cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein in neutrophilic leukocytes

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) are generally regarded as eosinophil-specific proteins. We tested whether EDN and ECP are present in mature neutrophils. By indirect immunofluorescence, both eosinophils and neutrophils stained with antibodies to EDN and ECP. Lysates of purified (F0.1% eosinophil contamination) neutrophils contained EDN, 112 6 4 ng/10 6 cells, and ECP, 163 6 2 ng/10 6 cells, whereas eosinophil major basic pro- tein (MBP) was not detectable. Electron micro- scopic examination of immunogold-labeled buffy coat cells stained with EDN antibody showed that EDN is localized to neutrophil granules. Finally, EDN mRNA was detected in lysates of highly purified neutrophils (0.001% eosinophil contami- nation) by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that proteins that are either identical to or immunologically cross- reactive with EDN and ECP are present in neutro- phils and that EDN is synthesized and localized to neutrophil granules. Thus, caution must be exer- cised in interpreting the presence of EDN and ECP as specific markers of eosinophil-associated inflam- mation in human disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63: 715-722; 1998.
Repos, Fire Sales, and Bankruptcy Policy

Abstract This paper studies the optimal bankruptcy policy for repurchase agreements (repos) with respect to their exemption from the automatic stay of bankruptcy. The exemption from automatic stay has been one of the key contributors to the development of the repo market as a major source of funding for many financial market participants. At the same time the exemption has raised concerns that the default of a large institution could cause externalities on other markets, in the form of fire sales . We find that exempting repos from the automatic stay may increase the size of the repo market by enhancing the liquidity of collateral, but it can cause fire sales that are associated with reductions in real investment. Hence, policy makers face a trade-off between the benefits of investment activity and the benefits of liquid repo markets.
Inducing Customers to Try New Goods

In recent years, progresses in data mining and business analytics have fostered the advent of recommender systems, behavioral advertising, and other ways of using consumer data to personalize offers and products. We investigate the incentives for sellers to invest in systems that allow the tracking of consumers and then to truthfully report whether potential buyers will enjoy yet untried products. We find that there are two types of equilibria: For some parameter values, sellers will target all potential buyers, hence their targeted ads or purchase recommendations provide no benefit to the consumer. But for other values, ads and recommendations will be accurate. In particular, the incentive for the seller to provide accurate ads and recommendations will be inversely related to the difference between the cost of producing the good and its average market evaluation.
On the energy measurement of hadron jets

Abstract The elementary constituents of hadronic matter (quarks, anti-quarks, gluons) manifest themselves experimentally in the form of jets of particles. We investigate the precision with which the energy of these fragmenting objects can be measured. The relative importance of the instrumental measurement precision and of the jet algorithm is assessed. We also evaluate the “energy flow” method, in which the information from a charged-particle tracker is combined with that from a calorimeter in order to improve the jet energy resolution.
Analysis of the ideal phase-Doppler System: Limitations imposed by the single-particle constraint

This paper explores the effects of particles statistics on the ability of a phase-Doppler system (or any single-particle diagnostic) to make accurate measurements of complex particle flows. This is accomplished by analyzing the response of an ideal phase-Doppler system to a postulated particle flux. The ideal system defined here senses particles of all sizes and velocities with perfect accuracy, but is subject to one constraint: in order for a measurement to be considered valid there must be only one particle in the probe volume at a time. A consequence of this constraint is that the measured flux of particles is similar to the true flux, but reduced by passage through two stages of filters. The first rejects particles for insufficient spacing and is controlled by a spatial Poisson process, while the second rejects particles for excessive residence time and is driven by a temporal Poisson process. The key filter parameters are the expected values of the number of particles in the probe volume and the number of particles entering the probe region during the residence time of a previous particle. Only if these values are kept below order 10{sup {minus}2} can the measured joint distribution function, flux rate, and derivedmore » quantities, be assumed to reflect the true nature of the flow. 8 refs., 30 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Final-offer arbitration with a bonus

Abstract Final-offer arbitration (FOA) is an arbitration procedure, used in about a dozen states and some professional sports, under which the arbitrator is restricted to choosing one or the other of two ‘final offers’ proposed by two parties to a dispute. Modeled as a two-person, zero-sum game of imperfect information, in which the parties are assumed to know the probability distribution of the arbitrator's fair settlements and to make final offers to maximize their expected payoffs, FOA does not induce the two parties to converge but rather to make final offers usually two or more standard deviations apart. However, if either or both parties attach added value to winning per se (i.e., by having their offer chosen) — independent of the value of the settlement — then the Nash equilibrium final offers will tend to be drawn together and, in some cases, converge. Arbitration data from New Jersey appear to be consistent with the predictions of this model.
Cyclophanes and Ladderanes: Molecular Targets for Supramolecular Chemists

We show that principles of supramolecular chemistry applied in the solid state provide a means to conduct target-oriented molecular syntheses. The syntheses are achieved using molecules that function as linear templates. The templates control molecular organization in the solid state by juxtaposing appropriately functionalized olefins for [2+2] photodimerization. We reveal that the linear templates can be used to construct a [2.2]cyclophane and [n]-ladderanes (where n = \bf{3,5}) as targets.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a Scale Model Nuclear Containment Vessel

Current design procedures for nuclear containment vessels are based on elastic analyses. Though such techniques are adequate under normal operating conditions, if the potential risks associated with extreme environments or accident conditions are to be assessed, knowledge of the ultimate capacity of the containment structure is essential. A key technical question is whether penetrations, such as personnel hatches, weaken the containment structure. In this paper, the maximum pressure sustained by a scale model, steel, nuclear containment vessel with a penetration is determined using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. To assess containment strength, a clean shell is analyzed in closed form for its ultimate strength, and the solution is then compared with finite element results for a structure that has a penetration. The comparison shows that the personnel hatch penetration does not reduce the ultimate strength of the containment structure. In this paper, it is assumed that the materials have no flaws and welded joints are perfectly bonded. Cracks in the structure, which would degrade its strength, are not considered.
Study of scattered background neutron in NIF and time-of-flight (TOF) to measure neutron

Some of the planned core diagnostics for National Ignition Facility (NIF) will use neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy techniques to gather information for primary neutron yield measurement or neutron imaging. TOF methods will be used to observe target fuel areal density (ρR) (radial integral of density) via measuring the number of primary 14.1 MeV neutrons that are down-scattered to lower energies by nuclear collisions inside the compressed target core. The large number of primary neutrons scattered by the target chamber and structures at NIF will contribute a significant background signal during (pR) measurements. The optimum detector locations outside the target chamber or target bay wall are proposed. Appropriate collimators at the chamber port and the bay wall (between the neutron source at target chamber center (TCC) and detector) that maximize detection of signal neutrons while minimizing the background from scattered neutrons and neutron induced gamma rays are presented.
Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering—X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy: A New Measurement Technique for In-Situ Studies of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics

Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering—X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (USAXS-XPCS) is a new measurement technique for the study of equilibrium and slow nonequilibrium dynamics in disordered materials. This technique fills a gap between the accessible scattering vector ranges of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and XPCS. It also overcomes the limits of visible light scattering techniques imposed by multiple scattering and is suitable for the study of optically opaque materials containing near-micrometer-sized structures. In this article, we present an overview of the important technical aspects of USAXS-XPCS and offer a few examples as well as future outlooks to illustrate the capability of USAXS-XPCS for monitoring equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamics.
Infinite coordination polymer nano- and microparticle structures

Infinite coordination polymer particles (ICPs) represent an area of growing interest in chemistry and materials science due to their unique and highly tailorable properties. These structures can be conveniently synthesized in high yields from the appropriate metal salts and bifunctional ligand precursors. Unlike conventional metal–organic framework materials (MOFs), these ICPs exhibit a higher level of structural tailorability, including size- and morphology-dependent properties, and therefore, the promise of a wider scope of utility. A variety of methods now exist for making numerous compositions, with modest control over particle size and shape. These structures can exhibit microporosity, tunable fluorescence, magnetic susceptibility, and unusual catalytic activity and selectivity. Perhaps most importantly, many of these ICP structures can be depolymerized (sometimes reversibly) much faster and under milder conditions than MOFs, which makes them attractive for a variety of biomedical applications. Thus far, several types of ICPs have been explored as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery systems. The groundwork for this emerging field of ICPs has been laid only in the past few years, yet significant advances have already been made. Indeed, this tutorial review introduces the reader to the field of ICPs, providing a guide to the work done so far, with an emphasis on synthesis, applications and future prospects.
Atmospheric Effects On Laser Propagation

The linearized theory of thermal blooming instabilities is reviewed. The dispersion relation is derived for unstable modes with and without correction. Perfect phase-only correction is unstable at all spatial scales, while perfect field conjugation is stable at all scales. Various atmospheric phenomena such as turbulence, diffusion and wind shear may mitigate or dampen the instabilities. Full nonlinear time-dependent computer simulations of laser atmospheric propagation agree with the dispersion relation for small perturbations, and show saturation and nonlinear mode beating at long times.
Entropy, Free Volume, and Cooperative Relaxation.

The high frequency end of the relaxation spectrum for polymer molecules involves the rotation of the segmental bonds. This fast relaxation process, however, cannot take place easily in the condensed state crowded by the densely packed conformers, necessitating the slower cooperatively synchronous relaxation. As the temperature is lowered, the domain of cooperativity grows towards the infinite size at the Kauzmann zero entropy temperature, though actually the system deviates from the equilibrium as the glass transition intervenes typically at 50 K above that temperature. The excess enthalpy and entropy drop faster than predicted by the rotational isomeric states which would reach zero only at 0 K. The real ΔCP is greater than that of the RIS value. The actual volume in excess of the crystalline lattice volume, however, points towards zero at 0 K. Thus, a polymer with higher Tg typically exhibits a lower density and modulus in the glassy state. Since the configurational entropy associated with the free volume is proportional to the logarithm of the latter, the Kauzmann temperature can be scaled by ln M, where M is the algebraic average of the conformer molecular weight. The temperature dependence of the most dominant, i.e., the largest equilibrium domain size will result in the Adam-Gibbs and Vogel equations for the characteristic relaxation time. The cooperative domain distribution leads to the relaxation spectrum that follows a power law. The relationship between the characteristic relaxation time and the rate of physical aging is derived.
Mapping leaf area index using spatial, spectral, and temporal information from multiple sensors

Abstract Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important biophysical parameters for modeling ecosystem processes such as carbon and water fluxes. Remote sensing provides the only feasible option for mapping LAI continuously over landscapes, but existing methodologies have significant limitations. There is a tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolutions inherent in remotely sensed images, i.e. high spatial resolution images may only be collected infrequently, whereas imagery with fine temporal resolution has necessarily coarser spatial resolution. LAI products created using a single sensor inherit the spatial and temporal characteristics of that sensor. Moreover, the majority of developed algorithms in the literature use spectral information alone, which suffers from the serious limitation of signal saturation at moderately high LAI. We developed a novel approach for mapping effective LAI ( L e ) using spectral information from Landsat, spatial information from IKONOS, and temporal information from MODIS, which overcomes these limitations. The approach is based on an empirical model developed between L e measured on the ground and spectral and spatial information from remotely sensed images to map annual maximum and minimum L e . A phenological model was fit to a time series of MODIS vegetation indices which was used to model the trajectory between annual minimum and maximum L e . This approach was able to generate maps of L e at Landsat spatial resolution with daily temporal resolution. We tested the approach in the North Carolina Piedmont and generated daily maps of L e for a 100 km 2 area. Modeled L e compared well with time series of LAI estimates from two AmeriFlux sites within the study area. A comparison of the MODIS LAI product with spatially averaged L e estimates from our model showed general agreement in forested areas, but large differences in developed areas. This model takes advantage of multidimensional information available from multiple remote sensors and offers significant improvements for mapping leaf area index, particularly for forested areas where spectral indices tend to saturate.
Conceptualizing a human right to prevention in global HIV/AIDS policy

Given current constraints on universal treatment campaigns, recent advances in public health prevention initiatives have revitalized efforts to stem the tide of HIV transmission. Yet, despite a growing imperative for prevention-supported by the promise of behavioral, structural and biomedical approaches to lower the incidence of HIV-human rights frameworks remain limited in addressing collective prevention policy through global health governance. Assessing the evolution of rights-based approaches to global HIV/AIDS policy, this review finds that human rights have shifted from collective public health to individual treatment access. While the advent of the HIV/AIDS pandemic gave meaning to rights in framing global health policy, the application of rights in treatment access litigation came at the expense of public health prevention efforts. Where the human rights framework remains limited to individual rights enforced against a state duty bearer, such rights have faced constrained application in framing population-level policy to realize the public good of HIV prevention. Concluding that human rights frameworks must be developed to reflect the complementarity of individual treatment and collective prevention, this article conceptualizes collective rights to public health, structuring collective combination prevention to alleviate limitations on individual rights frameworks and frame rights-based global HIV/AIDS policy to assure research expansion, prevention access and health system integration.
MAPPING MARINER 9 DUST OPACITIES

Abstract We present the results from a study of the spatial and temporal 9-μm opacity variation of the Martian 1971 global dust storm. T. Z. Martin (1986, Icarus 66, 2–21) designed a procedure to calculate 9-μm opacities from the Viking IR Thermal Mapper data set. We have convolved the Mariner 9 IRIS data with Viking IRTM filter functions in order to use Martin's approach. We find a mean opacity of 0.32 and a modal opacity of 0.21. The resulting opacities are mapped and binned by solar longitude in order to investigate the structure of the 1971 dust storm. There is a diminishing spatial variation in opacity as the storm decays. The highest opacities occur in the southern tropics while the lowest opacities consistently appear in the southern polar region and near the equator. Hellas is relatively clear at the peak of the storm but becomes dustier than the rest of the planet as the storm dissipates. This behavior may be typical of Hellas and Argyre during global dust storms. In contrast, the Tharsis plateau is relatively dusty early in the mission but clears quickly. We have also calculated storm decay constants for different regions. The storm has a decay constant of 67 days in the 20°–30° S zone, 42 days in the 55°–65° S zone, and 46 days on the Tharsis plateau.
Is a massive tau neutrino just what cold dark matter needs

The cold dark matter (CDM) scenario for structure formation in the Universe is very attractive and has many successes; however, when its spectrum of density perturbations is normalized to the COBE anisotropy measurement the level of inhomogeneity predicted on small scales is too large. This can be remedied by a tau neutrino of mass 1 MeV - 10MeV and lifetime 0.1 sec - 100 sec whose decay products include electron neutrinos because it allows the total energy density in relativistic particles to be doubled without interfering with nucleosynthesis. The anisotropies predicted on the degree scale for 'tau CDM' are larger than standard CDM. Experiments at e(sup +/-) collides may be able to probe such a mass range.
New empirical evidence on the investment success of momentum strategies based on relative stock prices

This paper provides significant extensions and tests of momentum trading strategies based on relative prices that were first explored by George and Hwang (2004). We develop new momentum strategies based on the ratio of the current stock price to each of five different reference points in past prices: 52-week high, 52-week median, 52-week low, half-year high, and 2-year high. We measure their investment performance on the basis of the Fama and French 3-Factor and Momentum Model (Carhart four-factor model), and further employ the technique of nested trading strategies to measure incremental performance. The strategy based on the ratio of current stock price to its 52-week high price is the most profitable, and its performance is robust when tested over a wide range of financial and economic factors. Our results provide strong new evidence of the investment merits of a momentum trading strategy based on the 52-week high price ratio, and add new weight to challenges to the hypothesis that the stock market is efficient in the semi-strong sense.
Ion radial diffusion in an electrostatic impulse model for stormtime ring current formation

Guiding-center simulations of stormtime transport of ring-current and radiation-belt ions having first adiabatic invariants mu is approximately greater than 15 MeV/G (E is approximately greater than 165 keV at L is approximately 3) are surprisingly well described (typically within a factor of approximately less than 4) by the quasilinear theory of radial diffusion. This holds even for the case of an individual model storm characterized by substorm-associated impulses in the convection electric field, provided that the actual spectrum of the electric field is incorporated in the quasilinear theory. Correction of the quasilinear diffusion coefficient D(sub LL)(sup ql) for drift-resonance broadening (so as to define D(sub LL)(sup ql)) reduced the typical discrepancy with the diffusion coefficients D(sub LL)(sup sim) deduced from guiding-center simulations of representative-particle trajectories to a factor of approximately 3. The typical discrepancy was reduced to a factor of approximately 1.4 by averaging D(sub LL)(sup sim), D(sub LL)(sup ql), and D(sub LL)(sup rb) over an ensemble of model storms characterized by different (but statistically equivalent) sets of substorm-onset times.
Low 24-hour urine calcium levels in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: is further evaluation warranted prior to parathyroidectomy?

Abstract Background Low 24-hour urine calcium (uCa) levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) raise concern for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. This study evaluated patients with a low 24-hour uCa level for potential differences that may guide the extent of preoperative evaluation needed. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 1,139 sporadic pHPT patients who underwent parathyroidectomy between December 1999 and May 2011. Results Of the 54 (5%) patients with greater than or equal to one low 24-hour uCa ( P = .0011) and glomerular filtration rate ( P = .0007). Conclusion This study suggests that sporadic pHPT patients with low 24-hour uCa levels may not require further evaluation with genetic testing for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, especially if previous eucalcemia is documented.
Development of very high Jc in Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 thin films grown on CaF2

Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 is the most tunable of the Fe-based superconductors (FBS) in terms of acceptance of high densities of self-assembled and artificially introduced pinning centres which are effective in significantly increasing the critical current density, Jc. Moreover, FBS are very sensitive to strain, which induces an important enhancement in critical temperature, Tc, of the material. In this paper we demonstrate that strain induced by the substrate can further improve Jc of both single and multilayer films by more than that expected simply due to the increase in Tc. The multilayer deposition of Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 on CaF2 increases the pinning force density (Fp = Jc × µ0H) by more than 60% compared to a single layer film, reaching a maximum of 84 GN/m3 at 22.5 T and 4.2 K, the highest value ever reported in any 122 phase.
Cryo-Em Structures of the Actin:Tropomyosin Filament Reveal the Mechanism for the Transition from C- to M-State

Tropomyosin (Tm) is a key factor in the molecular mechanisms that regulate the binding of myosin motors to actin filaments (F-Actins) in most eukaryotic cells. This regulation is achieved by the azimuthal repositioning of Tm along the actin (Ac):Tm:troponin (Tn) thin filament to block or expose myosin binding sites on Ac. In striated muscle, including involuntary cardiac muscle, Tm regulates muscle contraction by coupling Ca2+ binding to Tn with myosin binding to the thin filament. In smooth muscle, the switch is the posttranslational modification of the myosin. Tm can occupy the blocked, closed, or open position on Ac, depending on the activation state of Tn and the binding state of myosin. Using native cryogenic 3DEM (three-dimensional electron microscopy), we have directly resolved and visualized cardiac and gizzard muscle Tm on filamentous Ac in the position that corresponds to the closed state. From the 8-A-resolution structure of the reconstituted Ac:Tm filament formed with gizzard-derived Tm, we discuss two possible mechanisms for the transition from the closed to the open state and describe the role Tm plays in blocking myosin tight binding in the closed-state position.
Calculation of quasi-one-dimensional flows with shocks

The two-point subsonic method of Wornom (1983) is modified to permit calculation of transonic flows with shocks using artificial density and/or artificial pressure. This method, which requires no numerical boundary conditions, is then used to calculate transonic flow for large and small CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy) numbers. Convergence acceleration is achieved for small CFL numbers by using multi-grid.
Effects of Friction and Extraction on the Stability of Solar Ponds

Experimental results were compared to theoretical stability criteria of a salt gradient solar pond. Cellular motion in the nonconvective layer may be caused by instability. Extension of stability criteria suggests use of stabilizing barriers via friction. Stability of longitudinal extraction assures optimum availability of energy from a solar pond.
Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of beta-carotene in women

purpose To examine the development of age-related cataract in a trial of beta-carotene supplementation in women. methods The Women's Health Study is a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial originally designed to test the balance of benefits and risks of beta-carotene (50 mg on alternate days), vitamin E, and aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease among 39,876 female health professionals aged 45 years or older. The beta-carotene component of the trial was terminated early after a median treatment duration of 2.1 years. Main outcome measures were visually-significant cataract and cataract extraction, based on self-report confirmed by medical record review. results There were 129 cataracts in the beta-carotene group and 133 in the placebo group (relative risk [RR] = 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.21). For cataract extraction, there were 94 cases in the beta-carotene group and 89 cases in the placebo group (RR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.78-1.39). Subgroup analyses suggested a possible...
NLO CONFORMAL SYMMETRY IN THE REGGE LIMIT OF QCD

Abstract We show that a scale-invariant approximation to the next-to-leading-order BFKL kernel, constructed via transverse momentum diagrams, has a simple conformally invariant representation in impact parameter space, i.e. K ∼ (p1,p2,p1′,p2′)=g 4 N 2 In 4 |p1−p1′‖p2−p2′| |p1−p1′‖p2−p2′| That a conformally invariant representation exists is shown first by relating the kernel directly to That a conformally invariant representation exists is shown first by relating the kernel directly to Feynman diagrams contributing to two-photon diffractive dissociation.
Real Estate “Cycles”: Some Fundamentals

This paper demonstrates that different types of real estate can have very different cyclic properties. Empirically, it is shown that they do, and the question is posed as to what might distinguish between property markets where movements are largely stable responses to repeated economic shocks and those undergoing a continuing endogenous oscillation. A stock-flow model is built in which the future expectations of agents, the development lag, the degree of durability and market elasticities all can vary. Experiments reveal the dynamic behavior of the model varies quite sharply with all these factors. Forward forecasting by agents leads to stability, while myopic behavior promotes oscillations. Oscillations are also much more likely when supply is more elastic than demand, development lags are long, and asset durability is low.
A Model for Solar Coronal Mass Ejections

We propose a new model for the initiation of a solar coronal mass ejection (CME). The model agrees with two properties of CMEs and eruptive flares that have proved to be very difficult to explain with previous models: (1) very low-lying magnetic field lines, down to the photospheric neutral line, can open toward infinity during an eruption; and (2) the eruption is driven solely by magnetic free energy stored in a closed, sheared arcade. Consequently, the magnetic energy of the closed state is well above that of the posteruption open state. The key new feature of our model is that CMEs occur in multipolar topologies in which reconnection between a sheared arcade and neighboring flux systems triggers the eruption. In this "magnetic breakout" model, reconnection removes the unsheared field above the low-lying, sheared core flux near the neutral line, thereby allowing this core flux to burst open. We present numerical simulations that demonstrate our model can account for the energy requirements for CMEs. We discuss the implication of the model for CME/flare prediction.
Evaluating opportunistic delivery of large content with TCP over WiFi in I2V communication

With the increasing interest in connected vehicles, it is useful to evaluate the capability of delivering large content over a WiFi infrastructure to vehicles. The throughput achieved over WiFi channels can be highly variable and also rapidly degrades as the distance from the access point increases. While this behavior is well understood at the data link layer, the interactions across the various protocol layers (data link and up through the transport layer) and the effect of mobility may reduce the amount of content transferred to the vehicle, as it travels along the roadway. This paper examines the throughput achieved at the TCP layer over a carefully designed outdoor WiFi environment and the interactions across the layers that impact the performance achieved, as a function of the receiver mobility. The experimental studies conducted reveal that impairments over the WiFi link (frame loss, ARQ and increased delay) and the residual loss seen by TCP causes a cascade of duplicate ACKs to be generated. This triggers large congestion window reductions at the sender, leading to a drastic degradation of throughput to the vehicular client. To ensure outdoor WiFi infrastructures have the potential to sustain reasonable downlink throughput for drive-by vehicles, we speculate that there is a need to adapt how WiFi and TCP (as well as mobility protocols) function for such vehicular applications.
Some Classes of Solutions to the Toda Lattice Hierarchy

We apply an analogue of the Zakharov-Shabat dressing method to obtain infinite matrix solutions to the Toda lattice hierarchy. Using an operator transformation we convert some of these into solutions in terms of integral operators and Fredholm determinants. Others are converted into a class of operator solutions to the l-periodic Toda hierarchy.
Hopf hypersurfaces of low type in non-flat complex space forms

We classify Hopf hypersurfaces of non-flat complex space forms CPm(4) and CHm(-4), denoted jointly by CQm(4c), that are of 2-type in the sense of B. Y. Chen, via the embedding into a suitable (pseudo) Euclidean space of Hermitian matrices by projection operators. This complements and extends earlier classifications by Martinez and Ros (the minimal case) and Udagawa (the CMC case), who studied only hypersurfaces of CPm and assumed them to have constant mean curvature instead of being Hopf. Moreover, we rectify some claims in Udagawa's paper to give a complete classification of constant-mean-curvature-hypersurfaces of 2-type. We also derive a certain characterization of CMC Hopf hypersurfaces which are of 3-type and mass-symmetric in a naturally-defined hyperquadric containing the image of CQm(4c) via these embeddings. The classification of such hypersurfaces is done in CQ2(4c), under an additional assumption in the hyperbolic case that the mean curvature is not equal to ±2/3. In the process we show that every standard example of class B in CQm(4c) is mass-symmetric and we determine its Chen-type.
Studying the Galactic Bulge through Spectroscopy of Microlensed Sources. I. Theoretical Considerations

The observed spectra of the microlensed sources toward the Galactic bulge may be used as a tool for studying the kinematics and extinction effects in the Galactic bulge. In this paper, we first investigate the expected distribution of the microlensed sources as a function of depth within the Galactic bulge. Our analysis takes a magnitude-limited microlensing survey into account and includes the effects of extinction. We show that in the current magnitude-limited surveys, the probability that the source lies at the far side of the bulge is larger than the probability that the source lies at the near side. We then investigate the effects of extinction on the observed spectra of microlensed sources. Kurucz model spectra and the observed extinctions toward the Galactic bulge have been used to demonstrate that the microlensed sources should clearly show the effects of extinction, which, in turn, can be used as a statistical measure of the contribution of the disk lenses and bulge lenses at different depths. The spectra of the microlensed sources provide a unique probe to derive the radial velocities of a sample that lies preferentially at the far side of the Galactic bulge. The radial velocities, coupled with the microlensing timescales, can thus be useful in studying the three-dimensional kinematics of the Galactic bulge.
Eosinophils in atopic dermatitis

The eosinophilic granulocyte is commonly associated with allergic inflammation. Although blood eosinophilia frequently accompanies atopic dermatitis, accumulation of tissue eosinophils is not prominent. Recent studies have elucidated the structure, content, and activities of the eosinophil. In addition, immunofluorescence localization of eosinophil granulate proteins has shown that eosinophils disrupt in tissue depositing toxic granule proteins in several diseases. Here, evidence for eosinophil degranulation in atopic dermatitis is presented and mechanisms whereby eosinophil degranulation may mediate pathophysiologic effects in atopic dermatitis and related conditions are discussed.
Exploring constrained quantum control landscapes

The broad success of optimally controlling quantum systems with external fields has been attributed to the favorable topology of the underlying control landscape, where the landscape is the physical observable as a function of the controls. The control landscape can be shown to contain no suboptimal trapping extrema upon satisfaction of reasonable physical assumptions, but this topological analysis does not hold when significant constraints are placed on the control resources. This work employs simulations to explore the topology and features of the control landscape for pure-state population transfer with a constrained class of control fields. The fields are parameterized in terms of a set of uniformly spaced spectral frequencies, with the associated phases acting as the controls. This restricted family of fields provides a simple illustration for assessing the impact of constraints upon seeking optimal control. Optimization results reveal that the minimum number of phase controls necessary to assure a high yield in the target state has a special dependence on the number of accessible energy levels in the quantum system, revealed from an analysis of the first- and second-order variation of the yield with respect to the controls. When an insufficient number of controls and/or a weak control fluence are employed, trapping extrema and saddle points are observed on the landscape. When the control resources are sufficiently flexible, solutions producing the globally maximal yield are found to form connected “level sets” of continuously variable control fields that preserve the yield. These optimal yield level sets are found to shrink to isolated points on the top of the landscape as the control field fluence is decreased, and further reduction of the fluence turns these points into suboptimal trapping extrema on the landscape. Although constrained control fields can come in many forms beyond the cases explored here, the behavior found in this paper is illustrative of the impacts that constraints can introduce.
Negative correlation and optimal tracking with Doppler measurements

In target tracking systems that utilize Doppler radar (or sonar), the measurements consist of range, range rate, and one or two angles, When multiple sensors are used in the proper geometry, the final accuracy is determined primarily by each sensor's range estimation accuracy. In this case it is particularly important to extract the most accurate state estimate in the range direction by processing optimally the range and range rate measurements. The usual assumption in the design of tracking filters is that the measurement errors in range and range rate are uncorrelated. However, in the case of the commonly used upsweep chirp (linear FM) waveforms, there can be a significant negative correlation between the range and range rate measurement noises. The purpose of this note is to quantify the performance improvement one can obtain when this correlation is present, as it is in certain waveforms, and accounted for.
Enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric benzamides through peptide-catalyzed bromination.

We report the enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric benzamides employing catalytic electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions involving bromination. The catalyst is a simple tetrapeptide bearing a tertiary amine that may function as a Bronsted base. A series of tri- and dibrominations were accomplished for a range of compounds bearing differential substitution patterns. Tertiary benzamides represent appropriate substrates for the reaction since they exhibit sufficiently high barriers to racemization after ortho functionalization. Mechanism-driven experiments provided some insight into the basis for selectivity. Examination of the observed products at low conversion suggested that the initial catalytic bromination may be regioselective and stereochemistry-determining. A complex between the catalyst and substrate was observed by NMR spectroscopy, revealing a specific association. Finally, the products of these reactions may be subjected to regioselective metal–halogen exchange and trapping with I2,...
The buried binding and dead binding problems of Lisp 1.5: sources of incomparability in garbage collector measurements

Lisp has become the language of choice for many applications such as artificial intelligence programs or symbol manipulation. The original implementation of Lisp 1.5 was a concise, elegant statement of the semantics of the language. Although production Lisp systems have undergone significant development and evolution since Lisp 1.5, including the development of sophisticated compilers, there have been few significant theoretical improvements in the implementations of these systems. Most improvements, such as arrays or shallow-binding, have been made more for the sake of speed than for the sake of storage. A notable exception to this is the technique of tail recursion, which can save more than just stack space.We believe that more can be done to reduce the storage requirements of Lisp programs. Although in many instances, the Lisp programmer can reduce the storage requirements of his program by deleting unneeded pointers as soon as possible, there is nothing he can do about systematic inefficiencies of the Lisp interpreter. This paper addresses itself to two sources of inefficiency in Lisp's variable binding mechanism--one of which is easy to detect---which prevent storage from being garbage collected long after its last reference. Implementations of Lisp which eliminate these situations should result in more economical execution for almost all Lisp programs which use a lot of storage, due to a lighter marking load on the garbage collector.
Anatomy of a duality

Abstract The nature of M-theory on K 3 × I , where I is a line interval, is considered, with a view towards formulating a “matrix theory” representation of that situation. Various limits of this compactification of M-theory yield a number of well known N = 1 six-dimensional compactifications of the heterotic and type I string theories. Geometrical relations between these limits give rise to string/string dualities between some of these compactifications. At a special point in the moduli space of compactifications, this motivates a partial definition of the matrix theory representation of the M-theory on K 3 × I as the large N limit of a certain type IA orientifold model probed by a conglomerate of N D-branes. Such a definition in terms of D-branes and orientifold planes is suggestive, but necessarily incomplete, due to the low amount of supersymmetry. It is proposed—following hints from the orientifold model—that the complete matrix theory representation of the K 3 × I compactified M-theory is given by the large N limit of compactification—on a suitable “dual” surface-of the “little heterotic string” N = 1 six-dimensional quantum theories.
Electronic structure and spectroscopy of nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) acetylacetonate complexes

The electronic structure and optical spectra of Ni(acac) 2 and Pd(acac) 2 have been investigatcd using the semiemperical INDO/S-SCF-CI (ZINDO) algorithm. The results of the electronic structure calculations are in good agreement with those of previous ab initio calculations for these complexes. Increasing the atomic number of the metal is found to increase the metal-ligand covalency, to increase the separation of the two highest occupied and two lowest unoccupied; ligand-localized (π and π ≡ 8) molecular orbitals, and to decrease the separation between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals
Compressible Boundary Layer Predictions at High Reynolds Number using Hybrid LES/RANS Methods

Simulations of compressible boundary-layer flow at three different Reynolds numbers (Re δ = 5.59 × 10 4 , 1.78 × 10 5 , and 1.58 x 10 6 ) are performed using a hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method. Variations in the recycling/rescaling method, the higher order extension, the choice of primitive variables, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes to large eddy simulation transition parameters, and the mesh resolution are considered in order to assess the model. The results indicate that the present model can provide good predictions of the mean-flow properties, second-moment statistics, and structural features of the boundary layers considered. Normalized turbulent statistics in the outer layer are found to be independent of Reynolds number, similar to incompressible turbulent boundary layers.
Scattering and radiation analysis of three-dimensional cavity arrays via a hybrid finite-element method

A hybrid numerical technique is presented for a characterization of the scattering and radiation properties of three-dimensional cavity arrays recessed in a ground plane. The technique combines the finite-element and boundary-integral methods and invokes Floquet's representation to formulate a system of equations for the fields at the apertures and those inside the cavities. The system is solved via the conjugate-gradient method in conjunction with the fast Fourier transform thus achieving an O(N) storage requirement. By virtue of the finite-element method, the proposed technique is applicable to periodic arrays comprised of cavities having arbitrary shape and filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics. Several numerical results are presented, along with new measured data, which demonstrate the validity, efficiency, and capability of the technique. >
Real wages and aggregate demand shocks: contradictory evidence from VARs

Abstract This paper revisits two recent studies that estimate the dynamic response of real wages to aggregate demand shocks. Using identical empirical techniques—structural VARs with long-run identifying restrictions—and similar post-war data, [Gamber and Joutz 83 (1993) 1387] and [Spencer 36 (1998) 120] report contradictory findings. After careful examination, I conclude that the reason for this puzzling result is a lack of robustness of the estimated wage response functions to model specification, data transformation to induce stationarity, the choice of proxy for the aggregate real wage, and the choice of variables to include in the VAR. The implication is that the message from VARs with long-run restrictions regarding real wage dynamics is not clear, and that further work must be done to understand the role of relative stickiness of wages and prices in the transmission of aggregate demand shocks.
Covariant Techniques for Computation of the Heat Kernel

The heat kernel associated with an elliptic second-order partial differential operator of Laplace type acting on smooth sections of a vector bundle over a Riemannian manifold, is studied. A general manifestly covariant method for computation of the coefficients of the heat kernel asymptotic expansion is developed. The technique enables one to compute explicitly the diagonal values of the heat kernel coefficients, so called Hadamard–Minakshisundaram–De Witt–Seeley coefficients, as well as their derivatives. The elaborated technique is applicable for a manifold of arbitrary dimension and for a generic Riemannian metric of arbitrary signature. It is very algorithmic, and well suited to automated computation. The fourth heat kernel coefficient is computed explicitly for the first time. The general structure of the heat kernel coefficients is investigated in detail. On the one hand, the leading derivative terms in all heat kernel coefficients are computed. On the other hand, the generating functions in closed covariant form for the covariantly constant terms and some low-derivative terms in the heat kernel coefficients are constructed by means of purely algebraic methods. This gives, in particular, the whole sequence of heat kernel coefficients for an arbitrary locally symmetric space.
Asymmetric Intermolecular Heck-Type Reaction of Acyclic Alkenes via Oxidative Palladium(II) Catalysis

Herein, we report an asymmetric intermolecular Heck-type reaction of acyclic alkenes by using a palladium−pyridinyl oxazoline diacetate complex under oxidative palladium(II) catalysis conditions. A...
Magnetic Fields in Dark Cloud Cores: Arecibo OH Zeeman Observations

We have carried out an extensive survey of magnetic field strengths toward dark cloud cores in order to test ambipolar-diffusion-drivenandturbulence-drivenmodelsof starformation.Thesurveyinvolved � 500hrof observing with the Arecibo telescope in order to make sensitive OH Zeeman observations toward 34 dark cloud cores. Nine new probable detections were achieved at the2.5 � level;the certainty of the detectionsvaries from solid to marginal, so we discuss each probable detection separately. However, our analysis includes all the measurements and does not depend on whether each position has a detection or just a sensitive measurement. Rather, the analysis establishes mean (or median) values over the set of observed cores for relevant astrophysical quantities. The results are that the mass-to-flux ratio is supercritical by � 2, and that the ratio of turbulent to magnetic energies is also � 2. These results are compatible with both models of star formation. However, these OH Zeeman observations do establish for thefirst time on astatistically soundbasis the energetic importance of magneticfieldsin dark cloudcores at densities of order 10 3 Y10 4 cm � 3 , and they lay the foundation for further observations that could provide a more definitive test.