cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of the intact rat weanling uterotrophic assay with notes on the formulation and analysis of the positive control chemical in vehicle.

The intact female weanling version in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) uterotrophic assay Test Guideline (TG) 440 is proposed as an alternative to the adult ovariectomized female version, because it does not involve surgical intervention (vs the ovariectomized version) and detects direct/indirect-acting estrogenic/anti-estrogenic substances (vs the ovariectomized version which detects only direct-acting estrogenic/anti-estrogenic substances binding to the estrogen receptor). This validation study followed OECD TG 440, with six female weanling rats (postnatal day 21) per dose group and six treatment groups. Females were weighed and dosed once daily by oral gavage for three consecutive days, with one of six doses of 17α-ethinyl estradiol in corn oil at 5 ml kg−1 at 0 and 0.1–10 µg kg−1 per day. On postnatal day 24, the juvenile females were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, weighed, livers weighed and uteri weighed wet and blotted. The presence or absence of vaginal patency was recorded. Absolute and relative (to terminal body weight) uterine wet and blotted weights and uterine luminal fluid weights were significantly increased at 3.0 and 10.0 (both P < 0.01) µg kg−1 per day, and increased to ∼140% of control values at 1.0 µg kg−1 per day (not statistically significantly). In vivo body weights, weight changes, feed consumption, liver weights and terminal body weights were unaffected. Vaginal patency was not acquired in any female at any dose, although vaginal puckering was observed in one female at 10.0 µg kg−1 per day. Therefore, this intact weanling uterotrophic assay is validated in our laboratory for use under US and European endocrine toxicity testing programs/legislation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-range hopping mobility platform

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a mesoscale hopping mobility platform (Hopper) to overcome the longstanding problems of mobility and power in small scale unmanned vehicles. The system provides mobility in situations such as negotiating tall obstacles and rough terrain that are prohibitive for other small ground base vehicles. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA) provided the funding for the Hopper project.
Enhancing effects of lithium on memory are not by-products of learning or attentional deficits.

Abstract We recently reported that chronic lithium (LiCl), at therapeutic plasma levels, enhanced spatial working memory and retention of an aversive contingency. Here we examine the possibility that these effects be secondary to LiCl effects on the ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli or on fear conditioning. In Experiment 1, rats subjected to >30 daily intraperitoneal injections of LiCl (2 mmol/kg) or saline underwent conditioned emotional response training (CER: 2 CS pairings with 1-s, 1-mA shock) after 40 pre-exposures either to the CS (latent inhibition-LiCl/latent inhibition-saline, n = 8) or to another stimulus (control-LiCl/control-saline, n = 8). In Experiment 2, eight LiCl and eight saline animals were trained in on-the-baseline (VI-60 s) CER (1-s, 0.15-mA shock in CS-signalled periods) in the Skinner box. In Experiment 1, LiCl animals showed normal latent inhibition. In both experiments, their fear conditioning was unimpaired. Therefore, the previously reported memory improvement under chronic lithium cannot be attributed to changes in the ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli or in fear conditioning.
Iron mediates Trichomonas vaginalis resistance to complement lysis

Abstract Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted disease agent in humans, is readily lysed by activation of the alternative complement pathway. The parasite became resistant following growth in medium supplemented by iron compared to parasites grown in medium depleted of iron, which were readily killed by complement. The resistance to complement was dependent on iron concentration while divalent cations other than iron were ineffective, showing specific regulation of this property by iron. Lactoferrin, but not transferrin, rendered low-iron-parasites resistant to complement lysis, reinforcing thein vivomodulation by a known source of iron for this parasite. Pretreatment of high-iron, complement-resistant parasites with proteinase inhibitors resulted in lysis by complement, indicating that resistance was likely due to proteinase degradation of C3 on the trichomonal surface.
Southwestern Corn Borer: Influence of Planting Dates and Times of Infestation on Damage to Corn, Pearl Millet, and Sorghum

Field plots of maize, pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and sorghum in Oklahoma were infested by hand with egg-masses of Diatraea grandiosella Dyar to study the effects of infestation time and planting date. The different food-plants reacted similarly, but maize had the greatest amount of damage and millet had the least. Plants infested 2 weeks after anthesis had the least stalk tunnelling, but maize with the earliest infestation time had fewer ears tunnelled. Late plantings of maize and male fertile sorghum had more damage than earlier plantings. The intermediate planting of millet had the least tunnelling. Late-planted maize yielded the least. Conversely, millet and sorghum had heavier losses when planted earlier. Male sterile sorghum (no pollen) had a higher percentage of tunnelled plants and slightly longer tunnels, but fewer heads tunnelled, when compared with male fertile sorghum
Gleevec: Prototype or Outlier?

The protein kinase inhibitor Gleevec has proven to be spectacularly effective in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). But can success such as this be achieved for genetically complex neoplasms with other drugs targeted at hyperactive oncoproteins? Although only time will tell, both theoretical and empirical arguments suggest that the success of Gleevec in CML need not be a special case. As the molecular basis of various cancers is further defined, it should be possible to develop other new drugs that, like Gleevec, specifically target cancer cells by inhibiting early events that are integral to progression to the transformed phenotype. Encouraging in this regard are cell culture experiments and animal models that suggest that cancer cells often remain dependent on, and may become addicted to, the signals resulting from such early genetic changes.
An application of shape optimization in the solution of inverse acoustic scattering problems

We consider the problem of determining the shape of an object immersed in an acoustic medium from measurements obtained at a distance from the object. We recast this problem as a shape optimization problem where we search for the domain that minimizes a cost function that quantifies the difference between the measured and expected signals. The measured and expected signals are assumed to satisfy a boundary-value problem given by the Helmholtz equation with the Sommerfeld condition imposed at infinity. Gradient-based algorithms are used to solve this optimization problem. At every step of the algorithm the derivative of the cost function with respect to the parameters that describe the shape of the object is calculated. We develop an efficient method based on the adjoint equations to calculate the derivative and show how this method is implemented in a finite element setting. The predominant cost of each step of the algorithm is equal to one forward solution and one adjoint solution and therefore is independent of the number of parameters used to describe the shape of the object. Numerical examples showing the efficacy of the proposed methodology are presented.
Formal prototyping in early stages of protocol design

Network protocol design is usually an informal process where debugging is based on successive iterations of a prototype implementation. The feedback provided by a prototype can be indispensable since the requirements are often incomplete at the start. A draw-back of this technique is that errors in protocols can be notoriously difficult to detect by testing alone. Applying formal methods such as theorem proving can greatly increase one's confidence that the protocol is correct. However, formal methods can be tedious to use, rarely support successive design iterations and prototyping, are difficult to scale to entire designs, and typically require a clear understanding of requirements in advance. We investigate how formal simulation based on Maude executable specifications overcomes many of these hurdles. We apply this technique in the early stages of the design of a new security protocol, known as Layer 3 Accounting (L3A), aimed at protecting known vulnerabilities in the wireless accounting infrastructure. The protocol sets up a collection of IPsec security associations that provide the necessary protection. We demonstrate how formal simulation uncovered problems in several successive iterations of the L3A protocol design.
The preparation of membrances

A membrane is defined as a solid, porous sheet which, when placed between two phases, may allow the passage of small particles but hinder or prevent the passage of large particles. With this definition as a basis a review is given of methods employed to prepare membranes, with special emphasis on the preparation of organic membranes. Directions are then given for the preparation of thin, uniform membranes 100 to 1500 A. or thicker. Membranes of 500 or 600 A., in thickness with a variation of less than 25 A. across a section as large as 3.5 cm. sq. are described, together with evidence for physical and chemical stability. These are prepared from pyroxylin. Thin membranes were also prepared from Formvar 15/95 E (polyvinylformal from Shawinigan Resins Corp.) and VYDR, blend 7 (a high molecular weight vinylchloride-acetate resin containing approximately 96% vinylchloride and 4% vinylacetate, from Bakelite). No success was achieved with DYNH (a polythylene from Bakelite); and polyisobutylmethacrylate (Monomer-Polymer).
Attitudes Toward and Experiences in End-of-life Care Education in the Intensive Care Unit: A Survey of Resident Physicians.

Introduction:Resident physicians provide the most physician care to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The body of literature about residents’ palliative and end-of-life care (PC/EOLC) experiences in the ICU is limited. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess resident physicians in multiple specialties regarding PC/EOLC in the ICU.Methods:A Web-based survey was developed and administered to all resident physicians in a single academic institution who had completed at least 1 dedicated ICU rotation.Results:Residents reported moderate comfort in dealing with end-of-life (EOL) issues and felt somewhat prepared to care for critically ill patients at the EOL. Feedback should be provided to residents regarding their PC/EOLC skills, and education should be tailored to residents rotating in the ICU.
CHANNEL-INDEPENDENT CHAOTIC SECURE COMMUNICATION

The generalized synchronization (GS) of two identical chaotic systems through an unknown channel is studied. First, some theoretical results of GS through an unknown channel are derived. Finally, an application of GS to channel-independent chaotic secure communication is presented.
A model-based interpolation method for nonlinear systems

This paper proposes a model-based approach for the design of an interpolator to be used with data sampled from a specific system. The method utilizes knowledge of the sampled system in the design procedure and allows nonlinearities to be included. Results are compared to curves produced by spline interpolation algorithms for a simple example. >
Java bytecode to native code translation: the caffeine prototype and preliminary results

The Java bytecode language is emerging as a software distribution standard. With major vendors committed to porting the Java run-time environment to their platforms, programs in Java bytecode are expected to run without modification on multiple platforms. These first generation run-time environments rely on an interpreter to bridge the gap between the bytecode instructions and the native hardware. This interpreter approach is sufficient for specialized applications such as Internet browsers where application performance is often limited by network delays rather than processor speed. It is, however, not sufficient for executing general applications distributed in Java bytecode. This paper presents our initial prototyping experience with Caffeine, an optimizing translator from Java bytecode to native machine code. We discuss the major technical issues involved in stack to register mapping, run-time memory structure mapping, and exception handlers. Encouraging initial results based on our X86 port are presented.
Agricultural and environmental changes after irrigation management transfer in the Develi Basin, Turkey

Develi Basin is a semi-arid basin in central Turkey where water sustains both irrigated agriculture and an internationally important wetland, the Sultan Marshes. Agricultural and environmental changes in the Develi Basin have occurred since irrigation management was transferred in 1994 from a state authority (DSI) to irrigation associations (Kovali and Agcaasar IAs). In this paper we evaluate the practices of the IAs using extensive data from interviews with farmers and IA officials, as well as data from reports prepared by DSI and the IAs, using comparisons with case studies reported in the scientific literature. Irrigated areas and surface water use in the Develi Basin showed significant fluctuations from 1995 to 2003. The area allocated to high water-consuming plants increased. Maintenance activities became dependent on fee collection rates. Quality of the irrigation water did not changed significantly. Ground-water levels, flow rates from springs, and water levels in the Sultan Marshes all dropped. Overall analyses indicate that the water requirements of the Sultan Marshes have not been met, while water use for irrigation has been effective but not efficient. To reconcile agricultural and wetland water requirements, a basin-wide approach in water planning is recommended. Amounts of water to be allocated to the IAs and wetlands need to be clearly defined. DSI has to monitor canal maintenance by the IAs more closely, and IAs need to be given more responsibilities for future rehabilitation of the canals. Realistic water pricing, increased reliability of irrigation scheduling, higher on-farm irrigation efficiency, and in the long-term, modernization of the irrigation system need to be considered.
Photoemission Exafs from InP(110) and Al/InP(110)

Photoemission EXAFS (PEXAFS) studies of InP(110), InP(110) + 1 A Al and InP(110) + 3 A Al are presented. In each case, photoemission from the P 2p core-level was monitored using a cylindrical mirror analyzer by a two-point CIS (constant-initial-state spectroscopy) method in 150–280 eV photon energy range. The data were analyzed by conventional Fourier analysis procedures using the theoretical phase function of McKale et al. plus absorber phase function of Teo and Lee. No diffraction effect other than EXAFS is observed. For the clean InP(110) surface, the PEXAFS results show relaxation (contraction) of the surface in excellent agreement with the LEED results. But a small contraction in the P-P bond length (surface unit mesh parameter, a0) has also been measured, which was not reported in the LEED studies. For the InP(110) surface covered with 1 A Al, metal (cluster)-induced surface structural changes in the substrate are determined which include removal of relaxation of the surface unit mesh in combination with change in the P-In bond length within the surface unit mesh. At the 3 A Al-coverage on the InP(110) surface, the interface resembles AlP.
The development of autoimmunity in C57BL/6 lpr mice correlates with the disappearance of natural killer type 1-positive cells: evidence for their suppressive action on bone marrow stem cell proliferation, B cell immunoglobulin secretion, and autoimmune symptoms.

F1 hybrid mice are able to acutely reject parental marrow grafts, a phenomenon that is due to natural killer type 1-positive (NK1+) cells. Circumstantial evidence had suggested that the antigenic determinants recognized by these cells are self-antigens, leading to the hypothesis that the physiological role of NK1+ cells is a downregulatory or suppressive function on bone marrow stem cell proliferation and lymphocyte function. In analyzing this hypothesis it is shown here that in young mice there is a temporal correlation between appearance of NK1+ cells in the spleen and the ability to reject allogeneic marrow or to suppress endogenous stem cell proliferation. The reverse situation exists in mice expressing the homozygous lpr gene. Whereas in young mice cells with NK1+ phenotype are demonstrable, these cells disappear with age, i.e., at the time autoimmunity develops. Concomitant with the disappearance of NK1+ cells, the ability to reject marrow grafts and to control endogenous stem cell proliferation also vanishes. The suggestion that the development of autoimmunity is causally related to the disappearance of NK1+ cells is supported by experiments in which NK1+ cells were either eliminated by antibody injection or increased by adoptively transferring cell populations enriched for NK1+ cells into lpr mice. It is shown that removal of cells enhances autoimmunity, whereas injection of NK1+ cells delays the onset of autoimmunity. In vitro assays are presented that demonstrate that suppression of autoantibody-secreting B cells is due to two NK1+ cell populations, one that expresses CD3 and causes specific suppression and one that lacks CD3 and causes nonspecific suppression.
Influence of certain factors on the coating of a medicinal agent on core tablets.

The influence of core tablet shape, mixing of coating powders, dilution ratio of diluent to medication, and composition of diluent on the efficiency in the coating of a medicinal onto core tablets by the conventional method was investigated. It was found that tablet shape and type of mixing did not influence the efficiency in this procedure. The overall percent recovery of medicament depending on the variations introduced was from 85 to 90.9 percent in the procedure. Significant factors were drug to diluent ratio and composition of the diluent. Two new methods of drug application were employed, namely, the air-atomized system and the airless-spray-coating system. The air-atomized system was found less efficient than the conventional coating procedure. The airless-spray-coating system, on the other hand, showed a nearly 100 percent efficiency in medication coating.
Transition from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use among rural Appalachian drug users: a cross‐sectional comparison and retrospective survival analysis

Aim The study's objectives were to characterize initiation of injection drug use, examine the independent association of specific substance use with injection drug use and determine factors associated with rates of transition from first illicit drug use to first injection among a sample of rural Appalachian drug users. Design Interview-administered questionnaires were administered to a sample of drug users recruited via respondent-driven sampling. Setting Appalachian Kentucky. Participants Injection drug users (IDUs) (n = 394) and non-IDUs (n = 109). Measurements Data were collected on substance use and years from age at initiation of illicit substance use to ‘event’ (initiation of injection or date of baseline interview for non-IDUs). Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to identify factors associated with life-time injection drug use and transition time to injection, respectively. Findings OxyContin® was involved in nearly as many initiations to injection (48%), as were stimulants, other prescription opioids and heroin combined; for participants who initiated with OxyContin®, the median time from which they began OxyContin® use to their first injection of OxyContin® was 3 years. Adjusting for demographics, five prescription drugs (benzodiazepines, illicit methadone, oxycodone, OxyContin® and other opiates) were associated with an increased hazard for transitioning from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use (each at P < 0.01). Conclusions In Appalachia, in the United States, the prescription opioid OxyContin® is widely used non-medically and appears to show a particularly high risk of rapid transition to injection compared with the use of other illicit drugs.
Strict Hand Hygiene And Other Practices Shortened Stays And Cut Costs And Mortality In A Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Efforts to reduce infections acquired during a hospital stay through improvements in the quality of care have had measurable results in many hospital settings. In pediatric intensive care units, th...
A Comparative Study of Public Support for the Police

I use the data from the International Crime Victimization Survey and the World Values Survey to study the determinants of public support for the police in 28 countries. I find that the respondents'...
Stieltjes transforms on new generalized functions

We introduce a Stieltjes transform on the equivalence classes of a new generalized function which has been successfully developed by Colombeau. Subsets of rapid descent test functions, &#119982; ( ℝ n ) , as well as tempered distributions, &#119982; ′ ( ℝ n ) , are used to preserve Fourier analysis techniques.
Predictive Models for Great Lakes Hydrology

: The individual hydrologic components are assumed to be normally distributed for each month and linear regression equations are estimated for predicting the value of the individual monthly hydrologic components. It is shown that some of the hydrologic components for downwind (in this case downstream) lakes are dependent upon hydrologic events for the upwind lakes. This is particularly so for precipitation in the downwind lake basins which appears to be dependent upon evaporation values for upwind lakes.
Transient oscillations in a macroscopic effective theory of the Boltzmann equation

A new transient effective theory of the relativistic Boltzmann equation is derived for locally momentum-anisotropic systems. In the expansion of the distribution function around a local ``quasi-equilibrium'' state, a nonhydrodynamic dynamical degree of freedom is introduced at leading order that breaks local momentum isotropy. By replacing the deviation of the distribution function from this quasi-equilibrium state in terms of moments of the leading-order distribution and applying a systematic power-counting scheme that orders the nonhydrodynamic modes by their microscopic time scales, a closed set of equations for the dynamical degrees of freedom is obtained. Truncating this set at the level of the slowest nonhydroynamic mode, we find that it exhibits transient oscillatory behavior---a phenomenon previously found only in strongly coupled theories, where it appears to be generic. In weakly coupled systems described by the Boltzmann equation, these transient oscillations depend on the breaking of local momentum isotropy being treated nonperturbatively at leading order in the expansion of the distribution function.
Ecology: Biodiversity and productivity entwined.

A systems-level analysis of grasslands across the planet provides stimulating insight into the interlaced pathways that connect species diversity and biological productivity in ecological communities. See Letter p.390 The relationship between species richness and ecosystem productivity is a central topic in ecological research, and also the focus of competing and overlapping hypotheses. These authors use data from grassland experiments across five continents to compare the different mechanistic explanations in an integrative framework. They show how important components of different mechanisms are operating together, and increase considerably our power to explain the results.
Ecologies of Appropriation: The Division of Labor as the Labor of Division in Technology, Space, and Property

This paper explores Marx's notions of property, space, and technology as he articulates them in his materialist critique of the division of labor in the historical articulations of capitalism. It asks, in keeping here with German Ideology how his sense of the whole mass of conditions of existence or what we might see as natural environments fused with historical economies, evolve many-layered ecologies of appropriation in their divisions of labor by opening and occluding the many labors of division needed to dominate both nature and society. Hence, can a close look at the contingent cycles of valorization and devalorization in moments of economic crisis also disclose how complex technology, commercialized spatiality, and contested property seem to sustain themselves all the time by engineering permanent patterns of environmental crisis? The combined economic and ecological crises of the past dozen years in the USA and the larger global system appear to offer some signs that they might.
Ichthyoplankton sampling design to monitor marine fish populations and communities

Abstract The ability to assess, model, predict and manage the impacts of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors on marine ecosystems depends on having adequate ecological time series. Unfortunately the development of ecological time series considerably lags those for the physics and chemistry of the oceans. Ichthyoplankton time series are proposed here to fill this gap in ocean observations. Marine fish species spanning a wide range of families, habitats, feeding guilds, and trophic levels broadcast large numbers of their reproductive products into the open waters. For a limited period, the larvae generally reside in the upper 200 m of the water column, where they may be quantitatively sampled with plankton nets. Larval abundance provides a relative index for adult spawning stock biomass, enabling diverse fish communities to be monitored quantitatively by relatively simple means. Recent analyses of the ichthyoplankton time series extending back to 1951 from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program indicate that non-commercial as well as commercially-exploited taxa have experienced dramatic change in recent decades. The CalCOFI data set is re-sampled here to show that a reduced sampling program—one based on a few stations along a single transect (cf >50 stations along 6 transects for CalCOFI) or one based on a shorter time series—can, within limits, obtain similar single-species and multivariate patterns of abundance. Ichthyoplankton survey programs may thus provide the basis for a global system of ocean ecological observations in addition to their primary use today for fisheries stock assessment.
Effects of a Newspaper Strike on Retail Sales

What are the effects on retail sales of a newspaper strike? This article discusses the sales effects of the 134-day Detroit newspaper strike of 1964, with respect to the various cities within the D...
Generational trends in cultural values and perceived family relations in farm families

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 37(1) of Journal of Rural Mental Health (see record 2013-31245-001). In the article, there were citation errors in the text and an error in the reference list. The reference, that included "Author" as the author name, should have been: Hsia, Jennifer F. (2011). Family relations, cultural values, and coping styles in multigenerational farm families. M.A. Thesis, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion. In two instances in the Discussion section, the citations of (Author, 2011) should have been (Hsia, 2011).] The present studies used a cultural perspective to examine relations in multigenerational farm families of the upper Midwest region. A pilot study was used to select the most appropriate measures for each construct, and the larger study was used to examine generational trends and cultural values. In the pilot study, participants were students attending the same public mid-sized university and their immediate family members. The larger study targeted a broader sample and included individuals who were not university-affiliated. Measures used included the Cultural Value Orientation Measure, the Intergenerational Congruence in Immigrant Families--Child Scale, and the Asian Values Scale--Revised. The overall finding from these studies is that the experiences of farm families are both similar to and different from the experiences of immigrant families. In regard to differences, the findings from these studies suggest that the current sample of farm families likely do not experience pronounced generational differences. Instead, all three generations report being generally content with their family situations. Language: en
The Business Trip: Maritime Networks in the Twentieth Century

Global maritime business networks channeled the flows of people and goods for modern production and consumption societies. The principal instrument for constructing and sustaining these networks was the business trip. In the course of their travels, shipping-company and trading-company executives founded new commercial networks, established new routes and services, inspected agents, gathered business intelligence, and promoted new contacts and connections. These trips relied on a business culture that combined cosmopolitanism with national preferences and competitiveness with gentlemanly codes. Personal relationships remained fundamental to the networking process, despite a bureaucratization of business structures. An examination of the business trips of Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and German maritime firms reveals the centrality of global networks in modern economies, shows how such networks were constructed and maintained, and argues that face-to-face relationships continued to characterize business life deep into the twentieth century.
Making Them Count: Facebook Sociability for Optimizing the Accumulation of Social Capital

In light of waning interpersonal contact in America, scholars have turned their attention to social network sites and the opportunities these provide for building and maintaining social relationshi...
The Practical Significance of Ideological and Moral Educational Thought of Tao Xing-zhi on Moral Education in Colleges and Universities in the Transformation Period

In the current period of transition,China's traditional moral education in colleges and universities suffers from challenge.The academic community generally agree that China's colleges and universities has become a moral dilemma.How to face the challenges emerging from this difficult situation,and make our moral education in colleges and universities take a step to a new level Based on the analysis of moral education in colleges and universities with challenges on the basis of its inevitability,this paper takes some corresponding strategies from the rich moral thoght of the great educator Tao Xing-zhi to inspire the workers of the moral education.
XDBrowser: User-Defined Cross-Device Web Page Designs

There is a significant gap in the body of research on cross-device interfaces. Research has largely focused on enabling them technically, but when and how users want to use cross-device interfaces is not well understood. This paper presents an exploratory user study with XDBrowser, a cross-device web browser we are developing to enable non-technical users to adapt existing single-device web interfaces for cross-device use while viewing them in the browser. We demonstrate that an end-user customization tool like XDBrowser is a powerful means to conduct user-driven elicitation studies useful for understanding user preferences and design requirements for cross-device interfaces. Our study with 15 participants elicited 144 desirable multi-device designs for five popular web interfaces when using two mobile devices in parallel. We describe the design space in this context, the usage scenarios targeted by users, the strategies used for designing cross-device interfaces, and seven concrete mobile multi-device design patterns that emerged. We discuss the method, compare the cross-device interfaces from our users and those defined by developers in prior work, and establish new requirements from observed user behavior. In particular, we identify the need to easily switch between different interface distributions depending on the task and to have more fine-grained control over synchronization.
Intraocular endometrium in the rabbit as a model for endometriosis

The model described suggests that endometrium can be successfully transplanted to the rabbit eye and observed through a slit lamp for morphological changes such as vascularization. Sampling of aqueous humor in volumes adequate for biochemical measurements have been demonstrated. Autografts of rabbit endometrium survived for up to 181 days. Although xenografts of human endometrial and endometriotic tissue demonstrate some adherence and vascularization, there is indication of immune rejection by day 7. Other treatment regimens will be explored with the objective of prolonging the graft survival time.
Introduction-The Brain as a Substrate for Psychotropic Therapeutics

Bipolar disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with a high rate of misdiagnosis and evidence of degenerative progression. Research indicates that the interval between bipolar episodes decreases steadily until the patient settles into a relatively frequent course of mania and depression. Various imaging techniques have been used in the understanding of the brain pathology underlying bipolar disorder through identification of patterns consistent with disruption of the normal brain activity in bipolar patients. These techniques have demonstrated evidence of abnormalities in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex. In addition, the cerebellar vermis, which serves as an error-detection function to modulate the iterative network, appears to shrink with recurrent episodes. Functional imaging demonstrates that the anterior limbic network is overactivated and overresponsive in patients with bipolar disorder. In many patients, those deficits are often compensated for by activation of other brain areas. Ultimately, when the compensation fails, expression of bipolar symptoms arise. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, simple models can be constructed based on the hypothesis that mitochondrial function may be impaired in bipolar disorder. There is also increasing evidence that psychotropic medications can affect specific brain regions that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Glutamate levels appear to be elevated in untreated patients with bipolar disorder, which may cause glutamatergic neurotoxicity and negative therapeutic implications. Further advances in brain imaging may contribute to the improvement of available therapies and the understanding which treatments will be most suitable for specific patients.
An artificial niche preserves the quiescence of muscle stem cells and enhances their therapeutic efficacy

A promising therapeutic strategy for diverse genetic disorders involves transplantation of autologous stem cells that have been genetically corrected ex vivo. A major challenge in such approaches is a loss of stem cell potency during culture. Here we describe an artificial niche for maintaining muscle stem cells (MuSCs) in vitro in a potent, quiescent state. Using a machine learning method, we identified a molecular signature of quiescence and used it to screen for factors that could maintain mouse MuSC quiescence, thus defining a quiescence medium (QM). We also engineered muscle fibers that mimic the native myofiber of the MuSC niche. Mouse MuSCs maintained in QM on engineered fibers showed enhanced potential for engraftment, tissue regeneration and self-renewal after transplantation in mice. An artificial niche adapted to human cells similarly extended the quiescence of human MuSCs in vitro and enhanced their potency in vivo. Our approach for maintaining quiescence may be applicable to stem cells isolated from other tissues.
Biosensor for Underwater Chemical Sensing

Emerging biosensor approaches may prove useful in reducing false positives and improving detection probabilities for unexploded ordnance (UXO) and underwater explosives. NRL researchers previously developed a biosensor that was field-tested and validated for use in environmental remediation to detect explosives in groundwater. The sensor relies on the selective recognition by antibodies of target analytes, including the common explosives TNT and RDX. Laboratory work has demonstrated that sensors based on these displacement immunoassay formats can detect explosives at the part-per-trillion level in seawater. More recently, participating in an Office of Naval Research program on Chemical Sensing in the Marine Environment (CSME), tests were conducted in controlled underwater experiments at San Clemente, CA and Duck, NC. Simulated UXO targets, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) and multiple sensor approaches were used to demonstrate the feasibility of underwater chemical sensing. Efforts are now underway to integrate the biosensor into an underwater platform as part of a broader sensor system. We will describe results of these studies and outline possible operational scenarios for applications in harbor security.
A Novel Electrochemical Micro Additive Manufacturing Method of Overhanging Metal Parts without Reliance on Support Structures

Abstract A simple case study of support structure-less, voxel-by-voxel electrochemical deposition of a 3D part at the micro scale is introduced. This method allows for the creation of overhanging parts without reliance on support structures, which are difficult if not impossible to remove at the micro/nano scale. Standard values and procedures are established in order to create design rules for the electrochemical deposition process. The voxel size, tool clearance values, raster path generation, approach and retract paths, and part segmentation rules are established. The algorithm was then executed on a sample part and successful performance was verified. This lays the foundation for future experimental verification and commercial adoption of the proposed method.
Quantifying the effectiveness of washing treatments on the microbial quality of fresh-cut romaine lettuce and cantaloupe

Abstract The increase in foodborne illness outbreaks associated with fresh and fresh-cut produce in the USA has been attributed to ineffectiveness of current handling practices. This study describes the change in concentration of population of Listeria innocua to then quantify the effectiveness of washing treatments and storage temperature in the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in two popular fresh-cut produces, romaine lettuce and cantaloupe. L. innocua was used as a surrogate for L. monocytogenes to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of washing treatments (water and chlorine) and develop growth curves at 5–36 °C storage. Both treatments were more effective (p
Under layer effect on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energies in Co 20 Fe 60 B 20 \MgO

Magnetic property control by external electric fields and currents in addition to magnetic fields is a very hot topic in recent years, as this technology can be used in next generation thin film magnetic memories and logic devices.
Reaction of Dimethyl Trisulfide with Hemoglobin

Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is a promising antidotal candidate for cyanide intoxication. DMTS acts as a sulfur donor in the conversion of cyanide to the less-toxic thiocyanate. The alternate reaction pathways of DMTS in the blood are not well understood. We report changes in the hemoglobin absorption spectrum upon reaction with DMTS. These changes closely match those induced by the known methemoglobin former, sodium nitrite. The kinetics of methemoglobin formation with DMTS is slower than with sodium nitrite. These results support the hypothesis that a potentially significant side-reaction of the therapeutically administered DMTS is the oxidization of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
Opportunity and Access: High School Coursework and its Impact on Student Self-Perceptions

The skills taught and the courses offered to the United States’ public high school students have changed drastically over the past 20 years. Career-based electives have given way to college preparatory classes. Gone are the auto shops, construction and home economics classes—courses that many view as outdated, dangerous or unnecessary at the high school level. Arts and humanities-based courses have also disappeared; even courses that can train students to enter the robust fields of healthcare or technology are diminishing (Dare, 2006). The communities in which many of these courses are disappearing are often diverse and economically disadvantaged. This “second-generation segregation” which materializes as differentiated course offerings for students from various backgrounds may lend some insight into explaining the current inequities in student achievement (Southworth & Mickelson, 2007, p. 498). Perhaps students are disconnecting from their public education due to the loss of access to varied learning opportunities. The purpose of this mixed-method research study is to examine the impact of high school coursework on students’ perception of their post-secondary options. Current high school students and their school counselor are interviewed in an effort to determine if particular coursework, for better or worse, has any effect at all on a student’s self-perception and what they see as a feasible option for their future.
Osteocalcin and osteopontin influence bone morphology and mechanical properties.

Osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN) are major non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) involved in bone matrix organization and deposition. In spite of this, it is currently unknown whether OC and OPN alter bone morphology and consequently affect bone fracture resistance. The goal of this study is to establish the role of OC and OPN in the determination of cortical bone size, shape, and mechanical properties. Our results show that Oc-/- and Opn-/- mice were no different from each other or wild type (WT) with respect to bone morphology (P > 0.1). Bones from mice lacking both NCPs (Oc-/- Opn-/- ) were shorter, with thicker cortices and larger cortical areas, compared with the WT, Oc-/- , and Opn-/- groups (P 0.1). We conclude that the removal of both OC and OPN from bone matrix induces morphological adaptation at the structural level to maintain bone strength.
On the Endomorphism Ring of a Discrete Module: A Theorem of F. Kasch

Using results from the monograph of Mohamed and Mueller on discrete modules, it is shown that the endomorphism ring of a discrete module, modulo its radical, is a direct product of full linear rings.
Interpreting heterogeneity in intestinal tuft cell structure and function

Intestinal tuft cells are a morphologically unique cell type, best characterized by striking microvilli that form an apical tuft. These cells represent approximately 0.5% of gut epithelial cells depending on location. While they are known to express chemosensory receptors, their function has remained unclear. Recently, numerous groups have revealed startling insights into intestinal tuft cell biology. Here, we review the latest developments in understanding this peculiar cell type's structure and function. Recent advances in volumetric microscopy have begun to elucidate tuft cell ultrastructure with respect to its cellular neighbors. Moreover, single-cell approaches have revealed greater diversity in the tuft cell population than previously appreciated and uncovered novel markers to characterize this heterogeneity. Finally, advanced model systems have revealed tuft cells' roles in mucosal healing and orchestrating type 2 immunity against eukaryotic infection. While much remains unknown about intestinal tuft cells, these critical advances have illuminated the physiological importance of these previously understudied cells and provided experimentally tractable tools to interrogate this rare cell population. Tuft cells act as luminal sensors, linking the luminal microbiome to the host immune system, which may make them a potent clinical target for modulating host response to a variety of acute or chronic immune-driven conditions.
A metallo-biopolymer conjugate of elastin-like polypeptide: photoluminescence enhancement in the coacervate microenvironment

An optically active metallo-polymer assembly is demonstrated via conjugation of a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) and a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex. By taking advantage of the phase transition of ELPs in water, photophysical properties of the resultant conjugate are investigated for both phases, below and above the critical transition temperature. Upon coacervation, the luminescence of the metallo-ELP is greatly enhanced as a consequence of local effects on the metal-ligand luminophore. These findings open a possibility to harness the temperature control of stimuli-responsive properties of biopolymers.
A Novel Study on (AI) Robotics

The Artificial intelligence and mechanical autonomy both are similarly imperative in building forthcoming clever operators and gives imperative improvements in the present condition. Late examinations, research or study gives us clear picture of our cutting edge time of wise agents. Robotics is the teach of computerized reasoning that arrangements with the investigation of making smart and productive robots. Just the missing component is the essential comprehension of how robots respond with human instinct. Mechanical autonomy is a branch of innovation that arrangements with the planning, development, task and PC framework for data preparing.
Non-Uniform Cylinder-to-Cylinder Combustion for Cost-Effective Lean NO x Trap Regeneration

Meeting the stringent EPA Tier 3 emission standards has been one of the main challenges towards the commercialization of highly-efficient lean-burn gasoline engines in the United States. One of the potential aftertreatment solutions is three-way catalyst (TWC) coupled with lean NO x trap (LNT). LNT requires frequent regeneration via rich engine combustion, which can cause a fuel penalty by up to 3%. In this study, a non-uniform cylinder-to-cylinder combustion (NUCCC) strategy and a cost-effective TWC-LNT system with a new architecture, were proposed to reduce the fuel penalty associated with LNT regeneration. The air-to-fuel equivalence ratios for different cylinders were optimized using genetic algorithm. The proposed NUCCC strategy and new TWC-LNT system were verified over a simplified FTP-72 cycle in simulation. Simulation results demonstrated the NUCCC-based regeneration strategy could reduce the fuel penalty by 61.80%, compared to the traditional uniform cylinder-to-cylinder combustion (UCCC) based LNT regeneration strategy.
Decomposition of Undirected Wiring Diagrams

In this chapter we observe that each undirected wiring diagram has a highly structured decomposition in terms of generators, called a stratified presentation.
The Chemistry of Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement

The chemical reactions of gaseous hydrogen on nonsurfaces have been determined by volumetric and magnetization adsorption experiments. It has been found that the process involves the formation of a chemisorbed molecular hydrogen ion (H2 +) prior to the formation of the atomic embrittling ion (H-). At low temperatures (77K), the kinetics and equilibrium isotherm clearly show the equilibrium between the two adsorbed species is dominated by the molecular ion. As the temperature is increased the concentration of the embrittling ion increases and reaches a maximum at approximately room temperature. Above room temperature the desorption of the molecular ion and hence the decrease in concentration of the embrittling ion becomes the dominant process. The temperature dependence of slow crack growth measurements in gaseous hydrogen is explained on the basis of the above chemistry.