cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of decision making for circumcision.

Research is ongoing concerning the medical risks and benefits of routine neonatal male circumcision. Interpretation of the data, however, is controversial. Circumcision presents a number of challenges in obtaining informed consent because of a variety of interesting issues. It is a nonemergent, elective procedure that allows for evaluation and discussion over time. In this respect, observation of the informed consent process for circumcision is relevant to other medical decisions, such as advance directives, discussed between primary care providers and patients. Obtaining informed consent for circumcision has its constraints. The process generally occurs over a brief hospital stay. There have been recent changes in the official position regarding the procedure by professional medical societies, and it raises considerable psychologic issues for the provider and may Impact the way in which Information is provided.
Form Factors, Atomic Potentials, and Elastic Scattering

We present a treatment of ion-atom and atom-atom potentials based on terms derived from the separated atoms or ions. The method used is an adaption of form-factor techniques developed in particle and nuclear physics. The potentials of the separated atoms or ions are derived from an independent-particle model for atoms and the resulting ion-atom and atom-atom potentials are shown to be representable as sums of exponentially shielded Coulomb potentials, or Yukawa potentials. We then calculate the differential cross sections using an eikonal model which embodies systematic analytic corrections to the Glauber approximation. Analytic results are also obtained for the scattering amplitude at nonforward angles by employing the stationary-phase approximation. The specific case of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$-Ar at 100 keV is treated. Exchange effects, polarization, and inelasticity are neglected.
The analysis and control of volatile hydrocarbon concentrations (e. g. benzene) during oil bioassays

It is well known that volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are abundant in many refined oils, affect phytoplankton growth. However, experiments to determine these effects in many cases have been improperly designed resulting in questionable conclusions. Experiments presented in this paper indicate that ambient benzene concentrations reported in the published literature may be lower than stated by an order of 10 to 100. By continuous monitoring the benzene concentration decrease was observed and it was possible to determine whether the loss was due to degassing because of loose closures or biological uptake. Unless tight closures are used benzene is quickly lost to the atmosphere (exponential decay rate ≌ 1.2d-1). Experiments demonstrated that benzene is quickly lost from cotton stoppered bioassay flasks that are typically used. Rubber stoppered flasks with little gaseous headspace showed minimum benzene loss. Biological uptake of benzene can be demonstrated when closures are secure and the effect of certain concentrations on growth can be correctly interpreted. Benzene concentrations above 10 to 20 ppm significantly reduce the growth rate of Skeletonema sp. The benzene concentration decreased quickly in 10 to 20 ppm benzene solutions implying metabolic uptake. These experiments indicate that proper closures and analysis of the volatile pollutant concentration during bioassay experiments increase the likelihood of correct interpretation and may yield additional insights into the causation factors.
ARC-fusion growth and characterization of high-purity MgO crystals☆

Abstract Single crystals of MgO weighing 50 to 300 g each and having higher purity than previously available have been grown. Reuse of the cavity burned by the arc has reduced both the amount of the starting material required for each run and the chance of accidental contamination of runs using expensive or rare dopants. Starting powder of 99.98% purity has yielded crystals of purity greater than 99.99%. Bubbles 0.5 to 1 μm in diameter cause the cloudiness usually observed in pure MgO crystals. This cloudiness has been greatly reduced by sweeping the melt with a gas during crystal growth. The origin of the bubbles is discussed.
Successful outcome of six-level cervicothoracic corpectomy and circumferential reconstruction: case report and review of literature on multilevel cervicothoracic corpectomy.

The authors report the successful outcome of a six-level corpectomy across the cervico-thoracic spine with circumferential reconstruction in a patient with extensive osteomyelitis of the cervical and upper thoracic spine. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a corpectomy extending across six levels of the cervico-thoracic spine. Clinical relevance: the authors recommend anterior cage and plate-assisted reconstruction and additional posterior instrumentation using modern spinal surgical techniques and implants.
Differential Predictors of Transient Stress Versus Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evaluating Risk Following Targeted Mass Violence

Schools have become a common incident site for targeted mass violence, including mass shootings. Although exposure to mass violence can result in significant distress, most individuals are able to fully recover over time, while a minority develop more pervasive pathology, such as PTSD. The present study investigated how several pre- and posttrauma factors predict posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in both the acute and distal aftermath of a campus mass shooting using a sample with known levels of pretrauma functioning (N=573). Although the largest proportion of participants evidenced resilience following exposure to the event (46.1%), many reported high rates of PTSS shortly after the shooting (42.1%) and a smaller proportion (11.9%) met criteria for probable PTSD both in the acute and more distal aftermath of the event. While several preshooting factors predicted heightened PTSS after the shooting, prior trauma exposure was the only preshooting variable shown to significantly differentiate between those who experienced transient versus prolonged distress. Among postshooting predictors, individuals reporting greater emotion dysregulation and peritraumatic dissociative experiences were over four times more likely to have elevated PTSS 8months postshooting compared with those reporting less dysregulation and dissociative experiences. Individuals with less exposure to the shooting, fewer prior traumatic experiences, and greater satisfaction with social support were more likely to recover from acute distress. Overall, results suggest that, while pretrauma factors may differentiate between those who are resilient in the aftermath of a mass shooting and those who experience heightened distress, several event-level and posttrauma coping factors help distinguish between those who eventually recover and those whose PTSD symptoms persist over time.
Evidence for fractionation of Quaternary basalts on St. Paul Island, Alaska, with implications for the development of shallow magma chambers beneath Bering Sea volcanoes

Abstract St. Paul Island is the youngest volcanic center in the Bearing Sea basalt province. We have undertaken a field, petrographic, and geochemical study of select St. Paul volcanic rocks in order to better understand their differentiation; specifically, to test the hypothesis that magmas erupted from individual Bering Sea basaltic volcanoes are not related by shallow-level processes such as crystal fractionation. Petrographically, all of the St. Paul volcanic rocks are olivine-, plagioclase-, and clinopyroxene-phyric. Textural features and modal contents of olivine phenocrysts, however, vary widely throughout the spectrum of basalt compositions. Although differing in size and abundance, olivine phenocrysts in all rock compositions are euhedral and commonly skeletal, suggesting rapid growth during ascent or eruptive quenching. None, however, display reaction textures with surrounding groundmass liquid. Compositionally, the St. Paul volcanic rocks are basalts and tephritic basalts and all have high contents of normative nepheline (8% to 16%). Concentrations of many major and incompatible trace elements display no clear correlations with bulk-rock SiO2 and MgO contents or modal abundances of phenocrysts, suggesting that much of the compositional diversity of these magmas reflects variable mantle sources and degrees of partial melting. Similarly, chondrite-normalized REE patterns show variable degrees of light REE enrichment (Lan=70–90) that do not correlate with bulk-rock mg-numbers. In contrast, concentrations of compatible trace elements (Ni, Cr, and Co) are positively correlated with MgO contents and modal percentages of olivine phenocrysts. Maximum forsterite contents of olivine phenocryst cores in most St. Paul rocks decrease with decreasing bulk-rock mg-number and are similar to the calculated equilibrium range. This is evidence that the high mg-numbers are magmatic and do not result from olivine accumulation. Instead, major and compatible trace element mass balance calculations support derivation of the low mg-number lavas from the high mg-number lavas mainly by olivine fractionation, which, in turn, implies that St. Paul magmas may have temporarily resided in crustal magma chambers prior to eruption.
How to invert a natural language parser into an efficient generator: an algorithm for logic grammars

The use of a single grammar in natural language parsing and generation is most desirable for variety of reasons including efficiency, perspicuity, integrity, robustness, and a certain amount of elegance. In this paper we present an algorithm for automated inversion of a PROLOG-coded unification parser into an efficient unification generator, using the collections of minimal sets of essential arguments (MSEA) for predicates. The algorithm is also applicable to more abstract systems for writing logic grammars, such as DCG.
IRYS: a visualization tool for temporal analysis of multimodal interaction

IRYS is a tool for the replay and analysis of gaze and touch behavior during on-line activities. Essentially a "multimodal VCR", it can record and replay computer screen activity and overlay this video with a synchronized "spotlight" of the user's attention, as measured by an eye-tracking and/or touch-tracking system. This cross-platform tool is particularly useful for detailed ethnographic analysis of "natural" on-line behavior involving multiple applications and windows in a continually changing workspace.
Rudimentary pigmentgenesis in the pineal organ of the chick embryo.

In der Epiphyse des Huhnerembryos werden, zur gleichen Zeit wie im Pigmentepithel des Auges, zahlreiche unmelanisierte, dopa-positive Grana gebildet. In der Epiphyse bleibt die Pigmentbildung auf dieser Stufe stehen, wahrend im Pigmentepithel des Auges eine Periode intensiver Pigmentierung folgt.
Step Hypocapnia to Separate Arterial from Tissue Pco2 in the Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

The change in cerebral blood flow was determined after a step decrease in the Pco 2 of arterial blood from 40 to 25 mm Hg in awake man. Subjects monitored their own end-tidal Pco 2 (infrared analyzer) and adjusted their voluntary ventilation to produce the step change, which they maintained for at least 1 hour. Cerebral blood flow relative to control was determined from the arterial-jugular venous oxygen saturation differences. After the step change, arterial Pco 2 fell in less than 30 sec to a plateau, cerebral blood flow fell with a time constant (to 1/e) of 0.3 min to a plateau of 68% of control, while jugular venous Pco 2 fell with a time constant for the fast component of 3.5 min. Base excess rose 1.2 mEq/liter within 1 min and remained at that level. It is concluded that CO 2 affects cerebral blood flow by direct diffusion into arteriolar walls, rather than by its effect on brain tissue Pco 2 or pH. It is postulated that the pH of the extracellular fluid of arteriolar smooth muscle is the common controlled variable through which CO 2 , and possibly hypoxia and blood pressure, determine vascular tone.
Spatial arrangement of habitat patches and corridors: clues from ecological field experiments

Habitat loss and isolation associated with land conversion for human activities pose perhaps the most severe threat to the earth's biological diversity. Because the study of habitat fragmentation provides an important link between the concepts of landscape ecology and the practice of landscape architecture and planning, my dissertation research focused on the ecological consequences of changes in the spatial characteristics of native habitats. I completed two major field experiments with insects in a native grassland near Boulder, Colorado, USA, that directly tested ecological hypotheses regarding the influences of habitat spatial characteristics and patterns of land conversion on species loss, recolonization, and movement patterns. The first experiment focused on fragment size and connectivity, while the second experiment mimicked four sequences of land conversion that varied in size, connectivity and spatial arrangement of their remnant habitat patches. Both experiments yielded significant results that contribute to the ecological knowledge-base utilized in landscape architecture and planning projects. Specifically, the major findings of my field research were (1) fragment size influenced species loss; small fragments lost species at a higher rate than did larger fragments; (2) corridors reduced rates of species loss, but only in medium-sized fragments; (3) corridors enhanced recolonization of medium-sized fragments, (4) one of the three insect species examined moved preferentially in corridors; and (5) spatial configuration of land conversion sequences significantly influenced species richness.
Sting-free drag measurements on ellipsoidal cylinders at transition Reynolds numbers

Sting-free aerodynamic drag measurement on ellipsoidal cylinders in subsonic wind tunnel at transition Reynolds numbers
Interrelation of iodide clearance and adrenocortical activity.

Studies of the circadian patterns of variation of radioiodide excretion, creatinine excretion and clearance and plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentration have been conducted in healthy volunteer euthyroid subjects. The diurnal patterns of change in these indices were generally similar. Early morning oral administration of 50 mg hydrocortisone acetate reversed the parallel pattern of change in radioiodide excretion and plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid observed on the control day and produced significant and parallel increments (when compared to control values) in early morning radioiodide excretion and plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentration. Parallel, although statistically insignificant, changes in creatinine, sodium and chloride excretion were also observed. Ammonium chloride and dextran loading produced dissociation of the excretion patterns of sodium and chloride from those of creatinine and radioiodide. Acute intravenous hydrocortisone loading significantly increased creatinine and radioiodi...
Combined One-Way and Two-Way Shape Memory in a Glass-Forming Nematic Network

Past research in the field of shape memory polymers has led to significant advancements in the areas of so-called one-way and two-way (reversible) shape memory. While one-way shape memory polymers allow indefinite fixing of a temporary shape until triggered thermally to recover to an equilibrium shape, two-way shape memory polymers feature muscle-like contraction on heating and expansion on cooling under tensile load, the latter anomalous elongation occurring due to an ordering transition. Previously, reversible actuation has been reported for liquid crystalline elastomers featuring a monodomain (uniformly aligned) structure, suggesting that such alignment is required for actuation. In this work, we have prepared a glass-forming polydomain nematic network that combines reversible actuation associated with a polydomain−monodomain transition with lower temperature one-way shape memory centered at Tg. To test separability of these phenomena, distinct deformations were achieved and temporarily fixed by (1) co...
mimir: a market-based real-time question and answer service

Community-based question and answer (Q&A) systems facilitate information exchange and enable the creation of reusable knowledge repositories. While these systems are growing in usage and are changing how people find and share information, current designs are inefficient, wasting the time and attention of their users. Furthermore, existing systems do not support signaling and screening of joking and non-serious questions. Coupling Q&A services with instant and text messaging for faster questions and answers may exacerbate these issues, causing Q&A services to incur high interruption costs on their users. In this paper we present the design and evaluation of a market-based real-time Q&A system. We compared its use to a similar Q&A system without a market. We found that while markets can reduce wasted resources by reducing the number of less important questions and low quality answers, it may also reduce the socially conducive questions and usages that are vital to sustaining a Q&A community.
Multichannel dynamic-range compression using digital frequency warping

A multichannel dynamic-range compressor system using digital frequency warping is described. A frequency-warped filter is realized by replacing the filter unit delays with all-pass filters. The appropriate design of the frequency warping gives a nonuniform frequency representation very close to the auditory Bark scale. The warped compressor is shown to have substantially reduced group delay in comparison with a conventional design having comparable frequency resolution. The warped compressor, however, has more delay at low than at high frequencies, which can lead to perceptible changes in the signal. The detection threshold for the compressor group delay was determined as a function of the number of all-pass filter sections in cascade needed for a detectible change in signal quality. The test signals included clicks, vowels, and speech, and results are presented for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Thresholds for clicks are lower than thresholds for vowels, and hearing-impaired subjects have higher thresholds than normal-hearing listeners. A frequency-warped compressor using a cascade of 31 all-pass filter sections offers a combination of low overall delay, good frequency resolution, and imperceptible frequency-dependent delay effects for most listening conditions.
Performance Advantages of Submicron Silicon-On-Insulator Devices for ULSI

In this paper the various performance advantages of SOI and SOS structures for submicron ULSI circuits will be described. In addition to the traditional speed and radiation-hardness advantages, there are several significant advantages of thin-film SOI compared to bulk structures for the submicron scaling of MOS transistors. These advantages include short-channel threshold voltage stability, improved sub-threshold slope, increased saturation current, and reduced hot electron effects. Both theory and data from several groups will be presented to illustrate these effects. Since these advantages all fall in areas that are critical limits to device engineering and scaling in the submicron regime, the motivation for using SOI should be even stronger as devices are scaled to smaller dimensions in the future. Consideration of SOI or SOS on the ULSI scale will require a technology capable of low defect films with a film thickness of 1000 A or less, however. The prospects for minority carrier devices such as bipolar transistors for BI-MOS will also be discussed. Both device structure (lateral vs. vertical) and material quality are issues that must be addressed.
Symmetry of Solutions to the Optimal Sojourn Time Control Problem

In this paper, we study the solutions to the optimal sojourn time control problem. For a control system whose state takes values in a multi-dimensional state space and whose state dynamics is subject to the perturbations of random noises, we try to find the state feedback control laws with a fixed cost that can keep the state inside a subset of the state space called the safe set for as long as possible. We show that for a radially symmetric safe set, the optimal feedback control law is also radially symmetric. This reduces the complexity of finding the problem solutions significantly. Furthermore, in the case when one can design the shape of the safe set as well, we show by using the isoperimetric inequality that, among all safe sets with a fixed volume, the radially symmetric one is the best in that it yields the best performing optimal sojourn time control law.
The Wetting of Metallic Substrates by Low Melting Point Alloys

The behavior of Sn (liquid) spreading on Au (solid) was evaluated experimentally using the sessile drop technique. The experiments performed over a temperature range of 250 to 428 °C. At 250 °C, spreading results were compared with those from the Bi-Sn and Cu-Sn systems. In the temperature range 290 < T < 413 ° C, the Au-Sn system exhibits rapid spreading and rapid formation of a transient solid phase which eventually re-liquefies.
Computer-Based Instruction for Purchasing Skills

The purpose of this study was to investigate use of computers and video technologies to teach students to correctly make purchases in a community grocery store using the dollar plus purchasing strategy. Four middle school students diagnosed with intellectual disabilities participated in this study. A multiple probe across participants research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. Results indicated the program was effective at teaching the dollar plus purchasing strategy to three out of four participants and promoted generalization to the natural environment. Finally, limitations of the study, implications for practice, and future research questions are discussed.
The Y Cell Visual Pathway Implements a Demodulating Nonlinearity

Neural encoding of sensory signals involves both linear and nonlinear processes. Determining which nonlinear operations are implemented by neural systems is crucial to understanding sensory processing. Here, we ask if demodulation, the process used to decode AM radio signals, describes how Y cells in the cat LGN nonlinearly encode the visual scene. In response to visual AM signals across a wide range of carrier frequencies, Y cells were found to transmit a demodulated signal, with the firing rate of single-units fluctuating at the envelope frequency but not the carrier frequency. A comparison of temporal frequency tuning properties between LGN Y cells and neurons in two primary cortical areas suggests that Y cells initiate a distinct pathway that carries a demodulated representation of the visual scene to cortex. The nonlinear signal processing carried out by the Y cell pathway simplifies the neural representation of complex visual features and allows high spatiotemporal frequencies to drive cortical responses.
Genomic characterization of KIR2DL4 in families and unrelated individuals reveals extensive diversity in exon and intron sequences including a common frameshift variation occurring in several alleles

The KIR2DL4 gene including a portion of exon 1 through exon 9 was sequenced from two families and eight cell lines from the International Histocompatibility Workshop (IHWS). Two known alleles and eight variants were detected. Overall, there were five synonymous and three non-synonymous changes when the variants were compared to the coding sequences of the most closely related known alleles plus a common frameshift change in five of the variant alleles. Alignment of the new variants with all known alleles showed that the regions encoding the extracellular region and the cytoplasmic tail were the most polymorphic. Two non-synonymous changes, P146H and L161V, occurred in an extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain. Five of the eight variants had a single adenine deletion in the exon encoding the transmembrane region, potentially resulting in a truncated protein lacking the cytoplasmic tail. The distribution of the deletion variant among many KIR2DL4 alleles may explain the high frequency of this variation in the population. Four of the eight consanguineous IHWS cell lines were found to be heterozygous for KIR2DL4 carrying two alleles that differed from one another by a few nucleotide substitutions. Analysis of intron sequences in the families revealed the nature and distribution of interspersed repeat elements which comprise 46% of the KIR2DL4 nucleotide sequence and consist of 12 elements including six SINEs (13.73% of the total length), one LINE (12.41%), and five LTR elements (19.51%). The results revealed the presence of extensive diversity in the KIR2DL4 gene. This is the first extensive report providing both exon and intron data in related individuals.
The Space of Argumentation: Urban Design, Civic Discourse, and the Dream of the Good City

In this paper, I explore connections between two disciplines not typically linked: argumentation theory and urban design. I first trace historical ties between the art of reasoned discourse and the idea of civic virtue. I next analyze discourse norms implicit in three theories of urban design: Jane Jacobs' The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), Christopher Alexander's A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction (1977), and Peter Katz's The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community (1994). I then propose a set of ‘settlement’ issues of potential interest to both urban designers and argumentation theorists: size, density, heterogeneity, publicity, security, and identity. I conclude by suggesting that the ‘good city’ be seen as both a spatial and a discursive entity. From such a perspective, good public discourse is dependent, at least in part, on good public space; and good public space is defined, at least in part, as a context conducive to good public discourse.
Functional group placement in protein binding sites: a comparison of GRID and MCSS.

One approach to combinatorial ligand design begins by determining optimal locations (i.e., local potential energy minima) for functional groups in the binding site of a target macromolecule. MCSS and GRID are two methods, based on significantly different algorithms, which are used for this purpose. A comparison of the two methods for the same functional groups is reported. Calculations were performed for nonpolar and polar functional groups in the internal hydrophobic pocket of the poliovirus capsid protein, and on the binding surface of the src SH3 domain. The two approaches are shown to agree qualitatively; i.e., the global characteristics of the functional group maps generated by MCSS and GRID are similar. However, there are significant differences in the relative interaction energies of the two sets of minima, a consequence of the different functional form used to evaluate polar interactions (electrostatics and hydrogen bonding) in the two methods. The single sphere representation used by GRID affords only positional information, supplemented by the identification of hydrogen bonding interactions. By contrast, the multi-atom representation of most MCSS groups yields in both positional and orientational information. The two methods are most similar for small functional groups, while for larger functional groups MCSS yields results consistent with GRID but superior in detail. These results are in accord with the somewhat different purposes for which the two methods were developed. GRID has been used mainly to introduce functionalities at specific positions in lead compounds, in which case the orientation is predetermined by the structure of the latter. The orientational information provided by MCSS is important for its use in the de novo design of large, multi-functional ligands, as well as for improving lead compounds.
Naturstoffe als Sonden zum Studium zellulärer Funktionen-Untersuchungen von Immunophilinen

Eines der grosen Geheimnisse der Zellbiologie ist noch immer der Mechanismus der Informations-, oder besser Signalubertragung durch das Cytoplasma der Zelle. Naturstoffe, die diesen Prozes inhibieren, ermoglichen einen Einblick in fundamental Aspekte der cytoplasmatischen Signalubertragung, durch die extrazellulare Molekule intrazellulare Vorgange beeinflussen. Deshalb ist die Naturstoffchemie - einschlieslich organischer Synthese, Konformations-analyse und Methoden der Strukturanalyse - so wichtig fur das Studium der Zellfunktionen. Dieser Beitrag skizziert unser Verstandnis der Funktionen einer Gruppe von Naturstoffen - von der Entdeckung, das diese Verbindungen die cytoplasmatische Signalubertragung inhibieren, bis zu neuesten Erkenntnissen ihrer Rolle als Mediatoren der Wechselwirkung zwischen weitverbreiteten Proteinen. Der Schwerpunkt der Diskussion liegt auf strukturellen Aspekten. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Naturstoffliganden und ihren Proteinrezeptoren werden auf der molekularen Ebene diskutiert, um Licht in die molekularen Mechanismen der biologischen Funktionen dieser Verbindungen zu bringen. Dabei hoffen wir, den Nutzen eines chemischen Herangehens an biologische Systeme zu demonstrieren. Durch Chemie konnen wir die molekulare Basis biologischer Phanomene verstehen.
Regional population structure of a widely introduced estuarine invertebrate: Nematostella vectensis Stephenson in New England

Nematostella vectensis is an infaunal anemone occurring in salt marshes, lagoons and other estuarine habitats in North America and the United Kingdom. Although it is considered rare and receives protection in England, it is widely distributed and abundant in the United States, particularly along the Atlantic coast. Recent studies suggest that both anthropogenic dispersal and reproductive plasticity may significantly influence the genetic structure of N. vectensis populations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of individuals from nine populations in the northeastern United States indicates that stable populations are maintained by both asexual and sexual reproduction; in some cases asexually reproducing lineages exist within sexually reproducing populations. F statistics reveal extraordinarily high degrees of genetic differentiation between populations, even those separated by very short distances (less than 100 m). Genetic distances show little to no correlation with geographical distances, consistent with a role for sporadic, geographically discontinuous dispersal coupled with limited gene flow. No single genotype was found at more than one site, despite apparent homogeneity of habitat. In contrast with reported genotypic distributions for Nematostella in the United Kingdom, where a single clonal genotype dominates at multiple sites through southern England, our data thus fail to support the hypothesis of a general-purpose genotype in the northeastern United States. However, they are consistent with important roles for reproductive plasticity, sporadic introductions and complex local population dynamics in determining the global and regional distribution of this species.
Outgassing Rate of the Copper-Plated Beam Tube for ISABELLE

The ultrahigh vacuum system of the intersecting storage accelerator, ISABELLE, will consist of two interlaced rings of stainless steel beam tubes with a circumference 212 miles each. To obtain a good heat conduction during bakeout and to reduce the resistive wall instability during beam operation, a 1mm thick copper coating will be electroplated to the outer surface of this 1.5mm thick beam tube. To minimize the beam loss due to beam-gas collision, the pressure inside the beam tube is required to be 1 × 10-11 Torr (N2 equivalent) or less. To achieve this ultrahigh vacuum, the outgassing rate of the 304 LN stainlefs steel tubes has been reduced to ~1 × 10-13 Torr·l/cm2· sec by vacuum firing at 950°C for one hour. However, during acid-bath electroplating of copper, significant amount of hydrogen will be reintroduced and trapped in stainless steel which will substantially increase the outgassing rate (to ~2 × 10-12 Torr·l/cm2 sec). The outgassing characteristics of these copper-plated beam tubes are studied and discussed within the scope of diffusion and energy of activation. Methods to reduce the outgassing rate to an acceptable level (~l × 10-13 Torr·l/cm2·sec) are also given.
Regarding the Entropy of Distinguishable Particles

The conventional way of explaining Gibbs paradox as due to the distinguishability of particles has been challenged recently and a new fundamental definition for the entropy has been proposed that gives the same entropy for distinguishable particles as for indistinguishable particles. In this paper arguments are presented that strongly favor the conventional definition of entropy and its resolution of Gibbs paradox.
Five-Year Clinical Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Treatment Strategies: An Evidence-Based Practice Paper

Reference/Citation: Frobell RB, Roos HP, Roos EM, Roemer FW, Ranstam J, Lohmander LS. Treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tear: five year outcome of randomised trial. BMJ. 2013;346:F232....
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Workforce: A Critical Shortage and National Challenge

Despite the decades-long projection of an increasing utilization of child and adolescent psychiatry services and an undersupply of child and adolescent psychiatrists, the actual growth and supply of child and adolescent psychiatrists have been very slow. Inadequate support in academic institutions, decreasing graduate medical education (GME) funding, decreasing clinical revenues in the managed care environment, and a devalued image of the profession have made academic child and adolescent psychiatry programs struggle for recruitment of both residents and faculty, although child and adolescent psychiatry has made impressive progress in its scientific knowledge base through research, especially in neuroscience and developmental science. While millions of young people suffer from severe mental illnesses, there are only about 6,300 child and adolescent psychiatrists practicing in the United States. There is also a severe maldistribution of child and adolescent psychiatrists, especially in rural and poor, urban areas where access is significantly reduced. By any method of workforce analysis, it is evident that there will continue to be a shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists well into the future. Medical/psychiatric educators have a mission to encourage medical students and general psychiatry residents to enter child and adolescent psychiatry and provide crucial mental health care and health care advocacy for our country’s youngest and most vulnerable citizens. This article stems from the work of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Task Force on Work Force Needs, which led to its 10-year recruitment initiative. (Academic Psychiatry 2003; 27:277–282)
A VLSI chip for template matching

We describe the design and implementation of a VLSI chip for image template matching. The hardware algorithm and architecture for template matching are based on a technique known as moment preserving pattern matching. The architecture fully utilizes the principles of parallelism and pipelining in order to obtain high speed and throughput. The proposed VLSI system is much simpler, achieves higher speed, has a lower hardware complexity and utilizes lesser memory than other hardware architectures proposed for template matching in the literature. The architecture was simulated using Verilog HDL. A prototype CMOS VLSI chip implementing the proposed architecture has been designed and verified using the Cadence Opus tools. The chip can process a 512/spl times/512 image and 64/spl times/64 template in 1.35 msec operating at a frequency of 100 MHz. >
Strategic Integration: A Knowledge Management Approach to Crisis Management

Every day, businesses are threatened by crises that could have been prevented or their impact lessened if only knowledge of causal and influencing factors were known and better managed. Better knowledge management, we contend, can help firms anticipate these factors and design thoughtful policies to lessen the impact of such events. In this paper we show how alignment of knowledge based strategies with crisis management strategies can lead to better crisis management. Knowledge based strategies are used to determine and locate the kinds of knowledge a firm needs. We demonstrate through case analysis how better alignment of knowledge based strategies with crisis management strategies can help firms become less vulnerable to business crises. Mitroff's crisis management model is employed to help focus on the critical aspects of crisis management and to help identify knowledge appropriate to each stage of Mitroff's model.
Mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes-Mediated Modulation of Tumor Growth

Studies using Listeria monocytogenes as an antitumor agent were initiated to determine the requirements for Listeria-mediated tumor inhibition to occur. When Strain 13 guinea pigs were injected with an admixture of viable Listeria and a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in a ratio of 1 bacterium to 100 tumor cells, Listeria had a marked capacity to inhibit tumor growth. This confirms an earlier study in our laboratory (M. M. Dustoor, A. Fulton, W. Croft, and A. A. Blazkovec, Infect. Immun. 23:54-60, 1979). At no time did animals exhibit overt symptoms of disease as a result of Listeria infection. Animals treated with antilymphocyte serum, which had previously been shown to abrogate T-cell functions, were no longer able to suppress Listeria-tumor cell mixtures. Treatment in vivo with carrageenan, a macrophage-inhibitory agent, also abrogated Listeria-mediated tumor inhibition. These results suggest that Listeria-mediated inhibition requires intact T-lymphocyte and macrophage function. Experiments in which Listeria was given in admixture with the tumor cells or in the opposite flank demonstrated that the antitumor effects require intimate association of the Listeria and tumor cells. Histopathological studies, showing that macrophages and lymphocytes are the predominant inflammatory cells present at sites of tumor destruction, further suggest a role for these cells in Listeria-mediated inhibition. Animals which had rejected prior Listeria-tumor cell inocula were resistant to rechallenge with the homologous tumor for more than 1 year. This work thus confirms in vitro studies demonstrating that both lymphocytes and macrophages are required for Listeria-mediated tumor inhibition to occur. This study demonstrates that viable Listeria can have potent antitumor effects without causing overt disease as a result of Listeria infection.
Implementation of data citations and persistent identifiers at the ORNL DAAC

Abstract A requirement of data archives is that data holdings can be easily discovered, accessed, and used. One approach to improving data discovery and access is through data citations coupled with Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC) since 1998 has issued data citations that have been accepted and used in peer-reviewed journals. Citation elements established by the ORNL DAAC are similar to those used for journal articles (authors, year, product title, and information to locate), and beginning in 2007 included a DOI that is persistent, actionable, specific, and complete. The approach used at the ORNL DAAC also allows for referring to subsets of the data, by including within the citation the temporal and spatial extent, and parameters used. Data citations allow readers to find data and reproduce the results of the research article, and also use those data to test new hypotheses, design new sample collections, or construct or evaluate models. The ORNL DAAC uses a manual method to compile data citations and has developed a database that links research articles and their use of specific ORNL DAAC data products. Automation of the data citation compilation process, as is the case for articles, will enable data citations to become a more common practice. In addition to enhancing discovery and access of the data used in a research article, the citation gives credit to data generators, data centers and their funders, and, through citation indices, determine the scientific impact of a data set.
Iterative learning control with time-partitioned update for collaborative output tracking

This article studies iterative learning control (ILC) where multiple heterogeneous linear subsystems (with potentially different individual dynamics) update their input simultaneously based on the error in a collaboratively controlled desired output. A challenge is that convergence of iterative learning for each individual subsystem (when the other subsystems are not learning) may not guarantee convergence under collaborative-(co-) learning. This work proposes an update-partitioning approach for co-learning and demonstrates convergence whenever the individual, iterative learning for each subsystem is convergent. The main contribution of this work is to show that any unity partition (where the sum of the partition is one) of the update law ensures convergence of the co-learning. Since the time partitioning of the update can be chosen independent of the individual learning (convergence) rate of the subsystems, the proposed approach enables the separate design of each individual subsystem's input-update law followed by conjoining of the individual update laws for co-learning using the partitioning approach. Additionally, an intermittent time partitioning is developed when the desired trajectory is not known to all (but only some) of the co-learning subsystems.
Accurate Identification of Deamidated Peptides in Global Proteomics Using a Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer

Deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues is a common post-translational modification. Researchers often rely on mass spectrometric based proteomic techniques for the identification of these...
Octamer-binding transcription factors: genomics and functions.

The Octamer-binding proteins (Oct) are a group of highly conserved transcription factors that specifically bind to the octamer motif (ATGCAAAT) and closely related sequences that are found in promoters and enhancers of a wide variety of both ubiquitously expressed and cell type-specific genes. Oct factors belong to the larger family of POU domain factors that are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved bipartite DNA binding domain, consisting of an amino-terminal specific subdomain (POUS) and a carboxyl-terminal homeo-subdomain (POUH). Eleven Oct proteins have been named (Oct1-11), and currently, eight genes encoding Oct proteins (Oct1, Oct2, Oct3/4, Oct6, Oct7, Oct8, Oct9, and Oct11) have been cloned and characterized. Oct1 and Oct2 are widely expressed in adult tissues, while other Oct proteins are much more restricted in their expression patterns. Oct proteins are implicated in crucial and versatile biological events, such as embryogenesis, neurogenesis, immunity, and body glucose and amino acid metabolism. The aberrant expression and null function of Oct proteins have also been linked to various diseases, including deafness, diabetes and cancer. In this review, I will report both the genomic structure and major functions of individual Oct proteins in physiological and pathological processes.
Leafhopper Populations on Ten Corn Inbred Lines at Florence, South Carolina

The leafhopper species most frequently collected from corn lines at Florence, S. C, in 1967 were, in order of decreasing abundance, the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) ; Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) Stirellus bicolor (Van Duzee) ; Deltocephalus spp.; and Exitianus exitiosus (Uhler). M. fascifrons and G. nigrifrons combined made up at least 77% of the total leafhopper collection on each of 4 collection dates. Populations of the predominant leafhopper species were as high on corn lines tolerant to corn stunt virus as on susceptible lines, indicating that tolerance to this disease is not dependent on the degree of attractiveness of corn to the leafhopper vectors.
Radioisotope Fractionation and Secular Disequilibrium in Performance Assessment for Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste

Two potential applications of radioisotope fractionation and decay-series secular disequilibrium in performance assessment for geologic repositories for nuclear waste are preferential radionuclide release in source term analysis and characterization of system closure as a measure of the capacity of the geologic system to isolate waste. A primary mechanism of radioisotope fractionation is selective release and mobility of alpha decay products because of nuclear recoil effects, which is evident in natural system data. Preferential release of radioisotopes from nuclear waste forms or solubility limiting solid phases could affect repository performance; however, consequences of differential radioisotope releases are neglected in performance assessments. Decay-series disequilibria are useful also to characterize open/closedsystem behavior in natural systems. Systems that are closed on time scales that are long relative to the half-lives of decay chain nuclides achieve secular equilibrium characterized by unit activity ratios among series nuclides. For geologic disposal of nuclear waste, measures focused on chemical system closure could capture the essential characteristics of the natural system with respect to radionuclide isolation and could be based quantitatively on uranium and thorium decay series secular equilibria/disequilibria.
The Ideology of the “Dixiecrat” Movement

TH E introduction into Congress in the winter of 1948 of the Civil Rights Bills precipitated on the part of many southern party leaders action which resulted in a dramatic walk-out from the Philadelphia nominating convention of the Democratic Party the following July. It was not an unexpected excursion, for its roots went back at least as far as the Macon Grass-Roots Convention of 1936 and perhaps farther. But for the first time there was "somewhere to go" for the dissatisfied: the States Rights Democratic Party was organized in Birmingham and its candidates carried four southern States in November. This paper has been limited, however, to a study of the 1948 manifestations of the movement. The idelology of the party has been extracted from books, speeches, articles and letters by persons who were associated with the conservative southern viewpoint, whether actually adherents to the party or not. In the belief that the party aims could be better understood by a sociological study of the backgrounds of its leaders,' information was gathered concerning those named in the press as serving on committees, as candidates, and as financial backers of the party. It is hoped that from this study some implications can be drawn concerning southern politics, in the light of the sociology of knowledge.