cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoexcited Electron Hopping between TiO2 Particles: Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was employed to study the effect of embedded single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on charge transport in powdered TiO2. It was found that 1–5 wt % SWNTs mixed with TiO2 accept electrons from photoexcited TiO2 and quench the PL intensity from TiO2. The PL quenching efficiency by SWNTs is proportional to the fractional occupancy of TiO2 particles which experience electrical contact with SWNTs. Ultraviolet light was used to cause surface charging of the SWNT/TiO2 sample, and the charging/discharging rate was measured using PL. The PL charging/discharging rate of all SWNT/TiO2 mixtures is identical to that of pure TiO2, indicating that SWNTs only accept photoexcited electron from TiO2 but do not transport electrons under conditions of the experiment. This is due to the effect of positively charged TiO2 particles which immobilize the photoexcited electrons transferred to SWNTs at the interface between first-layer TiO2 and SWNTs, inhibiting charge transport through SWNT cha...
On Some Pointwise Inequalities Involving Nonlocal Operators

The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, we survey on several known pointwise identities involving fractional operators; second, we propose a unified way to deal with those identities; third, we prove some new pointwise identities in different frameworks in particular geometric and infinite-dimensional ones.
Effects of Hydroxyurea Administration on the Body Weight, Body Composition and Exercise Performance of Patients with Sickle-Cell Anaemia

1. As an ancillary study carried out during the recently completed Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea, we examined the effect of hydroxyurea on the body weight, body composition and exercise capacity of adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia. 2. The subjects received either hydroxyurea (six males and four females) or placebo (eight males and six females). Data for each subject were generated during four separate 24 h admissions to the General Clinical Research Center. These admissions occurred at baseline and then at 6, 12 and 18 months after the start of study drug (hydroxyurea or placebo) administration. During each admission, body composition was measured by using a dual X-ray absorptiometer, and exercise testing was performed by cycle ergometry. Anaerobic performance was assessed according to a 'Wingate' protocol (20 s at maximal intensity against a cycling resistance of 7.5% body weight). Aerobic performance was examined using a steady state submaximal exercise protocol (10 min cycling time). 3. At baseline, no significant difference in any parameter was found between the hydroxyurea- and placebo-treated groups. At 18 months, the hydroxyurea-treated subjects exhibited an average weight gain of 3.16 kg. The mean weight gain in the placebo-treated subjects was 1.82 kg. Body composition analysis showed that the additional weight in both groups involved both lean and fat body mass components. In anaerobic performance, the subjects given hydroxyurea showed an increase in peak muscle power of 104.9 W. The placebo group also showed an increase, but theirs was a more modest gain of 57.7 W. The most marked improvement in anaerobic performance was observed in the hydroxyurea-treated men (P < 0.05). In aerobic performance, the hydroxyurea-treated subjects exhibited a decrease in peak heart rate response to a standardized workload of 15.2 beats/min, as compared with a decrease of only 4.3 beats/min in the placebo-treated patients. 4. Taken together, the overall weight gain, combined with increases in both anaerobic muscular performance and aerobic cardiovascular efficiency, provides objective data to support the subjective impression that hydroxyurea administration produces an improvement in the physical capacity of patients with sickle-cell anaemia.
Idiopathic myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia involving the renal pelves, ureters and bladder

Myeloid metaplasia associated with idiopathic myelofibrosis most commonly involves the reticuloendothelial organs, such as the spleen, liver and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. We report on a patient with myeloid metaplasia (extramedullary hematopoiesis) of the renal pelves, ureters and bladder. The pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of this condition are discussed.
Enhancing the Blended Learning Experience Through Crowdsourcing: Applications to Management Education

The world of blended learning is now becoming the new norm throughout the management education universe. Under growing pressure from a variety of stakeholders, business educators are increasingly turning to the blended learning model as a vehicle to provide world-class education. The approach being adopted in many programs is to engage faculty and students in a virtual crowdsourcing learning experience via the blended learning model. Crowdsourcing as applied to business education is the process of connecting students and faculty with a broad-based group of both internal and external resources for the general purpose of problem solving, developing new skill sets, and measuring results. The purpose of this article is to identify the growing opportunities for crowdsourcing in management education and to highlight specific implementation strategies for helping facilitate this revolutionary learning process throughout the community of practice.
Synthesis and Isolation of Trifluoromethylfullerenes

Abstract Over the last two decades, trifluoromethylfullerenes (TMFs) have become the largest known family of well-characterized fullerene derivatives, encompassing a truly vast range of useful properties that have real-world application potential. Unfortunately, many of the studies highlighting the unique and interesting physical, chemical, and electronic properties of TMFs have been conducted on as little as 1 mg or less of material. Recent efforts have been devoted to increasing the reaction size, targeting certain product compositions selectively, and improving the scale and efficiency of separating isomerically pure TMFs to elevate the availability of these compounds. This chapter serves as a guide for understanding and experimentally planning the synthesis and isolation of practical quantities of both kinetic and thermodynamic trifluoromethylated derivatives of C60 and C70.
Single-Step Affinity Purification of ERK Signaling Complexes Using the Streptavidin-Binding Peptide (SBP) Tag

Elucidation of biological functions of signaling proteins is facilitated by studying their protein-protein interaction networks. Affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has become a favorite method to study protein complexes. Here we describe a procedure for single-step purification of ERK (Rolled) and associated proteins from Drosophila cultured cells. The use of the streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) tag allows for a highly efficient isolation of native ERK signaling complexes, which are suitable for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry. Our analysis of the ERK interactome has identified both known and novel signaling components. This method can be easily adapted for SBP-based purification of protein complexes in any expression system.
The Cost and Burden of the Residency Match in Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background In order to obtain a residency match, medical students entering Emergency Medicine (EM) must complete away rotations, submit a number of lengthy applications, and travel to multiple programs to interview. The expenses incurred acquiring this residency position are burdensome, but there is little specialty specific data estimating it. Objective We sought to quantify the actual cost spent by medical students applying to EM residency programs by surveying students as they attended a residency interview. Methods Researchers created a 16-item survey, which asked about the time and monetary costs associated with the entire EM residency application process. Applicants chosen to interview for an EM residency position at our institution were invited to complete the survey during their interview day. Results In total, 66 out of a possible 81 residency applicants (an 81% response rate) completed our survey. The “average applicant” who interviewed at our residency program for the 2015-16 cycle completed 1.6 away or audition rotations, each costing an average of $1,065 to complete. This “applicant” applied to 42.8 programs, and then attended 13.7 interviews. The cost of interviewing at our program averaged $342 and in total, an average of $8,312 would be spent in the pursuit of an EM residency. Conclusions Due to multiple factors, the costs of securing an EM residency spot are escalating at an alarming rate. By understanding the components that are driving this trend, we hope that the academic EM community can explore avenues to help curtail these costs.
Personalized energy costs and productivity optimization in offices

Abstract There is a strong relationship between occupants’ comfort and their productivity. Indoor environmental conditions have impacts on the mental and physical well-being of occupants that subsequently, influence their productivity. Generally, occupants in a shared space have varied preferences for the thermal conditions of the indoor environment. For energy management systems of office buildings, inability to acknowledge occupants’ thermal preferences may cause productivity losses. Salaries of office workers are many times higher than the costs of energy consumption, hence, improving the productivity of office workers can offer significant economic benefits. The main interest of this research is to propose a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOOP) method for personalized energy and comfort management in offices. The MOOP method simultaneously optimizes the energy costs and collective productivity of office workers, by proposing Pareto optimal solutions for the automated control of the indoor environment, based on occupants’ thermal preferences and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Alongside thermal preferences and IAQ, several continuously changing inputs are also considered including indoor and outdoor environmental parameters, energy exchange processes across the building zones, energy prices, occupants’ presence, productivity rates, and thermal behavior. Application of the proposed method for personalized energy and comfort management is analyzed by the annual energy performance simulation of an office building, located in Montreal, Canada. Based on the provided results, the proposed method has the flexibility to manage the diversity among the thermal preferences of occupants, and significantly improves the productivity of office workers while optimizing the energy consumption costs.
The lateral hypothalamus to lateral habenula projection, but not the ventral pallidum to lateral habenula projection, regulates voluntary ethanol consumption

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain region implicated in aversive processing via negative modulation of midbrain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) systems. Given the role of the LHb in inhibiting DA and 5-HT systems, it is thought to be involved in various psychiatric pathologies, including drug addiction. In support, it has been shown that LHb plays a critical role in cocaine- and ethanol-related behaviors, most likely by mediating drug-induced aversive conditioning. In our previous work, we showed that LHb lesions increased voluntary ethanol consumption and operant ethanol self-administration and blocked yohimbine-induced reinstatement of ethanol self-administration. LHb lesions also attenuated ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion suggesting that a mechanism for the increased intake of ethanol may be reduced aversion learning. However, whether afferents to the LHb are required for mediating effects of the LHb on these behaviors remained to be investigated. Our present results show that lesioning the fiber bundle carrying afferent inputs to the LHb, the stria medullaris (SM), increases voluntary ethanol consumption, suggesting that afferent structures projecting to the LHb are important for mediating ethanol-directed behaviors. We then chose two afferent structures as the focus of our investigation. We specifically studied the role of the inputs from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventral pallidum (VP) to the LHb in ethanol-directed behaviors. Our results show that the LH-LHb projection is necessary for regulating voluntary ethanol consumption. These results are an important first step towards understanding the functional role of afferents to LHb with regard to ethanol consumption.
Image-based modeling of granular porous media

We propose a new method of modeling granular media that utilizes a single two- or three-dimensional image and is formulated based on a Markov process. The process is mapped onto one that minimizes the difference between the image and a stochastic realization of the granular medium and utilizes a novel approach to remove possible unphysical discontinuities in the realization. Quantitative comparison between the morphological properties of the realizations and representative examples indicates excellent agreement.
Agent Foundations for Aligning Machine Intelligence with Human Interests: A Technical Research Agenda

In this chapter, we discuss a host of technical problems that we think AI scientists could work on to ensure that the creation of smarter-than-human machine intelligence has a positive impact. Although such systems may be decades away, it is prudent to begin research early: the technical challenges involved in safety and reliability work appear formidable, and uniquely consequential. Our technical agenda discusses three broad categories of research where we think foundational research today could make it easier in the future to develop superintelligent systems that are reliably aligned with human interests: 1. Highly reliable agent designs: how to ensure that we built the right system. 2. Error tolerance: how to ensure that the inevitable flaws are manageable and correctable. 3. Value specification: how to ensure that the system is pursuing the right sorts of objectives.
Microlensing makes lensed quasar time delays significantly time variable

The time delays of gravitationally lensed quasars are generally believed to be unique numbers whose measurement is limited only by the quality of the light curves and the models for the contaminating contribution of gravitational microlensing to the light curves. This belief is incorrect -- gravitational microlensing also produces changes in the actual time delays on the ~day(s) light-crossing time scale of the emission region. This is due to a combination of the inclination of the disk relative to the line of sight and the differential magnification of the temperature fluctuations producing the variability. We demonstrate this both mathematically and with direct calculations using microlensing magnification patterns. Measuring these delay fluctuations can provide a physical scale for microlensing observations, removing the need for priors on either the microlens masses or the component velocities. That time delays in lensed quasars are themselves time variable likely explains why repeated delay measurements of individual lensed quasars appear to vary by more than their estimated uncertainties. This effect is also an important new systematic problem for attempts to use time delays in lensed quasars for cosmology or to detect substructures (satellites) in lens galaxies.
Northwest District Association News

(1931). Northwest District Association News. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 38-39.
Conceptualising Justice in Health as Opportunities to Be Healthy (Capabilities)

This chapter presents the conceptual framework used to shed light on the research problem: The Capabilities Approach (CA). A set of guiding questions are taken up that radiate from HIV in women as a social justice and public health problem, and form part of ongoing South African national and global health debates. These encompass: the special nature of health; viewing health as a normative social goal; debates associated with social valuations of health; and the difficulties in locating health (as opposed to health care) within a moral social justice framework. Features of the CA, its relevance, strengths and limitations are communicated, as are the ways that the CA accommodates and answers the debates just highlighted.
The Evolution of Transport Safety in the US

While transportation in the US provides the highest level of mobility in the world, it does create a set of unintended consequences. A major such consequence derives from the 6.5 million transportation accidents, which result in over 3 million injuries and 43 000 fatalities annually. Transportation crashes account for about half of all the accidental deaths in the country (table 1). Motor vehicle accidents are the major cause of death among Americans in the age group 15–24 and are also responsible for as many pre-retirement years lost (about 1.2 million years annually) as cancer and heart disease (figure 1). The full economic costs of transport accidents to US society — direct costs sustained by injured persons and their insurers including costs related to health care, property damage, and market productivity losses as well as public costs in the form of health care expenditures, income tax revenue losses, and public assistance expenses — over the lifetime of individuals injured or killed in 1990 has been estimated at over $135 billion (USDOT NHTSA, 1993). Transportation-related accidents are clearly a major public health problem in the U S.
Gender Ideology and Work–Family Plans of the Next Generation

This chapter examines gender and ideological differences in work-family balance expectations of adolescents and emerging adults. The chapter examines relevant research discussing such considerations, in addition to using data from two studies to further illustrate the chapter topic. In both studies (one using 15-year-olds, one using college undergraduates), individuals expected to balance work and family in a traditional, gendered way, with men expecting to work full-time before and after children, and women expecting to reduce/end working outside the home after children. Before children, both male and female emerging adults with traditional gender ideologies reported fewer hours of work than those who were more egalitarian. After children, gender ideology was important for female but not male work expectations: for young women, more traditional gender ideology predicted greater expectations of part- rather than full-time employment. Otherwise, gender ideology operated similarly for both genders. Idealized expectations were also evident, as both young men and women reported planning on sharing primary caregiving responsibilities, despite endorsing a traditional gendered employment pattern. Implications for gender inequality in the workforce and potential consequences for the next generation are also discussed.
Demo/poster abstract: XReality research lab — Augmented reality meets Internet of Things

This demonstration presents a novel system architecture and implementation that integrates Augmented Reality (AR) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to create a 4D experience for the user. This 4D experience enables users to interact with IoT networks through avatars and holograms which represent the digital twins of the sensor data. This work is part of the newly developed research lab at Texas State University called, XReality and the demonstration is focused on the use case of wireless sensor networks. More precisely, the users of this demo will be able to interact with the IoT network and visualize network activities using AR devices. Three use cases will be presented in the area of object recognition, IoT to hologram interaction and net-work topology visualization. The proposed technology can be used for the enhancement of the educational process of sensor and computer networks classes since students can visualize network activities using AR devices.
The rhetoric of toys: Barbie for president

Since 1992, every presidential election cycle has featured a Barbie doll as a candidate in an effort to encourage little girls to learn about the American election process. The campaign itself has ...
Interfacial Water Features at Air–Water Interfaces as Influenced by Charged Surfactants

The features of interfacial water at air–water interfaces of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cationic dodecyl amine hydrochloride (DDA) solutions were examined by combining sum frequency g...
On the Performance of Confined Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids for Separations of Carbon Dioxide from Methane: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the performance of slit graphite and titania (rutile) pores of 5.2 nm in width, partially and completely filled with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) or ionic liquids (ILs), for gas separations of a carbon dioxide-methane mixture of 5:95 molar ratio and temperatures and pressures on the order of 318 K and 100 bar, respectively. The DESs studied were ethaline and levuline (1:2 molar mixtures of choline chloride with ethylene glycol or levulinic acid), and the IL considered was 1- n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [bmim+][NTf2-]. The performance of these systems in terms of solubility selectivity, diffusion selectivity, and permselectivity was compared against the performance of the bulk solvents (which could also be viewed as a model system for the micrometer-sized pores of a supported IL or DES membrane) and against carbon and rutile pores without preadsorbed solvent. The best performance in terms of permselectivity is obtained for bulk levuline and by rutile pores fully filled by ethaline, followed by graphite pores filled by ethaline and the IL. Empty rutile pores have the largest value of solubility selectivity, followed by bulk ethaline and rutile pores completely filled by the IL. The largest values of diffusivity selectivity were observed for bulk levuline, followed by ethaline completely filling a rutile nanopore and a graphite nanopore completely filled with the IL. These observations are rationalized by examining local density profiles and interaction energies among the different entities in our systems. In general, systems of nanopores fully filled by solvents, as well as the bulk solvents, have larger permselectivities than pores partially filled by the IL or the DESs. Drops of 2-3 orders of magnitude are observed in the gas diffusivity in pores filled with solvents with respect to systems of empty pores, which may be problematic if gas permeation is mainly controlled by diffusion. However, if adsorption dominates the gas permeation within the membrane, our results suggest that systems of levuline in the micrometer-sized pores of a supported DES membrane or ethaline confined in the rutile nanopores of a supported DES phase material might represent promising systems for gas separation.
Application of Exactly Linearized Error Transport Equations to Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop.

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction workshops sponsored by the AIAA have created invaluable opportunities to discuss the predictive capabilities of CFD in areas in which it has strugg...
Relationship between treatment duration and outcomes in patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and surgery for locoregionally advanced (LRA) esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (E/GEJ) adenocarcinoma (ACA).

e14665 Background: Retrospective studies in breast, colon, and head and neck cancer have suggested that delays in administration of adjuvant chemotherapy result in inferior outcomes. We explore thi...
Property confiscation and the intergenerational transmission of education in post-1948 Eastern Europe

Using regression methods and propensity score matching applied to two different retrospective samples, this study finds evidence of a positive “property confiscation” effect on educational attainment. We use a 1993 survey of adults (aged 20–69) in the post-transition Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. In countries experiencing the most private property losses, regression results indicate that years of schooling increase by about 0.19 for each member of an affected extended family (parents, maternal grandfathers, or paternal grandfathers). When all three sets of family members lost property, we find an increase in years of educational attainment of about 0.6. We also find an increase in the probability of post-high school education of about 0.02 for each extended family member whose property was confiscated. Those findings are confirmed using propensity score matching, which provides a larger and more pervasive positive confiscation effect. We also test our hypothesis using current and retrospective microeconomic panel data from Europe’s Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement (SHARE), a dataset that covers countries in Eastern and Western Europe. We again find that property confiscation leads to greater educational attainment in the children of the affected households. We apply propensity score matching to the data and find, again, positive and statistically significant evidence of a confiscation effect on years of educational attainment. Auxiliary work indicates a separate channel for property confiscation’s effects. Our explanation for the empirical results reported herein can be found in families’ ability to pay bribes to advance their children’s education.
Adoptive Infusion of Alloreactive Donor NK Cells Reduces GVHD, Mediates Anti-Tumor Effects and Prolongs Survival in Recipients of MHC-Matched Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells with killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) ligand incompatibility have been implicated to reduce graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and leukemia relapse in humans undergoing MHC-mismatched T-cell depleted allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Analogous to human NK KIR, murine NK cells express subgroups of MHC-specific receptors of the C-type lectin superfamily, termed Ly49, that regulate their function. In MHC-mismatched HCT, the infusion of alloreactive Ly49-mismatched NK cells decreases the incidence of GVHD. We investigated if an infusion of alloreactive NK cells would reduce GVHD and further mediate anti-tumor effects in mice undergoing MHC-matched allogeneic HCT. Balb/c mice were injected intravenously with 105 RENCA tumor cells. Ten days following tumor injection, mice were irradiated (950cGy) and transplanted with 15×106 and 8×106 splenocytes and bone-marrow cells respectively from MHC-matched B10.d2 donors. Five days following transplantation, recipients were given a single infusion of either 0.5–1×106 Ly49 ligand-matched (Ly49G2; non-alloreactive to Balb/c) or Ly49 ligand-mismatched (Ly49C; alloreactive to Balb/c) donor NK cells. Recipients of Ly49 ligand-mismatched NK cells had a significant reduction in the incidence of GVHD (p Download : Download high-res image (84KB) Download : Download full-size image
Controls, Payables, and Materiality: A Case of Unknown Collusion

This case is inspired by actual experiences within the accounting and accounts payable departments of a large energy company, formerly part of the S&P 500. The primary objective of the case is to p...
Development of Patient Education Materials for Total Joint Replacement During an International Surgical Brigade.

Background Temporary brigade trips to deliver international surgical care are increasingly common. For the purposes of this work, we use the term brigade to describe self-contained short-term medical or surgical mission trips where healthcare professionals are brought in from foreign regions to provide care to an underserved population. Many brigade programs have begun to collect and publish data on outcomes and complications, but few have examined their own patient education practices. Methods We used evidence-based readability and suitability analyses along with patient interviews to develop improved patient education materials for a total joint replacement surgical brigade in the Dominican Republic. Results Existing patient education materials required an eighth grade reading level and lacked suitability based on the principles of educational theory. The redesigned materials required fifth grade reading skills or less and had superior suitability. Pilot testing with patients from the target population suggested that the materials were appealing and appropriate. Conclusions Patient education may play an important role in optimizing outcomes in the setting of medical or surgical brigades where resources and access to follow-up care are limited. More research is needed to bring attention to the importance of patient education during brigades, and programs should work with patients to develop educational materials that are suitable and effective.
Learning Opportunities While Incarcerated: Association of Engagement in Literacy and Numeracy Activities with Literacy and Numeracy Skills.

Little is known about which educational activities are most associated with incarcerated adults’ literacy and numeracy skills. The present study examines whether informal engagement in reading, wri...
Conflict of interest disclosure in orthopaedic and general surgical trauma literature.

Abstract Significance Financial relationships between industry and physicians are a key aspect for the advancement of surgical practice and training, but these relationships also result in a conflict of interest with respect to research. Financial payments to physicians are public within the United States in the Open Payments Database, but the rate of accurate financial disclosure of payments has not previously been studied in trauma surgery publications. Objective To determine the rate of accurate financial disclosure in major surgical trauma journals compared with the Open Payments Database. Materials and Methods The names of all authors publishing in The Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, Injury, and The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery between 2015 and 2018 were obtained from MEDLINE. Non-physicians, physicians outside of the United States, physicians without payments in the Open Payments Database, and physicians with payments types of only “Food and Drink” were excluded. Financial disclosure statements were obtained from the journal websites and manually compared against Open Payments Database entries the year prior to submission and during the year of submission up until 3 months prior to publication for each individual physician. Main outcomes were accuracy of disclosure published with each article, total amount of payments received (disclosure or undisclosed), surgical subspecialty of the reporting physician. Statistical comparisons were made using Chi-square testing with significance defined as p Results Between 2015 and 2018, 5070 articles were published involving 28,948 authors. 2945 authors met inclusion criteria. 490 authors accurately disclosed their financial relationships with industry (16.6%). The median value of undisclosed payments was $22,140 [IQR $6465, $77,221] which was significantly less than the medial value of disclosed payment of $66,433 [IQR $24,624, $161,886], p Conclusions Physician-industry relationships are key for advancing surgical practice and providing training to physicians. These relationships are not inherently unethical, but there is consistently high inaccuracy of financial disclosure across multiple trauma surgery journals which may indicate the need for further education on financial disclosures during surgical training or active obtainment of publicly available financial disclosures by journals.
Factors influencing perceived appropriateness of concessioner activity in Grand Teton

Concessioner provided services are integral to the national park visitor experience, and with visitation across NPS units growing steadily, services provided by these public-private-partnerships will likely only increase in importance. Despite this, concerns exist regarding the presence of for-profit entities within national parks. While private businesses may be more responsive to consumers, their presence raises questions regarding equity, access, and perceptions of ownership. The purpose of this study was to assess factors that may influence visitor’s perceptions of appropriateness regarding (a) current and (b) future concessioner activities within Grand Teton National park (GTNP). Regression analyses indicate the importance of personal values, rather than actual experiences (positive or negative) with concessions in shaping perceived appropriateness of future concessions activity. Satisfaction with concessions services, amount of concessions activity that respondents perceived in the park in the present, and trust in GTNP were all non-factors in determining anticipated future appropriateness. Instead, a belief that concessions activity would increase, social liberalism, economic conservatism, and place identity with GTNP were related to perceptions that concessioner activity at GTNP would be inappropriately high in the future. Although the regression predicting future beliefs was robust (R2 = 0.43), no variables significantly predicted current beliefs (R2 = 0.05). Featured photo by Grand Teton on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2jf3fa9
IDENTIFICATION OF CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS BY IMMUNOASSAYS

In recent years several laboratories have elicited highly avid rabbit and monoclonal antisera specific for particular three-dimensional structures of DNA damaged by physical and chemical agents (1,2). These antisera have been utilized as probes for the presence of carcinogens bound to DNA in various animal and cell-culture model systems in order to investigate mechanisms of carcinogenesis (3–6). Immunoassays established with such antisera are among the most highly sensitive quantitative procedures known for the determination of carcinogen-DNA adducts (1,2) and have been adapted also for morphological localization studies (7,8,9). In addition, since the techniques permit measurement of unlabeled DNA-bound products, the possibility of searching for evidence of chemical exposure in DNA from human tissues has become exceedingly attractive. Such human studies are of recent inception, however, and the data are sparse. This presentation will focus on quantitation by immunoassay of DNA adducts (Figure 1) of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and benzo(a)- pyrene (BP) in cultured cells and intact animals. In addition, preliminary evidence will be presented indicating that BP-DNA adducts may be measured in lung and lung-tumor DNA obtained from lung cancer patients.
Who captures value from science-based innovation? the distribution of benefits from gmr in the hard disk drive industry

Abstract We analyze the discovery of giant magneto-resistance (GMR) and its development and commercialization by the global disk drive industry to answer the question of “Who captures the benefits from innovation in a global innovation system?” We assess the returns to the scientists, firms, and countries associated with GMR. We find that the French and German scientists that discovered GMR and their labs benefited by receiving the Nobel Prize and small licensing fees. The firm that first commercialized the technology, IBM, captured profits from selling hard disk drives and magnetic heads using GMR. Other hard disk drive and head manufacturers based in the U.S. and Japan were able to quickly assimilate the technology and catch up with IBM. France and Germany reaped limited returns due to the lack of domestic firms with the absorptive capacity to commercialize GMR. The U.S. and Japan benefited from the success of their firms in commercializing GMR, as did other countries which were part of the global value chains of those companies. Consumers and firms that incorporated hard drives in their products ultimately benefited from cheaper hard drives with greater capacity. These findings illustrate the importance of absorptive capacity at the firm and national level in capturing benefits from innovation. They also show that the benefits to first mover firms can be short-lived in a competitive industry with open transfer of knowledge and limited appropriability regimes. Finally, they show that the location of jobs and wages associated with innovative products depends on the structure of the global value chains of leading firms.
Accurate and Robust Centerline Extraction from Tubular Structures in Medical Images

Extraction of centerlines is useful in interactive navigation and analysis of objects in medical images, such as the lung, bronchia, blood vessels, and colon. Given the noise and other imaging artifacts that are present in medical images, it is crucial to use robust algorithms that are (1) accurate, (2) noise tolerant, (3) computationally efficient, and (4) preferably do not require an accurate segmentation. We propose a new centerline extraction method that employs a Gaussian type probability model to estimate the boundaries of medical objects. The model is computed using an integration of the image gradient field. Probabilities assigned to boundary voxels are then used to compute a more robust distance field, that is less sensitive to noise. Distance field algorithms are then applied to extract the centerline. Noise tolerance of our method is demonstrated by adding Gaussian, Poisson and Rician noise to these datasets, and comparing results to traditional distance field based methods. Accuracy of our method was measured using two datasets with known centerlines, (1) a synthetically generated sinusoidally varying cylindrical dataset, and (2) a radiologist supervised segmented head MRT angiography dataset. Average errors for the cylinder dataset using our method was 0.5-0.8 voxels vs. 0.7-2.0 voxels using the traditional distance transform method; for the MRT dataset, it was 0.5-0.7 voxels vs 2.0-3.0 voxels for the traditional method. Additionally, experiments with six datasets were performed, (1) a second head MRT angiography dataset, (2) an aneurysm dataset, and (3) four colon datasets. Results of our approach illustrate the robustness of our centerline extraction method, in terms of the smoothness as well as reduced artifacts, such as spurious branches. Finally, the stability of our centerline is evaluated by measuring its sensitiveness to initialization and segmentation parameters (on the head MRT dataset), and found to vary on the average between 0.2-0.4 voxels. Running times of our algorithm are on the order of 1-7 minutes for datasets ranging from 256 × 256 × 256 to 409 × 409 × 219 voxels.
Ambiguities in IPS G-maps - 3D numerical simulation results

ABSTRACT The potential of interplanetary radio scintillation (IPS) for remote sensing of the inner heliosphere is stimulating global research efforts. Like most remote-sensing techniques, IPS provides incomplete information. For example, all-sky “g-maps” of scintillation enhancement factor are two-dimensional (2D) projections onto the plane of the sky. To make use of IPS results it is necessary to make some assumption or inference regarding the three-dimensional (3D) structures and dynamics that produce the observations. By doing fully 3D, time-dependent MHD solar wind simulations, we are approaching the problem from the opposite direction: beginning with the 3D global dynamics. Then simulated g-maps are-produced using “standard” relationships between electron density micro-dynamics and bulk parameters. We are compiling a catalog, a “Rogues' Gallery,” of simulated interplanetary disturbances and synthetic g-maps to address basic issues in the interpretation of g-maps. This modeling will also be discussed in relation to some current controversies and research areas.
A B cell riddle: a new tool to study the link between malaria and Burkitt’s Lymphoma (TUM5P.935)

Burkitt’s lymphomas (BLs) are B cell lineage tumors that are the most common childhood cancer in the P. falciparum malaria endemic areas of Africa. The molecular basis of malaria infection causing endemic BLs (eBLs) remains unknown. Recent data has confirmed that remarkably 30% of eBLs are enriched for one particular heavy chain V region, VH4-34. The US frequency in normal individuals is 4%, however it was unknown in endemic regions of Africa. This high frequency of VH4-34 in eBLs initiated the use of the anti-VH4-34 antibody, ‘9G4’, to study VH4-34 at the cellular level in Africa. Here we report that in adults and children living in a malaria endemic area of Mali, VH4-34 expressing B cells are present in frequencies similar to those in individuals in the U.S, however more B cells are found in memory B cell subpopulations. We have also found that VH4.34 circulating antibody levels increase when infected with malaria but do not significantly increase with age unlike other malaria specific antibodies. This suggests the VH4-34 heavy chain is possibly important for malaria, but is decreased from the repertoire after infection is controlled. We are initiating studies to determine: the frequency of VH4-34 expressing B cells latently infected with EBV to see if it enriched, whether VH4-34 Abs are protective in malaria, and elucidating a molecular mechanism for transformation. This data will start an avenue to better understand the complex mechanisms behind this childhood cancer.
Playing around in the CS curriculum: reversi as a teaching tool

The checkerboard game of Reversi has been used successfully to stimulate student enthusiasm in computer science classrooms ranging from CS1 up through Distributed Processing. There is a respectable research literature attesting to its success as a pedagogical tool. This paper briefly describes the game, and then surveys the relevant research literature. It goes on to describe a simple, yet powerful, version of the game built upon a model of human cognition. Finally, the actual use of the game in a tournament setting for a CS2 course is described.
Development of Streptococcus thermophilus lacZ as a reporter gene for Candida albicans.

The study of gene regulation in many organisms has been facilitated by the development of reporter genes. The authors report the use of lacZ from Streptococcus thermophilus, a gene encoding a β-galactosidase, as a reporter for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. As test cases, Strep. thermophilus lacZ was placed under control of three different C. albicans promoters: MAL2 (maltase), inducible by maltose; HWP1 (hyphal cell wall protein), induced by conditions that promote filamentous growth; and ACT1 (actin). These constructs were each integrated into the C. albicans genome and β-galactosidase activity was readily detected from these strains, but only under the appropriate growth conditions. β-Galactosidase activity could be detected by several methods: quantitative liquid assays using permeabilized cells, colorimetric assays of colonies replicated to paper filters, and in situ coloration of colonies growing on medium containing the indicator X-Gal. These results show the usefulness of Strep. thermophilus lacZ as a monitor of gene regulation in this medically important yeast.
DIRECT AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE BY A GLUCOSE OXIDASE-PEROXIDASE SYSTEM.

A simple, accurate, automated method for the determination of glucose in plasma, urine, and spinal fluid, which does not require dialysis or protein-free filtrates is presented. Only unusually high uric acid levels in the plasma interfere with the procedure described.
Optical metropolitan area networks

This paper discusses emerging issues in the development of future optical metropolitan area networks and describes the pioneering research at Stanford University to address some of them. The optical MAN space is seeing great innovation in industry and research. Trends such as network-wide reconfiguration, Internet protocol (IP) over WDM transport, tunable OADMs and novel fibers will emerge at the networking and physical layers. Through our four MAN networking projects, the Stanford OCRL has made a significant contribution to this innovation, which will help build powerful and exciting optical MANs.
Assessment of economic losses from marine pollution: an introduction to economic principles and methods

This paper introduces economic concepts and theory pertaining to public policy issues and concerns about pollution in marine environments. Many of these concepts and theories are unfamiliar to individuals and professionals outside the field of economics, such as biologists, ecologists, environmental lawyers, and even public policymakers. Yet many of these individuals observe economics in action, often for the first time, within a public policy arena. Exposure and a better understanding of the concepts and ideas in economics that are particularly relevant for public policies can help to achieve efficiencies in the form of better designed policies, and help to bridge communications gaps across other professions and the economics profession.
New results from MAXIMUM: an x-ray scanning photoemission microscope

The scanning soft x-ray photoemission microscope (MAXIMUM) operating at the Synchrotron Radiation Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has been substantially upgraded. The major upgrades are: installation of a new beam line that is optimized for the microscope; new optical mount and alignment system for the Schwarzschild objective; a new scanning stage; installation of a cylindrical mirror analyzer; implementation of an ultrahigh vacuum sample preparation chamber and transfer system; a new window-driven data acquisition program that is more flexible and user-friendly. The new system had demonstrated better than 0.1 micrometers spatial resolution, and photoemission data with 350 meV energy resolution has been obtained.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complete nucleotide sequence of rose yellow mosaic virus, a novel member of the family Potyviridae

The complete genomic sequence of rose yellow mosaic virus (RoYMV) was determined and found to have all the features that are characteristic of members of the family Potyviridae. The RoYMV genome is 9508 nucleotides long excluding the 3′-poly-(A) tail and contains a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3067 amino acids. The RoYMV P3 and CI cistrons are shorter than those of other members of the family Potyviridae, and the 6K1 cistron is completely absent. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that RoYMV had highest amino acid sequence identity across the entire genome sequence to brome streak mosaic virus (33 %) and to turnip mosaic virus (30 %) at the coat protein level. Based on its low sequence similarity to known members of the family Potyviridae and phylogenetic analysis, RoYMV appears to be a distinct, previously undescribed, member of this family.
The amperometric titration of phosphate with iron(III)

Current interest in the ecological effects of phosphate makes improved methods for determining low concentrations of phosphate of interest. The conventional amperometric titration with iron( III) at a dropping mercury electrode was therefore reexamined, with the goal of establishing stoichiometric reaction conditions. Previous workers using this method [l, 21 have employed mixed acetate--chloride supporting electrolytes of pH 3-4. However, attempts to use this electrolyte system gave distinctly late, nonstoichiometric end-points, as has been reported by Saikina and Toropova [ 1 ] _ A study of FeP04 precipitation is complicated by several pHdependent side-reactions; these include formation of hydrated iron( III) oxide species, the FeHPO,+ complex [3] and complexes of iron(II1) with the bufferelectrolyte_ Chloroacetate was preferred to acetate as the supporting electrolyte in the work described here, because it has a good buffer capacity near pH 3 and is a weaker ligand than acetate for iron(II1). A dropping mercury indicator electrode (DME) was chosen, because the constantly renewed surface minimizes fouling problems in turbid systems. Cox and Cheng [4] have recently described a novel method for determining phosphate by cathodic stripping of iron(II1) phosphate which has been concentrated electrochemically on a glassy carbon electrode_