cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation and Removal of Liquid Water in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Removal of liquid water from proton exchange membrane fuel cells is critical for efficient performance, low temperature operation, and robustness for start-up under freezing conditions. The present work investigates the three-dimensional location of liquid water during steady-state operation and the governing mechanisms that control its accumulation and removal. A combination of ex situ and in situ methods with neutron imaging diagnostics is used to investigate water transport in the bulk materials and flow field channels. These results provide experimental evidence of the mechanisms by which water vapor condenses in the anode during operation and the transport resistance for its removal during shutdown purge. Based on these results, a one-dimensional model is proposed that can be applied to calculate the effectiveness of cathode purge starting from a wide range of fuel cell shutdown conditions.
A scale-dependent dynamic model for large-eddy simulation: application to a neutral atmospheric boundary layer

A scale-dependent dynamic subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows is proposed. Unlike the traditional dynamic model, it does not rely on the assumption that the model coefficient is scale invariant. The model is based on a second test-filtering operation which allows us to determine from the simulation how the coefficient varies with scale. The scale-dependent model is tested in simulations of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. In this application, near the ground the grid scale is by necessity comparable to the local integral scale (of the order of the distance to the wall). With the grid scale and/or the test-filter scale being outside the inertial range, scale invariance is broken. The results are compared with those from (a) the traditional Smagorinsky model that requires specification of the coefficient and of a wall damping function, and (b) the standard dynamic model that assumes scale invariance of the coefficient. In the near-surface region the traditional Smagorinsky and standard dynamic models are too dissipative and not dissipative enough, respectively. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of the coefficient as a function of scale and give improved predictions of velocity spectra at different heights from the ground. Consistent with the improved dissipation characteristics, the scale-dependent model also yields improved mean velocity profiles.
The neopectoral pocket in revisionary breast surgery.

Increasing numbers of patients are presenting with volume-depleted breasts as a result of large saline implants that were placed under the pectoral muscle. To treat this problem, the authors introduce a revisionary surgery technique, called the neopectoral pocket, designed for patients with subpectoral implants. This technique is useful for the management of late breast augmentation complications, such as capsular contracture and implant malposition, including “double bubble” breast deformity, “Snoopy breast”, and symmastia. The creation of the neopectoral pocket maintains muscle coverage over the implant, allowing control of pocket size while minimizing trauma.
Modeling Flow in Compression Resin Transfer Molding for Manufacturing of Complex Lightweight High-Performance Automotive Parts:

Lightweight vehicles for energy savings encourages the use of composites in the new generation of vehicles. The compression resin transfer molding process (CRTM) is a novel variation of liquid composite molding (LCM) which offers fast manufacturing cycle for net-shape complex parts with excellent performance, ideal for the automotive industry. The process combines features of resin transfer molding (RTM) and compression molding. The process stages are identified and compared to other LCM processes to take advantage of existing simulation tools. A numerical model that simulates the resin flow in this process is proposed. Several first-order analyses are developed to estimate important process parameters to simplify modeling. Finally, this approach is used to model and simulate the process and is applied to a complex automotive part (the Automotive Composites Consortium B-pillar) with qualitative experimental validation.
EFFECTS OF UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION ON THE THIRD ZONE FERMI SURFACE OF ALUMINUM.

The effects of uniaxial compression up to 40 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ on the areas of the [110]-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and [100]-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ orbits of the third-zone Fermi surface of aluminum have been determined by means of a de Haas-van Alphen phase-shift technique. Both areas were found to increase under compression, the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-orbit area by (4.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$%/(kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) and the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-orbit area by (3.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$%/(kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$). The estimates of the errors allow for the possibility of systematic errors. The nearly-free-electron (NFE) and four-orthogonalized-plane-waves (OPW) models for the aluminum Fermi surface were used to calculate the effects of uniaxial compression, hydrostatic pressure, and alloying on the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ cross sections. The NFE results for both orbits were not at all satisfactory. The predictions of the four OPW model for the stress and pressure derivatives of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-orbit area agreed with experiment within the experimental error when the changes in the matrix elements with stress and pressure were obtained from the $q$ dependence of the Heine-Abarenkov form factor. The dependence on alloying, calculated from the four-OPW model on the assumption that the change in matrix elements and volume was negligible, was in equally good agreement with experiment. The results of similar four-OPW calculations for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ orbit did not agree with experiment quite so well, the discrepancies being roughly twice as large as the experimental error.
Excision is indicated for intraductal papilloma of the breast diagnosed on core needle biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Although it has been accepted that intraductal papillomas with atypia or malignancy diagnosed on core needle biopsy require surgical excision, the management of pure intraductal papillomas has been controversial. Because some series reported a small but definite incidence of atypia or malignancy, whereas others claimed that radiologic follow-up was adequate, this study evaluated results of excision of all pure intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core needle biopsy at this institution. METHODS: By using computerized pathology files from January of 2000 to December of 2004, 200 cases of intraductal papillomas on core needle biopsy were identified. Information regarding excision was available in 104 cases. All specimens were reviewed to confirm both the diagnoses as well as the presence of biopsy site changes in excision specimens, and the findings were correlated with radiologic data. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 25 to 82 years (mean, 55.5). The diagnoses on excision were as follows: intraductal papillomas = 71 cases (68.3%), no residual intraductal papillomas = 16 (15.3%), atypical duct hyperplasia = 8 (7.7%), ductal carcinoma in situ = 6 (5.8%), and invasive carcinoma = 3 (2.9%). In cases with atypia or malignancy, these findings were adjacent to but not in the biopsy site. In cases with atypical duct hyperplasia or ductal carcinoma in situ, a spectrum of histologic changes ranging from florid to atypical duct hyperplasia (14 cases), to ductal carcinoma in situ (6 cases) were present, all involving intraductal papillomas. CONCLUSIONS: The upstage rate of pure intraductal papillomas on core needle biopsy to atypia or malignancy on excision was 16.4%. Because of sampling error and the close proximity of atypia or malignancy to the intraductal papillomas (suggesting precancerous potential), excision was recommended of these lesions diagnosed on core needle biopsy. Close radiologic-pathologic correlation was important in the evaluation of these lesions. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
(Y,Pr)Ba2Cu3O7: Evidence for AG pair breaking in a high Tc superconductor

Abstract Contrary to behavior seen for most rare earth substituted YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 compounds, the superconducting transition temperature for Y 1 −x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 is depressed with increasing x , following closely the dependence predicted by Abrikosov-Gor'kov's pair breaking theory. The superconducting and normal state properties of (Y,Pr)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 are compared to those obtained in other impurity studies.
Pediatrics in the community: bulletproof: using media as a tool for advocacy.

1. Alexander Zusman, MD 2. Tricia Michels Tayama, MD 1. University of California, San Francisco, Calif The United States has the highest youth homicide rate among wealthy nations, and violence is a major cause of serious injuries in teens, especially in inner cities. Residents in the Pediatric Leadership for the Underserved (PLUS) Program at the University of California at San Francisco decided to address youth violence in their community of San Francisco by producing a short documentary film that tells the story of several youth in different stages of recovery from violent injury. The film builds on the already existing Wraparound Project that uses intensive case management to link injured patients with community-based organizations that provide vocational training, anger management, and other positive skills to reduce the incidence of reinjury in at-risk …
Multi-enzymatic synthesis

Biocatalytic conversions can involve one enzyme that carries out one specific reaction at a time, or multiple enzymes that carry out a series of conversions to yield a desired product. The use of several enzymes allows the realization of much more complex synthetic schemes. Multi-step synthesis can be carried out in biological systems by utilizing or engineering their metabolic networks for catalysis. Alternatively, multi-enzymatic catalysis can be carried out in vitro using isolated biocatalysts. Both approaches, in vivo or in vitro, have their specific advantages, problems, and challenges that will be illustrated using recent examples.
Recovery behavior of hydrogen charged 7075-T6 Aluminum

Etude comparative de la ductilite en fonction de la charge appliquee de plusieurs echantillons de Al-Zn5,68ζ-Mg2,48%-Cu1,63%-Cr0,19%, dont une partie a ete saturee electrochimiquement par H 2 , et une autre partie non saturee. On observe une diminution de la ductilite dans les echantillons contenant H 2
Comparison of pi-Bond Strengths in M-E (M = B, Al, Ga; E = O, N, S) Compounds. Ab Initio Calculation of Rotational Barriers.

Results of ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of compounds of the type R2MER‘x and R2MEMR‘2 with R = H, Me, M = Al, Ga, and E = O, N, S are reported at the Hartree−Fock level with split-valence, polarization basis sets for all atoms except hydrogen where a split-valence basis set is used. Full optimizations for the equilibrium geometry and partial optimization at constrained rotational transition states have been performed to evaluate the barriers to rotation as a measure of the π interactions in these compounds. We conclude that, although important for determining the final conformational equilibrium geometries, π interactions are weak in these compounds as the rotational barriers are smaller than that for ethylene by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude.
Growth and shape transition of small silicon self-interstitial clusters

The growth behavior of small self-interstitial clusters in crystalline Si is presented based on extensive combined Metropolis Monte Carlo, tight-binding molecular dynamics, and density-functional theory calculations. New stable structures for small interstitial clusters $({I}_{n},5\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}16)$ are determined, showing that the compact geometry appears favored when the cluster size is smaller than 10 atoms $(nl10)$. The fourfold-coordinated dodecainterstitial $({I}_{12})$ structure with ${C}_{2h}$ symmetry is identified to serve as an effective nucleation center for larger extended defects. This work provides the first theoretical support for earlier experiments which suggest a shape transition from compact to elongated structures around $n=10$.
Relations between portfolio returns and market multiples

Abstract We examined the relations of various market multiples with subsequent annual returns for portfolios of liquid U.S. stocks. In univariate regressions, price/sales (P/S) has the most consistently significant negative relation and highest explanatory power. Multivariate regression models, decomposing P/S into other market multiples and various profitability ratios, have greater explanatory power. The component of P/S that has the most consistently significant negative relationship with returns is the net profit margin. This finding is consistent with earlier evidence that the value premium reflects market overreaction to both the depressed profitability of value stocks and high profitability of growth stocks.
The dynamic stability of beam-columns with a fixed distance between supports

Abstract This paper deals with the nonlinear vibrations of a two hinged beam-column subjected to a harmonic forcing function of any space distribution. Vibration in the fundamental mode is investigated and regions of dynamic instability are found. The perturbation solution used is suitable for both strong and weak nonlinear systems.
The homo-dimeric form of ADP-ribosyl cyclase in solution

ADP-ribosyl cyclase is a multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the formation of two Ca2+ signaling molecules, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). X-ray crystallography of three different crystal forms shows that it is a non-covalent dimer. Chemical cross-linking and dynamic light scattering were used in this study to determine if the cyclase is also a non-covalent dimer in solution. Treatment of the cyclase in dilute solution (0.05 mg/ml) with dimethylsuberimidate resulted in complete conversion to a species with molecular weight about twice that of the monomeric cyclase. Prolonged cross-linking of the cyclase at four times higher concentration produced also only the covalently linked dimers and no multimer formation was observed. The cross-linked dimer retained full enzymatic activity and readily catalyzed the formation of cADPR from NAD, NAADP from NADP, cyclic ADP-ribose phosphate from NADP, and cyclic GDP-ribose from nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide. Analysis of the autocorrelation functions obtained from dynamic light scattering measurements indicated the cyclase solution (2 mg/ml) was composed of a single molecular species and its diffusion coefficient was measured to be 7. 4x10-7 cm2/s. Computer modeling using the crystallographic dimensions of the non-covalent cyclase dimer, a donut shaped molecule with a central cavity and overall dimensions of 7x6x3 nm, gave a value for the diffusion coefficient essentially the same as that measured. These results indicate the cyclase is a non-covalent dimer in solution.
Research in text processing: creating robust and portable systems

Our goal is to improve the technology for retrieving passages, extracting specific facts, and creating formatted data bases from large text collections. In particular, we are concerned with developing techniques for automatically training language processing systems to the syntax and semantics of particular domains and types of text in order to improve system performance.
A novel method for sequentially‐building multi‐layer circuits using LCP laminates, cap‐layers and bond plys

Development efforts at Rogers are continuing on R/flex® liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials for printed circuit production. As an extension of our EIPC Spring 2003 paper, work has been completed on a novel method for sequentially building multi‐layer circuit boards using our laminates, bond plys and cap layers manufactured from various melt‐point LCP dielectric films. This paper discusses the theory and practice of sequentially built multilayers in all‐LCP and mixed dielectric constructions, reviews the pertinent processing steps and guidelines necessary for production and subsequent assembly thereafter, and considers some of the application areas that may benefit from this novel fabrication strategy.
The Origins of Late-Twentieth-Century Variations in the Large-Scale North Atlantic Circulation

AbstractSurface forcing perturbation experiments are examined to identify the key forcing elements associated with late-twentieth-century interannual-to-decadal Atlantic circulation variability as simulated in an ocean–sea ice hindcast configuration of the Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1). Buoyancy forcing accounts for most of the decadal variability in both the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the subpolar gyre circulation, and the key drivers of these basin-scale circulation changes are found to be the turbulent buoyancy fluxes: evaporation as well as the latent and sensible heat fluxes. These three fluxes account for almost all of the decadal AMOC variability in the North Atlantic, even when applied only over the Labrador Sea region. Year-to-year changes in surface momentum forcing explain most of the interannual AMOC variability at all latitudes as well as most of the decadal variability south of the equator. The observed strengthening of Southern Ocean westerly wi...
Postmarketing Clinical Experience in Patients with Skin and Skin-Structure Infections Treated with Daptomycin

A registry describing daptomycin's clinical use was analyzed to describe treatment of skin and skin-structure infections (SSSIs). The Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience (CORE) 2004 retrospectively collected demographic, microbiologic, and clinical outcome information of patients treated with daptomycin (Cubicin; Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, MA). The database was accessed to identify patients with a diagnosis of an SSSI with an outcome determined. Of 577 patients identified with a SSSI, 522 (90%) were evaluable. Diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease were present in 27% and 10% of the population, respectively. Pathogens were identified for 65% of all patients-Staphylococcus aureus (75%; 85% methicillin-resistant) and Enterococcus species (19%; 44% vancomycin-resistant) most commonly. Concomitant use of other antibiotics was common (42%). Of 522 patients studied, 334 (64%) had complicated infections (cSSSIs), and 188 (36%) had uncomplicated infections (uSSSIs). Overall cure, improved, and failure rates were 53%, 43%, and 4%, respectively, for cSSSI and 66%, 32%, and 2%, respectively, for uSSSI. The median dose administered was 4.0 mg/kg for cSSSI (mean, 4.5+/-1.0 mg/kg; range, 2.3 to 12 mg/kg) and 4.0 mg/kg for uSSSI (mean, 4.2+/-0.8 mg/kg; range, 2.1 to 9 mg/kg); the dose was significantly higher in cSSSI (P <0.001, median test). Median daptomycin treatment duration was 12 days (range, 1 to 148 days) and was longer for cSSSI than for uSSSI (14 vs. 10 days, P = 0.002). The results of this study support previously published reports and suggest that daptomycin is effective for the treatment of skin infections due to gram-positive pathogens.
Building Service Delivery Networks: Partnership Evolution Among Children's Behavioral Health Agencies in Response to New Funding.

AbstractMeeting the complex needs of youth with behavioral health problems requires a coordinated network of community-based agencies. Although fiscal scarcity or retrenchment can limit coordinated services, munificence can stimulate service delivery partnerships as agencies expand programs, hire staff, and spend more time coordinating services. This study examines the 2-year evolution of referral and staff expertise sharing networks in response to substantial new funding for services within a regional network of children’s mental health organizations. Quantitative network survey data were collected from directors of 22 nonprofit organizations that receive funding from a county government-based behavioral health service fund. Both referral and staff expertise sharing networks changed over time, but results of a stochastic actor-oriented model of network dynamics suggest the nature of this change varies for these networks. Agencies with higher numbers of referral and staff expertise sharing partners tend t...
Group Living Accelerates Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Development

For many insect species, group living provides physiological and behavioral benefits, including faster development. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) live in aggregations composed of eggs, nymphs, and adults of various ages. Our aim was to determine whether bed bug nymphs reared in groups develop faster than solitary nymphs. We reared first instars either in isolation or in groups from hatching to adult emergence and recorded their development time. In addition, we investigated the effects of group housing on same-age nymphs versus nymphs reared with adults. Nymphal development was 2.2 d faster in grouped nymphs than in solitary-housed nymphs, representing 7.3% faster overall development. However, this grouping effect did not appear to be influenced by group composition. Thus, similar to other gregarious insect species, nymph development in bed bugs is faster in aggregations than in isolation.
Social psychology and the wrong revolution

Many social psychologists take increasing comfort in cognitive explanations of human action. This paper first attempts to demonstrate that cognitively based formulations not only delimit the possibilities for social understanding, but create a range of intractable conceptual problems. If real world events are reduced to cognitive representations of the world, then social events cease to exist for the discipline as legitimate foci of concern. Further, once the reality of cognition is granted, there is no conceptual means of viably explaining either the origins or acquisition of cognitive categories (schemas, representations, etc.), or the relationship between cognition and action. The paper then goes on to argue that the cognitive revolution in psychology blinds the discipline to the far more pervasive revolution occurring elsewhere in the intellectual world, that of social epistemology. When cognition is replaced by language as the major means for representing the world, then the individual is replaced by the social relationship as the central focus of concern. Theory and research within the framework of social epistemology are reviewed and their implications discussed.
The Lived Experience of Oldest-Old Rural Adults

The author elicited the lived experience of 19 oldest-old adults (13 women, all White, mean age 90.7 years, range 85-98 years) who lived alone in the rural Midwest to describe their everyday activities, concerns and struggles, and adaptive strategies. In-depth interviews (59 total) were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed in an interpretive phenomenological tradition of thematic analysis, interpretation of paradigm cases, and interpretation of exemplars. Participants described how historical, cultural, and environmental contexts shaped their everyday thoughts, activities, and what was meaningful to them. Findings can guide health care professionals to evaluate and develop community services and help significant others (family, friends, neighbors) understand what oldest-old rural adults need to remain at home.
A fast Peptide Match service for UniProt Knowledgebase

Summary: We have developed a new web application for peptide matching using Apache Lucene-based search engine. The Peptide Match service is designed to quickly retrieve all occurrences of a given query peptide from UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) with isoforms. The matched proteins are shown in summary tables with rich annotations, including matched sequence region(s) and links to corresponding proteins in a number of proteomic/peptide spectral databases. The results are grouped by taxonomy and can be browsed by organism, taxonomic group or taxonomy tree. The service supports queries where isobaric leucine and isoleucine are treated equivalent, and an option for searching UniRef100 representative sequences, as well as dynamic queries to major proteomic databases. In addition to the web interface, we also provide RESTful web services. The underlying data are updated every 4 weeks in accordance with the UniProt releases. Availability: http://proteininformationresource.org/peptide.shtml Contact: ude.ledu@cnehc Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Commuting transfer matrices for the four-state self-dual chiral Potts model with a genus-three uniformizing fermat curve

Abstract We consider the diagonal-to-diagonal transfer matrix of the four-state self-dual chiral Potts model on a square lattice. We show that there exists a family of models parametrized by a spectral variable u and an auxiliary variable b such that the commutation requirement [ T ( u , b ), T ( u ′, b )] = 0 needed for the existence of an infinite number of commuting constants of the motion holds. This family is uniformized by the curve x 4 + y 4 = 1 for all values of b except 0, 1 and ∞, where b = 1 corresponds to the critical self-dual model of Fateev and Zamolodchikov.
Integrated Bi-Directional AC/DC and DC/DC Converter for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conversion

As the result of a wide range of efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology has been commercialized. HEVs show better mile per gallon (MPG) than conventional vehicles. As a new practical breakthrough to reduce air pollution and fuel consumption, particularly in urban areas, converting HEVs into plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) has been considered significant. PHEVs have a battery pack of high energy density and can run solely on electric power for a given range. The battery pack can be recharged by neighborhood outlet charger. In this paper, a novel integrated bi-directional AC/DC and DC/DC converter (IBADDDC) will be proposed, which is able to function as a battery charger and to transfer electrical energy between battery pack and the high voltage bus of the electric drive train system. It is shown that IBADDDC can provide the reduced number of high current inductors and current transducers, and fault current tolerance in high power applications for PHEV conversion.
Visibility-based pursuit-evasion with probabilistic evader models

We propose an algorithm for a visibility-based pursuit-evasion problem in a simply-connected two-dimensional environment, in which a single pursuer has access to a probabilistic model describing how the evaders are likely to move in the environment. The application of our algorithm can be best viewed in the context of search and rescue: Although the victims (evaders) are not actively trying to escape from the robot, it is necessary to consider the task of locating the victims as a pursuit-evasion problem to obtain a firm guarantee that all of the victims are found. We present an algorithm that draws sample evader trajectories from the probabilistic model to compute a plan that lowers the Expected Time to Capture the evaders without drastically increasing the Guaranteed Time to Capture the evaders. We introduce a graph structure that takes advantage of the sampled evader trajectories to compute a path that would “see” all the evaders if they followed only those trajectories in our sampled set. We then use a previous technique to append our path with actions that provide a complete solution for the visibility-based pursuit-evasion problem. The resulting plan guarantees that all evaders are located, even if they do not obey the given probabilistic motion model. We implemented the algorithm in a simulation and provide a quantitative comparison to existing methods.
Understanding the Science Experiences of Successful Women of Color: Science Identity as an Analytic Lens.

In this study, we develop a model of science identity to make sense of the science experiences of 15 successful women of color over the course of their undergraduate and graduate studies in science and into science-related careers. In our view, science identity accounts both for how women make meaning of science experiences and how society structures possible meanings. Primary data included ethnographic interviews during students' undergraduate careers, follow-up interviews 6 years later, and ongoing member-checking. Our results highlight the importance of recognition by others for women in the three science identity trajectories: research scientist; altruistic scientist; and disrupted scientist. The women with research scientist identities were passionate about science and recognized themselves and were recognized by science faculty as science people. The women with altruistic scientist identities regarded science as a vehicle for altruism and created innovative meanings of ''science,'' ''recognition by others,'' and ''woman of color in science.'' The women with disrupted scientist identities sought, but did not often receive, recognition by meaningful scientific others. Although they were ultimately successful, their trajectories were more difficult because, in part, their bids for recognition were disrupted by the interaction with gendered, ethnic, and racial factors. This study clarifies theoretical conceptions of science identity, promotes a rethinking of recruitment and retention efforts, and illuminates various ways women of color experience, make meaning of, and negotiate the culture of science. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1187-1218, 2007.
Finite-aperture wire grid polarizers

The transmission characteristics of wire grid polarizers fabricated in finite apertures are investigated by using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain formulation. Specifically, the optical transmissivity and extinction ratio are characterized for a wide variety of geometrical parameters including aperture size in both dimensions, conducting wire fill factor, and polarizer thickness. A dispersive material model is used to investigate the performance of polarizers fabricated by using realistic metals at infrared wavelengths. The results indicate that the aperture dimension significantly impacts the polarizer transmission behavior and that the extinction of the unwanted polarization is often limited by depolarizing scattering that is due to the finite aperture size.
Hate Crime Reporting: Understanding Police Officer Perceptions, Departmental Protocol, and the Role of the Victim is There Such a Thing as a “Love” Crime?

Due to sporadic and often perfunctory compliance with the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, official data on hate crime currently tell us little about the prevalence of hate crime nationally. Reasons for this include lack of departmental infrastructure to support accurate reporting, lack of training, officer disincentives to accurately report, and, perhaps most importantly, hesitation on the part of victims to involve law enforcement in these matters. Using a survey of law enforcement officers from a stratified national sample, as well as interviews with advocacy and human rights professionals, this article will discuss all of these factors and their impact on hate crime reporting. Suggestions for improvement involve working on police/minority group relations, as well as building appropriate departmental infrastructure.
A model of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis in chickens.

We studied the occurrence, magnitude, and kinetics of bacteremia and the resultant osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in an avian model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Thirty-day-old male broiler chicks were inoculated i.v. with 10(5), 10(6), or 10(7) cfu of strain Duntravis, a beta-hemolytic, coagulase-producing, capsular type 8 isolate from the synovial fluid of a 2-year-old black boy. Bacteremia occurred in 80%, 90%, and 100% of animals inoculated with 10(5), 10(6), or 10(7) cfu, respectively. The magnitude of bacteremia in surviving, bacteremic animals increased for 96 hours after inoculation and then decreased after a plateau phase. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis occurred only in chicks that were continuously bacteremic. The occurrence of osteomyelitis was uniform among continuously bacteremic animals and developed 1 to 23 hours after inoculation. Chickens are susceptible to systemic infections with S. aureus. Bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis may be induced in healthy chickens without prior manipulations that depress their resistance.
Fluctuation smoothing scheduling policies for multiple process flow fabrication plants

This paper addresses the problem of reducing the mean and variance of cycle time in large multi-process flow reentrant systems by using a modified version of the Fluctuation Smoothing for Mean Cycle Time (FSMCT) scheduling policy. The plant models used in this paper were constructed and distributed by SEMATECH. Three such models are studied in this paper. The work done in this paper is the first look at the feasibility of using the FSMCT policy on multi-process flow systems. The size and complexities of the models used here limited the number of simulations performed in this initial study.
A Pesquisa sobre Identidade e Cidadania nos EUA: da Nova História Social à Nova História Cultural

O presente artigo analisa as novas tendencias da historiografia norte-americana a respeito da cidadania e da identidade, evidenciando os deslocamentos ocorridos tanto na escolha dos objetos de pesquisa quanto na abordagem. A passagem da historia social para a historia cultural implicou em rupturas significativas e abriu novas direcoes de pesquisa, perceptivel na producao mais recente.
Probing the structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with the hydrophobic photoreactive probes [125I]TID-BE and [125I]TIDPC/16.

The hydrophobic photoreactive compound 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-( 125 I)iodophenyl) diazirine (( 125 I)TID) has revealed important structural information about the pore of the ion channel and lipid - protein interface of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). To further characterize the structure of the AChR, we have mapped the sites of photoincorporation of a benzoic acid ester analogue of TID (( 125 I)TID-BE) and a phospholipid analogue (( 125 I)TIDPC/16). For each photoreactive probe, labeled sites were identified by amino-terminal sequencing of purified tryptic fragments of individual receptor subunits. ( 125 I)TID-BE reacted with RCys-412, RMet-415, and RCys-418 in the M4 segment of the R-subunit and ACys-451 and ASer-460 in AM4. In the M1 segment of the R- and ‚-subunits, ( 125 I)TID- BE labeled RPhe-227, RLeu-228, and ‚Leu-234, ‚Ala-235, respectively. The labeling pattern in the M1 and M4 segments indicate that TID and TID-BE interact with the AChR lipid-protein interface in a similar fashion, revealing the same lipid-exposed face of each transmembrane segment. In contrast to TID, there was, however, no detectable incorporation of ( 125 I)TID-BE into the channel lining ‚M2 segment when the AChR was labeled in the resting state conformation. In the presence of agonist (desensitized state), ( 125 I)TID-BE reacted with ‚Leu-257, ‚Val-261, and ‚-Leu-264 in ‚M2; a labeling pattern which indicates that, in comparison to TID, the binding loci for TID-BE is located closer to the extracellular end of the channel. For ( 125 I)TIDPC/16, receptor labeling was insensitive to the presence of agonist and the sites of incorporation mapped to the confines of the transmembrane segments RM4, RM1, and AM4, validating previous results found with small lipophilic probes. Abbreviations: AChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; TTD-BE, 4'-(3-trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl)-2'-tributylstannylbenzyl ben- zoate; TTDPC/16, 1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-O-(9-(((2-tributylstannyl)-4- (trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl)benzyl)oxy)carbonyl)nonanoyl)- sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine; TLC, thin-layer chromatography; ( 125 I)TID, 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-(
HIV and Aging: Time for a New Paradigm

The population of patients with HIV infection achieving viral suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy is growing, aging, and experiencing a widening spectrum of non-AIDS diseases. Concurrently, AIDS-defining conditions are becoming less common and are variably associated with outcome. Nonetheless, the spectrum of disease experienced by those aging with HIV remains strongly influenced by HIV, its treatment, and the behaviors, conditions, and demographics associated with HIV infection. Our focus must shift from a narrow interest in CD4 counts, HIV-RNA, and AIDS-defining illnesses to determining the optimal management of HIV infection as a complex chronic disease in which the causes of morbidity and mortality are multiple and overlapping. We need a new paradigm of care with which to maximize functional status, minimize frailty, and prolong life expectancy. A composite index that summarizes a patient’s risk of morbidity and mortality could facilitate this work and help chart its progress.
Stimulated photon-electron scattering

Consideration is given to the possibility of using stimulated Compton scattering for obtaining laser action. The advantages of a Compton laser are that it is voltage tunable over a wide frequency range and may provide intense, coherent radiation in portions of the spectrum where other sources are not readily available. It is found that appreciable gain exists at far infrared wavelengths.
Failure of firefighter escape rope under dynamic loading and elevated temperatures

Fire Service escape rope systems are a firefighter’s last resort for a controlled exit from elevated floors of a burning structure when conditions rapidly deteriorate. The escape rope is likely to be deployed from a room that is at least partially involved with fire and must support a fully loaded firefighter making a hasty exit, resulting in dynamic loading. These dynamic loads are accompanied by elevated temperatures, which will affect the strength and stiffness of the rope. Current standards only require that escape rope systems be tested at room temperature and under quasi-static loading in order to be certified as a personal escape rope. A pilot study will be presented that provides the first experimental quantification of the decline in rope strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures. These data are interpreted with a simple kinetics model for the dynamic loading of rope for various escape scenarios, suggesting that the “factor of safety” that is assumed in current escape rope standards is quickly eliminated by the dynamic forces during escape and temperature dependent strength deterioration. Suggestions and guidelines for an improved certification protocol are forwarded.
Playing Hooky: The Effects of Attendance on Student Performance

Theory suggests absenteeism has detrimental effects on student performance in the classroom, and previous works in the field have shown this to be the case. This study will expand upon previous research to examine the impacts of multiple variables on student performance, as measured by exam scores, in introductory macroeconomics classes with a comparison to an upper level money and banking course. Linear regression models yield anticipated directional results, with five of the eight selected variables yielding statistically significant results and 55% of the variation in exam scores explained by the selected variables. Additionally, further examination of the attendance variables provides a threshold at which point absenteeism begins to negatively impact performance.
Evidence of Negative Cooperativity and Half-Site Reactivity within an F420-Dependent Enzyme: Kinetic Analysis of F420H2:NADP+ Oxidoreductase

Here, we report the very first example of half-site reactivity and negative cooperativity involving an important F420 cofactor-dependent enzyme. F420H2:NADP+ oxidoreductase (Fno) is an F420 cofactor-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reduction of NADP+ through the transfer of a hydride from the reduced F420 cofactor. These catalytic processes are of major significance in numerous biochemical processes. While the steady-state kinetic analysis showed classic Michaelis–Menten kinetics with varying concentrations of the F420 redox moiety, FO, such plots revealed non-Michaelis–Menten kinetic behavior when NADPH was varied. The double reciprocal plot of the varying concentrations of NADPH displays a downward concave shape, suggesting that negative cooperativity occurs between the two identical monomers. The transient state kinetic data show a burst prior to entering steady-state turnover. The burst suggests that product release is rate-limiting, and the amplitude of the burst phase corresponds to pr...
The developmental status of Caragana drought resistance

The current situation of physiological,ecological and biological characteristics of study on Caragana drought resistance had been set forth in the paper.Caragana is very good in avoiding drought stress.The biological,photosynthetic and water characteristics had been studied primarily.And the authors put forward the problems for future study related to caragana drought resistance in the end of the paper.
Reconnoitering the antivaccination web sites: news from the front.

BACKGROUND In the United States, Western Europe and other areas, groups opposing universal childhood immunization are reported to be gaining political momentum. METHODS A review was done of Internet sites opposing childhood immunization, with the goal of describing the philosophies and strategies used by the groups presenting them. A random sample of antivaccination Web sites was obtained using standard Internet search engines and the search terms "vaccination" and "immunization." These sites were analyzed for content, common themes, philosophy, affiliation with groups or organizations, and suggested strategies for avoiding vaccination. RESULTS Twenty-six of the 51 sites found were randomly selected for review. Fifteen of these were associated with groups promoting the use of alternative medicine for preventing or treating infectious disease. Groups concerned with civil liberties were also represented, as were conspiracy theorists. CONCLUSIONS Many groups have an interest in opposing universal childhood immunization, and some of them have a prominent presence on the Internet. Physicians and parents should be aware of the existence of these groups and their philosophies. Further research and educational efforts to counter their effects is necessary.
Network topology and mean infection times

A fundamental concept of social network analysis is centrality. Many analyses represent the network topology in terms of concept transmission/variation, e.g., influence, social structure, community or other aggregations. Even when the temporal nature of the network is considered, analysis is conducted at discrete points along a continuous temporal scale. Unfortunately, well-studied metrics of centrality do not take varying probabilities into account. The assumption that social and other networks that may be physically stationary, e.g., hard wired, are conceptually static in terms of information diffusion or conceptual aggregation (communities, etc.) can lead to incorrect conclusions. Our findings illustrate, both mathematically and experimentally, that if the notion of network topology is not stationary or fixed in terms of the concept, e.g., groups, belonging, community or other aggregations, centrality should be viewed probabilistically. We show through some surprising examples that study of transmission behavior based solely on a graph’s topological and degree properties is lacking when it comes to modeling network propagation or conceptual (vs. physical) structure.
Microvillar channels: a unique plasma membrane compartment for concentrating lipoproteins on the surface of rat adrenal cortical cells.

Electron microscopic studies of perfused rat adrenals indicate that plasma lipoproteins become concentrated in a specialized cell surface compartment called microvillar channels. Closely associated plasma membranes of sinusoidal microvilli of zona fasciculata cells form channels that normally are filled with electron dense particles the size of high density lipoproteins (HDL). In rats made acutely deficient in plasma lipoproteins (by treatment with 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (4-APP) for 1 day), particles within the microvillar channels are decreased in number. When adrenal glands of these rats are perfused with media lacking plasma lipoproteins, many but not all of these HDL-like particles are washed out. However, when these adrenals are perfused with large amounts (100-500 micrograms protein/ml) of HDL, microvillar channels become packed with electron dense particles similar to those found in vivo. These microvillar channels become wider and filled with larger particles when low density lipoproteins (LDL) are perfused through the adrenals. Autoradiograms of 125I-labeled HDL-perfused adrenals show silver grains specifically associated with the cell surface microvillar channels, and confirm the notion that the particles filling the channels are exogenously delivered HDL. Physiologic data from similarly perfused adrenals in a parallel study show that the channel-refilling process is directly related to selective (i.e., nonendocytic) cholesterol uptake and that this cholesterol uptake is associated with corticosterone production. Together, these data suggest the hypothesis that plasma lipoprotein cholesterol utilized for corticosteroid synthesis in rat adrenal fasciculata cells may be derived from lipoproteins trapped in surface-associated microvillar channels. Although the mechanism responsible for the cholesterol transfer is not yet defined, it is clearly distinct from the classical process of receptor-mediated endocytosis and catabolism of lipoprotein particles.
Physiological role for amyloid precursor protein in adult experience-dependent plasticity

Changes in neural circuits after experience-dependent plasticity are brought about by the formation of new circuits via axonal growth and pruning. Here, using a combination of electrophysiology, adeno-associated virus–delivered fluorescent proteins, analysis of mutant mice, and two-photon microscopy, we follow long-range horizontally projecting axons in primary somatosensory cortex before and after selective whisker plucking. Whisker plucking induces axonal growth and pruning of horizontal projecting axons from neurons located in the surrounding intact whisker representations. We report that amyloid precursor protein is crucial for axonal pruning and contributes in a cell autonomous way.
RVS large format arrays for astronomy

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) has a long history of providing state of the art infrared sensor chip assemblies (SCAs) for the astronomical community. This paper will provide an update of RVS capabilities for the community not only for the infrared wavelengths but also in the visible wavelengths as well. Large format infrared detector arrays are now available that meet the demanding requirements of the low background scientific community across the wavelength spectrum. These detector arrays have formats from 1k x 1k to as large as 8k x 8k with pixel sizes ranging from 8 to 27 μm. Focal plane arrays have been demonstrated with a variety of detector materials: SiPiN, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC. All of these detector materials have demonstrated low noise and dark current, high quantum efficiency, and excellent uniformity. All can meet the high performance requirements for low-background within the limits of their respective spectral and operating temperature ranges.
Challenges and Lessons Learned From Providing Large-Scale Evaluation Technical Assistance to Build the Adolescent Pregnancy Evidence Base.

The authors reflect on the challenges and lessons that can be learned from providing large-scale evaluation technical assistance (TA) to construct an adolescent pregnancy prevention evidence base as of 2016, and it mentions the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' evidence standards. U.S. government contracts are addressed, along with formal and informal training programs and the development of written documents to assist grantees and evaluators. Benchmarks are also assessed.