cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance P receptors on canine chief cells: localization, characterization, and function

Saturable binding sites for 125I-Bolton-Hunter substance P were observed in frozen sections of the oxyntic mucosa of the canine stomach using quantitative autoradiography. The cell type possessing substance P binding sites in this region was identified as the chief cell in 2 ways. First, the saturable binding of radioiodinated substance P correlated with chief cell content (and not with parietal cell content, for example) in dispersed oxyntic mucosal cells fractionated by centrifugal elutriation. Second, saturable binding of radioiodinated substance P was localized to dispersed chief cells by autoradiography using emulsion-coated preparations of isolated cells affixed to glass slides. Parietal and mucous cells did not bind substance P. In studies of enriched chief cell preparations, the binding of radiolabeled substance P was found to be time- and cell number-dependent, specific, saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. Equilibrium binding analysis revealed a single class of binding sites with an apparent Kd of 105 pM and a Bmax of 3000 receptors per cell. In competitive displacement studies, the order of potency of analogs for inhibition of the saturable binding of radiolabeled substance P to chief cells was substance P = physalaemin greater than substance K greater than neuromedin K; thus, the chief cell has a substance P-preferring tachykinin binding site. Bombesin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin had no effect on substance P binding. Substance P stimulated pepsinogen secretion from isolated canine oxyntic glands in dose-dependent fashion with a half-maximal response occurring at a substance P dose of about 1 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Jew, the Cathedral, and the Medieval City: Introduction: The Jew, the Cathedral, and the Medieval City

In the second quarter of the thirteenth century, images of a beautiful and benighted Judaism began to appear on cathedral facades across northern Europe. In the sculpted decorative programs of the most ambitious ecclesiastical building projects of the age, the Synagogue, personified as a comely lady, was paired with a likewise feminine personification of the Church. Known as Ecclesia and Synagoga, these personae became hinge figures within the monumental sculpted ensembles that dominated the public space at city centers in the French kingdom and the German empire. These urban milieux were sites of lively economic and social exchange, where local Christian burghers, traveling merchants, mendicant clerics, visiting pilgrims, itinerant artists, insurgent preachers, and Jewish men and women traded, argued, observed, and engaged one another in the course of daily life. Poised above the motley populace were the sculpted figures conveying Christian triumph and Jewish defeat. On cathedral facades, Ecclesia typically is shown crowned and holding a battle standard and chalice. Synagoga, in contrast, is blindfolded and drooping; she holds a broken staff and is dropping the tablets of the law. The images of Synagoga that bedecked cathedral exteriors stood in stark contrast to the real Jews living in streets at the heart of Europe's cities in the High Middle Ages. While Ashkenazic communities of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were strong contributors to a still-celebrated flowering of Jewish intellectual, spiritual, and economic life, Synagoga consistently was represented in monumental public sculpture as an incapacitated and downtrodden figure.
Method for testing the sterility of total nutrient admixtures

A test for determining the sterility of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) containing equal quantities of 10% fat emulsion (Liposyn II), 8.5% amino acids injection, and 50% dextrose injection using the USP membrane filtration procedure was developed and evaluated. Membrane filter selection was determined by analysis of flow rates, membrane fluid compatibility, bubble point stability, and rinse fluid requirements. Microbial challenges employing five organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and both soybean casein digest and fluid thioglycollate media were used to confirm the ability of the test to detect low-level microbial contamination. A polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was determined to be the most appropriate of the membrane types studied because of its superior flow rate and membrane-fluid compatibility. Bubble point testing revealed no detrimental effects on the membrane. The potential problem of haziness caused by retention of the TNA by the membrane with subsequent release in the culture media (which could result in false-positive growth determinations) was diminished by using a sterile 0.1% peptone solution rinse and careful observation techniques. Performance of the sterility test by six hospital pharmacists required an average of 14.2 minutes. Sterility testing of alternate TNAs compounded with Intralipid and Nutralipid was not feasible because of prolonged filtration times. The basic USP membrane filtration procedure for large-volume injections can be used by hospital pharmacists for testing the sterility of TNAs. When fat emulsions are used in compounding, sterility-testing procedures specific to the emulsion product used should be developed and evaluated.
FXR Primes the Liver for Intestinal FGF15 Signaling by Transient Induction of β-Klotho

The bile acid (BA)-sensing nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), regulates postprandial metabolic responses, including inhibition of BA synthesis, by inducing the intestinal hormone, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15 (FGF19 in human). In this study, we tested a novel hypothesis that FXR not only induces intestinal FGF15 but also primes the liver for effectively responding to the signal by transcriptional induction of the obligate coreceptor for FGF15, β-Klotho (βKL). Activation of FXR by a synthetic agonist, GW4064, in mice increased occupancy of FXR and its DNA-binding partner, retinoid X receptor-α, at FGF15-signaling component genes, particularly βKL, and induced expression of these genes. Interestingly, mRNA levels of Fgfr4, the FGF15 receptor, were not increased by GW4064, but protein levels increased as a result of βKL-dependent increased protein stability. Both FGF receptor 4 and βKL protein levels were substantially decreased in FXR-knockout (KO) mice, and FGF19 signaling, monitored by phosphorylated ERK, was blunted in FXR-KO mice, FXR-KO mouse hepatocytes, and FXR-down-regulated human hepatocytes. Overexpression of βKL in FXR-lacking hepatocytes partially restored FGF19 signaling and inhibition by FGF19 of Cyp7a1, which encodes the rate-limiting BA biosynthetic enzyme. In mice, transient inductions of intestinal Fgf15 and hepatic βKL were temporally correlated after GW4064 treatment, and pretreatment of hepatocytes with GW4064 before FGF19 treatment enhanced FGF19 signaling, which was abolished by transcriptional inhibition or βKL down-regulation. This study identifies FXR as a gut-liver metabolic coordinator for FGF15/19 action that orchestrates transient induction of hepatic βKL and intestinal Fgf15/19 in a temporally correlated manner.
The role of eating frequency on relative weight in urban school-age children

Summary Background The role of eating frequency on relative weight in childhood is not well understood. Objective To clarify this relationship by assessing the cross-sectional and prospective relationships of weekday eating frequency with BMI z-score (BMIz) and change in BMIz in a sample of schoolchildren. Methods Eating frequency, the average number of reported daily eating occasions, was assessed using two weekday 24-h diet recalls. BMIz was measured at baseline, 6 months and 1 year in 155 urban schoolchildren, ages 9–15 years. Multiple linear regression models were used. Results Cross-sectional analyses at baseline suggest that BMIz was 0.23 units lower for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = −0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.44, −0.07). From baseline to 6 months, BMIz increased by 0.03 units for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05). This relationship was no longer statistically significant at 1 year (regression coefficient = 0.01; 95% CI: −0.01, 0.03). Conclusions The findings suggest that the relationship of eating frequency with BMIz differs from that of change in BMIz. This difference may be due to methodological deficiencies of cross-sectional studies, challenges of dietary assessment or differences in eating patterns among normal and overweight youth. Controlled trials are needed to further clarify this relationship.
Applying JIT Principles to Resident Education to Reduce Patient Delays: A Pilot Study in an Academic Medical Center Pain Clinic

Objectives This study investigated the effect on patient waiting times, patient/doctor contact times, flow times, and session completion times of having medical trainees and attending physicians review cases before the clinic session. The major hypothesis was that review of cases prior to clinic hours would reduce waiting times, flow times, and use of overtime, without reducing patient/doctor contact time. Design Prospective quality improvement. Setting Specialty pain clinic within Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Baltimore, MD, United States. Participants Two attending physicians participated in the intervention. Processing times for 504 patient visits are involved over a total of 4 months. Intervention Trainees were assigned to cases the day before the patient visit. Trainees reviewed each case and discussed it with attending physicians before each clinic session. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures Primary measures were activity times before and after the intervention. These were compared and also used as inputs to a discrete event simulation to eliminate differences in the arrival process as a confounding factor. Results The average time that attending physicians spent teaching trainees while the patient waited was reduced, but patient/doctor contact time was not significantly affected. These changes reduced patient waiting times, flow times, and clinic session times. Conclusions Moving some educational activities ahead of clinic time improves patient flows through the clinic and decreases congestion without reducing the times that trainees or patients interact with physicians.
Fan Noise Prediction with Applications to Aircraft System Noise Assessment

This paper describes an assessment of current fan noise prediction tools by comparing measured and predicted sideline acoustic levels from a benchmark fan noise wind tunnel test. Specifically, an empirical method and newly developed coupled computational approach are utilized to predict aft fan noise for a benchmark test configuration. Comparisons with sideline noise measurements are performed to assess the relative merits of the two approaches. The study identifies issues entailed in coupling the source and propagation codes, as well as provides insight into the capabilities of the tools in predicting the fan noise source and subsequent propagation and radiation. In contrast to the empirical method, the new coupled computational approach provides the ability to investigate acoustic near-field effects. The potential benefits/costs of these new methods are also compared with the existing capabilities in a current aircraft noise system prediction tool. The knowledge gained in this work provides a basis for improved fan source specification in overall aircraft system noise studies.
“How Will You be Remembered after You Die?” Gender Discrimination after Death Twenty Years Later:

Obituaries in four major metropolitan newspapers (the Chicago Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, the Miami Herald, and the New York Times) are examined for gender differences and compared to a study conducted over twenty years ago by Kastenbaum, Peyton, and Kastenbaum. Not unlike the original study, men receive significantly more obituaries than women in each of the four papers, their obituaries are longer (except for the Miami Herald), and they are accompanied by significantly more photographs (except for the Miami Herald). The greatest evidence of bias is found in the New York Times, where men receive 7.69 times (4.02 times in the original study) as many obituaries as women, even when controlling for more male deaths in New York City. Average ages at death suggest a possible cohort effect. Period effects, gender effects of obituary editors, and decision-making rules are discussed. The results are explained within the context of continued gender discrimination in the workplace and the home.
Estimating the CO2 intensity of intermodal freight transportation

Abstract This paper looks at the environmental effects of shifting from road to rail freight transportation. Little data is available to shippers to calculate the potential CO 2 savings of an intermodal shift. In this paper we analyze a data set of more than 400,000 intermodal shipments to calculate the CO 2 intensity of intermodal transportation as a distinct mode. Our results indicate an average intensity of 67 g of CO 2 per ton-mile, but can vary between 29 and 220 g of CO 2 per ton-mile depending on the specific origin–destination lane. We apply the market area concept to explain the variance between individual lane intensities and demonstrate the complexity in predicting the potential carbon savings in a switch from truckload to intermodal.
On performing exobiology experiments on an earth-orbital platform with the Gas-Grain Simulation Facility

Laboratory simulations of gas-dust interactions performed on Space Station Freedom in the Gas-Grain Simulation Facility (GGSF) are considered for studying the nature of bodies in the solar system. The GGSF includes a 4-10 liter chamber for experiments with the capability for environmental control, measurement, levitation, and energy. The simulations can provide low gas pressure and dust density in a microgravitational environment.
An Unusual Pattern of Caries Occurrence

In North America, caries-susceptible primary teeth are often followed by similarly susceptible permanent teeth; whereas, in some developing societies, caries-susceptible primary teeth often precede cariesfree permanent teeth. The study of these patterns may yield useful information.
Spatial sensitivity functions for rapid and accurate simulation of borehole sonic measurements

Summary Borehole sonic measurements provide relevant dynamic elastic properties of rock formations surrounding a wellbore. Shoulder-bed effects, in addition to near-wellbore heterogeneity often influence the interpretation of sonic measurements. To date, the interpretation of sonic measurements acquired under complex geometrical conditions remains challenging because of lack of fast numerical-simulations algorithms. We develop multifrequency 1D axial and 2D axial-radial spatial sensitivity functions to rapidly simulate borehole propagating modes in the presence of wireline and LWD sonic tools. The sensitivity functions quantitatively define the volume of investigation for particular modes, whereby they serve as weighting filters to linearly approximate dispersion curves. Modeling examples are considered of sonic measurements acquired across thin beds with invasion to verify the accuracy and reliability of the new rapid simulation approach. Comparison of results to finite-element calculations confirms that efficiency and accuracy of the new approximation.
CAN THE BRITISH VOTER BE TRUSTED? THE LOCAL REFERENDUM AND TAX REFORM

This paper begins with an examination of the period, during 1981, when the then Secretary of State for the Environment proposed a local referendum mechanism that would be triggered whenever a local authority attempted to increase its rates above a ceiling fixed by central government. This episode is then used as a basis for a broader examination of the possible applications of local referenda within the context of political systems that are dominantly based on notions of representative democracy. American experience is drawn upon to support the proposal that, in carefully defined circumstances, local referenda could constitute useful additions to the existing mechanisms of central–local relations.
Light Diffraction By Ultrasound In A Liquid Waveguide

LIGHT DIFFRACTION BY ULTRASOUND IN A LIQUID WAVEGUIDE*byC. J. KramerInstitute of OpticsUniversity of RochesterandP. DasElectrical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of RochesterandCentro de Investigacion y de Estudios AvanzadosdelInstituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico CityAbstractIn this paper experimental results of He -Ne laser lightdiffraction by ultrasound in a liquid waveguide are pre-sented. The 45 MHz ultrasound (also known as layerwaves) in the liquid waveguide, which consists of watersandwiched between two parallel plates of LiNbO andfused quartz, is generated by interdigital transducersat one end of the LiNbO plate. The diffracted lightis used to obtain inforilation about the properties ofthese layer waves, such as the velocity dispersion fordifferent mode of propagation. This optical probingalso enables one to directly observe the evanescentultrasound in the guiding solids and measure the decayparameter. Possible applications in the field of in-tegrated optics and signal processing are discussed.IntroductionLight diffraction by bulk elasticwaves has many applications and con-sequently has been studied extensive-ly (refs. 1 -6) since Brillouin firstpredicted the interaction of elasticwaves with light. More recently,light diffraction techniques havebeen extended to the study of acous-tic surface waves (also known asRayleigh waves), (refs. 7 -11).The principal method used to in-vestigate Rayleigh waves is shown inFigure 1. When a Rayleigh wave prop-agates along a surface, it producesa periodic corrugation on the surfaceas well as a periodic change in therefractive index of the medium below
Use of Maximum Expiratory Flow-Volume Curve Parameters in the Assessment of Exercise-induced Bronchospasm

Exercise-Induced bronchospasm (EIB) is often inferred from the reduction after exercise in one arbitrarily selected value derived from the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve (eg, FEV 1 ) on a single test; however, patients with symptoms of EIB not meeting these criteria may risk being undiagnosed. To assess the ability of repeated tests using additional MEFV parameters in identifying EIB-prone patients, we investigated the effects of exercise provocation on the MEFV curve on two separate occasions. Of 95 patients with symptoms of EIB, 61 had reproducible exercise-induced changes (
Firebrand generation from burning vegetation

A series of real-scale fire experiments were performed to determine the size and mass distribution of firebrands generated from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees. The experiments were performed in the Large Fire Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Douglas-fir trees used for the experiments ranged in total height from 2.6 to 5.2 m and the tree moisture content was varied. An array of pans filled with water was used to collect the firebrands that were generated from the burning trees. This ensured that firebrands would be quenched as soon as they made contact with the pans. The firebrands were subsequently dried and the sizes were measured using callipers and the dry mass was determined using a precision balance. For all experiments performed, the firebrands were cylindrical in shape. The average firebrand size measured from the 2.6-m Douglas-fir trees was 3 mm in diameter, 40 mm in length. The average firebrand size measured for the 5.2-m Douglas-fir trees was 4 mm in diameter with a length of 53 mm. The mass distribution of firebrands produced from two different tree sizes under similar tree moisture levels was similar. The only noticeable difference occurred in the largest mass class. Firebrands with masses up to 3.5 g to 3.7 g were observed for the larger tree height used (5.2 m). The surface area of the firebrands scaled with firebrand weight.
Dealing with the anger and hostility of those who grieve

Hospice caregivers are often targets of appropriate or displaced anger from the patients and family members that they try to help. Although anger is often an essential part of the grieving process, it may be difficult to endure. Caregivers must therefore understand the causes and signs of anger in themselves, patients, and family members, and find strategies to reduce the anger. A therapeutic response to anger will better facilitate the grief process as well as the effectiveness and well-being of the hospice caregiver.
Officer Country: Clothing and Personal Items From Cantonment Wilkinson (11PU282) in Southern Illinois

AbstractCantonment Wilkinson (11PU282) was a large but temporary U.S. Army post located on the banks of the Ohio River in present-day Pulaski County. Occupied by over 1,000 soldiers and their dependents for 18 months in 1801–1802, the post was abandoned in late 1802, with the post buildings subsequently occupied by Cherokee Indians and Euro-American squatters. Excavation of seven features at this site by SIUC archaeologists in 2003–2005 recovered a large artifact assemblage associated with the U.S. frontier army. This assemblage is particularly important in that it provides information on the poorlydocumented clothing and other items of the U.S. Army in the transitional period between the American Revolution and the War of 1812. The presence of officer-related silver, silver-plated, and gilded buttons within the clothing assemblage suggests that the features excavated by SIUC were primarily filled with refuse associated with the officers of the post rather than the enlisted men. The recovery of two unique...
Useful clinical assays for vitamin D metabolites

Advances in our understanding of the physiology of vitamin D and its importance in health and disease have depended on the accurate measurement of its metabolites in blood. Assays that were once cumbersome and insensitive are now performed easily, are highly sensitive, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive. The availability of these modern techniques has facilitated the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.
Selection of an Equity Formula Appropriate for Organizational Behavior Research

Although equity theory originated in an organizational behavior context, most formulas purporting to be correct mathematical definitions of equity have evolved from other disciplines. This article reviews and compares proposed equity formulas and assesses their appropriateness for organizational behavior applications. A series of situational, definitional, and utility criteria are developed throughout the text. Because of its soundness as a mathematical definition of equity and because of its superior process for integrating multiple inputs and outcomes, the Farkas-Anderson (1979) equity summation formula is recommended as most appropriate for organization behavior research applications.
AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFET with improvement in high temperature gate bias stress-induced reliability

CMOS-compatible GaN-on-silicon technology with excellent D-mode MISHFET performance is realized. A low specific contact resistance R c (0.35 Ω-mm) is achieved by Au-free process. MIS-HFET with a gate-drain distance (L GD ) of 15 μm exhibits a large breakdown voltage (BV) (980 V with grounded substrate) and a low specific on-resistance (R ON , sp ) (1.45 mΩ-cm 2 ). The importance of epitaxial quality in a key industrial qualification item: high temperature gate bias (HTGB) stress-induced voltage instability issue is figured out and a breakthrough by optimizing GaN epitaxial layer for improvement of MIS-HFET is demonstrated. A low V th shift of the optimized MIS-HFET is achieved ~ 0.14V with qualification stress condition V G of -15 V at ambient temperature of 150 oC for 128 hours.
Thin film Iron Pyrite synthesized by sulfurization of Iron Oxide for application in photovoltaics

Iron Pyrite (FeS 2 ) is considered as a promising candidate for photovoltaic application because of its suitable band-gap, very high light absorption coefficient and the abundance of the component elements in the earth's crust. The problem however is that Iron Sulfide has several coexisting phases. Even with the same stoichiometry, it may have two different phases such as pyrite and marcasite. In this report, a phase pure iron pyrite is fabricated on a plain glass and molybdenum coated glass in an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition system (APCVD) by annealing sputtered iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) in sulfur environment (elemental sulfur) at temperatures higher than 350°C. X-ray Diffraction measurement showed only pyrite phase and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed 1∶2 ratio for iron to sulfur. Depth profile using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy showed a full conversion of iron oxide into pyrite. Increasing the temperature beyond 350°C, grain size got bigger, but pyrrhotite phase with very low resistivity started to appear.
Individual differences in qualities of caregiving during the first six months of life: antecedents in maternal and infant behavior during the newborn period

A large sample of infants and mothers from an ecnomically disadvantaged population was assessed during the first two weeks of life with two instruments, a rating of the mothers and infants completed by the nurses in the newborn nursery, and the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). At three-and six-months postpartum, observations were made on these mother-infant paris during feeding and play situations. Additional ratings of the quality of maternal caregiving were made at six monthas. The data were examined both within and across time periods. Ratings of how relaxed/skilled the mother appeared in the newborn nursery were unrelated to the assessments of newborn infant behavior, however, multiple regression analyses indicated that both the ratings of maternal variables and the assessments of newborn behavioral organization added signifacantly to the prediction of the quality of maternal caregiving during the first six montha of lfe. Separate analyses of these data by gender of the infant revealed a small, but possibly important, difference favoring females on NBAS performance. Further, the organization of newborn behavior increased the predictions to later maternal behavior for males somewhat more than for female infants. The results sare interpreted as evidence for the validity of both the NBAS, and of the rating scale completed by the nurses in the neonatal nursery. The results are also seen as consistent with a transactional perspective on development, indicatinig that neonatal behavioral organization is important in eliciting optimal transactions with the caregiver
Monitoring adsorption and desorption on a metal surface by optical non-resonant reflectivity changes

Abstract A linear optical reflection technique is demonstrated as a simple and non-intrusive means for monitoring the adsorption and desorption of carbon monoxide on Cu(100). The non-resonant reflectivity change induced by CO adsorption on copper is of the order of −1%, allowing submonolayer sensitivity of 0.01 ML to be achieved. The induced reflectivity change exists over a broad frequency range, and is found to correlate linearly with the coverage in both the infrared (λ=4.76 μm) and the visible (λ=632.8 nm). CO adsorption is found to proceed with a constant sticking coefficient up to a coverage of 0.5 ML, after which Langmuir adsorption kinetics are followed. The changes in the adsorption kinetics correlate quantitatively with structural changes in the CO monolayer. This technique monitors the surface coverage directly, and is simple and inexpensive to implement. As an optical surface probe it allows time-resolved measurements and can be extended to high-pressure environments.
Characterization of a toxin produced by a rhizobacterial Pseudomonas sp. that inhibits wheat growth

A toxin produced by a deleterious rhizobacterial pseudomonad that inhibits both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root andEscherichia coli growth was characterized. The toxin was rapidly deactivated at pH 2 and 12 and by autoclaving (121°C, 15 minutes). Less toxin was destroyed as the temperature and time of exposure decreased, and at 40°C it was stable for at least 24 hours. The toxin was extremely polar and could not be extracted from culture filtrates with organic solvents. The compound eluted after the void volume from a Sephadex G-10 column indicating a molecular weight of less than 700. The toxin adsorbed to Dowex 50W strong cation exchange resin and eluted with 2M NH4OH. Numerous thin layer chromatography solvent systems were unsuccessful at purifying the toxin. The partially purified toxin inhibited several different microorganisms while the producing strains were resistant. The toxin appears unique to toxins produced by recognized plant pathogenic bacteria.
Unsteady 360 Computational Fluid Dynamics Validation of a Turbine Stage Mainstream/Disk Cavity Interaction

The amount of cooling air assigned to seal high pressure turbine (HPT) rim cavities is critical for performance as well as component life. Insufficient air leads to excessive hot annulus gas ingestion and its penetration deep into the cavity compromising disk or cover plate life. Excessive purge air, on the other hand, adversely affects performance. Experiments on a rotating turbine stage rig which included a rotor–stator forward disk cavity were performed at Arizona State University (ASU). The turbine rig has 22 vanes and 28 blades, while the cavity is composed of a single-tooth lab seal and a rim platform overlap seal. Time-averaged static pressures were measured in the gas path and the cavity, while mainstream gas ingestion into the cavity was determined by measuring the concentration distribution of tracer gas (carbon dioxide) under a range of purge flows from 0.435% (Cw = 1540) to 1.74% (Cw = 6161). Additionally, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure fluid velocity inside the cavity between the lab seal and the rim seal. The data from the experiments were compared to time-dependent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using fluent CFD software. The CFD simulations brought to light the unsteadiness present in the flow during the experiment which the slower response data did not fully capture. An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), 360-deg CFD model of the complete turbine stage was employed in order to increase the understanding of the swirl physics which dominate cavity flows and better predict rim seal ingestion. Although the rotor–stator cavity is geometrically axisymmetric, it was found that the interaction between swirling flows in the cavity and swirling flows in the gas path create nonperiodic/time-dependent unstable flow patterns which at the present are not accurately modeled by a 360 deg full stage unsteady analysis. At low purge flow conditions, the vortices that form inside the cavities are greatly influenced by mainstream ingestion. Conversely at high purge flow conditions the vortices are influenced by the purge flow, therefore ingestion is minimized. The paper also discusses details of meshing, convergence of time-dependent CFD simulations, and recommendations for future simulations in a rotor–stator disk cavity such as assessing the observed unsteadiness in the frequency domain in order to identify any critical frequencies driving the system.
Modified shrinkage estimates in the exponential family case

According to Shah and Parmar [1], the modified shrunken estimator of the population mean is of the form is an unbiased estimator θ0 is a prior value for θp and m are suitable constants. We will show that Bayes estimators with conjugate prior distributions can be used as modified shrunken estimators, and thus the derivation of such estimators can easily be established for the general one parameter exponential family
In-Hospital Initiation of Secondary Stroke Prevention Therapies Yields High Rates of Adherence at Follow-up

Background and Purpose— The Stroke PROTECT (Preventing Recurrence Of Thromboembolic Events through Coordinated Treatment) program systematically implements, at the time of acute transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke admission, 8 medication/behavioral secondary prevention measures known to improve outcome in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine if the high utilization rates previously demonstrated at hospital discharge were maintained at 90 days after discharge. Methods— Data were prospectively collected on consecutively encountered ischemic stroke and TIA patients admitted to a university hospital stroke service beginning September 1, 2002. PROTECT interventions were initiated before hospital discharge in all PROTECT–target (underlying stroke mechanism large vessel atherosclerosis or small vessel disease) and PROTECT–ACS (At-risk for Coronary Sequelae) patients. Adherence to program goals was assessed 3 months after discharge. Results— During the...
Cell-free expression, purification, and ligand-binding analysis of Drosophila melanogaster olfactory receptors DmOR67a, DmOR85b and DmORCO

Insects transmit numerous devastating diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and sleeping sickness. Olfactory cues guide insects to their hosts, and are thus responsible for disease transmission. Understanding the molecular basis of insect olfaction could facilitate the development of interventions. The first step is to heterologously overexpress and purify insect olfactory receptors (ORs). This is challenging, as ORs are membrane proteins. Here, we show that insect ORs and their co-receptor can be expressed in an E. coli cell-free system. After immunoaffinity chromatography, the ORs are ~95% pure, and up to 1 mg/10 ml reaction is obtained. Circular dichroism together with microscale thermophoresis indicate that each receptor is properly folded, and can bind its respective ligand. This is the first time insect ORs have been expressed in an E. coli system. The methods described here could facilitate future structure-function studies, which may aid in developments to alleviate the suffering of millions caused by insect-transmitted diseases.
Competence Vs. Performance; Theoretical Vs. Applied: The Development and Interplay of Two Dichotomies in Modern Linguistics

SUMMARYThe past 30 years have seen marked shifts in the generative grammarians' view of the nature of linguistic competence. The rule-oriented period of early Transformational Grammar, which was ushered in by the publication of Chomsky's Syntactic Structures in 1957, gave way a decade later to the principle-oriented period of Generative Semantics. By the mid-1970s, the rule-oriented Lexicalist framework had replaced Generative Semantics. Since around 1981, the principle-oriented Principles & Parameters approach is the one to which a majority of generative syntacticians hold allegiance. Each shift in the generativists' view of the nature of competence has been accompanied by a revised view of how concepts derived from generative syntax might be applied to second language teaching. Since 1957, three different strategies for applying the theory have been propounded: the 'mechanical', the 'terminological', and the 'implicational', each of which has been instantiated during each period in the development of generative syntax. The paper closes with some speculative remarks about the feasibility of applying generativist theory to second language teaching.RESUMELes trente dernieres annees ont vu des changements marquants dans la facon dont les generativistes ont regarde la nature de la competence linguis-tique. La premiere periode de la grammaire generative, initiee par la publication de Syntactic Structures de Noam Chomsky en 1957, et caracterisee par l'orientation vers le concept de 'regie', fut remplacee dix ans plus tard par la semantique generative qui avait une orientation de 'principe'. Vers les annees mi-soixante-dix le cadre lexicaliste, qui avait le concept de 'regie' comme base d'operation, remplaca la semantique generative. Depuis le debut des annees quatre-vingt, l'approche de principes et parametres est celle qui est suivie par la plupart des syntacticiens generativistes. Chaque changement dans le point de vue generativiste de la nature de la 'competence' a entraine une revision dans la facon qu'on a essaye d'appliquer des concepts derives de la syntaxe generative. Depuis 1957, on a propose au moins trois strategies d'application de cette theorie: la 'mecanisee', la 'ter-minologique' et l"implicationnelle', chacune etant provoquee par des dif-ferents developpements dans la syntaxe generative. L'article se termine sur une speculation concernant la possibilite d'une application de la theorie generative l'enseignement des langues secondes.
Empirical assessment of the strategic orientation of JIT manufacturers versus non-JIT manufacturers

Abstract This article provides empirical evidence that those manufacturing organizations that have adopted JIT technologies (JIT organizations) have strategic orientations different from those that have not adopted JIT technologies (non-JIT organizations). Based on the results of the study, JIT organizations are more aggressive, more defensive, less futuristic, more proactive, and more likely to pursue high-risk strategies. Managers who wish to employ JIT in their organizations may want to increase the likelihood of succesful implementation by developing similar strategic orientation profiles.
Differences in smoking duration between Latinos and Anglos.

A smoker's risk of disease and death from cigarettes is related directly to the duration of smoking. The present study compared duration of smoking between a state-level population of Anglo versus highly acculturated Latino ever-smokers (N=6,100). Kapla-Meier analysis was used to obtain weighted median smoking duration. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the relative likelihood of continued smoking, adjusted for demographics, smoking history, home and workplace smoking restrictions, and socioeconomic covariates (education, health insurance status, and poverty level). On average, Latinos continued smoking longer than Anglos (M=30 years vs. 27 years; weighted Cox HR=0.73; 95% CI=0.60-0.89). The disparity remained significant when adjusted for demographic, smoking history, and smoking-rule covariates but was not significant when adjusted for socioeconomic status (HR=0.89, 95% CI=0.73-1.09). Education alone accounted for the majority of the disparity, more so than poverty or health insurance status. We conclude that highly acculturated Latino smokers may be at greater risk of cigarette disease and death related to longer duration of smoking associated with lower socioeconomic status.
Preliminary studies of the metabolism of 2-guanidinomethyl-1:4-benzodioxan sulphate (guanoxan).

El sulfato de 2-guanidinometil-1:4-benzo-dioxano (guanidino14C) se sintetizo a partir del 2-aminometil-1: 4-benzodioxano y el sulfato de S-metiltiouronio (uronio14C). Un 52–53% de la dosis radioactiva administrada a los perros se recupero en la orina en la forma de los siguientes compuestos radioactives:arginina, creatina, acido guanidino acetico, creatinina, urea, 2-guanidinometil-1: 4-benzodioxano y un derivado hidroxilado (fenolico) del anterior. Se sintetizo tambien el sulfato de 2-guanidinometil-7-hidroxi-1:4-benzodioxano.
Clinical characteristics, causes and outcomes of acute interstitial nephritis in the elderly

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and its prevalence in the elderly may be increasing. It is largely unknown whether AIN in the elderly is similar to that in younger adults; therefore, we investigated the causes and characteristics of AIN in 45 elderly patients (65 years and older) and in 88 younger adults (18–64 years old). Compared with younger patients, the elderly had significantly more drug-induced AIN (87 vs. 64%), proton pump inhibitor–induced AIN (18 vs. 6%), but significantly less AIN due to autoimmune or systemic causes (7 vs. 27%). The two most common culprit drugs in the elderly were penicillin and omeprazole. Compared with younger patients, the elderly had higher prevalence of baseline CKD, higher peak creatinine, and more need for dialysis, all of which were significant. Among the elderly, 86% showed partial or complete recovery within 6 months. Significantly shorter delays in initiation of steroids correlated with recovery at 6 months. Lack of early recovery tended to correlate with progressive CKD. Compared with antibiotic-induced AIN, proton pump inhibitor–induced AIN had less severe AKI, but a longer duration of drug exposure, and was less likely to recover by 6 months, all significant. Thus, the vast majority of AIN cases in the elderly are due to drugs, primarily owing to proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics, while AIN of autoimmune or systemic origin is uncommon.
PLASTID FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE DIATOMS NITZSCHIA ALBA AND NITZSCHIA LAEVIS

The role of the plastid in fatty acid biosynthesis in the non-photosynthetic diatom Nitzschia alba was studied and compared to that in the photosynthetic, closely related Nitzschia laevis. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze structural features of the plastid that may be relevant to biochemical function. Typical of a photosynthetic diatom, N. laevis had a chloroplast envelope composed of four membranes, and had abundant chloroplast ribosomes. The leucoplast of N. alba also had a multi-membrane envelope, chloroplast ribosomes, and a genome that encodes plastid specific proteins. This suggested that the plastid of N. alba may still possess the biochemical functions of the chloroplast, aside from photosynthesis. To determine whether plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis occurred in N. alba, the response of the two diatoms to the compound thiolactomycin was compared. Thiolactomycin has been shown to effect keto-acyl-ACP-synthases, and specifically inhibits the plastidial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. While growth of N. alba was not impacted by thiolactomycin as in N. laevis, neutral lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition was impacted by thiolactomycin in both organisms. These findings suggest that the plastidial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway does exist in the leucoplast of N. alba, although it lacks photosynthetic capacity.
Crack propagation in a liquid metal environment

Abstract A mechanism is advanced for the reduced fracture stress and ductility of metals tested in a liquid metal environment compared to the corresponding properties in air. It is proposed that if the stress necessary to extend a crack is calculated on the basis of the rupture of atomic bonds by tensile stresses at the crack tip one can account for the observed effects. Experimental data on polycrystalline cadmium wetted by liquid gallium are used to illustrate application of the proposed mechanism. The mere act of coating the walls of a cleavage crack with liquid metal does not stabilize the crack even though previous thermodynamic interpretations of the effect of the environment on surface energy suggest otherwise.
Application of PBPK modeling in support of the derivation of toxicity reference values for 1,1,1-trichloroethane

Abstract PBPK modeling has been increasingly applied in chemical risk assessment for dose, route, and species extrapolation. The use of PBPK modeling was explored in deriving toxicity reference values for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE). This effort involved a 5-step process: (i) reconstruction of several published PBPK models for 1,1,1-TCE in the rat and human; (ii) selection of appropriate pharmacokinetic datasets for model comparison; (iii) determination of the most suitable PBPK model for supporting reference value derivation; (iv) PBPK model simulation of two critical studies to estimate internal dose metrics; and (v) calculation of internal dose metrics for human exposure scenarios for reference value derivation. The published model by Reitz et al. [Reitz, R.H., McDougal, J.N., Himmelstein, M.W., Nolan, R.J., Schumann, A.M., 1988. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with methylchloroform: implications for interspecies, high dose/low dose, and dose route extrapolations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95, 185–199] was judged the most suitable. This model has liver, fat, and rapidly and slowly perfused compartments, contains a saturable process for 1,1,1-TCE hepatic metabolism, and accommodates multiple exposure pathways in three species. Data from a human volunteer study involving acute inhalation exposure [Mackay, C.J., Campbell, L., Samuel, A.M., Alderman, K.J., Idzikowski, C., Wilson, H.K., Gompertz, D., 1987. Behavioral changes during exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane: time-course and relationship to blood solvent levels. Am. J. Ind. Med. 11, 223–239] and a chronic rat inhalation study [Quast, J.F., Calhoun, L.L., Frauson, L.E., 1988. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane formulation: a chronic inhalation toxicity and oncogenicity study in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 11, 611–625] were selected to simulate appropriate internal dosimetry data from which to derive reference value points of departure. Duration, route, and species extrapolations were performed based on internal dose metrics.
Inactivation of Pectinesterase in Orange Juice by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Single strength orange juice was treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) and the effect of process time, temperature and pressure on pectinesterase (PE) activity was determined. PE could be inactivated with supercritical CO2 below temperatures necessary for thermal inactivation. Higher pressure, temperature and longer treatment time resulted in more inactivation. Inactivation kinetics showed activation energy was significantly reduced at SC CO2 treatment at 31 MPa (97.4 KJ/mole), compared to identical treatments at atmospheric pressure (166.6 KJ/mole). D values ranged from 2673 min at atmospheric pressure and 40 degrees C to 10 min at 31 MPa and 60 degrees C. z value at atmospheric pressure was 8.8 C degrees , and at 31 MPa 5.2 C degrees .
Sedimentology of the Thacher Limestone (Lower Devonian Helderberg group), New York state

Abstract A sedimentological study of the Thacher Limestone Member of the Manlius Formation (Lower Devonian Helderberg Group) resulted in the recognition of two facies: mudstones and calcarenites. Mudstones can be dolomitic or non-dolomitic; they are typically laminated, exhibit mud- or prism-cracks, and fenestrae. Calcarenites comprise very coarse-grained intraclasts or skeletal fragments, to peloids. These grains combine to form a diversity of sedimentary structures which in turn compose a wide range of centimetre- to decimetre-thick sedimentary deposits. The mudstone and calcarenite facies dominantly compose metre-thick asymmetrical fining-upwards sedimentary sequences. Two symmetrical sequences are also described. Comparison of the Thacher Member with modern and ancient siliciclastic and carbonate deposits suggests that it was deposited mainly by storms. Tidal deposits are subordinate. Asymmetric sequences are interpreted as shallowing upwards sequences. Symmetrical sequences presumably record gradual deepening followed by shallowing. Correlation of symmetrical sequences to certain asymmetrical sequences suggest an autogenic origin for the latter, but the entire Thacher Limestone Member nay reflect regional, or eustatic sea level fluctuations.
SUBSCORES AND VALIDITY

In educational testing, subscores may be provided based on a portion of the items from a larger test. One consideration in evaluation of such subscores is their ability to predict a criterion score. Two limitations on prediction exist. The first, which is well known, is that the coefficient of determination for linear prediction of the criterion score by the subscore cannot exceed the reliability coefficient of the subscore. The second limitation is on incremental validity. The coefficient of determination for linear prediction of the criterion score by both the total score and the subscore is at least as great as the coefficient of determination for linear prediction of the criterion score by only the total score. Incremental validity may be measured by the difference between these two coefficients of determination. This difference is no greater than the reliability of the residual from linear prediction of the subscore by the total score.