cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Segregation of Duties Case Study in the Purchase-to-Pay Process with an SAP Example

Abstract With the advent of legislation dealing with financial responsibility and information assurance, the topic of segregation of duties has gained additional importance. Recent studies have found that segregation of duties is one of the areas in which companies have frequently disclosed material internal control weaknesses under reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This is a case assignment that develops both the theoretical base for segregation of duties and then illustrates how this is accomplished in a highly integrated computerized enterprise business environment. The authorization system within the SAP R/3 system is used to illustrate the implementation of segregated duties in one type of ERP system. There are four steps to the case: assessing risks of the business process, defining positions within the organization to handle a set of defined tasks, developing an authorization matrix for designated employees, and examining the SAP authorizations system.
Overcoming intellectual and virtual access as barriers to utilization of electronic publications

A review of the purposes in scholarly publishing reveals that publishers of freely available electronic journals have the potential for positively transforming the highly problematic economics of scholarly publishing. But actual use of electronic scholarly publications shows that they present serious utilization barriers to would-be readers. Meeting practical awareness, indexing, and archiving needs in this new literature can overcome these barriers and is essential if such promising publications are to transform scholarly communication. Libraries and small electronic publishers have it within their power to meet these needs by integrating electronic publications into existing information systems, thus promoting the disintermediation of the economics of the scholarly publishing process that is essential to its continued growth.
Public Opinion and the Contradictions of Jimmy Carter's Foreign Policy

Presidentjimmy Carter3s failure to achieve popular support for hisforeign policy is commonly attributed to his disregard of public opinion. The author evaluates this perception by examining the Carter administration 's use of polls in the areas ofhuman rights and U. S. -Soviet relations. Archival material confirms that Carter didnot ignore public opinion; rather, his polling operation did not pro vide the White House with a complete and objective portrait of public attitudes. Carter's team assumed that public opinion on foreign policy was malleable and lacked structure. Thus, no effort was made to determine whether the contradictions pollsters found on the surface were actually held together by an underlying structure. Therefore, the Carter White House h ad neither an accurate gauge of public atti tudes nor an understanding of those attitudes sufficient to build support for its policies. One of President Jimmy Carter's more memorable promises was to conduct a foreign policy "that the American people both support... and know about and understand" (Carter 1977,955). Ironically, Carter's foreign policy was neither supported nor understood by much of the public.1 What explains the inability of Carter to build popular support for his foreign policy? Contrary to widespread perception, Carter's difficulties with public opinion were not caused by his inattention to public opinion polls or ineptitude in public relations. Rather, I argue that Carter's inability to gain popular approval for his foreign policy resulted from a misinterpretation of the nature of post-Vietnam War (hereafter post-Vietnam) public opinion. The conventional understanding of the public opinion-foreign policy relationship prior to the Carter administration was that the president could lead public opinion through the use of the bully pulpit, for example. One key problem for Carter was that presidential leadership of public opinion had become problematic owing to the breakdown of elite con sensus on foreign policy and greater public awareness of foreign policy issues.
The Exocrine Pancreas

ABSTRACT The secretions of the exocrine pancreas provide for digestion of a meal into components that are then available for processing and absorption by the intestinal epithelium. Without the exocrine pancreas, malabsorption and malnutrition result. This chapter describes the cellular participants responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes and fluid that in combination provide a pancreatic secretion that accomplishes the digestive functions of the gland. Key cellular participants, the acinar cell and the duct cell, are responsible for digestive enzyme and fluid secretion, respectively, of the exocrine pancreas. This chapter describes the neurohumoral pathways that mediate the pancreatic response to a meal as well as details of the cellular mechanisms that are necessary for the organ responses, including protein synthesis and transport and ion transports, and the regulation of these responses by intracellular signaling systems. Examples of pancreatic diseases resulting from dysfunction in cellular...
SETTING GENERALITY: SOME SPECIFIC AND GENERAL EFFECTS OF CHILD BEHAVIOR THERAPY1

The present study attempted to assess experimentally, functional relationships between home and school settings. Two children, both considered deviant in their homes and in their schools, were observed in both settings. The observations revealed that the children's deviant behaviors at home were quite similar to their deviant behaviors at school. Contingency operations were then performed in the children's homes. Results showed that the children's behavior changed predictably in the homes and remained at baseline level in school.
Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation: Instability of Breathing Control Associated With Advanced Heart Failure

Background Instability of breathing control due to heart failure (HF) manifests as exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV). Prior descriptions of patients with EOV have not been controlled and have been limited to subjects with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤ 0.40. The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics including ventilatory responses of subjects with EOV to those of control subjects with HF matched for LVEF. Methods Subjects (n = 47) were retrospectively identified from 1,340 consecutive patients referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Study inclusion required EOV without consideration of LVEF while control subjects (n = 47) were composed of HF patients with no EOV matched for LVEF. Characteristics for each group were summarized and compared. Results For EOV subjects, the mean LVEF was 0.37 (range, 0.11 to 0.70), and 19 subjects (41%) had an LVEF of ≥ 0.40. Compared to control subjects, EOV subjects had increased left atrial dimension, mitral E-wave velocity, and right heart pressures as well as decreased exercise tidal volume response, functional capacity, rest and exercise end-tidal carbon dioxide, and increased ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide and dead space ventilation (all p Conclusions Patients with EOV have clinical characteristics and exercise ventilatory responses consistent with more advanced HF than patients with comparable LV systolic function; EOV may occur in HF patients with an LVEF of ≥ 0.40.
Ignition of premixed hydrogen/air by heated counterflow under reduced and elevated pressures

Abstract The temperature of an inert jet required to ignite a counterflowing lean premixed hydrogen/air jet was experimentally determined over the pressure range of 0.6 to 7 atm and computationally simulated using detailed chemistry and transport. Results show that, compared to the homogeneous explosion limits, ignition takes place at higher temperatures and exhibits five limits over the pressure range investigated. The first and second ignition limits resemble the corresponding first and second homogeneous explosion limits, except they have steeper slopes in the pressure–temperature response, with the first limit being affected by the significant transport loss of the H radical and the second limit modified by the activation of the otherwise metastable HO 2 radicals by the diffusively enriched H 2 . The third and fifth ignition limits are respectively manifestations of the low- and high-pressure responses of the third homogeneous explosion limit behavior, which is nevertheless punctuated by the fourth ignition limit characterized by the HO 2 –H reactions. Furthermore, the fourth ignition limit runs fairly parallel to the crossover temperature, but is shifted to lower temperatures. An explicit expression, 2 k 1 ={2 k 10 /( k 10 + k 11 )} k 9 [M], was derived and found to describe well this limit as well as the extended second limit observed in previous flow reactor studies. It is further shown that, since transport effects are inherently important for the present premixed system because of the diffusive loss of H to the hot, inert side of the counterflow, the ignition temperature increases substantially with increasing strain rate at all pressures and that such a sensitivity can be moderated by doping the inert flow with a small amount of oxygen.
Improving Recall Crisis Management: Should Retailer Information Be Disclosed?

Recalls of consumer products have increased in recent years, leading to questions of the efficacy of quality control and crisis management and calls for new policies. In the USA, food recalls are voluntary, with crisis communications only disclosing processors' names. Following a review of consumer recalls in several developed countries, the case for disclosure of retailer information is explored. Using survival analyses of critical timing measures of recalls, tests show that disclosure may benefit public health through a more rapid detection of contaminated foods. The potential costs of disclosure are also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucocorticoids reduce responses to AMPA receptor activation and blockade in nucleus tractus solitarius.

We tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids attenuate changes in arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to activation and blockade of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl...
Topological Correction of Subcortical Segmentation

We propose a method for automatically correcting the spherical topology of any segmentation under any digital connectivity. A multiple region growing process, concurrently acting on the foreground and the background, divides the segmentation into connected components and successive minimum cost decisions guarantee convergence to correct spherical topology. In contrast to existing procedures that suppose specific initial segmentation (full connectivity, no cavities... ) and are designed for a particular task (cortical representation), no assumption is made on the initial image. Our method applied to subcortical segmentations allows us to correct the topology of fourteen non-cortical structures in less than a minute.
Myh11(R247C/R247C) mutations increase thoracic aorta vulnerability to intramural damage despite a general biomechanical adaptivity

Genetic studies in patients reveal that mutations to genes that encode contractile proteins in medial smooth muscle cells can cause thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Mouse models of such mutations, including Acta2(-/-) and Myh11(R247C/R247C), surprisingly do not present with any severe vascular phenotype under normal conditions. This observation raises the question whether these mutations nevertheless render the thoracic aorta increasingly vulnerable to aneurysms or dissections in the presence of additional, epigenetic, factors such as hypertension, a known risk factor for thoracic aortic disease. Accordingly, we compared the structure and biaxial mechanical properties of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta from male wild-type and Myh11(R247C/R247C) mice under normotension and induced hypertension. On average, the mutant aortas exhibited near normal biomechanics under normotensive hemodynamics and near normal adaptations to hypertensive hemodynamics, yet the latter led to intramural delaminations or premature deaths in over 20% of these mice. Moreover, the delaminated vessels exhibited localized pools of mucoid material, similar to the common histopathologic characteristic observed in aortas from humans affected by thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. The present findings suggest, therefore, that mutations to smooth muscle cell contractile proteins may place the thoracic aorta at increased risk to epigenetic factors and that there is a need to focus on focal, not global, changes in aortic structure and properties, including the pooling of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans that may lead to thoracic aortic dissection.
A New Dermatemydid (Testudines, Kinosternoidea) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Willwood Formation, Southeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

ABSTRACTGomphochelys nanus, new genus and species, is described from the earliest Wasatchian (biohorizon Wa 0; ∼55.8 Ma) of the southeastern Bighorn Basin, Washakie County, Wyoming. The new taxon represents the only known dermatemydid from the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) interval and extends the lineage back from previous records by approximately 2 million years. Gomphochelys nanus has a thick tricarinate carapace and differs from other dermatemydids in attaining a smaller adult body size, having reduced plastral features, a posteriorly situated gular–humeral sulcus, an acarinate pygal, and thick shortened peripherals. Reexamination of previously described fossil dermatemydids suggests that the taxa Baptemys tricarinata and Kallistira costilata are junior synonyms of the middle–late Wasatchian Notomorpha garmanii, and Baptemys fluviatilis is likely a junior synonym of Baptemys wyomingensis. Gomphochelys nanus is a stem dermatemydid that is similar to N. garmanii but differs in possessing sympl...
Creating Economic Solutions to the Environmental Problems of Irrigation and Drainage

The environmental problems of irrigation and drainage include surface and ground-water contamination, deterioration of fish and waterfowl habitat, public health problems, degradation of soil and land resources, and ground-water overdraft. The institutions that govern water prices and allocations are examined and found to present farmers with economic signals that do not indicate the true cost of water use. Water markets, tradable water pollution discharge permits, and liability and compensation rules for environmental damages are examined as three incentive-based policy alternatives that can be designed to correct these institutional distortions and encourage the managerial changes necessary to reduce environmental problems from irrigation and drainage. A simulation exercise is conducted to estimate the potential for water markets to address drainage reduction goals for the San Joaquin Basin. The results predict that significant reductions in total drain flows may be achieved as a by-product of a water market.
Vitamin B12 deficiency and subclinical infection with Giardia lamblia in an adolescent with agammaglobulinemia of Bruton.

Immunodeficiency disorders, both primary and acquired, have been associated with a multitude of other systemic disorders, including infections, malignancies, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Agammaglobulinemia of Bruton is an X-linked, recessive inherited condition resulting in total absence of B-cell antibody production. Patients are particularly susceptible to bacterial infections requiring a humoral immune response. Current treatment involves monthly injections of intravenous immunoglobulin to confer passive immunity. We present the first report of a patient with agammaglobulinemia of Bruton presenting with neurologic manifestations of vitamin B 12 deficiency, secondary to intestinal malabsorption associated with subclinical infection with Giardia lamblia.
Headache relief from lateralizing head and neck positions in spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an important cause of headache particularly in young and middle-aged adults. The headache is typically orthostatic, i.e., it worsens when upright and is relieved by recumbency.1,–,4 I describe a different type of positional headache in 4 patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a headache relieved by lateralizing head and neck positions that is associated with the presence of an asymmetric cervical CSF leak (table e-1 on the Neurology ® Web site at www.neurology.org). ### Illustrative case 1. While riding in a car that hit a speed bump on the road, a 47-year-old woman noted sudden sharp pain extending from the coccyx to the upper neck followed by posterior neck pain and a throbbing occipital headache. The headache was exacerbated by the upright position and relieved by recumbency, but only when lying on her right side. Associated symptoms included nausea, vomiting, aural fullness with decreased …
RsmA and the Quorum-Sensing Signal, N-[3-Oxohexanoyl]- l-Homoserine Lactone, Control the Levels of rsmB RNA in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by Affecting Its Stability

RsmA (for regulator of secondary metabolism), RsmC, and rsmB RNA, the components of a posttranscriptional regulatory system, control extracellular protein production and pathogenicity in Erwinia carotovora subsp . carotovora. RsmA, an RNA binding protein, acts as a negative regulator by promoting message decay. rsmB RNA, on the other hand, acts as a positive regulator by neutralizing the effect of RsmA. RsmC modulates the levels of RsmA and rsmB RNA by positively regulating rsmA and negatively controlling rsmB. The level of rsmB RNA is substantially higher in RsmA + bacteria than in RsmA − mutants. We show that rsmB RNA is more stable in the presence of RsmA than in its absence. RsmA does not stimulate the expression of an rsmB-lacZ transcriptional fusion; in fact, the β-galactosidase level is somewhat higher in RsmA − bacteria than in RsmA + bacteria. We also investigated the basis for increased levels of rsmA and rsmB RNAs in the absence of the quorum-sensing signal, N -[3-oxohexanoyl]-l-homoserine lactone (OHL). The absence of OHL activates transcription of rsmA but not of rsmB. Instead, increased stability of rsmB RNA in the presence of RsmA accounts for the elevated levels of the rsmB RNA in OHL − bacteria. Mutant studies disclosed that while RsmA, OHL, and RsmC control the levels of rsmB RNA, high levels of rsmB RNA occur in the absence of RsmC or OHL only in RsmA + bacteria, indicating a critical role for RsmA in modulating the levels of rsmB RNA. The findings reported here firmly establish that the quorum-sensing signal is channeled in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora via the rsmA-rsmB posttranscriptional regulatory system.
Sherlock: detecting gene-disease associations by matching patterns of expression QTL and GWAS.

Genetic mapping of complex diseases to date depends on variations inside or close to the genes that perturb their activities. A strong body of evidence suggests that changes in gene expression play a key role in complex diseases and that numerous loci perturb gene expression in trans. The information in trans variants, however, has largely been ignored in the current analysis paradigm. Here we present a statistical framework for genetic mapping by utilizing collective information in both cis and trans variants. We reason that for a disease-associated gene, any genetic variation that perturbs its expression is also likely to influence the disease risk. Thus, the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of the gene, which constitute a unique “genetic signature,” should overlap significantly with the set of loci associated with the disease. We translate this idea into a computational algorithm (named Sherlock) to search for gene-disease associations from GWASs, taking advantage of independent eQTL data. Application of this strategy to Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes predicts a number of genes with possible disease roles, including several predictions supported by solid experimental evidence. Importantly, predicted genes are often implicated by multiple trans eQTL with moderate associations. These genes are far from any GWAS association signals and thus cannot be identified from the GWAS alone. Our approach allows analysis of association data from a new perspective and is applicable to any complex phenotype. It is readily generalizable to molecular traits other than gene expression, such as metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic modifications.
Crack Growth in Fiber-Reinforced Materials

Engineering models for initiation of crack growth, crack arrest, and the effective fracture toughness of fiber reinforced materials are developed. Emphasis is placed on brittle matrix material, reinforced with a small percentage by volumm of short, uniformly distributed fibers of a material with a higher Young’s modulus. The analysis is first reduced to two dimensions by considering fiber-reinforced plates and assuming the fiber areas to be distributed uniformly through the thickness of the plate. A parametric micro-mechanical finite element study is conducted using a mesh which includes quarter-point triangular crack tip elements, quadratic isoparametric quadrilateral elements, bar elements, and bond interface elements. An experimental program is then conducted. Edge notched speciments of methyl methacrylate with a row of closely spaced fibers near the crack tip and control specimens without fibers are cast and tested. The close agreement between the results of the finite element analysis and the experimental study show that the finite element method, if properly applied, can be a useful tool in micromechanical studies of fiber reinforced materials.
Speculations on the Role of the 90 kDa Heat Shock Protein in Glucocorticoid Receptor Transport and Function

In their untransformed state, several of the steroid receptors have been shown to be associated with the 90 kDa heat shock protein (hsp90). The receptor-hsp90 association has been demonstrated both in cytosol preparations and in intact cells. Exposure of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to hormone is accompanied by temperature-dependent dissociation of the receptor from hsp90 and by the simultaneous generation of the DNA binding state. Recent observations from our laboratory suggest that association of the GR with hsp90 is required for the receptor to have a competent steroid binding site. As the dissociated components do not reassociate in cytosol, it is clear that the GR is not in free equilibrium with hsp90, and we speculate that hsp90 becomes bound to the GR during receptor translation. In intact cells, hsp90 is associated with microtubules. We propose that these hsp90-containing microtubular structures are responsible for transporting the GR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The 9S, untransformed receptor complex may be derived from such a receptor transport system. Receptors, like the estrogen or progesterone receptor, which are located in the nucleus in the hormone-free state, may have arrived at some type of “docking” position at the terminus of the transport pathway from which they cannot progress until they have undergone hormone-mediated dissociation from hsp90.
The Second-Order Forecaster—Single Smoothing

Abstract This technical memo rigorously analyzes a second-order forecaster suggested by Brown. Namely, the forecasting operator is actuated by test signals–a unit-delta, a unit-step and a ramp function–and the stability, transient, and steady-state performance of the system output are analyzed using the z-transform technique. It verifies mathematically that this oscillatory forecaster can follow a ramp input without a steady-state error; and also the system complete response to the test signals and the steady-state variance are derived.
Corticotropin-Induced Hyperlipemia in Rabbits.

Summary and conclusionRepeated subcutaneous injections or intravenous infusion of corticotropin A1 in rabbits caused prompt elevation of plasma NEFA levels, accumulation of fat in the liver and kidneys, and hyperlipemia. These responses appear to be evoked by extra-adrenal action of corticotropin A1.
Gastrointestinal involvement in L-tryptophan (L-Trp) associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS).

We report a 45-year-old female who had symptomatic gastrointestinal involvement, eosinophils in the cellular infiltrate, and who proved to havel-tryptophan-associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. This case illustrates that gastrointestinal disease can be a major, seemingly primary clinical presentation in this syndrome, and that a drug history, specificallyl-tryptophan, needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of “eosinophilic gastroenteritis.”
Symplectic calculation of the outboard magnetic footprint from noise and error fields in the DIII-D

The backward symplectic DIII-D map and continuous symplectic analog of the map for magnetic field line trajectories in the DIII-D [10] (Luxon, J. L. and Davis, L. E. 1985 Fusion Technol.8, 441) in natural canonical coordinates are used to calculate the magnetic footprint on the outboard collector plate of the DIII-D tokamak from the field errors and internal topological noise. The equilibrium generating function for the DIII-D used in the map very accurately represents the magnetic geometry of the DIII-D. The step-size of the map is kept considerably small so that the magnetic perturbation added from symplectic discretization of the Hamiltonian equations of the magnetic field line trajectories is very small. The natural canonical coordinates allow inverting to the real physical space. The combination of highly accurate equilibrium generating function, natural canonical coordinates, symplecticity, and small step-size then together gives a very accurate calculation of magnetic footprint. Radial variation of magnetic perturbation and the response of plasma to perturbation are not included. The footprint is in the form of toroidally winding helical strips. The area of footprint scales as 1st power of amplitude. The physical parameters as toroidal angle, length, and poloidal angle covered before striking, and the safety factor all have fractal structure. The average field diffusion near X-point for lines that strike and that do not strike differs by about four orders of magnitude. The flux loss decreases for high values of amplitude of perturbation.
Listener perceptions of simulated fluent speech in nonfluent aphasia

Background: People with aphasia (PWA) are frequently perceived less favourably by listeners than their peers. These perceptions include incorrect assumptions that can prevent successful social interactions. While communication partner training has been shown to improve social outcomes related to the listener, changing the verbal output of PWA may also yield more favourable listener perceptions about the speech, speaker, and their own affective response. We investigated the effects of artificially altered fluency (i.e., simulated fluency) on listeners’ subjective impressions.Aims: The purpose of the study was to (1) confirm that listeners perceive PWA less favourably than their neurologically healthy peers and (2) determine the effects of simulated fluency on listener perceptions about PWA.Methods & Procedures: Thirty-eight listeners heard nine narrative monologue language samples from three conditions (i.e., speakers with nonfluent aphasia, simulated fluent samples from the same speakers, and neurological...
Estrogen pretreatment directly potentiates endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of porcine coronary arteries.

We tested whether vasorelaxation of coronary arteries is altered after overnight (18–22 h) exposure to physiological levels of 17 beta-estradiol. Ring segments of left circumflex coronary artery fr...
“Hath not a Mochuana Eyes?”: Investigating BaTswana Cultural Sources of Sol Plaatje’s Mhudi

(2008). “Hath not a Mochuana Eyes?”: Investigating BaTswana Cultural Sources of Sol Plaatje’s Mhudi. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 58-75.
Perceptions of hospital medical personnel on disaster preparedness

Objective: Natural disasters, domestic terrorism and other forms of catastrophe, though rare, pose a significant public health challenge when they do occur. Hospital personnel must have the appropriate training to identify, treat, and possibly even oversee local disaster preparedness initiatives. Insufficient resources have been placed on the education received by healthcare providers in tertiary medical institutions. We intended to assess the current state of knowledge and interest in disaster preparedness among different tiers of hospital staff and training levels in order to identify potential barriers and areas for further training. Design: A cross-sectional online survey was given to hospital attending physicians, subspecialty fellows, residents, nurses, physician assistants, and their respective students. The survey questions were disseminated throughout the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) Members and the North Shore Long Island Jewish (NSLIJ) hospital system via e-mail newsletters. Main results: A total of 572 individuals participated between October 2013 and May 2014. 85% of respondents expected to be dealing with a disaster during their career. 61.5% of respondents noted they would not feel comfortable leading and directing a local disaster management initiative. Yet 51.9% of respondents treated victims of natural disasters, 56.5% of transportation disasters and 34.8% of a structural collapse. When asked about level of formal disaster management training: 27.5% noted that no training was provided and 33% noted that they received 12 hours of training and only a quarter had more than 48 hours of formal training. 86.6% of respondents noted an interest in participating in a disaster management training workshop. Conclusions: Many of our respondents had low level of disaster management training, did not feel comfortable leading a disaster initiative, however many have had to take care of victims of disasters. Based on our findings, hospital professionals feel under prepared for disaster management, and disaster preparedness should be considered an integral part of medical training.
A functional programmer's guide to homotopy type theory

Dependent type theories are functional programming languages with types rich enough to do computer-checked mathematics and software verification. Homotopy type theory is a recent area of work that connects dependent type theory to the mathematical disciplines of homotopy theory and higher-dimensional category theory. From a programming point of view, these connections have revealed that all types in dependent type theory support a certain generic program that had not previously been exploited. Specifically, each type can be equipped with computationally relevant witnesses of equality of elements of that type, and all types support a generic program that transports elements along these equalities. One mechanism for equipping types with non-trivial witnesses of equality is Voevodsky’s univalence axiom, which implies that equality of types themselves is witnessed by type isomorphism. Another is higher inductive types, an extended datatype schema that allows identifications between different datatype constructors. While these new mechanisms were originally formulated as axiomatic extensions of type theory, recent work has investigated their computational meaning, leading to the development of new programming languages that better support them. In this talk, I will illustrate what univalence and higher inductive types mean in programming terms. I will also discuss how studying some related semantic settings can reveal additional structure on types; for example, moving from groupoids (categories where all maps are invertible) to general categories yields an account of coercions instead of equalities. Overall, I hope to convey some of the beauty and richness of these connections between disciplines, which we are just beginning to understand.
Autostereoscopy becomes holography: historical connections

Holography, in the form of interactive holographic video, promises to fulfil some of the long-time promises of "no glasses" 3D image communication. However, the computational demands of holographic video remain extremely high, and threaten to slow down the technology beyond acceptable response rates. Faster image response is made possible by using holographic stereograms instead of true, fully-computed holograms. Holographic stereograms find their inspiration in older autostereoscopic imaging technologies that date back to as early as 1862.
ROLE OF OPIATE PEPTIDES IN THE REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY AND SECRETION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the role of opiate peptides in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. It is found that as opiate peptides are biologically similar to plant opiates in many assay systems, the actions of the opiate peptides might be partly inferred from the known effects of morphine and related drugs. They result in a great diversity of effects such as limitation of pain perception, changes of mood, analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, muscular rigidity, loss of the righting reflex in rats, and emesis. Other important effects include the release of pituitary hormones such as prolactin, growth hormone, and vasopressin. Like morphine, opiate peptides and their analogs share addictive properties including tolerance and physical dependence upon prolong administration and a withdrawal syndrome after an abrupt discontinuation. In the brain, opiate peptides appear to play a role of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator of special neuronal systems that mediate the integration of sensory information's related to pain and the emotional behavior. They act as presynaptic or postsynaptic inhibitors suppressing the firing of most neurons, particularly those involved in the release of the stimulatory neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in various areas of the brain.
The Duke and the Dictator: The Royal Role in Marshal Tito’s Visit to Britain, March 1953

This chapter examines the ways in which, as a result of collaboration between the government and the royal family, it became possible for what was practically (if not officially) a state visit to go ahead at what was considered by the politicians of the day to be a crucial time, despite the difficulties that were posed by the run-up to the coronation of Elizabeth II. The Duke of Edinburgh effectively deputised for the Queen, after a lengthy political debate, even though he was not head of state and in reality held no official role in British public life at that point. His status as a senior royal, however, made his willingness to take a prominent role in receiving Tito an important asset for the government. The chapter explores the use made by politicians, in the national interest, of the symbolism, role and importance of the monarchy through this case study focusing on Tito’s 1953 visit to the UK.
TRAP-seq Profiling and RNAi-Based Genetic Screens Identify Conserved Glial Genes Required for Adult Drosophila Behavior.

Although glial cells have well characterized functions in the developing and mature brain, it is only in the past decade that roles for these cells in behavior and plasticity have been delineated. Glial astrocytes and glia-neuron signaling, for example, are now known to have important modulatory functions in sleep, circadian behavior, memory and plasticity. To better understand mechanisms of glia-neuron signaling in the context of behavior, we have conducted cell-specific, genome-wide expression profiling of adult Drosophila astrocyte-like brain cells and performed RNA interference (RNAi)-based genetic screens to identify glial factors that regulate behavior. Importantly, our studies demonstrate that adult fly astrocyte-like cells and mouse astrocytes have similar molecular signatures; in contrast, fly astrocytes and surface glia – different classes of glial cells – have distinct expression profiles. Glial-specific expression of 653 RNAi constructs targeting 318 genes identified multiple factors associated with altered locomotor activity, circadian rhythmicity and/or responses to mechanical stress (bang sensitivity). Of interest, 1 of the relevant genes encodes a vesicle recycling factor, 4 encode secreted proteins and 3 encode membrane transporters. These results strongly support the idea that glia-neuron communication is vital for adult behavior.
The Kennedy Krieger Independence Scales-Sickle Cell Disease: Executive components of transition readiness.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at an increased risk for executive dysfunction and simultaneously have increased self-management needs compared to typical adolescents. This unique combination may contribute, in part, to difficulties during transition to young adulthood. Current measures assessing adaptive skills do not assess the executive components (e.g., initiation, prospective memory) of SCD-related self-care tasks. Modeled on the KKIS-Spina Bifida (Jacobson et al., 2013), the Kennedy Krieger Independence Scales-Sickle Cell Disease (KKIS-SCD) is a new caregiver-report measure that assesses independence with self-management of SCD-specific demands as well as routine daily activities in adolescents with SCD. Research Method/Design: Thirty-three youth with SCD and their caregivers participated in this preliminary validation study examining the construct validity of the KKIS-SCD total and composite scores (Initiation of Routines, Prospective Memory) and exploring relationships of this measure with intellectual functioning, demographic factors, illness severity, and age. RESULTS The KKIS-SCD exhibited generally good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .733 to .803), and demonstrated evidence for construct and discriminant validity when compared to an existing measure of adaptive function. The KKIS-SCD was significantly associated with caregiver-report of executive behaviors but not with intellectual functioning, demographic factors, illness severity, or age. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Results provide preliminary support for the KKIS-SCD as a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of executive components of self-care management skills for youth with SCD. Identifying specific weaknesses in executive function related to self-care management skills might assist in guiding intervention and individualizing transition planning in these at-risk youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
Forecasting the probability of future groundwater levels declining below specified low thresholds in the conterminous U.S.

We present a logistic regression approach for forecasting the probability of future groundwater levels declining or maintaining below specific groundwater-level thresholds. We tested our approach on 102 groundwater wells in different climatic regions and aquifers of the United States that are part of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Climate Response Network. We evaluated the importance of current groundwater levels, precipitation, streamflow, seasonal variability, Palmer Drought Severity Index, and atmosphere/ocean indices for developing the logistic regression equations. Several diagnostics of model fit were used to evaluate the regression equations, including testing of autocorrelation of residuals, goodness-of-fit metrics, and bootstrap validation testing. The probabilistic predictions were most successful at wells with high persistence (low month-to-month variability) in their groundwater records and at wells where the groundwater level remained below the defined low threshold for sustained periods (generally three months or longer). The model fit was weakest at wells with strong seasonal variability in levels and with shorter duration low-threshold events. We identified challenges in deriving probabilistic-forecasting models and possible approaches for addressing those challenges.
Machine learning and data science in materials design: a themed collection

Guest Editors Andrew Ferguson and Johannes Hachmann introduce this themed collection of papers showcasing the latest research leveraging data science and machine learning approaches to guide the understanding and design of hard, soft, and biological materials with tailored properties, function and behaviour.
Teaching Corporate Social Responsibility In An MBA Program

This paper discusses the topic of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and proposes that CSR should be taught in an MBA program and, more specifically, in a Managerial Accounting course of an MBA program. CSR aligns strongly with other managerial accounting topics typically taught in an MBA Program such as the balanced scorecard and triple-bottom line reporting. In putting forward this suggestion, this paper proposes a definition of CSR, reviews recent literature relating to CSR, and provides several strategies for teaching and assessing students’ understanding and appreciation of CSR. In the results section of the paper, a content analysis of student essays provides an insight into how students view CSR. The paper concludes with an overview of what is attainable by teaching CSR in a Managerial Accounting MBA course.
Reduction of influenza virus transmission from mice immunized against conserved viral antigens is influenced by route of immunization and choice of vaccine antigen

Transmission of influenza virus between susceptible hosts mediates spread of infection in the population and can occur via direct-contact or airborne routes. Mathematical models suggest that vaccines that reduce viral transmission from infected individuals could substantially reduce viral spread in an epidemic or pandemic, even if they do not completely protect against infection. Vaccines targeting conserved nucleoprotein (A/NP) and matrix 2 (M2) antigens of influenza virus do not completely prevent infection upon influenza virus challenge, but reduce viral replication, morbidity, and mortality. Using a mouse model of influenza virus transmission, we have previously shown that immunization with recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing the combination of A/NP and M2 can reduce viral transmission to unimmunized contacts. Here we demonstrate that transmission reduction is more effective when mice are immunized against A/NP and M2 intranasally than via the intramuscular route. We show that immunization against the combination of A/NP and M2 is more effective at reducing transmission than either antigen alone, with a clear hierarchy of effectiveness (A/NP + M2 > A/NP > M2). Transmission reduction is seen to a similar degree under both direct-contact and airborne transmission conditions. Finally, using seroconversion as an indicator of infection, we show that immunizing contact mice against A/NP and M2 prevents a significant fraction (∼50%) from becoming infected under direct-contact conditions. These findings suggest that when strain-matched vaccines are unavailable, conserved antigen vaccines could not only reduce severity of disease in vaccinated individuals but also limit the spread of virus during influenza epidemics or pandemics.
Does Contralateral Inhibition of Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Suggest Sex or Ear Laterality Effects

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine contralateral inhibition of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) in young adults with normal hearing as a function of ear and sex. Method...
Treatment and the Role of the Physician

Every year almost three-quarters of the nation’s 46 million smokers vow to stop. But very few do. In fact, those that can quit easily already have quit. And for those who keep trying, there is no shortage of programs available. There are a myriad of options, from proprietary ones like Smokenders to programs sponsored by nonprofit organizations and local groups such as the American Cancer Society and the YMCA.
LGB Patient and Mental Health

This chapter contains a case study of a young bisexual Hispanic man in the emergency department for suicidal ideation.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.
Numerical simulation of Water-alternating-gas Process for Optimizing EOR and Carbon Storage

Abstract As concerns around global warming increase, carbon capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS) is a promising way to reduce the emissions of the anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. Of those, sequestering the CO2 into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs with associated enhanced oil recovery is the most achievable approach under current economic constraints since it increases recovery of existing oil reserves, and bridges the gap between regional-scale CO2 capture and geologic sequestration. The Upper Devonian fluvial sandstone reservoirs in Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field in West Virginia, which have produced over 22 million barrels of oil since 1895, is an ideal candidate for CO2 sequestration coupled with EOR. This work illustrates an example of CCUS, in which CO2 is simultaneously sequestered and oil recovery enhanced in a depleted oil reservoir by water alternating gas (WAG) method. Three mechanisms for CO2 storage including structural/stratigraphic trapping, dissolution trapping and residual trapping are considered. This model is based on a highly detailed geological model constructed based on existing legacy geological data from the field. A composition model of 0.4 PVI of water injected before WAG process is considered as a benchmark for this study. The results of numerical simulation show that over 26 years of WAG injection, oil recovery increased from 0.16% to 1.9% due to various injection strategies. WAG injection rate, injection time ratio and cycle period play important roles in the storage CO2. As a conclusion, this research constructs and validates a basic workflow for CO2 storage and CO2-EOR that can be applied to other super-mature oil fields, which have abundant conventional legacy data and limited high-quality data.
Efficient Trajectory Generation for Robotic Systems Constrained by Contact Forces.

In this work, we propose a trajectory generation method for robotic systems with contact force constraint based on optimal control and reachability analysis. Normally, the dynamics and constraints of the contact-constrained robot are nonlinear and coupled to each other. Instead of linearizing the model and constraints, we directly solve the optimal control problem to obtain the feasible state trajectory and the control input of the system. A tractable optimal control problem is formulated which is addressed by dual approaches, which are sampling-based dynamic programming and rigorous reachability analysis. The sampling-based method and Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) are used to break down the end-to-end trajectory generation problem via sample-wise optimization in terms of given conditions. The result generates sequential pairs of subregions to be passed to reach the final goal. The reachability analysis ensures that we will find at least one trajectory starting from a given initial state and going through a sequence of subregions. The distinctive contributions of our method are to enable handling the intricate contact constraint coupled with system's dynamics due to the reduction of computational complexity of the algorithm. We validate our method using extensive numerical simulations with a legged robot.