cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Distribution System Operations Using Fleet Control of Electrolyzers

The proliferation of electrolyzers presents an opportunity for grid operators. Fast response times and the use of hydrogen as storage can be leveraged in a symbiotic way to support increasing penetration levels of photovoltaics (PV) in the distribution grid. This work presents the grid integration of an electrolyzer fleet and its control applications to minimize the impact of increasing solar PV penetration in the distribution network. The study involves a feeder model of a real utility circuit from a utility partner with an operational model of a fleet of electrolyzers. The operational improvements are quantified with performance metrics. The metrics show that the fleet control application of the electrolyzers can aid in reducing overvoltages, voltage fluctuations, and control device operations induced by intermittent solar generation. The locational dependence of electrolyzers are also discussed in terms of performance metrics.
Direct cost and healthcare resource utilization of patients with migraine before treatment initiation with calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies by the number of prior preventive migraine medication classes.

Objective This study compared all-cause direct cost and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) among preventive migraine medication (PMM)-naive patients and patients with up to 3 PMM category switches before initiating calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of the IBM® Marketscan® database. Patients who initiated injectable CGRP mAbs between May 2018 and December 2019 (index period) were included in 4 groups based on the number of prior non-CGRP PMM classes used during the 24-month pre-index period: P0 = none; P1 = one; P2 = two; P3= ≥three. All-cause direct cost and HCRU for groups were compared without adjustment and after generalized propensity score (GPS) matching. Results Of the 23,288 patients included (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] 45.4 ± 12.0 years), 85.6% were females, and mean Charlson Comorbidity Index was 0.69 ± 1.2. P3 group had the highest average annual unadjusted total healthcare costs per patient ($50,274±$76,629); the highest costs attributed to procedure/imaging-related expenses ($20,105±$36,401) and pharmacy ($11,633±$29,763). P0 group had the lowest cost ($25,288±$41,427). Pairwise comparison of GPS matched costs showed significantly greater average annual direct costs per patient in the P3 group vs. P0 (p = 0.003), P1 (p = 0.014), and P2 (p = 0.021) groups. GPS matched HCRU also increased with the number of prior PMM classes used. Anti-epileptics (48.9%) were the most commonly used PMM class, with triptans (75.2%) being the most common acute medication class. Conclusions Total direct healthcare cost and HCRU increased significantly with increasing use of PMM classes with the greatest cost difference existing between the P0 and the P3 groups.
A Scoping Review of Current Social Emergency Medicine Research.

Introduction Social emergency medicine (EM) is an emerging field that examines the intersection of emergency care and social factors that influence health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to explore the breadth and content of existing research pertaining to social EM to identify potential areas where future social EM research efforts should be directed. Methods We conducted a comprehensive PubMed search using Medical Subject Heading terms and phrases pertaining to social EM topic areas (e.g., "homelessness," "housing instability") based on previously published expert consensus. For searches that yielded fewer than 100 total publications, we used the PubMed "similar publications" tool to expand the search and ensure no relevant publications were missed. Studies were independently abstracted by two investigators and classified as relevant if they were conducted in US or Canadian emergency departments (ED). We classified relevant publications by study design type (observational or interventional research, systematic review, or commentary), publication site, and year. Discrepancies in relevant publications or classification were reviewed by a third investigator. Results Our search strategy yielded 1,571 publications, of which 590 (38%) were relevant to social EM; among relevant publications, 58 (10%) were interventional studies, 410 (69%) were observational studies, 26 (4%) were systematic reviews, and 96 (16%) were commentaries. The majority (68%) of studies were published between 2010-2020. Firearm research and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) health research in particular grew rapidly over the last five years. The human trafficking topic area had the highest percentage (21%) of interventional studies. A significant portion of publications -- as high as 42% in the firearm violence topic area - included observational data or interventions related to children or the pediatric ED. Areas with more search results often included many publications describing disparities known to predispose ED patients to adverse outcomes (e.g., socioeconomic or racial disparities), or the influence of social determinants on ED utilization. Conclusion Social emergency medicine research has been growing over the past 10 years, although areas such as firearm violence and LGBTQ health have had more research activity than other topics. The field would benefit from a consensus-driven research agenda.
Oil and gas reclamation on US public lands: How it works and improving the process with land potential concepts

On the Ground • There are three general stages of a well's life on US public land: 1) the permitting process to drill, 2) active extraction of fossil fuel resource, and 3) plugging and abandonment of well. • There is no national standard for oil and gas reclamation in the United States similar to mining and therefore current reclamation practices and standards fail to achieve long-term effectiveness across the western United States. • A reclaimed well pad's land potential is determined by 3 properties: static (e.g., climate), dynamic (e.g., soil stability), and process (e.g., water retention). • Understanding a reclaimed well pad's land potential enables federal land agencies to outline surface reclamation goals and requirements consistently and clearly. • Monitoring for land potential increases the capacity of the private industry to practice adaptive management by enabling companies to respond to plant community changes while maintaining long-term progress toward recovery.
Jet Ventilation Through a Cookgas Airway Exchanger

This case describes the loss of airway patency in a pediatric trauma patient and the clinical concerns relevant to successful resuscitation using jet ventilation through a Cookgas airway exchanger.
Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. 18. Subunit composition of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract The Escherichia coli Crookes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains a core, consisting of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, to which pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (a flavoprotein) are joined by noncovalent bonds. Electron microscopic studies indicated that the design of the transacetylase is based on octahedral (432) symmetry and, therefore, it would be expected to contain 24 very similar, if not identical, polypeptide chains. Evidence is presented that the transacetylase does indeed consist of 24 apparently identical polypeptide chains. Each dehydrogenase (about 112,000). Both the uncomplexed pyruvate dehydrogenase and the flavoprotein contain two apparently identical polypeptide chains. The available data do not permit a decision as to whether each of these enzymes is present in the complex as a monomer or a dimer. It appears that the E. coli Crookes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains 24 pyruvate dehydrogenase chains, 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase chains, and 12 flavoprotein chains. Possible distributions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase chains and the flavoprotein chains around the transacetylase core are discussed.
Markov processes, Gaussian processes, and local times

1. Introduction 2. Brownian motion and Ray-Knight theorems 3. Markov processes and local times 4. Constructing Markov processes 5. Basic properties of Gaussian processes 6. Continuity and boundedness 7. Moduli of continuity 8. Isomorphism theorems 9. Sample path properties of local times 10. p-Variation 11. Most visited site 12. Local times of diffusions 13. Associated Gaussian processes Appendices: A. Kolmogorov's theorem for path continuity B. Bessel processes C. Analytic sets and the projection theorem D. Hille-Yosida theorem E. Stone-Weierstrass theorems F. Independent random variables G. Regularly varying functions H. Some useful inequalities I. Some linear algebra References Index.
A synthetic peptide ligase

The preparation of synthetic molecules showing the remarkable efficiencies characteristic of natural biopolymer catalysts remains a formidable challenge for chemical biology. Although significant advances have been made in the understanding of protein structure and function, the de novo construction of such systems remains elusive. Re-engineered natural enzymes and catalytic antibodies, possessing tailored binding pockets with appropriately positioned functional groups, have been successful in catalysing a number of chemical transformations, sometimes with impressive efficiencies. But efforts to produce wholly synthetic catalytic peptides have typically resulted in compounds with questionable structural stability, let alone reactivity. Here we describe a 33-residue synthetic peptide, based on the coiled-coil structural motif, which efficiently catalyses the condensation of two shorter peptide fragments with high sequence- and diastereoselectivity. Depending on the substrates used, we observe rate enhancements of tenfold to 4,100-fold over the background, with catalytic efficiencies in excess of 10(4). These results augur well for the rational design of functional peptides.
Attenuation of low dose methylmercury and glutamate induced-cytotoxicity and tau phosphorylation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in human neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells

Methylmercury (MeHg), a known neurotoxin, has been reported to alter glutamate homeostasis in the neuronal environment resulting in excitotoxicity. This study was conducted to investigate whether, and if so, under what conditions, that low dose MeHg would enhance the toxicity of glutamate and to what extent that blockade of NMDA receptors would alter MeHg and glutamate's toxicity in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were used in a cell culture model to study effects of MeHg, glutamate (glu), a calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM), and a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801 on cell growth, cell survival, and phosphorylation of tau protein, as a measure of cellular events associated with tauopathies. Exposure of cells to a combination of MeHg (50 nM) and glutamate (1 mM) resulted in both a greater decrease in cell viability as well as a greater induction in tau phosphorylation, as compared to exposures with MeHg and glutamate alone. MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, both significantly inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation and protected cells from the effects of combination exposures to glutamate and MeHg. These results may indicate that exposure to even nontoxic levels of MeHg may prime neuronal cells to be more susceptible to neuronal injury from excitotoxicants such as glutamate and thus may increase the likelihood of neurological disease states. In conclusion, low-dose MeHg-induced toxicity may be related to an increase in the cellular response to glutamate and that NMDA receptor antagonists may provide a potential treatment for MeHg-associated neurological diseases.
Epidemiology of Pertussis and Reactions to Pertussis Vaccine

It remains clear that pertussis is a dangerous infectious disease that is well-controlled in industrialized countries by widespread immunization. In the developing world, it remains a source of high morbidity and mortality because of previously inadequate immunization programs. However, because of the intense efforts of the World Health Organization's Expanded Programme on Immunization, the effects of pertussis have already been ameliorated and show promise of being within a decade of approximating the situation in the developed world. Pertussis can be controlled only by immunization; other measures such as antimicrobial therapy offer negligible benefit. A problem that has been addressed in recent years is the excessive reactivity of whole-cell pertussis vaccine, which undoubtedly includes components of the organism that are irrelevant to the induction of immunity and are excessively reactive. Although epidemiologic studies appear to have largely, if not completely, absolved pertussis vaccine of responsibility for inducing death or permanent neurologic disability, a less reactive vaccine is highly desirable, not only to promote acceptance of a full course of immunization for the world's children but also for simple humanitarian reasons. Additionally, it has become evident that, because of waning immunity, pertussis increasingly occurs in adults. A less reactive vaccine would offer opportunity for reinforcement of immunity beyond childhood. The development of better, though as yet incomplete, understanding of the biology of Bordetella pertussis and its relation to humanity offers the opportunity for the production of less reactive vaccines free of irrelevant components. Acellular pertussis vaccines have been used exclusively in Japan for more than 10 years, and one such preparation, combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, was licensed in the United States in late 1991 for use as the fourth and fifth doses of DTP, given at 15 months and prior to school entry. Field trials of this and other acellular DTP preparations are currently under way to determine their clinical efficacy in infants. It is probable that, within a very few years, whole-cell pertussis vaccine will be replaced by these newer preparations and that, in addition, the acellular product will be combined with other antigens, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.
Correspondence of the NCI fruit and vegetable screener to repeat 24-H recalls and serum carotenoids in behavioral intervention trials

Five sites participating in the NCI Behavior Change Consortium administered the NCI Fruit and Vegetable Screener (FVS) and multiple, nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recall interviews (24HR) to 590 participants. Three sites also obtained serum carotenoids (n = 295). Participants were primarily female, ethnically diverse, and varied by age and education. Correlations between 24HR and FVS by site ranged from 0.31 (P = 0.07) to 0.47 (P < 0.01) in men and from 0.43 to 0.63 (P < 0.01) in women. Compared with 24HR, FVS significantly (P < 0.05) overestimated intake at 2 of 4 sites for men and all 4 sites for women. Differences in estimated total servings of fruits and vegetables/d ranged from 0.16 to 3.06 servings. On average, the FVS overestimated intake by 1.76 servings in men and 2.11 servings in women. Alternative FVS scoring procedures and a 1-item screener lowered correlations with 24HR as well as serum carotenoids but alternate scoring procedures generally improved estimations of servings.
Has the Time Arrived for Biomarker-Directed Therapy in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer?

Unmet Clinical Need Menwithadvancedprostate cancer live for yearswhile receiving sequential cancer treatments that are costly and associatedwithmorbidity.Themainstayof systemic treatment is androgen deprivation therapy aimed at abrogating critical androgen receptor (AR) directed growth, but it invariably leads to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). There are 7 approved therapies for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) but no prospective validated data to guide individualized treatment or the sequence of treatments. Many men with CRPC respond to secondary hormonal treatments such as CYP17A1 inhibitors (abiraterone) or to a more potent AR antagonist (enzalutamide), but responses are not durable. One mechanism that contributes to resistance is alternative splicingof theAR to generateARvariants (AR-Vs) that lack the ligand-binding domain and therefore no longer require androgen; AR variant 7 (AR-V7) is the most commonlyexpressedAR-V.1 StudiesevaluatingAR-V7 reported by Antonarakis et al first in the context of abiraterone andenzalutamide therapy2and in this issueof JAMAOncology3 with taxane therapyprovidepromise forAR-V7as the first predictive biomarker in CRPC.
Regulatory phosphorylation of serine-15 in maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by a C4-leaf protein-serine kinase☆

Abstract We have recently reported that the light-induced changes in the enzymatic and regulatory properties of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are attributed to the regulatory seryl phosphorylation of this C4-photosynthesis enzyme. In the present study, the darkform target enzyme was phosphorylated/activated in vitro by a maize leaf protein-serine kinase, and the 32P-labeled regulatory site phosphopeptide was purified from a tryptic digest by metal-ion affinity and reversed-phase chromatography. Automated Edman degradation analysis by covalent protein sequencing technology revealed that the amino acid sequence of this phosphoseryl peptide is His-His-Ser(P)-Ile-Asp-Ala-Gln-Leu-Arg. This nonapeptide, which corresponds exactly to residues 13–21 in the deduced primary sequence of the maize leaf carboxylase, is far removed from recently identified active-site cysteine (Cys-553) and lysine (Lys-606) residues in the C-terminal region of the primary structure. Comparative analysis of the deduced N-terminal sequences of C3-, C4-, and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases suggests that the motif of Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser is an important structural requirement of the C4- and CAM-leaf protein-serine kinases.
Single-Event Upset (SEU) in a Dram with On-Chip Error Correction

The results are given of the first SEU measurements ever reported on IC devices with on-chip error correction. This method of SEU abatement could revolutionize the design of SEU-immune electronic systems.
A multicenter analysis of "time to microcatheter" for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE At present, no time recommendation for initiation of endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke is available. A multicenter analysis was designed to identify variables that prolong “time to microcatheter,” defined as the time interval from computed tomographic scan to microcatheter placement in the cerebral circulation. METHODS Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients from 3 academic stroke centers were included. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate different variables that prolong “time to microcatheter.” RESULTS Ninety-one patients underwent emergent endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Mean “time to microcatheter” was 174 ± 60 minutes. No significant time difference was found in patients who were intubated, presented at night or weekends, were administered intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, or underwent additional imaging prior to endovascular treatment. “Time to microcatheter” was significantly longer in nonlevel I trauma centers and in patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score of 10 to 19. CONCLUSION Wide variability of “time to microcatheter” among institutions highlights the need for standardized time goals.
Money and storage in a differential information economy

Is the use of fiat money essential in any efficient organization of exchange? We investigate this question in economies that are generalizations of the Townsend (1980) turnpike model that include limited commitment and differential information. We show that in the Townsend turnpike model fiat money is not essential unless there is limited commitment. Furthermore, fiat money has no role whenever there is storage with positive returns. In the presence of differential information fiat money is essential in overcoming incentive problems. This is the case even if there is storage with positive returns.
Multi-ionization of neon, argon, and xenon and their ions by high-energy- electron impact

Estimates have been made of the total ionization cross sections for the collision of high-energy electrons with neon, argon, and xenon atoms and all of their ground-state ions. The cross sections were computed within the framework of the Bethe-Born high-energy-approximation theory using the semiclassical projection-operator technique of Hahn and Watson and the independent-particle model for atoms of Green, Sellin, and Zachor. Both direct continuum ionization and inner-shell excitation followed by Auger transitions were taken into account. Multiple-ionization cross sections were also estimated using experimental data on electron emission following ejection of inner-shell electrons in the various rare-gas atoms and a simplified model of Auger-vacancy cascading in ions. The computed cross-section values were then used in calculations of the cumulative ionization produced by a relativistic electron-ring beam interacting initially with pressure pulses of the various gases. The results obtained, taken together with previous computations for krypton, indicate a progressive increase in the relative importance of Auger processes with increase in $Z$ such that for xenon (and presumably for higher-$Z$ target atoms), Auger ionization dominates the production rates of most of the multicharged ions formed in such a system.
Word Prediction for Students with Severe Spelling Problems

In Study 1, three students with severe spelling problems wrote daily in journals in their classroom, alternating among handwriting (HW), word processing (WP), and word prediction with speech synthe...
Reduction of low-Z impurities during plasma start-up

Abstract Reduction of low-Z impurities is essential during the plasma start-up in tokamaks. For plasma start-up using the method of Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) it has been found that conventional wall conditioning methods have been inadequate to generate a plasma with acceptably low levels of low-Z impurities. NSTX has now used a new combination of techniques to improve CHI start-up performance. These are the use of high-current discharge cleaning of the lower divertor surfaces, which function as the CHI electrodes, to remove loosely bound impurities, controlling the poloidal magnetic field to avoid plasma wall contact and the use of evaporated lithium coatings of the electrodes and other plasma-facing surfaces. Together, these techniques have enabled significant improvement in NSTX CHI performance leading to a saving of central solenoid flux and the first observation of electron temperatures during CHI exceeding the oxygen radiation barrier temperature.
The Positions in the Shell and Weights of Eighteen- to Twenty-One-Day Chick Embryos in Relation to Hatchability

Abstract POULTRY keepers generally agree that malpositions or abnormal positions of chick embryos in their egg shells have an important bearing upon their ability to hatch. Variation in the size of chick embryos, in relation to the size of the eggs in which they develop, may be among the factors which influence some abnormal positions and hatchability. Sanctuary (1925) examined 1,490 chick embryos in eggs which had been subjected to eighteen to twenty-one days of incubation. In the course of this investigation, three major malpositions were noted. The most frequent one observed was the one in which the head was extended forward down the median line, and the beak buried between the thighs. The second most frequently observed position was a completely reversed position of the chick in the shell, with its head in the pointed end of the egg. A third malposition noted was that with the head of the . . .
From Kabul to Kandahar: The Canadian Forces and Change

This article analyzes the civil-military and political-bureaucratic issues and relationships, both conflictual and cooperative, surrounding the deployment of the Canadian Forces to Kandahar. It examines the role played by former Chief of Defence Staff General Rick Hillier in the Kandahar decision, and chronicles the development and fate of two of Hillier's organizational innovations, CEFCOM and SAT-A. It also explores the efforts of the Manley Panel to “civilianize” Canada's Afghanistan mission and assesses the effectiveness of two associated administrative innovations: the Afghanistan Task Force inside the Privy Council Office, and the RoCK (Representative of Canada in Kandahar) on the ground. While the Kandahar decision may ultimately have been a mistake for Canada, and while bureaucratic conflict pervaded much of the atmosphere in Ottawa, whole-of-government cooperation often succeeded on the ground in Kandahar, and its lessons need to be captured in organizational memory.
LXIV.—Descriptions and records of bees—CLVIII

(1936). LXIV.—Descriptions and records of bees—CLVIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 18, No. 108, pp. 631-638.
The separation of the stereo-isomers of bile steroids, 5β-cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 24α-tetrol and 5β-cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 24β-tetrol, by thin layer chromatography

Abstract The separation of the 24-isomers of 5β-cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 24 tetrol by thin layer chromatography is described. The two isomers thus separated are assigned the 24α hydroxy and 24β hydroxy configurations on the basis of molecular rotation measurements.
MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS ON INTRANUCLEAR CASCADES. I. LOW-ENERGY STUDIES

Nuclear cascade calculations of the Goldberger type have been performed using the MANIAC electronic computer. A three-dimensional relativistic treatment was used. The target nuclei were ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$, ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{100}$, ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{140}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$. Incident protons and neutrons with energies between 82 and 365 Mev have been studied, but meson production was neglected in this energy range. Cascades initiated by about 1000 incident particles were followed in each case.The results have been compared with those of previous calculations of this type, as well as with experimental photographic-plate data and counter measurements reflecting the cascade stage of high-energy nuclear reactions. The agreement with experimental data is usually good.Tables and graphs are presented showing the frequency of occurrence of various residual nuclei, and data on the residual nuclear excitation energy after the cascade is over. A few comparisons with radio-chemical data indicate over-all agreement with the general spallation pattern of copper with 340-Mev protons and good agreement with the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{64}(p, n){\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ reaction over the energy range 100-400 Mev. However, the calculated results for the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}(p, pn){\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ reaction are low by almost a factor of two, although the energy dependence is approximately correct.
Experiential Education In New Product Design And Business Development

We describe an experiential approach to teaching new product design and business development in a year-long course that combines intensive project work with classroom education. Our course puts together up to six teams of graduate students from management and engineering who work on projects sponsored by individual companies. Student teams work with faculty from multiple disciplines and personnel from the sponsoring companies. The year-long format and involvement with company personnel provide opportunities for students to gain hands-on experience in a real product development project. Time constraints, coupled with students' determination to demonstrate what they can accomplish, stimulate teams to learn how to compress the design and development cycle. To help students generalize from their own projects to a wider universe of product design and business development phenomena, students participate continuously in constructive critiques of others' projects; and in presentations, case discussions and workshops that help them learn about the product and business development process itself. This article describes course objectives, syllabus, projects, sponsors, faculty, students and our course administration. In an effort to move towards a “paperless” course, we have put as much of the course material as possible on the World Wide Web; relevant websites are referred to in the article. At the end of the course each team presents a prototype and a protoplan to the sponsoring company in a final report, which in many cases includes suggestions for the sponsor on how to improve its design and development process. Students' positive evaluations, along with their comments, indicate that they are attaining their educational goals. Course projects have resulted in commercialized products, patents, continuing development projects in sponsoring companies, and placements for students. The course has generated public relations value for the units involved and for the university as a whole. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermoreversible Gelation of Organic Liquids by Arylcyclohexanol Derivatives: a Structural Study

Physical organogels of a 4-tert-butyl-1-arylcyclohexanol derivative (BACOl) are investigated. The small-angle scattering (SAS) technique (neutrons and X-rays) demonstrates that gel networks result from the entanglement of long, solidlike, and rigid fibers. The related cross-sections are shown to be circular (r ≈ 38 ± 2 A) with a density comparable to that of the crystalline state and are rather monodisperse. Upon a concentration increase, the fibers merge into crystalline-like heterogeneities (junction zones) which are randomly dispersed in the mesh. The kinetics of BACOl molecular aggregation, during which physical gelation occurs, is studied by SAS, and the typical kinetical times of the supersaturated system are evaluated. Anisotropic scatterings reveal orientational effects in the gel which are sensitive to the solvent type. Electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the fibrillar random texture of the xerogels while it demonstrates that the phase-separated solids from metastable gels present oriented microdo...
Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter pathology in the mouse brain

Diffusion tensor imaging has been increasingly used for studying white matter pathology in rodent models of neurological diseases. Here, applications of diffusion tensor imaging in detecting major and subtle white matter pathology in the mouse CNS are reviewed, followed by several technical details that may be helpful in designing studies that involve diffusion tensor imaging of rodent brain and spinal cord.
THE NUMBER OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS OF THE ALBINO RAT

The purpose of this work was to determine the relation of age to the total number of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas of the albino rat. Several investigators have made counts of the islets in pancreases of various animals in studying the process by which normal regulation of the islet content of the pancreas is maintained. Prior to 1911 our knowledge of the number of the islets was based upon estimations from partial counts by the section method. Since it was impossible to examine and count the islets in a complete series of sections of the whole pancreas these studies produced only relative and computed numbers. By this method Opie (’00) obtained a numerical statement of the relative abundance of the islets in different portions of the human pancreas. He counted the number in sections of 0.5 square centimeters from the enlarged duodenal portion or head, from the mid-portion or body and from the splenic end or tail. The average number of islets in such a section from the head, body and tail of ten no...
Molecular Recognition of PNA-Containing Hybrids: Spontaneous Assembly of Helical Cyanine Dye Aggregates on PNA Templates

Symmetrical cyanine dyes containing benzothiazole groups have been shown to bind with high affinity to a variety of PNA-containing hybrids, including PNA/DNA duplexes, a PNA/PNA duplex, and a bisPNA/DNA triplex. Binding of a dicarbocyanine dye results in a 114 nm hypsochromic shift of the main visible absorption band. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry reveals exciton coupling between multiple chromophores bound to the same PNA/DNA or PNA/PNA duplex, demonstrating binding of the dye as an aggregate. A continuous variations experiment indicates that the dye binds as a 6(±1):1 complex with a 12 base pair PNA/DNA duplex. The dye aggregate forms in a highly cooperative manner and exhibits a temperature-dependent self-assembly behavior which is independent of the PNA/DNA hybridization event. Experiments with mismatched and parallel duplexes demonstrate a strong preference for a continuous, antiparallel helix as a template on which to assemble the helical dye aggregate. Successful binding of the dye to the d...
August Weismann and a break from tradition

In 1892 August Weismann (1834-1914) presented to the scholarly world a remarkable theory which in a single sweep explained the diverse biological phenomena of heredity, development, regeneration, sexual reproduction, mitotic division, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Only after a seasoned career had Weismann arrived at this comprehensive master plan-his germ-plasm theory.' He had completed his medical studies at G6ttingen in 1856 with a prizewinning essay on the source of hippuric acid in herbivors; he had worked briefly as an assistant at a chemical laboratory in Rostock; he had served as a military and private physician; he had returned to histological studies under Rudolph Leuckart (1822-1898) at Giessen and, after the completion of his "Habililationsschrift" on the metamorphosis of insects in 1863, he had become docent in zoology and comparative anatomy at Freiburg im Breisgau. At this university in the southwestern corner of Germany, Weismann had quickly risen through academic ranks to full professor and director of the zoological institute. Despite sustained eye trouble, which seriously curtailed his microscopic studies, he had completed by 1876 a series of monographic studies on metamorphosis in butterflies and in Axolotl with the object of examining the efficacy of natural selection. Furthermore, he had devoted considerable effort to investigating the ecology of and the parthenogenesis among the Clodocera of the Bodensee, and by 1880 he had begun studying the origin of the sexual cells in Hydrozoa. It was during the
Understanding Student Behaviors in Online Classroom: Data Scientific Approach

Students drop classes for many reasons. Some are personal such as medical conditions, family issues, or financial difficulties. Others are course specific such as course contents, instructor, or classmates. In either way, class drop is a serious problem to institutions because without students there will be no students learning. As a first step to understand students drops, this study will address the issue of students' behaviors in online classrooms.
Persistent effects of chronic Δ9-THC exposure on motor impulsivity in rats.

In humans, long-term marijuana use is associated with impaired impulse control and attentional capacity, though it has been difficult to distinguish pre-existing cognitive deficits from possible consequences of prolonged marijuana exposure. To evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent in marijuana, on indices of impulse control and attentional capacity using the rat 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT). Ten 14-day cycles of Δ9-THC dosing and 5-CSRTT testing were employed, each comprised of 5-day Δ9-THC dosing (0.3 or 3 mg/kg b.i.d.) and 5-CSRTT testing during the 9 days of drug abstinence. Subsequent 5-CSRTT testing continued during 5 weeks of protracted abstinence. Dose-dependent increases in motor impulsivity (premature responses) and behavioral disinhibition (perseverative responses) emerged following 5 cycles of Δ9-THC exposure that persisted for the remaining dosing and testing cycles. Δ9-THC-related disruptions in motor impulsivity and behavioral inhibition were most pronounced during cognitively challenging 5-CSRTT sessions incorporating varying novel inter-trial intervals (ITIs), and these disruptions persisted for at least 5 weeks of Δ9-THC abstinence. Δ9-THC-related impairments in attentional capacity (response accuracy) were also evident during variable ITI challenge tests, though these attentional disruptions abated within 3 weeks of Δ9-THC abstinence. These observations demonstrate that long-term intermittent exposure to clinically meaningful Δ9-THC doses induces persistent impairments in impulse control and attentional function. If present in humans, these disruptions may impact academic and professional performance.
The calculation of time-correlation functions for extended molecular systems

Abstract A quantal description of the response of an extended molecular system to external probes is developed in terms of collision time-correlation functions. The system is partitioned into a primary region, where localized excitations occur, and a secondary region surrounding it. A time-dependent self-consistent field procedure is followed to derive coupled quantal equations for the transition amplitudes in both regions, and a general model is introduced for cases where the secondary region undergoes harmonic motions. A numerical procedure based on path integrals, obtained for complex times by a sequence of matrix multiplications, is illustrated with calculations of cross sections for photodissociation of CH3 I.
IL-6 Production in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Following Stimulation with IL-1β Is Associated with Activation of the Transcription Factor NF-κB

Recent studies suggest that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) stimulates interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human intestinal epithelial cells, but the intracellular mechanisms of this response are not known. In other reports, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) regulated IL-6 production in certain cell types. We tested the hypothesis that IL-6 production in the enterocyte is associated with activation of NF-kappa B. Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, were grown in tissue culture whereafter they were treated with IL-1 beta (0.5 ng/ml). Cells were preincubated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 10-500 microM), tosyl-lys-chloromethylketone (TLCK; 10-500 microM), or genistein (25-75 microM), all of which are known inhibitors of NF-kappa B. IL-6 levels in the culture media were measured after 24 hr by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were determined after 4 hr by competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NF-kappa B activity was determined by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA). PDTC, TLCK, and genistein each inhibited IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 production by the Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. These responses were also associated with a decrease in IL-6 mRNA levels. There was no NF-kappa B activity in untreated cells, but the addition of IL-1 beta resulted in the activation of NF-kappa B as determined by EMSA. The results suggest that IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 production in the enterocyte is associated with activation of NF-kappa B. The inhibition of IL-6 production by the NF-kappa B inhibitors indicates that the IL-6 production is regulated by NF-kappa B, although further experiments are needed to test that hypothesis.
A New Deep Acceptor in Epitaxial Cubic SiC

The temperature and excitation intensity dependence of photoluminescence (PL) spectra have been studied in thin films of SiC grown by chemical vapor deposition on Si (100) substrates. The low power PL spectra from all samples exhibited a donor-acceptor pair PL band which involves a previously undetected deep acceptor whose binding energy is approximately 470 meV. This deep acceptor is found in every sample studied independent of growth reactor, suggesting the possibility that this background acceptor is at least partially responsible for the high compensation observed in Hall effect studies of undoped films of cubic SiC.
Effect of compound composition on fast reactions of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester in the bulk state

Abstract The effect of compound composition on fast polymerization of a reaction injection moulding (RIM) type polyurethane and a polyester sheet moulding compound (SMC) has been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter. It was found that both the reaction rate profile and the limiting conversion depended strongly on the resin composition and the type of additives.
High-pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus within oysters.

Previous results demonstrated that hepatitis A virus (HAV) could be inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (D. H. Kingsley, D. Hoover, E. Papafragkou, and G. P. Richards, J. Food Prot. 65:1605-1609, 2002); however, direct evaluation of HAV inactivation within contaminated oysters was not performed. In this study, we report confirmation that HAV within contaminated shellfish is inactivated by HHP. Shellfish were initially contaminated with HAV by using a flowthrough system. PFU reductions of >1, >2, and >3 log10 were observed for 1-min treatments at 350, 375, and 400 megapascals, respectively, within a temperature range of 8.7 to 10.3°C. Bioconcentration of nearly 6 log10 PFU of HAV per oyster was achieved under simulated natural conditions. These results suggest that HHP treatment of raw shellfish will be a viable strategy for the reduction of infectious HAV.
A short history of g: Psychometrics' most enduring and controversial construct

Abstract The construct of g, originated by Charles Edward Spearman (1863–1945) in the early 20th century, has been the single most significant and influential construct for the study of human intelligence throughout the history of psychological science. While numerous objections and criticisms from a number of perspectives have been made over that long period, beginning as soon as Spearman described g, and continuing to the present, g continues to be central to both intelligence theory and measurement.
Sampling and analysis of biological aerosols

Abstract The extreme particle size range and enormous heterogeneity of airborne biological particles make sampling a significant challenge. Three major sampler types available include gravity devices, impactors and suction samplers. Gravity methods, while most commonly used, are neither qualitatively or quantitatively accurate and of very limited use. Impaction samplers (rotating, centrifugal) accelerate air by rotating the collecting surface or with a fan. Particles are collected from measured volumes of air but these devices preferentially sample particles larger than 10 μm. Suction samplers, which efficiently collect particles of a wide size range from measured volumes of air, include slit samplers, cascade impactors, filtration devices and liquid impingers. Suction samplers can retrieve viable particles by direct impaction on culture media, or by subsequent culture of impinger fluid or filter eluates. Nonviable particles can often be identified by microscopic examination of slides, filters or filtrates of impinger fluids. Immunoassays and biochemical assays can be used with impinger fluid and filter eluates to assess antigen and toxin levels in measured air samples.
An Attributional Analysis of Emotional Reactions to Schizophrenia in Mexican and Anglo American Cultures1

The present study uses attribution theory to identify factors that may lead to unfavorable emotional reactions toward patients with schizophrenia and to highlight factors that may contribute to the observed inverse relationship between industrial status of a country and schizophrenia outcome. University students from Mexico and the U.S., 2 countries differing in industrial status, served as participants. Eighty-eight Mexicans from Guadalajara and 88 Anglo Americans from Los Angeles, California read vignettes of a patient described to meet DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. In one vignette, the patient's disorder was characterized by predominantly positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions), whereas in the other vignette negative symptoms (e.g., social withdrawal, apathy) predominated. In support of an attributional approach, negative symptoms were associated with greater perceived control than were positive symptoms. Correspondingly, negative symptoms were found to provoke more intense negative affect and less intense positive affect than were positive symptoms. Some national and gender differences were also found.
Field observations of adult emergence and feeding behavior of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on dallisgrass ergot honeydew

Timing and magnitude of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), emergence was measured in a corn, Zea mays (L.), field near College Station, TX. Approximately 15,500 H. zea per hectare were produced, with 85% of the moths emerging in a 10-d interval. Feeding H. zea moths were observed to be highly attracted to honeydew exudates of egrot, Claviceps paspali (F. L. Stevens & J. G. Hall) on infected florets of dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum (Poir.) in an adjacent pasture. Moths began feeding on the ergot at dusk. Feeding densities increased rapidly to peak at <1 h after sunset and then declined to relatively low levels by 2 h after sunset. Dissection analyses of sampled females showed that 95% were unmated, indicating that the characteristic age of the feeding moths was ≤1 d.
On truncations of entire transcendental functions

In this paper it is shown that outside every circle, every finite value is assumed by some truncation of the Taylor series of an entire transcendental function (in fact, by every truncation of sufficiently high degree). This result differs from both Casorati-Weierstrass and Picard theorems inasmuch as the truncations actually assume the preassigned values and that there are no exceptional values.
Interfacially driven mass transport in joining and coating technologies

The effects of interfacially driven or affected mass transport on (i) hot cracking of alloy weld metal, (ii) the role of interfacial chemical reactions at the leading edge of spreading braze materi...
Association between contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and breast cancer outcomes by hormone receptor status.

BACKGROUND: The effect of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) on the survival of patients with early-stage breast cancer remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of CPM using a propensity scoring approach that reduces selection bias from the nonrandom assignment of patients in observational studies. METHODS: A total of 3889 female patients with stage I to III breast cancer were identified who were treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1997 to 2009. We assessed the association between CPM and disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS), by using Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), and by matching patients in the CPM and no-CPM groups using propensity scores (n = 497 pairs). RESULTS: With a median follow-up time of 4.5 years, CPM was associated with improved DFS (HR, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.97) and OS (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99), adjusted for prognostic factors. The improved DFS was seen predominantly among hormone receptor–negative (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95) compared with hormone receptor–positive patients (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.58-1.10). For the matched patient cohort, stratified survival analysis also showed an improvement in DFS with CPM (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22-1.01) in hormone receptor–negative patients that was nearly statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: CPM was associated with improved DFS for some patients with hormone receptor–negative breast cancer, after reducing selection bias. Identifying subsets of patients most likely to benefit from CPM may have important implications for a more personalized approach to treatment decisions about CPM. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.