cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new species of Arthroderma established according to biological species concepts.

Attempted matings of single ascospore strains of A rthroderma quadrifldum Dawson & Gentles from diverse geographic regions have not always met with success (Dawson and Gentles, 1961; Weitzman, 1964; Tsao, 1964; and Pore, 1965). Nor have the same authors always been able to induce mating in strains from the same region. The possibility that more than one species is being dealt with is therefore considered. Further, species descriptions of Trichophyton terrestre Durie & Frey (1957), A quadrifldum Dawson & Gentles (1961), and Ctenomyces trichophyticus Szathmary & Herpay (1960) have not entirely corroborated one another. C. trichophyticus is A. quadrifldum according to Orr and Kuehn (1963) and Pore (1965). A similar problem with Nannizzia was treated by Stockdale (1963). It was determined that three species of Nannizzia, having identical Microsporum gypseum conidial types, were strictly infertile with one another and therefore distinct species. The lack of fertility between species is the basis for the establishment of biological species as defined by Dobzhansky (1951) and Mayr (1942).
Ion optical design data for the quadrupole mass filter

Abstract Phase-space dynamics has proved to be very valuable in studying problems of ion optical design for the quadrupole mass filter. The calculation of ion acceptance involves the computation of (2 × 2) matrices representing (a) one full cycle of the field beginning at a chosen phase, (b) partial cycles of the field beginning at the same phase, and (c) the appropriate fringing field of some given length in r.f. cycles. It is shown that under the usual operating conditions of the mass filter, all the matrix elements have simple relationships to the ( a, q ) values. Algebraic relationships are tabulated for both x and y directions for the full quadrupole field and for linear fringing fields of one, two and three r.f. cycles.
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND CULTURE

We address empirically the question of why international economic sanctions are, or are not, chosen as instruments of foreign policy and the question of what determines their success. We hypothesize that cultural linkages between nations are an important factor in explaining both instrument choice and conflict outcomes. Countries that share significant cultural attributes are found to be less likely to apply economic sanctions against one another than countries lacking such cultural ties. However, it is precisely in the case of culturally similar sender and target nations that sanctions are most likely to succeed.
Domain organization and phylogenetic analysis of proteins from the chitin deacetylase gene family of Tribolium castaneum and three other species of insects.

A bioinformatics investigation of four insect species with annotated genome sequences identified a family of genes encoding chitin deacetylase (CDA)-like proteins, with five to nine members depending on the species. CDAs (EC 3.5.1.41) are chitin-modifying enzymes that deacetylate the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine homopolymer. Partial deacetylation forms a heteropolysaccharide that also contains some glucosamine residues, while complete deacetylation produces the homopolymer chitosan, consisting exclusively of glucosamine. The genomes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the honey bee, Apis mellifera contain 9, 6, 5 and 5 genes, respectively, that encode proteins with a chitin deacetylase motif. The presence of alternative exons in two of the genes, TcCDA2 and TcCDA5, increases the protein diversity further. Insect CDA-like proteins were classified into five orthologous groups based on phylogenetic analysis and the presence of additional motifs. Group I enzymes include CDA1 and isoforms of CDA2, each containing in addition to a polysaccharide deacetylase-like catalytic domain, a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa). Group II is composed of CDA3 orthologs from each insect species with the same domain organization as group I CDAs, but differing substantially in sequence. Group III includes CDA4s, which have the ChBD domain but do not have the LDLa domain. Group IV comprises CDA5s, which are the largest CDAs because of a very long intervening region separating the ChBD and catalytic domains. Among the four insect species, Tribolium is unique in having four CDA genes in group V, whereas the other insect genomes have either one or none. Most of the CDA-like proteins have a putative signal peptide consistent with their role in modifying extracellular chitin in both cuticle and peritrophic membrane during morphogenesis and molting.
What can we actually get from program evaluation

This paper assesses the role program evaluation can play in assisting decisions on public programs. The author looks at evaluation from the standpoint of decisionmakers interested in finding out the “right” answers about their programs. The discussion focuses on the assistance that various types of evaluation can give to program managers and to policymakers concerned with legislative changes and budget levels. The paper includes recent examples of relevant evaluation work. The concluding section analyzes some of the problems decisionmakers face in trying to get reliable, useful evaluation.
Lymphoid organ and serologic responses of gnotobiotic and conventional chickens to infectious bronchitis virus and mixed infections of Mycoplasma synoviae and Escherichia coli.

Abstract Lymphoid organ and serologic responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and mixed infections of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated in gnotobiotic and conventional chickens. Infectious bronchitis virus combined with MS and EC significantly depressed relative thymus weight and body weight in conventional chickens but not in gnotobiotic chickens. Lymphocyte concentration was greater in the thymic cortex of conventional chickens. Foci of lymphocyte infiltration in the liver and bursal-dependent lymphoid follicles of the spleen were larger in the chickens infected with IBV without apparent influence from the indigenous microflora. Infection with IBV enhanced the immune response to MS.
Hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc) in blood donors in the United States: implications for surrogate testing programs

: In order to evaluate the operational implications of excluding donated blood with antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), the American Red Cross tested 107,473 voluntary blood donations for anti- HBc in 72 test sites during a 1-week period. The system-wide prevalence of anti-HBc was 2.60 percent, with a range of 0.55 to 6.38 percent, depending on geographic region. For the American Red Cross, which collects approximately one-half of the blood supply in the United States, excluding donated blood with anti-HBc would result in a loss of approximately 159,500 units during the first year.
IMMUNOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF FOOT-PAD ISOLATES AS MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE BY LEPROMIN REACTIVITY IN LEPROSY PATIENTS

Lepromin, a product containing Mycobacterium leprae from patients' tissues, fails to elicit skin reactions in lepromatous patients; this non-reactivity was utilized as a means of identifying the mycobacterium isolated in mouse foot-pads from leprosy patients. To do this a suspension of acid-fast bacilli prepared from mouse foot-pads infected with a typical isolate was compared to human lepromin. The isolate was in fourth passage, and the multiplication since first isolation had diluted the original inoculum to insignificant levels. Three preparations were tested: A, A foot-pad preparation containing 1.6 x 107 organisms/ml, B, lepromin diluted to the same bacillary content, and C, undiluted lepromin containing 4.2 x 107 organisms/ml. The reactions were compared in 34 lepromatous and 30 tuberculoid patients. All 34 lepromatous patients were negative in both early (Fernandez) and late (Mitsuda) reactions to all 3 antigens. In the tuberculoid patients the late reactions were positive in 66.7, 70.0 and 90.0 per cent to antigens A, B, and C, respectively. The size of the reactions to A and B were closely correlated in the individual patients. Experience in leprosy patients with suspensions prepared from 16 other mycobacterial cultures is reported or reviewed. None of them produced reactions that correlated with those of lepromin. Thus the lack of reactivity to lepromin of lepromatous patients appears to be a specific phenomenon. The results provide evidence that the foot-pad isolates and M. leprae are immunologically identical.
Radiolabeled particle entrapment in acute arterial ulcerations. A computer videotape analysis.

Abstract The extent and duration of Technetium-99m microaggregates of albumin entrapment in acute intimal arterial ulcerations was investigated by computer videotape analysis to determine the optimal period of time for arterial scanning.
Solute interactions in pure vanadium and V–4Cr–4Ti alloy

Abstract Room temperature electrical resistivity and microhardness measurements were performed on cold-worked pure vanadium, solution annealed and cold-worked V–4Cr–4Ti alloy and fusion weld material over the isochronal annealing temperature range from 200°C to 1200°C. The results suggest that Ti solutes in the vanadium alloy interact with interstitial O, C and N elements at temperatures of 200°C and higher. This interaction lowers the effective diffusivity of the interstitials in the alloys, which shifts the interaction of interstitials with dislocations to higher temperatures as compared to the cold-worked vanadium. Over temperature ranges associated with recovery and recrystallization, general trends showed that the hardness decreased and resistivity first decreased but then increased in each material. Microstructural changes caused by precipitation and by reduction in dislocation density during recrystallization may account for most of the differences observed in the measured properties of each material.
Use of a Sensitive Thyrotropin Assay for Monitoring Treatment With Levothyroxine

• To determine if a sensitive assay for thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) would be useful as a primary test to determine optimal doses of levothyroxine, an enzyme immunoassay for TSH that discriminated hyperthyroid from euthyroid subjects with no overlap was compared with radioimmunoassays for TSH and thyroxine (T4) and the calculated free thyroxine index (FTI) in 100 patients receiving stable doses of levothyroxine. The basal TSH level, determined with the sensitive assay, predicted the TSH response to thy rotropinreleasing hormone (TRH); all patients whose basal TSH level was less than 0.35 mU/L had absent or subnormal responses, and all patients with TSH levels of 0.35 mU/L or greater had normal responses. In patients with normal TSH levels, the T4level and FTI were superfluous (normal) or misleadingly high; conversely, 65% of patients with low TSH levels had normal T4levels or FTIs, or both. An assay for TSH with sufficient sensitivity to discriminate between abnormally low values and the low range of normal can be used as the primary test for monitoring levothyroxine treatment. The T4or FTI measurements are not needed if the TSH level is normal, but they should be done in patients with low TSH levels. (Arch Intern Med1989;149:309-312)
Assessing a Hybrid Format

As college instructors endeavor to integrate technology into their classrooms, the crucial question is, “How does this integration affect learning?” This article reports an assessment of a series of online modules the author designed and piloted for a business communication course that she presented in a hybrid format (a combination of computer classroom sessions and independent online work). The modules allowed the author to use classroom time for observation of and individualized attention to the composing process. Although anecdotal evidence suggested that this system was highly effective, other assessment tools provided varying results. An anonymous survey of the students who took this course confirmed that the modules were effective in teaching important concepts; however, a blind review of student work produced mixed results.
Postoperative Sexual Function

Rectal resection may impact the sexual function of both men and women. Postoperative sexual dysfunction occurs in as many as 60% of patients, depending upon the specific symptom studied. Studying the issue is complex because the underlying disease process, surgical technique, need for a stoma, adjuvant therapy, and preoperative sexual function all affect postoperative sexual function. The quality of the literature is limited by the lack of studies in which the authors use validated instruments. Even in that context, information on female patients is more limited than data on male patients. Improvements in surgical technique may help reduce postoperative sexual dysfunction while more complete information would improve patient counseling.
Energy Consumption of Resilience Mechanisms in Large Scale Systems

As HPC systems continue to grow to meet the requirements of tomorrow's exascale-class systems, two of the biggest challenges are power consumption and system resilience. On current systems, the dominant resilience technique is checkpoint/restart. It is believed, however, that this technique alone will not scale to the level necessary to support future systems. Therefore, alternative methods have been suggested to augment checkpoint/restart -- for example process replication. In this paper we address both resilience and power together, this is in contrast to much of the competed work which does so independently. Using an analytical model that accounts for both power consumption and failures, we study the performance of checkpoint and replication-based techniques on current and future systems and use power measurements from current systems to validate our findings. Lastly, in an attempt to optimize power consumption for replication, we introduce a new protocol termed shadow replication which not only reduces energy consumption but also produces faster response times than checkpoint/restart and traditional replication when operating under system power constraints.
Design of a binary chirped grating for near-field operation

An exact, analytic model for binary chirped gratings is presented together with a rigorous solution applicable in the electromagnetic regime. The solution employs a multiple scattering matrix formulation and boundary value problem techniques to determine the scattering coefficients of the diffracted fields in the fast polarization case, which in turn leads to an iterative algorithm for wavefront shaping and grating parameter design. Numerical examples on the design of a binary grating lens operating in the near field are presented with computer simulations. These show that under oblique plane wave illumination more than 90% of the diffracted power can be focused into a narrow beam of one wavelength of beamwidth over the image plane, which is located only 12 wavelengths away from the grating plane.
Sensory irritation structure-activity study of inhaled aldehydes in B6C3F1 and Swiss-Webster mice

Abstract The sensory irritation potential of a series of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and cyclic aldehydes was investigated in B6C3F1 and Swiss-Webster mice. With the reflex decrease in respiratory rate as the endpoint response, α,β-unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes yielded RD50 values (concentration which elicits a 50% decrease in respiratory rate) ranging from 1 to 5 ppm while saturated aliphatic aldehydes with two or more carbons produced RD50 values from 750 to 4200 ppm. Cyclic aldehydes produced intermediate RD50 values which ranged from 60 to 400 ppm. No statistically significant differences were found between concentration-response curves of B6C3F1 and Swiss-Webster mice. Saturated aliphatic aldehydes with two or more carbons were nearly 1000 times less potent than formaldehyde. Although the mechanisms responsible for stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings by airborne chemicals are poorly understood, several hypotheses may help to explain the differences seen in this study. For example, the sensory irritation potency of the saturated aliphatic aldehydes diminished with their reported dehydration constants which may determine the degree to which these aldehydes crosslink with receptor proteins. The sensory irritation potency of acrolein and crotonaldehyde was probably due to 1,2 or 1,4 addition reactions. Additionally, molecular conformation and a recently published physical mechanism may contribute to sensory irritation responses, particularly for the less reactive aldehydes. Tentative threshold limit values (TLVs), based upon prevention of sensory irritation, were extrapolated from the RD50 values of Swiss-Webster mice. With the exception of crotonaldehyde, good agreement was found with currently published TLVs.
Sources of variability in mutant frequency determinations in different organs of lacZ plasmid-based transgenic mice : Experimental features and statistical analysis

Sources of variability that may affect the measurement of mutant frequencies in lacZ plasmid-based transgenic mice, including rescue-to-rescue, animal-to-animal (within organ), and organ-to-organ, were studied in the context of some of the experimental features that distinguish this model from other currently used systems. Statistical analysis of repeated determinations of DNA from kidney, spleen, liver, lung, and brain indicated that 350,000 colony-forming units from each of three animals should be analyzed per treatment group in order to detect a 50% difference in mutant frequencies. Consideration is given to some of the experimental features of the transgenic assay system, including its positive selection system, its rescue efficiency, the ability to detect large deletions in the lacZ target genes, the contribution of Escherichia coli-derived mutations to the spontaneous mutant frequencies observed in vivo, and cost effectiveness of mutant frequency determinations.
The role of combined chemotherapy in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children.

Current therapy of rhabdomyosarcoma involves the use of several modalities of treatment: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The present controlled study was designed to evaluate the role of chemotherapy in the control of occult residual disease following surgery and radiotherapy. The results of this study support the adjunctive use of combined chemotherapy with actinomycin D and vincristine sulfate for 1 year in preventing growth of metastatic or recurrent disease when children are made grossly tumor free by surgery and radiotherapy. Twenty-four (85.7%) of 28 children in this category are disease free for periods greater than 2 years after initial treatment and a year of chemotherapy. Initial staging and the degree to which a patient can be made tumor free with primary definitive therapy are the most significant variables in prognosis. Vinblastine was not useful in the treatment of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma.
Optimal transition paths of stochastic chemical kinetic systems

We present a new framework for finding the optimal transition paths of metastable stochastic chemical kinetic systems with large system sizes. The optimal transition paths are identified, in terms of reaction advancement coordinates, to be the most probable paths according to large deviation theory for the limiting dynamics governed by stochastic differential equations. Dynamical equations for the optimal transition paths are obtained using the variational principle. A multiscale minimum action method is proposed as a numerical scheme to solve the optimal transition paths. Applications to the toggle switch model are presented.
ASAS Centennial Paper: Contributions in the Journal of Animal Science to understanding cattle metabolic and digestive disorders

Acute and subacute ruminal acidosis, bloat, liver abscesses, and polioencephalomalacia (PEM) were reviewed with respect to contributions published in the Journal of Animal Science (JAS) regarding these metabolic and digestive disorders in beef cattle. Increased grain feeding and expansion of the feedlot industry in the 1960s led to considerable research on acidosis, and early publications defined ruminal changes with acute acidosis. The concept of subacute acidosis was developed in the 1970s. Significant research was published during the 1980s and 1990s on adaptation to high-grain diets, effects of ionophores, and the development of model systems to study ruminal and metabolic changes in acidosis. Since 2000, JAS publications on acidosis have largely focused on individual animal variability in response to acid loads and the role of management strategies in controlling acidosis. Increased grain feeding also was associated with an increase in the incidence of liver abscesses, which were quickly linked to insults to the ruminal epithelium associated with acidosis. The role of antibiotics, particularly tylosin, in decreasing the incidence and severity of liver abscesses was a significant contribution of JAS publications during the 1970s and 1980s. Papers on bloat were among the earliest published in JAS related to metabolic and digestive disorders in cattle. Noteworthy accomplishments in bloat research chronicled in JAS include the nature of ruminal contents in legume and feedlot bloat, the role of plant fractions and microbial populations in the development of bloat, and the efficacy of poloxalene, ionophores, and, more recently, condensed tannins in decreasing the incidence and severity of bloat. Although less research has been published on PEM in JAS, early publications highlighting the association between PEM and ruminal acidity and the role of thiaminase in certain forms of the disorder, as well as more recent publications related to the role of sulfur in the development of PEM, are noteworthy contributions. Since the 1940s, outstanding and often-cited review articles have made JAS a highly visible source of information on these disorders. Thus, JAS has played a significant role as a repository for information pertaining to metabolic and digestive disorders in cattle and other ruminants, and it will no doubt continue to be a premier resource for information on these conditions during the second century of the American Society of Animal Science.
The role of human papilloma virus infection in the etiology of oropharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence is growing that human papilloma virus is responsible for a subset of head and neck carcinomas. This review analyzes the history and current thinking regarding this relatively new etiologic agent of squamous cell carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS Research over the past year has confirmed that human papilloma virus is associated with subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially tumors arising from the tonsil. Human papilloma virus 16 is the most common strain found in these tumors. Most studies also indicate that patients with human papilloma virus infection are more likely to have a better prognosis, engage in riskier sexual behavior, and have a history of less tobacco and alcohol consumption than patients who have human papilloma virus-negative tumors. Not all studies confirm these findings, however, and human papilloma virus, even the high-risk strains (16, 18, and 33) are found in a certain percentage of healthy individuals. SUMMARY Human papilloma virus (especially strain 16) has been recognized as a probable etiologic agent for some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Most commonly, human papilloma virus is associated with tumors arising from the tonsillar epithelium. Because a definitive causal relationship is still to be identified, current research aims to delineate the specific mechanism whereby human papilloma virus produces squamous cell carcinoma. It is hoped that a vaccine may be produced in the near future that will serve as adjuvant therapy for patients with human papilloma virus-positive tumors.
Dose effects of naloxone on fixed morphine dependence: simultaneous behavioral and 2-deoxyglucose study in the rat

We have simultaneously studied regional cerebral glucose utilization (RCGU) and behavior during naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal. For RCGU studies, 25 brain regions were analyzed that previously had been shown to participate in morphine withdrawal. Four established behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal were recorded: wet shakes, jumping, weight loss, and autonomic signs. Using a 104 range of naloxone dose (0.0005–5.0 mg/kg), dose dependent effects were found for 3 behaviors: jumping, weight loss and autonomic signs. The incidence of wet shakes did not correlate with naloxone dose. Increases in RCGU in several specific brain sites were also naloxone dose dependent. Naloxone dose dependent increases in RCGU during precipitated morphine withdrawal may be divided into 3 classes of responses: Class I structures (paraventricular, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamus) exhibited their largest RCGU increases between 0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg of naloxone; Class II structures (preoptic areas, basal ganglia, anterior and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, mammillary nuclei, and certain midbrain regions) showed gradual RCGU increases across the 104 range of naloxone dose; and, Class III structures (diagonal band, medial and lateral septum, and the central amygdaloid nucleus) displayed large RCGU increases across 0.5–5.0 mg/kg of naloxone. Regression analysis of RCGU vs behavior showed correlations between Class I responses and autonomic signs (p<0.010); weight loss was correlated with all 3 classes of naloxone dose dependent RCGU responses during withdrawal (p<0.05). The strong positive correlation among these RCGU increases and certain morphine withdrawal behaviors supported the use of RCGU measurements in specific brain sites as a sensitive and objective biochemical indicator of the presence and severity of morphine dependence. In addition, this study demonstrates the changes in RCGU in different brain regions are heterogeneous with respect to naloxone dose and appear reproducibly along a continuum from mild to severe withdrawal.
Successful treatment of a cervical pregnancy by intracervical vasopressin.

Case report A 36 year old woman, gravida 2 para 1, had tubal factor infertility and severe oligospermia in her partner. She had had a normal spontaneous delivery 10 years earlier with a previous partner. She underwent ovarian hyperstimulation and egg retrieval, and 10 of 11 oocytes were fertilised by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Two embryos were transferred with a Wallace catheter under ultrasonographic guidance 48 hours after oocyte retrieval. Serum h-hCG level was 293 mIU/mL 15 days after embryo transfer. Twenty-three days after embryo transfer, she complained of heavy, painless, vaginal bleeding. Her vital signs were stable, and her abdomen was soft and nontender. Pelvic examination revealed intermittent profuse fresh bleeding from the external cervical os and a slightly enlarged cervix. Bimanual examination revealed a slightly enlarged uterus and no adnexal mass was palpable. Transvaginal sonography showed an empty uterus with the internal os closed. A gestational sac with yolk sac was visible in the cervical canal. Colour Doppler imaging revealed an extensive blood supply around the sac with low impedance of the peritrophoblastic flow (Fig. 1). This confirmed that the diagnosis was a cervical pregnancy rather than a cervical abortion. 1 The patient’s haemoglobin level was 11.4 g/dL and serum h-hCG level was 9631 mIU/ mL. Cervical pregnancy was diagnosed. Immediate haemostasis was indicated due to the heavy bleeding, and local vasopressin injection to cease the bleeding followed by systemic methotrexate injection was planned. 2 The vasopressin (20 u/mL/Amp) was diluted to 60 times by normal saline and 20 mL was injected evenly into the cervix. Before the procedure, the cervical os was closed and the position of the gestational sac was confirmed again by ultrasonography. The patient complained of severe lower abdominal cramping pain several minutes after injection, and an intact gestational sac measuring about 1.5 1.3 1.0 cm was passed from cervix. The cervix showed cyanotic change and vaginal bleeding diminished. The gestational sac disappeared on ultrasonography. Pathologic examination showed trophoblasts and oedematous vascularised chorionic villi. The post-operative course was uneventful and serum hhCGlevels decreasedto3237mIU/mLonthefollowingday. The patient was discharged on the third post-operative day. Weekly serum h-hCG level and sonography were performed until69days after embryotransfer when theh-hCG declined to 0.67 mIU/mL. The patient experienced a normal menstrual period 72 days after embryo transfer.
Collagen gene expression during development of avian synovial joints: Transient expression of types II and XI collagen genes in the joint capsule

The developmental sequence of the embryonic joint has been well studied morphologically. There are, however, no definitive studies of cell function during joint development. In order to begin to understand the differentiation events that contribute to joint formation, we examined the expression of collagen mRNAs encoding types I, IIA, IIB, and XI. In situ hybridization was performed on chicken embryo hind limb buds and digits from day 7 to day 18 (Hamburger and Hamilton stages 31-44). In the day 7 (stage 31) limb bud, there was a condensation of mesenchyme forming the primitive tarsal and metatarsal bones that showed abundant expression of type IIA procollagen message, but no type IIB or type alpha 1(XI) message. By day 8 (stage 33), co-expression of types IIA, and type XI procollagen mRNAs was observed in the condensations, with expression of IIB restricted to early chondrocytes with metachromatically staining matrix. At this stage, DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis was observed in cells near the midline of the interzone region between the developing anlagen, and in areas between and around the individual digits of the paddle. The presumptive apoptotic cells were more numerous at day 9 (stage 35), and were not found in the developing joint at subsequent time points, including the initiation of spatial cavitation of the joint. From days 11-18, type IIA procollagen mRNA was expressed in flattened cells at the surface of the anlagen, and in the perichondrium and in the developing joint capsule; type IIB mRNA message was found only in chondrocytes. Type XI mRNA was expressed by all type II-expressing cells. Alpha 1(I) mRNA was expressed early by cells of the interzone and capsule, but as cavitation progressed, the type I expressing cells of the interzone merged with the superficial layer of the articular surface. Thus, at the time of joint cavitation, there was a distinct pattern of expression of procollagen messages at the articular surface, with type I being outermost, followed by morphologically similar cells expressing type IIA, then chondrocytes expressing type IIB. The progenitor cells expressing type IIA message define a new population of cells. These cell populations contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of the articular cartilage, and these same populations likely exist in the developing joints of other species. The transient transcription of type II and type XI collagen genes, characteristic of chondrocytes, by cells in the joint capsule demonstrates that these cells may have chondrogenic potential.
The nucleic acid type and effect of pH and hydroxylamine on canine distemper virus.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) was not inhibited by 10−5m 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine or 3×10−4m 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, while these concentrations significantly inhibited vaccinia virus in the same cell culture system. These experiments strongly suggest that the nucleic acid type of CDV is RNA. Comparative experiments with CDV and measles virus demonstrated that both are labile at pH 3, and relatively stable at pH 4.5 or above. There was some indication that CDV may be more stable than measles virus at low pH. CDV was inactivated by 1m hydroxylamine, whereas measles virus was not. Since CDV and measles virus are morphologically similar, this result suggested a lack of correlation between virus morphology and hydroxylamine sensitivity. Additional studies with hydroxylamine indicated that both infectivity and hemagglutinating ability of NDV (L-Kan) were stable. However, with the WSN strain of influenza A, both of these activities were destroyed by hydroxylamine. This result suggested that the site of action of hydroxylamine may not be confined to the viral nucleic acid.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Stilbeneoctasilsesquioxanes. Emission Behavior Coupled with Theoretical Modeling Studies Suggest a 3-D Excited State Involving the Silica Core

A set of stilbene-substituted octasilicates [p-RStilxPh8−xSiO1.5]8 (R = H, Me, MeO, Cl, NMe2 and x = 5.3−8) and [o-MeStilSiO1.5]8 were prepared. Model compounds were also prepared including the corner and half cages: [p-MeStilSi(OEt)3], [p-Me2NStilSi(OSiMe3)3], and [p-Me2NStilSi(O)(OSiMe)]4. These compounds were characterized by MALDI-TOF, TGA, FTIR, and 1H NMR techniques. Their photophysical properties were characterized by UV−vis, two-photon absorption, and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (on solid powders), including studies on the effects of solvent polarity and changes in concentration. These molecules are typically soluble, easily purified, and robust, showing Td(5%) > 400 °C in air. The full and partial cages all show UV−vis absorption spectra (in THF) identical to the spectrum of trans-stilbene, except for [o-MeStilSiO1.5]8, which exhibits an absorption spectrum blue-shifted from trans-stilbene. However, the partial cages show emissions that are red-shifted by ∼20 nm, as found for stilbene−siloxa...
Comparison of large scale purification processes of naproxen enantiomers by chromatography using methanol-water and methanol-supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phases.

Abstract This paper compares two methods used for the preparative purification of a mixture of (S)-, and (R)-naproxen on a Whelk-O1 column, using either high performance liquid chromatography or supercritical fluid chromatography. The adsorption properties of both enantiomers were measured by frontal analysis, using methanol–water and methanol–supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures as the mobile phases. The measured adsorption data were modeled, providing the adsorption isotherms and their parameters, which were derived from the nonlinear fit of the isotherm models to the experimental data points. The model used was a Bi-Langmuir isotherm, similar to the model used in many enantiomeric separations. These isotherms were used to calculate the elution profiles of overloaded elution bands, assuming competitive Bi-Langmuir behavior of the two enantiomers. The analysis of these profiles provides the basis for a comparison between supercritical fluid chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic preparative scale separations. It permits an illustration of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and a discussion of their potential performance.
Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise Testing and Continuous Monitoring for Detecting Arrhythmias in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction

To detect unsuspected arrhythmias, 60 patients with previous myocardial infarction were studied by both submaximal treadmill exercise testing and 10 hours of continuous ECG monitoring (Holter technique) during normal activity. Significant arrhythmias were detected in 28 of 60 patients (47%). Eight patients (13%) had one or more premature ventricular contractions on their resting ECG and all had significant arrhythmias detected by exercise and/or Holter monitoring. Eighteen patients (30%) had frequent ectopic beats during or within 15 minutes after treadmill exercise and 22 patients (37%) had significant arrhythmias during continuous ECG monitoring. In 10 patients (17%) continuous ECG monitoring detected significant arrhythmias when exercise did not, while in six instances (10%) frequent premature ventricular beats were present with exercise but not during Holter monitoring. In four of 12 patients in whom both tests were positive, continuous ECG monitoring detected ventricular tachycardia when exercise showed only isolated ectopic ventricular beats. Fourteen patients (23%) had major arrhythmias detected by ECG monitoring; only six of the 14 were also detected by exercise testing. We conclude that both treadmill exercise and continuous ECG monitoring are useful for arrhythmia detection in post myocardial infarction patients but that continuous ECG monitoring often discloses different and more serious arrhythmias than treadmill exercise.
Gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor represses ornithine decarboxylase gene expression and functions as checkpoint regulator in colonic cancer cells

Gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (GKLF, KLF4) is an epithelial-specific transcription factor that expresses in the gastrointestinal tract and mediates growth arrest of colonic epithelium. The molecular mechanisms governing its growth inhibitory effect have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we showed that induction of GKLF mRNA and protein expression by interferon-γ treatment was associated with reduction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression and enzyme activity in colon cancer HT-29 cells. Overexpression of GKLF in HT-29 cells significantly reduced ODC mRNA and protein levels as well as enzyme activity and resulted in growth arrest, indicating that ODC might be a downstream target of GKLF. This conclusion was further supported by data showing that GKLF mRNA and protein concentrations were the highest at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle, where ODC mRNA and protein levels were the lowest and that overexpression of GKLF resulted in cell arrested at the G1 phase. Reporter gene transfection studies and electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays demonstrated that GKLF repressed ODC promoter activity and that these effects appeared to be mediated through interaction with a GC box in the proximal portion of the promoter. Transfection studies using reporter constructs and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays also demonstrated that GKLF inhibited transactivation of the ODC gene by interfering with the binding of Sp1 to the ODC promoter. These results indicate that GKLF may function as a G1/S checkpoint regulator and exert its growth arrest effect through down-regulation of ODC gene expression. Furthermore, GKLF is a transcriptional repressor of the ODC gene, and these effects are mediated by interaction with the GC-rich region on the promoter.
Fatness and obesity among the parents of lean probands

As shown in 1368 proband‐parent pairings involving lean probands and their parents, the fathers and mothers of lean probands tend to be of reduced fatness level themselves (–0.25 Z scores for the sum of two skinfolds) and infrequently obese (10.2% of cases as compared with 16% expectancy). However, these descriptive values are curvilinearily related to the age of the proband, maximizing when the proband is an adolescent. For adolescents, fathers and mothers of lean probands average 0.36 Z scores below the total sample and are least often obese (<8%). It may be concluded that adolescents comprise the prototypical sample for family‐line studies of fatness and leanness, either because “familial” obesity is best expressed in this age group or because parent‐child resemblances in fatness level are a temporal function of the living‐together (or cohabitational) effect.
Liquid Diffusion in Fibrous Insulation

Vapor condensation in insulated structures degrades their physical properties as well as thermal performance. Motion of the condensate within the insulation is a crucial factor in analyzing annual moisture retention in building shells. The diffusion of liquid can be caused by several driving potentials. A model for isothermal liquid transport in fibrous insulation is presented. The model relates liquid diffusion to the characteristics of the insulation. These are identified as void-fraction and its spatial distribution, mean fiber radius, directionally index, and tortuousity factor. Due to the anisotropic layered structure of the fiberglass insulation, liquid diffusion along the three principal directions are studied. The diffusion of liquid from one layer to the next is controlled by liquid diffusion along the layers and the tortuosity factor. Diffusion along the layers is caused by the suction potential and retarded by the viscous forces. By balancing the suction and the viscous forces, a model for transient diffusion in terms of the five medium properties is obtained. An electrical resistance probe for in-situ measurement of liquid content in insulation samples of high voidage has been developed. Data on liquid diffusion under isothermal concentration gradients for commercial fiberglass insulations have been acquired. The experimental data show consistent agreement with the model predictions.
The one-dimensional cutting stock problem with due dates

The one-dimensional cutting stock problem is the problem of cutting stock material into shorter lengths, in order to meet demand for these shorter lengths while minimizing waste. In industrial cutting operations, it may also be necessary to fill the orders for these shorter lengths before a given due date. We propose new optimization models and solution procedures which solve the cutting stock problem when orders have due dates. We evaluate our approach using data from a large manufacturer of reinforcement steel and show that we are able to solve industrial-size problems, while also addressing common cutting considerations such as aggregation of orders, multiple stock lengths and cutting different types of material on the same machine. In addition, we evaluate operational performance in terms of resulting waste and tardiness of orders using our model in a rolling horizon framework.
Enhanced primary production and nutrient regeneration within aggregated marine diatoms

Blooms of chain-forming diatoms often terminate with the mass flocculation and subsequent settlement of cells from the nutrient-depleted euphotic zone. While mass diatom aggregation has been suggested as an adaptive mechanism for placing resting spores in the deep sea, we hypothesized that aggregation may confer an immediate adaptive advantage to the associated diatoms as well. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the photosynthetic activity, pigment composition and nutrient-uptake rates of aggregated and suspended diatoms over time. Diatom aggregates were collected by SCUBA divers in the Santa Barbara Channel (34°23′N; 119°50′W) on 4 March 1987 and monitored for 9 d in the laboratory. Diatom aggregates sustained chlorophyll a-specific primary production rates two to nine times higher than those of freely suspended diatoms from the surrounding seawater. The timing of maximum productivity was strongly correlated with the appearance of remineralized ammonia within the aggregates. Chlorophyll a-specific nitrate-uptake rates were routinely three to nine times lower in diatom aggregates than in the surrounding seawater. Primary production and pigment concentrations of diatom aggregates aged in situ displayed changes similar to those observed in the laboratory. These results suggest that diatoms associated with aggregates maintain higher photosynthetic rates than freely suspended diatoms by efficiently exploiting remineralized ammonia within the aggregate microenvironment, in preference to external nitrate sources. The enhanced nutrient environment within aggregates may be important for understanding the adaptive significance of the mass flocculation of diatom blooms.
Barbed Suture Use in Minimally Invasive Gynecology: A Practical Guide

Barbed suture is a useful tool for advanced laparoscopic gynecology. The advantages of barbed suture include its self-anchoring feature which may enhance even distribution of tension along the length of an incision. Additionally, secure tissue approximation and wound holding can be achieved without knots, significantly enhancing efficiency and ease of laparoscopic suturing. Created by cutting barbs into a monofilament suture material in roughly 1 mm increments, barbed suture may be either bidirectional or unidirectional. Common applications in gynecologic surgery include closure of hysterotomy defects at time of myomectomy or vaginal cuff closure at time of hysterectomy.
Kittyhawk: enabling cooperation and competition in a global, shared computational system

Kittyhawk represents our vision for a Web-scale computational resource that can accommodate a significant fraction of the world's computation needs and enable various parties to compete and cooperate in the provisioning of services on a consolidated platform. In this paper, we explain both the vision and the system architecture that supports it. We demonstrate these ideas by way of a prototype implementation that uses the IBM Blue Genet/P platform. In the Kittyhawk prototype, we define a set of basic services that enable the allocation and interconnection of computing resources. By using examples, we show how higher layers of services can be built by using our basic services and standard open-source software.
Human intestinal epithelial cell line SK-CO15 is a new model system to study Na+/H+ exchanger 3

The Caco-2 cell line represents absorptive polarized intestinal epithelial cells that express multiple forms of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) in their plasma membranes. Caco-2 cells express the major apical NHE isoform NHE3, but low NHE3 expression together with inefficient transfection often hamper intended studies. In this study, we examined whether SK-CO15 cells could be used to study NHE3 regulation. SK-CO15 cells grown on Transwell inserts developed polarized epithelial cells with microvilli. The transfection efficiency of SK-CO15 cells was markedly higher compared with Caco-2 cells, an advantage in gene transfer and knockout. SK-CO15 cells expressed NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3. NHE3 expression was significantly greater in these cells than Caco-2, and NHE3 comprised more than half of total NHE activity. Apical expression of NHE3 in SK-CO15 cells was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence and surface biotinylation. NHE regulatory factors NHERF1 and NHERF2, which are important for regulation of NHE3 activity, were expressed in these cells. Stimulatory response of NHE3 in SK-CO15 cells was assessed by dexamethasone and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Treatment with dexamethasone for 24–48 h increased NHE3 expression and activity. Similarly to Caco-2 cells, SK-CO15 cells lacked the expression of the LPA receptor LPA5, but exogenous expression of LPA5 resulted in acute stimulation of NHE3. Forskolin acutely inhibited NHE3 activity in SK-CO15 cells, further attesting the validity of these cells. We conclude that SK-CO15 cells with the amenity for transfection and high endogenous NHE3 expression are a new and better cell model for NHE3 regulatory investigation than widely used Caco-2 cells.
Web based e-government data distribution

The US government and its agencies have a mandate to disseminate information on their operations for public use. Two such agencies are the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Environmental Protection Agency. These agencies have an e-government directive, requiring them to provide historically collected electronic information to the general public and other agencies, organizations or businesses having legitimate uses for their databases. The three most important concepts for e-government data distribution are data preparation, presentation and data management. Unfortunately many of today's Web based information systems put presentation before content, and content before design. All three aspects are of equal importance and should receive equal attention. This paper discusses four Web based data distribution models, protocols, services and policies, with varying levels of complexity, being developed to allow the general information on water quality assessment, watershed health and fisheries assessment in the New England region.