cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Computer Experiments With Functional Response

This article is motivated by a computer experiment conducted for optimizing residual stresses in the machining of metals. Although kriging is widely used in the analysis of computer experiments, it cannot be easily applied to model the residual stresses because they are obtained as a profile. The high dimensionality caused by this functional response introduces severe computational challenges in kriging. It is well known that if the functional data are observed on a regular grid, the computations can be simplified using an application of Kronecker products. However, the case of irregular grid is quite complex. In this article, we develop a Gibbs sampling-based expectation maximization algorithm, which converts the irregularly spaced data into a regular grid so that the Kronecker product-based approach can be employed for efficiently fitting a kriging model to the functional data. Supplementary materials are available online.
C-H Activation: A surrogate for selectivity.

Metal-coordinating groups are widely used to direct C–H functionalization. Now the combination of an alkene hydrosilylation, C–H activation and C–Si oxidation has been used to achieve a formal 1,4-dioxygenation of alkenes.
A system for de-identifying medical message board text

There are millions of public posts to medical message boards by users seeking support and information on a wide range of medical conditions. It has been shown that these posts can be used to gain a greater understanding of patients’ experiences and concerns. As investigators continue to explore large corpora of medical discussion board data for research purposes, protecting the privacy of the members of these online communities becomes an important challenge that needs to be met. Extant entity recognition methods used for more structured text are not sufficient because message posts present additional challenges: the posts contain many typographical errors, larger variety of possible names, terms and abbreviations specific to Internet posts or a particular message board, and mentions of the authors’ personal lives. The main contribution of this paper is a system to de-identify the authors of message board posts automatically, taking into account the aforementioned challenges. We demonstrate our system on two different message board corpora, one on breast cancer and another on arthritis. We show that our approach significantly outperforms other publicly available named entity recognition and de-identification systems, which have been tuned for more structured text like operative reports, pathology reports, discharge summaries, or newswire.
Solution of Plane Cascade Flow Using Improved Surface Singularity Methods

A solution method was developed for calculating compressible inviscid flow through a linear cascade of arbitrary blade shapes. The method uses advanced surface singularity formulations which were adapted from those in current external flow analyses. The resulting solution technique provides a fast flexible calculation for flows through turbomachinery blade rows. The solution method and some examples of the method's capabilities are presented.
Evaluation of boron/aluminum tubes in compression

A brief analytical and experimental investigation was conducted to determine the compressive behavior of a limited number of boron/aluminum (B/Al) tubes. The purpose of the investigation was to gain hardware experience in a limited evaluation of the material for possible application to spacecraft truss structures. Specimen description, test procedures and results are presented as well as comparisons with theoretical predictions regarding local column stability. It is shown that the experimental results of full-scale tests are consistent with previously reported data and that the local stability of B/Al columns as determined through short column tests can best be predicted using large deflection theory.
Long Day's Journey Into Brecht: The Ambivalent Politics of The Lives of Others

Abstract Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others has been widely praised as the first German film to confront the horrors of the East German communist regime. But the film's politics may be ambiguous. As critical as it is of East Germany, it does not offer a ringing endorsement of West Germany. For example, the film's playwright-hero seems to have artistic problems in the West, just as he did in the East. The film's equivocal attitude toward communism is epitomized by its apparently positive view of the Marxist author Bertolt Brecht. This essay compares The Lives of Others with Brecht's play The Good Person of Szechwan in an effort to understand Donnersmarck's attitude toward his East German predecessor and what it means for his larger view of communism and its relation to art.
Sol-gel synthesis of strontium pyroniobate and calcium pyroniobate

This paper reports on strontium and calcium pyroniobates which were prepared by a sol-gel process, using strontium/calcium metal and niobium ethoxide as precursors. The formation of Sr[sub 2]Nb[sub 2]O[sub 7] occurred at 750[degrees] C via an intermediate perovskite phase of composition close to Sr[sub 0.82]NbO[sub 3]. The crystallization of Ca[sub 2]Nb[sub 2]O[sub 7] occurred at 600[degrees] C directly without any intermediate phases. Sintered Sr[sub 2]Nb[sub 2]O[sub 7] and Ca[sub 2]Nb[sub 2]O[sub 7] pellets showed a preferred grain orientation. Microstructural studies revealed an increase in grain growth and associated orientation with sintering temperature.
Are there rewards for language skills? Evidence from the earnings of registered nurses

Abstract The existing empirical evidence on whether U.S. labor markets reward workers for second-language skills is meager and conflicting. Employing data from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses in 2000 and 2004, this study reexamines the positive bilingual–earnings relationship found in the most current research on this topic. We test the relationship using alternative models that explain the wages earned by nurses. The advantage of this approach is that it permits an assessment of how sensitive the results are to changes in the variables used in the model. We find the evidence of a positive bilingual effect on earnings to be mixed. The relationship is sufficiently frail that statistically significant results eventually dissolve as more precise occupational characteristics are included in the wage equation. Moreover, using more current data, we find no evidence of a wage premium paid to nurses for second-language skills. We offer possible explanations for this lack of evidence within this specific occupation.
Stochastic representation of chaos using terminal attractors

A nonlinear version of the Liouville equation based upon terminal attractors is proposed for describing post-instability motions of dynamical systems with exponential divergence of trajectories such as those leading to chaos and turbulence. As a result, the post-instability motions are represented by expectations, variances, and higher moments of the state variables as functions of time. The proposed approach can be applied to conservative chaos, and in particular, to n-bodies problem, as well as to dissipative systems, and in particular, to chaotic attractors and turbulence.
E-BLOW: e-beam lithography overlapping aware stencil planning for MCC system

Electron beam lithography (EBL) is a promising maskless solution for the technology beyond 14nm logic node. To overcome its throughput limitation, recently the traditional EBL system is extended into MCC system. In this paper, we present E-BLOW, a tool to solve the overlapping aware stencil planning (OSP) problems in MCC system. E-BLOW is integrated with several novel speedup techniques, i.e., successive relaxation, dynamic programming and KD-Tree based clustering, to achieve a good performance in terms of runtime and solution quality. Experimental results show that, compared with previous works, E-BLOW demonstrates better performance for both conventional EBL system and MCC system.
Developments in corporate creditworthiness around ownership events

Purpose – This study seeks to explore developments in corporate creditworthiness before and after ownership events.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Blockholders database of Dlugosz, Fahlenbrach, Gompers, and Metrick, and three credit quantities, and deploys a standard event study methodology to examine the relation to corporate creditworthiness.Findings – The paper discovers that ownership‐construction is generally associated with prior‐ and post‐improvement in creditworthiness, while a block‐destruction is typically surrounded by deterioration in corporate creditworthiness. The paper also finds proper evidence for a relation between the construction or destruction of managerial block and future developments in corporate creditworthiness. The paper further realizes that outside shareholders exhibit higher impact than inside block‐holders on later variations in credit risk.Research limitations/implications – The paper is unable to conduct further robustness checks with structural credit met...
A Method for Deriving Accurate Gas-Phase Abundances for the Multiphase Interstellar Galactic Halo

We describe a new method for accurately determining total gas-phase abundances for the Galactic halo interstellar medium with minimal ionization uncertainties. For sight lines toward globular clusters containing both ultraviolet-bright stars and radio pulsars, it is possible to measure column densities of H I and several ionization states of selected metals using ultraviolet absorption line measurements and of H II using radio dispersion measurements. By measuring the ionized hydrogen column, we minimize ionization uncertainties that plague abundance measurements of Galactic halo gas. We apply this method for the first time to the sight line toward the globular cluster Messier 3 [(l,b) = (422, + 787), d = 10.2 kpc, z = 10.0 kpc] using Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer and Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy of the post-asymptotic giant branch star von Zeipel 1128 and radio observations by Ransom et al. of recently discovered millisecond pulsars. The fraction of hydrogen associated with ionized gas along this sight line is 45% ± 5%, with the warm (T ~ 104 K) and hot (T 105 K) ionized phases present in roughly a 5 : 1 ratio. This is the highest measured fraction of ionized hydrogen along a high-latitude pulsar sight line. We derive total gas-phase abundances log N(S)/N(H) = -4.87 ± 0.03 and log N(Fe)/N(H) = -5.27 ± 0.05. Our derived sulfur abundance is in excellent agreement with recent solar system determinations of Asplund, Grevesse, & Sauval. However, it is -0.14 dex below the solar system abundance typically adopted in studies of the interstellar medium. The iron abundance is ~-0.7 dex below the solar system abundance, consistent with the significant incorporation of iron into interstellar grains. Abundance estimates derived by simply comparing S II and Fe II to H I are +0.17 and +0.11 dex higher, respectively, than the abundance estimates derived from our refined approach. Ionization corrections to the gas-phase abundances measured in the standard way are, therefore, significant compared with the measurement uncertainties along this sight line. The systematic uncertainties associated with the uncertain contribution to the electron column density from ionized helium could raise these abundances by +0.03 dex (+7%). Uncertainties in the amount of very hot gas (T ~ 106 K) along the line of sight could also affect these determinations.
Synthesis of V2O3 Powder by Evaporative Decomposition of Solutions and H2 Reduction

The evaporative decomposition of solutions method was used to form V2O5. Spraying above the congruent melting temperature of V2O5 (690°C) resulted in dense spherical particles with a smooth surface. Spraying below the V2O5 melting temperature yielded porous V2O5 powder with a rough surface. Reduction of the V2O5 to V2O3 was done in a H2 atmosphere. Spherical V2O3 powder was attained when the reduction temperature was low enough to reduce the V2O5 surface before partial sintering (necking) between V2O5 particles occurred. The resulting V2O3 particle size was smaller than the precursor V2O5 powder as expected by the differences in densities between V2O5 (p= 3.36 g/cm3) and V2O3 (p= 4.87 g/cm3).
Orientifold planes, affine algebras and magnetic monopoles

We analyze string theory backgrounds that include different kinds of orientifold planes and map out a natural correspondence to (twisted) affine Kac-Moody algebras. The low-energy description of specific BPS states in these backgrounds leads to a construction of explicit twisted magnetic monopole solutions on 3 × S1. These backgrounds yield new low-energy field theories with twisted boundary conditions and the link with affine algebras yields a natural guess for the superpotentials of the corresponding pure = 1, and = 1* gauge theories.
MIMO Broadcast Channels With Finite-Rate Feedback

Multiple transmit antennas in a downlink channel can provide tremendous capacity (i.e., multiplexing) gains, even when receivers have only single antennas. However, receiver and transmitter channel state information is generally required. In this correspondence, a system where each receiver has perfect channel knowledge, but the transmitter only receives quantized information regarding the channel instantiation is analyzed. The well-known zero-forcing transmission technique is considered, and simple expressions for the throughput degradation due to finite-rate feedback are derived. A key finding is that the feedback rate per mobile must be increased linearly with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (in decibels) in order to achieve the full multiplexing gain. This is in sharp contrast to point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, in which it is not necessary to increase the feedback rate as a function of the SNR
Quantum measurement, gravitation, and locality☆

Abstract This essay argues that when measurement processes involve energies of the order of the Planck scale, the fundamental assumption of locality may no longer be a good approximation. Idealized position measurements of two distinguishable spin-0 particles are considered. The measurements alter the space-time metric in a fundamental manner governed by the commutation relations [x i , p j ] = i h δ ij and the classical field equations of gravitation. This in-principle unavoidable change in the space-time metric destroys the commutativity (and hence locality) of position measurement operators.
Conformational Sampling of Influenza Fusion Peptide in Membrane Bilayers as a Function of Termini and Protonation States

Influenza fusion peptide is critical for mediating the fusion of viral and host cell membranes during viral entry. The interaction of monomeric influenza fusion peptide with membranes is studied with replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations using a new implicit membrane model to effectively reach microsecond to millisecond time scales. The conformational sampling of the fusion peptide was studied as a function of different N- and C-termini, including an experimental construct with an additional C-terminal tag, as well as a function of protonation of acidic residues. It is found that the influenza fusion peptide mostly adopts helical structures with a pronounced kink at residues 11−13 with both N-terminal and C-terminal helices oriented mostly parallel to the membrane surface. A charged C-terminus and the presence of a charge C-terminal tag significantly alters the conformational sampling of the fusion peptide and results in more diverse conformational ensembles that include obliquely inserted N-ter...
Programming finite-domain constraint propagators in Action Rules

In this paper, we propose a new language, called AR (Action Rules), and describe how various propagators for finite-domain constraints can be implemented in it. An action rule specifies a pattern for agents, an action that the agents can carry out, and an event pattern for events that can activate the agents. AR combines the goal-oriented execution model of logic programming with the event-driven execution model. This hybrid execution model facilitates programming constraint propagators. A propagator for a constraint is an agent that maintains the consistency of the constraint and is activated by the updates of the domain variables in the constraint. AR has a much stronger descriptive power than indexicals, the language widely used in the current finite-domain constraint systems, and is flexible for implementing not only interval-consistency but also arc-consistency algorithms. As examples, we present a weak arc-consistency propagator for the all_distinct constraint and a hybrid algorithm for n-ary linear equality constraints. B-Prolog has been extended to accommodate action rules. Benchmarking shows that B-Prolog as a CLP(FD) system significantly outperforms other CLP(FD) systems.
EVOLUTIONARY PREFERENCE/UTILITY FUNCTIONS: A DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

The collection of repeated measures in psychological research is one of the most common data collection formats employed in survey and experimental research. The behavioral decision theory literature documents the existence of the dynamic evolution of preferences that occur over time and experience due to learning, exposure to additional information, fatigue, cognitive storage limitations, etc. We introduce a Bayesian dynamic linear methodology employing an empirical Bayes estimation framework that permits the detection and modeling of such potential changes to the underlying preference utility structure of the respondent. An illustration of revealed stated preference analysis (i.e., conjoint analysis) is given involving students’ preferences for apartments and their underlying attributes and features. We also present the results of several simulations demonstrating the ability of the proposed procedure to recover a variety of different sources of dynamics that may surface with preference elicitation over repeated sequential measurement. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.
‘Post-Sarbanes–Oxley changes in the composition of boards: Have they impacted spending for audit services?’

The issue of the importance of the independent auditor's audit to the integrity of corporate financial statements has been a staple of the corporate governance and financial market functioning literature since the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These acts required auditor attestation of corporate financial statements. Subsequent to the passage of the auditor attestation requirement, occasional financial reporting scandals erupted. None of these had the impact of the Enron/Worldcom scandals of 2001 and 2002. These scandals illustrated the ability of corporate management to game the corporation's financial statements, despite – or perhaps with the tacit concurrence of – the boards of directors of affected firms. Accordingly, much of the 2002 legal response to corporate financial reporting scandals came in the form of new corporate governance requirements on all publicly held firms. The impact of these requirements, however, differed between firms. Some firms had introduced use of independent directors and fully independent committees before their being made compulsory in 2002. One instrument of control over corporate management that the board of directors possesses, in actuality or potentially, is control of the extent of the work of the independent auditors. The auditors’ work can result in the board learning of accounting-related corporate mis-and malfeasance. Accordingly, the extent of the auditor's work is important and the obvious surrogate for this effort is the audit fee. This investigation examines the effect on spending by listed firms for audit services attributable to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 and related stock exchange regulations. It uses the difference-in-differences methodology to overcome endogeneity concerns. The results reveal that firms that were compelled by law to change their boards increased their spending on financial statement-related audit services more than did firms that had pre-adopted the Sarbanes–Oxley corporate board composition requirements.
The Power of Place: Immigrant Communities and Adolescent Violence

Despite popular assumptions, criminologists have long recognized that crime rates are lower for various immigrant groups than for similarly disadvantaged African Americans. What accounts for this paradox? In this study, we consider the role of neighborhood context, specifically, the concentration of immigrants within a community, as a protective factor responsible, in part, for lower crime rates among various immigrant groups. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the relationship between immigrant concentration and adolescent violence, controlling for a variety of individual-level and neighborhood predictors. The findings indicate that immigrant concentration is negatively related to adolescent violence. They also show the protective effects of immigrant concentration are stronger for some types of youth than others.
Ejaculatory disorders and lower urinary tract symptoms

A growing body of literature supports the observed association between lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction. The causal relationship between these two conditions has not been determined. Ejaculatory function is an important aspect of sexual functioning, and recent studies have shown a high prevalence of this ejaculatory dysfunction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Furthermore, the degree of bother associated with ejaculatory dysfunction is quite high, making it an important problem for patients. Thus, health care providers should have a heightened sense of awareness for the presence of ejaculatory dysfunction and appropriate patient counseling should be undertaken before initiation of specific treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms.
The Globular Cluster Populations of Giant Galaxies: Mosaic Imaging of Five Moderate-luminosity Early-type Galaxies

This paper presents results from wide-field imaging of the globular cluster (GC) systems of five intermediate-luminosity (M{sub V} {approx} -21 to -22) early-type galaxies. The aim is to accurately quantify the global properties of the GC systems by measuring them out to large radii. We obtained BVR imaging of four lenticular galaxies (NGC 5866, NGC 4762, NGC 4754, NGC 3384) and one elliptical galaxy (NGC 5813) using the KPNO 4 m telescope and Mosaic imager and traced the GC population to projected galactocentric radii ranging from {approx}20 kpc to 120 kpc. We combine our imaging with Hubble Space Telescope data to measure the GC surface density close to the galaxy center. We calculate the total number of GCs (N{sub GC}) from the integrated radial profile and find N{sub GC} = 340 {+-} 80 for NGC 5866, N{sub GC} = 2900 {+-} 400 for NGC 5813, N{sub GC} = 270 {+-} 30 for NGC 4762, N{sub GC} = 115 {+-} 15 for NGC 4754, and N{sub GC} = 120 {+-} 30 for NGC 3384. The measured GC specific frequencies are S{sub N} between 0.6 and 3.6 and T in the range 0.9-4.2. These values are consistent with the mean specific frequenciesmore » for the galaxies' morphological types found by our survey and other published data. Three galaxies (NGC 5866, NGC 5813, and NGC 4762) had sufficient numbers of GC candidates to investigate color bimodality and color gradients in the GC systems. NGC 5813 shows strong evidence (>3{sigma}) for bimodality and a B - R color gradient resulting from a more centrally concentrated red (metal-rich) GC subpopulation. We find no evidence for statistically significant color gradients in the other two galaxies.« less
The accelerated acceleration of the universe

We present a simple mechanism which can mimic dark energy with an equation of state w 1 may be a useful probe of our proposal.
Age-related accumulation of T cells with markers of relatively stronger autoreactivity leads to functional erosion of T cells

Background Thymic involution is a prominent characteristic of an aging immune system. When thymic function is reduced/absent, the peripheral T cell pool is subject to the laws of peripheral T cell homeostasis that favor survival/expansion of T cell receptors with relatively higher functional avidity for self-peptide/MHC complexes. Due to difficulties in assessing the TCR avidity in polyclonal population of T cells, it is currently not known whether high avidity T cells preferentially survive in aging individuals, and what impact this might have on the function of the immune system and development of autoimmune diseases.
Higher order effects in beam-beam deflection

Abstract Beam-beam deflection scan is a useful tool, both in the SLC and in future linear colliders, for extracting information about the beam position, size and luminosity. This technique poses nontrivial challenges to the instrumentation in its own right. The understanding of all aspects of beam-beam deflection, in particular that of disruption, is therefore crucial to a successful implementation of this technique. When disruption effects become strong mainly due to increased beam intensity per bunch, the simple rigid-bunch formula for beam-beam deflection is no longer valid. In this report we discuss the general modification to the rigid beam-beam deflection formula in the presence of disruption using various methods including analytical calculation, rigid and semi-rigid two-disk models, and simulation. The impact on the realistic beam-beam deflection in the SLC is also discussed.
Mechanism based inactivation of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from L. leichmannii by 2′-ara-2′-azido-2′-deoxy adenosine-5′-triphosphate: Observation of paramagnetic intermediates

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductases catalyze the reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms. 2′-Ara-2′-azido-2′-deoxyadenosin-5′-triphosphate (araN 3 ATP) is a potent mechanism based inhibitor of the AdoCbl-dependent enzyme from Lactobacillus leichmannii (RTPR). Incubation of RTPR with [3′- 3 H]- or [β- 32 P]- or [8- 3 H]-araN 3 ATP reveals that inactivation is accompanied by covalent labeling, formation of cob(II)alamin and 5′-deoxyadenosine in a ratio of 0.4:0.4:0.4 equivalent/equivalent of RTPR. During this inactivation at least three paramagnetic species are detected by EPR spectroscopy. RTPR inactivation by araN 3 ATP, in contrast to all other mechanism based inhibitors, does NOT appear to involve 3′-carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage.
Piecewise polynomials, Minkowski weights, and localization on toric varieties

We use localization to describe the restriction map from equivariant Chow cohomology to ordinary Chow cohomology for complete toric varieties in terms of piecewise polynomial functions and Minkowski weights. We compute examples showing that this map is not surjective in general, and that its kernel is not always generated in degree one. We prove a localization formula for mixed volumes of lattice polytopes and, more generally, a Bott residue formula for toric vector bundles.
Effective thermal diffusivity of porous media in the wall vicinity

Transient heat transfer from an impulsively heated vertical constant heat flux plate embedded in a stationary saturated porous medium is studied experimentally and analytically to determine near-wall thermal diffusivity. The effective diffusivity is shown to depend on the properties of the constituent materials and the near-wall particle morphology. For porous media comprising randomly stacked spheres, the near-wall region is characterized by fewer particle contacts with the wall than in the bulk medium, and this difference is the source of larger thermal diffusivity in the context of volume-averaged values, which apply to the bulk property far from the wall. For combinations of different spherical solids and interstitial fluids, which give a range of fluid:solid conductivity ratio from 0.5 to 2400, early-time transient temperature profiles can be predicted using the thermal conductivity of the interstitial fluid. A conjugate heat transfer analysis accurately predicts the time the conductive front takes to travel through the impermeable wall and quantifies the effect of conduction along the wall on the local and overall Nusselt numbers. The present results raise the possibility of reinterpretation of much of the porous media heat transfer experiments in the literature.
New chiral auxiliaries for thermal cycloadditions

Des [acryloyl-1 trimethyl-3,4a,6 perhydro] methano-3,6 naphtyridine-1,8 diones-2,7 ont ete utilisees en tant qu'auxiliaires chiraux de cycloadditions de l'oxyde de benzonitrile avec le groupe acryloyl
The coherence theory of truth

The third well-known theory of truth is the coherence theory which is absolutely irreconcileable with ours, since it holds that the truth of a belief that A is B depends not on whether A is B, but on how far the belief that it is forms part of a coherent system. The absurdities which result from this view have been most amusingly set out by Mr Russell in his essay “On the Monistic Theory of Truth” in Philosophical Essays,1 but although this reductio ad absurdum is a conclusive refutation of the theory, it is still, I think, instructive to consider some of the arguments used by its adherents both in defending their own and in attacking rival positions. According to Mr Russell the fallacy in all these arguments lies in their assuming the axiom of internal relations [and are therefore invalid], but it seems to me that part of what his opponents say does not depend for its plausibility on this axiom and may be worth a fresh investigation. Without going into any great detail it will, I think, be possible to show that the Coherence Theory is largely based on a serious confusion the unfortunate consequences of which extend far beyond the present context. Since, unlike the Correspondence Theory and Pragmatism, the Coherence Theory is almost entirely concerned with Question I and hardly at all with Question II, I propose to say all I have to say about it in the present chapter.
The UCLA Phi Factory detector, the integration of superconducting compensation solenoids and the final focus interaction region quadrupoles

Abstract The proposed Phi Factory for the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) is a small 510 MeV electron-positron colliding beam storage ring with high luminosity (greater than 10 32 cm −2 s −1 ). In order to do high quality Phi physics, a particle detector system with a large solid angle (preferably greater than 98 percent) is required. Particle detection and analysis will be done within a 0.5 tesla solenoidal magnetic field. The solenoidal field within the detector causes coupling between beam oscillations in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, compensation solenoids are required to keep the circulating particle beams from seeing the effects of the field from the main detector solenoid. Since high luminosity and a large solid angle are required, the detectors and a pair of compensation solenoids must be integrated with the final focus quadrupoles within the detector straight section. This report describes the design of two tapered, 0.5 tesla, superconducting compensation solenoids which must go around six rare earth permanent final focus quadrupoles or six superconducting quadrupoles on either side of the beam collision point. A cryogenic cooling system for these two solenoids, which will be coupled with the cooling system for the primary detector solenoid, is also described.
Effects of tread wear on the wet runway braking effectiveness of aircraft tires

The importance of a good tread design in improving the braking effectiveness of an aircraft tire on a wet runway has been well established. It is of equal importance, however, that the tread be maintained in good condition and replaced when tread wear becomes excessive. To explore in detail the effects of tire tread wear on braking effectiveness, a series of wet runway braking tests was run at the Langley landing-loads track in which smooth and dimple tires were used to represent completely worn tires. Five evenly spaced circumferential grooves were then cut into the tires to depths representing varying degrees of tread wear. Two types of tire wear were simulated: uniform wear with all grooves cut to the same depth, and nonuniform wear with the center groove wearing completely smooth while significant depths remain in the outer grooves. A gradual degradation in braking effectiveness was experienced up to about the 80% worn tire condition, at which point the wet runway friction coefficients dropped markedly. The completely worn tire was observed to develop, at the higher speeds, only about one-half the braking effectiveness of a new tire.
High-sensitivity spectroscopy with diode lasers

Linewidth reduction of an extended cavity diode laser at 657 nm was accomplished by negative feedback to an intra-cavity ADP crystal. High resolution (170 kHz wide) saturated absorption signals were recorded of the calcium intercombination line which is of interest for a frequency standard. The spectrum of the red 6 2 p 3/2 - 9 2 s 1/2 cesium line in a magneto-optical cell trap was also investigated.
Optimal Pole Placement in Time-Dependent Linear Systems

In this paper a problem of optimal modal control for general linear, time-dependent systems is posed and solved. We review the recent modal decomposition of the general linear system. We then pose the problem of controlling one unstable mode, with a specified new Lyapunov exponent, but minimizing the mean-square gain function. The method is applied to the shallow-angle re-entry of a Delta Clipper-like vehicle, and the modal decomposition leads to both stability information and characterization of how the trajectory is unstable. The unstable Lyapunov exponent is moved so that the trajectory is stable, as verified by closed-loop Lyapunov exponent analysis. When implemented within the original nonlinear system, the controller can handle initial errors at the kilometer level. Only 4% modulation of the original drag factor is required for control. I. Introduction T HE problem of control of constant coefficient linear systems is well understood, forming the basis of most of control theory. Control of time-dependent systems is not yet at the same level of understanding. Fairly comprehensive discussion of the time-periodic case have appeared: see Breakwell et al. 1 for the linear quadratic regulator for periodic systems and Calico and Wiesel2 for pole placement in periodic systems. Recently, the current author has successfully produced the modal decomposition for a general timedependent linear system3 and introduced the first pole placement algorithm for such systems. In this paper we extend the method to optimal pole placement and will successfully control a shallowangle re-entry trajectory by this new technique.
Women's economic outcomes, gender inequality and public policy: findings from the Luxembourg Income Study

In the past two decades many researchers have used the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data to analyse womens economic status or economic gender inequality across the industrialized countries. Researchers concerned with labour market outcomes have concluded that: i) womens labour market status lags mens in nearly every LIS country and time period; ii) motherhood is a consequential factor nearly everywhere; while parenthood typically has little effect (or a positive effect) on mens employment rates and earnings it weakens womens everywhere; iii) against this backdrop of commonality gendered outcomes vary dramatically across countries; and iv) variation in policies or policy packages explains a substantial share of the observed variation in outcomes. Researchers focused on poverty have found that: i) in several countries post-tax-and-transfer poverty is more prevalent among women than men mothers compared with fathers and female-headed households relative to male-headed households; ii) solo mothers everywhere face a heightened risk of low income and/or poverty especially in the English-speaking countries; iii) across the LIS countries single elderly women are also at heightened risk with the USA standing out as an extreme case; and iv) cross-national variation in tax-and-transfer policies explains a large share of variation in post-tax-and-transfer income. (authors)
Potential benefits from improved energy efficiency of key electrical products: The case of India

The economy of the world's second most populous country continues to grow rapidly, bringing prosperity to a growing middle class while further straining an energy infrastructure already stretched beyond capacity. At the same time, efficiency policy initiatives have gained a foothold in India, and promise to grow in number over the coming years. This paper considers the maximum cost-effective potential of efficiency improvement for key energy-consuming products in the Indian context. The products considered are: household refrigerators, window air conditioners, motors and distribution transformers. Together, these products account for about 27% of delivered electricity consumption in India. The analysis estimates the minimum Life-Cycle Cost option for each product class, according to use patterns and prevailing customer marginal rates in each sector. This option represents an efficiency improvement ranging between 12% and 60%, depending on product class. If this level of efficiency was achieved starting in 2010, we estimate that total electricity consumption in India could be reduced by 4.7% by 2020, saving over 74 million tons of oil equivalent and over 246 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Net present financial savings of this efficiency improvement totals 8.1 billion dollars.
Multitrace deformations, Gamow states, and stability of AdS/CFT

We analyze the effect of multitrace deformations in conformal field theories at leading order in a large N approximation. These theories admit a description in terms of weakly coupled gravity duals. We show how the deformations can be mapped into boundary terms of the gravity theory and how to reproduce the RG equations found in field theory. In the case of doubletrace deformations, and for bulk scalars with masses in the range −d 2 /4 < m 2 < −d 2 /4 + 1, the deformed theory flows between two fixed points of the renormalization group, manifesting a resonant behavior at the scale characterizing the transition between the two CFT's. On the gravity side the resonance is mapped into an IR non-normalizable mode (Gamow state) whose overlap with the UV region increases as the dual operator approaches the free field limit. We argue that this resonant behavior is a generic property of large N theories in the conformal window, and associate it to a remnant of the Nambu-Goldstone mode of dilatation invariance. We emphasize the role of nonminimal couplings to gravity and establish a stability theorem for scalar/gravity systems with AdS boundary conditions in the presence of arbitrary boundary potentials and nonminimal coupling.
A Component-Based Framework for Visualization of Intrusion Detection Events

Visualization systems for intrusion detection are becoming more prevalent, but the lack of an organizing framework for proper development of these systems is problematic. This paper introduces a component-based structure that can be used to adequately design and implement intrusion detection information visualization systems. This component-based structure implements a combination of common information visualization components with operational components specific to the critical, real-time nature of intrusion detection. The manuscript also performs an analysis of intrusion detection visualization research projects by verifying their use of the components described by this framework.
Prediction of ligand-receptor binding thermodynamics by free energy force field (FEFF) 3D-QSAR analysis: application to a set of peptidometic renin inhibitors.

A methodology is presented and applied in which the accurate estimation of ligand−receptor binding thermodynamics is achieved by formulating the calculation as a QSAR problem. When the receptor geometry is known, the free energy force field (FEFF) ligand−receptor binding energy terms can be calculated and used as independent variables in constructing FEFF 3D-QSARs. The FEFF 3D-QSAR analysis of a series of transition state inhibitors of renin was carried out. From a statistical analysis of the free energy contributions to the binding process, FEFF 3D-QSARs were constructed that reveal the change in solvation free energy upon binding and the intramolecular vacuum internal energy of the ligand in the unbound state are the most significant FEFF terms in determining the binding free energy, ΔG. Other terms, such as ligand stretching, bending, and torsion energy changes, the intermolecular van der Waals interaction energy, and change in ligand conformational entropy upon binding, are also found to make signific...
Generalized symplectic rational blowdowns

We prove that the generalized rational blowdown, a surgery on smooth 4-manifolds, can be performed in the symplectic category. AMS Classication 57R17; 57R15, 57M50
Strength and Toughness of Continuous‐Alumina‐Fiber‐Reinforced Glass‐Matrix Composites

Unidirectional, continuous-fiber composites were fabricated using polycrystalline alumina fibers and four different silicate glass matrices of differing thermal expansion. Fracture toughness measurements, strength measurements, and fractographic analysis of failed specimens are used to identify the failure mechanism. Results show that the elastic modulus mismatch between the matrix and the fibers shields the reinforcing fibers from matrix crack extension, thereby increasing composite toughness without fiber pullout. Fractographic analysis shows that fiber shielding leads to fiber failure ahead of matrix crack. Composite toughness increases linearly with increases in the residual compressive stress in the matrix phase. Ultimate composite strengths are dependent upon thermal-expansion-induced residual stresses and fiber strength.
Active and passive Damping of Euler-Bernoulli Beams and Their Interactions

Active and Passive damping of Euler-Bernoulli beams and their interactions have been studied using the beam’s exact transfer function model without mode truncation or finite element or finite difference approximation. The combination of viscous and Voigt damping is shown to map the open-loop poles and zeros from the imaginary axis in the undamped case into a circle in the left half plane and into the negative real axis. While active PD collocated control using sky-hooked actuators is known to stabilize the beam, it is shown that the derivative action using proof-mass (reaction-mass) actuators can destabilize the beam.
Coupled Evolution with Tides of the Radius and Orbit of Transiting Giant Planets: General Results

Some transiting extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) have measured radii larger than predicted by the standard theory. In this paper, we explore the possibility that an earlier episode of tidal heating can explain such radius anomalies and apply the formalism we develop to HD 209458b as an example. We find that for strong enough tides the planet's radius can undergo a transient phase of inflation that temporarily interrupts canonical, monotonic shrinking due to radiative losses. Importantly, an earlier episode of tidal heating can result in a planet with an inflated radius, even though its orbit has nearly circularized. Moreover, we confirm that at late times, and under some circumstances, by raising tides on the star itself a planet can spiral into its host. We note that a 3x to 10x solar planet atmospheric opacity with no tidal heating is sufficient to explain the observed radius of HD 209458b. However, our model demonstrates that with an earlier phase of episodic tidal heating, we can fit the observed radius of HD 209458b even with lower (solar) atmospheric opacities. This work demonstrates that, if a planet is left with an appreciable eccentricity after early inward migration and/or dynamical interaction, coupling radius and orbit evolutionmore » in a consistent fashion that includes tidal heating, stellar irradiation, and detailed model atmospheres might offer a generic solution to the inflated radius puzzle for transiting EGPs such as WASP-12b, TrES-4, and WASP-6b.« less
The Intrinsically X-Ray Weak Quasar PHL 1811. I. X-Ray Observations and Spectral Energy Distribution*

This is the first of two papers reporting observations and analysis of the unusually bright (mb = 14.4), luminous (MB = -25.5), nearby (z = 0.192) narrow-line quasar PHL 1811, focusing on the X-ray properties and the spectral energy distribution. Two Chandra observations reveal a weak X-ray source with a steep spectrum. Variability by a factor of 4 between the two observations separated by 12 days suggests that the X-rays are not scattered emission. The XMM-Newton spectra are modeled in the 0.3-5 keV band by a steep power law with Γ = 2.3 ± 0.1, and the upper limit on intrinsic absorption is 8.7 × 1020 cm-2. The spectral slopes are consistent with power-law indices commonly observed in NLS1s, and it appears that we observe the central engine X-rays directly. Including two recent Swift ToO snapshots, a factor of ~5 variability was observed among the five X-ray observations reported here. In contrast, the UV photometry obtained by the XMM-Newton OM and Swift UVOT, and the HST spectrum reveal no significant UV variability. The αox inferred from the Chandra and contemporaneous HST spectrum is -2.3 ± 0.1, significantly steeper than observed from other quasars of the same optical luminosity. The steep, canonical X-ray spectra, lack of absorption, and significant X-ray variability lead us to conclude that PHL 1811 is intrinsically X-ray weak. We also discuss an accretion disk model and the host galaxy of PHL 1811.
PARTICLE DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION AND DISINTEGRATION IN A MODEL MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID

Using diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS), we studied experimentally the particle dynamics for a density matched superparamagnetic polystyrene colloid in a refractive index nearly matched multiple-layered cell. Particle dynamics is probed during structure formation and disintegration, when a 0.2 Hz square-wave magnetic field was turned on for 4 s and off for 1 s. The correlation function shows that the particles move slower and more restricted when the magnetic field is on. Even during the off cycle of the magnetic field, the particles' motion is not free but still constrained with a less degree than that when the field is on. Thus, it takes more than 1 s for the induced structure to disintegrate. As the magnetic field strength increases, so does the degree of constrain for both the on and off cycle of the magnetic field and the differences between them. Modified telegrapher theory is found to be valid for our strongly absorbing and limited multiple scattering sample.
Primary Mental Abilities

This publication is the opening number of a series which the Psychometric Society proposes to issue. It reports the first large experimental inquiry, carried out by the methods of factor analysis described by Thurstone in The Vectors of the Mind 1. The work was made possible by financial grants from the Social Science Research Committee of the University of Chicago, the American Council of Education, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The results are eminently worthy of the assistance so generously accorded. Thurstone’s previous theoretical account, lucid and comprehensive as it is, is intelligible only to those who have a knowledge of matrix algebra. Hence his methods have become known to British educationists chiefly from the monograph published by W. P. Alexander8. This enquiry has provoked a good deal of criticism, particularly from Professor Spearman’s school ; and differs, as a matter of fact, from Thurstone’s later expositions. Hence it is of the greatest value to have a full and simple illustration of his methods, based on a concrete inquiry, from Professor Thurstone himself.