cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choosing a Femoral Head: A Survey Study of Academic Adult Reconstructive Surgeons.

Abstract Background Our aim was to examine how academic adult reconstructive surgeons have interpreted evidence on femoral head material in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A 16-question survey to evaluate attitudes toward ceramic and cobalt-chrome head use was emailed to 274 faculty at 42 US adult reconstruction fellowship programs. Results With 116 respondents, the response rate was 42.2%. Faculty use ceramic heads 72.9% of the time. The most common reason why respondents do not use ceramic heads is cost (44.8%). Ninety-four percent of faculty have observed head-neck taper corrosion in cobalt-chrome on polyethylene THA, while 9.5% of faculty have observed head-neck taper corrosion in ceramic on polyethylene THA. Only 6.0% of surgeons have seen Biolox Delta ceramic fracture. Conclusion Adult reconstruction thought leaders are guided by evidence suggesting that with ceramic heads, taper corrosion and fracture are rare. Cost and personal experience also strongly influence their implant selection. Efforts to equalize cost of ceramic and cobalt-chrome heads may free surgeons to practice in a purely evidence-based fashion.
Homogeneous Deformation without Interagent Communication

In this chapter, basics of MAS evolution as continuum deformation are presented, where an MAS is treated as particles of a continuum deforming under a homogeneous transformation. It is shown how a homogeneous deformation is acquired by the agents via no interagent communication. In this regard, agents’ desired positions, defined by a homogeneous deformation in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), are uniquely specified by the trajectories chosen by n + 1 leaders. Followers acquire the desired homogeneous mapping only by knowing leaders’ positions. Evolution of the followers with nonlinear constrained dynamics under a homogeneous transformation is investigated in this chapter. Homogeneous transformation of an MAS containing agents with linear dynamics is also studied.
A meta-analytic review and future research agenda of charismatic leadership

Abstract Charismatic leadership is a critical construct that draws much attention from both academic and practitioner literatures. Despite the positive attention received by the charisma construct, some have criticized its conceptualization and measurement. These critiques have, in turn, cast doubt on what we know regarding the antecedents and outcomes of charismatic leadership. In this review, we adopt a recently developed definition of charismatic leadership and then conduct a meta-analysis of its antecedents and objective outcomes. Following an examination of 76 independent studies and 36,031 individuals, results indicate that the Big Five traits and cognitive ability vary in their association with charismatic leadership. Other findings show that dimensions of charismatic leadership predict outcomes of interest, such as supervisor-rated task performance, supervisor-rated citizenship behaviors, and group or organization performance. Several shortcomings are identified, however, in testing theoretical and methodological moderating variables. The present research ultimately provides a roadmap for new frontiers in theoretical, measurement and empirical work on charismatic leadership.
INCREMENTAL DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF HIGH FREQUENCY QRS ANALYSIS OVER ST-ANALYSIS FOR MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA: MULTI-CENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT

Background: Exercise stress electrocardiography (ECG) alone is underutilized despite guideline recommendations in part due to poor diagnostic accuracy. High frequency QRS analysis (HF-QRS) is a novel tool to supplement standard ST-analysis during stress ECG. We sought to compare the diagnostic
Acoustic Effects in Classical Nucleation Theory

The effect of sound wave oscillations on the rate of nucleation in a parent phase can be calculated by expanding the free energy of formation of a nucleus of the second phase in powers of the acoustic pressure. Since the period of sound wave oscillation is much shorter than the time scale for nucleation, the acoustic effect can be calculated as a time average of the free energy of formation of the nucleus. The leading non-zero term in the time average of the free energy is proportional to the square of the acoustic pressure. The Young-Laplace equation for the surface tension of the nucleus can be used to link the time average of the square of the pressure in the parent phase to its time average in the nucleus of the second phase. Due to the surface tension, the pressure in the nuclear phase is higher than the pressure in the parent phase. The effect is to lower the free energy of formation of the nucleus and increase the rate of nucleation.
Carrying our Roots/llevar a nuestras raíces:

This qualitative study presents examples of information about and analysis of stories of children and the early childhood teacher education students working with them. The data from the stories pro...
Psychological and Theological Reflections on Grace and Its Relevance for Science and Practice

The concept of grace has, in the psychology of religion, been largely neglected as a legitimate topic for empirical inquiry. We define grace here as a gift given unconditionally and voluntarily to an undeserving person by an unobligated giver, the giver being either human or divine. We explore the c
5-Azacytidine (NSC 102816): a new drug for the treatment of myeloblastic leukemia

The pyrimidine analog, 5-azacytidine (NSC 102816), was administered by continuous intravenous infusion in Ringer's lactate in increasing doses to sets of patients with metastatic cancer to establish a dose sufficient to produce mild toxicity. Twenty-one patients (23 trials) were treated with doses of 50–200 mg/sq/m/day for 5 days every 2–4 wk. Nausea and vomiting were moderate and easily preventable. Doses of 100- 200 mg/sq/m for 5 days every 14 days produced granulocytopenia, usually after two courses. Less toxicity was observed when courses were given every 21–28 days. Forty-five patients with previously treated and refractory acute myeloblastic leukemia were treated. The majority received doses of 150 mg/sq m for 5 days every 2 wk. Eleven (24%) complete remissions and four partial remissions were observed. The number of courses to achieve remission averaged three and required an average of 59 days. Nine patients with blastic crisis of chronic myeloblastic leukemia and four with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia failed to respond. 5-Azacytidine administered by continuous infusion is well tolerated and is an active compound in acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Is dopamine transporter-mediated dopaminergic signaling in the retina a noninvasive biomarker for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder? A study in a novel dopamine transporter variant Val559 transgenic mouse model

Dopamine (DA) is a critical neuromodulator in the retina. Disruption of retinal DA synthesis and signaling significantly attenuates light-adapted, electroretinogram (ERG) responses, as well as contrast sensitivity and acuity. As these measures can be detected noninvasively, they may provide opportunities to detect disease processes linked to perturbed DA signaling. Recently, we identified a rare, functional DA transporter (DAT, SLC6A3) coding substitution, Ala559Val, in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), demonstrating that DAT Val559 imparts anomalous DA efflux (ADE) with attendant physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral phenotypes. To understand the broader impact of ADE on ADHD, noninvasive measures sensitive to DAT reversal are needed. Here, we explored this question through ERG-based analysis of retinal light responses, as well as HPLC measurements of retinal DA in DAT Val559 mice. Male mice homozygous (HOM) for the DAT Val559 variant demonstrated increased, light-adapted ERG b-wave amplitudes compared to wild type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) mice, whereas dark-adapted responses were indistinguishable across genotypes. The elevated amplitude of the photopic light responses in HOM mice could be mimicked in WT mice by applying D1 and D4 DA receptor agonists and suppressed in HOM mice by introducing D4 antagonist, supporting elevated retinal DA signaling arising from ADE. Following the challenge with amphetamine, WT exhibited an increase in light-adapted response amplitudes, while HOM did not. Total retinal DA content was similar across genotypes. Interestingly, female DAT Val559 HOM animals revealed no significant difference in photopic ERG responses when compared with WT and HET littermates. These data reveal that noninvasive, in vivo evaluation of retinal responses to light can reveal physiological signatures of ADE, suggesting a possible approach to the segregation of neurobehavioral disorders based on the DAT-dependent control of DA signaling.
A comparison of endoscopic and non-endoscopic biliary intervention outcomes in patients with prior bariatric surgery

Background and study aims Endoscopic biliary intervention (BI) is often difficult to perform in patients with prior bariatric surgery (BRS). We sought to analyze outcomes of patients with prior BRS undergoing endoscopic and non-endoscopic BI. Patients and methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2007 – 2011) was reviewed to identify all adult inpatients (≥ 18 years) with a history of BRS undergoing BI. The clinical outcomes of interest were in-patient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Results There were 7,343 patients with prior BRS who underwent BIs where a majority were endoscopic (4,482 vs. 2,861, P Conclusion Primary endoscopic management may be a safe and cost-effective approach for patients with prior BRS who need BI. While primary endoscopic biliary intervention is more common, primary non-endoscopic intervention may be used more often for sepsis.
Social marketing nutrition education for low-income population.

As access to healthy food (or lack thereof) could be considered a social justice issue, social workers should be concerned about this issue and willing to collaborate with colleagues of various dis...
Marriage and the Seegen Prize (1904–1906)

Returning to Copenhagen from Grenaa, August and Marie made the round of visits to family and friends expected of a newly engaged couple. Marie then left for a month’s stay in Lund, Sweden, for her anatomical dissection course while August continued his work in the laboratory. August was now working with a new apparatus he had built for measuring the respiratory excretion of nitrogen.
Wave-Number Selection in Rotating Couette-Taylor flow

In nonlinear dissipative systems subjected to an external stress, R, a transition frequently occurs to a state of reduced symmetry having a spatial structure with a characteristic wavelength when R exceeds a critical value Rc. Examples are Rayleigh-Benard convection [1], Taylor-vortex flow [2–4], certain chemical reactions [5], flame-front propagation [6], and crystal growth [7]. The equations of motion, with boundary conditions corresponding to systems of infinite spatial extent, usually possess a continuum of linearly stable solutions [8], corresponding to a band of wave numbers having a width which varies as e1/2 (e ≡ R/Rc − 1).
Immunizations and Refugees

Refugees are one of the few groups of immigrants to the United States who are not required to have any vaccinations prior to arrival. Refugees are infrequently up-to-date with age appropriate vaccinations, although vaccination in accordance with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is mandated prior to both entrance into school and application for permanent resident status. A combination of vaccination records and laboratory testing of immunity is used to determine need for vaccinations. This chapter reviews recommendations for vaccination of both adult and child refugees.
The Research Study

In this chapter, I discuss the way in which this study was implemented. I explain how the respondents were obtained, how the interviews were conducted, and how the data were transcribed, coded and analyzed. In addition, I explain the relationship between my study and the male batterers program which some of the men were involved in.
Compartmentalizing the neuronal plasma membrane from axon initial segments to synapses.

Abstract Many membrane proteins localize to restricted domains in neurons, such as axons, dendrites, synapses, or axon initial segments. The exquisite subcellular compartmentalization of adhesion molecules, growth factor receptors, signaling receptors, voltage‐gated and ligand‐gated channels, and others underlies the complex functioning of neurons and ultimately vectorial propagation of signaling in neuronal circuits. This chapter discusses the cellular mechanisms for compartmentalizing the neuronal plasma membrane. Among the mechanisms contributing to protein segregation in the membrane are sorting and targeting in the Golgi/TGN, endocytosis, recycling, and degradation, and control of membrane protein diffusion. The molecular underpinnings of these cellular mechanisms are reviewed in the first part. The second part discusses the contribution of each cellular mechanism to targeting proteins to axons and dendrites, to synapses, to axon initial segments, and to Nodes of Ranvier. For most, if not all proteins and locations, all four mechanisms are in effect and additively contribute to the precise localization of membrane proteins in neurons. Since disruption of proper protein distribution results in defects in neuronal function and can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, a full understanding of the cellular mechanisms of plasma membrane compartmentalization is an important goal for the future.
Wrestling with the heterotopia: Jordan Burroughs and his post-match interview at the 2016 Olympics.

ABSTRACTThis essay applies Michel Foucault’s conception of the heterotopia to the context of the sport of wrestling. In particular, it examines the social and spatial structures of the sport, explo...
The female adolescent breast: disorders of development.

Purpose of reviewThis article will provide an overview on female breast development and focus on common abnormalities of growth, the emerging role of breast self-awareness, and discuss trends in the evaluation and treatment of the breast masses and disorders most often encountered in the female adol
Product Yield and Fatty Acid Content of North Dakota Mule Deer, Elk, and Moose

The objective of this study was to determine and document proportion of edible lean from harvested big game species (mule deer, elk, and moose), analyze nutritive value of longissimus muscle (LM) tissue, and discuss the implications of shot damage on loss of edible lean. Twenty-nine mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; MUL), 22 moose (Alces alces), and 21 elk (Cervus canadensis) were harvested from the field and processed at the North Dakota State University Meat Science Laboratory. Fatty acid analysis was conducted for each species. Field harvested animal yield data were collected and compared across species to include edible lean availability and tissue loss (trimming) associated with bullet damage (shot loss). Larger species had heavier whole body (WB), field dressed (FD), carcass (CARC), and lean (LN) yield, whereas the smaller species (MUL) had the highest FD expressed as a percentage of WB (77.19%). Shot loss expressed as a percentage of total lean tissue was greatest for elk (16.59%, P = 0.02), then MUL (13.24%), and moose (12.32%). The most edible lean (332.53 kg) was obtained from moose whereas MUL tended to yield more lean as a percentage of WB (42.07%, P = 0.06). Moose had the least crude fat on a DM basis, the least total kcals/100 g of loin sample, and least total cholesterol (mg/100 g of loin sample). Mule deer and elk exhibited a greater percentage of oleic acid (24.1 and 29.7%, respectively, expressed as a percentage of LM crude fat content) than moose (14.5%, P < 0.01). Mule deer had the highest stearic acid content (24.7%) compared to elk (12.83%) and moose (21.62%). This research found that elk and MUL have more desirable MUFA and SFA of total fat content than moose which possess the highest lean yield percentage.
On mycorrhizal individuality

This paper argues that a plant together with the symbiotic fungus attached to its roots, a mycorrhizal collective, is an evolutionary individual, and further, that mycorrhizal individuality has important implications for evolutionary theory. Theoretical individuation is defended and then employed to show that mycorrhizal collectives function as interactors according to David Hull’s replicator-interactor model of evolution by natural selection, and because they have the potential to engage in pseudo-vertical transmission, mycorrhizal collectives also function as Darwinian individuals, according to Peter Godfrey-Smith’s Darwinian Populations model of evolution by natural selection. Mycorrhizae in nature usually connect the roots of multiple plants, so mycorrhizal individuality entails the existence of overlapping evolutionary individuals, and because the potential to engage in pseudo-vertical transmission comes in degrees, it follows that these overlapping evolutionary individuals also come in degrees. I suggest here that the degree of evolutionary individuality in a symbiotic collective corresponds to its probability of reproducing with vertical or pseudo-vertical transmission. This probability constitutes a fourth parameter of graded Darwinian individuality in collective reproducers and warrants an update to Godfrey-Smith’s 3D model.
Effect of quality on damage in contiguous pavement sections

This paper applies system dynamics to evaluate the effect of quality on damage in contiguous pavement sections. System dynamics models for a multisection stretch of roadways were developed and modi...
A Novel Use of Topical Ketamine for the Treatment of Oral Pemphigus: A Case Report.

Background:Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare autoimmune blistering disease often associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. PNP causes hemorrhagic stomatitis of the lips, tongue, and che...
Dynamic hand gesture recognition based on short-term sampling neural networks

Hand gestures are a natural way for human-robot interaction. Vision based dynamic hand gesture recognition has become a hot research topic due to its various applications. This paper presents a novel deep learning network for hand gesture recognition. The network integrates several well-proved modules together to learn both short-term and long-term features from video inputs and meanwhile avoid intensive computation. To learn short-term features, each video input is segmented into a fixed number of frame groups. A frame is randomly selected from each group and represented as an RGB image as well as an optical flow snapshot. These two entities are fused and fed into a convolutional neural network &#x0028 ConvNet &#x0029 for feature extraction. The ConvNets for all groups share parameters. To learn long-term features, outputs from all ConvNets are fed into a long short-term memory &#x0028 LSTM &#x0029 network, by which a final classification result is predicted. The new model has been tested with two popular hand gesture datasets, namely the Jester dataset and Nvidia dataset. Comparing with other models, our model produced very competitive results. The robustness of the new model has also been proved with an augmented dataset with enhanced diversity of hand gestures.
Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California

Black and Hispanic/Latinx transgender women in the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately affected by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces risk of HIV infection but PrEP uptake remains low among Black and Hispanic/Latinx transgender women. Between July 2018 and August 2019, we conducted individual interviews with 30 Black and Hispanic/Latinx transgender women who were prescribed PrEP through a PrEP demonstration project and 10 healthcare providers who provide PrEP services to transgender women in Los Angeles and San Diego, California. The interviews assessed general attitudes, experiences, and beliefs about PrEP as well as individual-, interpersonal-, community-, and structural-level barriers to PrEP uptake and adherence. PrEP adherence was assessed by collecting quantitative intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels in retrospect on batched, banked dried blood spot (DBS) samples. We utilized qualitative content analysis to identify themes from the interviews. Findings indicated the presence of individual-level barriers including cost concerns, mental health issues, substance use, and concerns about PrEP side effects including hormone interaction. Interpersonal-level barriers included the influence of intimate/romantic partners and the impact of patient-provider communication. Community-level barriers consisted of experiencing stigma and negative community opinions about PrEP use as well as having negative experiences in healthcare settings. Structural-level barriers included unreliable transportation, employment, and housing insecurity. Interventions aiming to increase PrEP uptake and adherence among Black and Hispanic/Latinx transgender women in the U.S. should employ a multilevel approach to addressing the needs of transgender women, especially the structural barriers that have greatly limited the use of PrEP.
Effects of adding live Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus-based enzyme extracts on ruminal fermentation, plasma polyamine concentrations, and fiber digestibility in beef steers fed a high-forage diet

ABSTRACT Objective We evaluated the effects of adding live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Aspergillus-based extract (ABE) on rumen fermentation, plasma polyamine concentrations, and in vitro fiber digestibility in beef steers fed mixed red clover–orchardgrass hay. Materials and Methods Eight rumen-cannulated Angus crossbred beef steers were assigned to 4 treatments arranged in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) control (CON; basal diet without additive), (2) SC (CON + 15 g/d of live SC), (3) ABE (5 g of ABE), and (4) SC+ABE (15 g/d of live SC + 5 g of ABE). On d 21, blood samples were collected before morning feeding for plasma metabolome analysis (including polyamines such as spermines, spermidine, and putrescine). Rumen fluid samples were collected 3, 6, and 9 h after feeding for analysis of VFA, ammonia-N concentrations, and in vitro DM and NDF digestibility. Results and Discussion Compared with CON, neither SC nor ABE had effects (P > 0.10) on rumen fermentation and in vitro digestibility. In contrast, SC+ABE increased (P ≤ 0.05) the ruminal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total VFA and in vitro DM and NDF digestibilities. Both SC and SC+ABE increased (P Implications and Applications Supplementation of SC with or without ABE to forage-fed beef steers increased plasma concentrations of polyamines and kynurenine, a possible indication of improved immune function; however, combining SC and ABE, but not SC alone, improved the rumen fermentation and in vitro fiber digestibility.
Dynamical transition orbitals: A particle-hole description in real-time TDDFT dynamics.

We expand the concept of natural transition orbitals in the context of real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) and show its application in practical calculations. Kohn–Sham single-particle wavefunctions are propagated in RT-TDDFT simulation, and physical properties remain invariant under their unitary transformation. In this work, we exploit this gauge freedom and expand the concept of natural transition orbitals, which is widely used in linear-response TDDFT, for obtaining a particle–hole description in RT-TDDFT simulation. While linear-response TDDFT is widely used to study electronic excitation, RT-TDDFT can be employed more generally to simulate non-equilibrium electron dynamics. Studying electron dynamics in terms of dynamic transitions of particle–hole pairs is, however, not straightforward in the RT-TDDFT simulation. By constructing natural transition orbitals through projecting time-dependent Kohn–Sham wave functions onto occupied/unoccupied eigenstate subspaces, we show that linear combinations of a pair of the resulting hole/particle orbitals form a new gauge, which we refer to as dynamical transition orbitals. We demonstrate the utility of this framework to analyze RT-TDDFT simulations of optical excitation and electronic stopping dynamics in the particle–hole description.
Heterogeneous irradiated-pristine polyethylene nanofiber junction as a high-performance solid-state thermal diode.

In this work, we demonstrate two types of heterogeneous irradiated-pristine polyethylene nanofiber junctions, ‘heavily-irradiated-pristine’ (HI-P) and ‘lightly-irradiated-pristine’ (LI-P) junctions, as high-performance solid-state thermal diodes. The HI-P junction rectifies heat flux in a single direction, while the LI-P junction shows dual-directional rectification under different working temperatures. We accurately model the phase transition of polyethylene nanofibers with a finite temperature range rather than a step function. The finite-temperature-range model suggests that the rectification factor increases with temperature bias and there is a minimum threshold of temperature bias for notable rectification. Besides, the finite-temperature-range model shows better prediction for the heat flow data from experiments, while the step function model tends to overestimate the rectification performance around the optimal length fraction of irradiation. Although both the models show that an optimal rectification occurs when the interface temperatures in the forward and the reverse biases are equal, the optimized rectification factor is determined by the temperature bias and the temperature range of phase transition. This work elucidates the influence of both the temperature bias and the temperature range of phase transition on thermal rectification performance, which could incredibly benefit the evaluation and design of thermal diodes.
Efficiency of bioaerosol samplers: a comparison study

Bioaerosols, including bacteria and fungi, are ubiquitous and have been shown to impact various organisms as well as biogeochemical cycles and human health. However, sample collection poses a challenge for aeromicrobiologists and can determine the success of a study. Establishing a standard collection procedure for bioaerosol sampling could help advance the field. We tested the efficiency (number of organisms collected and DNA yield per unit time) of three sampling devices: a membrane filtration device, a liquid impinger, and a portable electrostatic precipitator bioaerosol collector. We compared the efficiency of these three devices for both culture-dependent studies, by enumerating colony forming units (CFUs), and culture-independent studies, by extracting and quantifying total DNA. Our results show that the electrostatic precipitator collected microorganisms significantly more efficiently than the membrane filtration and liquid impingement in both types of studies over the same time interval. This is due to the high flow rate of the device. This work is important and timely because aeromicrobiology is currently restricted by long sampling times and risk of evaporation, desiccation, or freezing during sample, which increases with sampling times. Fieldwork convenience and portability of instruments are an additional challenge for sampling. Using a sampler that can overcome these technical hurdles can accelerate the advancement of the field, and the use of a lightweight, battery-powered, inexpensive, and portable bioaerosol collection device could address these limitations.
Marcella Althaus-Reid’s Marxian Critique of Theology

Marcella Althaus-Reid offers a Marxian critique of the production of theology. This article offers analysis of three aspects of this critique: First, it describes how Althaus-Reid diagnoses the int...
The Right Tool for The Job? Assessing the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Identifying Administrative Errors

This article explores the extent to which machine learning can be used to detect administrative errors. It concentrates on administrative errors in unemployment insurance (UI) decisions, which give rise to a public values conflict between efficiency and effectiveness. This conflict is first described and then highlighted in the history of the US UI regime. Machine learning may not only mitigate this conflict but it may also help to combat fraud and reduce the backlog of claims associated with economic crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The article uses data about improper UI payments throughout the US from 2002 through 2018 to analyze the accuracy of random forests and deep learning models. We find that a random forest model using gradient descent boosting is more accurate, along several measures, than every deep learning model tested. This finding could be explained by the goodness-of-fit between the machine learning method and the available data. Alternatively, deep learning performance could be attenuated by necessary limits to publicly-accessible claims data.
The Controversial Demise of Zauderer: Revitalizing Zauderer Post-NIFLA Note

The First Amendment broadly stands for the idea that government attempts to curtail the right of the American people to both speak and not speak should be viewed with the utmost skepticism. In the context of compelled commercial speech, however, that scrutiny is lessened. Zaudererv. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio(Zauderer) established that where the government attempts to compel commercial speakers to make disclosures of purely factual and uncontroversial information about products or services, courts will consider such regulations more deferentially. Zauderer recognized that commercial speakers have a minimally protected interest in notdisclosing such information, while the government has a vital interest in protecting consumers against deceptive practices. Zaudererhas been interpreted in a myriad of ways, with courts diverging on when Zauderer deference should be applied, culminating in the Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra(NIFLA). The NIFLA majority reasoned that Zauderer deference was not applicable to a California disclosure requirement in part because the underlying topic—abortion—was controversial. This Note argues that the use of the “purely factual and uncontroversial” standard as a threshold requirement for Zauderer deference to be applied has always been problematic, but that NIFLA is the straw that broke the camel’s back, mandating a fundamental reconsideration of Zauderer deference. The “purely factual and uncontroversial” standard has become the mutated product of an inconsistent body of law, and, following NIFLA, is both prone to judicial bias and is fundamentally divorced from the consumer protection interests. This Note concludes that, in order to remedy these fatal flaws, Zauderer’s “unjustified or unduly burdensome” standard should replace the “purely factual and uncontroversial” standard for the application of Zauderer deference.
Overall Rate Kinetics Model for Chlorine Demand of Urban Rainfall Runoff

AbstractThe built environment significantly alters the rainfall-runoff response and associated transport of particulate matter (PM), chemicals, and pathogens in the urban water cycle. Urban water s...
Walking indoors, outdoors, and on a treadmill: Gait differences in healthy young and older adults.

Abstract Background Although human gait is typically studied in a laboratory environment, the findings of laboratory-based gait assessments are often applied to daily life scenarios. Assessing gait in varied conditions may offer a better understanding of the influence of environment on gait performance. Research questions How do spatiotemporal gait measures differ between indoor overground walking, outdoor walking, and treadmill walking in healthy adults? Do different walking environments exaggerate age-related alterations in gait performance in older compared to young adults? Methods 30 young (18−30yrs) and 28 older adults (60−80yrs) completed four randomized conditions at their typical, comfortable walking pace: 1) 8 m of indoor walking, 2) continuous indoor walking, 3) treadmill walking, and 4) outdoor walking on a sidewalk. Wearable inertial sensors recorded gait data and the magnitudes and variability (in standard deviations) of the following gait measures were computed: cadence, percent double support, stride length (with sample entropy), and gait velocity. Results Despite the lack of significant univariate interactions between group and walking condition, significant main effects for condition and group were observed in both the magnitude and variability analyses. Treadmill walking resulted in a slower gait with shorter, less variable strides (p Significance The results showed that the effects of walking condition on gait measures were more dramatic than participant age, and gait performance differs between walking environments in both older and younger adults. Since daily life gait encompasses both tightly controlled and unconstrained, free-living walking, researchers and clinicians should use caution when generalizing gait performance across walking conditions. Measures of gait performance typically used in laboratory gait analyses may not adequately characterize daily life gait in indoor and outdoor environments.
Does Marriage Lead to Specialization? An Evaluation of Swedish Trends in Adult Earnings Before and After Marriage

We examine whether marriage leads to specialization in Sweden by implementing a model that differentiates specialization in the household by cohabitation and marriage. Our paper evaluates this model using panel data to analyze trends in earnings before and after marriage between 1985 and 1995 for married and long-term cohabiting Swedish couples with children. To identify the effect of marriage on earnings we use the reform of the widow’s pension system that resulted in a marriage boom in Sweden in 1989 and difference-in-difference estimation. Our results show that most of the male marriage premium can be explained by positive selection whereas the female marriage penalty reflects increased specialization in home production and childcare. The findings suggest that the positive selection of men into marriage translates into the increased specialization of women. We also find evidence that marriage facilitates specialization in the few couples where mothers earn more than fathers, resulting in a marriage premium for women and a marriage penalty for men. Finally, we find that the net effect of marriage on family earnings is zero because the male marriage premium is offset by the female marriage penalty. Our results show that specialization results from the legal arrangement of marriage, not from the living arrangement of the household. JEL Codes: J31, J12 Key Words: Marriage, Marriage premium, Specialization
Fire Polishing with Premixing Technology

Different heat transfer rates, flame shapes, working parameters, and so on for premixed and post-mixed oxy-hydrogen and oxy-methane flames result in differences between the flames. The heat transfer rates from premixed oxy-hydrogen flames are approximately six times higher than those from premixed oxy-methane flames. The heat transfer rates from premixed flames are approximately 30% higher in the case of oxy-methane flames and approximately two times higher in the case of oxy-hydrogen flames than in post-mixed flames. The heat transfer profile in radial distance of oxy-hydrogen flames is sharper than in oxy-methane flames. The flame width for oxy-hydrogen flames is smaller than for oxy-methane flames, assuming that the flame width in this case is defined by heat transfer rates lower than 150 kW/m 2 . This means that premixing glass treatment technologies are more efficient than post-mixing technologies and that glass treatment technologies with hydrogen/oxygen are more efficient than with natural gas/oxygen or propane/oxygen. When it comes to meeting the highest demands in glass manufacturing - especially high glass quality and short working times - only premix technology with oxygen and hydrogen brings the requested results.
An apparent “vital effect” of calcification rate on the Sr/Ca temperature proxy in the reef coral Montipora capitata

[1] Measuring the strontium to calcium ratio in coral skeletons reveals information on seawater temperatures during skeletal deposition, but studies have shown additional variables may affect the ratio. Here we measured Sr/Ca in the reef coral Montipora capitata grown in six mesocosms continuously supplied with seawater from the adjacent reef flat. Three mesocosms were ambient controls, and three had seawater chemistry simulating “ocean acidification” (OA). We found that Sr/Ca was not affected by the OA treatment and neither was coral calcification for these small colonies (larger colonies did show an OA effect). The lack of OA effects allowed us to test the hypothesis that coral growth rate can affect Sr/Ca using the natural range in calcification rates of the corals grown at the same temperature. We found that Sr/Ca was inversely related to calcification rate (Sr/Ca = 9.385 − 0.0040 (calcification rate)). Using a previously published calibration curve for this species, a 22 mg d−1 colony−1increase in calcification rate introduced a 1°C warmer temperature estimate, with the 27 corals reporting “temperatures” ranging from 24.9 to 28.9°C, with mean 26.6 ± 0.9°C standard deviation. Our results lend support to hypotheses invoking kinetic processes and growth rate to explain vital effects on Sr/Ca. However, uncertainty in the slope of the regression of Sr/Ca on calcification and a low R-squared value lead us to conclude that Sr/Ca could still be a useful proxy in this species given sufficient replication or by including growth rate in the calibration.
Folly to the Nations? Cultural Apologetics, Natural Law, and Evangelical Political Thought

Several scholars have recently criticized evangelicals for their neglect of natural law, particularly as a failure to make themselves intelligible to the broader culture. This paper begins by examining evangelicals’ uneasy relationship with natural law theory. It argues that natural law already has a place in evangelical political activity, but acknowledges that this has not been consistently central to their political thought. Using evangelical approaches to apologetics and moral knowledge, this paper explores the potential for natural law to facilitate increasingly shareable ethics in evangelical political theory. It argues that the evangelical focus on epistemic distance between believers and non-believers brings a distinctive emphasis to natural law theory, provided it does not extend to precluding shared moral knowledge. The paper argues that evangelical theology suggests a more prominent role for natural law in evangelicals’ political communication, at the same time as maintaining relatively low expectations for natural law’s theoretical and political utility. The paper concludes by exploring how a uniquely evangelical approach to natural law might fit into contemporary debates about shareable moral standards, as in the thought of MacIntire and Rawls.
Determinants of Success In Reform Strategies: A Case Study of Hungary and Poland

The capacity of a post-communist country to minimize social pain is essential to the very existence of the new government. In studying the transitional economies of Eastern Europe, it is important to attempt to determine what factors have lead to a level of success in not only moving towards a market economy, but also in minimizing the social pain of that transition. Hungary and Poland have been cited as two of the most successful nations in moving towards economic success (Slay, 1994). Interestingly, these two countries selected different reform strategies, the gradualist approach and the shock therapy approach respectively. With these different strategies, they have met with similar results, results that are some of the most optimistic in all of Eastern Europe. This study will analyze how two very different reform strategies can produce similar outcomes. The paper will attempt to determine the other factors that have been important to the success of these two case studies. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol1/iss1/8
Computational Aspects of the Time-Optimal Control Problem

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the computation of time optimal controls for systems whose motion can be described by a set of ordinary linear differential equations. Optimal control is expressed explicitly in terms of solutions to the related adjoint differential equations. The principal difficulty is that the initial values for these adjoint equations are not prescribed. Although theory shows that these procedures converge, it has been observed that in applications, the number of iterations required to produce initial values of satisfactory accuracy is often unreasonably large. The chapter discusses a a variety of methods for computing time-optimal controls.
Handbook of solar energy data for south-facing surfaces in the United States. Volume 1: An insolation, array shadowing, and reflector augmentation model

A quick reference for obtaining estimates of available solar insolation for numerous locations and array angles is presented. A model and a computer program are provided which considered the effects of array shadowing reflector augmentation as design variables.
Use of thallium-201 brain SPECT to differentiate cerebral lymphoma from toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients.

PURPOSE To determine whether thallium-201 brain single-photon emission CT could be used to make the distinction between central nervous system lymphoma and toxoplasma encephalitis, which may not be possible by routine MR and CT. METHODS A total of 37 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had intracranial mass lesions found during a 9-month prospective study by either MR or CT underwent further evaluation with Tl-201 brain single-photon emission CT. RESULTS Twelve patients had increased intense focal Tl-201 uptake. All of these patients had either biopsy- or autopsy-proven lymphoma. Twenty-five of the patients studied had no Tl-201 brain uptake in the lesion(s); 24 of these patients had toxoplasma encephalitis on clinical follow-up. One patient with no Tl-201 uptake was found by cerebrospinal fluid analysis to have mycobacterium tuberculosis abscess. CONCLUSION Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have intracranial mass lesions on MR or CT may benefit from Tl-201 brain single-photon emission CT because it can help distinguish between lymphoma and infectious lesions such as toxoplasma encephalitis.
Germany’s synthetic fuel industry, 1927–1945

Germany has virtually no petroleum deposits. Prior to the twentieth century this was not a serious problem because Germany possessed abundant coal reserves. Coal provided for commercial and home heating; it also fulfilled the needs of industry and the military, particularly the navy. In the opening decade of the twentieth century, Germany’s fuel requirements began to change. Two reasons were especially important. First, Germany became increasingly dependent on gasoline and diesel oil engines. The appearance of automobiles, trucks, and then airplanes made a plentiful supply of gasoline essential. Moreover, ocean-going ships increasingly used diesel oil rather than coal as their energy source. Second, Germany’s continuing industrialization and urbanization led to the replacement of coal with smokeless liquid fuels that not only had a higher energy content but were cleaner burning and more convenient to handle.
Modified Crocco-Lees Mixing Theory for Supersonic Separated and Reattaching Flows

Re-examination of the Crocco-Lees method has shown that the previous quantitative disagreement between theory and experiment in the region of flow up to separation was caused primarily by the improper C(K) relation assumed. A new C(K) correlation, based on low-speed theoretical and experimental data and on supersonic experimental results, has been developed and found to be satisfactory for accurate calculation of two-dimensional laminar super sonic flows up to separation. A study of separated and reattaching regions of flow has led to a physical model which incorporates the concept of the "dividing" streamline and the results of experiment. According to this physical model, viscous momentum transport is the essential mechanism in the zone between separation and the beginning of reattachment, while the reattachment process is, on the contrary, an essentially inviscid process. This physical model has been translated into Crocco-Lees language using a semi-empirical approach, and approximate C(K) and F(K) relations have been determined for the separated and reattaching regions. The results of this analysis have been applied to the problem of shock wave-laminar boundary layer interaction, and satisfactory quantitative agreement with experiment has been achieved.
The major late adenovirus type-2 transcription unit: termination is downstream from the last poly(A) site.

Abstract Late in adenovirus type-2 infection of HeLa cells the majority of viral RNA synthesis occurs from a transcription unit that extends between 16% and 100% on the physical map of the Ad-2 † genome. Poly(A) is added to RNA at five distinct sites within the transcription unit (Fraser & Ziff, 1978; Nevins & Darnell, 1978a,b). As many as 13 different messenger RNAs can be processed from the primary RNA transcripts of this region of the genome (Chow et al., 1977a,b; Nevins & Darnell, 1978a). Examination of nuclear RNA in several different types of experiments (RNA “fingerprint” studies and hybridization of pulse-labeled “nascent” RNA and labeled nuclear RNA synthesized after ultraviolet irradiation to an ordered set of restriction endonuclease-generated DNA fragments) indicates that the mRNA 3′ terminus most distant from the promoter does not correspond to the RNA polymerase termination site for the transcription unit. Transcription, continues ~2500 to 3000 residues beyond the 3′ terminus of the most promoter distal mRNA (localized between co-ordinates 89.7 and 91.9 ) and into the region 98.2–100 on the Ad-2 physical map. The occurrence of RNA termination sites distal to the poly(A) site is discussed as a general feature of transcriptional unit design in animal cells.
Volumes and excess volumes of some liquid metals and alloys

Determination, a l'aide d'une technique directe d'Archimede, des volumes molaires et d'exces de metaux liquides purs et de melanges de Al-Sn, Bi-Sb, Bi-Zn et Sb-Sn a des temperatures allant du liquidus a 1000˚C. Developpement d'un modele simple, semiempirique, base sur les densites des electrons de Valence, pour les volumes d'exces d'alliages liquides ne formant pas de composes
Uric acid prevents traumatic cell death and neuronal dysfunction in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

The efficacy of uric acid (UA) to prevent cell death and preserve electrophysiological function after traumatic brain injury was tested in an in vitro model. UA significantly reduced post-traumatic cell death and attenuated changes in electrophysiological measures. UA may be a promising novel therapeutic for traumatic brain injury which warrants further study in animal models.
Electromagnetic field perturbation by an internal void in a conducting cylinder excited by a wire loop

A thin prolate spheroidal void in an infinite conducting circular cylinder is used to model an internal flaw in a wire rope. The rope is excited by an electric ring current which is a model for a thin solenoid or multi-turn wire loop. The anomalous external fields are computed from the induced electric and magnetic dipole moments of the void. For this type of excitation, the induced axial magnetic dipole moment is the dominant contributor to the scattered field. The results have application to nondestructive testing of wire ropes.