cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal energy relations and metal/ceramic interfaces

Known general relationships between pertinent variables are applied to investigate metal-ceramic interfaces. The adhesive energy is determined. The electronic exchange-correlation energy is found to be the dominant attractive term in the total energy. Results for the adhesive energy are obtained for junctions of all combinations of the low index surfaces of Al,Na, Mg, and Zn. This leads to a variety of curves, all with a single minimum of separation and equilibrium binding energy. Scaling results for 10 contacts fall closely onto a single curve, a universal energy relation for adhesion. The scaled chemisorption curves fall accurately on the same universal form that was found for adhesion. For the case of cohesion, all-first principle results are scaled and again all scaled curves for a variety of metals fall accurately on the universal form for adhesion and chemisorption. An intimate relationship between the energetics of solids and molecules is inferred.
Using Milestones as Evaluation Metrics During an Emergency Medicine Clerkship

Abstract Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME) Milestones presumes graduating medical students will enter residency proficient at Milestone level 1 for 23 skills. The Next Accreditation System now includes Milestones for each postgraduate specialty, and it is unlikely that schools will document every emergency medicine (EM) applicant's EM-specific skills in their performance evaluation. Objectives The goals of this research were to determine if assessment of the Milestones was feasible during a medical student clerkship and examine the proportion of medical students performing at Milestone level 1. Methods This study was conducted at a center with Liaison Committee on Medical Education–approved medical training and a 4-year EM residency. Using traditional clerkship, we studied the feasibility of an ACGME EM Milestones–based clerkship assessment. Data led to redesign of the clerkship and its evaluation process, including all level 1 anchor(s) to add “occasionally” (>60%), “usually” (>80%), and “always” (100%) on a Likert scale to on-shift assessment forms. Results During the feasibility phase (2013–14), 75 students rotated though the clerkship; 55 evaluations were issued and 50 contained the Milestone summary. Eight deficiencies were noted in Milestone 12 and three in Milestone 14. After changes, 49 students rotated under the new evaluation rubric. Of 575 completed on-shift evaluations, 16 Milestone deficiencies were noted. Of 41 institutional evaluations issued, only one student had deficiencies noted, all of which pertained to patient care. All evaluations in this second cohort contained each student's Milestone proficiency. Conclusions Assessment of the Milestones is feasible. Communication of ACGME EM Milestone proficiency may identify students who require early observation or remediation. The majority of students meet the anchors for the Milestones, suggesting that clerkship assessment with the ACGME EM Milestones does not adequately differentiate students.
Discontinuous Gδ Graphs

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the extension of the idea of E. S. Thomas, Jr. regarding discontinuous Gδ graphs. He said f is a Gδ set in I × I and he then showed that a function f is of Baire Class 1 if f is the intersection of a countable number of open sets each having property C. He also shows that if g is a connected function, then g is of Baire Class 1 if g is the countable intersection of a sequence of simply connected open sets.
Mass Transit Workers and Neoliberal Time Discipline in San Francisco

San Francisco's public transportation system is the slowest major urban transit system in the United States and has one of the worst on-time performance rates. In this article, I examine how these problems with time—slowness and lateness—are blamed on “unproductive” workers and mobilized as part of neoliberal restructuring strategies in San Francisco. Demands for faster-moving and more timely transit lead to the implementation and enforcement of impossible-to-meet schedules, putting transit drivers in the position of chronic lateness. City officials and civic organizations mobilize chronic lateness to represent the transit system's public sector workers as fundamentally inefficient and in need of labor reform. I here suggest that the enforcement of impossible time demands represents a new use of time discipline. While time discipline has traditionally been theorized as a central technique in the production of the social relations of waged labor, neoliberal time discipline works to delegitimize the wage labor contract itself and to fracture the social arrangements of long-term, waged employment. [neoliberalism, labor, urban transportation, time discipline, United States]
The Impact of Living with Klinefelter Syndrome: A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescents and Adults

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) is a common yet significantly underdiagnosed condition with considerable medical, psychological and social implications. Many health care providers lack familiarity with XXY, resulting in medical management challenges and a limited understanding of the personal impact of the condition. Genetic counselors benefit from understanding the challenges adolescents and men with XXY face to effectively address their medical and psychosocial needs. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of living with XXY as an adolescent or an adult. Individuals aged 14 to 75 years with self-reported XXY were recruited from online support networks to complete a web-based survey that included open-ended questions. Open-ended responses were coded and analyzed thematically (n = 169 to 210 for each open-ended question). Over half of respondents to the open-ended questions reported challenges in finding health care providers who are knowledgeable about XXY, with many describing an extensive diagnostic odyssey and relief when receiving a diagnosis. Individuals sought support coping with the challenges they face and acknowledgement of the positive aspects of XXY. Recommendations are made for how genetic counseling can enhance quality of life for individuals living with XXY.
Some Properties of cis Carotenoids

An all-trans carotenoid, because of its nearly coplanar chromophore and perfect resonance, is generally expected to surpass in stability its cis isomers. Nevertheless it should be pointed out that simple characterizations such as “stable” or “labile” have lost much of their meaning in the class of multiconjugated systems. Because the degree of the double bond character is subject to considerable variation along the chain, the extent of liability of a given steric form depends not only on the number but also on the location of cis double bonds, hence on the overall shape of the molecule.
Determining Thermal Transport Properties for Softwoods Under Pyrolysis Conditions

The thermal properties of biomass over a range of pyrolysis temperatures have been measured using a Transient Plane Source (TPS) instrument and a differential thermal analyzer (DTA). In this study, thermal property measurements were made on six softwoods: subalpine fir, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, loblolly pine, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine. Results from this method show that the average thermal conductivity for these softwoods decreases by almost a factor of 3, from 0.198 to 0.091 W/(m K), as the wood goes from ambient conditions to a pyrolysis temperature of 453 °C. Over the same temperature range the average thermal diffusivity increases from 0.313 to 0.427 mm2/s, and the specific heat decreases from 1.58 to 0.93 kJ/(kg K). Investigation of the anisotropic nature of heat transport through lignocellulosic biomass found that heat transport is generally three to four times faster along the grain of the wood than across the wood pores, and studies on the rate at which thermal conductivity and diff...
Who Works Here? Contingent Labor, Nonfamily Labor, and Immigrant Labor on U.S. Dairy Farms:

Using a survey of dairy farmers in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Florida, this study examines labor patterns on U.S. dairy farms by analyzing employment of nonfamily and immigrant labor, as well as l...
Vertriebskosten- und Rentabilitätsanalyse

Die Aufstellung und die Notwendigkeit der Budgets in den Vertriebs- und Verwaltungstatigkeiten einer Firma sind im Abschnitt D. VII.erwahnt. Am Ende des Monats erhalten die Abteilungsleiter Budgetberichte zum Soll-Ist-Vergleich. Auch in diesen Abteilungen sind Kostenkontrolle und Kostensenkung wichtige Ziele. Aber im Vertrieb liegt die Betonung auf dem Verkauf, also mehr auf der Leistung als auf den Kosten. Eine zu starke Kurzung der Vertriebskosten konnte zu einer Beschrankung der Verkaufstatigkeit fuhren; auf der anderen Seite sollten aber unterschiedslose und verschwenderische Aufwande nicht genehmigt werden.
PRASEJARAH INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS PERKEMBANGAN PRASEJARAH ASIA TENGGARA: KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI POS-PROSESUAL PERSPEKTIF STRUKTURALISME LÉVI-STRAUSS

Abstrak. Arkeologi pos-prosesual dengan perspektif strukturalisme Levi-Strauss membantu para arkeolog prasejarah untuk menjelaskan kedudukan dan peran penting Prasejarah Indonesia dalam perkembangan Prasejarah Asia Tenggara. Sudah seharusnya para arkeolog serta sejarawan melihat prasejarah bukan dari teknologi manusianya tetapi dari manusianya itu sendiri. Dengan adanya transformasi kebudayaan akan terlihat bahwa fase-fase kebudayaan masa prasejarah sesuai dengan tingkat kognisi perkembangan zamannya. Hal ini dimaknai bahwa kedudukan masyarakat Prasejarah Indonesia dalam konteks kawasan regional selalu terbuka dengan fase perkembangan budaya baru dan mentransformasikannya ke dalam kehidupan setempat, sehingga masyarakat prasejarah Indonesia dapat disejajarkan dengan kognisi manusia masa sekarang. Di sinilah posisi humanitas masyarakat prasejarah Indonesia dalam konteks perkembangan budaya Prasejarah Asia Tenggara, sehingga dapat dijadikan pijakan tentang strategi pengembangan kebudayaan di masa datang. Kata-kata kunci : prasejarah, Asia Tenggara, arkeologi, strukturalisme, Levi-Strauss Abstract . Post-processual archaeology and the structural perspective of Levi-Strauss could help prehistorian to explain the position and the role of Indonesian pre-history in the wave of Southeast Asian Prehistory. Pre-historians and historians should look prehistory at an anthropological level of analysis. The cultural transformation will show that the prehistoric-cultural phases appropriate with the cognitive level of the spirit of age. This will be interpreted that the position of Indonesian prehistoric society in the context of regional area is open-minded people. They will receive the foreign culture and transform it into the habitual life, therefore the prehistoric society could be equalized with the cognitive man at present. This humanistic position could be a base of cultural development strategy in the future. Keywords : pre-history, Southeast Asia, Archaeology, structuralism, Levi-Strauss
Influence of Ionization Source Conditions on the Gas-Phase Protomer Distribution of Anilinium and Related Cations.

The gas-phase-ion generation technique and specific ion-source settings of a mass spectrometer influence heavily the protonation processes of molecules and the abundance ratio of the generated protomers. Hitherto that has been attributed primarily to the nature of the solvent and the pH. By utilizing electrospray ionization and ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), we demonstrate, even in the seemingly trivial case of protonated aniline, that the protomer ratio strongly depends on the source conditions. Under low in-source ion activation, nearly 100% of the N-protomer of aniline is produced, and it can be subsequently converted to the C-protomer by collisional activation effected by increasing the electrical potential difference between the entrance and exit orifices of the first vacuum region. This activation and transformation process takes place even before the ion is mass-selected and subjected to IM separation. Despite the apparent simplicity of the problem, the preferred protonation site of aniline in the gas phase—the amino group or the aromatic ring—has been a topic of controversy. Our results not only provide unambiguous evidence that ring- and nitrogen-protonated aniline can coexist and be interconverted in the gas phase, but also that the ratio of the protomers depends on the internal energy of the original ion. There are many dynamic ion-transformation and fragmentation processes that take place in the different physical compartments of a Synapt G2 HDMS instrument. Such processes can dramatically change the very identity even of small ions, and therefore should be taken into account when interpreting product-ion mass spectra.
Pain sensitivity and torque used during measurement predicts change in range of motion at the knee.

Objective To determine the extent to which changes in knee range of motion (ROM) after a stretching program are related to sensory factors at the time of testing and the amount of force used during the measurement of ROM, rather than changes in soft-tissue properties. Design Randomized, single-blind design. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or stretching group. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Forty-four healthy volunteers (22.8±2.8 years of age; 23 men). Interventions The stretching group undertook static stretching twice a day for 8 weeks. The control group continued with routine activity, but was discouraged from starting a flexibility program. Main outcome measures ROM and tissue extensibility was assessed using a Biodex3 dynamometer, and ratings of thermal pain were collected at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks by an examiner blinded to group assignment. Multilevel modeling was used to examine predictors of ROM across time. Results The stretching group showed a 6% increase, and the control group had a 2% increase, in ROM over the 8-week program. However, when fixed and random effects were tested in a complete model, the group assignment was not significant. End-point torque during ROM testing (p=0.021) and the ratings in response to thermal testing (p<0.001) were significant, however. Conclusion ROM measured in a testing session was not predicted by assignment to a stretching program. Rather, ROM was predicted by the ratings of thermal stimuli and the peak torque used to apply the stretch.
The Role-Sending of Perfectionism: Overcoming Counterfeit Spirituality:

Role-sending is the process by which the expectations of one or more persons are transmitted to a focal person or persons in order to elicit a particular set of behaviors. This article discusses role-sending in the church, especially the sending of roles from the pastor to the congregation. The need to be perfect (as a Christian) is a case in point of a sent role. Such an emphasis, however, is a contradiction to authentic spirituality. By complying with the expectations of perfection, church members become susceptible to fear, hypocrisy and legalism. It is argued that sent roles in the church should lead to wholeness, healthiness, and grearer freedom. This occurs when people come to terms with their imperfection and function responsibly within God's unconditional acceptance.
Prediction of sound fields radiated by finite-size sources in room environments by using equivalent source models: three-dimensional simulation and validation

The use of equivalent source models (ESM) has recently been extended, with appropriate modifications, from its original application in acoustical holography to room acoustics simulations. This approach can serve as an alternative that is less computationally intense than the boundary element method and which is more flexible than traditional ray-tracing models in terms of dealing with non-compact sources and lower frequencies where the ray approximation is no longer accurate. Such room acoustics ESMs are based on the assumption that the room component of the total sound field can be represented by a number of equivalent sources of certain types, and that the total sound field can be predicted, with given free-space source information, by estimating the strengths of these equivalent sources based on a least-square match of the impedance boundary conditions on both the source and the room surfaces. However, to-date, the room acoustics ESMs have only been formulated and validated for two-dimensional cases. In the current work, the ESM formulation has been extended to three dimensions by replacing the two-dimensional equivalent sources with their three-dimensional counterparts, and its applications in a realistic three-dimensional room environment has been validated by successfully comparing the ESM and boundary element predictions.
Human Dimension in Cyber Operations Research and Development Priorities

Within cyber security, the human element represents one of the greatest untapped opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of network defenses. However, there has been little research to understand the human dimension in cyber operations. To better understand the needs and priorities for research and development to address these issues, a workshop was conducted August 28-29, 2012 in Washington DC. A synthesis was developed that captured the key issues and associated research questions.
Inter-method reproducibility of biexponential R2 MR relaxometry for estimation of liver iron concentration.

Purpose To assess the reproducibility of biexponential R2 -relaxometry MRI for estimation of liver iron concentration (LIC) between proprietary and nonproprietary analysis methods. Methods This single-center retrospective study, approved by investigational review board and compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, included 40 liver MRI exams in 38 subjects with suspected or known iron overload. From spin-echo images of the liver, acquired at 5 different echo times (TE = 6-18 ms), biexponential R2 maps were calculated using 1 proprietary (FerriScan, Resonance Health Ltd., Claremont WA, Australia) and 3 nonproprietary (simulated annealing, nonlinear least squares, dictionary search) analysis methods. Each subject's average liver R2 value was converted to LIC using a previously validated calibration curve. Inter-method reproducibility for liver R2 and LIC were assessed for linearity using linear regression analysis and absolute agreement using intraclass correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. For point estimates, 95% confidence intervals were calculated; P values Results Linearity between the proprietary and nonproprietary methods was excellent across the observed range for R2 (20-312 s-1 ) and LIC (0.4-52.2 mg/g), with all coefficients of determination (R2 ) ≥ 0.95. No statistically significant bias was found (slope estimates ∼ 1; intercept estimates ∼ 0; P values > 0.05). Agreement between the 4 methods was excellent for both liver R2 and LIC (intraclass correlations ≥ 0.97). Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement in % difference between the proprietary and nonproprietary methods were ≤ 9% and ≤ 16% for R2 and LIC, respectively. Conclusion Biexponential R2 -relaxometry MRI for LIC estimation is reproducible between proprietary and nonproprietary analysis methods.
Judicial Power and "the Politics of the People"

Appellants are Tennessee citizens eligible to vote for members of the General Assembly. Pursuant to the sixty-year old Tennessee apportionment formula, the voting districts to which appellants belong are-so appellants allege-allotted significantly fewer representatives in the Assembly than other voting districts of comparable population. In a great many instances, the alleged differences in representation seem to correspond with differences in the character of the voting districts, in the sense that predominantly rural districts fare far better than predominantly urban districts. (But it also appears-as Mr. Justice Clark observes in his concurring opinion-that the apportionment formula "discriminates horizontally, creating gross disparities between rural areas themselves as well as between urban areas themselves.... 2) Under-representation in the General Assembly means that appellants, and those similarly situated, are disadvantaged in that they have, voter for voter, markedly less influence on state policy than voters in more favored districts. In the face of a motion to dismiss, the alleged disparities in voting strength-initially the product of state legislative action, and thereafter perpetuated by state legislative inaction-must be assumed to exist. Disparity in treatment at the hands of state officials is not, of itself, actionable. But where the complaint adequately recites: (1) that disparity in treatment works significant disadvantage; and (2) that the basis for the disparate treatment is either (a) simply irrational, or (b) based on value preferences not open to a state to indulge in; then the complaint states a case under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and is, in consequence, good against a motion to dismiss. And so here the judgment of dismissal is reversed and the case is remanded for trial.
Extraglandular Manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS): Dermatologic, Arthritic, Endocrine, Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Gastroenterology, Renal, Urology, and Gynecologic Manifestations

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (1° SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth due to lymphocytic infiltrates of lacrimal and salivary glands. However, SS also affects many extraglandular systems. In SS patients, the pattern of extraglandular manifestations may have a close similarity with the vasculitic features seen in SLE patients that are mediated by immune complexes and complement. However, SS patients also have an increased frequency of lymphocytic infiltration into extraglandular tissues, as might be expected by their increased frequency of lymphoma in comparison to SLE patients. For example, SS patients need to be evaluated for interstitial nephritis (in contrast to the glomerulonephritis of SLE) or interstitial pneumonitis (in comparison to pleurisy of SLE). This chapter will focus on the clinical extraglandular manifestations of primary SS that are not specifically covered in other chapters. These extraglandular manifestations have led to a recently introduced “disease activity” and “organ damage index.” The recognition of these extraglandular manifestations is important since they have prognostic and therapeutic implications. The differential diagnosis of these extraglandular manifestations includes overlapping features with other autoimmune diseases (particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, dermatomyositis, celiac sprue, and small- and medium-sized vessel vasculitis), infectious diseases that mimic autoimmune disease (particularly hepatitis C, HIV, syphilis, tuberculosis), and predisposition to drug toxicities that may involve extraglandular organs (particularly skin rashes, nephritis, pneumonitis, myositis, and hematopoietic abnormalities).
Developmental changes in the gibberellin-induced growth response in stem segments of light-grown pea genotypes

The effects of GA on stem elongation were studied using segments from one tall and three dwarf light-grown pea genotypes varying in endogenous hormone content. Stem segments were cut at two distinct ages: when the fourth internode was at about 6–13% of full expansion (early-expansion) or at 18–25% of full expansion (mid-expansion). Light microscopy and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate that GA does not induce cell division in excised pea stem segments. The growth studied here was strictly elongation. Measurement of final segment length after 48 hours and high resolution measurement of growth kinetics over 20 hours using an angular position transducer were done on segments treated with hormone solutions. Our data indicate that the action of GA on stem elongation can be classified into two distinct modes. The first, apparent in early-expansion stem segments, shows distinct growth kinetics and is independent of the endogenous IAA concentration of the segments. Quantitation of IAA by GC/MS in early-expansion segments of wild type pea incubated with gibberellin shows that an increase in IAA concentration is part of the GA response in such segments. The second mode of GA action is evinced in mid-expansion segments. Whereas there is no short term (<20 h) response to GA alone (as determined by growth kinetics), there is a long term (48 h) response whose magnitude decreases across the genotypes with decreasing endogenous hormone content. Growth responses indicate that in mid-expansion segments exogenous GA acts by enhancing IAA action but appears to be unable to augment endogenous IAA content. Contradictory reports of the response of excised stem segments to GA can be reconciled when tissue genotype and developmental stage are considered.
Lymphedema prevention and management knowledge in women treated for breast cancer.

Purpose/objectives To describe what women treated for breast cancer know about upper extremity lymphedema, what they recall being told to help prevent lymphedema, what preventive strategies they used, and, if lymphedema occurred, factors related to its occurrence and strategies they used to manage it. Design Descriptive, correlational survey. Setting Survivor-established Breast Cancer Resource Center. Sample 72 women with breast cancer who returned a mailed questionnaire that was enclosed with a quarterly newsletter. Methods A survey instrument, the Lymphedema Knowledge Scale, developed from National-Lymphedema Network guidelines to prevent upper extremity lymphedema. Data that was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square, and t-tests. Main research variables Lymphedema knowledge, lymphedema occurrence, and lymphedema prevention and management strategies. Findings Although many respondents were aware of their risk for lymphedema, their knowledge and use of prevention strategies were poor. Most knowledge was obtained from surgeons, reading materials, and breast cancer survivors. Occurrence of lymphedema was significantly associated only with radiation therapy to breast and axilla and use of any prevention strategy. The 27 women experiencing lymphedema used several management strategies to control the condition. Conclusions The few women who had knowledge of most of the recommended guidelines for lymphedema prevention and management did not recall nurses as resources. Research in a larger sample is needed to better examine the association between preventive practices and lymphedema occurrence. Implications for nursing practice Nurses could do more to inform patients before and during breast cancer treatment about their risk for lymphedema and the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Until strategies for lymphedema prevention are researched further, nurses should be cautious in counseling about lymphedema prevention.
Anatomic site and etiology of hemorrhage in small versus large dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum

OBJECTIVE To compare anatomic sources and underlying etiology of hemorrhage in small vs large dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum (SH). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with SH at 2 academic institutions. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for age, breed, sex, weight, and results of imaging, surgery, necropsy, cytology, and histopathology. Dogs were divided according to body weight (≤ 20 kg = small, > 20 kg = large). Confidence intervals were calculated to estimate rates of splenic and hepatic hemorrhage in small and large dog SH populations. Multivariable regression was used to compare prevalence of anatomic sources of hemorrhage and etiology in small vs large dogs. RESULTS We identified 742 dogs with SH, including 637 in which the anatomic site of hemorrhage was investigated. Splenic hemorrhage was diagnosed in 43.2% (95% CI, 34.3-52.4) of small dogs and 61.3% (95% CI, 57.0-65.6) of large dogs. Small dogs had lower prevalence of splenic hemorrhage (prevalence ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.87; P < .001) and higher prevalence of hemorrhage from liver (prevalence ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.20-2.47; P = .003) or from another location such as retroperitoneal mass, kidney, or adrenal (prevalence ratio, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.66-4.47; P < .001) vs large dogs. Hemangiosarcoma was associated with splenic hemorrhage and occurred more frequently in large vs small dogs (P = .011). CONCLUSION Small dogs had a lower rate of splenic hemorrhage and higher rates of hemorrhage from liver and other sites compared to large dogs. Etiologies other than splenic hemangiosarcoma were common, particularly among dogs weighing ≤ 20 kg. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should perform diagnostics and consider body size before making presumptive diagnoses in dogs with SH.
Effect of frying oil degradation on surface tension and wettability

Abstract Frying oil degrades via exposure to heat, oxygen and water resulting in the formation of volatile and non-volatile products, which act as surface active substances and change heat and mass transfer rates. Effects of oil degradation during frying were quantified by measuring viscosity, surface tension, and static and dynamic contact angles of fresh oil (Total polar materials, TPM 3–4%) and used oils (TPM 10–20%). Oil viscosity decreased exponentially with increasing temperature (40–200 °C). Used oil viscosity was higher than fresh oil at room temperature; no significant difference was recorded above 60 °C. Pendant drop technique was used to measure air-oil (24–200 °C) and steam-oil (100–200 °C) surface tension of all oil samples. Surface tension decreased linearly as temperature increased. There was no effect of surrounding medium (air or steam) or oil quality on surface tension. Surface tension was time independent for both oils, as observed with a 5 h measurement using rising-bubble technique. Static contact angles of all used oils were lower than fresh oil, indicating increased wettability of used oil, which can affect amount of oil absorbed during frying and post-fry cooling. Hysteresis of used oil (13°–15°) was lower than fresh oil (18°), which can impact drainage during post-fry cooling.
Rao-Rubin Condition for a Certain Class of Continuous Damage Models

Let Z=X+Y where (X,Y) is a random vector with nonnegative components. The conditional distribution of X given Z is called the survival distribution. For discrete (X,Y) with binomial survival distribution, Rao and Rubin have given a characterization of the Poisson distribution using the condition P(X=x|Y=0)≡ P(X=x). This paper attempts a suitable formulation of this condition for continuous random variables and investigates some of its implications for a particular class of survival distributions.
CKD in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders: Trouble in Paradise.

Thousands of years before Europeans reached the Pacific Ocean, Pacific peoples were settling islands scattered throughout Earth’s largest ocean. Using navigational techniques developed over generations of studying wind, wave, and ocean current patterns and the behavior of birds and memorizing
Thin-Film Solar Cells with 19% Efficiency by Thermal Evaporation of CdSe and CdTe

CdTe-based solar cells exhibiting 19% power conversion efficiency were produced using widely available thermal evaporation deposition of the absorber layers on SnO2-coated glass with or without a t...
Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin: a National Cohort Study of Nursing Home Residents

Research comparing direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to warfarin has excluded nursing home residents, a vulnerable and high-risk population. To compare the safety and effectiveness of DOACs versus warfarin. New-user cohort study (2011–2016). US nursing home residents aged > 65 years with non-valvular atrial fibrillation enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare for > 6 months. Initiators of DOACs (2881 apixaban, 1289 dabigatran, 3735 rivaroxaban) were 1:1 propensity matched to warfarin initiators. Outcomes included ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (i.e., ischemic cerebrovascular event), bleeding (extracranial or intracranial), other vascular events, death, and a composite of all outcomes. Absolute rate differences (RD) and cause-specific hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Subgroup analyses were performed by alignment of DOAC dosing with labeling. Median age (84 years), CHA2DS2-Vasc (5), and ATRIA risk scores (3) were similar across medications. Clinical outcome rates were similar for dabigatran and rivaroxaban users versus warfarin users. However, ischemic cerebrovascular event rates were higher among dabigatran and rivaroxaban users that received reduced dosages without an indication. Overall, apixaban users had higher ischemic cerebrovascular event rates (HR 1.86; 95% CI 1.00–3.45) and lower bleeding rates (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.49–0.88), but outcome rates varied by dosing alignment. Mortality rates (per 100 person-years) were lower for apixaban (RDs − 9.30; 95% CI − 13.18 to − 5.42), dabigatran (RDs − 10.79; 95% CI − 14.98 to − 6.60), and rivaroxaban (RDs − 8.92; 95% CI − 12.01 to − 5.83) versus warfarin; composite outcome findings were similar. Among US nursing home residents, the DOACs were each associated with lower mortality versus warfarin. Misaligned DOAC dosing was common in nursing homes and was associated with clinical and mortality outcomes. Overall, DOAC users had lower rates of adverse outcomes including mortality compared with warfarin users.
Examining the Design, Manufacturing, and Analytics of Smart Wearables

Recent advancements in sensors, device manufacturing, and big data technologies have enabled the design and manufacturing of smart wearables for a wide array of applications in healthcare. These devices can be used to remotely monitor and diagnose various diseases and aid in the rehabilitation of patients. Smart wearables are an unobtrusive and affordable alternative to costly and time-consuming health care efforts such as hospitalization and late diagnosis. Developments in micro- and nanotechnologies have led to the miniaturization of sensors, hybrid 3D printing of flexible plastics, embedded electronics, and intelligent fabrics, as well as wireless communication mediums that permit the processing, storage, and communication of data between patients and healthcare facilities. Due to these complex component architectures that comprise smart wearables, manufacturers have faced a number of problems, including minimum sensor configuration, data security, battery life, appropriate user interfaces, user acceptance, proper diagnosis, and many more. There has been a significant increase in interest from both the academic and industrial communities in research and innovation related to smart wearables. However, since smart wearables integrate several different aspects such as design, manufacturing, and analytics, the existing literature is quite widespread, making it less accessible for researchers and practitioners. The purpose of this study is to narrow this gap by providing a state-of-the-art review of the extant design, manufacturing, and analytics literature on smart wearables-all in one place- thereby facilitating future work in this rapidly growing field of research and application. Lastly, it also provides an in-depth discussion on two very important challenges facing the smart wearable devices, which include barriers to user adoption and the manufacturing technologies of the wearable devices.
The need for career-long professional learning for social justice leaders in affluent school contexts

School leaders, who subscribe to social justice leadership (SJL), are situated to combat inequitable outcomes inherently produced by educational contexts. For school leaders to transform inequitabl...
Interspecies Comparison of Expression of GABA/Benzodiazepine Receptors and their Subunits in the Motor and Limbic Nuclei of the Thalamus

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview on the current knowledge on the organization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic mechanisms in the thalamus based on the literature data and findings on the motor and limbic thalamic nuclei in the cat and monkey. In the monkey thalamus, there is a greater variety of GABAergic synapses and the internuclear differences are more pronounced compared to the thalami of rat and cat. Additionally, in the monkey ventro-lateral nucleus, GABAergic dendro-dendritic contacts between local circuit neurons are found commonly but in the ventral anterior nucleus, they are absent. The chapter also explores whether there are functional differences among the various types of GABAergic synapses found in thalamic nuclei. The data described in the chapter suggests that different mechanisms of modulation of GABAergic transmission can exist in the thalami of different species, and if this is the case, the physiological properties of otherwise similar afferent inputs can differ as well.
Neural Contextual Bandits with Deep Representation and Shallow Exploration.

We study a general class of contextual bandits, where each context-action pair is associated with a raw feature vector, but the reward generating function is unknown. We propose a novel learning algorithm that transforms the raw feature vector using the last hidden layer of a deep ReLU neural network (deep representation learning), and uses an upper confidence bound (UCB) approach to explore in the last linear layer (shallow exploration). We prove that under standard assumptions, our proposed algorithm achieves $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{T})$ finite-time regret, where $T$ is the learning time horizon. Compared with existing neural contextual bandit algorithms, our approach is computationally much more efficient since it only needs to explore in the last layer of the deep neural network.
Ranchers’ Use of Drought Contingency Plans in Protective Action Decision Making

Abstract Drought contingency planning is an increasingly common tool in the ranchers’ climate adaptation toolboxes, but its effect on drought response has not yet been evaluated. We use cognitive models of protective action decision making and planning to explore the effects of having a drought plan on the use of drought early warning information and drought response (and timing). Results of a cross-sectional, probability-based survey of livestock producers affected by a 2016 flash-drought are used to describe the characteristics of operations with drought plans and provide evidence of whether having a plan predicts drought information use and response. While larger operations are more likely than others to have plans for drought, having a drought plan appears to play a unique role in ranchers’ use of information and decision making regardless of operation size. Findings suggest that encouraging the use of drought contingency planning may improve ranchers’ adaptive capacity. Increased use of planning may also increase the effectiveness of communicating risk and early warning information, by making such information more actionable by decision makers.
Prevention of catastrophic failures with weak forewarning signals

We consider the problem of a firm facing failures with weak forewarning signals. In the base model that we study, the firm watches for signals of a random arrival of a disruptive innovation and continuously updates the posterior probability that a disruptive innovation has already happened. A disruptive innovation is marked by a rapid increase in the growth rate of the market for a new technology, and it is followed by a random arrival of catastrophic failure of the firm. The firm can invest capital to adopt the innovation to prevent failure. The optimal policy is to adopt it when the posterior probability exceeds an optimally chosen threshold. We investigate the probability of failure under the optimal policy when the cost of failure is large and the arrival rate of disruptive innovation is low. The probability of failure is close to one if the arrival rate is extremely low while it is close to zero if the arrival rate is moderate. We also consider an extension of the base model to incorporate recurrence of disruptive innovation; when the arrival rate is moderate, the optimal threshold and the failure probability can be significantly larger than those of the base model.
Pandemics and Beyond: Considerations When Personal Risk and Professional Obligations Converge

With each novel infectious disease outbreak, there is scholarly attention to healthcare providers' obligation to assume personal risk while they care for infected patients. While most agree that healthcare providers have a duty to assume some degree of risk, the extent of this obligation remains uncertain. Furthermore, these analyses rarely examine healthcare institutions' obligations during these outbreaks. As a result, there is little practical guidance for healthcare institutions that are forced to weigh whether or when to exclude healthcare providers from providing care or allow them to opt out from providing care to protect themselves. This article uses the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the concept of risk and the professional duties of both healthcare providers and healthcare institutions, and proposes a framework that can be used to make concrete institutional policy choices. This framework should be a useful tool for any hospital, clinic, or health agency that must make these choices during the current pandemic and beyond.
The impact of chronic therapeutic anticoagulation use in SARS-CoV-2 and influenza

Rationale: SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with increased risk for thrombotic disease and respiratory failure. Therapeutic or intermediate dose anticoagulation has been associated with decreased thrombotic events and potentially improved hospital outcomes. It is not known whether this potential benefit of anticoagulation is unique to SARS-CoV-2, or if this is shared with other respiratory viruses. Our study compared chronic therapeutic anticoagulation use to non-chronic anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. Methods: This was a retrospective single center study with IRB approval. Patients were included if they were >18 years old and admitted to the University of Rochester Medical Center or affiliate with either a SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza (A/B) positive test between September 1 2019 and September 1 2020. Patients were identified using medical records and manually validated for accuracy. Chronic therapeutic anticoagulation was defined as anticoagulation >30 days prior to infection diagnosis. Baseline characteristics, reason for hospitalization, laboratory, degree of hypoxia, ICU admission, ICU management strategies, thrombotic complications, bleeding complications, in hospital, and 90 day mortality were collected. Parametric and non-parametric t-test were used. Results:A total of 495 patients were admitted with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR with 65 patients (13.1%) on chronic therapeutic anticoagulation. During hospitalization, 60 patients continued full dose anticoagulation and five received enhanced prophylaxis. 103 of the non-chronically anticoagulated received enhanced prophylaxis and the remaining received standard dosing. 429 patients were admitted with a positive influenza PCR with 56 (13.1%) on chronic therapeutic anticoagulation. Chronically anticoagulated patients in the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza group were significantly older, 75 (67,84) vs 65 (50, 76) and 73 (60,78) vs 60 (40, 71) respectively. Despite being older, there was no difference in inflammatory markers, respiratory failure, intubation, ICU admission, shock, or acute renal failure requiring renal replacement (Table 1). Chronically anticoagulated SARS-CoV-2 patients had 1 venous thrombotic event while the non-chronically anticoagulated patients, including enhanced prophylaxis, had 27 events (Table 1). Conclusion We found that chronic therapeutic anticoagulation may decrease severity of illness in both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection. In both groups the chronically anticoagulated patients were significantly older with increased comorbidities and despite that they did not have more significant disease. Our hospital system was not overwhelmed during this time and a significant number of COVID deaths were patients who opted for limited interventions. Further studies are warranted on the impact of anticoagulation with respiratory viruses. (Table Presented).
Mothers’ Experiences of Navigating the Sud Treatment System with Their Young Adult Child

When a young adult develops a substance use disorder (SUD), a mother often assumes a caregiving role and experiences strain associated with providing off-time caregiving. The purpose of this paper ...
A Review of Thermal Analysis and Management of Power Dense Electric Machines

Power dense electric machines are highly desirable for applications such as electrified transportation systems. One of the factors limiting the achievable power density of electric machines is the thermal management system. In the absence of suitable thermal management systems, the electric machine losses can lead to insulation failure, inter-turn short circuits, de-magnetization of the permanent magnets, and finally drive system failure. Therefore, analyzing the losses in the machine and identifying a suitable thermal management system is essential to realize power dense electric machines. In this paper, thermal analysis techniques applied to electric machines are first reviewed, and their relative merits and demerits are identified. The thermal considerations in electric machine design are discussed. Once the electric machine is thermally analyzed, the next step is to identify or design a suitable thermal management system. The subsequent sections of this paper provide a detailed review of thermal management systems reported in literature for cooling electric machines, with a focus on high power density designs across different application scenarios. Finally, an analysis is presented that demonstrates how the physics of the machine can be used to determine the stator current density limits.
Reforming the World Bank to Transform India

The World Bank and India can change their relationship by adopting the "Reform to Transform India" approach. In this paper I will focus on the World Bank's conditional aspect of loans and voting power in relation to India. In addition, this will help other developing economies. In this paper, I will focus on these two aspects because the aspect of conditionality and voting share can be legally reformed for better and successful governance of the World Bank in relation to developing economies especially India. The Reform to Transform approach encompasses altering lending conditions imposed on countries and governance changes. In this paper I will seek to alter the conditions imposed on India through World Bank loans. Additionally, in the Reform to Transform approach I will seek to alter voting power in the World Bank structure to allow borrowing countries such as India with more leverage in negotiating loan terms. In this paper I will examine the historical function of the World Bank, how the World Bank has affected the Indian economy since independence, the legality of loan conditions and governance structures among World Bank members, and provides recommendations for how the World Bank should engage developing countries like India in the future.