cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a limited-access facility and safety program for a genetic toxicology laboratory.

A limited-access facility has been designed as a result of the need for laboratories for testing hazardous materials found in the environment. The facility design features include room air flow and filtration, hood types, sink design and placement, design of countertops, type of flooring and wall sealant, and traffic flow within the laboratories. These laboratories required the diversity to handle weighing of stock hazardous materials, preparation and handling of aliquots, maintenence of dosed animals as well as sterile conditions required for tissue culture and continuous cell culture methods. A safety and health program was also developed which included specific dress (e.g., scrub suit, TYVEK® jumpsuit, gloves, safety glasses and safety shoes), safety advisory group, safety response group, medical monitoring program and training of current and new staff members. The design and use of the facility are continuously reevaluated and changes are made as necessitated by either research needs or improved safet...
Velocities of Microtubule-Based Motors in Living Chlamydomonas

Reports in the published literature suggest that the velocities of vesicle transport in living neurons are discrete and quantal (multiples of a fundamental velocity), with the instantaneous velocity being dependent upon the number of molecular motors driving transport (Shtridelman et al., Cell Biochem. Biophys, 2008). We similarly observed discrete changes in the velocity of microspheres undergoing saltatory transport on the flagella of Chlamydomonas, and that these velocities appeared to be dependent upon location along the flagellum. We therefore studied the movements of adherent microspheres on flagella, driven by the intracellular motors kinesin-2 and dynein-2, to determine whether transport is driven at multiple, discrete velocities and whether they are spatially correlated. We measured separately the translational velocities of unconstrained and optically trapped microspheres as a function of position along the flagellum. The velocities of unconstrained microspheres were on average about two-fold higher than those of trapped microspheres. Unconstrained microsphere velocities in the anterograde and retrograde directions were not spatially correlated except at turn-around points near the beginning and end of the flagellum where velocities were consistently lower. Histograms of these data showed a broad distribution of velocities and suggested no strong evidence for quantized velocities. For trapped microspheres, for a given anterograde or retrograde transport event we often saw at least two discrete velocities; however, any two transport events can have different 'slow’and ‘fast’velocities. Thus even when velocities are measured from a single microsphere at a specific position on a flagellum, combining multiple velocity histograms results in an apparently non-quantized, broad distribution of velocities. What causes the abrupt change between discrete velocities during movements of a microsphere is yet unknown.
Dynamics of turbulence strongly influenced by buoyancy

The dynamics of quasi-horizontal motions in a stably stratified fluid have been simulated for Froude numbers of order 1, so that the flows are strongly affected by the stable density stratification, and for a range of Reynolds numbers. It is found that the horizontal scales of the motion grow continuously in time. The vertical scales decrease and the vertical shearing increases with time, maintaining the Richardson number of order 1, as suggested by Lilly [J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 749 (1983)] and Babin et al. [Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 9, 223 (1997)]. Small-scale instabilities and turbulent-like motions are observed to occur in the high shearing regions, while the larger-scale motions appear to evolve somewhat independently of the Reynolds number. The results suggest that the larger-scale, quasi-horizontal motions would be a continuous source of smaller-scale turbulence until the local Reynolds number drops below a critical value, which is estimated. Finally, a Froude number based upon a vertical differential scale and used in previous scaling arguments and theories is estimated in terms of other parameters.
Intramuscular versus enteral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates

We conducted a randomized trial in very low birth weight neonates (n=51) to determine whether vitamin A supplementation by enteral administration would increase plasma vitamin A concentrations to the same degree as by intramuscular administration. Mean plasma vitamin A concentrations were significantly higher in the intramuscular-administration group than in the enteral-administration group by postnatal day 7; this effect persisted throughout the remainder of the trial. At the dosage used in this trial, vitamin A supplementation by the enteral route is not as effective as that by the intramuscular route in very low birth weight neonates.
Kinesin-3 mediates axonal sorting and directional transport of alphaherpesvirus particles in neurons.

During infection of the nervous system, alphaherpesviruses-including pseudorabies virus (PRV)-use retrograde axonal transport to travel toward the neuronal cell body and anterograde transport to traffic back to the cell periphery upon reactivation from latency. The PRV protein Us9 plays an essential but unknown role in anterograde viral spread. To determine Us9 function, we identified viral and host proteins that interact with Us9 and explored the role of KIF1A, a microtubule-dependent kinesin-3 motor involved in axonal sorting and transport. Viral particles are cotransported with KIF1A in axons of primary rat superior cervical ganglion neurons, and overexpression or disruption of KIF1A function, respectively, increases and reduces anterograde capsid transport. Us9 and KIF1A interact early during infection with the aid of additional viral protein(s) but exhibit diminished binding at later stages, when capsids typically stall in axons. Thus, alphaherpesviruses repurpose the axonal transport and sorting pathway to spread within their hosts.
The design and implementation of an interactive learning tool for statistical reasoning with uncertainty

Abstract We describe a computer application to help students learn statistical reasoning with uncertainty. The challenge was to make a difficult and complex topic easier and fun to learn. We advocate a commonsense approach that focuses on the key concepts, giving the students a sense of the important issues and a platform from which to evaluate and compare various models. In this paper we describe our design and implementation of a learning tool that is based on such an approach. The tool uses graphics, color, and animation. While the initial implementation focuses on the Dempster-Shafer model, the tool design is a framework which can incorporate other models. We also discuss how this learning tool may be used to effectively introduce Dempster-Shafer theory to students in the classroom.
Accounting for finite-size effects in simulations of disperse particle-laden flows

Abstract A numerical formulation for Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations of particle-laden flows in complex geometries is developed. The formulation accounts for the finite-size of the dispersed phase. Similar to the commonly used point-particle formulation, the dispersed particles are treated as point-sources, and the forces acting on the particles are modeled through drag and lift correlations. In addition to the inter-phase momentum exchange, the presence of particles affects the fluid phase continuity and momentum equations through the displaced fluid volume. Three flow configurations are considered in order to study the effect of finite particle size on the overall flowfield: (a) gravitational settling, (b) fluidization by a gaseous jet, and (c) fluidization by lift in a channel. The finite-size formulation is compared to point-particle representations, which do not account for the effect of finite-size. It is shown that the fluid displaced by the particles plays an important role in predicting the correct behavior of particle motion. The results suggest that the standard point-particle approach should be modified to account for finite particle size, in simulations of particle-laden flows.
Surgical options in 424 patients with primary breast cancer without systemic metastases.

• Mastectomy was dictated by medical considerations in about 40% of 424 consecutive patients who had invasive breast cancer with no evidence of systemic metastases. Half of the women considered suitable for local excision of the breast cancer followed by radiotherapy (conservation) elected to have mastectomy, and intraoperative findings dictated mastectomy in about 20% of those electing conservation. Consequently, conservation was accomplished in about one quarter of those treated for breast cancer. Younger rather than older women more frequently expressed the desire for breast conservation. (Arch Surg. 1991;126:817-820)
Effect of Abnormal Mineralization on the Mechanical Behavior of X-linked Hypophosphatemic Mice Femora

The Hyp mouse is an established animal model of X-linked hypophosphatemia, one of the most common genetic forms of metabolic bone disease in humans. This study describes the first determination of whole bone mechanical behavior in the heterozygous male and female Hyp mouse. Femora from 12-week-old mice were tested in torsion. The contribution of structural and material properties to mechanical behavior was determined by geometrical evaluation prior to testing and by analysis of the diaphyseal mineral after testing. The male and female Hyp femora were found to undergo significantly more angular deformation at failure than the same sex normal femora (36.02 ± 10.64 vs. 9.88 ± 3.50 rad/m for the females and 56.29 ± 16.18 vs. 9.95 ± 3.16 rad/m for the males) and to have a significantly lower structural stiffness (0.854 ± 0.297 x 10 -3 vs. 3.04 ± 0.87 x 10 -3 [N-m/(rad/m)] for the females and 0.382 ± 0.239 x 10 -3 vs. 3.66 ± 1.15 x 10 -3 [N-m/(rad/m)] for the males). The male Hyp femora had a significantly lower failure torque than male normal femora (1.58 ± 0.62 x 10 -2 vs. 3.44 ± 1.57 x 10 -2 N-m). Because the polar movement of inertia, a geometrical property that affects torsional behavior, was not significantly different between the Hyp femora and the same sex normals, differences in mechanical behavior were attributed to material properties. Ground Hyp diaphyseal bone had a significantly lower mineral (ash) content (59.94 ± 2.07% vs. 68.88 ± 0.68% for the females and 56.09 ± 0.17% vs. 68.41 ± 0.65% for the males) and a higher calcium-to-phosphorus molar ratio (1.672 ± 0.008 vs. 1.621 ± 0.012 for the females and 1.692 ± 0.002 vs. 1.625 ± 0.022 for the males) than the same sex normal bones. A reduction in carbonate content of the mineral in the Hyp femora was also noted. These results are indicative of increased bone turnover. In addition, the mineral content of the Hyp female femora was significantly greater than that of the Hyp male femora. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared microscopy in conjunction with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed hypomineralized periosteocytic and perivascular lesions in the Hyp femora that penetrated through the endosteal and periosteal surfaces. It was concluded that the altered mechanical properties of the Hyp femora are attributed to the reduced quantity and quality of mineral.
Recurrent keratocysts in basal cell nevus syndrome: review of the literature and report of a case.

Observation d'une fille de 13 ans. Description de l'aspect radiographique et histologique. Discussion du traitement
Generating folded protein structures with a lattice chain growth algorithm

We present a new application of the chain growth algorithm to lattice generation of proteinstructure and thermodynamics. Given the difficulty of ab initioproteinstructure prediction, this approach provides an alternative to current folding algorithms. The chain growth algorithm, unlike Metropolis folding algorithms, generates independent proteinstructures to achieve rapid and efficient exploration of configurational space. It is a modified version of the Rosenbluth algorithm where the chain growth transition probability is a normalized Boltzmann factor; it was previously applied only to simple polymers and protein models with two residue types. The independent protein configurations, generated segment-by-segment on a refined cubic lattice, are based on a single interaction site for each amino acid and a statistical interaction energy derived by Miyazawa and Jernigan. We examine for several proteins the algorithm’s ability to produce nativelike folds and its effectiveness for calculating protein thermodynamics. Thermal transition profiles associated with the internal energy, entropy, and radius of gyration show characteristic folding/unfolding transitions and provide evidence for unfolding via partially unfolded (molten-globule) states. From the configurational ensembles, the proteinstructures with the lowest distance root-mean-square deviations (dRMSD) vary between 2.2 to 3.8 A, a range comparable to results of an exhaustive enumeration search. Though the ensemble-averaged dRMSD values are about 1.5 to 2 A larger, the lowest dRMSD structures have similar overall folds to the native proteins. These results demonstrate that the chain growth algorithm is a viable alternative to protein simulations using the whole chain.
Transient cardiovascular changes in rats with microwave exposure of carotid sinus region

The carotid sinus region of rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital was irradiated directly with 915 MHz microwaves using a coaxial probe applicator. The response was either a decrease in both mean arterial pressure and heart rate or an increase in both mean arterial pressure and heart rate. There was no detectable change in either colonie or tail temperature.
Composition and thickness of the southern Altiplano crust, Bolivia

Slant stacking of broadband seismograms recorded in the western United States for two 1993 intermediate-depth earthquakes that occurred near the Bolvia-Argentina-Chile borders reveals small but clear precursors to both the compressional (P) wave and shear (S) wave depth phases. We interpret and model these precursors as underside reflections from the thickened Andean Altiplano crust. We model the crustal structure of the Altiplano with a grid-search technique to match the timing and amplitudes of the depth phases and precursors in the waveforms of both the P wave and S wave. Our best-fit model has an average crust velocity of 5.9-6.0 km/s, a crustal V[sub p]/V[sub s] of 1.6, a crustal thickness of 75-80 km, and a high-velocity (V[sub p] = 8.4 km/s), high-V[sub p]/V[sub s] (1.9) mantle wedge. Assuming isotropy, the low V[sub p]/V[sub s] ratio of 1.6 for the crust corresponds to an anomalously low Poisson's ratio of 0.18. Such a low value, in conjunction with the low average V[sub p] estimate, is consistent only with a felsic composition and high upper-crustal temperatures. The finding of a thick felsic crust overlying a high-velocity mantle supports models of Altiplano uplift due predominantly to crustal shortening as opposed to mafic magmatic additionmore » and is inconsistent with recent mantle delamination. 19 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less
Multiple radiopaque masses in the jaws

In this report, the less common oral findings occurring in Gardner's syndrome are described, which occurred concurrently with colorectal polyposis. In addition, what clinically appeared as small intestinal polyps, microscopically represented nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, as reported in the literature. Review of the literature showed the oral findings reported here are not common and that enzyme assays can help detect polyps at an early stage of this complex syndrome.
Management Science Education: Nature and Nurture

I have earlier commented on the need for practicality in management science education. Here I would like to emphasize the form of the educational program and the personal characteristics of those who complete it successfully. The crucial problem in education would seem to be the development of individuals who have the intellectual curiosity and competence of our best research students and yet retain the pragmatism, perception, and judgment of our best practitioners. I believe that one answer to this problem is a Ph.D. level professional program that combines a unified view of theory with the opportunity to test the theory in practice. I believe further that the key to integration is the utilization of a new language for decision processes founded on decision theory and systems analysis---the language of decision analysis.
The Use of Genograms with SolutionBased and Narrative Therapies

Most psychotherapies orient around a particular time focus. Some em-phasize a historical perspective while others attend to the here-and-now.A growing number of contemporary therapies arefocusing o...
Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Intervention on Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Eicosanoids, Epithelial Proliferation, and Nuclear Morphology in Biopsies of Normal Colon Tissue.

This randomized trial evaluated the effects of intervention with either a Healthy Eating or a Mediterranean diet on colon biomarkers in 120 healthy individuals at increased colon cancer risk. The hypothesis was that eicosanoids and markers of proliferation would be favorably affected by the Mediterranean diet. Colon epithelial biopsy tissues and blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 6 mo of intervention. Colonic eicosanoid concentrations were evaluated by HPLC-MS-MS, and measures of epithelial proliferation and nuclear morphology were evaluated by image analysis of biopsy sections. There was little change in proinflammatory eicosanoids and in plasma cytokine concentrations with either dietary intervention. There was, however, a 50% increase in colonic prostaglandin E3 (PGE3), which is formed from eicosapentanoic acid, in the Mediterranean arm. Unlike PGE2, PGE3, was not significantly affected by regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at baseline, and normal weight subjects had si...
The Effects of Confidentiality on Nursing Self-Efficacy with Information Systems

The objective of this study is to gain an understanding of nursesâ€™ perceptions of the confidentiality of computerized charts and determine if these perceptions influence nursing self-efficacy. A questionnaire was mailed to 600 hospital nursing staff just prior to the implementation of an integrated clinical and administrative hospital-wide information system. One hundred and thirty-nine questionnaires were returned for a response rate of 23%. The measurements consisted of perceived confidentiality, self-efficacy, selfreported technology use, self-assessed computer expertise, and attitude. We found that nurses recognize confidential information and that nurses do not think that computerized records are more or less confidential than paper records. Perceived confidentiality and self-efficacy are related. Because nurses that have lower self-efficacy also think that the data found in a computer is less confidential and that there is less of a need for confidentiality for computerized data, hospitals should take steps to improve self-efficacy by enhancing confidentiality training.
Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South

This pathbreaking interpretation of the slaveholding South begins with the insight that slavery and freedom were not mutually exclusive but were intertwined in every dimension of life in the South. James Oakes traces the implications of this insight for relations between masters and slaves, slaveholders and non-slaveholders, and for the rise of a racist ideology.
Sphingosine kinase 1 is required for migration, proliferation and survival of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lysolipid involved in a variety of biological responses important for cancer progression. Therefore, we investigated the role of sphingosine kinase type 1 (SphK1), the enzyme that makes S1P, in the motility, growth, and chemoresistance of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), an important growth factor for breast cancer progression, activated and translocated SphK1 to plasma membrane. SphK1 was required for EGF-directed motility. Downregulation of SphK1 in MCF-7 cells reduced EGF- and serum-stimulated growth and enhanced sensitivity to doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent. These results suggest that SphK1 may be critical for growth, metastasis and chemoresistance of human breast cancers.
Thermodynamics and its value as an energy policy tool

Abstract Of all the fundamental physical considerations that enter into the determination of personal and collective energy policy, only one can be quantitatively addressed through thermodynamics: this is the minimal use of energy resources to achieve conservation of scarce energy supplies. Thermal efficiency (redefined in this work as effectiveness coefficient) has been widely used in evaluating energy exchanges, but this procedure gives no consideration to quality of energy being used. Thermodynamics indicates that different energy quantities also can have different energy quality and efficient use of energy requires a matching of the energy quality supplied to that required for the given task. Thermodynamic efficiency as a “figure of merit” in evaluating energy exchanges has the advantage of considering energy quality. It does not, however, give information to assist in the trade-offs between energy resources and the other considerations that must be made in the formulation of an energy policy.
Radar - A Novel Admission Control and Handoff Management Scheme for Multimedia Leo Satellite Networks

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks are deployed as an enhancement to terrestrial wireless networks in order to provide broadband services to users regardless of their location. In addition to ensuring global coverage, LEO satellite systems support communications with hand-held devices and offer low-cost access, making them promising platforms for military communications and for personal communication services (PCS). The main contribution of this work is to propose RADAR - refined admission detecting absence region - a novel call admission control and handoff management scheme for multimedia LEO satellite networks. A key ingredient in our scheme is a companion predictive bandwidth allocation strategy that exploits the topology of the network and contributes to maintaining high bandwidth utilization. The performance of RADAR is compared to that of three recent schemes proposed in the literature. Simulation results show that our scheme offers a very low call dropping probability, providing for reliable handoff of on-going calls, as well as a low call blocking probability for new call requests, while still ensuring high bandwidth utilization.
Separation of chiral sulfoxides by liquid chromatography using macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases.

A set of 42 chiral compounds containing stereogenic sulfur was prepared. There were 31 chiral sulfoxide compounds, three tosylated sulfilimines and eight sulfinate esters. The separations were done using five different macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases (CSPs), namely ristocetin A, teicoplanin, teicoplanin aglycone (TAG), vancomycin and vancomycin aglycone (VAG) and seven eluents, three normal-phase mobile phases, two reversed phases and two polar organic mobile phases. Altogether the macrocyclic glycopeptide CSPs were able to separate the whole set of the 34 sulfoxide enantiomers and tosylated derivatives. Five of the eight sulfinate esters were also separated. The teicoplanin and TAG CSPs were the most effective CSPs able to resolve 35 and 33 of the 42 compounds. The three other CSPs each were able to resolve more than 27 compounds. The normal-phase mode was the most effective followed by the reversed-phase mode with methanol-water mobile phases. Few of these compounds could be separated in the polar organic mode with 100% methanol mobile phases. Acetonitrile was also not a good solvent for the resolution of enantiomers of sulfur-containing compounds, neither in the reversed-phase nor in the polar organic mode. The structure of the chiral molecules was compared to the enantioselectivity factors obtained with the teicoplanin and TAG CSP. It is shown that the polarity, volume and shape of the sulfoxide substituents influence the solute enantioselectivity factor. Changing the oxidation state of the sulfur atom from sulfoxides to sulfinate esters is detrimental to the compound's enantioselectivity. The enantiomeric retention order on the teicoplanin and TAG CSPs was very consistent: the (S)-(1)-sulfoxide enantiomer was always the less retained enantiomer. In contrast, the (R)-(2)-enantiomer was less retained by the ristocetin A, vancomycin and vancomycin aglycone columns, showing the complementarity of these CSPs. The macrocyclic glycopeptide CSPs provided broad selectivity and effective separations of chiral sulfoxides. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Exponentially small bounds on the expected optimum of the partition and subset sum problems

In this paper we are interested in behavior of this problem when the xi are i.i.d. random variables. Under fairly general conditions, the median of the solution for the subset sum problem has been shown to be exponentially small when t is near E [∑n i=1 xi ] [Luek82]; this result has found application in the probabilistic analysis of approximation algorithms for the 0-1 Knapsack problem [Luek82, GMS84]. The median solution to the partition problem is known to be exponentially small [KKLO86] under fairly general conditions; this paper commented “a significant question which our results leave open is the expected value of the difference for the best partition” [KKLO86, p. 643].
Crystallization and structure determination of the catalytic trimer of Methanococcus jannaschii aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and l-aspartate to form N-carbamoyl-l-aspartate and phosphate. The structural analysis of the ATCase catalytic trimer from Methanococcus jannaschii, a unicellular thermophilic archaeabacterium, has been undertaken in order to gain insight into the structural features that are responsible for the thermostability of the enzyme. As a first step, the catalytic trimer was crystallized in space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 265.3, c = 195.5 A and two trimers in the asymmetric unit. Its structure was determined using molecular replacement and Patterson methods. In general, structures containing multiple copies of molecules in the asymmetric unit are difficult to determine. In this case, the two trimers in the asymmetric unit are parallel to each other and use of the Patterson function greatly simplified the structure solution.
Autoinflammatory diseases: an update of clinical and genetic aspects

To review clinical manifestations and genetic features of the autoinflammatory diseases, a group of rare, genetically defined diseases which have been newly grouped into a coherent whole. We performed a literature review using the keywords 'periodic fever syndrome', 'autoinflammatory disease' and 'therapy'. All relevant original and review articles in English were reviewed. A case report of each autoinflammatory disease was excerpted from the literature and presented. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations, genetic analysis and therapy of FMF, TNF-alpha receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome, hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D periodic fever syndrome and cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome. These diseases have periodic fever, are hereditary and recurrent, with elevated acute-phase reactants. Differentiating features of these disorders are tabulated. Autoinflammatory diseases have some communalities in their presentation although they represent a relatively diverse group of genetically associated diseases.
A message-passing distributed-memory parallel power flow algorithm

This paper presents a parallel direct linear solver based on a message-passing distributed-memory multiprocessor architecture such as a cluster of workstations. The results show that the new algorithm can achieve nearly linear speedup for two large-scale power system cases on a small cluster of GNU/Linux dual-processor workstations. The workstations are connected via 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, i.e., the parallel machine consists of hardware readily found in any engineering department. Based on the presented parallel direct linear solver, it is possible to parallelize totally the Newton power flow solution process. In addition, the METIS-based partitioning scheme can handle common control devices such as PV-PQ switching. Furthermore, by tuning the vertex and branch weights, the performance of the power flow solution can be optimized for the available hardware. For a workstation cluster on 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, the speedup appears to saturate beyond eight processors due to load imbalance and the aggregate growth of the partition separators. Nevertheless, the message-passing distributed-memory multiprocessor architecture can be used in other power system applications, such as state estimation and transient stability. Furthermore, an iterative linear solver could improve scalability.
Mitochondrial Gene Cytochrome b Developmental and Environmental Expression in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cytochrome b, coded by mitochondrial DNA, is one of the cytochromes involved in electron transport in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. Cytochrome b is a critical intermediate in a mitochondrial death pathway. To reveal whether cytochrome b of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) (AeaCytB) is developmentally regulated, we used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to examine AeaCytB gene expression levels in different developmental stages of Ae. aegypti. The qPCR showed that AeaCytB was expressed in each developmental stage, with peaks at first and second instars and was highly expressed in teneral male and female Ae. aegypti adults. Because mitochondrial genes exist as multiple copies, AeaCytB has much higher expression levels in all developmental stages in Ae. aegypti compared with nuclear genes. We also investigated the effect of abiotic environmental factors (e.g., high temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and pesticide) on AeaCytB gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that AeaCytB gene plays an important role in the development of Ae. aegypti and its response to environmental stress.
Synthesis-for-scan and scan chain ordering

Designing a testable circuit is often a two step process. First, the circuit is designed to conform to the functional specifications. Then, the testability aspects are added. By taking the test strategy into account during the synthesis of the circuit, the overhead due to the test features can be reduced. We present a synthesis-for-scan procedure, called beneficial scan, that orders the scan chain(s) during logic synthesis to minimize the area and performance overhead due to the scan-path by sharing the functional and the test logic. The results show that circuits synthesized with beneficially-ordered scan chains consistently have smaller area and are easier to route than circuits with traditional MUXed flip-flop scan-paths.
Intercropping as cultural pest control: Prospects and limitations

Agriculturalists have been intercropping (simultaneously growing several crops in the same field) for centuries, and the use of polycultures continues as an important form of agriculture among indigenous peoples in the New and Old World tropics and subtropics One demonstrated advantage of intercropping is a reduction in insect pest populations, explained by higher numbers of natural insect enemies in the intercrop and/or reduced herbivore colonization and tenure time in the intercrop A review of 150 published field studies in which 198 herbivore species were studied shows that 53% of the pest species were less abundant in the intercrop, 18% were more abundant in the intercrop, 9% showed no difference, and 20% showed a variable response Two major problems of the published studies are 1) lack of experimental evidence demonstrating that reduced pest numbers in the intercrop resulted in higher yield, and 2) lack of experimental evidence demonstrating the ecological mechanisms responsible for the intercrop effect There is some theoretical and empirical work suggesting that herbivore movement patterns, rather than natural insect enemies, are often more important in accounting for reduced pest abundance in an intercrop Several examples from the author's work are presented that demonstrate ways of studying the ecological mechanisms underlying pest suppression in intercrops. The successful design of new intercropping systems to reduce pests will require a better theoretical understanding of such ecological mechanisms It is emphasized that intercropping has potential in both developed and developing countries and that many of the impediments to incorporating appropriate strategies of diversification are social rather than technological
Explicit memory for rejected distractors during visual search

Although memory for the identities of examined items is not used to guide visual search, identity memory may be acquired during visual search. In all experiments reported here, search was occasionally terminated and a memory test was presented for the identity of a previously examined item. Participants demonstrated memory for the locations of the examined items by avoiding revisits to these items and memory performance for the items’ identities was above chance but lower than expected based on performance in intentional memory tests. Memory performance improved when the foil was not from the search set, suggesting that explicit identity memory is not bound to memory for location. Providing context information during test improved memory for the most recently examined item. Memory for the identities of previously examined items was best when the most recently examined item was tested, contextual information was provided, and location memory was not required.
Intrinsic religiousness as a stress‐moderator for adult Protestant churchgoers

In this study we examined the stress-buffering effect of an intrinsic religious orientation for a community sample of adult Protestant churchgoers. At time 1, participants completed measures of intrinsic religiousness, religious activity, and dysphoria. At time 2, 8 months later, they completed measures of negative life events and dysphoria. For participants from liberal Protestant churches (e.g., Methodist), intrinsic religiousness served as a stress-buffer in the prediction of time 1–time 2 residual change in dysphoria. This effect was nonsignificant for participants from more conservative Protestant churches (e.g., Baptist). Similarly, single-item measures of religion's importance, frequency of prayer, and frequency of church attendance served as stress-buffers for liberal participants, but not for conservative participants. The nonsignificant effects for the latter participants are attributable to their restricted range on the religion variables. The results for the former participants suggest that religious “commitment” is an individual difference variable that influences adjustment to negative life events. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radiative transfer in two dimensions through fog.

The 3-D time-independent unpolarized radiative transfer equation is developed into a form amenable to numerical solution by expansion of the total intensity in orders of scattering. A 2-D numerical algorithm is formulated using an eight-direction quadrature approximation to the source function and an optimized path-by-path intensity integration scheme. Computer code generated from the algorithm is used to examine the multiple scattering effects at 1.06 μm, 3.0 μm, and 10.6 μm in Deirmendjian C3 fog on a finite uniform intensity profile beam and an infinite Gaussian intensity profile beam. Transmission and backscatter for both beams are examined as well as contrast degradation of the uniform beam and spread of the Gaussian beam.
Acetazolamide in critically ill neonates and children with metabolic alkalosis.

Background: Acetazolamide is an option for hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, but there are limited reports in children. Objective: To describe the acetazolamide regimen and outcomes in critically ill children with metabolic alkalosis. Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective study of patients 7.45 and bicarbonate [HCO3] > 26 mEq/L). Patients receiving other treatments for metabolic alkalosis within 24 hours of acetazolamide were excluded. The primary objective was to identify the mean dose and duration of acetazolamide. Secondary objectives were to determine the number of patients with treatment success (ie, serum HCO3 22-26 mEq/L) and occurrence of adverse events. Results: Thirty-four patients were included for analysis, the median age was 0.25 years (range = 0.05-12 years). The acetazolamide regimen included a mean dose of 4.98 ± 1.14 mg/kg for a mean number of 6.1 ± 5.3 (range = 3-24) doses. The majority (7...
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF REINTRODUCED CALIFORNIA BIGHORN SHEEP IN OREGON

Abstract Of the approximately 2,500 California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) in Oregon, USA, the majority descend from a single transplant of 20 animals from British Columbia, Canada, in 1954. Recently, several populations have experienced poor recruitment, raising concerns that populations may be experiencing inbreeding depression resulting from a genetic bottleneck. We sampled 117 animals from 5 populations in Oregon and 1 population in Nevada to determine genetic variability within and among populations. We found that Oregon populations had fewer mean alleles per locus (2.2–2.4), lower heterozygosity (0.28–0.36), and higher inbreeding potential than animals from Nevada (3.8 alleles/locus, H = 0.53). These results now provide the baseline for rigorous ongoing evaluation of changes to allelic variability, inbreeding potential, variation among populations, and their effects on population demographics for Oregon's California bighorn sheep program. We suggest that evaluation of genetic variab...
A cadaveric procedural anatomy course enhances operative competence

Abstract Background Inadequate anatomy training has been cited as a major contributor to declines in surgical resident operative competence and confidence. We report the impact of a procedurally oriented general surgery cadaveric dissection course on trainee-operative confidence and competence. Materials and methods After obtaining institutional review board approval, postgraduate year 2 and 3 general surgery residents were prospectively enrolled into two cohorts: (1) an intervention group ( n = 7) participating in an 8-wk procedurally oriented cadaver course and (2) controls ( n = 7) given access to course materials without participation in cadaver dissection. At both the beginning and end of the study, we used two evaluation instruments: (1) an oral examination using standardized templates and (2) a questionnaire assessing operative confidence. Results There were no intergroup differences in baseline characteristics, including number of operative procedures performed to date. Residents who took the anatomy course had significantly higher improvements in examination scores on common bile duct exploration (mean ± standard error, 33 ± 8% versus 10 ± 7%, P = 0.04), femoral endarterectomy (43 ± 5% versus 11 ± 7%, P = 0.003), fasciotomies (55 ± 10% versus 22 ± 9%, P = 0.04), inguinal hernia repair (20 ± 9% versus −14 ± 5%, P = 0.005), superior mesenteric artery embolectomy (38 ± 10% versus 2 ± 11%, P = 0.04), and in overall examination scores (31 ± 4% versus 8% ± 3%, P = 0.0006). In addition, they reported higher operative confidence on common bile duct exploration ( P = 0.008) and superior mesenteric artery embolectomy ( P = 0.02), and a trend toward higher overall operative confidence ( P = 0.06). Conclusions In this study, we demonstrate that a procedurally oriented cadaver course covering a wide range of essential general surgery procedures resulted in significant improvements in self-reported operative confidence and competence as assessed by oral examination.
Anthropogenic mercury deposition to Arctic lake sediments

The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.
A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Labor in 1930s Pittsburgh

Religion and Labor in 1930s Pittsburgh Leslie Tentler, a student of American religious and labor history, observes that many scholars tend to misjudge the role Catholicism played in the 1930s union movement. Lizabeth Cohen, Gary Gerstle, and Douglas Seaton, among others, criticize the anti Communist Catholic priests who supported the 1930s union movement. According to such labor historians, Catholic priests undermined the political power of American workers by purging their ranks of well intentioned Communists. Cohen contends that Chicago workers could not have formed successful industrial unions without first severing their ties to their religious and ethnic communities. To Cohen, and to Gerstle as well, workers' religious and cultural associations interfered with the development of class consciousness and, therefore, of labor organization. Other scholars depict Catholic clergy and laity as foes of reform and as catalysts of America's anti-Communist foreign policy after World War II. Michael Heale argues that American Catholic anti-Communism in the 1930s "intertwined" with anti-Semitism. He also asserts that anti Communist political activism was the way by which Catholics proved "their American identity." In the same vein, Stephen Whitfield concludes that anti-Communism secured Catholics' place in American society: "A
Electromechanical Modeling of a Multifunctional Energy Harvesting Wing Spar

A recent advance in the eld of energy harvesting is the development of multifunctional energy harvesting systems. Multifunctional material systems combine several functionalities in a single device in order to increase performance while limiting mass and volume. In energy harvesting systems, multifunctionality can be achieved by combining energy generation capabilities with energy storage ability and/or load bearing ability in a single composite device. An application that can bene t from a multifunctional energy harvesting approach is the powering of remote, low-power sensors on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The added weight or volume of conventional harvesting designs can hinder the ight performance of UAVs, thus a multifunctional solution where the energy harvesting system can be designed into the aircraft and used as a structural member can provide increased performance over the traditional design. The authors have recently proposed the concept of multifunctional self-charging structures containing piezoelectric layers for energy generation and thinlm battery layers for energy storage. Integration of these multifunctional structures into the wing spar of a UAV presents the ability to not only harvest and store energy, but support structural loading in the wing. In this paper, the electromechanical modeling of a wing spar with embedded energy harvesting and storage ability is investigated. A coupled electromechanical model based on the assumed modes method is developed to predict the vibration response and voltage response of a cantilevered wing spar excited under harmonic base excitation. Experiments are performed on a representative wing spar with embedded self-charging structures and the results are used to verify the electromechanical model. The electrical performance of the representative spar is also investigated by examining the variation of the peak voltage, current, and electrical power with load resistance for the fundamental short-circuit and open-circuit resonant frequencies of the device.
Synthesis of seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue WN-1 via C-C bond-forming hydrogenation: critical contribution of the B-ring in determining bryostatin-like and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-like properties.

The seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue, macrodiolide WN-1, was prepared in 17 steps (longest linear sequence) and 30 total steps with three bonds formed via hydrogen-mediated C–C coupling. This synthetic route features a palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of a C2-symmetric diol to form the C9-deoxygenated bryostatin A-ring. WN-1 binds to PKCα (Ki = 16.1 nM) and inhibits the growth of multiple leukemia cell lines. Although structural features of the WN-1 A-ring and C-ring are shared by analogues that display bryostatin-like behavior, WN-1 displays PMA-like behavior in U937 cell attachment and proliferation assays, as well as in K562 and MV-4-11 proliferation assays. Molecular modeling studies suggest the pattern of internal hydrogen bonds evident in bryostatin 1 is preserved in WN-1, and that upon docking WN-1 into the crystal structure of the C1b domain of PKCδ, the binding mode of bryostatin 1 is reproduced. The collective data emphasize the critical contribution of the B-ring to the function of the up...
Performance of several imaging methodologies in extraction of secondary SAR slow-time signals

In Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) the resultant image gives not only the complex reflectivity of image points but also their interdependency with respect to time and observation angle. In range or fast-time changes in reflectivity are expectedly slight, however, in observation azimuth or slow-time the reflectivity pattern, movement or vibration of strong scatterers is revealed. These azimuth signals can subsequently reveal pass to pass changes over inter-pass time or observation elevation. Key to extracting the slow-time signals is the imaging method involved. If imaging preserves the phase function across azimuth then the time or aspect phenomenon riding on top of the phase can be extracted. In other cases the phase is distorted or overridden by imaging artifacts. The choice of imaging method is fundamental in determining not only image resolution but also the fidelity with which secondary signals along the aperture can be determined. The achievable envelope of secondary signal amplitude, bandwidth and resolution are determined here for several imaging methods including the fraction Fourier transform, deramping, range Doppler, chirp scaling, wave-front and matched filtering. Method of extracting these secondary azimuth dependent signals are developed and results are presented for an orbital scenario. Naturally sampling speed, pulse spacing and the flight path in slow-time enclose the largest potential envelope of measurable secondary signals while the selection of imaging method restricts the potential measurable signals to a smaller envelope. Sampling restrictions and bounds on range migration curvature for different imaging methods are also found.