cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized correlation for friction loss in drag reducing polymer solutions

The definition of the pipe flow friction factor has been extended to include the effect of fluid viscoelastic properties on energy dissipation in turbulent tube flow. The resulting friction factor includes a characteristic fluid relaxation time, which can be determined directly from rheological measurements, and reduces to the usual Fanning friction factor for inelastic fluids. The use of this more general friction factor enables turbulent tube flow data for both fresh and shear degraded “concentrated” drag reducing polymer solutions of various concentrations in various tube sizes to be correlated by the usual f vs. NRe relation for Newtonian fluids in smooth tubes.
Climate change and crime: monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies and crime rates in St. Louis, MO 1990–2009

This study provides insights on how climate change may already be impacting crime rates. Based on analysis of 20 years of monthly data from St. Louis, MO, this study finds that most major crime types are likely to be impacted by rising temperatures. Whereas previous studies on the impact of climate change have used annual data, the current study suggests that shorter time periods provide a more accurate assessment once seasonality effects are accounted for. What is more this study incorporates not just temperature data, but also precipitation data. Results indicate that the relation between climate change and crime is significant for most crime categories. While the strength of the relationship between temperature anomalies and crime may appear relatively mild, considering potential future warming, climate change may come to have a significant impact on crime rates. Theory and policy implications are discussed.
Memory Functioning during the First Year after Closed Head Injury in Children and Adolescents

Effects of the severity of closed head injury (CHI) on verbal learning and memory and visual recognition memory were studied at base line and on a 1-year follow-up examination in 58 pediatric admissions sampled from three age ranges, 6-8, 9-12, and 13-15 years. Within each age range, recovery of memory was compared in patients with mild to moderate CHI and survivors of severe injury. Consistent with previous findings obtained in head-injured children sampled from a wide age range, the present study confirms that memory deficit persists at least 1 year after severe CHI. Impairment of visual recognition memory was directly related to severity of CHI in all three age ranges. The severity of CHI was directly related to initial and residual verbal memory deficit in adolescents, but this effect was inconsistent in children. We suggest that the cerebral substrate for visual recognition memory was well established in all three age ranges and thus was vulnerable to the effects of injury. In contrast, verbal memory skills were undergoing rapid development in the adolescents, but were still immature in children. Extended follow-up could conceivably demonstrate the late appearance of verbal memory deficit in the children who had apparent sparing of function.
Thermodynamic Classification of Tropical Convective Soundings

Abstract Soundings from a land tropical experiment (VIMHEX II) are classified according to local area rainfall into four regimes depicting the transition from dry to highly disturbed days. The thermodynamic structure for each of the four regimes is presented, and the implications for convective parameterization theories and the prediction problem are discussed in terms of the potential energy available for parcel convection for different entrainment rates.
Disease Ideology and Mental Health Research

The belief system underlying medical science has been applied to more and more social problems. The disease model is sketched as an ideology having important consequences for mental illness research as well as treatment and public policy. New definitions of mental illness are noted. These definitions have in common the premises of overt behavior judged as deviant in relation to a social situation; and none of the definitions assume a disease process. Research propositions, generated from other frames of reference, are advanced. These propositions are thought to demonstrate that research of relevance to social and behavioral science could result, if the hidden assumptions of the disease ideology are replaced with other notions.
Influence of water presoak on enzyme-retting of flax

Abstract Enzyme-retting offers an alternative to the current method of dew-retting to extract fibers from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Additional steps could improve the efficiency of enzyme-retting and modify the properties of the resulting fibers. Samples of ‘Ariane’ flax, which were grown in South Carolina during the winter and harvested early for quality fiber or late for both fiber and seed, were presoaked with distilled water before enzyme-retting. Soaked, enzyme-retted, and air-dried fibers were compared with unsoaked, control samples for yield and properties, and the water extract (or a freeze-dried portion) was tested in various methods for its influence on enzyme-retting. Presoaking increased fine fiber yield in some cases, but fiber strength at times was reduced. Analyses of the freeze-dried residue from soaking showed a mixture of sugars (128.6 and 101 mg g−1 for early and late harvest, respectively) and aromatic components including p-coumaric and ferulic acids and guaiacyl and syringyl units (3.51 and 3.05 mg g−1 total aromatics for early and late harvest, respectively). Water extracts from presoaking treatments at 1.0–2.0% (w/v) were not inhibitory to the retting fungus Rhizopus oryzae sb or to Viscozyme used for enzyme-retting, based on the Fried test and enzyme activities. Turbidity tests showed slight growth inhibition for Eschericia coli and Streptococcus sp. in the presence of water extracts from early versus late harvest flax at 0.5% (w/v), with those from late harvest flax more inhibitory. Benefits on the efficiency of water presoaking prior to enzyme-retting were moderate and not uniform in this study, and modifications may depend upon particular flax harvests.
Onset of global phase coherence in Josephson-junction arrays: a dissipative phase transition

A theoretical analysis is presented of the problem of the onset of global phase coherence in granular superconductors and Josephson-junction arrays. It is shown that the ratio $\frac{(\frac{h}{{e}^{2}})}{R}$, where $R$ is the resistance, plays an important role in the thermodynamics. This is due to quantum fluctuations of the order parameter and occurs in superconductivity only because the phase of the order parameter is both a statistical as well as a dynamical variable. The theory provides a natural qualitative explanation of the recent experiments of Orr, Jaeger, Goldman, and Kuper.
Single cell-mediated collagen reorganization in 3D matrices

Cells use cytoskeletally-generated force to adhere, migrate and remodel their environment. While cellular forces generated by cells plated on 2D substrates is well-studied, much less is known about the forces generated by cells in 3D matrices, which more closely mimic the in vivo environment. Here, an approach to characterize cellular forces in 3D using confocal reflectance microscopy is presented. Remodeling of collagen fibrils due to the forces exerted by embedded cells was imaged in real-time as cells adhere to and contract the matrix. We implemented this approach in conjunction with 2D Traction Force Microscopy to compare cytoskeletally-mediated forces of cells in 3D collagen matrices to forces exerted by cells on 2D collagen-coated hydrogel substrates. Our results indicate that confocal reflectance microscopy of collagen fibrils can provide semi-quantitative information regarding cellular force in 3D matrices, and that the actin cytoskeleton plays a similar role in regulating cell contractility in both 2D and 3D microenvironments.
The variably spaced superlattice electroluminescent display: A new high efficiency electroluminescence scheme

We present a new, highly efficient dc electroluminescent display. A variably spaced superlattice scheme is suggested herein which can produce high‐energy injection of electrons into a ZnSe:Mn active layer in which impact excitation of the Mn centers can occur. The device is predicted to operate at an applied external bias an order of magnitude less than the best dc electroluminescent device to date. The device is predicted to have comparable brightness, since it operates in the saturation regime. The improved efficiency stems from avoiding significant energy loss to phonons. The electrons sequentially tunnel through a multilayer stack under bias and emerge into the active layer at an energy equal to the conduction‐band bending. The injection energy is chosen to coincide with the impact excitation energy of the Mn centers. Different device designs are presented and their performance is predicted.
Natural frequency of an inhomogeneous rod may be independent of nodal parameters

Some unexpected results are uncovered for the free vibrations of inhomogeneous rods with constant crosssection. Namely, it is shown that the node of the second mode may take any location along the ...
Hypothermia and chloropent anesthesia differentially affect the flash evoked potentials of hooded rats.

Abstract Anesthetics and body temperature alterations are both known to alter parameters of sensory-evoked responses. However few studies have quantitatively assessed the contributions of hypothermia to anesthetic-induced changes. Two experiments were performed. In the first, chronically implanted rats were injected with either 0, 0.05. 0.10 or 0.20 ml Chloropent/100 g b.w., while body temperature was maintained. Flash evoked potentials recorded 30 min later showed increased latencies but only minor (not statistically significant) changes in amplitude. In the second experiment the same rats were anesthetized with 0.35 ml Chloropent/100 g b.w. and rectal temperature was systematically varied between 31°C and 37°C. Over the ranges of temperature and anesthetic employed, latencies increased more extensively with hypothermia than with anesthesia. P1N1 amplitude doubled when temperature was lowered to 31C. but P2N2 and N2P3 amplitudes declined over the same temperature range. Anesthetic-induced changes in peak-to-peak amplitude did not reach statistical significance when body temperature was constant. The findings suggest that previously reported alterations in evoked potentials following anesthesia may have been confounded with hypothermia.
Phases of the t-J model from variational Monte Carlo studies: Occurrence of time-reversal symmetry breaking.

We have numerically evaluated the energy of several kinds of wave functions considered to be candidate ground states of the two-dimensional {ital t}-{ital J} model at various hole densities. We searched a parameter space which includes {ital d}-wave and {ital s}-wave superconductivity and spin-density-wave ordering as well as the projected Fermi-liquid state. Coexistence of different orderings, such as the {ital s}+{ital id} state and {ital d}-wave spin-density-wave state, were found to be stable states. We find a phase diagram in the density-{ital t}/{ital J} plane which has coexistence of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity at very low hole concentrations and superconductivity up to rather high values of density---about 40%. At intermediate concentrations, the time-reversal symmetry-breaking {ital s}+{ital id} state is found.
Explaining the anti-Soviet revolutions by state breakdown theory and geopolitical theory

A major area of advance in social science in recent decades has been the state breakdown theory of revolution. This is part of a larger body of theory about the rise of the modern state and the crises that can befall it along the way. It is sometimes referred to as the military/fiscal theory of the modern state, and as a branch of that larger theory, the state-centered theory of revolution. Here I will link military/fiscal theory of the state to geopolitical theory. Military/fiscal theory shows us the central mechanism, both of state growth and state breakdown; these are proximate causes, and further back in the causal chain are geopolitical conditions. Geopolitics tends to be the primer mover in any particular historical sequence, what sets off the changes that eventually lead to state growth or breakdown.
The effect of dietary fat and fiber on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women under controlled dietary conditions

The effect of dietary fiber and fat on serum sex hormones was studied in premenopausal women. After an initial control period during which the diet was high in fat (40% of calories as fat) and low in fiber (12 g/day), the amounts of fat and fiber were varied in the setting of a metabolic kitchen and carefully monitored meals. Forty-eight women completed 58 protocols. When the diet was changed to low-fat (20-25% calories as fat) and high fiber (40 g/day), there were significant decreases in serum concentrations of estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and near significant decreases in estradiol and free estradiol. When independent effects were examined, high fiber alone caused a decrease in estradiol and SHBG, whereas fat and fiber caused the observed decrease in estrone sulfate. Dietary fat independently influenced the serum concentration of androstenedione. Increased dietary fiber caused a lengthening of the menstrual cycle by 0.72 day and a lengthening of the follicular phase by 0.85 day.
Effects of Recording Attendance on Grades in Introductory Psychology

We recorded attendance for 57 students in an introductory psychology class by having them sign in at each class meeting. For the remaining 57 students, we counted the number of students attending, but kept no record of individual attendance. Students who signed in attended classes more often (absenteeism decreased by one third), and their grades on weekly multiple-choice quizzes were higher, even on questions based on material covered in the text but not in lectures. Thus, simply recording attendance (without awarding course credit for attendance) increased both attendance and overall academic performance.
The determination of titanium with edta

Abstract The determination, of titanium EDTA by means of a back-titration with standard copper has been investigated. The phenomenon of an irreversible color change has been eliminated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide prior to the addition of EDTA and adjustment of pH. It is theorized that peroxide displaces the hydroxyl (or oxygen) ion in the hydroxy-EDTA- titanium complex and thus inhibits precipitation.
Opponent effects of quinine and sucrose on single fiber taste responses of the chorda tympani nerve.

Abstract Responses of single chorda tympani fibers to mixtures of taste stimuli were studied in the golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Sucrose-best neurons showed significant suppression to quinine–sucrose mixtures compared to sucrose alone. Quinine may exert its effect as an opponent stimulus in the receptor cells at the second messenger level. This suppression may make bitter quinine more readily detected when embedded in mixtures with sweeteners.
Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT‐based paradigm

An increasing number of researchers are exploring variations of the Concealed Knowledge Test (CKT) as alternatives to traditional ‘lie-detector’ tests. For example, the response times (RT)-based CKT has been previously shown to accurately detect participants who possess privileged knowledge. Although several studies have reported successful RT-based tests, they have focused on verbal stimuli despite the prevalence of photographic evidence in forensic investigations. Related studies comparing pictures and phrases have yielded inconsistent results. The present work compared an RT-CKT using verbal phrases as stimuli to one using pictures of faces. This led to equally accurate and efficient tests using either stimulus type. Results also suggest that previous inconsistent findings may be attributable to study procedures that led to better memory for verbal than visual items. When memory for verbal phrases and pictures were equated, we found nearly identical detection accuracies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the effects of intramyocardial injection of DNA expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a myocardial infarction model in the rat—angiogenesis and angioma formation

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe effects of direct intramyocardial injection of the plasmid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF165) in the border zone of myocardial infarct tissue in rat heart...
The Role of the Hamstrings in the Rehabilitation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee in Athletes

There is ample evidence for the synergy between the knee musculature and ligaments, and the overall maintenance of joint integrity. In fact it could be reasonably concluded that the joint’s antagonist muscle acts as a ‘regulator’ compensating for various internal and external disturbances of the intended movement. Undoubtedly, well conditioned muscles provide substantial improvements in joint stiffness and laxity, and reduce the risk of ligamentous injuries in the elite athlete. More research is needed to delineate the details of the questions which this new approach raises.
The phase diagram of the monoolein/water system: metastability and equilibrium aspects.

Abstract Interest in the liquid crystal structure, transport and membrane protein crystallizing properties of the monoolein/water system has grown in the recent past. Monoolein is also an important homolog in a series of monoacylglycerols used to decipher how lipid molecular structure relates to liquid crystal phase behavior—information needed for rational design applications and for understanding the origin of membrane lipid diversity. To make intelligent use of the monoolein/water system, a reliable and detailed temperature–composition phase diagram is needed. The phase diagram of Briggs et al. (J Phys II France 1996;6:723–51) was constructed for this purpose. However, we have established that the liquid crystal phases in the latter below ca. 20°C are metastable. By implementing a sub-zero degree (°C) sample incubation prior to data collection in the heating direction, we can reset the system into the lamellar crystal phase which we assume represents equilibrium behavior. We have re-examined the low-temperature part of the phase diagram and characterized structurally the new `equilibrium’ phases by static and time-resolved low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction and by differential scanning calorimetry. A more complete phase diagram that incorporates the new equilibrium behavior at low temperatures is reported.
Biological and chemical characterization of newsprint/specialty mill effluents

Abstract A survey of the biological and chemical characteristics of effluents without secondary (i.e. biological) treatment from Canadian newsprint/specialty mills was completed. The acute lethal toxicity of the effluents to rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Ceriodaphnia, expressed as LC50s, ranged from ∼5 to ∼50% . Sublethal effects on minnow growth occurred at ∼2 to ∼15% concentrations, whereas effects on Ceriodaphnia reproduction occurred at ∼0.01 to ∼2% levels. The impact of these effluents on Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox test) occurred at levels similar to those affecting minnow growth. The growth of algae was a less sensitive response than even acute lethal toxicity to fish or Ceriodaphnia. The concentrations of wood extractives in the effluents correlated well with acute lethal toxicity, but could not fully explain all toxic effects. The ranking of the impact of the effluent only on the basis of pulping process was not possible due to a range of other seemingly more important variables which could affect the effluent quality including the wood furnish, age of wood and other as yet unidentified factors.
Low power nonvolatile SRAM circuit with integrated low voltage nanocrystal PMOS Flash

This paper presents a new nonvolatile SRAM design that incorporates low-voltage nanocrystal PMOS Flash transistors. The design enables global store, restore and erase operations with negligible penalty on regular SRAM operation. Store/erase operations also do not consume much power even considering charge pump circuits. Circuit simulations based on experimental I–V characteristics demonstrate that 10 µs store/erase operation at ± 6 Vis sufficient for correct restoration of the stored bit even under reasonable process variation.
Rac GTPase is a hub for protein kinase A and Epac signaling in endothelial barrier protection by cAMP

Elevation in intracellular cAMP level has been associated with increased endothelial barrier integrity and linked to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Recent studies have shown a novel mechanism of cAMP-mediated endothelial barrier regulation via cAMP-dependent nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 and Rap1 GTPase. This study examined a contribution of PKA-dependent and PKA-independent pathways in the human pulmonary endothelial (EC) barrier protection by cAMP. Synthetic cAMP analog, 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Br-cAMP), induced dose-dependent increase in EC transendothelial electrical resistance which was associated with activation of PKA, Epac/Rap1, and Tiam/Vav/Rac cascades and significantly attenuated thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption. Both specific Epac/Rap1 activator 8CPT-2Me-cAMP (8CPT) and specific PKA activator N(6)-benzoyl-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (6Bnz) enhanced EC barrier, suppressed thrombin-induced EC permeability, and independently activated small GTPase Rac. SiRNA-induced Rac knockdown suppressed barrier protective effects of both PKA and Epac signaling in pulmonary EC. Intravenous administration of either 6Bnz, or 8CPT, significantly reduced lung vascular leak in the murine model of lung injury induced by high tidal volume mechanical ventilation (HTV, 30 ml/kg, 4 h), whereas combined treatment with 6Bnz and 8CPT showed no further additive effects. This study dissected for the first time PKA and Epac pathways of lung EC barrier protection caused by cAMP elevation and identified Rac GTPase as a hub for PKA and Epac signaling leading to enhancement of lung vascular barrier.
Polarization-space-time domain generalized likelihood ratio detection of radar targets

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of combining adaptive polarization processing and space-time processing for further performance improvement of radar target detection in clutter and jammer environments. Since the most straightforward cascade combinations have quite limited performance improvement potentials, we focus on the development of adaptive processing in the joint polarization-space-time domain. Unlike a direct extension of some existing space-time processing algorithms to the joint domain, the processing algorithm developed in this paper does not need a potentially costly polarization filter bank to cover the unknown target polarization parameter. The performance of the new algorithm is derived and evaluated in terms of the probability of detection and the probability of false alarm, and it is compared with other algorithms that do not utilize the polarization information or assume that the target polarization is known.
Theory as a Tool in the Social Scientific Study of Religion and Martin Riesebrodt's The Promise of Salvation

No single paradigm or debate currently orients the social scientific study of religion. Because of this, those engaged in the multidisciplinary study of religion find that a public conversation is often difficult. In this article and the Forum it introduces, we explore Martin Riesebrodt's recently published book, The Promise of Salvation: A Theory of Religion. Responding to the inadequacies of secularization paradigms, rational choice models, and postmodern criticism, Riesebrodt proposes an approach that ideal-typically reconstructs the subjective meanings of institutionalized religious practices (liturgies). These subjective meanings center on the prevention and management of crises—social, natural, and bodily—through appeal and access to superhuman powers. This pragmatic emphasis on the superhuman defines religion as a distinct sphere of social action transhistorically and transculturally. Riesebrodt's theory creates new analytical possibilities, especially for understanding the modern resurgence of religion under conditions of secularization.
Isolation of rat testis histone TH2B-x, and interaction of TH2B-x antiserum with histones and mononucleosomes☆

Abstract A method is reported for the isolation of histone TH2B-x from rat testis by affinity chromatography on an agarose-p-chloromercurianilino column. This purified TH2B-x was used to raise antibodies in the rabbit, and the antiserum was assayed by an enzyme-linked double-antibody procedure. At low concentration the antiserum crossreacts with histone H2B and with histones TH1-x + H1 to the extent of 11–14% of the interaction with TH2B-x. Antiserum preincubated in three successive H2B-coated tubes still retains 80–89% of the original anti-TH2B-x activity when assayed subsequently in TH2B-x-coated tubes, but cross-reaction with H2B is practically zero. The anti-TH2B-x antibodies also interact with tubes coated with mononucleosomes isolated from nuclei of seminiferous epithelial cells (SEC) of rat testis, but the interaction with mononucleosomes from rat liver nuclei is almost zero. The data suggest that in nucleosomes some of the antigenic determinants which are unique to TH2B-x are accessible, while those determinants which are common to H2B and TH2B-x are not accessible for interaction with antibodies. Competition by mononucleosomes, both from rat testis SEC and rat liver (to a lesser degree), in solution is detected by the reduction of binding of enzyme-labeled IgG to TH2B-x-coated tubes. However, an attempted competition by histones TH2B-x or H2B in solution resulted in an increase in the binding of the enzymelabeled IgG to the mononucleosome-coated tubes. The interpretation of this type of competition assay is complicated by possible interaction of added histones with the coating mononucleosomes, followed by binding of antibodies to the histones. This TH2B-x antibody should be useful in studying changes in structure and function of chromatin during spermatogenesis and in the isolation of TH2B-x mRNA.
Effect of geometric characteristics of a cluster of micro-contacts on its mechanical and electrical properties

This paper focuses on statistical analysis of the effect of geometrical parameters on the overall resistance of a cluster of microcontacts. We analyse variation in mutual positions and radii of individual contacts from the mean values. It is shown that the effect of perturbations in the mutual positions is very small and the mean distance between the contact centres can be used to estimate the overall resistance. Effect of perturbations in the contact radii is small when the mean radius is small. Using elasticity-conductivity cross-property connections, this result is transferred to the incremental elastic stiffness of the cluster.
Preparation of metallo-dielectric photonic crystals by multi-photon direct laser writing

Metallo-dielectric photonic crystals (MDPCs) can exhibit intriguing and potentially useful optical properties, including ultra-wide photonic bandgaps, engineered thermal emission, and negative refractive index. But access to such materials has been limited by the lack of suitable methods for their preparation. We have developed a route to three-dimensional (3D) MDPCs that involves fabricating a polymeric pre-form by multi-photon direct laser writing and then conformally depositing metal onto the pre-form by electroless metallization. We use the approach to prepare silver- and copper-plated "woodpile" PCs having face-centered tetragonal symmetry and unit-cell period of several micrometers. The resulting 3D metallized structures exhibit mid-infrared reflectance that is consistent with theory and experimental observations obtained for MDPCs prepared by other routes. These data indicate that multi-photon direct laser writing coupled with electroless metallization is a viable route to complex 3D MDPCs of many symmetries and basis sets and provides a path for integrating such structures with other micron-scale optical elements.
Using Alcohol to Sell Cigarettes to Young Adults: A Content Analysis of Cigarette Advertisements

Objective: Advertising influences the health-related behaviors of college-aged individuals. Cigarette manufacturers aggressively market to young adults and may exploit their affinity for alcohol when creating advertisements designed to increase cigarettes' appeal. Internal tobacco industry documents reveal that cigarette manufacturers understood the popularity of alcohol among young adults and sought to produce pertinent marketing strategies. Methods: The authors conducted a content analysis of cigarette and alcohol advertisements in young adult-oriented magazines to investigate portrayed associations between cigarettes and alcohol. Results: The content analysis revealed that 32 of 114 cigarette advertisements referenced alcohol and that those advertisements were more likely than others to portray active smoking. Conversely, 0 of 317 alcohol advertisements referenced cigarettes, and alcohol advertisements were only slightly more likely than cigarette advertisements to feature alcohol-related settings. Con...
Role of texture in interpreting images of forest land

Digitally scanned aerial photographs (1:15840) of 40 forest areas were processed by two texture algorithms, a high pass filter and a diversity filter. The texture indices generated by these algorithms and the textural statistics on the raw data were regressed with forest traits of age, height, crown closure, crown width and trees/acre. Five pixel sizes varying from 100 to 500 pixels per inch were evaluated for their effect on the regression analysis. Correlations were much stronger when variations related to species composition were reduced.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improving boundary element methods for parasitic extraction

We improve the accuracy and speed of boundary element method (BEM) or multipole accelerated BEM for interconnect parasitic extraction. Three techniques are presented and applied to capacitance extraction: selective coefficient enhancement, variable order multipole and multigrid. Experimental results show that the techniques are effective for extracting parasitics between all pairs of conductors, or between selected pairs of conductors.
Predicting teenage girls' sexual activity and contraception use: An application of matching law.

The high incidence of teenage sexual activity and poor contraceptive practices is a significant social problem. Previous attempts to explicate the variables associated with high-risk sexual behavior in teens have revealed a variety of associated factors. However this study has not led to a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon nor has it resulted to the development of interventions to remedy this concern. This present study proposed the application of Herrnsteins Matching Law as an effective approach of explaining in simple terms the reasons that some young people show a greater predilection for high-risk sexual activity. About 300 female suburban high school students aged 14-19 years and from diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds (Anglo African American Latino and Asian) were surveyed. Overall findings suggest that Matching Law could be used to predict high-risk sexual behavior with a good deal of accuracy across the different age ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
Analytical Procedures for Estimating Capacity of Freeway Weaving, Merge, and Diverge Sections

The paper identifies a total of 34 different weaving section configurations that are modeled while operating at capacity using the INTEGRATION software for a wide range of weaving section lengths and travel demand distributions. Subsequently, the simulation results are utilized to develop analytical procedures for estimating the capacity of Type A, B, and C weaving sections. The proposed procedures overcome the shortcomings of the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedures by considering short (less than 150 m) in addition to long weaving section lengths, by accounting for the source and distribution of weaving flow, and by ensuring that the capacity of a weaving section reverts to basic freeway capacity when the volume ratio is zero (no weaving flows) regardless of the weaving section length. The model can also estimate the capacity of merge and diverge sections at the appropriate boundary conditions. The paper demonstrates that the proposed model capacity estimates are consistent with field data while the HCM procedures tend to overestimate weaving section capacities significantly (exceeding 100%).
Representative Bureaucracy and Policy Tools: Ethnicity, Student Discipline, and Representation in Public Schools

This article examines how racial and ethnic representation influences the tools that public officials use in designing policy. We use Schneider and Ingram’s policy tools framework to empirically te...
Face recognition motivated by human approach

We report the development of a face recognition system which operates in the same way as humans in that it is capable of recognizing a number of people, while rejecting everybody else as strangers. While humans do it routinely, a particularly challenging aspect of the problem of open-world face recognition has been the question of rejecting previously unseen faces as unfamiliar. Our approach can handle previously unseen faces; it is based on identifying and enclosing the region(s) in the human face space which belong to the target person(s).
Relationship of bone utilization and biomechanical competence in hominoid mandibles

Abstract This investigation explores regional variation in bone mass in the mandibles of large-bodied hominoids with respect to the masticatory biomechanical environment. Cortical area, subperiosteal area, mandibular length, maximum and minimum area moments of inertia are sampled at 7 sections along the mandibular corpus in 20 specimens each of Homo sapiens , Pan troglodytes , Pongo pygmaeus and Gorilla gorilla . The null hypothesis is that bone is utilized similarly among species, between sexes and among corpus locations in terms of economy of bone deployment (relative to subperiosteal area) and efficiency in producing structural stiffness (relative to cross-sectional moments of inertia). The alternative hypothesis is that dietary toughness and the scaling of muscular force recruitment produces an unfavourable stress environment in the mandible such that larger species ( Gorilla and Pongo ) use relatively more cortical bone than Pan and Homo . Three-way factorial analysis of variance (with species, sex and location as main effects) indicates significant interaction of species and location for all indices of bone economy and efficiency. Sex is significant as a main effect or interacting with location in all indices of cortical area. While allometric effects are not readily discernible in these data, the null hypothesis of a common pattern of bone utilization is decisively rejected. Human mandibles use relatively more cortical bone than those of great apes, particularly in anterior regions of the corpus. Among the apes, orangutans use very little cortical bone to achieve mechanical stiffness.
Tibetan medicine plurality

Tibetan medicine historically has had multiple medical lineages, despite ancient, shared literary medical canons. However, since the second half of the 20th century in Tibet, increasing state control and commoditization has lead to centralization and standardization of Tibetan medicine. Here we investigate how much variation in the use of medicinal plants remains in contemporary Tibetan medicine. Medicinal plants used and/or sold by fifteen Tibetan medical institutions, markets, and doctors, as well as two additional non-Tibetan markets, are inventoried and vouchered (where allowed). The data are ordered by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling. Four distinct groups are defined: (1) government recognized Tibetan medical institutions and their disciples both in Lhasa and elsewhere, (2) local herbal doctors near Mt. Khawa Karpo, eastern Himalayas, (3) Tibetan medicinal markets in Lhasa and near Mt. Khawa Karpo, and (4) non-Tibetan medicinal markets near Dali and Kunming, Yunnan. This clearly documents the plurality of Tibetan medical traditions—official, local, and market—while differentiating these from non-Tibetan markets.
Coalition Building between Native American and Environmental Organizations in Opposition to Development: The Case of the New Los Padres Dam Project

Coalitions between Native American and environmental organizations in opposition to ecologically destructive projects have been an important recent development in environmental actions. This article explores one such coalition, which was organized in resistance to a large dam project, the New Los Padres Dam, planned for the Carnel River; California. Social movement theorists have, in the past, emphasized the importance of material resources for the success of social movements (the resource mobilization perspective) and more recently, have placed attention on symbolic resources (ideas and beliefs) as key factors in mobilizing support for a movement. In the coalition studied here, the significance of traditional Native American philosophy (the indigenist vision) as a symbolic resource both for Native American and non-native activists is investigated, and the respective contributions of Native American and environmental organizations to the struggle against the New Los Padres Dam are outlined, exploring both...
Analysis of gene amplification in human tumor cell lines

Abstract Oncogene amplification has been observed in various primary tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. In several types of cancer, amplification of specific oncogenes is correlated with the stage of tumor progression. To estimate the frequency of gene amplification in other tumor types and to determine whether the ability to grow in vivo is associated with gene amplification in tumor cell lines, we have developed a modified version of the in-gel renaturation assay that detects human DNA sequences of unknown nature amplified as little as 7- to 8-fold. This assay was used to screen 16 cell lines derived from various solid tumors and leukemias. Amplified DNA sequences were detected in only one cell line, Calu-3 lung adenocarcinoma. This cell line was found to contain coamplified NGL (formerly termed neu) and ERBA1 oncogenes. However, when one of the amplification-negative cell lines, PC-3 prostatic carcinoma, was selected for in vivo growth in nude mice, amplified DNA sequences became detectable in these cells. The amplified sequences included the MYC oncogene, which showed no amplification in the parental cell line but was amplified 10- to 12-fold in the in vivo-selected cells. MYC amplification may, therefore, provide tumor cells with a selective advantage specific for in vivo growth.
Signal Sequence and Promoter Effects on the Efficacy of Toxin-Expressing Baculoviruses as Biopesticides

Abstract Baculovirus recombinants expressing a neurotoxin gene, tox34, from the straw itch mite Pyemotes tritici have been previously shown to paralyze or kill insects approximately 50% faster than wild-type. We constructed a series of recombinants of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus which expressed tox34 with different signal sequences or were controlled by different promoters to evaluate their influence on toxin expression in cell culture and in insects. Heterologous signal sequences provided no significant increase in the overall levels of the mature tox34 gene product, Tox34, secreted into the tissue culture media from infected cells and no improvement in the time required for paralysis of insect hosts. The time required for paralysis was promoter-dependent; the late 6.9K DNA binding protein gene promoter was generally the most effective promoter, although an insect HSP70 promoter was equally or more effective in one of the species.
the rise of market culture

The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750–1900. WILLIAM M. REDDY
Innate and Adaptive Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires the coordinated efforts of innate and adaptive immune cells. Diverse pulmonary myeloid cell populations respond to Mtb with unique contributions to both host-protective and potentially detrimental inflammation. Although multiple cell types of the adaptive immune system respond to Mtb infection, CD4 T cells are the principal antigen-specific cells responsible for containment of Mtb infection, but they can also be major contributors to disease during Mtb infection in several different settings. Here, we will discuss the role of different myeloid populations as well as the dual nature of CD4 T cells in Mtb infection with a primary focus on data generated using in vivo cellular immunological studies in experimental animal models and in humans when available.
The Road to Primary Prevention of Lead Toxicity in Children

The clinical recognition of lead toxicity in children in the United States has changed drastically over the past 50 years. Accordingly, both medical management and public policy in such cases needs to be modernized in keeping with these changes. Fifty years ago lead poisoning in children was often only recognized in the severe acute phase (acute lead encephalopathy). Today this condition is rare, and children are detected in screening programs most often in the asymptomatic phase. The removal of lead additives from gasoline and the removal of lead solder from food and beverage cans has greatly reduced the background level of lead absorption during the past decade.1 The changes in exposure to lead and its clinical presentation mandate that we change the approach to the management of childhood lead toxicity. We must place reduced emphasis on chelation therapy and major emphasis on the environmental history to identify the source(s) of lead in the child's environment and steps to separate the child from these sources. The primary source of lead in childhood lead toxicity 50 years ago was deteriorating lead paint in old housing: it remains the primary source in the United States today. Reduction of exposure is the single most important modality of long-term management, as it has been for >50 years. When chelating agents first appeared—2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL)2 in 1946 and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA)3 in 1950—childhood lead poisoning was recognized clinically only in the severe acute phase. These agents alone reduced the mortality of severe acute lead encephalopathy from 66% to approximately 25% to 30%.4Subsequently, it was found that these agents given in combination5 reduced mortality to about 1% to 2%. They were not effective in reducing the neurologic sequelae.6Ongoing prospective studies conducted now to at least 10½ years …
Effects of developmental activation of the AhR on CD4+ T-cell responses to influenza virus infection in adult mice.

Background: Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that maternal exposure to pollutants that bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) correlates with poorer ability to combat respiratory infec...
Rapid simulation of wireless systems

The simulation of wireless systems such as cellular or personal communication systems comprises both discrete and continuous time processes. To accelerate these simulations, we propose the use of interval jumping, a novel technique that allows the execution of a continuous time model to proceed in irregularly sized jumps, rather than in the traditional time-stepped manner. The foundations for this mechanism are laid out in the light of the simulation of a complex simulation model which includes radio propagation, channel allocation, transmitter power control and user mobility. We conclude with experimental results comparing sequential and parallel execution of these accelerated simulations which indicate the potential of our technique.
Synchronous Paget's Disease of the Vulva and Breast

We report the first case of synchronous Paget's disease of the vulva and breast diagnosed within a period of 7 months. This is the fourth case of mammary Paget's disease associated with either preceding or following vulvar Paget's disease documented in the literature. With consideration of increasing age of the population, and the fact that vulvar Paget's disease affects elderly women and that breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the United States, one can anticipate the occurrence of these two conditions to be more prevalent in the future.
Atp13a2-deficient mice exhibit neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, limited α-synuclein accumulation and age-dependent sensorimotor deficits

Mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9), encoding a lysosomal P-type ATPase, are associated with both Kufor–Rakeb syndrome (KRS) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). KRS has recently been classified as a rare genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas NCL is a lysosomal storage disorder. Although the transport activity of ATP13A2 has not been defined, in vitro studies show that its loss compromises lysosomal function, which in turn is thought to cause neuronal degeneration. To understand the role of ATP13A2 dysfunction in disease, we disrupted its gene in mice. Atp13a2−/− and Atp13a2+/+ mice were tested behaviorally to assess sensorimotor and cognitive function at multiple ages. In the brain, lipofuscin accumulation, α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic pathology were measured. Behaviorally, Atp13a2−/− mice displayed late-onset sensorimotor deficits. Accelerated deposition of autofluorescent storage material (lipofuscin) was observed in the cerebellum and in neurons of the hippocampus and the cortex of Atp13a2−/− mice. Immunoblot analysis showed increased insoluble α-synuclein in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex or cerebellum. There was no change in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra or in striatal dopamine levels in aged Atp13a2−/− mice. These results show that the loss of Atp13a2 causes sensorimotor impairments, α-synuclein accumulation as occurs in PD and related synucleinopathies, and accumulation of lipofuscin deposits characteristic of NCL, thus providing the first direct demonstration that null mutations in Atp13a2 can cause pathological features of both diseases in the same organism.
Treatment of Syphilis 2001: Nonpregnant Adults

After a precipitous increase in the incidence of infectious syphilis in the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the rate of new cases has declined so dramatically that a program initiated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to achieve elimination appears to stand a good chance of succeeding. In the fall of 2000, the CDC convened an advisory group to examine the recent medical literature regarding syphilis treatment. Published literature in peer-reviewed journals and abstracts from relevant scientific meetings that have appeared since the last STD Treatment Guidelines meeting in 1997 were reviewed. Where applicable, unpublished data from studies in progress were also discussed. Expert opinion was sought. Through all these efforts, it appears that the azalide azithromycin and the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone should find more definitive roles in the treatment of syphilis. None will eclipse the continued primacy of penicillin for this purpose.