cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A noncompact Weyl–Einstein–Yang–Mills model: A semiclassical quantum gravity

Abstract We construct and study perturbative unitarity (i.e., ghost and tachyon analysis) of a 3 + 1 -dimensional noncompact Weyl–Einstein–Yang–Mills model. The model describes a local noncompact Weyl’s scale plus S U ( N ) phase invariant Higgs-like field,conformally coupled to a generic Weyl-invariant dynamical background. Here, the Higgs-like sector generates the Weyl’s conformal invariance of system. The action does not admit any dimensionful parameter and genuine presence of de Sitter vacuum spontaneously breaks the noncompact gauge symmetry in an analogous manner to the Standard Model Higgs mechanism. As to flat spacetime, the dimensionful parameter is generated within the dimensional transmutation in quantum field theories, and thus the symmetry is radiatively broken through the one-loop Effective Coleman–Weinberg potential. We show that the mere expectation of reducing to Einstein’s gravity in the broken phases forbids anti-de Sitter space to be its stable vacua. The model is unitary in de Sitter and flat vacua around which a massless graviton, N 2 − 1 massless scalar bosons, N massless Dirac fermions, N 2 − 1 Proca-type massive Abelian and non-Abelian vector bosons are generically propagated.
THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF RAPID ROTATION WITH NARROW PHOTOSPHERIC X-RAY LINES IN EXO 0748–676

X-ray observations of EXO 0748–676 during thermonuclear bursts revealed a set of narrow (Δλ/λ = 0.018) absorption lines that potentially originate from the stellar photosphere. The identification of these lines with particular atomic transitions led to the measurement of the surface gravitational redshift of the neutron star and to constraints on its mass and radius. However, the recent detection of 552 Hz oscillations at 15% rms amplitude revealed the spin frequency of the neutron star and brought into question the consistency of such a rapid spin with the narrow width of the absorption lines. Here, we calculate the amplitudes of burst oscillations and the width of absorption lines emerging from the surface of a rapidly rotating neutron star for a wide range of model parameters. We show that no combination of neutron star and geometric parameters can simultaneously reproduce the narrowness of the absorption lines, the high amplitude of the oscillations, and the observed flux at the time the oscillations were detected. We, therefore, conclude that the observed absorption lines are unlikely to originate from the surface of this neutron star.
The Sources of Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Backgrounds

Radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray holds clues to the location of the missing baryons, the energetics in stellar feedback processes, and the cosmic enrichment history. Additionally, EUV and soft X-ray photons help determine the ionization state of most intergalactic and circumgalactic metals, shaping the rate at which cosmic gas cools. Unfortunately, this band is extremely difficult to probe observationally due to absorption from the Galaxy. In this paper, we model the contributions of various sources to the cosmic EUV and soft X-ray backgrounds. We bracket the contribution from (1) quasars, (2) X-ray binaries, (3) hot interstellar gas, (4) circumgalactic gas, (5) virialized gas, and (6) supersoft sources, developing models that extrapolate into these bands using both empirical and theoretical inputs. While quasars are traditionally assumed to dominate these backgrounds, we discuss the substantial uncertainty in their contribution. Furthermore, we find that hot intrahalo gases likely emit an O(1) fraction of this radiation at low redshifts, and that interstellar and circumgalactic emission potentially contribute tens of percent to these backgrounds at all redshifts. We estimate that uncertainties in the angular-averaged background intensity impact the ionization corrections for common circumgalactic and intergalactic metal absorption lines by ~0.3-1 dex, and we show that local emissions are comparable to the cosmic background only at r_prox = 10-100 kpc from Milky Way-like galaxies.
Dimensionality and Design of Isotropic Interactions that Stabilize Honeycomb, Square, Simple Cubic, and Diamond Lattices

Many materials with industrial applications are composed of smaller constituent particles arranged in a specific geometry. Scientists investigate how spatial dimension affects design rules, yielding results that reduce computational costs.
Nuclear deformation in the configuration-interaction shell model

We review a method that we recently introduced to calculate the finite-temperature distribution of the axial quadrupole operator in the laboratory frame using the auxiliary-field Monte Carlo technique in the framework of the configuration-interaction shell model. We also discuss recent work to determine the probability distribution of the quadrupole shape tensor as a function of intrinsic deformation β,γ by expanding its logarithm in quadrupole invariants. We demonstrate our method for an isotope chain of samarium nuclei whose ground states describe a crossover from spherical to deformed shapes.
Relation Extraction with Contextualized Relation Embedding (CRE).

This submission is a paper that proposes an architecture for the relation extraction task which integrates semantic information with knowledge base modeling in a novel manner.
Restricted Maximin surfaces and HRT in generic black hole spacetimes

Author(s): Marolf, Donald; Wall, Aron C; Wang, Zhencheng | Abstract: Abstract The AdS/CFT understanding of CFT entanglement is based on HRT surfaces in the dual bulk spacetime. While such surfaces need not exist in sufficiently general spacetimes, the maximin construction demonstrates that they can be found in any smooth asymptotically locally AdS spacetime without horizons or with only Kasner-like singularities. In this work, we introduce restricted maximin surfaces anchored to a particular boundary Cauchy slice C ∂ . We show that the result agrees with the original unrestricted maximin prescription when the restricted maximin surface lies in a smooth region of spacetime. We then use this construction to extend the existence theorem for HRT surfaces to generic charged or spinning AdS black holes whose mass-inflation singularities are not Kasner-like. We also discuss related issues in time-independent charged wormholes.
A Lorentz Gauge Theory of Gravity

Gauge theories have proven to be very successful in describing the fundamental interactions in physics. There are two different disciplines where the gauge theories work extremely well in terms of explaining the observations. On the one hand, the standard model (SM) is a gauge theory of the group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1), which describes three of the physics interactions in terms of the geometry of internal spaces over space-time. On the other hand, general relativity is a gauge theory of the Poincare group. Although they are both gauge theories, there is a glaring difference in their dynamical variables. In the former, the connections known as the vector bosons are the dynamical variables, while in the latter it is the metric and not the connections that is dynamical. Consequently, the standard model Lagrangian is only a fourth order polynomial, while that of general relativity is not even a polynomial. One, however, can always expand the metric around a classical background which results in a polynomial of infinite orders and the theory becomes more and more divergent as one goes to higher orders in the perturbative expansion.
Eternally oscillating zero energy universe

The question of whether the universe is eternal or if it had a singular moment of creation is deeply intriguing. Although different versions of steady state and oscillatory models of eternal universe have been envisaged, empirical evidence suggests a singular moment of creation at the big bang. Here we analyze the oscillatory solutions for the universe in a modified theory of gravity Torsion Hides Extra-Dimension (THED) and evaluate them by fitting Type 1a supernovae redshift data. THED exactly mimics General Relativity at the kinematical level, while the modifications in its dynamical equations allow the universe to bounce between a minimum size and a maximum size with a zero average energy within each oscillation. The optimally fit oscillatory solutions correspond to a universe with (i) a small matter density requiring little to no dark matter, (ii) a significantly negative spatial curvature, (iii) a tiny negative dark energy. Alternatively, there exists non-oscillating solutions that appear as an ever-expanding universe from a single bounce preceded by a collapse from the infinite past. These ever-expanding solutions provide marginally better fits to the supernova redshift data, but require larger matter densities and positive dark energy along with a positive spatial curvature. A qualitative analysis of CMB power spectrum in the modified theory suggests a significant negative spatial curvature, which is in stark contrast to a near-zero curvature in the standard big bang theory. An independent constraint on the spatial curvature can further shed light on discriminating the ever expanding and oscillatory universe scenarios.
Performance of MEMS-based visible-light adaptive optics at Lick Observatory: closed- and open-loop control

At the University of California's Lick Observatory, we have implemented an on-sky testbed for next-generation adaptive optics (AO) technologies. The Visible-Light Laser Guidestar Experiments instrument (ViLLaGEs) includes visible-light AO, a micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) deformable mirror, and open-loop control of said MEMS on the 1-meter Nickel telescope at Mt. Hamilton. (Open-loop in this sense refers to the MEMS being separated optically from the wavefront sensing path; the MEMS is still included in the control loop.) Future upgrades include predictive control with wind estimation and pyramid wavefront sensing. Our unique optical layout allows the wavefronts along the open- and closed-loop paths to be measured simultaneously, facilitating comparison between the two control methods. In this paper we evaluate the performance of ViLLaGEs in openand closed-loop control, finding that both control methods give equivalent Strehl ratios of up to ~ 7% in I-band and similar rejection of temporal power. Therefore, we find that open-loop control of MEMS on-sky is as effective as closed-loop control. Furthermore, after operating the system for three years, we find MEMS technology to function well in the observatory environment. We construct an error budget for the system, accounting for 130 nm of wavefront error out of 190 nm error in the science-camera PSFs. We find that the dominant known term is internal static error, and that the known contributions to the error budget from open-loop control (MEMS model, position repeatability, hysteresis, and WFS linearity) are negligible.
Transit Light Curves with Finite Integration Time: Fisher Information Analysis

Kepler has revolutionized the study of transiting planets with its unprecedented photometric precision on more than 150,000 target stars. Most of the transiting planet candidates detected by Kepler have been observed as long-cadence targets with 30 minute integration times, and the upcoming Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will record full frame images with a similar integration time. Integrations of 30 minutes affect the transit shape, particularly for small planets and in cases of low signal to noise. Using the Fisher information matrix technique, we derive analytic approximations for the variances and covariances on the transit parameters obtained from fitting light curve photometry collected with a finite integration time. We find that binning the light curve can significantly increase the uncertainties and covariances on the inferred parameters when comparing scenarios with constant total signal to noise (constant total integration time in the absence of read noise). Uncertainties on the transit ingress/egress time increase by a factor of 34 for Earth-size planets and 3.4 for Jupiter-size planets around Sun-like stars for integration times of 30 minutes compared to instantaneously sampled light curves. Similarly, uncertainties on the mid-transit time for Earth and Jupiter-size planets increase by factors of 3.9 and 1.4. Uncertainties on the transit depth are largely unaffected by finite integration times. While correlations among the transit depth, ingress duration, and transit duration all increase in magnitude with longer integration times, the mid-transit time remains uncorrelated with the other parameters. We provide code in Python and Mathematica for predicting the variances and covariances at www.its.caltech.edu/~eprice.
Paired-Consistency: An Example-Based Model-Agnostic Approach to Fairness Regularization in Machine Learning

As AI systems develop in complexity it is becoming increasingly hard to ensure non-discrimination on the basis of protected attributes such as gender, age, and race. Many recent methods have been developed for dealing with this issue as long as the protected attribute is explicitly available for the algorithm. We address the setting where this is not the case (with either no explicit protected attribute, or a large set of them). Instead, we assume the existence of a fair domain expert capable of generating an extension to the labeled dataset - a small set of example pairs, each having a different value on a subset of protected variables, but judged to warrant a similar model response. We define a performance metric - paired consistency. Paired consistency measures how close the output (assigned by a classifier or a regressor) is on these carefully selected pairs of examples for which fairness dictates identical decisions. In some cases consistency can be embedded within the loss function during optimization and serve as a fairness regularizer, and in others it is a tool for fair model selection. We demonstrate our method using the well studied Income Census dataset.
Pair diffusion, hydrodynamic interactions, and available volume in dense fluids

We calculate the pair diffusion coefficient D(r) as a function of the distance r between two hard sphere particles in a dense monodisperse fluid. The distance-dependent pair diffusion coefficient describes the hydrodynamic interactions between particles in a fluid that are central to theories of polymer and colloid dynamics. We determine D(r) from the propagators (Green's functions) of particle pairs obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. At distances exceeding ~3 molecular diameters, the calculated pair diffusion coefficients are in excellent agreement with predictions from exact macroscopic hydrodynamic theory for large Brownian particles suspended in a solvent bath, as well as the Oseen approximation. However, the asymptotic 1/r distance dependence of D(r) associated with hydrodynamic effects emerges only after the pair distance dynamics has been followed for relatively long times, indicating non-negligible memory effects in the pair diffusion at short times. Deviations of the calculated D(r) from the hydrodynamic models at short distances r reflect the underlying many-body fluid structure, and are found to be correlated to differences in the local available volume. The procedure used here to determine the pair diffusion coefficients can also be used for single-particle diffusion in confinement with spherical symmetry.
Representations of hermite processes using local time of intersecting stationary stable regenerative sets

Hermite processes are a class of self-similar processes with stationary increments. They often arise in limit theorems under long-range dependence. We derive new representations of Hermite processes with multiple Wiener–Ito integrals, whose integrands involve the local time of intersecting stationary stable regenerative sets. The proof relies on an approximation of regenerative sets and local times based on a scheme of random interval covering.
Nurse Practitioners’ Experiences of Polypharmacy in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Background Numerous studies have defined polypharmacy and its impact on health. The literature is also rich in studies documenting the benefits of care provided by nurse practitioners (NPs). A gap in research exists at the intersection of the value of NPs in caring for older adults and their management of polypharmacy. Purpose Coinciding with growth in America's older adult population and the need for adequate care, the purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of NPs caring for community-dwelling older adults experiencing polypharmacy. Methodological orientation A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed for themes. Sample This study was conducted using a purposive sampling of NPs who care for older adults (n = 15). Conclusions Four themes emerged: defining polypharmacy, communicating and collaborating, clinical judgement of NPs in relation to polypharmacy, and medication issues of older adults. The themes depict the complexity of medication management in older adults and the important role of NPs in providing care to older adults. Implications for practice The significance of the study findings to future practice includes improving communication and collaboration between prescribing health care providers, better identification and management of polypharmacy, and improving the health care delivered to older adults. Safe and effective prescribing for older adults requires that NPs consider the unique needs of each older adult while using technology to support collaboration and decision making.
Discovering prescription patterns in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome patients

Abstract Objective Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by an abrupt onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and/or severe eating restrictions, along with at least two concomitant debilitating cognitive, behavioral, or neurological symptoms. A wide range of pharmacological interventions along with behavioral and environmental modifications, and psychotherapies have been adopted to treat symptoms and underlying etiologies. Our goal was to develop a data-driven approach to identify treatment patterns in this cohort. Materials and methods In this cohort study, we extracted medical prescription histories from electronic health records. We developed a modified dynamic programming approach to perform global alignment of those medication histories. Our approach is unique since it considers time gaps in prescription patterns as part of the similarity strategy. Results This study included 43 consecutive new-onset pre-pubertal patients who had at least 3 clinic visits. Our algorithm identified six clusters with distinct medication usage history which may represent clinician’s practice of treating PANS of different severities and etiologies i.e., two most severe groups requiring high dose intravenous steroids; two arthritic or inflammatory groups requiring prolonged nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); and two mild relapsing/remitting group treated with a short course of NSAID. The psychometric scores as outcomes in each cluster generally improved within the first two years. Discussion and conclusion Our algorithm shows potential to improve our knowledge of treatment patterns in the PANS cohort, while helping clinicians understand how patients respond to a combination of drugs.
Energy Sensing Pathways in Aging and Chronic Lung Disease

Aging is associated with an increased risk of a number of clinical syndromes, including chronic lung disease. There have been significant advances in our understanding of the biology of aging leading to the elucidation of the so-called "hallmarks of aging." The cause-effect relationships between various hallmarks such as dysregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence are not well understood. Here, I discuss the evidence for alterations in energy/metabolic sensing pathways in the degenerative chronic lung disease called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The pathobiological mechanisms by which this defect may contribute to age-related susceptibility to IPF and potentially other diseases of the elderly are also discussed.
Development of Techniques Enabling Suborbital Small Object Capture Around Low Gravity Asteroids

The exploration of small body asteroids provides direct access to the primitive building blocks of our solar system. Sample and return missions enable chemical and radioisotope studies which not only provide evidence for the formation of the solar system, but also a basic understanding of where resources might be found for future exploitation. The touch-down and sample techniques established by Hayabusa-2 and OSIRIS-REx accomplish this mission by physically touching down on the asteroid and collecting samples into a basket extended via a probe from the bottom of the spacecraft. This technique has been demonstrated to work, but contains a high cost in both mission operations as well as the size and complexity of the collection mechanism itself. This paper explores an alternative sample and return technique by exploiting the recent discovery of regolith particle ejections from Bennu. Particles ejected from the surface of Bennu are typically 1 cm in size and spend several hours in flight, suggesting the possibility that nanospacecraft deployed from the mother-spacecraft could chase down, collect and return with the sample with minimal sensor and delta-V capability. Key aspects of this mission are developed to reduce risk, and an overall mission concept is developed to establish plausibility.
Using Precision Public Health to Manage Climate Change: Opportunities, Challenges, and Health Justice:

Amid public health concerns over climate change, “precision public health” (PPH) is emerging in next generation approaches to practice. These novel methods promise to augment public health operations by using ever larger and more robust health datasets combined with new tools for collecting and analyzing data. Precision strategies to protecting the public health could more effectively or efficiently address the systemic threats of climate change, but may also propagate or exacerbate health disparities for the populations most vulnerable in a changing climate. How PPH interventions collect and aggregate data, decide what to measure, and analyze data pose potential issues around privacy, neglecting social determinants of health, and introducing algorithmic bias into climate responses. Adopting a health justice framework, guided by broader social and climate justice tenets, can reveal principles and policy actions which may guide more responsible implementation of PPH in climate responses.
Racial differences in inequality aversion: Evidence from real world respondents in the ultimatum game

Abstract The distinct historical and cultural experiences of American blacks and whites may influence whether members of these groups perceive a particular exchange as fair. We investigate racial differences in fairness standards using preferences for equal treatment in the ultimatum game. We focus on whether responders choose to accept a proposed division of a monetary amount or to block it. We use a sample of over 1600 blacks and whites drawn from the universe of registered voters in three states merged with information on neighborhood income and racial composition. We experimentally vary proposed divisions as well as the implied race of the proposer. We find that acceptance in both groups is strongly influenced by the level of inequity in a proposed division, but blacks are also influenced by the offer amount while whites are not. This is driven by the lowest income group in our sample, which represents the 10th percentile of the black income distribution. We are able to reject that blacks and whites in this group share a common, simple utility function. We also find that blacks are more sensitive to unfair proposals from other blacks.
Sequential Hypothesis Testing in Machine Learning, and Crude Oil Price Jump Size Detection

In this paper, we present a sequential hypothesis test for the detection of the distribution of jump size in Levy processes. Infinitesimal generators for the corresponding log-likelihood ratios are...
Revenue Optimization for a Make-to-Order Queue in an Uncertain Market Environment

We consider a revenue-maximizing make-to-order manufacturer that serves a market of price-and delay-sensitive customers and operates in an environment in which the market size varies stochastically over time. A key feature of our analysis is that no model is assumed for the evolution of the market size. We analyze two main settings: (i) the size of the market is observable at any point in time; and (ii) the size of the market is not observable and hence cannot be used for decision making. We focus on high-volume systems that are characterized by large processing capacities and market sizes, and where the latter fluctuate on a slower timescale than that of the underlying production system dynamics. We develop an approach to tackle such problems that is based on an asymptotic analysis and that yields near-optimal policy recommendations for the original system via the solution of a stochastic fluid model.
What the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Can Learn from the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

This article attempts to draw attention to some important lessons that the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) can learn from the experience of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC). FSLIC was the government agency that insured deposits at savings and loan associations until it was replaced in 1989, leaving a massive deficit to be financed by taxpayers. Like FSLIC, the PBGC is a government agency that guarantees a form of private corporate debt. As guarantor of the pension benefits promised by private plan sponsors, the PBGC bears the risk of a shortfall between the value of insured benefits and the assets securing those benefits. There has been a significant change in the attitude and behavior of senior public officials and legislators as a result of the S&L debacle. Directors of the PBGC and the Secretaries of Labor to whom they report have pointed out the weaknesses of some of the pension funds that the PBGC insures and have pursued an active legislative agenda designed to reduce the PBGC's vulnerability to those weaknesses. Those efforts have resulted in a series of laws and amendments to laws that have significantly improved the U.S. pension guarantee system. But the magnitude of the PBGC's exposure to shortfall risk depends on three factors: (1) the financial strength of plan sponsors, (2) the degree of underfunding of insured benefits, and (3) the mismatch between the market-risk exposure of insured benefits (a form of long-term corporate debt) and the market-risk exposure of the assets securing that debt. Only the first two of these have been addressed by past legislative reforms. The third factor appears not to be well understood. It is apparently a widespread belief among policymakers that a well-diversified pension portfolio of equity securities provides an effective long-run hedge against liabilities of defined-benefit pension plans, so that there is no mismatch problem. This belief is mistaken. Equities are not a hedge against fixed-income liabilities even in the long run. Thus, even if the PBGC achieves the goal of full funding at one point in time, the mismatch between the market-risk exposure of the pension benefits that it insures and the pension assets backing them creates the potential for large shortfall losses in the future as the economy and capital market rates change in unpredictable ways. Therein lies an uncomfortable parallel with the S&L debacle.
Scholarship in Action: The Power, Possibilities, and Pitfalls for Law Professor Blogs

At the heart of the debate over law blogs as legal scholarship are bigger and more important (and perhaps scarier) questions about legal scholarship and the activities of law professors. First, the blog-as-scholarship debate raises fundamental questions about what exactly legal scholarship is and why legal scholarship should be considered an essential part of a law professor's vocation. And the key follow-up question is whether blogging should be part of that vocation. In this paper, I set out a few initial observations about the evolution and value of legal scholarship, and then share some thoughts on the power, possibilities, and pitfalls of law professors blogging to explain why I hope blogging will become an accepted part of a law professor's vocation.
The New Laws and Regulations for Financial Conglomerates: Will They Better Manage the Risks than the Previous Ones?

Introduction 1341 I. Pre-Crisis Regulatory Structure for Financial Conglomerates 1342 A. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 1346 B. Federal Reserve 1347 C. Office of Thrift Supervision 1351 D. Securities and Exchange Commission 1352 E. State Holding Company Regulators 1353 F. Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight 1354 G. Supervision of Holding Company Subsidiaries 1356 II. Problems Resulting From the Pre-Crisis Regulatory Structure 1357
Getting Off on the Right Foot: Subjective Value Versus Economic Value in Predicting Longitudinal Job Outcomes From Job Offer Negotiations

Although negotiation experiences can affect a negotiator's ensuing attitudes and behavior, little is known about their long-term consequences. Using a longitudinal survey design, the authors tested the degree to which economic and subjective value achieved in job offer negotiations predicts employees' subsequent job attitudes and intentions concerning turnover. Results indicate that subjective value predicts greater compensation satisfaction and job satisfaction and lower turnover intention measured 1 year later. Surprisingly, the economic outcomes that negotiators achieved had no apparent effects on these factors. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Welfare, work experience, and economic self-sufficiency

The potential of former AFDC recipients to earn a living wage is central to the success of welfare-to-work programs. Previous studies have found that welfare recipihyphen;ents see little increase in their wages over time. Low wage growth could arise from either low returns to work experience or low levels of experience. This distinction is important for designing effective welfare policy. In the following paper, we estimate how wages grew with work experience between 1978 and 1992 for a national sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We compare women who never received welfare with both short- and long-term recipients in order to see to what extent the rates of wage growth with work experience differ. We find that they differ very little. We use numerous specification checks to test the robustness of our results and find consistent evidence that the wages of AFDC recipients grew at a rate similar to those of nonrecipients once work experience is taken into account. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Sales and Sports Law

The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the basics of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and explore its application to sports law. Particular focus is on the sale of goods found in the UCC's Article 2. Whether a buyer and seller closes a deal for the sale of helmets, bats, balls, backboards, sports memorabilia, a new artificial surface for the outdoor field or to fulfill an order for a new set of game jerseys, the UCC applies to the sale if the parties to the sales contract failed to otherwise agree upon the specifics.
Social dilemma cooperation (unlike Dictator Game giving) is intuitive for men as well as women.

Abstract Does intuition favor prosociality, or does prosocial behavior require deliberative self-control? The Social Heuristics Hypothesis (SHH) stipulates that intuition favors typically advantageous behavior – but which behavior is typically advantageous depends on both the individual and the context. For example, non-zero-sum cooperation (e.g. in social dilemmas like the Prisoner's Dilemma) typically pays off because of the opportunity for reciprocity. Conversely, reciprocity does not promote zero-sum cash transfers (e.g. in the Dictator Game, DG). Instead, DG giving can be long-run advantageous because of reputation concerns: social norms often require such behavior of women but not men. Thus, the SHH predicts that intuition will favor social dilemma cooperation regardless of gender, but only favor DG giving among women. Here I present meta-analytic evidence in support of this prediction. In 31 studies examining social dilemma cooperation (N = 13,447), I find that promoting intuition increases cooperation to a similar extent for both men and women. This stands in contrast to the results from 22 DG studies (analyzed in Rand et al., 2016) where intuition promotes giving among women but not men. Furthermore, I show using meta-regression that the interaction between gender and intuition is significantly larger in the DG compared to the cooperation games. Thus, I find clear evidence that the role of intuition and deliberation varies across both setting and individual as predicted by the SHH.
Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power: Tethering Technology in the 1980s and Today

The United States used economic sanctions to secure compliance with its export control policy by states and nonstate actors operating abroad throughout the 1980s. The success and failure of these efforts varied widely and cannot be explained in terms of structural realist or hegemonic leadership arguments, which have often been used to address such questions. This study suggests two ways to explain this variation. The first is to analyze American enforcement efforts using an approach focused on issue-and context-specific power, as suggested by the social power theorists. This approach provides increased precision and explanatory power, but it remains unable to account for failures of American efforts in issue-areas where the United States clearly possessed a preponderance of relevant resources. The second solution is to link control over outcomes to actors' dependence on the United States. Dependence arguments are similar to issue-specific power arguments in that they begin by assessing the distribution of resources between actors. In contrast to them, however, dependence arguments emphasize that the value of these resources is largely determined by factors outside of the particular relationship. Most important, the availability of resources from outside the particular relationship in question can undermine the utility an actor might otherwise derive from an asymmetrical distribution of resources in its favor. For this reason, dependence arguments emphasize that while issue-specific dominance may be necessary, it is not sufficient to secure control over outcomes. Arguments linking dependence to political power remain largely descriptive and underspecified in the international relations literature. Once refined and operationalized, however, dependence arguments can explain counterintuitive outcomes that the others cannot by clarifying the link between the distribution of resources and political power in world politics. Dependence arguments also enable state and nonstate actors to be evaluated within the same framework, which increases the argument's parsimony, and they provide guidelines for the use and analysis of economic sanctions.
Pricing of deposit insurance

The author aims to provide guidelines for the pricing of deposit insurance in different countries. He presents several methodologies that can be used to set benchmarks for the pricing level of deposit insurance in a country, and quantifies how specific design features affect the cost of deposit insurance. The author makes several contributions to our understanding of what drives the price of deposit insurance. For example, he shows how risk diversification and risk differentiation within a deposit insurance system can reduce the price of deposit insurance. The author also finds that deposit insurance is under-priced in many countries around the world, notably in several developing countries. More important, his estimates suggest that many countries cannot afford deposit insurance. Deposit insurance is unlikely to be a viable option in a country with weak banks and institutions. The author does not recommend a funded deposit insurance scheme, but rather he argues that for countries that have adopted or are adopting deposit insurance and have decided to pre-fund it, pricing it as accurately as possible is important.
RFRAs and Reasonableness

Throughout the debate over gay/lesbian rights and religious liberty, prominent scholars and commentators have called for moderation and compromise. A way must be found, they have urged, for these two fundamental American values – the equal rights and dignity of all persons, and the freedom of religious exercise and conscience – to coexist. This Essay seeks to contextualize and advance this conversation about coexistence. This is not an article about doctrine. Nor is it a prescription for how one side or the other can “win” this particular culture war. There is, of course, a vast literature on social movement organizations and their relationship to law, but nor is this an article about theory or retrospective assessment of strategies and accomplishments. Rather, my suggestions are forward-looking and normative. I simply offer a few observations about what moderation and reasonableness might look like in the context of the struggle between LGBT rights and religious liberty. I identity some of the excesses to which both sides are prone, and I suggest that the ways in which the combatants in this particular culture war conduct themselves – specifically, the decisions they make about how and when to use law to advance their respective causes through litigation – will be the most important factor in determining whether or not it is possible to attain some measure of balance, if not peaceful coexistence, between LGBT rights and religious liberty. The rest of us should judge their conduct accordingly, and if Americans do so, it likely will help determine the long-term fates of both movements.
New Evidence on Product Quality and Trade

This paper examines why different countries export different qualities of products.Previous studies have attributed quality dispersion to differences in factor endowments while no empirical work has been done examining the effect of technology on quality. Using panel data on U.S. imports from 58 countries, we find that the export of high quality differentiated goods is associated with both higher stock of physical capital endowments and research and development (R&D) activities. We also observe that foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive effect on quality, which is consistent with the literature on FDI and intra-industry trade. These results cannot be replicated by using the reduced form OLS price regression which is commonly used in the literature. Instead, we use a two-equation system in price and quantity to identify the determinants of quality.
Saving, Wealth and the Transition from Transfers to Individual Responsibility: The Cases of Taiwan and the United States*

Under the lifecycle saving model, population aging leads to an increased demand for lifecycle wealth. Changes in transfer systems create or destroy one component of lifecycle wealth - transfer wealth. The decline in the familial transfer system in Taiwan and reform of the US Social Security system are two examples of ways that transfer wealth is reduced. The combined effects of aging and changes in transfer systems are analyzed using simu lation analysis. Rapid aging and radical decline in transfer systems lead to a large but transitory surge in aggregate saving. Capital per worker increases rapidly and remains at a high level.
The divergence of liquidity commonality in the cross-section of stocks.

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the cross-sectional variation of liquidity commonality has increased over the period 1963–2005. The divergence of systematic liquidity can be explained by patterns in institutional ownership over the sample period. We document that our findings are associated with similar patterns in systematic risk. Our analysis also indicates that the ability to diversify systematic risk and aggregate liquidity shocks by holding large-cap stocks has declined. The evidence suggests that the fragility of the US equity market to unanticipated events has increased over the past few decades.
The American Worker: Junior Partner in Success and Senior Partner in Failure

This article explores the degree to which American workers are treated like second-class parties by corporate leaders. When business firms do well, share holders and managers obtain significant financial gains, but rank-and-file workers do not usually share in those gains. On the other hand, when firms do poorly, thousands of employees are laid off, while managers obtain bonuses for their forthright actions designed to curtail labor costs. These developments correspond directly to the decline of labor organizations in the United States. When unions represented 35 percent of private sector workers in the late 1950s and 1960s, wages and benefits were increased annually. Once union membership began to decline, employers decided they no longer had to consider employee interests. Today, with fewer than 8 percent of private sector employees in labor organizations, managers exercise complete control over their employees. If this trend is to be reversed, either unions have to develop new methods to appeal to new-age workers in the white-collar and service sectors or Congress will have to enact laws requiring corporate managers to consider the interests of regular employees when they make business decisions.
The Economic Analysis of Regulation: A Response to the Critics

php?pid=354 (visited May 6, 2004) (listing several new regulatory opportunities that cost-benefit analyses indicate are life-saving). Table 3 in Morrall's paper directly responds to concerns raised by the critics by listing several regulatory opportunities: In 1999, the FDA proposed to reduce the intake of trans fatty acids by requiring labeling.... In 2003, FDA proposed requiring bar codes for drugs and biologic products. OMB also sent a prompt letter to OSHA to promote [automated external defibrillators] in the workplace. A fourth suggestion is to promote the increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, which are found primarily in dark meat fish. Id at 16-17. 2004] 1027 The University of Chicago Law Review opportunities,2 further demonstrating that scorecards have not created an anti-regulatory bias within the government. The same argument applies to the research by Tengs et al and myself. The 1995 Tengs et al analysis of five hundred regulations was an ambitious attempt to synthesize the cost-effectiveness of regulations and other life-saving interventions. 33 While Parker criticizes the selection methodology for this study, he does not propose a viable alternative to the objective criteria used by Tengs et al, and indeed admits that finding an alternative is a "difficult enterprise."'3 Similarly, my studies reflect an attempt to systematize knowledge by analyzing regulations for which RIAs were performed." Parker criticizes this work for focusing only on so-called major rules, or significant regulatory actions, and asserts that proposed or actual minor rules would have been more cost-effective, finding an "in-built sampling bias against regulation" in my data." We do not know, however, whether including minor rules in this analysis would have shown regulations to be more cost-effective, because data are not yet available to analyze this problem.37 Moreover, minor rules are not subject to the same level of OMB scrutiny as maj or rules. Thus, there is less incentive for an agency to pay attention to net costs and benefits of these regulations than there might be for major rules. Significantly, regulatory agencies often prefer their rules not to be deemed major so that they do not have to undergo White House review. Thus, the selection bias could easily cut the other way -minor rules could be less cost-effective-and Parker provides no data to support his speculation to the contrary. Another potential bias arises because agencies may tend to overstate benefits and understate costs in order to make their regulations pass cost-benefit tests and OMB reviews. This type of bias, ignored by the critics, would be pro-regulatory, not anti-regulatory. Justice Breyer, for example, characterizes agencies as having "tunnel vision, a 'classic administrative disease' [that] arises when an agency so organizes or subdivides its tasks that each employee's individual conscientious per-
Collateral Shocks and Corporate Employment

We analyze how firm-level shocks to collateral values influence employment outcomes among US corporations. Using comprehensive employment data from the US Census Bureau, we estimate that employment expenditures increase by $0.10 per $1 increase in firms’ real estate collateral values. These effects are stronger among financially constrained firms, and additional hiring is funded through debt issuance, consistent with a collateral channel. This relation holds among firms in tradable goods sectors, alleviating concerns about local demand shocks. Thus, through a collateral lending channel, fluctuations in the US commercial real estate market are an important driver of corporate labor demand.
An Agency Costs Theory of Trust Law

This Article develops an agency costs theory of the law of private trusts, focusing chiefly on donative trusts. The agency costs approach offers fresh insights into recurring problems in trust law including, among others, modification and termination, settlor standing, fiduciary litigation, trust-investment law and the duty of impartiality, trustee removal, the role of so-called trust protectors, and spendthrift trusts. The normative claim is that the law should minimize the agency costs inherent in locating managerial authority with the trustee and the residual claim with the beneficiaries, but only to the extent that doing so is consistent with the ex ante instructions of the settlor. Accordingly, the use of the private trust triggers a temporal agency problem (whether the trustee will remain loyal to the settlor's original wishes) in addition to the usual agency problem that arises when risk-bearing and management are separated (whether the trustee/manager will act in the best interests of the beneficiaries/residual claimants). The positive claim is that, at least with respect to traditional doctrines, the law conforms to the suggested normative approach. This Article draws on the economics of the principal-agent problem and the theory of the firm, and it engages the ongoing debate about whether trust law is closer to property law or contract law. Although the analysis focuses on donative trusts, it should be amenable to extension in future work to commercial and charitable trusts.
Taste, Information, and Asset Prices: Implications for the Valuation of CSR

Firms often undertake activities that do not necessarily increase cash flows (e.g., costly investments in corporate social responsibility or CSR), and some investors value these non cash activities (i.e., they have a “taste” for these activities). We develop a model to capture this phenomenon and focus on the asset-pricing implications of differences in investors’ tastes for firms’ activities and outputs. Our model shows that, first, investor taste differences provide a basis for investor clientele effects that are endogenously determined by the shares demanded by different types of investors. Second, because the market must clear at one price, investors’ demands are influenced by all dimensions of firm output even if their preferences are only over some dimensions. Third, information releases cause trading volume, even when all investors have the same information. Fourth, investor taste provides a rationale for corporate spin-offs that help firms better target their shareholder bases. Finally, individual social responsibility can lead to corporate social responsibility when managers care about stock price because price reacts to investments in CSR activities.