cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Digital and Physical: Increasing Engagement with the Grateful Dead Archive at UC Santa Cruz

AbstractThe UC Santa Cruz University Library supports the creation of digital projects which aid student scholarship, enhance on-site exhibit experiences, engage broader communities through online ...
Clustering analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression data from TCGA using maximum edge-weighted matching algorithms

microRNA (miRNA) is a short RNA (~ 22 nt) that regulates gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Aberration of miRNA expressions could affect their targeting mRNAs involved in cancer-related signaling pathways. We conduct clustering analysis of miRNA and mRNA using expression data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We combine the Hungarian algorithm and blossom algorithm in graph theory. Data analysis is done using programming language R and Python. We first quantify edge-weights of the miRNA-mRNA pairs by combining their expression correlation coefficient in tumor (T_CC) and correlation coefficient in normal (N_CC). We thereby introduce a bipartite graph partition procedure to identify cluster candidates. Specifically, we propose six weight formulas to quantify the change of miRNA-mRNA expression T_CC relative to N_CC, and apply the traditional hierarchical clustering to subjectively evaluate the different weight formulas of miRNA-mRNA pairs. Among these six different weight formulas, we choose the optimal one, which we define as the integrated mean value weights, to represent the connections between miRNA and mRNAs. Then the Hungarian algorithm and the blossom algorithm are employed on the miRNA-mRNA bipartite graph to passively determine the clusters. The combination of Hungarian and the blossom algorithms is dubbed maximum weighted merger method (MWMM). MWMM identifies clusters of different sizes that meet the mathematical criterion that internal connections inside a cluster are relatively denser than external connections outside the cluster and biological criterion that the intra-cluster Gene Ontology (GO) term similarities are larger than the inter-cluster GO term similarities. MWMM is developed using breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) as training data set, but can also applies to other cancer type data sets. MWMM shows advantage in GO term similarity in most cancer types, when compared to other algorithms. miRNAs and mRNAs that are likely to be affected by common underlying causal factors in cancer can be clustered by MWMM approach and potentially be used as candidate biomarkers for different cancer types and provide clues for targets of precision medicine in cancer treatment.
Pleural Disease in Women

There are several pleural diseases that occur either predominantly or exclusively in females. Most of these entities are related to obstetric or gynecological conditions. In this article, we will provide an overview of Meigs' syndrome, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, endometriosis, catamenial pneumothorax, catamenial hemothorax, pleural effusions that occur in the peripartum period, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and malignant pleural effusions related to breast cancer. As most of these diagnoses are rare, considerable expertise is required to identify, diagnose, and manage these patients. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the most common forms of pleural disease affecting women, and to provide an easy reference source on current best practice.
MEG-Clinic: A Comprehensive Software Solution for Routine MEG Analysis

As the use of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) becomes more prevalent in the clinical setting, the need for an optimized workflow has become imperative. A comprehensive solution will relieve the reliance on the scientist and physician and move the majority of the workload to automated algorithms and a trained technician. The solution will include a user interface that will guide a technician through the entire workflow, while automating steps to reduce the time to reporting. The current workflow includes data acquisition, data conditioning, data analysis and report generation. MEG-Clinic has been developed as an integrated solution using Java and Matlab. This application manages the patient workflow by organizing and displaying those files associated with each patient, while providing a “wrapper” to several existing software packages that provide for data conditioning and analysis. MEG-Clinic lays out the entire workflow, step by step. As the technician completes each step, either by launching a manual process or reviewing the results of an automated process, new data are available for analysis and the next steps can be completed. MEG-Clinic is currently being developed for the Elekta-Neuromag system but could be extended to other MEG systems using appropriate file format conversion. Supported software packages include MaxFilter, MNE, Brainvisa, BrainStorm and Prism. Appropriate functions from these packages are called from MEG-Clinic when needed. If the process is automated (MEG-Clinic runs the process in the background and provides an output), the technician will be required to review the outputs. MEG-Clinic automates several steps of data conditioning, including MaxFilter (signal-space separation), artifact removal (ECG, EOG, etc), data averaging for functional protocols and Elekta FDA Source Analysis. In addition to this data conditioning, MEG-Clinic currently interacts with BrainStorm for final analysis and Prism for final reporting. The ongoing development will include integration of additional analysis programs.
Consistent inter-individual differences in susceptibility to bodily illusions

Abstract Illusory senses of ownership and agency (that the hand or effector that we see belongs to us and moves at our will, respectively) support the embodiment of prosthetic limbs, tele-operated surgical devices, and human-machine interfaces. We exposed forty-eight individuals to four different procedures known to elicit illusory ownership or agency over a fake visible rubber hand or finger. The illusory ownership or agency arising from the hand correlated with that of the finger. For both body parts, sensory stimulation across different modalities (visual with tactile or visual with kinesthetic) produced illusions of similar strength. However, the strengths of the illusions of ownership and agency were unrelated within individuals, supporting the proposal that distinct neuropsychological processes underlie these two senses. Developing training programs to enhance susceptibility to illusions of agency or ownership for people with lower natural susceptibility could broaden the usefulness of the above technologies.
Woman’s Labours and the Definition of the Worker: Legacies of 1919

This chapter focuses on the legacies of the 1919 International Labour Conference that defined Western industrial male workers as the norm, with woman distinguished by maternity and family labour. It considers four legacies: promotion of labour standards; co-presence of cultures of protection addressing sexuality and the civilising mission; construction of geographical difference exemplified by women in the Global South; and privileging of industrial employment as work over home-based and informal labour. Standards established at the first International Labour Conference set the framework for future International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments. Where once care and household labour appeared as women’s obligations that required fewer hours of wage work to accommodate, a century later the ILO determined that carework, paid as well as unpaid, was essential for obtaining ‘decent work’.
BASIC ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND CONCEPTS | Wind Chill

Wind Chill is the name given to the effect of increased heat loss from the skin exposed to cold, windy weather. It is characterized by the wind chill temperature (WCT) defined as that air temperature with no appreciable wind effecting the same heat loss rate as the actual temperature and wind. This article provides a history of how the WCT was originally developed, what flaws were found in that research, and how the current chart of WCT versus temperature and wind speed was arrived at. The chart is provided in both Fahrenheit and Celsius units.
Precise and Cost-Effective Nanopore Sequencing for Post-GWAS Fine-Mapping and Causal Variant Identification

Fine-mapping of interesting loci discovered by genome-wide association study (GWAS) is mandatory to pinpoint causal variants. Traditionally, this fine-mapping is completed through increasing the genotyping density at candidate loci, for which imputation is the current standard approach. Although imputation is a useful technique, it has a number of limitations that impede accuracy. In this work, we describe the development of a precise and cost-effective Nanopore sequencing-based pipeline that provides comprehensive and accurate information at candidate loci to identify potential causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We demonstrate the utility of this technique via the fine-mapping of a GWAS positive hit comprising a synonymous SNP that is associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In this work, we provide a proof of principle for the application of Nanopore sequencing in post-GWAS fine-mapping and pinpointing of potential causal SNPs with a minimal cost of just ~$10/100 kb/sample.
Language Growth in Young Children with Autism: Interactions Between Language Production and Social Communication

Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with a broad range of spoken language abilities, as well as delays in precursor skills such as gesture production and joint attention skills. While standardized assessments describe language strengths, the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS-DP) is a particularly robust measure as it additionally characterizes precise aspects of social communication. This study provides a unique contribution by assessing the interactional effects of CSBS-DP Social Composite performance with early language samples on later language outcomes. Our results indicate that multiple social communication elements significantly interact with early spoken language to predict later language. Our findings also highlight the transactional relationship between early spoken vocabulary and social communication skills that bolster language development growth.
Personal Data Discoverability to Human Searchers: Observations on Personal Data Availability

Personal data is widely and readily available online. Some of that personal data might be considered private or sensitive, such as portions of social security numbers [1]. Prior research demonstrates the knowledge of personal acquaintances of data used in secondary authentication protocols [1]. We explored discoverability and location of personal data online and gathered observation actors making the data available.
Multi-model Approach for Reducing Uncertainties in Rainfall-Runoff Models

In our changing world, there is a need for preventing hydrological extremes, studying impacts of severe changes in climate, operating water resources planning and management, etc. In this context, it is important to surge our capacity in forecasting the water availability, by improving the hydrological models. The recognition of models imperfections leads to the integration of uncertainty analysis into the modelling procedures. The present study promotes the concept of combining the estimated outputs of different rainfall-runoff models to produce an overall combined output to be used as an alternative to that obtained from a single individual model. The conceptual rainfall-runoff models used are MEDOR, GR4J and HBV. They are applied on Nahr Ibrahim watershed, which is a typical Lebanese coastal Mediterranean watershed. Several methods of combination are considered, namely the weighted average (WA), the neural network (NN) and the genetic algorithm (GA). Better discharge outputs have been generated by these methods. This study leads to an improvement in the hydrological modelling by increasing the performances of the models and the reliability of the results.
Magnetically Modulated Resistance Techniques

The method of magnetically modulated resistance (MMR) is a variant of resistance vs. temperature measurements in which the magnetic field dependence of resistance vs. temperature is measured. This general technique is particularly useful for study and characterization of superconductors because the superconducting phase transition and weak link effects, present in granular samples, are magnetic field dependent. Because the field dependence of the intrinsic phase transition is different from that of extrinsic effects due to granularity, it is possible to separately identify MMR responses due to these effects. Thus the species dependent and sample dependent responses can be separately recorded. Another important aspect of this technique is its anisotropic response to macroscopically oriented samples. This allows detection of oriented weak link structures in single crystals1,2 which would be difficult, if indeed possible, by other methods. In this paper, we present an overview of this method and some examples from recent studies.
An ancient neuropeptide defends the brain against infection.

The mechanisms that operate to control infection in the vertebrate brain remain poorly understood (1). The microglia are the mobile phagocytic cells that scavenge microbes. Cytokines expressed by various cells within the brain inform the microglia of the threat and call them to arms. The infectious agents must be eliminated with minimal collateral damage to the organ itself since the brain has a limited capacity to repair damage caused by an inflammatory assault. While infections of the meninges, the vascular tissue covering the brain, are common, bacterial and fungal infections of brain tissue are quite unusual. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides some defense against blood-borne pathogens. The BBB refers to a physical and immunological barrier ensheathing the capillaries that perfuse much of the brain that permits the transport of only specific substances from blood to brain. However, much of the “old brain,” such as the hypothalamus, including the stalk of the pituitary, is outside of the BBB. Despite that, infections of this portion of the brain are exceedingly rare. Perhaps the brain has another layer of immune defense that is yet unexplored. Enter antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides represent an essential arm of innate immunity and are expressed across all animal and plant species (2). Antimicrobial peptides are generally between 15 and 80 amino acids in length and usually processed proteolytically from a precursor. The peptides are amphipathic, a biophysical property that permits them to remain soluble in aqueous solution and yet embed within a lipid membrane. Antimicrobial peptides have a net … [↵][1]1Email: maz5{at}georgetown.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Application of Ramsey Model in Transition Economy: A Russian Case Study

This case study uses the Ramsey model to analyze whether the current electricity prices charged by the natural monopoly Novosibirskenergo in a major industrial region of the Russian Federation are socially optimal. Our estimates of demand elasticities for two major groups of consumers, namely households and industrial users, show that prices are not socially optimal. A decrease in price for industrial users and an increase in price for households would bring the prices closer to socially optimal.
Optimized Diffusion Imaging for Brain Structural Connectome Analysis

High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI), a type of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) that measures diffusion signals on a sphere in q-space, is widely used in data acquisition for human brain structural connectome analysis. Accurate estimation of the local diffusion, and thus the structural connectome, typically requires dense sampling in HARDI, resulting in long acquisition times and logistical challenges. We propose a method to select an optimal set of q-space directions for recovery of the local diffusion under a sparsity constraint on the sampling budget. Relevant historical dMRI data is leveraged to estimate a prior distribution of the local diffusion in a template space using reduced rank Gaussian process models. For a new subject to be scanned, the priors are mapped into the subject-specific coordinate and used to guide an optimized q-space sampling which minimizes the expected integrated squared error of a diffusion function estimator from sparse samples. The optimized sampling locations are inferred by an efficient greedy algorithm with theoretical bounds approximating the global optimum. Simulation studies and a real data application using the Human Connectome Project data demonstrate that our proposed method provides substantial advantages over its competitors.
Association between hoof lesions and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Lameness is an important welfare issue and a serious challenge in the dairy industry. Prevalence of lameness worldwide range from 8 to 55% and is influenced by genetics, housing type, and herd management. Lame cows have reduced fertility and hoof lesions (HL) are responsible for over 90% of lameness. Hoof lesions can be non-infectious such as sole ulcer, toe ulcer, white line disease, sole hemorrhage, or infectious digital dermatitis and foot rot. Association between HL and fertility is scarce. Furthermore, information about the association between stage of HL development and fertility in dairy cows is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the association between HL and ovarian cyclicity, and pregnancy in dairy cows. Our hypotheses were that cows with pre-existing HL during early lactation have delayed resumption of ovulation post-partum, longer interval to first service and to pregnancy, and smaller pregnancy hazard. Also, cows that develop new HL have longer interval to pregnancy and smaller pregnancy hazard.
African-American Humor and Trust

One can understand humor in terms of one or some combination of the three types of humor (incongruity, release, superiority) and also by envisioning humor as a finite-province of meaning in the tradition of Alfred Schutz’s essay “On Multiple Realities”. Exemplifying varieties of humor articulated by philosophical theory, especially the superiority theory, which undermines those thought “superior,” African-American humor, from the days of slavery until the 1960s, struggled against widespread cultural suppression, as a brief survey of its history shows. Contemporary philosophical discussions of trust elucidate why it would have been perfectly rational and prudent for African-Americans to avoid sharing humor that vents legitimate aggressiveness against whites even though modified by humor, and yet these discussions present the possibility that by trusting another one can transform that other. One can find examples in African-American folklore, particularly the John/Ole Massa stories, of a dream of doing what was impossible in pragmatic everyday life, namely to engage in a comic engagement with white slave-owners. In that dream, African-American slaves utopianly imagined themselves as able through humor understood as a finite province of meaning shaped by an epoche, form of spontaneity, reduced tension of consciousness, sense of self, and a distinctive temporality and sociality, to express outrage at injustice, transform even white slave-owners, and even win freedom for humorists themselves.
Deregulation of selective autophagy during aging and pulmonary fibrosis: the role of TGFβ1

Aging constitutes a significant risk factor for fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characteristically associated with advancing age. We propose that age-dependent defects in the quality of protein and cellular organelle catabolism may be causally related to pulmonary fibrosis. Our research found that autophagy diminished with corresponding elevated levels of oxidized proteins and lipofuscin in response to lung injury in old mice and middle-aged mice compared to younger animals. More importantly, older mice expose to lung injury are characterized by deficient autophagic response and reduced selective targeting of mitochondria for autophagy (mitophagy). Fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation (FMD) is an important feature of pulmonary fibrosis in which the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ1 plays a pivotal role. Promotion of autophagy is necessary and sufficient to maintain normal lung fibroblasts’ fate. On the contrary, FMD mediated by TGFβ1 is characterized by reduced autophagy flux, altered mitophagy, and defects in mitochondrial function. In accord with these findings, PINK1 expression appeared to be reduced in fibrotic lung tissue from bleomycin and a TGFβ1-adenoviral model of lung fibrosis. PINK1 expression is also reduced in the aging murine lung and biopsies from IPF patients compared to controls. Furthermore, deficient PINK1 promotes a profibrotic environment. Collectively, this study indicates that an age-related decline in autophagy and mitophagy responses to lung injury may contribute to the promotion and/or perpetuation of pulmonary fibrosis. We propose that promotion of autophagy and mitochondrial quality control may offer an intervention against age-related fibrotic diseases.
Field observations of methane concentrations and oxidation rates in the southeastern bering sea.

Measurements of methane oxidation rates were made in southeastern Bering Sea water samples with [14C]methane. The rate at which 14CO2 evolved from samples exposed to one methane concentration was defined as the relative methane oxidation rate. Rate determinations at three methane concentrations were used to estimate methane oxidation kinetics. The rate constant calculated from the kinetics and the observed methane concentration in the same water sample were used to calculate an in situ methane oxidation rate and the turnover time. First-order kinetics were observed in essentially all experiments in which methane oxidation kinetics were measured. Relative methane oxidation rates were greater in waters collected at inshore stations than at the offshore stations and were greater in bottom samples than in surface samples. In most water samples analyzed, there was essentially no radioactivity associated with the cells. The resulting respiration percentages were therefore very high with a mean of >98%. These data suggest that most of the methane was used by the microflora as an energy source and that very little of it was used in biosynthesis. The relative methane oxidation rates were not closely correlated with methane concentrations and did not appear to be linked to either oxygen or dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations. However, there was a significant correlation with relative microbial activity. Our data suggest that the methane oxidizers were associated with the general microbial heterotrophic community. Since these organisms did not appear to be using methane as a carbon source, it is unlikely that they have been isolated and identified as methane oxidizers in the past.
Occurrence of Myeloma-Like γ-Globulin in C.S.F of A Four-Month Old Infant with Hydrocephalus

Myeloma-like immune globulins present themselves as narrow bands upon paper electrophoresis, and usually show a characteristic appearance in immunoelectrophoresis. Two antigenically different groups of myeloma proteins have been described: groups I and II. Recently, 60% of normal γ-globulin, throughout the mobility range of γ-globulin, has been shown to possess the antigen characteristic for group I, and 30% that for group II myeloma. Occurrence of myeloma-like proteins in the serum is not restricted to multiple myeloma. They may also be seen with other tumors, such as reticulum cell sarcoma, and various carcinomas. In addition, Sonnet and Milhaux have reported on the frequent occurrence of myeloma-like ("monoclonal") γ-globulins in the serum of adult Bantus with different diseases. When large amounts of a myeloma protein are present in the serum, it may be found in a much lower concentration in the spinal fluid.
Lymphomas involving the gastrointestinal tract

DR. GARY M. GRAY Over the past XI yr, Stanford University Hospital has become a major referral center for patients with lymphoma. This is closely related to the concerted efforts of Dr. Saul Rosenberg and his colleagues in the Oncology Division and to their collaboration with Dr. Henry Kaplan’s radiotherapy group. Drs. Rosenberg and Cooper will start off our conference on gastrointestinal lymphomas by discussing the staging of lymphomas and the evaluation of the patient. They will then focus on the distribution and therapy of lymphomas in the gastrointestinal tract.
The nature of heterodox economics

Tony Lawson’s critique of mainstream economics is that it is everywhere formalistic and deductive, that this leads it to a closed systems approach based on identifying social event regularities, and that this is an inappropriate strategy for dealing with the subject matter with which economics is concerned (Lawson, 1997, 2003). Heterodox economics is then distinguished by its rejection of all this and by its commitment to an ontological analysis that takes social reality to be intrinsically dynamic or processual, interconnected and organic, structured, exhibits emergence, and includes value and meaning and is polyvalent (Lawson, 2006, pp. 495-496). Broadly, I agree with these conclusions. My concern is that they may be truer of economics circa 1980, and neither fully capture the state of economics since then, nor provide us with a sufficient understanding of the current direction of development of economics. I have previously argued that in the last two decades the economics research frontier has undergone significant transformation associated with the emergence of a collection of new research strategies, most of which criticize traditional neoclassical assumptions and originate in other sciences (Davis, 2006c; also cf. Colander et al., 2004). Here, however, my goal is to discuss heterodox economics, or more specifically, the changing nature of heterodox economics and its changing relation to orthodox economics. I will argue a view I believe is largely contrary to Lawson’s, namely, that: (i) heterodox economics is more heterogeneous than he and many others believe and moreover heterogeneous in ways generally not recognized by many who see themselves as heterodox, (ii) the reference of the term “heterodox economics” is quite different from what most economists, heterodox and orthodox, believe it to be, and (iii) understanding this heterogeneity is important for understanding the direction of development of current economics.1
Points-to and Side-Effect Analyses for Programs Built with Precompiled Libraries

Large programs are typically built from separate modules. Traditional whole-program analysis cannot be used in the context of such modular development. In this paper we consider analysis for programs that combine client modules with precompiled library modules. We define separate analyses that allow library modules and client modules to be analyzed separately from each other. Our target analyses are Andersen's points-to analysis for C [1] and a side-effect analysis based on it. We perform separate points-to and side-effect analyses of a library module by using worst-case assumptions about the rest of the program. We also show how to construct summary information about a library module and how to use it for separate analysis of client modules. Our empirical results show that the separate points-to analyses are practical even for large modules, and that the cost of constructing and storing library summaries is low. This work is a step toward incorporating practical points-to and side-effect analyses in realistic compilers and software productivity tools.
Incentive compatible mechanism for coordinated temperature control in multi-occupant buildings

Minimizing the total energy consumption (cost) and maximizing the aggregate comfort across all building occupants, are two major objectives that must be balanced for effective environmental control in multi-occupant buildings and other shared spaces. Energy cost function for a given building is generally available (or can be measured/estimated) but information on the comfort ranges/functions are held privately by the occupants. In this work we present a game-theoretic (auction) mechanism, that requires occupants to “purchase” their individualized comfort levels beyond what is provided by default by the building operator. The comfort pricing policy is incentive-compatible in the sense that it elicits truthful comfort feedback from rational occupants acting only in self-interest. The declared (or estimated) occupant comfort ranges (functions) are then utilized by the building operator (HVAC system operator) — along with the energy cost information — to set the environment controls to optimally balance the aggregate discomfort of the occupants and the energy cost of the building operator. We use realistic building model and parameters based on our test facility to demonstrate the convergence of the actual temperatures in different zones to the desired temperatures, and provide insight to the pricing structure necessary for truthful comfort feedback from the occupants.
Deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinches: Simulation compared to experiment

Deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinch experiments have been simulated using a two-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic model1,2 which includes many important experimental details, such as "cold-start" initial conditions, thermal conduction, radiation, actual discharge current vs. time, and grids of sufficient size and resolution to allow realistic development of the plasma. When the fiber becomes fully ionized (at a time depending on voltage ramp and fiber thickness), the simulations show rapidly developing m=0 instabilities drive intense non-uniform heating and rapid expansion of the plasma column. Diagnostics generated from the simulation results, such as shadowgrams and interferograms, are in good agreement with experiment3. Comparison of simulation-generated diagnostics with those from early experiments of this type suggests that shadow-gram images of the plasma were misleading indicators of the stability and rate of expansion of the plasma column. Terms often left out of the fluid model, such as the Hall term and the viscous stress tensor, may be significant in the Z-pinch4,5. Progress will be reported on the addition of such terms to the simulation.
Tradeoffs in ecosystem services of prairies managed for bioenergy production

The use of prairie biomass as a renewable source of energy may constitute an important opportunity to improve the environmental sustainability of managed land. To date, assessments of the feasibility of using prairies for bioenergy production have focused on marginal areas with low yield potential. Growing prairies on more fertile soil or with moderate levels of fertilization may be an effective means of increasing yields, but increased fertility often reduces plant community diversity. At a fertile site in central Iowa with high production potential, we tested the hypothesis that nitrogen fertilization would increase aboveground biomass production but would decrease diversity of prairies managed for bioenergy production. Over a three-year period, we measured aboveground biomass production after plant senescence and species and functional-group diversity in June and August for multispecies mixtures of prairie plants that received no fertilizer or 84 kg N ha year. We found that nitrogen fertilization increased aboveground biomass production, but with or without fertilization, the prairies produced a substantial amount of biomass: averaging 12.2 and 9.1 Mg ha in fertilized and unfertilized prairies, respectively. Primary researcher and author Provided input at all stages and supervised the work
Investigation of local environments in Nafion–SiO2 composite membranes used in vanadium redox flow batteries

Abstract Proton conducting polymer composite membranes are of technological interest in many energy devices such as fuel cells and redox flow batteries. In particular, polymer composite membranes, such as SiO2 incorporated Nafion membranes, are recently reported as highly promising for the use in redox flow batteries. However, there is conflicting reports regarding the performance of this type of Nafion–SiO2 composite membrane in the redox flow cell. This paper presents results of the analysis of the Nafion–SiO2 composite membrane used in a vanadium redox flow battery by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The XPS study reveals the chemical identity and environment of vanadium cations accumulated at the surface. On the other hand, the 19F and 29Si NMR measurement explores the nature of the interaction between the silica particles, Nafion side chains and diffused vanadium cations. The 29Si NMR shows that the silica particles interact via hydrogen bonds with the sulfonic groups of Nafion and the diffused vanadium cations. Based on these spectroscopic studies, the chemical environment of the silica particles inside the Nafion membrane and their interaction with diffusing vanadium cations during flow cell operations are discussed. This study discusses the origin of performance degradation of the Nafion–SiO2 composite membrane materials in vanadium redox flow batteries.
Electron Capture into the n = 3 States of H by Fast H + Impact on Gases

Absolute cross sections for electron capture into the $3p$ and $3d$ states of hydrogen have been measured for 10- to 100-keV proton impact on He, Ne, Ar, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Improved $3s$ cross sections are presented for these gases from 10 to 120 keV. An apparent maximum in the $3p$ cross section occurs in this energy range for all gases. The $3d$ cross sections decrease monotonically with increasing impact energy according to an $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{E}{K})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ relationship, where $E$ is the impact energy and $K$ is a constant, with the exception of helium which shows a maximum in the $3d$ cross section between 15 and 20 keV. The value of $K$ is identical for all the diatomic gases. Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ cross sections are synthesized from these results. Polarization of the $3d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$ radiation is reported.
Managing student outcomes in a totally asynchronous learning environment: Lessons learned

A graduate course, APMA 6430 Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, has been offered by the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science since 1985 in both traditional and synchronous distance learning modes. The decision to move to a totally asynchronous delivery mode was made in 2009 and fully implemented in Spring, 2010, based in part on the desire to support student achievement given the many — but different — challenges faced by both on-grounds and off-grounds students. The shift in delivery method brought its own set of challenges along with its inherent flexibility in student engagement with the course. In this paper, we review the lessons learned and how we met various administrative, support, and instructional challenges from the first three offerings of this course in a totally asynchronous on-line mode.
Regulatory Policy When Behavior is Addictive: Smoking, Cigarette Taxes and Bootlegging

Regulatory policy generally offers three policy instruments-command and control regulation, incentives, and information-yet efforts to test the comparative effectiveness of these instruments have been lacking. Using a simple theory derived from the economics of supply and demand, this study presents a hypothesis that information policies will interact with incentives and lessen their impact. If incentives policies are not uniform across the nation, they can also create compliance problems. These hy potheses are tested with pooled data set on cigarette regulation. While both information policies and incentives are effective at reducing cigarette consumption, they interact so that the total impact is less than the sum of the individual effects. State tax rates also interact with each other creating the incentive to avoid compliance by bootlegging cigarettes.
Some salient features of antiproton-nucleon annihilations

Abstract We have studied pion production data from p p and p n annihilation between 1.51 and 2.90 GeV/ c . The gross features of the data indicate that mechanism for antiproton-nucleon annihilations are primarily of statistical nature.
Temperature and Relative Humidity Effects on Postdiapause Larval Development and Adult Emergence in Three Populations of Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Abstract Postdiapause larval development and adult emergence of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), were studied in three field populations collected at Amsterdam, Conrad, and Opheim, MT, at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C and at 43, 54–62, and 75–76% RH under laboratory conditions. No development beyond the larval stage occurred at either 10 or 35°C at any relative humidity. At 10°C, >75% of the larvae remained alive, but quiescent, whereas at 35°C, ≈50% of the larvae probably re-entered diapause. Temperature and population were the main factors affecting development time and adult emergence. The shortest development times occurred at temperatures of 20°C and higher, but development time increased sharply at 15°C. Adult emergence was highest at 20 and 25°C for the two populations collected at Amsterdam and Conrad (western Montana) and was highest at 15 and 20°C for the population collected at Opheim (eastern Montana). Emerged females were twice as heavy as males. Temperatur...
EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTAGONISTS FOR TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM/XYLAZINE IMMOBILIZATION IN FEMALE WHITE-TAILED DEER

A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine (TZ/X) is effective in the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); however, the lengthy duration of immobilization may limit its usefulness. From October to November 2002, 21 captive female deer were assigned randomly to an α2 antagonist treatment to reverse xylazine-induced sedation (seven does per group). All deer were given 220 mg of TZ (4.5±0.4 mg/kg) and 110 mg of X (2.2±0.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly (IM). Antagonist treatments were either 200 mg of tolazoline (4.0±0.4 mg/kg), 11 mg of atipamezole (0.23±0.02 mg/kg), or 15 mg of yohimbine (0.30±0.02 mg/kg) injected, half intravenously and half subcutaneously, 45 min after the IM TZ/X injection. In addition, 10 other deer (five per group) were immobilized as before and then given tolazoline (200 mg) after 45 min, with either a carrier (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) or carrier (DMSO) plus flumazenil (5 mg) to reverse the zolazepam portion of TZ. Mean times from antagonist injection ...
Interplay among culture parameters, light, mixing, and photobioreactor configuration during H2 production by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract The interplay among the culture parameters, light intensity and illumination conditions, mechanical mixing conditions, and reactor configurations during O2 evolution and H2 production in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures is studied in this work. The advective-diffusive reaction equation is used to describe the diffusion and the local biochemical reactions of the species involved in the biological process for H2 production. Solutions of the diffusion equation are obtained for different boundary conditions. An empirical equation is used to describe the relation between the light attenuation coefficient and the initial chlorophyll concentration, which characterizes both the culture absorption property and the mechanical mixing condition. The dynamics of O2 evolution and H2 production in a tubular photobioreactor illuminated under three different light conditions on the boundary is studied for the cultures with different initial chlorophyll concentrations. For the culture with the initial chlorophyll concentration of 18 mg/L, the light attenuation level of K a 0 = 0.125, and the reference light intensity of 236.3 μE m−2 s−1, the results indicate that the maximum H2 production is 166 ml for the tubular reactor under uniform light illumination, 163 ml for the flat plate reactor under two-side light illumination, 85 and 75 ml for the tubular and the flat plate reactors, respectively, under one-side light illumination.
Mammalian DNA Methyltransferases: A Structural Perspective

The methylation of mammalian DNA, primarily at CpG dinucleotides, has long been recognized to play a major role in controlling gene expression, among other functions. Given their importance, it is surprising how many basic questions remain to be answered about the proteins responsible for this methylation and for coordination with the parallel chromatin-marking system that operates at the level of histone modification. This article reviews recent studies on, and discusses the resulting biochemical and structural insights into, the DNA nucleotide methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins 1, 3a, 3a2, 3b, and 3L.
Size-induced weakening and grain boundary-assisted deformation in 60 nm grained Ni nanopillars

Nanocrystalline metals generally exhibit high strengths and good fatigue resistance Their strengthening scales with the inverse of grain size through square root dependence down to grain sizes of ~20 nm, representing the well-known Hall-Petch relation Here we show that in surface-dominated structures with sub-micron dimensions, i e nanopillars, 60 nm grained Ni-W alloys exhibit lower tensile strengths with decreasing pillar diameter, form shear bands and undergo mechanical twinning Moreover, there appears to be a transition in the deformation mechanism from dislocation-driven deformation in pillars with diameters larger than 100 nm to grain-boundary mediated deformation in pillars of 100 nm and below, including grain rotation and grain-boundary migration, processes previously observed only in grain sizes below 20 nm in materials of the same composition We postulate that the presence of free surfaces activates these grain-boundary mediated deformation processes at much larger grain sizes than observed before and results in lower attained strengths.
Are there differences in the first stage of labor between Black and White women

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether the duration and progress of the first stage of labor are different in black compared with white women. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of labor progress among consecutive black ( n = 3,924) and white ( n = 921) women with singleton term pregnancies (≥ 37 weeks) who completed the first stage of labor. Duration of labor and progression from 1 cm to the next was estimated using interval-censored regression. Labor duration and progress among black and white women in the entire cohort, and stratified by parity, were compared in multivariable interval-censored regression models. Repeated-measures analysis with 9th-degree polynomial modeling was used to construct average labor curves. Results There were no significant differences in duration of the first stage of labor in black compared with white women (median, 4–10 cm: 5.1 vs. 4.9 hours [ p = 0.43] for nulliparous and 3.5 vs. 3.9 hours [ p = 0.84] for multiparous women). Similarly, there were no significant differences in progression in increments of 1 cm. Average labor curves were also not significantly different. Conclusion Duration and progress of the first stage of labor are identical in black and white women. This suggests similar standards may be applied in the first stage of labor.
Price independence of output elasticities of input demand, nonlinear expansion paths, and factor substitution

Abstract If a system of input demand functions of a cost-minimizing, price-taking producer has the property that the output elasticities are independent of the input prices and the expansion paths are nonlinear, then there is no factor substitution possible.
Onesies, Twosies, not a game of Jackstones

A 64-year-old white male was followed for three months outpatient for urinary retention with a history of benign prostatic hypertrophy. A 2-cm urinary bladder calculus was found on renal ultrasound, and the patient underwent an elective suprapubic prostatectomy. The bladder calculus was identified as a jackstone calculus.
Identical bilateral oral carcinoma.

Abstract A medical rarity—two primary lesions of oral squamous-cell carcinoma, remarkably similar in onset and clinical behavior and located in symmetrical anatomic sites on opposite sides of the mouth—has been presented.
Synthesis of 4-acylpyrazolone Schiff base ligand grafted silica and selectivity in adsorption of lanthanides from aqueous solutions

Abstract The Schiff base form of the 4-acylpyrazolone ligand was immobilized on the silica surface by reaction of 3-aminopropyl silica with 4-acetyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one in 97% yield, producing grafted silica with 0.77 mmol/g ligand loading. This surface modified silica was shown to be selective in the adsorption of Yb 3+ ions from dilute aqueous solutions, for which 98% adsorption was observed from a 1.0×10 −5 mol/L aq. solution at pH 6.7, after 24 h at room temperature. Six other lanthanides studied Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , Nd 3+ , Tb 3+ , Sm 3+ and La 3+ showed moderate to weaker adsorptions of 39%, 28%, 16%, 12%, 11% and 5% respectively under similar conditions.
Ftir Studies Of Organometallic Surface Chemistry Relevant To Atomic Layer Epitaxy.

The adsorption and surface reactions of trimethylgallium and tertiarybutylarsine on GaAs(100) surfaces have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Adsorbed methyl groups resulting from the dissociative chemisorption of trimethylgallium on GaAs(100) are shown to form As-H and CH 2 species on the surface. The CH 2 groups are stable on the surface at temperatures as high as 550 °C. The surface coverage is low (∼0.2% of a monolayer) and is reduced by the presence of hydrogen on the surface. This dehydrogenation of surface methyl groups could be a possible route to carbon incorporation in GaAs grown by atomic layer epitaxy. Tertiarybutylarsine is shown to decompose primarily by homolysis to form a tertiary butylgroup and AsH 2 . At temperatures below 400°C on trimethylgallium dosed surfaces, the decomposition products appear to cause the hydrogenation of methylene groups remaining from prior surface dosing with trimethylaallium. At high temperatures, the tertiarybutyl radical appears to undergo dehydrogenation reactions to an unsaturated species which is stable on the surface. In contrast, the dehydrogenation does not appear to occur on surfaces treated with tertiarybutylarsine. The data for trimethylgallium and tertiarybutylarsine support the general assertion that surface As-H species play a critical role in the removal of hydrocarbon species from the growth surface.