cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narrow‐band imaging cystoscopy to evaluate the response to bacille Calmette‐Guérin therapy: preliminary results

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether narrow-band imaging cystoscopy (NBIC) can identify bladder tumour suspected on follow-up white-light cystoscopy (WLC) after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy, as BCG causes an intense reaction in the bladder, appearing as red lesions on WLC, which might be residual tumour or BCG-induced inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours were evaluated 3 months after starting induction BCG therapy. All patients had abnormal erythematous lesions on WLC, suspected to be residual carcinoma in situ. After WLC, they were evaluated by NBIC, urine cytology and biopsy, followed by transurethral resection of all visible lesions. RESULTS Of the 61 patients, 22 (36%) had residual tumour. NBIC correctly identified tumour in 21 patients, but another 10 had unnecessary biopsy (NBIC positive, negative biopsy). Only one of 30 patients who had negative NBIC findings had tumour. NBIC outperformed urine cytology in detecting residual tumour after BCG therapy. CONCLUSION NBIC appears to better identify patients who have suspected residual tumour on follow-up WLC at 3 months after BCG therapy.
Careers in Psychology: Or What Can I Do with a Bachelor's Degree:

Employment opportunities exist for the psychology major who is flexible and diligent. The authors present at least 27 specific job titles and 22 different areas of potential employment. Job possibi...
Erythrocyte incorporation of iron by 56-day-old infants fed a 58Fe-labeled supplement

In an effort to obtain information about absorption of supplemental iron by breast-fed infants during the early months of life, we determined erythrocyte incorporation of a stable iron isotope, administered to 56-d-old breast-fed infants in the form of a 58Fe-labeled vitamin-iron supplement. Infants of similar age fed a milk-based formula low in iron (approximately 4 mg/L) were also studied. The 58Fe-labeled vitamin-iron supplement was given between feedings. Fourteen days after administration of 58Fe, mean erythrocyte incorporation of the isotope was 7.8% of the dose by breast-fed infants and 4.4% of the dose by formula-fed infants. The feeding-related difference was statistically significant, probably reflecting the greater quantities of inhibitors of iron absorption in the intestines of formula-fed infants. With mean iron intake from the 58Fe-labeled vitamin-iron supplement of 7.99 mg for the breast-fed infants, erythrocyte incorporation of 7.8% of the dose corresponded to 0.62 mg, a value in the range of the estimated requirement for absorbed iron. We conclude that 2-mo-old breast-fed infants are able to absorb nutritionally significant amounts of iron from an iron supplement.
A comparison of lethal procedures by cesium-137 assay

Time-tissue concentrations of Cs137 in rats were measured for two exposure times and using two methods of sacrifice, with the intention of showing whether any important amount of chemical mobility exists in the span of time between the initiation of sacrifice and the isolation of organs. It is concluded that the differences in the specific activity ratio between the 1-min exposure and the 15-min exposure cases are due to metabolic processes that were going on before and at the time of sacrifice, and that there is little effect on these ratios by the choice of method of sacrifice.
Effect of polymethylmethacrylate particles on mature bone in the optical bone chamber

Reaction of mature bone and its vasculature to 3.33 ± 0.19 μm polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles at a concentration of 2.5 × 108/cc was measured using optical bone chamber implant intravital microscopy. Twelve adult female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into six receiving Healon® alone (controls) and six receiving Healon® plus PMMA. The particles were introduced to the bone chamber compartment after removing its overlying optical element, which was immediately reinstalled. Reaction was monitored weekly over a 6-week period using video and photographic imaging. Bone was labeled before treatment with oxytetracycline and after treatment with alizarin complexone. Perfusing blood was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran-70 kDa (FITC-D70). Parameters measured were net bone resorption, from black and white images, bone turnover, from color images, vascularity, and average vessel caliber. Neither bone turnover nor vessel caliber were significantly affected at the p ≤ 0.050 level over time. In contrast, bone resorption was significantly greater and vascularity significantly less in the presence of PMMA. It was inferred that any differences in bone turnover were masked by resorption of new bone. It was concluded that the lack of a PMMA effect on average vessel caliber meant that the vascularity effects were not due to angiogenesis, but to vessel recruitment (or its opposite), an effect more consistent with inflammation than repair. The lack of vascularity increase in PMMA-treated compartments also suggested that increased resorption was a local phenomenon, because blood supply had not increased to provide the extra osteoclasts required for observed net bone loss. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 55: 177–184, 2001
Post-dexamethasone cortisol correlates with severity of depression before and during carbamazepine treatment in women but not men

Objective: Previous studies show a state-dependent relationship between depression and post-dexamethasone suppression test (DST) cortisol level, as well as differences in DST response with age and gender. Method: In this study, 74 research in-patients with affective disorders were given the DST on placebo and in a subgroup following treatment with carbamazepine. Depression was evaluated twice daily with the Bunney–Hamburg (BH) rating scale. Data were examined for the total subject population, by gender and by menopausal status in women. Results: A robust positive correlation was observed between depression severity and post-DST cortisol in pre- and postmenopausal females, but not in males. This relationship persisted in women when restudied on a stable dose of carbamazepine (n=42). Conclusion: The pathophysiological implications of this selective positive relationship between severity of depression and post-DST cortisol in women, but not men, should be explored further.
The Effects of a Temporary Dysphoric Mood upon Selected WAIS-R Subtests:

This study assessed the effect of a temporary dysphoric mood upon selected subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Male and female college students were assigned randomly to either an audiotape-induced dysphoria condition (n = 34) or a control condition (n = 34). Pretests of intelligence and mood revealed no differences between groups. Both groups were administered Arithmetic, Similarities, Block Design, and Object Assembly from the WAIS-R. Subjects in the temporary dysphoria condition scored significantly lower than did controls on Block Design and Object Assembly. Implications for everyday testing practices are discussed.
The modal equations and semi-definite systems

Abstract The modal equations method of classical mechanics for determining the mode shapes and frequencies of linear elastic systems in free vibration is applied to the special case of semi-definite systems. For certain physical conditions of equality the solutions develop multiple mode shapes at the system highest natural frequency. The result is an energy ladder, similar to quantum mechanics.
Optimization of Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses: A Theoretical and Experimental Study

The aerodynamic effects of trailing edge ejection on mixing losses downstream of cooled gas turbine blades were experimentally investigated and compared with an already existing one-dimensional theory by Schobeiri (1989). The significant parameters determining the mixing losses and therefore the efficiency of cooled blades are the ejection velocity ratio, the cooling mass flow ratio, the temperature ratio, the slot thickness ratio and the ejection flow angle. To cover a broad range of representative turbine blade geometry and flow deflections, a General Electric power generation gas turbine blade with high flow deflection and a NASA-turbine blade with intermediate flow deflection and different thickness distributions were experimentally investigated and compared with the existing theory. Comprehensive experimental investigations show that for the ejection velocity ratio μ = 1, the trailing edge ejection reduces the mixing losses downstream of the cooled gas turbine blade to a minimum which is in agreement with the theory. For the given cooling mass flow ratios that are dictated by the heat transfer requirements, optimum slot thickness to trailing edge thickness ratios are found, which correspond to the minimum mixing loss coefficients. The results allow the turbine aerodynamicist to minimize the mixing losses and to increase the efficiency of cooled gas turbine blades.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Optimization of ZnO:Ga properties for application as a transparent conducting oxide in InGaN-based light-emitting diodes

We report on the effects of substrate temperature and surface morphology of p-GaN templates on the properties of ZnO:Ga (GZO) layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Substrate temperature varying from 200 °C to 450°C was found to have only a moderate effect on the electrical properties of GZO films but it greatly affects the surface morphology of the GZO films. The surface morphology and growth mode of GZO were also found to be considerably affected by the surface morphology of underlying p-GaN templates. On p-GaN templates with a smooth surface (RMS = 0.4 nm) featured by clear atomic steps, GZO layers grew in 2D growth mode and exhibited smooth surfaces with RMS roughness of 2 nm. In contrast, on p-GaN without clear atomic steps but having comparable surface roughness of 0.6 nm, GZO layers grew in 3D growth mode and exhibited rough surface (RMS roughness of ~17.0-20.0 nm). The results of surface roughness are consistent with those from TEM measurements. The lowest resistivity of ~2.3×10 -4 Ω·cm for as-grown GZO layers has been achieved at substrate temperature of 350°C, while the data for 2D GZO layers was affected by a parallel conduction channel from underneath GaN and require further studies. Although the differences in electrical properties and surface morphology existed, the GZO layers grown on different p-GaN templates showed optical transparency higher than 90% in the visible spectral range. The performance of 3D GZO layers as p-electrode was tested in InGaN light emitting diodes.
Engineering the Xylan Utilization System in Bacillus subtilis for Production of Acidic Xylooligosaccharides

ABSTRACT Xylans are the predominant polysaccharides in hemicelluloses and an important potential source of biofuels and chemicals. The ability of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain 168 to utilize xylans has been ascribed to secreted glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) and GH30 endoxylanases, encoded by the xynA and xynC genes, respectively. Both of these enzymes have been defined with respect to structure and function. In this study, the effects of deletion of the xynA and xynC genes, individually and in combination, were evaluated for xylan utilization and formation of acidic xylooligosaccharides. Parent strain 168 depolymerizes methylglucuronoxylans (MeGXn), releasing the xylobiose and xylotriose utilized for growth and accumulating the aldouronate methylglucuronoxylotriose (MeGX3) with some methylglucuronoxylotetraose (MeGX4). The combined GH11 and GH30 activities process the products generated by their respective actions on MeGXn to release a maximal amount of neutral xylooligosaccharides for assimilation and growth, at the same time forming MeGX3 in which the internal xylose is substituted with methylglucuronate (MeG). Deletion of xynA results in the accumulation of β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 4 to 18 and an average degree of substitution of 1 in 7.2, each with a single MeG linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the xylose at the reducing terminus. Deletion of the xynC gene results in the accumulation of aldouronates comprised of 4 or more xylose residues in which the MeG may be linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the nonreducing xylose. These B. subtilis lines may be used for the production of acidic xylooligosaccharides with applications in human and veterinary medicine.
Asymmetric synthesis of monocyclic β-lactams from l-cysteine using photochemistry

An asymmetric method to synthesize cis-configured β-lactams using photochemistry has been developed. Aerobic photo-oxidation of l-cysteine-derived thiazolidine hydroxamate esters afforded C-3 hydroxylated products which when cyclized and deprotected gave the corresponding N-protio monocyclic β-lactams.
A clinical approach to the guidance of the superior adult

The educational and vocational guidance of the superior adult presents the counselor with problems in many ways quite distinct from those he encounters in working with counselees of more nearly average endowment. This distinction comes about as a result of the operation of a number of factors, among which may be listed: (1) The usual tests and measurements do not rest on normative populations which provide adequate differentiations at the superior level.
Recent advances in the study of poliomyelitis

Summary 1. The evidence at present indicates that the virus of poliomyelitis is a true ultramicroscopic virus, probably less than 50 μμ. in size. 2. The virus apparently does not yield to cultivation on lifeless culture media, but like other ultramicroscopic viruses is regenerated only in the presence of living tissue cells. 3. As an antigen the virus calls forth antibodies resembling antitoxins more closely than antibacterial antibodies. This suggests that virus may be an aggregate much simpler in composition than a bacterial cell. 4. The pathogenicity of the virus is restricted to man and certain species of monkeys. 5. The virus is highly selective in directing its attack, not only restricting its attack to certain hosts but to certain special cells within these hosts. After reaching the olfactory bulb from the nasopharyngeal vault, it seems to travel exclusively by nerve axons to different levels of the central nervous system, apparently remaining in all stages of the disease in very intimate association with nerve cells. 6. The immunity following recovery from poliomyelitis is of a solid and durable character. This may be determined in part by a persistence of some virus in the tissues of the recovered individual. 7. There is evidence that a large percentage of the adult population has acquired an immunity to poliomyelitis by natural means, probably as the result of a subclinical infection. 8. The value of serum therapy continues to remain an unsettled question, the general impression being that it is of some value if used early enough in the disease. 9. In addition to human convalescent serum for therapeutic purposes, there has become available the serum of certain normal human adults not known to have had the disease, and also the serum of individual poliomyelitis refractory animals which have been subjected to virus injections over a period of time. The serum of individual sheep, goats, and especially horses may attain an antibody value comparable to that of the average poliomyelitis convalescent serum. 10. Actual solution of the poliomyelitis problem seems to rest on a systematic active immunization of children and young adults by appropriate methods still to be worked out. Such preventive measures also call for some convenient, inexpensive, and reliable means of detecting those who require artificial immunization.
FERMION CLUSTER EXPANSION FORMALISM FOR ANGULAR MOMENTUM DEPENDENT POTENTIALS.

Abstract The usual cluster expansion calculation of the ground state energy of nuclear matter does not allow the use of angular momentum dependent potentials. We present here the modified cluster expansion expressions that arise when a distinct interaction is allowed in each ( 2S+1 L J ) channel. The effects of the diagonal portions of the J-dependent tensor forces are also included.
New Interpretation of the Observed Heavy Baryons.

I suggest that the conventional assignment of quantum numbers to the observed charm and bottom baryons is not correct, as these assignments imply large violation of the heavy spin-flavor and light SU(3) symmetries. I propose an alternative interpretation of the observed states, in which the symmetries are preserved. If these novel assignments are right, there is a new state with mass approximately 2380MeV which decays to {Lambda}{sub {ital c}}+{gamma}, and another with mass approximately 5760MeV which decays to {Lambda}{sub {ital b}}+{gamma}. Although such states have not been seen, neither are they excluded by current analyses. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Transformations of Matter-Radiation Gas Mixtures

Emden found that for a perfect material gas, the transformations along the isochor, the adiabat, the isotherm and the isobar are all forms of the general polytropic transformation $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{\mathrm{dQ}}{\mathrm{dT}}=\mathrm{const}$. An alternative definition of a polytrope is $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{(\frac{\mathrm{dp}}{p})}{(\frac{\mathrm{dv}}{v})}=\mathrm{const}$. When radiation energy density and pressure are considered, it is found that $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is a constant only on the adiabat, and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ only on the isobar. A discussion follows concerning the relation of these results to certain polytropic distributions of interest in astrophysics.
1150 A PROGRESSIVE NEUROLOGIC SYNDROME IN SIX CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL (αT) DEFICIENCY

We have followed six children with prolonged obstructive jaundice of infancy (biliary atresia) who are now 6 yrs to 12 y/o. Two can no longer walk unaided. A striking paresis of vertical gaze and wide-based gait developed in two children. Serial neurological exams revealed marked hyporeflexia (6/6) and decreased proprioception in the four cooperative patients. However, touch (4/6) and pin (5/6) sensation was intact. 2 of 3 cases tested had decreased motor nerve conduction velocities but normal electromyograms. Psychometric testing and school performance indicated a wide range of intellectual function. Serum vitamin E levels were low (range <0.1-0.8 mg/dl; mean 0.2 mg/dl; normal 0.8-1.2 mg/dl) in all cases despite long-term oral administration of ≥T-polyethylene glycol-1000-succinate. Post-mortem neuropathologic and morphometric findings in one child with biliary atresia whose serum vitamin E level was 0.1 mg/dl were similar to those observed by one of us (J.S.N.) in chronic vitamin E deficient monkeys and rats with focal neuronal loss in dorsal root ganglia, degeneration of axons in Clarke's column and in the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus, and a decrease in large myelinated axons in the sural nerve. Further studies are needed to elucidate what role decreased vitamin E plays in this syndrome.
Novel bacterial metabolite merochlorin A demonstrates in vitro activity against multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Author(s): Sakoulas, George; Nam, Sang-Jip; Loesgen, Sandra; Fenical, William; Jensen, Paul R; Nizet, Victor; Hensler, Mary | Abstract: BackgroundWe evaluated the in vitro activity of a merochlorin A, a novel compound with a unique carbon skeleton, against a spectrum of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and against previously characterized clinical and laboratory Staphylococcus aureus isolates with resistance to numerous antibiotics.MethodsMerochlorin A was isolated and purified from a marine-derived actinomycete strain CNH189. Susceptibility testing for merochlorin A was performed against previously characterized human pathogens using broth microdilution and agar dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was assayed in tissue culture assays at 24 and 72 hours against human HeLa and mouse sarcoma L929 cell lines.ResultsThe structure of as new antibiotic, merochlorin A, was assigned by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Merochlorin A demonstrated in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Clostridium dificile, but not against Gram negative bacteria. In S. aureus, susceptibility was not affected by ribosomal mutations conferring linezolid resistance, mutations in dlt or mprF conferring resistance to daptomycin, accessory gene regulator knockout mutations, or the development of the vancomycin-intermediate resistant phenotype. Merochlorin A demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity against MRSA. Activity was lost in the presence of 20% serum.ConclusionsThe unique meroterpenoid, merochlorin A demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against S. aureus and C. dificile and did not show cross-resistance to contemporary antibiotics against Gram positive organisms. The activity was, however, markedly reduced in 20% human serum. Future directions for this compound may include evaluation for topical use, coating biomedical devices, or the pursuit of chemically modified derivatives of this compound that retain activity in the presence of serum.
Poikilothermic traits in Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi). Reality or myth?

Abstract The African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) is a mammalian family well known for a variety of ecophysiological adaptations for strictly belowground life. The smallest bathyergid, the hairless naked mole-rat from arid areas in Eastern Africa, is even famous as the only truly poikilothermic mammal. Another bathyergid, the Mashona mole-rat ( Fukomys darlingi ) from Zimbabwe, is supposed to have strong poikilothermic traits, because it is not able to maintain a stable body temperature at ambient temperatures below 20 °C. This is surprising because, compared to the naked mole-rat, this species, together with all congenerics, is larger, haired, and living in more seasonal environment. In addition, other Fukomys mole-rats show typical mammalian pattern in resting metabolic rates. In our study, we measured resting metabolic rate and body temperature of Mashona mole-rats from Malawi across a gradient of ambient temperatures to test its poikilothermic traits. We found that the adult mass specific resting metabolic rate was 0.76±0.20 ml O 2 g −1 h −1 and body temperature 34.8±1.1 °C in the thermoneutral zone (27–34 °C). Body temperature was stable (33.0±0.5 °C) at ambient temperatures from 10 to 25 °C. We thus cannot confirm poikilothermic traits in this species, at least for its Malawian population. Factors potentially explaining the observed discrepancy in Mashona mole-rat energetics are discussed.
Crystallization of co-sputtered amorphous cobaltcarbon alloys: morphology and kinetics of spherulitic growth

Abstract We investigated the crystallization behavior of co-sputtered amorphous Co 75 C 25 films by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that, at 250–280 °C, the amorphous film transforms into crystalline phase (a mixture of c.p.h. cobalt and metastable δ′-carbide) by nucleation and growth of approximately circular or egg-shaped “grains”, which we call “spherulites”. The circular spherulites and, to some extent, the egg-shaped spherulites as well, possess distinct six-fold symmmetry. It was found that, at the center of the spherulites, the c -axis of c.p.h. cobalt and metastable δ′-carbide points out of the plane of the films and, as the spherulites grow radially, the c -axis becomes inclined towards the growing direction. Moreover, the growth rate of the spherulite is high when the c -axis is parallel to the growing direction, while it is slow when the c -axis is perpendicular to the growing direction. The average activation energy for growth is 2.1 ± 0.2 eV, which is higher than the activation energy for carbon diffusion in cobalt, 1.6 eV, but lower than that for self-diffusion of cobalt, 2.8 eV. This discrepancy between the activation energy of the growth and those for diffusion, as well as the dependence of the growth rates on the orientation of the crystalline phase, suggest that the growth of the spherulites is controlled by a process that does not involve the long-range diffusionof carbon or cobalt.
On the convergence of finite linear predictors of stationary processes

Abstract It is shown that the finite linear least-squares predictor of a multivariate stationary process converges to its Kolmogorov-Wiener predictor at an exponential rate, provided that the entries of its spectral density matrix are smooth functions. Also, the same rate of convergence holds for the partial sums of the Kolmogorov-Wiener predictor.
The evolution of undergraduate biomedical engineering education and the professional opportunities for program graduates

In order to assess the present status of undergraduate training in biomedical engineering and the professional opportunities for program graduates, a survey of existing programs was conducted. The results indicate that 24 institutions are currently offering a bachelor's degree program in biomedical engineering. The annual rate of initiation of new programs has been increasing since the offering of the first such program in 1961, with seven new programs reportedly being initiated in 1974. The combined total enrollment of the 24 programs surveyed is approximately 1525 students. The large majority (17 of 24) of the surveyed programs reported increasing enrollment. Among the 9 programs in existence sufficiently long to have graduated at least one class of 10 or more students, the following trends emerged: The range of the reported fraction of graduates entering industry varied from 10 to 50%, with hospital employment the most frequently cited industrial opportunity. All 9 programs reported one-half or more of their graduates entering graduate or medical school. In particular, 5 institutions reported more than one-third of their graduates entering medical school. These distributions reflect the majority view of the 24 degree programs surveyed, namely, that the bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering should not generally be viewed as a terminal degree.
Parametric studies of the thermal and momentum accommodation of monoatomic and diatomic gases on solid surfaces

Abstract The thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC) and the momentum accommodation coefficient (MAC) are the two fundamental parameters quantifying the solid–gas energy and momentum exchange efficiencies. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the effect of individual interfacial parameters including, (i) solid–gas interaction strength, (ii) gas–solid atomic mass ratio, (iii) solid elastic stiffness, and (iv) temperature, on TAC and MAC at solid surfaces in contact with monoatomic and diatomic gases. In addition to offering a fundamental understanding on how these individual parameters affect the nature of gas–solid collisions, we provide an extensive database for the TAC and MAC. We also study the effect of surface functionalization with molecular monolayers on the energy and momentum transfer at the interface. These results are useful in developing interfaces with enhanced heat transfer under various operation conditions.
An offshore eddy in the California current system Part I: Interior dynamics

Abstract From January 9 to 17, 1981, detailed observations of the horizontal and vertical structure beneath one of the quasi-permanent semi-stationary mesoscale offshore eddy signatures in the California Current System (CCS) discussed by Bernstein, Breaker and Whritner (1977), Burkov and Pavlova (1980), and Simpson (1982) were made. The vertical sections of temperature and density show the presence of three-layer system. A subsurface warm-core eddy, whose diameter is about 150 km at the 7°C isotherm, is the dominant feature. A warm surface layer, which extends to a depth of 75 m, lies over the eddy. Between the warm surface layer and the subsurface warm-core eddy, there is a cold-core region which extends to a depth of about 200 m. There is a high degree of symmetry about the vertical axis of rotation. Vertical sections of salinity and dissolved oxygen are entirely different from sections of temperature and density. Diagrams of water mass characteristics confirm that the core of the eddy, found between 250–600 m, consists of inshore water from the California Undercurrent (CU). Below about 700 m, local waters from the Deep Poleward Flow (DPF) have been incorporated into the eddy. The observed distributions of properties (T, S, δ θ , O 2 ) are inconsistent with a single, local generation process for the eddy system. Radial distributions of angular velocity, normalized gradient velocity and relative vorticity support the use of a Gaussian radial height field as an initial condition in eddy models. Possible reasons why CCS eddies may differ dynamically from Gulf Stream rings are given in the text. At the time the observations were made, the system as a whole was in near geostrophic balance. Local geostrophic balance, however, cannot explain the observed distribution of properties and structure. The observed symmetry in the structure of the eddy system, chemical evidence (Simpson, 1984), biological distributions (Haury, 1984) and satellite images of the CC (Koblinsky, Simpson and Dickey, 1984) suggest that lateral entrainment of warm (oceanic) and cold (coastal) water into the upper two layers of the three-layer system by the subsurface eddy is a likely generation mechanism for the cold-core region. The coastal origin of the frontal structure along the northeastern quadrant and the oceanic origin of the frontal structure along the southwestern quadrant of the eddy system further support lateral entrainment as a generation mechanism for the cold core. This entrainment makes the CCS eddy system different from cold-core rings in the Gulf Stream and rather similar to some warm-core eddies found in the East Australian Current. The presence of CU water in the core of this eddy raises the question of how CU water was transported from the continental slope. Eddy generation mechanisms, other than baroclinic instability of the CC, may be required to explain the distribution, persistence, and core composition of offshore mesoscale eddies in the CCS. There is evidence that barotropic, in addition to baroclinic, processes may be important.
Reconstructing political realism the long march to scientific theory

(1995). Reconstructing political realism the long march to scientific theory. Security Studies: Vol. 5, Roots of Realism, pp. 3-94.
Preferential repair of the transcribed DNA strand in the dihydrofolate reductase gene throughout the cell cycle in UV-irradiated human cells.

Abstract We examined repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in each strand of the expressed dihydrofolate reductase gene in human cells in different phases of the cell cycle: G1, early S, middle S, late S, and G2 M . After 4 h of incubation, repair of the transcribed strand was substantially more efficient than repair of the non-transcribed strand in all phases. Furthermore, we observed no remarkable cell cycle-dependent differences in either the initial lesion frequency or the efficiency of repair of the transcribed strand. We conclude that transcription coupled repair operates generally and with high efficiency throughout the cell cycle.
Stable, inexpensive, low-frequency sine wave generator using digital techniques.

Presented is a circuit for the generation of low‐frequency (0.001 Hz to 63 kHz) sine waves possessing stable amplitude and frequency characteristics using digital techniques. The circuit produces a 32‐step approximation to a sine wave at a frequency 1/32nd of the selected digital time‐base frequency. Also presented are a crystal‐controlled time base to drive the generator, and an active filter for removing the high‐order harmonics produced by the generator. Advantages of the digital sine wave generator over analog oscillator techniques are described.
Experiments in Sampling Sedimentary Rocks: ABSTRACT

Random sampling to insure unbiased estimators of population characteristics is both critical and costly to achieve; if the internal "structure" of a population is defined as its patterned variability, then the sampling arrangement may be used to define the structure objectively End_Page 342------------------------------ and with any desired degree of precision. For example, if a rock (population) is "massive" then no structure is apparent and various sampling patterns will yield equivalently unbiased estimators; on the other hand if the structure is layered, orthogonal patterns, with one parallel and the other perpendicular to the layers, will yield significantly different estimators unless the parallel pattern achieves correct weighting of the layers. In layered populations, patterns perpendicular to layers (channel sampling) will yield unbiased estimators of the population mean and variance; adjusting the parallel sampling pattern to equivalence with the perpendicular supplies information on the weighting, i.e., on the variation within and between layers and hence an estimate of the number of different layers. This then leads to an objecti e definition of layering. In practice, when the internal structure is initially unknown, it is necessary to use different sampling patterns to decide whether the population (rock) is structured or massive. The achievement of random sampling in various "populations," from testing techniques to deciphering "natural" variability, indicates that this procedure is a useful tool in defining the patterned variability or "structure" of a population. It appears to be invariant to change in variate (e.g., measurement or counting) or change in scale (e.g., from an electron micrograph to an outcrop). End_of_Article - Last_Page 343------------
Formulation and Sensory Evaluation of a Low Calorie Fiber Bar

Three levels of fiber were incorporated, and five combinations of wheat and corn bran were evaluated in formulating the fiber bars. A total of 15 fiber-bar variations were tested for physical characteristics and subjected to sensory evaluation by trained taste panelists. The three fiber-bar variations which were ranked highest by the sensory panel were also tested by consumer sensory evaluation. Findings indicated that the optimum level of fiber replacement of flour were 20% by weight. At this level of replacement, either all wheat bran or a mixture containing a maximum of half corn and half wheat was found by consumer sensory evaluation to produce acceptable fiber bars.
Bordetella Pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: Potential Modulator of Calmodulin Metal-Binding Properties

Calmodulin (CaM) is a potent activator of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) in the presence or absence of calcium (Ca2+). Physiological concentrations of magnesium (Mg2+) are sufficient to fully or partially saturate CaM at resting Ca2+ levels, which may facilitate CaM-dependent stimulation of CyaA, but it remains unclear what role metal-binding plays in toxin activation. In this study, multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and circular dichroism (CD) were used to examine the effects of Mg2+-binding on the structure and hydrodynamic properties of CaM/CyaA complexes. NMR structural investigations of partially (2Mg2+2Ca2+) and fully Ca2+-loaded (4Ca2+) CaM/CyaA complexes revealed that Mg2+-binding is largely localized to sites I and II of CaM. In the presence of CyaA, sites III and IV remained Ca2+-loaded, even when Mg2+ is in excess, indicating that CyaA prohibits metal exchange in the C-terminus of CaM. Moreover, interaction with CyaA stabilized Mg2+-binding at site II of CaM implying that CyaA modulates CaM's metal-sensing properties. DLS and CD analyses showed that differences exist in the global conformations of CaM/CyaA complexes in the 2Mg2+2Ca2+- and 4Ca2+-loaded states. The conformation and metal-binding properties of CaM's N-terminal domain were perturbed by mutations targeting the CaM/CyaA interface. However, these mutations had no detectable structural impact on sites III and IV of CaM, confirming CyaA interaction differentially modifies the conformation of each domain. These data suggest that CyaA alters the Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding properties of CaM, which would represent an alternative, novel mechanism of toxin function within the cell.
Trajectories Within the Weak Echo Regions of Hailstorms

Abstract Three-dimensional tracks of 21 slow-fall chaff packets have been obtained while the packets were rising in the weak echo regions of eight separate Colorado hailstorms. The chaff packets were released at cloud base in the strong smooth updrafts and tracked with a M-33 track radar. In many cases the chaff was released from an instrumented aircraft. From these data it is shown that the inflow air often has its origin near the surface, the inflow air is typically negatively buoyant below cloud base, there exists a significant non-hydrostatic pressure perturbation in most severe storms, and a vertical velocity maximum typically exists within the weak echo region.
Response to Letter by Saver

Response: The principal purpose of our article1 is didactic: we present a valid, straightforward method for comparing outcomes in 2 treatment groups if the basis of comparison is an ordinal response scale. The technique, based on the Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistic, is readily available to practitioners in most elementary statistics software programs. We illustrated the technique with data reproduced from the SAINT I trial of NXY-059 in acute ischemic stroke.2 In fact, the motivation for our article was the SAINT I publication.2 A hallmark of rigorous science is reproducibility: can reported findings in the scientific literature be replicated independently? On reading the New England Journal of Medicine article, we were dismayed that the authors failed to provide sufficient information to allow us to verify their assertion of the “statistical significance” of one of the primary outcomes of the SAINT I trial, the shift in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) values in the NXY-059 intervention group relative to the control group. Indeed, even if we had been provided the raw data accruing from the …
High-Potential Perfluorinated Phthalocyanine–Fullerene Dyads for Generation of High-Energy Charge-Separated States: Formation and Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Studies

High oxidation potential perfluorinated zinc phthalocyanines (ZnF(n)Pcs) are synthesised and their spectroscopic, redox, and light-induced electron-transfer properties investigated systematically by forming donor-acceptor dyads through metal-ligand axial coordination of fullerene (C60) derivatives. Absorption and fluorescence spectral studies reveal efficient binding of the pyridine- (Py) and phenylimidazole-functionalised fullerene (C60Im) derivatives to the zinc centre of the F(n)Pcs. The determined binding constants, K, in o-dichlorobenzene for the 1:1 complexes are in the order of 10(4) to 10(5) M(-1); nearly an order of magnitude higher than that observed for the dyad formed from zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) lacking fluorine substituents. The geometry and electronic structure of the dyads are determined by using the B3LYP/6-31G* method. The HOMO and LUMO levels are located on the Pc and C60 entities, respectively; this suggests the formation of ZnF(n)Pc(.+)-C60Im(.-) and ZnF(n)Pc(.+)-C60Py(.-) (n=0, 8 or 16) intra-supramolecular charge-separated states during electron transfer. Electrochemical studies on the ZnPc-C60 dyads enable accurate determination of their oxidation and reduction potentials and the energy of the charge-separated states. The energy of the charge-separated state for dyads composed of ZnF(n)Pc is higher than that of normal ZnPc-C60 dyads and reveals their significance in harvesting higher amounts of light energy. Evidence for charge separation in the dyads is secured from femtosecond transient absorption studies in nonpolar toluene. Kinetic evaluation of the cation and anion radical ion peaks reveals ultrafast charge separation and charge recombination in dyads composed of perfluorinated phthalocyanine and fullerene; this implies their significance in solar-energy harvesting and optoelectronic device building applications.
Electrical conduction in semiconducting NbO2 at hydrostatic pressures up to 6000 atm

Abstract We have measured the dc resistance, R, of n-type NbO2 single crystals in the semiconducting, distorted rutile-structured phase at temperatures from T = 196 K to 410 K using hydrostatic pressures, P, from one to 6000 atm. The resistivity, divided by the temperature, increases exponentially with 1 T and the resistance increases linearly with P T at different rates along the a- and c-axes. We find that conduction is due to thermally-activated, adiabatic hopping of small polarons and obtain values and pressure dependences for the vibrational frequency and polaronic energies involved. A discussion of our results is given.
Seasonal changes in serum and nasal IgE concentrations

Abstract Sequential changes in serum and nasal IgE concentrations were examined in both hyposensitized and nonhyposensitized patients with ragweed hay fever. Concentrations as low as 0.1 ng. per milliliter of IgE in nasal washings could be measured directly by a modification of the double antibody radioimmunoassay. Serum IgE levels rose during the ragweed pollination season in all allergic groups, with the hyposensitized patients showing a more sustained elevation of serum IgE. Nasal IgE concentrations in allergic subjects were consistently elevated as compared to nonallergic subjects. The IgE content of nasal washings varied directly with total protein content. Because the protein content in turn varied widely from patient to patient, nasal IgE concentrations were expressed in terms of an IgE:total protein ratio (IgETP). Nasal IgETP rose in most allergic patients during the ragweed pollination season, with the hyposensitized patients again showing a more sustained elevation. There was a strong correlation between nasal IgETP and serum IgE in the allergic patients. The results are interpreted in terms of the local production of IgE by cells in the nasal tissues and are consistent with the hypothesis that IgE, like IgA, is a secretory immunoglobulin.
Judgment, Tradition and Reason: A Response

The author of The Desire of the Nations (DN) and The Ways of Judgment (WJ) responds to the criticisms and questions of the eight other contributors, defending his concept of government-as-judgment and exploring questions about international law and contemporary pluralism.
Role of drugs for systemic hypertension and their effect on the heart

The effects of hypertension on the heart include the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, impairment of left ventricular function leading to heart failure and accelerated coronary atherosclerosis leading to ischemic heart disease. The precise role of hypertension in precipitating these cardiac events is poorly understood, and the effect of antihypertensive drugs in preventing or reversing these abnormalities is surprisingly unclear. Current understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic responses of these cardiac manifestations of hypertension will be examined.
Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: cardiac tumors

The extant nomenclature for cardiac tumors is reviewed for the purpose of establishing a unified reporting system. The subject was debated and reviewed by members of the STS-Congenital Heart Surgery Database Committee and representatives from the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery. All efforts were made to include all relevant nomenclature categories using synonyms where appropriate. Cardiac tumors are characterized as primary, tumors which arise directly from tissues of the heart, and secondary, tumors which arise from tissues distant from the heart, with subsequent spread to the otherwise normal tissues of the heart. Tumor types are noted in the hierarchical scheme. A comprehensive database set is presented which is based on a hierarchical scheme. Data are entered at various levels of complexity and detail which can be determined by the clinician. These data can lay the foundation for comprehensive risk stratification analyses. A minimum database set is also presented which will allow for data sharing and would lend itself to basic interpretation of trends.
Synthesis and accumulation of triglycerides in liver of diabetic rats. Effects of insulin treatment.

The relationship between the severity of diabetes and the hepatic accumulation of triglycerides in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat was studied. A consistent increase in hepatic triglyceride content was observed only in the ketotic diabetic state. Insulin treatment of the ketotic diabetic rat resulted in the reversal of increased plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and triglycerides to those observed in nondiabetic controls. Insulin treatment of the ketotic rats, however, did not completely eliminate the accumulation of the hepatic triglycerides. To determine whether increased triglyceride synthesis was a contributory factor to the hepatic triglyceride accumulation, triglyceride synthesis was studied in vitro using nuclear-free homogenates of liver. Triglyceride synthesis increased in ketotic diabetes. Insulin treatment of the ketotic rats partially reversed the increased diglyceride synthesis observed in ketosis but had no effect on the accelerated triglyceride synthesis. The effects of ketotic diabetes and insulin treatment of the diabetic rat on the activities of two key enzymes of the triglyceride biosynthetic pathway were examined next. The maximal velocities (V max ) of liver-soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and of microsomal diglyceride acyltransferase increased in ketosis. Insulin treatment of the diabetic rats reverted the activity of these two enzymes to control values. The results of our study demonstrate that hepatic triglyceride synthesis in ketotic rats accelerates at a time when hepatic triglyceride content increases, the increased synthesis of triglycerides was associated with increases in the activities of two key enzymes of triglyceride biosynthesis. There was a correlation between hepatic triglyceride content and triglyceride synthesis in control, ketotic diabetic, and insulin-treatedrats. These observations suggest a physiologic role for the observed changes in the accumulation of hepatic triglycerides in ketotic diabetes.
Learning Analytics: Insights Into the Natural Learning Behavior of Our Students

The migration from traditional classrooms to online learning environments is in full effect. In the midst of these changes, a new approach to learning analytics needs to be considered. Learning ana...
Who you are is where you are: : Antecedents and consequences of locating the self in the brain or the heart

Abstract Eight studies explored the antecedents and consequences of whether people locate their sense of self in the brain or the heart. In Studies 1a–f, participants’ self-construals consistently influenced the location of the self: The general preference for locating the self in the brain rather than the heart was enhanced among men, Americans, and participants primed with an independent self-construal, but diminished among women, Indians, and participants primed with an interdependent self-construal. In Study 2, participants’ perceived location of the self influenced their judgments of controversial medical issues. In Study 3, we primed participants to locate the self in the brain or the heart, which influenced how much effort they put into writing a support letter for and how much money they donated to a charity for a brain disease (Alzheimer’s disease) or a heart disease (coronary artery disease). Implications for research on the self-concept, judgment, and decision-making are discussed.
Range and multiple-scattering measurements of low-energy muons-reanalysis

Abstract We have measured the multiple scattering of low-energy muons from foils of CH 2 , Al and galvanized Fe. The data is compared with theory.