cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A game engine based simulation of the NIST urban search and rescue arenas

We are developing interactive simulations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Test Facility for Autonomous Mobile Robots (Urban Search and Rescue). The NIST USAR Test Facility is a standardized disaster environment consisting of three scenarios of progressive difficulty: Yellow, Orange, and Red arenas. The USAR task focuses on robot behaviors, and physical interaction with standardized but disorderly rubble filled environments. The simulation will be used to test and evaluate designs for teleoperation interfaces and robot sensing and cooperation that will subsequently be incorporated into experimental robots. This paper describes our novel simulation approach using an inexpensive game engine to rapidly construct a visually and dynamically accurate simulation for both individual robots and robot teams.
Untersuchung des Gleichganges der Maschine und Berechnung des Schwungrades

Schon aus dem Verlauf der Drehkraftlinie ersieht man, das das Nutzdrehmoment wahrend eines Arbeitsspieles keinen gleichmasigen Verlauf haben kann, sondern je nach Anzahl und Anordnung der Zylinder Schwankungen unterworfen ist.
Specificity in the symbiotic association of Lotus corniculatus and Rhizobium loti from natural populations

To test whether Rhizobium loti are coadapted to nodulate local plant genotypes, we competed R. loti strains in a common environment with clonally propagated Lotus corniculatus. Both the plants and bacterial strains were originally collected from natural populations in three localities and the R. loti strains used were distinguishable by enzyme electrophoretic markers and differed in geographical origin relative to host plant origin. The proportions of nodules occupied by symbiont strains varied widely and depended on both host plant and symbiont genotype. Nonrandom nodulation patterns resulted primarily from preferential nodulation of host genotypes by the symbiont strain that had been associated with the host in the natural environment. Symbionts nodulating their original hosts were preferentially found in nodules on adventitious tap roots as opposed to the younger, lateral roots (for one host-symbiont pair) or in large nodules, independent of location on the root system (for a second host-symbiont pair). The proportion of nodules occupied by a symbiont on novel host genotypes varied, ranging from nearly random expectation to a significant reduction in the proportion of nodules occupied. The analysis of the bacteria recovered from 994 nodules by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis revealed that 952 (95.8%) nodules were occupied by one of the four inoculant strains and 11 (1.1%) were co-occupied by two inoculant strains. A total of 31 (3.1%) nodules were occupied by strains that did not match the electrophoretic profiles of the original inoculant strains. Based on the comparison of multilocus profiles for 23 enzyme loci, we concluded that these bacteria were foreign strains and not recombinants of the original inoculant strains. Our findings indicate a strong host genotype by strain interaction underlying the outcome of rhizobial competition for nodulation sites and suggest there are distinct mechanisms leading to differential recognition of compatible host and symbiont genotypes.
Notes on 'divide-and-conquer-based optimal parallel algorithms for some graph problems on EREW PRAM model'

Using an exclusive-read and exclusive-write (EREW) parallel random-access memory (PRAM) model with a fixed number of processors, optimal parallel algorithms are presented for several problems on undirected graphs. These problems include finding the connected components, a spanning forest, a fundamental cycle set, the bridges, and checking bipartiteness of a given graph. The algorithms for computing the connected components and a spanning forest are designed using the divide-and-conquer strategy and are used in turn to design efficient algorithms for the remaining three problems. Each of the algorithms achieves optimal speedup for dense as well as sparse graphs, and is optimally scalable up to a certain number of processors. A lower bound on the processor-(time)/sup 2/ product for each algorithm is derived. The input graph is represented by an unordered list of edges, and the use of simple and elegant data structures avoids memory read-conflicts or write-conflicts. >
Charged collected by diffusion from an ion track under mixed boundary conditions

Charge-carrier diffusion from an ion track in a silicon substrate at least a few hundred microns thick is analyzed. The substrate upper surface is treated as reflective except for a small section, intended to represent a reverse-biased junction, which is treated as a sink. Total charge collected by the sink is calculated by assuming transport to be governed by an ambipolar diffusion equation with temporally constant and spatially uniform carrier lifetime and diffusion coefficient. Present results apply to a normally incident track but could easily be generalized to arbitrary track direction. The collected charge is found to depend on track length and on the electrostatic capacitance, rather than the area, of the sink. Theoretical predictions are compared to the results of a numerical simulation called the Poisson and Continuity Equation Solver (PISCES) for three cases and are found to agree within a factor of two in the worst case. >
Frequency acquisition and tracking for optical heterodyne communication systems

A frequency acquisition and tracking system for use in optical heterodyne communication systems employing semiconductor lasers is described. Analytical models for acquisition and tracking are used to predict performance; probability of incorrect acquisition is predicted for the acquisition system, and rms error is predicted for the tracker. Experimental data is presented and compared to the analytic results.
Erratum: "Magnetic nanoparticles with high specific absorption rate of electromagnetic energy at low field strength for hyperthermia therapy" [J. Appl. Phys. 117, 094302 (2015)].

Dr. Petryk and Professor Hoopes should have been listed authors for the original article.1 Omissions in the originally published author list occurred due to the extended period of time between the generation of data and the submission of the manuscript. This resulted in miscommunication between the multiple research groups who contributed to this work. As such, we would like to rectify the oversight with this correction. This erratum is performed to add their names as authors and affiliations to the article. The authorship of this article should read: Fridon Shubitidze,1,a) Katsiaryna Kekalo,1 Robert Stigliano,1 Alicia Petryk,2 P. Jack Hoopes,1,2 and Ian Baker1 1School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA 2Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
Two Children with Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis Assumed by Pets

Nontyphoidal Salmonella are gram negative bacilli organism, which may induce systemic infection such as febrile enteritis, bacteremia, and osteomyelitis. Main route of infection is known as food but also possible through reptile, amphibian, and fish raised as pets in the house. There is no known cases report of Salmonella infection through pets in Korea and also rare in the overseas. We report 2 patients who visited Severance children's hospital with chief complaint of fever and diagnosed as nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Each case had a history of raising turtle or tropical fish with possibility of Salmonella infection through these pets. Increasing incidence of raising pet reptile and fish lately, contact precaution and proper prevention and control of Salmonella infection of these pets especially in children under 5 years old are necessary due to higher risk of serious complications of salmonellosis.
Upon the Ruins of Liberty: Slavery, the President's House at Independence National Historical Park, and Public Memory

Roger C. Aden. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2014. 256 pp., tables, map, figures, halftones, index. $27.50 cloth (ISBN 978-1-43991-199-0).Upon the Ruins of Liberty examines the importa...
Literacy and Race: Access, Equity, and Freedom.

The coupling of literacy and race emphasizes their historic and contemporaneous intersection in literacy research. In this article, I draw on my scholarship and use three counternarratives to articulate how literacy and race significantly influence access, equity, and freedom. First, I examine access within the sociohistoric context of African Americans attending Calhoun Colored School. Second, I explore equity in a review of the sociohistoric context of Brown v Board and the Civil Rights Act as well as two federal studies of reading research, National Assessment of Educational Progress reading data, and the No Child Left Behind Act. Finally, I investigate freedom by demystifying linkages among the privatization and corporatization of education and reading achievement under Race to the Top's expansion of charter schools, Common Core State Standards, National Council on Teacher Quality, and their funding sources. I conclude with a call to action to courageously pursue a more educationally and socially just...
WIFE ABUSE:: A LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wife abuse as a national concern is gaining increasing attention. Prior to the 1970s this problem was only sporadically addressed in the literature or in the judicial system. However, the past several years have witnessed a growing amount of both legal research and activity regarding this matter. Statutory law and court decisions relating to spouse abuse have rapidly escalated in an attempt to define and redefine the right of the married individual when a partner commits a violent action against his spouse. This bibliography provides selected citations relating to wife abuse in a legal context.
Abstract 210: GPR56 regulates the turnover of tissue transglutaminase and tumor growth in melanoma.

Biochemical and biophysical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate multiple aspects of cancer cell behavior during tumor progression. The mechanisms of these regulations are not well defined. We previously reported that an atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR56, inhibited melanoma growth and metastasis and its N-terminus binds to tissue transglutaminase, TG2, a major cross-linking enzyme in ECM. We thus postulated that GPR56 might suppress melanoma progression by influencing ECM properties through its interaction with TG2. To test this, we examined the effects of GPR56 on melanoma growth in the presence or absence of TG2, using the immunodeficient Tg2 +/+ or Tg2 −/ − mice. Our results showed that the crosslinking enzyme, TG2, promoted melanoma growth, but this tumor-promoting effect was antagonized by GPR56. The mechanisms of this antagonism were revealed through a series of immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses. In GPR56-expressing cells, the extracellular TG2 was internalized by GPR56 and subsequently degraded in a lysome-dependent manner, resulting in a down-regulation of TG2 in ECM. This down-regulation of TG2 by GPR56 led to changes in the deposition of TG2 and other matrix proteins in melanomas and a reduction in melanoma growth. Taken together, we present evidence that a surface receptor on melanoma cells, GPR56, regulates the turnover of the crosslinking enzyme, TG2, in the tumor microenvironment, leading to changes in ECM deposition and melanoma progression. Citation Format: Liquan Yang, Sonali Mohanty, Nancy Corson, Lei Xu. GPR56 regulates the turnover of tissue transglutaminase and tumor growth in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 210. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-210 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Clinical Observation of Clostridium Butyricum Powder for the Adjuvant Treatment of 78 Cases with Children Pneumonic Secondary Diarrhea

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of clostridium butyricum powder for the adjuvant treatment of children pneumonic secondary diarrhea.Method:78 cases with children pneumonic secondary diarrhea in our hospital from January 2013 to May 2014 were selected,they were divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method,39 cases in each group.The control group was treated with smecta,and the observation group was treated with clostridium butyricum powder combined with smecta.The diarrhea duration time,treatment time,length of stay and treatment effect of two groups were compared.Result:The diarrhea duration time,treatment time,length of stay of observation group were significantly shorter than those of control group,the total effective rate of observation group was 94.9%(37/39),it was significantly higher than 69.2%(27/39) of control group,the differences were statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion:Clostridium butyricum powder for the adjuvant treatment of children pneumonic secondary diarrhea has exact effect,it can effectively repair intestinal mucosal barrier,rapidly relieve diarrhea symptoms and shorten the course of pneumonia,is worthy of clinical widely used.
Fin plaques and hair-like structures on wild-caught bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus). Anchor worms (Lernaea spp.).

What's your diagnosis: Fin Plaques and Hair-Like Structures on Wild-Caught Bluegill Fish ( Lepomis macrochirus )
Fenoprofen (Nalfon) overdose.

L'auteur rapporte un cas d'intoxication au fenoprofen chez une femme de 41 ans atteinte des syndromes de Raynaud et de Sjorgren dont la fonction renale etait normale. Elle ingera 100 a 200 comprimes de fenoprofen 600 mg (60–72 gm) dans l'intention de se suicider. L'insuffisance renale anurique et l'hypotension marquerent l'hospitalisation.Le fenoprofen est un derive phenyl propionate rapidement absorbe apres ingestion, grandement metabolise et excrete principalement par la voie renale. Cliniquement, l'administration de fenoprofen a ete associee a de nombreux troubles renaux. Les prostaglandines semblent jouer un role important dans l'hemodynamique renale et l'inhibition de leur synthese par les medicaments anti-inflammatoires non-steroidiens pourrait expliquer ces changements dans la fonction renale. La diminution de pression sanguine observee chez cette patiente fut apparemment secondaire a la vasodilatation peripherique comme demontre par la faible resistance vasculaire systemique. Les prostaglandines o...
Forecasting Disparities With Early Substance-Use Milestones

Substance use contributes to health disparities across race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Although adolescent research indicates group-based differences in regular use, few studies have examined patterns when initiation is just beginning. Using a sample of 917 Rhode Island middle schools students (54% female, 26% non-Hispanic White), we collected demographic information at baseline (M age 12.2); we then examined ever-puff (cigarettes), ever-sip (alcohol), and ever-use (marijuana) behaviors three years later. For cigarette use, we found differences based on SES and race/ethnicity (prevalence was particularly high among Native American youths). Marijuana use was associated with lower SES, and alcohol use was higher among females than males. Overall, findings indicate racial/ethnic-, gender- and SES-based differences in early substance-use milestones. From a prevention standpoint, it is important to evaluate differences not only in heavy substance use, but in early milestones, as they may set the course for health disparities across the lifespan.
Codification of the Baselines Conception: The International Law Commission and the Law of the Sea Conferences

Following the discussion at the Fourth Session of the International Law Commission (ILC) in 1952, Professor Francois, the Special Rapporteur, convened a Committee of Experts to deal with certain questions of a technical nature concerning the territorial sea. The Committee was composed of Professor L.E.G. Asplund of Stockholm, M.S. Whittemore Boggs of the Department of State, M.P.R.V. Couillault of the Central Hydrographic Service in Paris, Commander R.H. Kennedy of the Royal Navy and Vice-Admiral A.S. Pinke of the Dutch Royal Navy.1 The Committee met in The Hague in April, 1953, and reported on a variety of questions posed by the Special Rapporteur.
Annelida, Oligochaeta and Polychaeta

The phylum Annelida includes the Oligochaeta and Polychaeta, as well as three other classes of segmented worms. Usually much smaller than terrestrial earthworms, aquatic oligochaeta are ubiquitous in freshwater systems of the world, being most abundant in lentic habitats. There are only four truly aquatic families, with some amphibious species that represent primarily terrestrial families, in aquatic habitats. The aquatic oligochaetes occupy the sediments and decaying organic matter of most lentic habitats, where they play a substantial eukaryotic role in decomposition. They are also found in algal mats and in the mud and root zones of fringing emergent plants along streams, wetlands, and lakes. Polychaetes are morphologically distinct from oligochaetes by having muscular, appendage-like structures (parapodia) along the length of the body. Most polychaetes are marine, but a few species have been found in freshwater habitats. The literature reports higher polychaete diversity in tropical freshwaters, but the reason for this is not clear. Functionally diverse, polychaetes have been reported as predators, omnivores, and filter-feeders in depositional and marginal habitats of most aquatic systems; in the tropics they have even been reported to occupy phytotelmata (small accumulations of water associated with plants, such as tree holes). There has not been extensive ecological research on freshwater oligochaeta or polychaeta, areas worthy of study for benthic invertebrate ecology.
Antibiotic Cement Spacers in Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty: Problems, Pitfalls, and Avoiding Complications

With the increasing number of total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasties (TKA) performed with expanding indications and at a younger age, there continues to be a low risk of periprosthetic sepsis in association with these surgeries. The incidence of infection in THA/TKA ranges for 0.3% to 3 %. While sepsis is a rare complication, the management from both patient and surgeon perspective are challenging, often require a prolonged course of treatment, and may lead to complications. The diagnosis and management of periprosthetic sepsis has evolved with the current standard of care and management based upon the useful classification of Gustilo et al [21, 25]. The use of antibiotic impregnated cement beads [19] and spacers as local delivery devices to treat periprosthetic infections in either a single stage [3] or two-stage surgery [12, 17, 18] has evolved and become popular over recent years. Frequently, reports of periprosthetic sepsis do not address antibiotic spacer complications.
Expression relationships among EGFR family members and c-Met in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma.

e15014 Background: The incidence of esophagogastric adenocarcinoma is on the rise. The only targeted therapy that improves patient outcomes is the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab; however, benefit i...
Photographic Film, Clinical Chemistry, and Art.

Photographic film and film technology have been put to many uses including an art medium as illustrated by the abstract landscape that I created in 1985. I simply took undeveloped Polaroid film and carefully squashed the developer pod to release developer and form the yellow-orange colored silhouette of a sulfurous cloud-shrouded landscape viewed through a window (Fig. 1). Others have also used Polaroid film for a similar purpose and created more spectacular and diverse abstract images either using a malfunctioning Polaroid SX-70 camera (1) or applying high voltage to instant film (2). Fig. 1. Polaroid art—a silhouette of a sulfurous cloud-shrouded landscape viewed through a window. This was created by squashing the developer pods of 4 undeveloped Polaroid instant film sheets and assembling them into a 2 × 2 grid (Larry J. Kricka, 1985) (photograph by Lorna Ebert, Lorna Ebert Photography, NC). Just as film technology has been unusually repurposed in …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL OF JIGSAW TYPE USING PROBLEM POSING-SOLVING APPROACH AT SMPN 26 MAKASSAR

The research aims to discover the effectiveness of the implementation of cooperative learning model of jigsaw type using problem posing-solving approach in class VIII at SMPN 26 Makassar. The research is pre-experimental research. The populations of research were all of the students of class VIII at SMPN 26 Makassar and the sample was class VIII 5 as the experiment class cosen by using cluster random sampling technique. The data of the research were collected by using instruments, namely learning implementation observation sheet, student’ activities observation sheet, learning result test, and student’ responses questionnaire. The data of the research were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential analysis. The results of research reveal that both descriptively and inferentially, the cooperative learning model of jigsaw type using problem posing-solving approach had met effective criteria, where descriptively the students’ activities in learning is in active category with the average score 3,5, the student’ mathematics learning result is in high category with the mean score 81,39, and deviation standart 9,21, completeness proportion level classically is 0,86, the average of normalized gain of learning results is in high category, the student’ responses on the implementation of cooperative learning model of jigsaw type using problem posing-solving approach are in tended to be positive category with the average score 3,36. In generally, it is concluded that the implementation of cooperative learning model of jigsaw type using problem posing-solving approach is effective to be implemented in class VIII at SMPN 26 Makassar
Environmental history impacts gene expression during diapause development in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata

Our understanding of the mechanisms controlling insect diapause has increased dramatically with the introduction of global gene expression techniques, such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). However, little attention has been given to how ecologically relevant field conditions may affect gene expression during diapause development because previous studies have focused on laboratory-reared and -maintained insects. To determine whether gene expression differs between laboratory and field conditions, prepupae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, entering diapause early or late in the growing season were collected. These two groups were further subdivided in early autumn into laboratory- and field-maintained groups, resulting in four experimental treatments of diapausing prepupae: early and late field, and early and late laboratory. RNA-seq and differential expression analyses were performed on bees from the four treatment groups in November, January, March and May. The number of treatment-specific differentially expressed genes (97 to 1249) outnumbered the number of differentially regulated genes common to all four treatments (14 to 229), indicating that exposure to laboratory or field conditions had a major impact on gene expression during diapause development. Principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis yielded similar grouping of treatments, confirming that the treatments form distinct clusters. Our results support the conclusion that gene expression during the course of diapause development is not a simple ordered sequence, but rather a highly plastic response determined primarily by the environmental history of the individual insect.
Optimality in the Presence of Discreteness and Discontinuity

Most of the literature in the field of optimal structural design deals with the various computational aspects of the problem. Papers which concern themselves with the establishment of fundamental principles and their applications are, by comparison, relatively rare, as is evident from the comprehensive review of the literature (up to 1968) by Sheu and Prager [1].
A comparative study of control strategies for expert systems: age implementation of three variations of puff

This paper presents the results of comparing three control strategies for expert systems: event driven, expectation driven, and goal driven. Three different versions of a pulmonary function analysis system (PUFF) were implemented, each with a different control strategy. The systems are described and compared for efficiency and naturalness. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are discussed. The reasons why one approach, the expectation-drive strategy, is best suited for the PUFF application are summarized.
Resistance, Suffering, and Psychiatric Disability in Jerry Pinto’s Em and the Big Hoom and Amandeep Sandhu’s Sepia Leaves

This chapter examines two novels that deal with the issue of mental illness and psychiatric disability in the Indian context, Amandeep Sandhu’s Sepia Leaves and Jerry Pinto’s Em and the Big Hoom. Drawing upon Arthur Kleinman’s model of resistance and suffering in the context of the lived, embodied experiences of patients, families, and caregivers, this chapter studies the struggle to construct meaning in a world that resists it. Both these novels offer readers complex narratives that bear witness to suffering, making a moving and powerful argument for listening and acknowledging the humanity of people dealing with disability and chronic mental illnesses, refusing to see them merely as patients or political actors with specific agendas.
Expanding the Public Health Approach to Gun Violence Prevention.

The editorialist discusses the American College of Physicians' position paper on reducing the public health crisis of firearm-related injury and how the focus and efforts of physicians and others s...
Radio-sensitization efficacy of gold nanoparticles in inhalational nanomedicine and the adverse effect of nano-detachment due to coating inactivation

Abstract Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are an emerging area of interest in radiation therapy due to their unique radio-sensitizing properties. In the literature, the enhancing capability of GNPs is usually quantified using the metric dose enhancement ratio (DER). Traditionally, the focus of the vast majority of studies has always been on intravenous administration of GNPs. However, recent work showed the potential of using GNP inhalation, rather than intravenous injection, to enhance the dose to the lung. Yet, some of these studies are employing simplistic analytical methods to calculate DER and, thus far, there are no detailed computations of the enhancement profiles therein. Moreover, the coating on the GNP surface can be adversely affected by the large gradient of the radiation dose in the immediate vicinity of GNPs, leading to the rupture of ligands and detachment of GNPs from the surface of the membrane, and hence the loss of its efficacy. In this study, a next-generation deterministic code was used to resolve the DER profile at the interface between the septum, air, and surface of GNPs when they are attached and detached. The results show that the large values of DER in conjunction with the developed hot spots are very effective in lung treatment; on the other hand, coating rupture can lead to significant reduction in DER that may reach 64%. Thus, GNPs can be beneficial in inhalational medicine to treat lung cancer, provided that more comprehensive studies on the characteristics of the coating are addressed to maximize the radio-therapeutic benefit of GNPs.
THE EFFECT OF A BIPOLAR-ORIENTED ELECTRICAL FIELD ON MICROORGANISMS IN AIR

A new type of electrode that produced a bipolar-oriented electrical field was used to reduce the viable content of species of bacteria, yeasts, or molds continuously aerosolized into a chamber. With field voltages of 6,000; 10,000; 14,000; and, 20,000 measured at 1 m from the electrode the reduction of Pseudomonas fragi, Serratia marcescens, Cand'da l'polytica. and Penicillium roqueforti was largest at 14.000 volts; and of Bacillus subtilis spores at 20,000 volts. The mean reductions at the most effective field voltages were 59.2, 49.1, 47.7, 31.0, and 49.l%, respectively. Deposition of viable particles during aerosolizing for 5–7 hr was much higher on the metal door and metal walls of the chamber than it was on the electrode surface.
Breathing life into engineered tissues using oxygen-releasing biomaterials

Engineering three-dimensional (3D) tissues in clinically relevant sizes have demonstrated to be an effective solution to bridge the gap between organ demand and the dearth of compatible organ donors. A major challenge to the clinical translation of tissue-engineered constructs is the lack of vasculature to support an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients post-implantation. Previous efforts to improve the vascularization of engineered tissues have not been commensurate to meeting the oxygen demands of implanted constructs during the process of homogeneous integration with the host. Maintaining cell viability and metabolic activity during this period is imperative to the survival and functionality of the engineered tissues. As a corollary, there has been a shift in the scientific impetus beyond improving vascularization. Strategies to engineer biomaterials that encapsulate cells and provide the sustained release of oxygen over time are now being explored. This review summarizes different types of oxygen-releasing biomaterials, strategies for their fabrication, and approaches to meet the oxygen requirements in various tissue engineering applications, including cardiac, skin, bone, cartilage, pancreas, and muscle regeneration. Biomaterials that surround artificial tissue and slowly release oxygen can improve survival rates during wound healing and organ regeneration trials. Although researchers have successfully constructed many kinds of tissues using 3D scaffolds, supplying the cells with adequate oxygen and nutrients post-implantation remains challenging. Gulden Camci-Unal from the University of Massachusetts Lowell in the USA and colleagues review how microscale oxygen sources such as calcium peroxide crystals are being combined with flow-regulating polymers to keep engineered tissues healthy until vascular systems are established. Coatings of peroxides and polymers applied to 3D scaffolds, for example, strengthen bone cultures by releasing a steady supply of oxygen to permeate throughout the tissue for extended times. Byproducts from oxygen-releasing materials can also be used to inhibit biofilm growth on implants, lessening chances of infection. The inability to administer oxygen in a controlled and sustained manner into thick artificial tissues has attracted a growing interest towards the design and development of new functional biomaterials. Without a sufficient oxygen supply, tissues suffer from the effects of apoptosis and necrosis. Incorporation of oxygen-releasing materials into scaffolds can help address this challenge. This paper provides an overview of the recent developments and technological advances in engineering oxygen-releasing biomaterials to improve the viability and function of cells and prevent hypoxic tissue death. Recent advances in different types of oxygen-releasing materials, mechanisms of oxygen generation, and their applications are discussed.
Intermountain chronic disease risk score (ICHRON) validation for prediction of incident chronic disease diagnoses in an australian primary prevention population.

Background The Intermountain Chronic Disease Risk Score (ICHRON) is a primary prevention risk prediction tool that uses commonly ordered blood tests and is designed to be calculated by the electronic health record. ICHRON was highly predictive of 3-year chronic disease (ChrD) diagnosis in an internal validation; however, external validation is needed. Methods ICHRON was calculated among patients from a region of Australia using sex-specific weightings of age and components of the comprehensive metabolic panel and the complete blood count. Original ICHRON weightings and risk stratification thresholds from the US-based derivation at Intermountain Healthcare were used. ICHRON was evaluated as a predictor of an incident 3-year ChrD diagnosis (coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, dementia, diabetes, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral vascular disease). Results A total 5,512 females (49.6 ± 19.2) and 3,461 males (53.0 ± 18.6) were studied. Among females, 50.3%, 33.7% and 16.0% were low, moderate, and high-risk, respectively; and for males, 39.6%, 35.0%, and 25.4%. Frequency of a 3-year ChrD diagnosis among females was 2.2%, 8.5%, and 15.9% for low, moderate, and high-risk groups, respectively, and 4.7%, 9.7%, and 20.0% among males. C-statistics were 0.726 (0.700, 0.752) for females and 0.694 (0.665, 0.724) for males. Conclusion ICHRON predicted ChrD diagnosis at 3-years among an external, geographically distant validation cohort. These findings show the value of ICHRON for primary care patients in distinct locales. Additionally, electronic calculation of ICHRON empowers the clinical use of this tool to identify and differentially manage and treat high-risk patients.
First reported case of penile epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

Abstract Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) of the penis is a rare malignant tumor which has not previously been described in the literature. Genetic associations exist in EMC that could potentially help guide early diagnosis and treatment of this type of penile cancer. This serves as the first reported case of such cancer of the penis, and highlights the indolent course it takes to presentation, and the need for an appropriate histopathologic evaluation for the correct diagnosis.
The Triaxial Spatial Distribution of CDM Subhalos

I review recent results on the angular distribution of substructure in CDM halos. I show that the subhalo distribution is anisotropic and generally prolate with a long axis that is closely aligned with the long axis of the total mass distribution of the host halo. I show that the correlation between the subhalo distribution and the long axis of the host halo is strong both in dissipationless and dissipational gasdynamical simulations. More massive subhalos tend to be more strongly clustered along the major axis of the host halo reflecting filamentary accretion. The anisotropy of subhalos has potential implications for the interpretation of several observations. For example, I show that while the mean projected mass fraction in substructure in the central regions of CDM halos is f sub ≈ 0.4%, f sub is a strong function of projection angle and is ~6 times higher for projections nearly collinear with the major axis of the host.
Where versus what: The relationship between speech understanding and auditory motion processing

Most sounds involve motion, either because the sound source moves, or the listener does. Thus, perceiving moving sounds is critical for listeners' functional ability to navigate auditory environments. Studies to date focused on the limits of sound motion detection. By contrast, we are interested in the functional importance of auditory motion perception and aim to understand which acoustic cues govern listeners' classification of sound motion. In the present study, we hypothesized that auditory motion perception is influenced by the extent to which stimuli are perceived as intelligible. Utilizing Chimaera compositions of speech and spectrally matched noise tokens, we varied the envelope type and number of frequency channels of acoustic stimuli, manipulating speech intelligibility. Stimuli were presented in free field as stationary or moving. Normal-hearing adults judged sound motion in a 2-AFC task, and verbally repeated what they understood. Results show that a speech signal envelope biased sound motion judgments to be stationary, and increasing speech intelligibility further increased bias. This suggests that speech intelligibility influences auditory motion perception, and that sound motion and speech may not be processed simultaneously. [Work supported by NIH-NIDCD(R01DC8083), NIH-NICHD (U54HD090256) and ASA's Hunt Fellowship.]
The Riddle of Harmless Error Revisited

Half a century ago, in Chapman v. California, the Supreme Court imposed on appellate courts an obligation to vacate or reverse criminal judgments marred by constitutional error unless the government demonstrates that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. But the Court did not explain the juridical status of this obligation or its relation to the federal harmless‑error statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2111. In the intervening years, commentators have struggled to make sense of Chapman. Some see it as a constitutional mandate. Others view it as an example of constitutional common law. In The Riddle of Harmless Error, written shortly after Chapman issued, Justice Roger Traynor argued that § 2111 should govern the field that Chapman occupies.The lack of clarity about Chapman’s pedigree has had the predictable consequence of leaving harmless‑error doctrine in an unsatisfactory state. Most basically, the Court has adopted a harmless‑error test that unduly privileges constitutional error vis‑a‑vis nonconstitutional error. Moreover, the Court has prescribed application of an easily manipulated jurisprudence of labels to determine whether an error is amenable to harmless‑error review. Finally, the Court has unnecessarily complicated the application of harmless‑error analysis on collateral review and, along the way, shown insufficient regard for rule‑of‑law values.This Article takes a fresh look at what the Constitution requires of reviewing courts when they conclude that a criminal judgment has been tainted by constitutional error. It suggests that new insights may be found by situating harmless‑error doctrine within a broader, transcontextual analysis of how constitutional remedies function. It then demonstrates how understanding what the Constitution requires of reviewing courts can serve as a springboard for necessary reform. Ultimately, it argues that the Supreme Court can and should jettison Chapman in favor of a simplified, unitary, and transcontextual harmless‑error test — reconceived as an elaboration of 28 U.S.C. § 2111 — that largely tracks the approach for which Justice Traynor argued. Under this test, a reviewing court would set aside any conviction tainted by error unless it concludes that it was highly probable that the error did not affect the judgment. A reviewing court also would set aside any conviction tainted by error if the error undermined fundamental constitutional values.
Identification and Quantification of a Wide Variety of Inorganic Nanoparticles in Municipal Wastewater

Abstract Increasing use of inorganic nanoparticles in consumer products and industrial processes has resulted in greater presence of these nanoparticles in wastewater, and it is important to unders...
A Single Institution Experience of Induction FOLFIRINOX Followed by Surgery vs Consolidative Radiation for Borderline and Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer

Background: Induction FOLFIRINOX is increasingly used for borderline resectable (BR) and locally advanced (LA) unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but the benefit of surgery versus consolidative radiation in the FOLFIRINOX era is not well defined. Single institution experiences have included FOLFIRINOX with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, lack a uniform comparator group to surgery, or are limited to surgical patients after FOLFIRINOX. No prospective clinical trials have assessed surgery versus radiation. Therefore, our primary objective was to identify the long-term survival impact of surgery versus radiation for BR and LA unresectable PDAC treated with induction FOLFIRINOX. Methods: We performed a single center retrospective review of BR and LA PDAC treated with FOLFIRINOX from 2010 - 2018. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on receipt of surgery versus consolidative radiotherapy. Findings: We identified 101 BR and LA PDAC patients treated with induction FOLFIRINOX; 40 underwent surgery and 61 received consolidative radiotherapy. The surgery group was 28/40 (70%) BR and 12/40 (30%) LA, while consolidative radiotherapy was 18/61 (30%) BR and 43/61 (70%) LA. The R0 resection rate was 100% for surgery and 18/40 (45%) received radiation prior to surgery. Median overall survival (OS) for surgery was 42·3 months (95% CI 24·6 - not reached) compared to a median OS of 19·6 months (95% CI 16·3 - 24·6) with consolidative radiotherapy(p = 0·0001). On multivariate analysis, surgery was associated with improved OS (HR 0·35, 95% CI 0·17 - 0·71, p=0·004). Interpretation: Surgery after induction FOLFIRINOX is feasible and has a clinically meaningful survival benefit in BR and LA PDAC compared to induction FOLFIRINOX followed by consolidative radiotherapy. Funding Statement: This research was not supported by any funding. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Yale University institutional review board.
Blood Supply of Cranial Nerves Passing Through the Cavernous Sinus: An Anatomical Study and Its Implications for Microsurgical and Endoscopic Cavernous Sinus Surgery.

Background Despite improvements in surgical techniques, cranial nerve (CN) deficits remain the most frequent cause of disability following cavernous sinus (CS) surgery. The most common tumor affecting the CS is meningioma. They originate from lateral wall and have their blood supply from meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) and inferolateral trunk (ILT). Pituitary adenomas commonly invade the CS through its medial wall and receive blood supply form medial branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA) (superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries). Some tumors may grow within the CS (e.g. trigeminal schwannomas, hemangiomas). These tumors are fed by all the intracavernous ICA branches. Tumors involving the CS may also displace the neurovascular structures, therefore, a better understanding of intracavernous neurovascular anatomy may reduce the postoperative morbidity associated with approaching CS tumors. In this anatomical study, the anatomic variations and their clinical implications of the intracavernous CNs' blood supply were evaluated through transcranial and endonasal routes. Methods Twenty sides of ten adult cadaveric formalin-fixed, latex-injected specimens were dissected in stepwise fashion under microscopic and endoscopic magnification. The origin and course of the intracavernous ICA branches supplying the intracavernous CNs are studied. Results The proximal segment of the oculomotor nerve receives blood supply from the ILT in 85%, and the tentorial artery of the MHT in 15% of specimens. The distal segment is exclusively supplied by the ILT. The proximal trochlear nerve receives blood supply from the ILT (75%) and the tentorial artery (25%); the distal segment is exclusively supplied by the superior orbital branch. The proximal third of the abducens nerve receives its vascularity exclusively from the dorsal meningeal artery, and its middle and distal thirds from the ILT. The ophthalmic and proximal maxillary segments of the trigeminal nerve also receive blood supply from the ILT. The distal maxillary segment is supplied by the artery of the foramen rotundum. All ILT branches terminate on the inferomedial aspects of the intra-cavernous CNs. Extensive anastomoses are found between ILT branches and the branches arising from external carotid artery. Conclusion Understanding the anatomy of the intracavernous ICA's branches is important to improving surgical outcomes with tumors involving the CS.
Methods to Detect Protein Glutathionylation

Glutathionylation is a posttranslational modification that results in the formation of a mixed disulfide between glutathione and the thiol group of a protein cysteine residue. Glutathionylation of proteins occurs via both nonenzymatic mechanisms involving thiol/disulfide exchange and enzyme-mediated reactions. Protein glutathionylation is observed in response to oxidative or nitrosative stress and is redox-dependent, being readily reversible under reducing conditions. Such findings suggest that glutathionylation plays an important role in mediating redox-sensitive signaling. Indeed, glutathionylation can affect protein function by altering activity, protein-protein interactions, and ligand binding. Glutathionylation may also serve to prevent cysteine residues from undergoing irreversible oxidative modification. Thus, determining the ability of a given protein to become glutathionylated can provide insight into its redox regulation and putative role in dictating cellular response to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Methods to measure protein glutathionylation using immunoblotting and mass spectrometry are described. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 57:6.17.1-6.17.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: glutathionylation; glutathione; posttranslational modification; immunoblotting; mass spectrometry
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by myofibers in mdx mice.

Introduction: We investigated the extent to which intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a critical protein of the inflammatory response, is expressed in skeletal muscles of mdx mice (a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Methods: Muscles were collected from control and mdx mice at 2-24 weeks of age and analyzed for ICAM-1 expression by means of Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: Western blot revealed higher expression of ICAM-1 in mdx compared with control muscles through 24 weeks of age. In contrast to control muscles, ICAM-1 was expressed on the membrane of damaged, regenerating, and normal myofibers of mdx mice. CD11b+ myeloid cells also expressed ICAM-1 in mdx muscles, and CD11b+ cells were closely associated with the membrane of myofibers expressing ICAM-1. Conclusions: These findings support a paradigm in which ICAM-1 and its localization to myofibers in muscles of mdx mice contributes to the dystrophic pathology. Muscle Nerve 52: 795–802, 2015
Participating in Silence

My office is loud. My confession is that I had never listened to John Cage’s 4’33” before I first read Peter Nelsen’s essay. In fact, at first I didn’t know what he was talking about. I figured it out relatively quickly, given Nelsen’s wonderful writing, but I had no knowledge or experience of the piece prior to the essay. So what did I do then? Like any good student, I went to YouTube. There, multiple versions of 4’33” await. I watched and listened to two: one on the piano and the other performed by a full orchestra. That’s when I realized: my office is loud. An intake vent lurks in one corner of the ceiling. The actual vent sits in another. Both make lots of noise on a day when the heat is running.
Learning by Sharing

Summary Intergenerational activities involving children and senior citizens in short-term programs generally permit (at most) cursory or fragmented relationships. For example, scout troops or elementary classes may visit a nursing home and entertain the residents in an almost one-way communication activity. Conversely, a seniorcitizen barbershop quartet may visit a high school for an annual holiday program in another version of a one-way intergenerational activity. Simply put, intergenerational programs resulting in two-way relationships between members of both generations are unusual. This paper describes an educational program which uses the nearly opposite paradigm, one based on long-term, highly interactive intergenerational activities. It is based on a coordinated curriculum with educational objectives which involve college students in a semesterlong, educational experiential program. The requirements of the course encourage extensive interaction between students and older adults in long-term care se...