cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approximate method for analyzing transient condensation on spray in HYLIFE-II

The HYLIFE-II conceptual design calls for analysis of highly transient condensation on droplets to achieve a rapidly decaying pressure field. Drops exposed to the required transient vapor pressure field are first heated by condensation but later begin to reevaporate after the vapor temperature falls below the drop surface temperature. An approximate method of analysis has been developed based on the assumption that the thermal resistance is concentrated in the liquid. The time dependent boundary condition is treated via the Duhamel integral for the pure conduction model. The resulting Nusselt number is enhanced to account for convection within the drop and then used to predict the drop mean temperature history. Many histories are considered to determine the spray rate necessary to achieve the required complete condensation.
An optimal spacecraft scheduling model for the NASA deep space network

A computer model is described which uses mixed-integer linear programming to provide optimal DSN spacecraft schedules given a mission set and specified scheduling requirements. A solution technique is proposed which uses Bender's method and a heuristic starting algorithm.
Recrystallization Behavior of the Magnesium Alloy ZE20

Understanding and predicting the evolution of recrystallized microstructures is an important part of the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) toolset required for magnesium alloys. In this study, the recrystallization behavior of a new magnesium-rare earth alloy, ZE20, was investigated at typical temperatures (i.e. 375 °C, and 425 °C). The characteristics of recrystallization in ZE20 were analyzed via microscopic observations. The recrystallization microstructure was characterized and quantified using a Grain Orientation Spread (GOS) technique based on electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) scans. The evolution of texture and grain size during recrystallization at 425 °C was examined by EBSD analysis. Static recrystallization kinetics at both temperatures was obtained experimentally and modeled using the JMAK relationship.
The effects of clouds on the light produced by lightning

A Monte Carlo simulation of the effects of finite clouds on the light impulses was produced by point and finite lightning sources within cubical, cylindrical, and spherical clouds. It is shown that absorption is essentially negligible in the visible and near infrared. The fractions of photons which escape various cloud surfaces are a function of position and geometry of the source. The light emission is high for intracloud discharges and the incloud portion of cloud to ground discharges. It is concluded that the characteristic dimensions of the light escaping from a cloud surface are typically 60 to 70% of the cloud dimensions while the time broadening of an impulse by multiple scattering can be tens of microseconds or more.
Portraits of the Undocumented Immigrant: A Dialogue

Few subjects can match the pure polarizing power of illegal immigration. Yet the scholarly literature has made surprisingly little effort even to identify, much less evaluate, the critical philosophical and empirical assumptions that have driven either the perceptions or the policy prescriptions of the opposing camps. This article seeks to fill that gap. Through a spirited dialogue between two fictional professors with sharply differing views, it paints contrasting portraits of undocumented immigrants. Two patterns emerge. First, the more restrictive positions invariably reflect what this article calls “aggregation” – a tendency to visualize undocumented immigrants en masse and to emphasize their collective impact on the host society. The less restrictive position, on the other hand, starts with a mental picture of the individual undocumented immigrant and thus emphasizes the impact of proposed policies on that individual. Second, the stricter view almost always emphasizes the lawbreaker component of undocumented immigrants’ identities, while the more lenient view almost always emphasizes the resident component. Because these differing depictions are necessary predicates for the opposing arguments, the article draws on the social science literature to test their empirical validity. While the impact of illegal immigration on the larger society cannot be reliably described as either a net positive or a net negative, the effects of the various policy proposals on the immigrants’ individual interests tend to be more clearly positive or negative. The data also reveal that undocumented immigrants behave far more like other residents than like other lawbreakers. The article uses these findings to offer a normative case for leniency.
Most Prolific Authors in the Finance Literature: 1959-2008

This paper presents an update of an earlier paper published in the Journal of Finance Literature [Cooley and Heck, 2005] that ranked authors over an earlier 50-year period. There is a remarkable group of prolific authors detailed in this study update: included are 977 prolific authors with 6 or more appearances in seven leading finance journals and 983 prolific authors with 10 or more appearances in 26 core finance journals. These authors demonstrate great durability in navigating the vagaries of referees and the demands of editors. They represent a small minority of thousands of authors during the period 1959 to 2008. Besides satisfying a natural curiosity of who the prolific authors are, examination of extreme performance provides perspective on research productivity in finance, as do the reported distributional statistics. The findings help in the formation of realistic expectations about scholarly work.
BESTSELLER LISTS AND PRODUCT VARIETY

This paper uses detailed weekly data on sales of hardcover fiction books to evaluate the impact of the New York Times bestseller list on sales and product variety. In order to circumvent the obvious problem of simultaneity of sales and bestseller status, the analysis exploits time lags and accidental omissions in the construction of the list. The empirical results indicate that appearing on the list leads to a modest increase in sales for the average book, and that the effect is more dramatic for bestsellers by debut authors. The paper discusses how the additional concentration of demand on top-selling books could lead to a reduction in the privately optimal number of books to publish. However, the data suggest the opposite is true: the market expansion effect of bestseller lists appears to dominate any business stealing from non-bestselling titles.
Hormonal aspects of experimental tumorigenesis.

Publisher Summary The exposition mill relate primarily to tumorigenesis or carcinogenesis and not to the effects of hormones on tumors. The factors associated with the origin of tumors may not be the same as those associated with compatibility to the environment provided by their host for progressive growth. This chapter emphasizes some similarities of the actions of some hormones and other carcinogenic agents before hormones in carcinogenesis are considered specifically. A neoplastic response to hormones is frequently limited to animals of some species or even to animals of some strains within a species. Hormones, in general, initiate few or no new responses in the body they regulate rates of responses for which cells possess intrinsic or potential capacities. The superficial association of hormones, predominantly growth- or hyperplasia-inducing hormones, with tumors of certain organs or tissues is demonstrated in the chapter. It is the more highly differentiated tissues or organs that are affected, the organs that respond in a cyclic fashion to cyclic changes in the hormonal environment. The numerous instances in which other carcinogenic stimuli can induce similar neoplastic responses predispose to the hypothesis that hormones may act indirectly. The changes induced by prolonged hormonal stimulation that leads to cancer may be nonspecific. The sequences of stages are often sufficiently long to be evident in many of the neoplastic responses to abnormal hormonal environments.
Strategies to improve medication adherence in patients with depression

.D., BCPS,is Pharmacy Clinical Specialist, Departmentof Pharmacy, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridge-port, CT.Address correspondence to Dr. Bucci atPfizer Inc., 200 Harbor Lights Drive,Southold, NY 11971 (kathryn.bucci@pfizer.com).Copyright © 2003, American Society ofHealth-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights re-served. 1079-2082/03/1202-2601$06.00.
The non-use of 9-1-1. Private transport of trauma patients to a trauma center.

Hypothesis: Privately transported, major trauma patients made up approximately 4% of the total trauma patients population at a major, regional trauma center which treats over 90% of all major trauma victims in the geographic area. This study was undertaken to evaluate the patient profile of those individuals who did not access 9-1-1 for transport to a trauma center, including their reasons for such non-use. Methods: Data on all major trauma occurring within Dade County, Florida, were collected by the county trauma registry. Results: In the last six months of 1989, 1,672 patients were entered into the trauma registry. One-thousand-six-hundred-thirteen (1,613) were transported by professional ground or air services, 59 by private vehicle. For those patients transported directly from the Emergency Department to the Operating Room, only 35% of private vehicle patients entered surgery within 90 minutes of presentation compared to 57% of those who gained access to the 9-1-1 system and used emergency medical services (EMS). One-half of those patients who did not use 9-1-1 did not have telephone access. Patient acuity was similar for those transported by private vehicle compared to those transported by basic or advanced life support units. Private vehicle transport often delayed patient triage and assessment. Thus, for a number of lower income patients, 9-1-1 access was difficult. Conclusion: Underestimation of the severity of the injury or fear of delay in rescue response were prominent reasons for non-use of 9-1-1. While educational efforts should concentrate on decreasing inappropriate 9-1-1 use for nonemergencies, the causes of underutilization should not be ignored.
Combining intracellular antibodies to restore function of mutated p53 in cancer

TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in 50% of cancers, and its function is tightly regulated by the E3 ligase, Mdm2. Both p53 and Mdm2 are localized in the cell nucleus, a site that is impervious to therapeutic regulation by most antibodies. We identified a cell-penetrating lupus monoclonal anti-DNA antibody, mAb 3E10, that targets the nucleus, and we engineered mAb 3E10 to function as an intranuclear transport system to deliver therapeutic antibodies into the nucleus as bispecific single chain Fv (scFv) fragments. Bispecific scFvs composed of 3E10 include PAb421 (3E10-PAb421) that binds p53 and restores the function of mutated p53, and 3G5 (3E10-3G5) that binds Mdm2 and prevents destruction of p53 by Mdm2. We documented the therapeutic efficacy of these bispecific scFvs separately in previous studies. In this study, we show that combination therapy with 3E10-PAb421 and 3E10-3G5 augments growth inhibition of cells with p53 mutations compared to the effect of either antibody alone. By contrast, no enhanced response was observed in cells with wild-type p53 or in cells homozygous null for p53.
Estimation of boundary value processes applied to shape determination of a circular antenna from observations on the boundary

An estimation algorithm for shape determination of a circular antenna is described. A space-based antenna would require light-weight materials, making it difficult to place sensors in the interior of the antenna. Hence, sensors on the outer rim are considered. Due to its rapid dynamics, the antenna achieves an equilibrium shape quickly. Therefore, static models for the antenna shape are considered. The antenna deformations are modeled as elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (PDEs) with boundary conditions that describe a noncausal system. A smoothing algorithm is developed for antenna shape estimation using a homogenized antenna model, described by a single PDE. Approximate Green functions used in the smoother are calculated, and digital simulation methods can be applied. >
Object-oriented programming using SOM and DSOM

It provides a language-neutral environment for building object-oriented class libraries. It promotes optimum software reuse and features multiple language bindings that enhance bridge-building between object-oriented and procedural languages. Totally CORBA compliant, it represents a viable strategic solution to multiplatform, multivendor computing-providing transparent access to objects distributed across different address spaces on different machines. It is IBM's System Object Model (SOM), a remarkable new paradigm for developing and packaging object-oriented software on AIX/6000, OS/2, and Windows. In this new hands-on guide, programmers, system architects, and managers will discover exactly what SOM is and learn how it can best be used to design and implement object-oriented applications. Written in a clear, lucid style, Objected-Oriented Programming Using SOM and DSOM first delivers a global overview of SOM, clarifying the basic steps involved in creating SOM objects, and profiling the complete SOM system - exploding classes, metaclasses, inheritance, and method-resolution. From here, the guide shows how SOM complements C++ and breaks new ground in such important areas as Distributed Objects, Persistence Objects, and Replication.
Protein-protein interactions controlling nitric oxide synthases.

Nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms ranging from transcriptional to post-translational controls. Calmodulin has long been known to be an allosteric modulator of the three major NO synthases (NOS) Recent studies indicate that other proteins directly associate with NOS isoforms and regulate their activity or spatial distribution in the cell. Several proteins residing in or recruited to plasmalemmal caveolae of endothelial cells serve as allosteric regulators of endothelial NOS (eNOS) Caveolins, the resident scaffolding proteins of caveolae, and calmodulin undergo reciprocal Ca 2+ -dependent association and dissociation with eNOS in the caveolar membrane that inhibits (caveolins) and activates (calmodulin) eNOS activity. Other caveolar proteins appear to contribute to the eNOS-membrane complex, including the bradykinin B2 receptor, the angiotensin AT 1 receptor, the CAT1 arginine transporter, and Hsp90. Direct interactions of a variety of proteins bearing PDZ domains with the PDZ domain of neuronal NOS (nNOS) have been shown to influence the subcellular distribution and/or activity of the enzyme in brain and muscle. One of these proteins, PSD-93, co-localizes with a subpopulation of nNOS in the macula densa. Although considerable emphasis has been placed on transcription as the principal step of regulation for inducible NOS (iNOS), our laboratory has recently defined a regulatory interaction of iNOS with Rho family GTPases. While the role of protein-eNOS interactions in the control of vascular tone has been increasingly clarified, the interactions and regulatory importance of protein association with nNOS and iNOS in the vasculature and kidney remains to be explored.
A multi-axial constitutive model for metal matrix composites

Abstract Metal matrix composites (MMCs) generally do not follow the classical plasticity theory, even though the matrix metals do deform plastically. A tension–compression yield asymmetry is typically observed in MMCs. For particulate-reinforced MMCs, this non-classical response is mainly due to the variation of damage evolution with loading modes. In this paper, a viscoplastic multi-axial constitutive model for plastic deformation of MMCs is constructed using the Mises–Schleicher yield criterion. The subsequent plastic flow is characterized by an associated and decomposed flow rule considering effects from both deviatoric and hydrostatic stresses. This model is capable of describing the multi-axial yield and flow behavior of MMCs by using simulated or measured asymmetric tensile and compressive stress–strain responses as input. As an example, the influence of damage evolution in terms of interfacial debonding in MMCs (obtained from FEM simulations) is incorporated through the different tensile and compressive stress–strain behaviors. Applying this model to predict the torsion and the pressure-dependant tensile responses of some commonly used MMCs provides good agreement with experimental data.
Effect of controlled temperature environments on oil content and on fatty acid composition of corn oil

Total oil content and fatty acid composition of germ and endosperm oil were determined on grain from three inbred lines and one variety of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in four phytotron environments and one standard greenhouse environment during seed maturation. Pronounced differences occurred with reversals for relative percentages of oleic and linoleic acids of germ oil for one inbred line and for the variety. Comparative trends were generally less pronounced for two of the inbred lines. Differences among environments were less evident for palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids of germ oil and for the fatty acids of the endosperm oil. Total oil was lowest for two inbred lines and the variety grown in the high temperature environment (30 C day/26 C night). The magnitude of temperature effects on oil content and oil composition varied among the four corn genotypes.
CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) Are Involved in Complement-Independent Antibody-Mediated Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

IgM and IgA to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) promote complement-independent phagocytosis by macrophages with efficiency comparable to that of IgG1. IgM- and IgA-mediated phagocytosis of C. neoformans was proportional to CR3 expression, inhibited by Abs to CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18), and dramatically reduced with macrophages of CD18-deficient mice. IgM and IgA promoted ingestion of yeast cells by CHO cells expressing CR3 and CR4. In contrast, IgG1-mediated phagocytosis was only partially inhibited by Abs to CR3 and CR4. Phagocytosis by IgM and IgA but not IgG1 was inhibited by soluble GXM, which binds CD18. Involvement of CR in antibody-mediated complement-independent phagocytosis indicates a new link between innate and adaptive immune systems.
What sets temperature gradients in galaxy clusters? Implications for non-thermal pressure support and mass–observable scaling relations

We present a spherically symmetric model for the origin and evolution of the temperature profiles in the hot plasma filling galaxy groups and clusters. We find that the gas in clusters is generically not isothermal, and that the temperature declines with radius at large distances from the cluster center (outside the core- and scale radii). This temperature profile is determined by the accretion history of the halo, and is not quantitatively well-described by a polytropic model. We explain quantitatively how the large-scale temperature gradient persists in spite of thermal conduction and convection. These results are a consequence of the cosmological assembly of clusters and cannot be reproduced with non-cosmological simulations of isolated halos. We show that the variation in halo assembly histories produces a ~10% scatter in temperature at fixed mass. On top of this scatter, conduction decreases the temperature of the gas near the scale radius in massive clusters, which may bias hydrostatic mass estimates inferred from x-ray and SZ observations. As an example application of our model profiles, we use mixing-length theory to estimate the turbulent pressure support created by the magnetothermal instability (MTI): in agreement with our earlier MHD simulations, we find that the convection produced by the MTI can provide ~5% non-thermal pressure support near r_500. The magnitude of this turbulent pressure support is likely to be non-monotonic in halo mass, peaking in ~10^14.5 M_sun halos.
A Lattice Boltzmann Bluff Body Model for VIV Suppression

In this paper, the suitability of a mesoscopic approach involving a single phase Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is examined. In contrast, to continuum based numerical models, where only space and time are discrete, the discrete variables of the LB model are space, time and particle velocity. With reference to the Boltzmann equation of classical kinetic theory, the distribution of fluid molecules is represented by particle distribution functions. The LB method simulates fluid flow by tracking particle distributions. It is notable that the formulation avoids the need to include the Poisson equation. An elastic-collision scheme with no-slip walls is prescribed. The central idea behind proposing the present formulation is many fold. One goal is to capture smaller scales naturally, postponing the need of applying empirical turbulence models. Another goal is to get further insight into nonlinearities in steep and breaking free surfaces to improve current continuum mechanics solutions. Although the long term goal is to predict bluff-body high Reynolds number flows and breaking water waves, the present study is limited to laminar flow simulations and continuous free surfaces. The case studies presented include bluff bodies embedded in Reynolds number flows in the order of 100–200. The free surface test cases represent bore propagation past a single and multiple structures. The 2-D uniform grid solutions are compared with findings reported in the literature. Vortex patterns are studied when single or several objects are located in the bluff-body wakes. From a mitigation point of view, the model presents an easy means of re-arranging bluff bodies to study optimum solutions for VIV suppression with/without a free surface.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Controlled Synthesis of Heteropolytypic (Mixed-Layer) Clay Minerals

The conditions for the formation of various heteropolytypic or mixed-layer phases were determined in a hydrothermal study of synthetic mixtures along the join talc—Na-saponite—Na-phlogopite composition. Heteropolytypes of talc and saponite from compositions between talo and a saponite solid solution and of saponite and a 10 A sodium mica (Na-phlogopite?) from compositions lying between saponite solid solutions and Na-phlogopite have been prepared reproducibly. At 1 kb in the temperature range 450-575° C, randomly stacked heteropolytypic phases were formed and persisted. At higher pressures the regular heteropolytypes (regularly interstratified or mixed-layer minerals), generally 1:1 phases, were formed. The genesis of heteropolytypes in nature is discussed on the basis of these results.
A nitrilotriacetic acid monooxygenase with conditional NADH-oxidase activity

Abstract A tertiary amine monoxygenase from a Pseudomonas sp. was partially purified (35-fold) and characterized. In the presence of nitrilotriacetate (NTA), O2, NADH, and Mn2+, the enzyme yielded two sets of products: iminodiacetate, glyoxylate, NAD+ and H2O; or H2O2 and NAD+. Which set of products predominated was a function of enzyme concentration, ionic strength of solution, pH, and cation supplied. NTA functioned both as a modifiable substrate and as a stimulator of NADH oxidase activity. A requirement for preincubation with Mn2+ and NTA to eliminate enzyme hysteresis and the similar Km values for NTA and Mn2+ suggested that the substrate and metal were bound as a unit by the enzyme.
Functional Characteristics and Catalytic Mechanisms of the Bacterial Hyaluronan Synthases

The first gene for a glycosaminoglycan synthase to be cloned was the hyaluronan (HA) synthase from S. pyogenes, which we reported in 1993. Since then, at least 20 bacterial, viral, or eukaryotic HA synthase gene or cDNA sequences and two bacterial chondroitin synthase genes have been reported. During the last decade a great deal has been elucidated about the structure, function, and mechanisms of action of the bacterial HA synthases, which are the focus of this review. Very rapid progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of HA synthesis by the HA synthase from Pasteurella multocida. Although little of this information is applicable to understanding the mechanism of action of streptococcal HA synthases, good progress has also been made in understanding how these latter enzymes work.
LTP induction threshold change in old rats at the perforant path--granule cell synapse.

Abstract Old, memory-deficient rats do not show a change in the threshold for long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in hippocampal region CA1. This observation suggests that defective NMDA receptor mechanisms at the Schaffer collateral—CA1 pyramidal cell synapse cannot explain age-related LTP induction deficits that are observed under some stimulation protocols. The effects of aging on functional electrophysiology are not, however, identical between hippocampal subregions. In fact, at the perforant path—granule cell synapse of rats NMDA receptor-mediated responses are reduced, suggesting a possible change in the threshold for LTP induction at this synapse. This hypothesis was tested in the present experiment. We found that when weak orthodromic stimulation of medial perforant path fibers is paired with intracellular current injection of granule cells, the threshold for LTP induction is elevated in aged, spatial memory-impaired rats compared to middle-aged and young controls. Thus, in addition to there being fewer total medial perforant path synaptic contacts in old rats, greater depolarization and input convergence is required before durable modification of synaptic strength can be induced.
Reversal of Female Infertility by Chk2 Ablation Reveals the Oocyte DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway

Genetic errors in meiosis can lead to birth defects and spontaneous abortions. Checkpoint mechanisms of hitherto unknown nature eliminate oocytes with unrepaired DNA damage, causing recombination-defective mutant mice to be sterile. Here, we report that checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2 or Chek2), is essential for culling mouse oocytes bearing unrepaired meiotic or induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Female infertility caused by a meiotic recombination mutation or irradiation was reversed by mutation of Chk2. Both meiotically programmed and induced DSBs trigger CHK2-dependent activation of TRP53 (p53) and TRP63 (p63), effecting oocyte elimination. These data establish CHK2 as essential for DNA damage surveillance in female meiosis and indicate that the oocyte DSB damage response primarily involves a pathway hierarchy in which ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signals to CHK2, which then activates p53 and p63.
Paper: Finite time interval linear system identification without initial state estimation

A deterministic least squares formulation is given for identifying the parameters of a class of linear multivariable differential systems based on input-output data observed over a finite time interval which circumvents the need for estimating the initial state of the system. The formulation allows for unknown disturbances to the extent that such disturbances can be modeled by the free response of a linear differential equation. It is shown that a unique solution to the normal equations is obtained if the component functions of the input-output data, together with a certain number of their derivatives, are linearly independent on the observation interval. Results are summarized of a computer simulation of the method. These results indicate that good accuracy can be achieved even for very small signal to noise ratios when the disturbances can be modeled by uncontrollable modes on the observation interval.
Analysis of dependencies in advanced transaction models

Transactional dependencies play an important role in coordinating and executing the subtransactions in advanced transaction processing models, such as, nested transactions and workflow transactions. Researchers have formalized the notion of transactional dependencies and have shown how various advanced transaction models can be expressed using different kinds of dependencies. Incorrect specification of dependencies can result in unpredictable behavior of the advanced transaction, which, in turn, can lead to unavailability of resources and information integrity problems. In this work, we focus on how to correctly specify dependencies in an advanced transaction. We enumerate the different kinds of dependencies that may be present in an advanced transaction and classify them into two broad categories: event ordering and event enforcement dependencies. Different event ordering and event enforcement dependencies in an advanced transaction often interact in subtle ways resulting in conflicts and redundancies. We describe the different types of conflicts that can arise due to the presence of multiple dependencies and describe how one can detect such conflicts. An advanced transaction may also contain redundant dependencies--these are dependencies that can be logically derived from other dependencies. We show how such extraneous dependencies can be eliminated to get an equivalent set of dependencies that has the same effect as the original set. Our dependency analysis is done in the context of a generalized advanced transaction model that is capable of expressing different kinds of advanced transactions.
Incentive-compatible guaranteed renewable health insurance premiums

Theoretical models of guaranteed renewable insurance display front-loaded premium schedules. Such schedules both cover lifetime total claims of low-risk and high-risk individuals and provide an incentive for those who remain low-risk to continue to purchase the policy. Questions have been raised of whether actual individual insurance markets in the US approximate the behavior predicted by these models, both because young consumers may not be able to "afford" front-loading and because insurers may behave strategically in ways that erode the value of protection against risk reclassification. In this paper, the optimal competitive age-based premium schedule for a benchmark guaranteed renewable health insurance policy is estimated using medical expenditure data. Several factors are shown to reduce the amount of front-loading necessary. Indeed, the resulting optimal premium path increases with age. Actual premium paths exhibited by purchasers of individual insurance are close to the optimal renewable schedule we estimate. Finally, consumer utility associated with the feature is examined.
Elasticity of semiflexible polymers in two dimensions

We study theoretically the entropic elasticity of a semiflexible polymer, such as DNA, confined to two dimensions. Using the worm-like-chain model we obtain an exact analytical expression for the partition function of the polymer pulled at one end with a constant force. The force-extension relation for the polymer is computed in the long chain limit in terms of Mathieu characteristic functions. We also present applications to the interaction between a semiflexible polymer and a nematic field, and derive the nematic order parameter and average extension of the polymer in a strong field.
"Adapt, adjust, accommodate": the production of yoga in a transnational world

The Divine Life Society (DLS) is a spiritual organization founded by Swami Sivananda of Rishikesh, India. Sivananda's DLS, including associated centers across India and abroad, has figured prominently in expanding the role of yoga as a tool for the development of modern India. In this paper, Sivananda's own poetry and the many pamphlets and books produced by this noted swami, his contemporaries, and his successors through the 20th century in India serve to highlight ways that the promotion and practice of yoga has contributed to the ongoing Indian nationalist project. In addition, yoga is viewed from the perspective of the transnational and global forces that have become dominant in the latter half of the 20th century.
Primary ionization coefficients for dry and moist air; secondary ionization coefficients for a water surface

A comparison has been made between the Townsend primary ionization coefficient, α, for dry air and for air with humidities typical of those in the atmosphere. α is defined as the number of new electrons produced by an electron per centimeter of drift in a field. A range of field/pressure ratios,E/p 0, of 40 to 100 V (cm torr)−1 was employed. The variation of α with humidity is very small. Over the range ofE/p 0 from 50 to 100 V (cm torr)−1, the secondary ionization coefficient, γ, of a water surface has been found from sparking potential data to be typically 2×10−4. γ represents the fraction of primary ionizing collisions that ultimately result in the production of additional electrons at the surface.
A generalization of leftmost derivations

A generalization of leftmost derivation called depth-first derivation is defined. The main result, that the depth-first derivations of an arbitrary phrase-structure grammar generate a context-free language, is proved using a new technique in which families of equivalent depth-first derivations of one grammar are represented by single productions in a new grammar. This result is related to several others, including an analogous result for leftmost derivations, through the theorem of B. Baker [1] that every terminal-bounded grammar generates a context-free language.
Evaluation of the antireflux mechanism following laparoscopic fundoplication

Background Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is an effective procedure for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), but the underlying motility mechanisms that explain the success of this operation remain unclear. Methods Twenty patients with a history of GORD underwent stationary oesophageal manometry and prolonged ambulatory pH monitoring, both before and 3 months after fundoplication. Results Eighteen patients were completely cured of reflux symptoms and stopped all antireflux medication after operation. After fundoplication there was a significant increase (P<0·01) in median resting lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure and length. Median residual LOS pressure during swallow-induced LOS relaxation also increased significantly after operation (P<0·01). The number of reflux episodes decreased from a median of 48 to 3 after fundoplication (P<0·01). The time at pH less than 4 decreased from 5·7 to 0 per cent in the supine position (P<0·01), and from 9·8 to 0·2 per cent while upright (P<0·001). Conclusion Early subjective results at 3 months following laparoscopic antireflux surgery show improved symptoms. One of the mechanisms underlying the antireflux action of fundoplication is an increase in median residual LOS pressure at the gastro-oesophageal junction. This may be a purely mechanical effect of the fundic wrap extrinsic to the LOS.
Re‐upping the Contract with Sociology: Charles Mills's Racial Contract Revisited a Decade Later

Since its publishing in 1997, Charles Mills's The Racial Contract has changed the way in which sociologists think about and practice the study of race and racism. Nevertheless, it is my belief that this work has not received its rightful place among other canonical works within the field. This article, then, is an attempt to show the utility and creativity within which this work has been used by a number of scholars within the critical race discourse. For it is this body of work that holds the most promise for not only opening new doors in the study of race and racism, but also for liberating us from the racial contract under which we live.
Value as a measure of tourism performance in the era of globalization: conceptual considerations and empirical findings.

In general, both the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) consider the trends of tourist arrivals and receipts as indicators in comparing the performance of destinations and regions. These considerations are based on the annual average percentage change in arrivals and receipts and a comparison that is made across time. This methodology is incomplete, however, particularly in light of the new exigencies of globalization. The study proposes an alternative approach based on the concept of value. Value is founded on the premises of microeconomics, and it provides more reliable and effective information to improve the quality of both policy formulation and business decisions. Using partial correlation analysis, the study introduced a time trend variable as a proxy of value. The study developed a panel of observations from 1986 to 2001 for 32 countries worldwide. In terms of performance, the results of the alternative approach differ dramatically from those obtained in conventional methodology.
Effective switch memory management in OpenFlow networks

OpenFlow networks require installation of flow rules in a limited capacity switch memory (Ternary Content Addressable Memory or TCAMs, in particular) from a logically centralized controller. A controller can manage the switch memory in an OpenFlow network through events that are generated by the switch at discrete time intervals. Recent studies have shown that data centers can have up to 10,000 network flows per second per server rack today. Increasing the TCAM size to accommodate these large number of flow rules is not a viable solution since TCAM is costly and power hungry. Current OpenFlow controllers handle this issue by installing flow rules with a default idle timeout after which the switch automatically evicts the rule from its TCAM. This results in inefficient usage of switch memory for short lived flows when the timeout is too high and in increased controller workload for frequent flows when the timeout is too low.In this context, we present SmartTime - an OpenFlow controller system that combines an adaptive timeout heuristic to compute efficient idle timeouts with proactive eviction of flow rules, which results in effective utilization of TCAM space while ensuring that TCAM misses (or controller load) does not increase. To the best of our knowledge, SmartTime is the first real implementation of an intelligent flow management strategy in an OpenFlow controller that can be deployed in current OpenFlow networks. In our experiments using multiple real data center packet traces and cache sizes, SmartTime adaptive policy consistently outperformed the best performing static idle timeout policy or random eviction policy by up to 58% in terms of total cost.
Porous polysilsesquioxanes for the adsorption of phenols.

Arylene- and ethylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane materials have been synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxysilyl precursors under basic conditions. Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride was used to increase the porosity and surface areas of these materials via the surfactant template approach. Structural characterization of these materials was carried out by nitrogen gas sorption and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption of three phenolic compounds (4-nitrophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 4-methylphenol) has been investigated by both batch and column testing. The arylene-bridged material exhibited a much greater affinity for all three phenols. The efficient removal of adsorbed phenols by a simple ethanol wash led to sorbent regeneration and separation of the aromatic species.
Characterization of thermo-optic coefficient and material loss of high refractive index silica sol-gel films in the visible and near-IR

Over the past several decades, silica sol-gel materials have attracted significant interest from the optics community because of their extremely versatile synthesis method. Because silica sol gels are fabricated using liquid precursors, dopants can be directly and uniformly incorporated into the silica matrix. Additionally, judicious selection of the dopant material and sol-gel catalyst allows the refractive index of the final silica film to be tuned over a wide range. Tuning the refractive index of silica materials enables the direct integration of silica devices on a silicon substrate, benefiting applications in telecommunications and integrated optics. While previous materials characterizations studies have focused primarily on the near-IR, given the rapidly emerging field of biophotonics, it is equally important to understand how these materials behave at visible wavelengths. In the present work, thin silica sol-gel films are formed from either tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) with titanium butoxide (Ti(OBu)4). We characterized the basic material properties using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and ellipsometry. In addition, by spin-coating the sol gel films onto optical resonant cavities, we determined the thermo-optic coefficient and the transmission loss of the material at both visible and near-IR wavelengths. The addition of titanium allows the films’ refractive index, material loss, and thermo-optic coefficient to be tuned, making these films useful for integrated optics and sensing applications.
Mesolimbic dopamine system in alcohol-preferring rats

The mesolimbic dopamine system of the brain, in particular the nucleus accumbens (Acb), is long known to be involved in reward behavior. When compared with the alcohol-nonpreferring NP rats, the alcohol-preferring P rats exhibit lower dopamine (DA) levels in the Acb as well as in other forebrain areas (20). In the present study, the DA innervation density, as determined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, was found lower in the selective cingulum cortex and the shell of the Acb of the P compared with that of NP rats. These structures cluster in the medial aspect of the mesolimbic system. There were no differences in other major DA mesolimbic brain regions. The subpopulation of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projecting to the Acb was found to be smaller in the P than in the NP rats, as shown by horseradish peroxidase tracing and TH immunocytochemistry double staining. However, the total number of the DA neurons in the VTA, the major mesolimbic DA center, was found to be similar in the P and NP rats. These results indicate a selective reduction of catecholaminergic innervation in the dopaminergic medial mesolimbic system in the P rats and suggest that the P and NP rat lines should be a useful model for the investigation of DA involvement in alcohol drinking as well as other reinforced behaviors.
Variational inequalities for international general financial equilibrium modeling and computation

In this paper, a variational inequality approach for modeling competitive general international financial equilibrium is presented, within which general utility functions and taxes, transaction costs, and price policy interventions are explicitly incorporated. The paper examines taxes that depend both on the origin and on the type of investing sector, and price policy interventions that allow the monetary authorities to set upper and lower prices for all instruments and currencies. The optimal composition of assets and liabilities for each sector of each country, as well as the prices of the instruments and the exchange rates, in terms of a basic currency are obtained. We present both qualitative properties of the equilibrium pattern, and propose an algorithm for the computation of the pattern along with convergence results. Finally, we study the special case where the utility function is quadratic and we apply the proposed algorithm in order to compute the equilibrium pattern for a series of numerical examples.
Comparison of Pheromone Trap Designs for Monitoring Z-Strain European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Several pheromone trap designs have been reported as being effective for monitoring European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Field experiments were conducted during 1995-1996 at Rosemount and Le Sueur, MN, to determine the most efficient pheromone trap design for monitoring Z-strain O. nubilalis males. Designs tested included several versions of the Hartstack wire-mesh cone trap, a nylon-mesh cone trap, an aerial water-pan trap, and a bucket trap. In addition to total catch, we compared the timing of O. nubilalis flights based on Hartstack and blacklight trap data. The conventional Hartstack trap, with a 75-cm base, was the most efficient pheromone trap for O. nubilalis males. There was also no significant difference between the Hartstack trap counts and the number of males captured in the blacklight trap at both Rosemount and Le Sueur during 1995. However, the Hartstack trap detection of 50%peak moth flight was delayed 4-15 d when compared with nearby blacklight traps.
Avian scale development. Absence of an “epidermal placode” in reticulate scale morphogenesis

Timed-sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo "epidermal placode" formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an "epidermal placode" and its subsequent morphogenesis result in disticnt outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface.
The change in aggregate budget behavior in the 1990s: a cointegration-error correction model analysis

Using data from 1955 to 2005, the estimates presented imply a long-run equilibrium relation between U.S. federal government revenues and expenditures, but one that is consistent with a continuous expansion in the deficit. There is evidence of a structural break that led to deficit reduction and surpluses from 1996 to 2001, which coincides with several noteworthy economic and political outcomes including the only time when a Democratic administration and Republican Congress were in power simultaneously. The results support the view of a long-run deficit bias in federal budget decision-making. Absent behavior similar to that of the late 1990s, a change in budget rules may be needed to avoid the large deficits forecasted under current law.
Graphene optoelectronics: Plasmons get tuned up.

Plasmons in graphene nanoribbons have widely tunable frequencies and interact strongly with light.
Tattoos: a review of tattoo practices and potential treatment options for removal.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to present an overview of tattoo practices, complications and treatment options relevant to the pediatric population.Recent findingsTattoos are popular among adolescents for a variety of reasons and may be associated with other high-risk behaviors. Rese
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Overwhelmed by the demands of her medical practice, a dedicated primary care doctor makes the difficult decision to change jobs. Even more difficult is saying goodbye to her patients.