from 18 evaluable patients in the clindamycin/gentamicin group were eradicated. All pathogens resistant to ampicillin in vitro were eradicated. The bacteriological, clinical and overall responses for the sulbactam/ampicillin group were 100%, 85.7% and 85.7%, respectively, compared with 97.1%, 94.4% and 94.4%, respectively, for the clindamycin/gentamicin group. The sulbactam/ampicillin combination was well tolerated.
Increased accumulation of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium+ by cyclopiazonic acid‐treated renal epithelial cells

Pig kidney renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) in culture were used to determine the effects of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) on the uptake of the transmembrane potential probe, [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). CPA had a significant stimulatory effect on TPP+ accumulation, which occurred in a dose-related manner. TPP+ accumulation in the presence of CPA was significantly reduced by high-potassium media (HK) and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), but neither HK nor the protonophore CCCP, could completely abolish the stimulatory effect of CPA. The apparent transmembrane potential difference (delta psi), calculated based on the difference in accumulation of TPP+ in low-potassium and HK media, ranged from -55.9 to -85.7 mV for control cells and -89.4 to -109.0 mV for CPA-treated cells (20 mg CPA/I). The mechanism of CPA stimulation of TPP+ accumulation was not known. However, it was hypothesized that the effect could be a result of alterations in ion pumps or altered membrane permeability. The fact that the stimulatory effect could not be completely abolished by high potassium or CCCP suggested that there was some interaction between CPA and TPP+ or there were sites of TPP+ accumulation that were insensitive to K+ and H+ permeability.
Epitope characterization and variable region sequence of f1-40, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody to botulinum neurotoxin type a (Hall strain).

Background: Botulism, an often fatal neuroparalytic disease, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) which consist of a family of seven serotypes (A-H) produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. BoNT, considered the most potent biological toxin known, is a 150 kDa protein consisting of a 100 kDa heavy-chain (Hc) and a 50 kDa light-chain (Lc). F1-40 is a mouse-derived, IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds the light chain of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) and is used in a sensitive immunoassay for toxin detection. We report the fine epitope mapping of F1-40 and the deduced amino acid sequence of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody. Methods and Findings: To characterize the binding epitope of F1-40, three complementary experimental approaches were selected. Firstly, recombinant peptide fragments of BoNT/A light-chain were used in Western blots to identify the epitope domains. Secondly, a peptide phage-display library was used to identify the specific amino acid sequences. Thirdly, the three-dimensional structure of BoNT/A was examined in silico, and the amino acid sequences determined from the phagedisplay studies were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure in order to visualize the epitope. F1-40 was found to bind a peptide fragment of BoNT/A, designated L1-3, which spans from T125 to L200. The motif QPDRS was identified by phage-display, and was mapped to a region within L1-3. When the three amino acids Q138, P139 and D140 were all mutated to glycine, binding of F1-40 to the recombinant BoNT/A light chain peptide was abolished. Q-138, P-139 and D-140 form a loop on the external surface of BoNT/A, exposed to solvent and accessible to F1-40 binding. Conclusions: The epitope of F1-40 was localized to a single exposed loop (s4, s5) on the Lc of BoNT. Furthermore amino acids Q138, P139 and D140 forming the tip of the loop appear critical for binding.
Deceptive Nature of Atrial Premature Contractions Ablating 2 Arrhythmias With 1 Burn

An 82-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, polycythemia, hypothyroidism, T-cell lymphoma, and prostate cancer presented with complaints of dyspnea on exertion for several months. He underwent extensive evaluation including an echocardiogram, which showed normal left ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction of 63%, left ventricular hypertrophy, moderate aortic stenosis, and mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. A cardiac catheterization showed normal filling pressures with moderate aortic stenosis. He was thought to have tachy-brady syndrome because of episodes of rapid atrial fibrillation and sinus bradycardia at rest. Because of exercise associated fatigue and dyspnea, the patient was referred for pacemaker implantation. Careful inspection of hospital telemetry revealed frequent atrial premature contractions (APCs), often in a bigeminal pattern, which blocked in the AV node and caused compensatory reset of the sinus node, …
Toxicokinetics of α-thujone following intravenous and gavage administration of α-thujone or α- and β-thujone mixture in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice

Plants containing thujone have widespread use and hence have significant human exposure. α-Thujone caused seizures in rodents following gavage administration. We investigated the toxicokinetics of α-thujone in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following intravenous and gavage administration of α-thujone or a mixture of α- and β-thujone (which will be referred to as α,β-thujone). Absorption of α-thujone following gavage administration was rapid without any dose-, species-, sex- or test article-related effect. Absolute bioavailability of α-thujone following administration of α-thujone or α,β-thujone was generally higher in rats than in mice. In rats, females had higher bioavailability than males following administration of either test article although a sex difference was not observed in mice. Cmax and AUC∞ increased greater than proportional to the dose in female rats following administration of α-thujone and in male and female mice following administration of α,β-thujone suggesting possible saturation of elimination kinetics with increasing dose. Dose-adjusted AUC∞ for male and female rats was 5- to 15-fold and 3- to 24-fold higher than mice counterparts following administration of α-thujone and α,β-thujone, respectively (p-value<0.0001 for all comparisons). Following both intravenous and gavage administration, α-thujone was distributed to the brains of rats and mice with females, in general, having higher brain:plasma ratios than males. These data are in support of the observed toxicity of α-thujone and α,β-thujone where females were more sensitive than males of both species to α-thujone-induced neurotoxicity. In general there was no difference in toxicokinetics between test articles when normalized to α-thujone concentration.
Cotinine and Nicotine Inhibit Human Fetal Adrenal 1lβ-Hydroxylase

The effects of nicotine and cotinine on fetal adrenal 11 beta- and 21-hydroxylase were examined using enzymatic and spectral techniques. The addition of nicotine or cotinine to preparations of adrenal mitochondria yielded a type II cytochrome P-450 binding spectrum. The apparent spectral dissociation constants (Ks) for nicotine and cotinine binding to mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 were 20 and 19 microM, respectively. The addition of nicotine to preparations of adrenal microsomes yielded a type II cytochrome P-450 binding spectrum, with an apparent Ks of 70 microM. Adrenal mitochondrial 11 beta-hydroxylase was assayed by measuring the conversion of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone. Nicotine and cotinine competitively inhibited 11 beta-hydroxylase, with apparent Michaelis-Menten inhibition constants (Ki) of 9.9 and 9.0 microM, respectively. Nicotine competitively inhibited microsomal 21-hydroxylase, with an apparent Ki of 110 microM. Cotinine, in concentrations as high as 1 mM, did not inhibit 21-hydroxylase. These results suggest that nicotine and cotinine inhibit 11 beta-hydroxylase by binding to the heme iron of the cytochrome P-450 component of this enzyme system. Inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxylase could contribute to the altered pattern of steroidogenesis observed in smokers.
Role of the cytoskeleton in extracellular calcium-regulated PTH release

Abstract The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mediates the effects of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) on PTH release, such that increasing levels of [Ca2+]o inhibit PTH secretion through poorly defined mechanisms. In the present studies, immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that F-actin, PTH, CaR, and caveolin-1 are colocalized at the apical secretory pole of PT cells, and subcellular fractionation of PT cells showed these proteins to be present within the secretory granule fraction. High [Ca2+]o caused F-actin, PTH, and caveolin-1 to move to the apical pole of the cells. Depolymerization of F-actin by cytochalasin reduced the actin network and induced redistribution of actin/caveolin-1 to a dispersed pattern within the cell. The F-actin-severing compounds, latrunculin and cytochalasin, significantly increased PTH secretion, while the actin polymerizing agent, jasplakinolide, substantially inhibited PTH secretion. We have demonstrated that in polarized PT cells, the F-actin cytoskeleton is involved in the regulation of PTH secretion and is critical for inhibition of PTH secretion by high calcium.
Adsorption Characterization of Active Carbons Modified by Deposition of Silica

Active carbons were modified by a multicycle deposition of silica. Surface and structural changes in the modified active carbons were evaluated by analyzing complete nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured for a series of samples of varying amounts of the deposited silica. Nitrogen adsorption data were utilized to calculate the total and external surface areas, the total pore volume, and the volume of micropores. Structural changes in active carbons caused by the deposition of silica were monitored by analyzing the pore-size distributions obtained from the adsorption isotherms measured over the entire range of relative pressures. In addition, the surface heterogeneity of the silica−carbon materials was characterized by means of the adsorption energy distributions.
Axiomatics for a nervous system

Abstract An axiomatic approach is described for the nervous system as the basis for the construction of a formal model. The model is developed from the primitive undefined term of pulse and the operations of focusing, geometry, and order. The axiom of the model states that a pulsation conducts in a circle unless it is intersected by another pulsation.
The Normal Modes of a Rotating, Elliptical Earth—II Near-Resonance Multiplet Coupling

Summary Certain of the Earth's poloidal and toroidal elastic-gravitational normal mode multiplets may be strongly coupled to another multiplet by the Earth's rotation and ellipticity of figure. This paper uses Rayleigh's variational principle to specify the selection rules for strong mode coupling and to examine the nature and effects of this mode coupling. It is found that some of the normal modes of a slowly rotating, slightly elliptical Earth model may consist of about half poloidal type motion and half toroidal type motion. This strong coupling can severely hinder the problem of proper mode identification and measurement of the angular frequencies of oscillation of the Earth's normal modes.
Redundancy in children's free-reading choices

Summary Sequential constraints of pairs of letters were computed for free-reading choices of children at approximately first, third and fifth grade levels. When these were compared with the constraints found in First, Third and Fifth Readers, it was found that free-reading choices are less redundant than Readers. The child apparently prefers reading material which lies closer to the redundancy level of adult text. Investigation of three individual texts at the fifth level showed little effect of mere stylistic differences. Neither word length nor sentence length is a reliable index of the difficulty of a text. Sample size should be about 6000 words for computations of this sort.
Sophisticated voting rules: the case of two tournaments

A voting rule maps voter preferences into outcomes, and is called sophisticated if there exists a voting tree whose sophisticated outcomes coincide with the voting rule for every voter preference. As yet, no complete characterization of such rules is available. In this paper, we provide an important step toward this characterization by completely solving the problem when there are two possible sets of voter preferences.
DEVELOPING COASTAL ENGINEERS

A case study is presented for a new, one‐year Coastal Engineering Education Program (CEEP) implemented by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the purpose of developing coastal engineers. The CEEP was developed jointly between Texas A&M University and the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) of the Corps' Waterways Experiment Station (WES) through the WES Graduate Institute, following meetings of the directors of WES and CERC with key Texas A&M University administrators and faculty, and with Corps headquarters representatives. The program was designed to include a combination of classroom, laboratory, and field instruction, with portions of the program conducted at Texas A&M University, CERC, and CERC's Field Research Facility. Senior CERC staff with visiting faculty appointments at Texas A&M University served as instructors in some of the courses, and as coadvisors to the students. A review of the program, including an exit interview with students completing the program, was carried out following t...
Combining information in different color-coding mechanisms to facilitate visual search

An earlier experiment using a yes-no procedure with a search accuracy task [A.L. Nagy, G. Thomas, Distractor heterogeneity, attention, and color in visual search tasks, Vision Research, 43 (2003) 1541-1552] showed that observers could combine information in different cardinal color mechanisms to facilitate search performance. In the experiments reported here we attempted to replicate these results with a forced-choice procedure and tested three different models of the manner in which information in different feature coding mechanisms is combined. One model was a linear summing model in which signals in different mechanisms are linearly summed in a mechanism under the control of attention. The summed signals are used to guide attention to likely targets. The second model was a nonlinear selection model in which signals in one mechanism are used to select stimuli for attention. A decision is then based on signals generated by the selected stimuli in a mechanism other than the one that is used for selection. The third model was the linear separability model, which suggests that the chromaticity of the target stimulus must be separated from the chromaticities of the distractor stimuli by a straight line in a chromaticity diagram for efficient search. Results favored the nonlinear selection model over the linear summing model and the linear separability model.
Immunology and vaccinology of tuberculosis: can lessons from the mouse be applied to the cow?

The nature of both innate and acquired immunity in the lungs are both still poorly understood, and how these two sets of mechanisms intersect with each other may have considerable bearing on the overall expression of host resistance. While the central role of CD4 T cells in the acquired phase is well established, cells bearing this marker may also contribute to innate immunity in the guise of both NK-positive and negative innate populations capable of secreting gamma interferon. In contrast, expansion of an antigen-specific memory T cell population is the purpose of current vaccine strategies, and several interesting and promising types of new candidates are briefly discussed.
Politics, Institutions and Local Land-use Regulation

Summary. This article investigates the factors that account for second-generation land-use restrictions that result from comprehensive planning processes. After a review of the evolution of growth management policy in the US variation among Florida counties in the adoption of development impact fees and regulatory complexity is examined. Political system institutions were found to be related to growth management policies as predicted by distributive theories of urban politics. In particular, elected mayor‐commission government was linked to growth management. These results indicate that second-generation land-use regulation may be driven as much by the political incentives of local actors as the preferences of the median voter.
Solid-Rotor and Composite-Rotor Induction Machines

The feasibility of constructing composite rotors in the laboratory for use on a 60- to 120-Hz supply has been established and the experimental results with such rotors have been published for the first time. Results obtained from the tests made on a three-phase induction motor with different solid-iron as well as composite rotors are presented. These are compared with the theoretically predicted characteristics based on existing analytical as well as numerical analyses.
Influence of low temperature acclimation on cold hardiness in the beetle, Pterostichus brevicornis.

Abstract Temperature acclimation studies on adult P. brevicornis have demonstrated time-temperature rates of change in haemolymph glycerol, glucose, and trehalose content. Fluctuations in glycerol have been correlated with changes in haemolymph freezing points and whole body supercooling points. During spring acclimation at 0°C, glycerol was lost at a rate of 0·3 g% per hr with the rate of loss increasing to 0·7 g% per hr at 23°C. Supercooling and freezing point changes were directly related and correlated with adjustments in lower lethal temperatures. Specimens acclimated to low temperatures accumulated glycerol at rates dependent upon temperature and demonstrated an anticipatory response (synthesis overshoot). Concomitant changes in freezing and supercooling points were observed. Attempts to substantiate the probable carbohydrate source of glycerol during overwintering were not substantiative.
Abstract 4027: Regulation of p16INK4A and TGF-beta by DNA hydroxymethylation in glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent form of primary brain cancer in adults. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to drive the growth and metastasis of tumors, and are readily isolated from GBM patient tumors. These GBM CSCs are maintained under serum-free conditions in neurosphere media, and form tumors upon orthotopic injection in mice. However, when grown in the presence of serum, GBM CSCs undergo morphological changes, have reduced proliferation, exhibit loss of stem cell markers, and have reduced tumorigenicity following orthotopic implantation into the brains of immune compromised mice. Upon return to serum-free neurosphere media, these GBM CSCs revert to neurospheres. We set out to define the transcriptional incongruities between these culture condition-dependent states, and the underlying epigenetic changes which regulate these differences in gene expression. Although genetic alterations in cancer are irreversible, epigenetic changes are inherently reversible, and we hypothesize that the plasticity between culture condition-dependent states is mediated by epigenetic regulation of genes relevant to the ability of these cells to form tumors. Recently, a novel epigenetic mark, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), has been shown to be enriched at regulatory elements within polycomb target genes in embryonic stem cells, and is frequently found at genes that are involved in the maintenance of stem cells. We found that 5hmC levels of several polycomb target genes, including p16INK4A and several components of the TGF-beta pathway involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), are altered in neurospheres compared to CSCs cultured in serum. Loss of p16INK4A expression has recently been associated with increased CSC abundance in breast cancer, and our results suggest that a similar trend exists in GBM. Furthermore, our results suggest that 5hmC is involved in the regulation of polycomb target genes in CSCs, including p16INK4A and components of the TGF-beta pathway. These findings implicate 5hmC in the maintenance of CSCs and regulation of EMT. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4027. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4027
Chemical activation of C1-C2 spinal neurons modulates activity of thoracic respiratory interneurons in rats

Discharge patterns of thoracic dorsal horn neurons are influenced by chemical activation of cell bodies in cervical spinal segments C1–C2. The present aim was to examine whether such activation wou...
Influence of Non-Stoichiometry on the Structure and Properties of Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Microwave Dielectrics. IV. Tuning τf and the Part Size Dependence of Q×f

High Q ceramics of Ba3W2O9 (BW)-substituted Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3) O3 (BZN) were prepared with a zero τf through the partial substitution of Zn by Ni and Co. The small concentrations of B-site vacancies introduced by the substitution of BW accelerated the kinetics and stability of the cation ordering and lowered the sintering temperature. Dense, zero τf, ordered solid solutions such as 0.99Ba(Zn0.3Co0.7)1/3Nb2/3O3–0.01BW with ɛr=34.4 and Q×f=82 000 at ∼8 GHz could be obtained after sintering at 1380°C for 5 h and annealing at 1300°C for 24 h. Partially ordered ceramics in the Zn/Co and Zn/Ni solid solutions show a large gradient in the ordering throughout the pellets, which produces a resonant frequency dependence of their Q×f value. The ordering gradient is associated with the increased constraints on the growth of the 1:2 ordered structure within the interior of larger and thicker pellets and can be minimized by extended annealing.
Vibration of cracked structures: A state of the art review

Abstract The presence of a crack in a structural member introduces a local flexibility that affects its vibration response. Moreover, the crack will open and close in time depending on the rotation and vibration amplitude. In this case the system is nonlinear. Furthermore, if general motion is considered, the local stiffness matrix description of the cracked section of the shaft leads to a coupled system, while for an uncracked shaft the system is decoupled. This means that the crack introduces new harmonics in the spectrum. In fact, in addition to the second harmonic of rotation and the subharmonic of the critical speed, two more families of harmonics are observed: 1. (1) higher harmonics of the rotating speed due to the nonlinearity of the closing crack, and 2. (2) longitudinal and torsional harmonics are present in the start-up lateral vibration spectrum due to the coupling. Over 500 papers on the subject were published in the past 10 yrs. A wealth of analytical, numerical and experimental investigations now exists. However, a consistent cracked bar vibration theory is yet to be developed. There are still many unanswered questions, especially in the area of closing cracks in rotating shafts.
Molecular dynamics of subtilisin Carlsberg in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions

Crystal structures have recently appeared for the enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg in anhydrous acetonitrile and in water. To gain a mechanistic understanding of how the solvent environment affects protein structure and dynamics, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations on subtilisin Carlsberg in water and acetonitrile. We describe a 480 ps simulation of subtilisin in acetonitrile solution and a 450 ps simulation of subtilisin in water. Each simulation employed the all-atom AMBER force field. The calculated rms deviations, from their respective x-ray structures, were similar in each simulation, but ∼0.5 A higher in the acetonitrile simulation. Only in the acetonitrile simulation does one helix undergo a reversible partial unwinding, which lasted for about 100 ps. The other secondary structure elements remain intact or undergo modest fluctuations. In the aqueous simulation, the calculated and experimental temperature factors agree very well. In the acetonitrile simulation, however, the calculated temperature factors are much higher than the experimental values. The larger rms deviation and thermal fluctuations noted in the acetonitrile simulation are consistent with the requirement for protein cross-linking in this crystal and a recent two-dimensional NH-exchange nmr study on horse heart cytochrome c in nonaqueous solution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heteromorphisms of the Philadelphia (Ph1) Chromosome in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia (CML). I. CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Summary In patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), we have found the break points on the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q) are variable (heteromorphic or polymorphic). Consequently, the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome is heteromorphic in size for the long arm. Based upon the break points and the relative size of chromosome 22, four types of Ph1 chromosomes are proposed. They are: Types I (very large), II (large), III (average) and IV (small) with the break points at bands 22q13.3, 22q13.1, 22q12 and 22q11.3, respectively. The break points are arbitrary and should not be considered absolute since they are based on length differences. In two cases the Ph1 chromosome involved a translocation between chromosome 9 and 22, and the other two cases chromosome 1 or 12. Because Types I and II are hard to recognize by conventional techniques, the RFA technique (R. band by fluorescence with acridine orange) must be performed on all cases. An earlier contention that only chromosome 22 band 12 is concerned with abnormal myeloid cell proliferation in human leukaemia is rejected. Furthermore, break points are not restricted at the junction of 22q1 and q2 and 22q2 and q3 and can happen anywhere on the long arm of chromosome 22.
Predicting the Timing of Women's Departure From Abusive Relationships

The aim of this study was to investigate forces that affect the timing of women's exit from violent relationships with men. Abused women were recruited from posters in the community and battered women's shelters, interviewed, and followed up for 10 years. Data for this study are based on 100 women and were analyzed using event history analysis. Age, ethnicity, and alcohol consumption levels of both partners predicted the timing of women's termination of abusive relationships. An interaction effect showed that women who scored above the mean on an index of physical aggression and who never used shelter services had the longest trajectories of violence exposure; severely abused women without shelter use were more likely to stay. Our findings indicate that women who receive shelter services endure shorter periods of violence than women who do not access such services. Further outreach, especially to women experiencing high rates of physical aggression, is recommended.
Capillary Electrophoresis−Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Using a Vacuum Deposition Interface

An improved vacuum deposition interface for coupling capillary electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF MS has been developed. Liquid samples consisting of analyte and matrix were deposited on a moving tape in the evacuated source chamber of a TOF mass spectrometer, enabling 24 h of uninterrupted analysis. The vacuum deposition procedure was compared with the dried-droplet method, and it was found that vacuum deposition generated significantly more reproducible signal intensity, eliminating the need for "sweet spot" searching. A concentration detection limit in the low-nanomolar range has been achieved with a low-attomole amount of sample consumed per spectrum. In addition, ion suppression caused by hydrophobicity differences in the analytes was reduced. To minimize ion suppression further, separation prior to MALDI MS analysis was employed. The performance of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MALDI-TOF MS using the vacuum deposition interface was evaluated with a peptide mixture injected at low-femtomole levels. All peptides were baseline resolved with separation efficiencies in the range of 250000-400000 plates/m (2-3-s band half-width), demonstrating the high separation efficiency of the CE-MALDI MS coupling. A fast (approximately 40 s) CE separation of a mixture of angiotensins was found to reduce significantly ion suppression and enable trace level detection. It was also shown, for the analysis of an enolase digest, that sequence coverage of 65% was obtained using CE separation compared to 52% using step-elution solid-phase extraction and 44% in the control experiment using an unseparated mixture.
The status of Harveya alba (Orobanchaceae)

Originally described within Harveya, H. alba Hepper was transferred to Alectra, and nearly accommodated in its own monotypic genus. Recently published phylogenetic analyses support the placement of this species within Harveya as originally suggested by Hepper. The transfer is made here, and Harveya wysockiana is synonymised with H. alba.
LOW SELF‐CONTROL, ROUTINE ACTIVITIES, AND FRAUD VICTIMIZATION*

Recent research has used both routine activity/lifestyle frameworks and self-control theory to explain victimization. Thus far, combined tests of these theories have focused on offending populations and street crime victimization. Whether these frameworks also explain exposure to and likelihood of nonviolent victimization (e.g., fraud) in general-population samples remains an open empirical question. Building on prior work, we assess the independent effects of routine consumer activities (i.e., remote purchasing) and low self-control on the likelihood of fraud targeting and victimization. Using a representative sample of 922 adults from a statewide survey in Florida, the results confirm our expectation that remote-purchasing activities increase consumers' risk of being targeted for fraud. Low self-control has no effect on whether consumers are targeted, but it does significantly increase the likelihood of fraud victimization.
Utility of cognitive behavioral therapy as a treatment for insomnia in patients with fibromyalgia

Utility of cognitive behavioral therapy as a treatment for insomnia in patients with fibromyalgia
Neutral hydrogen emission and absorption in three active Irr II galaxies

Peak optical H I absorption depths of 10% are found in a neutral hydrogen emission-absorption study of the active-nucleus Irr II galaxies NGC 520, 5363, and 5506. It is suggested that the absorption is due to a few standard clouds within several hundred parsecs of the nucleus, in the narrow-line emission region. The width of the absorption features is interpreted as being due to random motions of the gas within the absorbing clouds, in contrast to the large widths of the emission features that are due to the overall rotation of the galaxy.
The synonymy of Colacium calvum Stein and Colacium physeter Fott (Euglenophyceae)

Abstract Colacium calvum Stein and Colacium physeter Fott are epibionts on cladocerans with a restricted attachment on the postabdomen and posterior appendages. They are both significantly larger than and distinct from Colacium vesiculosum Ehrenberg. Colacium physeter was originally distinguished from C. calvum by the apparent lack of pyrenoids in the discoid chloroplasts. However, the chloroplasts contain inwardly projecting pyrenoids in all populations of both species examined. The pellicle of both species is covered by a fibrous, carbohydrate-containing glycocalyx and 10% or more of the anterior portion of the cell is filled with biphasic granules. The sizes, shapes, and morphology of the two species are sufficiently comparable to suggest that C. physeter is a synonym of C. calvum.
An undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course with an emphasis on a research experience

In their junior or senior year, biochemistry majors at the University of Detroit Mercy are required to take a two-credit biochemistry laboratory course. Five years ago, the format of this course was changed from structured experiments to a more project-based approach. Several structured experiments were included at the beginning of the course because not all students were familiar with computer-based statistics and graphics programs or fundamental biochemical techniques. Finally, students were given an enzyme purification assignment and a test/control project. In the latter project, students were provided with tissue from test and control animals and were expected to propose and test a parameter that they hypothesized might be different between the two tissues. For both projects, student teams were required to search the literature, submit and orally defend their proposals, perform the experiments, and submit a report. For all experiments except the test/control project, students submitted a written report in the style of a journal paper. A poster presentation was required for the test/control project. In course evaluations, the students cited a high degree of satisfaction with the project-based approach.
Comparative effectiveness of two pharmacy-based colorectal cancer screening interventions during an annual influenza vaccination campaign

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of two different pharmacy-based colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) interventions taking place during an annual influenza vaccination campaign. Design Time-randomized clinical trial. Setting San Francisco, CA, in late 2008. Participants 133 adults aged 50 to 80 years visiting a pharmacy during an influenza vaccination campaign and also due for CRCS. Intervention On five dates, eligible patients were provided education and encouraged to obtain screening from their primary care clinician. On 17 dates, a home fecal immunochemical test (FIT) for CRCS was provided. A 16-item questionnaire was administered by phone 3 to 6 months after study enrollment. Main outcome measure Self-reported CRCS activity, comparing CRCS completion rates for participants provided with the FIT versus those provided with education and encouragement to obtain screening from patients' primary care clinician. Results 86 participants in the FIT arm and 28 the CRCS education arm were interviewed. Interviews revealed that 19.8% of the FIT group and 50% of the CRCS education group discussed CRCS with their primary care clinician ( P = 0.002). Of these participants, 59.3% in the FIT arm and 14.8% in the CRCS education arm reported completing screening ( P Conclusion Pharmacy patients are receptive to CRCS interventions delivered in community pharmacies. Providing FIT to eligible patients during a pharmacy-based influenza vaccination campaign increases screening rates more than CRCS education alone.
Cooling rates and thermal histories of iron and stony-iron meteorites

Iron and stony iron meteorite cooling rates and thermal models, showing melting, radioactive heat source redistribution and surface heating effects
Neutron-gamma correlations for states in 20Ne at 10.33 MeV and 11.03 MeV

Abstract Time-of-flight measurements by the associated particle method (n, γ) have been used to study two neutron groups corresponding to levels in 20 Ne. The decay scheme differs from that found in a previous experiment, as does the angular distribution, for the 10.33 MeV level. A spin of 2 − is inferred for this level from present results.
Avian oncovirus MH2: preferential growth in macrophages and exact size of the genome.

Abstract Pseudotype preparations of the defective avian oncovirus MH2 contain a large excess of helper virus when grown in fibroblasts but relatively more MH2 when replicated in macrophages. Such macrophage grown virus was used for an accurate size determination of the genomic RNA of MH2. This 28 S RNA species contains between 5700 and 5900 nucleotides and has a molecular weight of 1.9 × 106.
Argillic Horizons in Stratified Drift

Although pedogenesis and landscape evolution have occurred on the eastern North Dakota till plain since the inception of the Holocene, soils with argillic horizon are recognized on a very limited basis. Argillic soils are not mapped in well-drained positions on the youngest drift prairie landscapes. Roughly half of 47 pedons examined at a precision farming research site in Barnes County, North Dakota show evidence of genetic argillic horizons based on soil structure, hand texturing, and cutan presence. This study applies physical and micro-morphological evidence to verify that diagnostic argillic horizons have formed in well-drained settings on this eastern North Dakota landscape. Total clay distributions and fineltotal clay ratios show marked increases in genetic argillic horizons compared with surface horizons and parent materials. The argillic horizons average about 28 cm in thickness; only two pedons were thinner than 7.5 cm. Consequently, the increase in total clay and fine clay distributions, and the thickness criteria required to meet diagnostic horizon status as established by Soil Taxonomy are satisfied. The upper argillic horizon boundary of seven profiles was 50 cm or more below the surface, possibly indicating relict argillic horizons. Micromorphologic evidence shows the presence of illuvial clay in the three soils sampled for microscopy. Porosity variations caused by the argillic horizons likely affect subsurface flow and may be responsible for variable N levels measured for these soils. These soils formed in well-drained landscape settings, where stratified drift may predispose the soils to illuviation.
Peanut Moisture/Size, Relation to Freeze Damage and Effect of Drying Temperature on Volatiles

Moisture level and seed size at time of exposure to freezing temperatures affected the chemical composition of peanuts. Potassium and total organic carbon in the leachate from freeze damaged peanuts decreased as moisture level of peanuts exposed to freezing temperatures was decreased from 40 to 6%. Acetaldehyde and ethanol, excellent indicators of cold stress, also decreased in concentration as moisture level of peanuts exposed to freezing was decreased from 40 to 6%. Small seeds were more severely damaged than larger seeds, and higher drying temperatures increased concentrations of acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethyl acetate.
Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background and Purpose—Hematomas that enlarge following presentation with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are associated with increased mortality, but the mechanisms of hematoma enlargement are poorly understood. We interpreted the presence of contrast extravasation into the hematoma after CT angiography (CTA) as evidence of ongoing hemorrhage and sought to identify the clinical significance of contrast extravasation as well as factors associated with the risk of extravasation. Methods—We reviewed the clinical records and radiographic studies of all patients with intracranial hemorrhage undergoing CTA from 1994 to 1997. Only patients with primary ICH were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between clinical and radiological variables and the risk of hospital death or contrast extravasation. Results—Data were available for 113 patients. Contrast extravasation was seen in 46% of patients at the time of CTA, and ...
Influence of local environmental, social, economic and political variables on the spatial distribution of residential solar PV arrays across the United States

Abstract This study used ZIP code level data from the 2000 US Census to investigate the influence of local environmental, social, economic and political variables on the distribution of residential solar PV arrays across the United States. Current locations of residential solar PVs were documented using data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Open PV project. A zero-inflated negative binomial reression model was run to evaluate the influence of selected variables. Using the same model, predicted residential solar PV shares were generated and illustrated using GIS software. The results of the model indicate solar insolation, cost of electricity and amount of available financial incentives are important factors influencing adoption of residential solar PV arrays. Results also indicate the Southwestern region of the United States and the state of Florida are currently underperforming in terms of number of housing units with solar PV installations.
Spatializing critical education: progress and cautions

Recently critical scholars have shown a renewed interest in spatial relations in educational contexts. In this essay we use selections from Gulson and Symes's edited volume Spatial theories of education as a point of departure to examine what spatial analysis can contribute to the critical education traditions. We argue that, when done thoughtfully, spatial theory can shed new light on existing and taken-for-granted social relations in education, though we raise cautions regarding particular forms of its application. In the process we connect the more recent attempts to ‘spatialize’ critical education to the ways in which space has been dealt with in past moments of critical work. Finally, we conclude by advocating for the expansion of the types of methodological tools used by critical theorists of spatial relations and of critical projects more broadly.