cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick? Veterans in the Political Elite and the American Use of Force

Other research has shown (1) that civilians and the military differ in their views about when and how to use military force; (2) that the opinions of veterans track more closely with military officers than with civilians who never served in the military; and (3) that U.S. civil–military relations shaped Cold War policy debates. We assess whether this opinion gap “matters” for the actual conduct of American foreign policy. We examine the impact of the presence of veterans in the U.S. political elite on the propensity to initiate and escalate militarized interstate disputes between 1816 and 1992. As the percentage of veterans serving in the executive branch and the legislature increases, the probability that the United States will initiate militarized disputes declines. Once a dispute has been initiated, however, the higher the proportion of veterans, the greater the level of force the United States will use in the dispute.
Individuation of objects and events: a developmental study.

This study investigates children’s ability to use language to guide their choice of individuation criterion in the domains of objects and events. Previous work (Shipley, E. F., & Shepperson, B. (1990). Countable entities: developmental changes. Cognition, 34, 109– 136.) has shown that children have a strong bias to use a spatio-temporal individuation strategy when counting objects and that children will ignore a conflicting linguistic description in favor of this spatio-temporal bias. Experiment 1 asked children (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) and adults to count objects and events under different linguistic descriptions. In the object task, subjects counted pictures of familiar objects split into multiple pieces (as in Shipley, E. F., & Shepperson, B. (1990). Countable entities: developmental changes. Cognition, 34, 109– 136.) and described either using an appropriate kind label (e.g. “car”) or the general term “thing”. In the event task, subjects watched short animated movies consisting of a goal-oriented event achieved via multiple, temporally separated steps. The events were described either with an appropriate telic predicate targeting the goal (e.g. “paint a flower”) or with an atelic predicate targeting the steps in the process (e.g. “paint”) and the subjects’ task was to count the events. Relative to adults, children preferred a spatio-temporal counting strategy in both tasks; there was no difference among the three groups of children. However, children were able to significantly change their counting strategy to follow the linguistic description in the event but not the object task. Experiment 2 extended the object task to include counting of other types of non-spatio-temporal units such as sub-parts of objects and collections. Results showed that children could use the linguistic descriptions to guide their counting strategy for these new items, though they continued to show a bias for a spatio-temporal individuation strategy with the collections. We suggest potential cognitive origins for the spatio-temporal individuation bias and how it interacts with children’s developing linguistic knowledge. q 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthoma: case report and review of the literature

Background Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis has been described as an incidental finding and as a clinically distinct lesion. In both situations, a dimorphic histologic pattern is observed: acantholysis and dyskeratosis. Solitary, non-genital lesions displaying such pathology have been difficult to classify. Clinical and pathological characteristics of acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthomas are described. Methods The features of a patient with solitary, non-genital, acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthoma are presented and the literature on acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthomas is reviewed. Using PubMed the following terms were searched and relevant citations assessed: acantholysis, acanthoma, cutaneous, dyskeratosis, nail, warty. Results We identified 30 cutaneous acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthomas, including our patient, most often found on the trunk and mimicking basal cell carcinoma, and three subungual acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthomas of the thumb, which mimicked onychopapilloma. Conclusion Acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthomas are clinically and pathologically distinct lesions, which may morphologically present as either truncal plaques or subungual longitudinal erythronychia.
Electrophysiological studies of the protozoan, Stentor coeruleus

SUMMARY Transmembrane potentials and membrane characteristics of Stentor coeruleus were studied by means of microelectrodes and standard electrophysiological techniques. Intracellular resting potentials were found to be variable and recordable for only a brief span of time owing to the encapsulation of the recording electrodes. During this brief time span of recorded resting potentials were anamolous in that they were generally of positive polarity. When an extended Stentor was stimulated to contract, a 10-60 mv negative-going transient response was recorded from intracellular electrodes. After the electrodes had been encapsulated, a diphasic transient response was observed when the penetrated animal contracted. Simultaneous recordings from intracellular and encapsulated electrodes showed that the diphasic and negative-going transient responses occurred simultaneously. Contractions of Stentor occurred in 7 to 8 msec following a 2 to 3 msec latent period after a suprathreshold shock. Records obtained by use of a photomultiplier and microelectrodes indicated that the contractions began 1.8 msec after the onset of the diphasic response. Prepotentials were observed prior to mechanically stimulated responses.
On the use of nanoindentation for cementitious materials

Recent progress in experimental and theoretical nanomechanics opens new venues in materials science for the nano-engineering of cement-based composites. In particular, as new experimental techniques such as nanoindentation provide unprecedented access to micromechanical properties of materials, it becomes possible to identify the mechanical effects of the elementary chemical components of cement-based materials at the scale where physical chemistry meets mechanics, including the properties of the four clinker phases, of portlandite, and of the C-S-H gel. In this paper, we review some recent results obtained by nanoindentation, which reveal that the C-S-H gel exists “mechanically” in two different forms, a lowdensity form and a high-density form, which have different mean stiffness and hardness values and different volume fractions. While the volume fractions of the two phases depend on mix proportions, the mean stiffness and hardness values do not change from one cement-based material to another; instead they are intrinsic properties of the C-S-H gel.
Three-dimensional volumetric assessment of response to treatment: Stage I and II diffuse large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum

Abstract From 1981 to 1986, 12 patients with Stage I and II diffuse large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum were treated with 4 or more cycles of multiagent chemotherapy and for nine patients this was followed by mediastinal irradiation. The response to treatment was assessed by three-dimensional volumetric analysis utilizing thoracic CT scans. The initial mean tumor volume of the five patients relapsing was 540 ml in contrast to an initial mean tumor volume of 360 ml for the seven patients remaining in remission. Of the eight patients in whom mediastinal lymphoma volumes could be assessed 1–2 months after chemotherapy prior to mediastinal irradiation, the three patients who have relapsed had volumes of 292, 92, and 50 ml (mean volume 145 ml) in contrast to five patients who have remained in remission with residual volume abnormalities of 4–87 ml (mean volume 32 ml). Four patients in prolonged remission with CT scans taken one year after treatment have been noted to have mediastinal tumor volumes of 0–28 ml with a mean value of 10 ml. This volumetric technique to assess the extent of mediastinal large cell lymphoma from thoracic CT scans appears to be a useful method to quantitate the amount of disease at presentation as well as objectively monitor response to treament.
Preparing to teach ethics in a computer science curriculum

At Towson University, the Computer and Information Sciences Department is preparing newer faculty members to teach courses in computer ethics. There are two separate ethics courses, which are identified as Professionalism and Computer Ethics (a 1 credit course) and Social and Ethical Issues (a 3 credit course). This paper will provide several types of resources available for preparing a new faculty member to teach computer ethics. In addition, this paper will cover the following topics from the new faculty perspective: (1) identifying available resources; (2) which ethical theories to implement in an ethics course; (3) the major topics to be covered; (4) identifying the desired student outcomes; and (5) the students' perception of the course content.
Sunset science. II. A useful diagram

We present diagrams that show how layers in atmospheric thermal structure are related to the altitudes at which they are seen tangentially. These dip diagrams show that the inferior mirage greatly magnifies the apparent angular size of the lowest few centimeters of atmosphere. Conversely, inversion layers below eye level are compressed—even to zero apparent thickness, in ducts. The diagrams show that, even when distant objects are miraged, the ray crossings occur beyond the lowest point on each ray where the line of sight is tangent to a horizontal surface in the atmosphere. Therefore the apparent altitudes of these tangent points are a monotonic function of their actual heights in the atmosphere. This monotonicity explains an apparent paradox in low-Sun images.
TLR-Independent Induction of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Adaptive Immunity by Negative-Strand RNA Viruses

TLR signaling leads to dendritic cell (DC) maturation and immunity to diverse pathogens. The stimulation of TLRs by conserved viral structures is the only described mechanism leading to DC maturation after a virus infection. In this report, we demonstrate that mouse myeloid DCs mature normally after in vivo and in vitro infection with Sendai virus (SeV) in the absence of TLR3, 7, 8, or 9 signaling. DC maturation by SeV requires virus replication not necessary for TLR-mediated triggering. Moreover, DCs deficient in TLR signaling efficiently prime for Th1 immunity after infection with influenza or SeV, generating IFN-γ-producing T cells, CTLs and antiviral Abs. We have previously demonstrated that SeV induces DC maturation independently of the presence of type I IFN, which has been reported to mature DCs in a TLR-independent manner. The data presented here provide evidence for the existence of a novel intracellular pathway independent of TLR-mediated signaling responsible for live virus triggering of DC maturation and demonstrate its critical role in the onset of antiviral immunity. The revelation of this pathway should stimulate invigorating research into the mechanism for virus-induced DC maturation and immunity.
Optimization of Analytical Parameters for Inferring Relationships among Escherichia coli Isolates from Repetitive-Element PCR by Maximizing Correspondence with Multilocus Sequence Typing Data

Repetitive-element PCR (rep-PCR) is a method for genotyping bacteria based on the selective amplification of repetitive genetic elements dispersed throughout bacterial chromosomes. The method has great potential for large-scale epidemiological studies because of its speed and simplicity; however, objective guidelines for inferring relationships among bacterial isolates from rep-PCR data are lacking. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) as a “gold standard” to optimize the analytical parameters for inferring relationships among Escherichia coli isolates from rep-PCR data. We chose 12 isolates from a large database to represent a wide range of pairwise genetic distances, based on the initial evaluation of their rep-PCR fingerprints. We conducted MLST with these same isolates and systematically varied the analytical parameters to maximize the correspondence between the relationships inferred from rep-PCR and those inferred from MLST. Methods that compared the shapes of densitometric profiles (“curve-based” methods) yielded consistently higher correspondence values between data types than did methods that calculated indices of similarity based on shared and different bands (maximum correspondences of 84.5% and 80.3%, respectively). Curve-based methods were also markedly more robust in accommodating variations in user-specified analytical parameter values than were “band-sharing coefficient” methods, and they enhanced the reproducibility of rep-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of rep-PCR data yielded trees with high topological correspondence to trees based on MLST and high statistical support for major clades. These results indicate that rep-PCR yields accurate information for inferring relationships among E. coli isolates and that accuracy can be enhanced with the use of analytical methods that consider the shapes of densitometric profiles.
A Note on Leibniz's Supposed Flirtation with Occasionalism in the 1669 Letter to Thomasius

In his article "Leibniz: Physics and Philosophy", Daniel Garber asserts that the early Leibniz was a mechanist and believed that "only God has the ability to move bodies by continually recreating them in different places....". Garber believes that these views, which Leibniz explicitly holds in the 1669 letter to Thomasius, support his claim that Leibniz accepted a version of occasionalism in that letter". Garber's case is a strong one, for the letter to Thomas ius develops ideas that are quite suggest ive of occasionalism. Nonetheless, this paper argues that Leibniz does not hold an occasionalistic notion of causation in the 1669 letter to Thomasius. Garber mistakenly ascribes occasionalism to the early Leibniz because he interprets Leibniz's views within a Cartesian framework. Only by understanding how Leibniz's Aristotelian concept of substance in the 1669 letter to Thomasius leads to a metaphysics quite distinct from Cartesianism 3 will it be clear why the ideas developed in that letter do not amount to occasionalism. Leibniz makes at least four claims in the letter to Thomasius that are remarkably similar to claims made by Descartes. First, Leibniz accepts the signature feature of mechanical philosophy that "only magnitude, figure, and motion are to be used in explaining corporeal properties" . Second, Leibniz rejects the scholastic notion of substantial forms in which "a kind of immaterial being, though insensible in bodies...spontaneously imparts motion to a body...without the help of an external thing" . Third, matter cannot cause motion in itself, nor can motion arise out of matter spontaneously (i.e., without an external cause). Leibniz argues that because "we can assume nothing in bodies which does not follow from the definition of extension and antitypy [the attributes of matter,]...there is no motion, strictly speaking, as a real entity in bodies" . Finally, motion is explained by God's constantly creating things ex nihilo .
Design, analogy, and creativity

Analogical reasoning appears to play a key role in creative design. In briefly reviewing recent research on analogy-based creative design, this article first examines characterizations of creative design and then analyzes theories of analogical design in terms of four questions: why, what, how and when? After briefly describing recent AI theories of analogy-based creative design, the article focuses on three theories instantiated in operational computer programs: Syn, DSSUA (Design Support System Using Analogy) and Ideal. From this emerges a related set of research issues in analogy-based creative design. The main goal is to sketch the core issues, themes and directions in building such theories.
Characterizations of the graduate career change woman in engineering: recruitment and retention

The author focuses on graduate career change women and the type of women who are willing to try to make the difficult transition to engineering and are able to succeed. The source of their lack of encouragement to enter engineering is examined. The career change woman engineer is compared with the traditional US male engineer in general characteristics. Lastly, the preferred learning styles of the career change woman are also discussed. >
Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis at 2 Hospitals in Washington, D.C.: Adherence of Health Care Providers to Published Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease

Meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans may be associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), but management of this complication is often overlooked. We retrospectively analyzed 39 consecutive patients with cases of culture-proven, community-acquired meningitis and ascertained adherence to Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) practice guidelines for management of cryptococcal meningitis. Of these 39 patients, 26 (67%) had infection due to C. neoformans. Cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure had been measured for 13 (50%) of these 26 patients, and major deviations from the guidelines with respect to ICP management were observed in the care of 14 (54%). Seven (50%) of these 14 patients developed neuropathies during therapy, compared with 1 of the 5 patients whose care had minor or no deviations from the guidelines (P = .024). Major departures from the IDSA guidelines for management of ICP due to C. neoformans meningitis are common and can be associated with neurological injury during therapy.
Eyedness as affecting results obtained with the Howard and Dolman depth perception apparatus.

(1949). Eyedness as Affecting Results Obtained with the Howard and Dolman Depth Perception Apparatus. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 479-482.
Smooth cascade of wrinkles at the edge of a floating elastic film

An ultrathin polymer sheet floating on a fluid forms a periodic pattern of parallel wrinkles when subjected to uniaxial compression. The wave number of the wrinkle pattern increases sharply near the fluid meniscus where the translational symmetry of this one-dimensional corrugated profile is broken. We show that the observed multiscale morphology is controlled by a new "softness" number that quantifies the relative strength of capillary forces at the edge and the rigidity of the bulk pattern. We discover a new elastic cascade by which the wrinkling pattern in the bulk is smoothly matched to the fine structure at the edge by a discrete series of higher Fourier modes.
Strict and Lenient Grading Scales: How Do They Affect the Performance of College Students With High and Low SAT Scores?

This study examined the relationship between strict and lenient grading scales, Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, and performance on tests administered in an undergraduate Educational Psycholo...
Laparoscopy and its use in the repair of anorectal malformations.

Abstract Introduction Laparoscopy has been used for the treatment of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in an attempt to be less invasive and with the hope that it would result in a better functional outcome. There remains a significant debate about whether these expectations have been fulfilled. Methods Seventeen patients with ARM for whom laparoscopy was used were retrospectively reviewed. Six were operated on primarily by the authors, and 11 cases were referred after a laparoscopic repair performed elsewhere. In addition, a literature review was performed looking for evidence of less invasiveness and improved functional results in patients operated on laparoscopically. Results The diagnosis was imperforate anus with a rectobladder neck fistula in our 6 cases with the fistula ligated laparoscopically in each case. In 1 patient, the malformation was repaired entirely using laparoscopic technique. The other 5 patients had a laparoscopically assisted repair because we had to open the abdomen to taper a dilated rectum in 2, mobilize a very high rectum in 2, and take down a distal colostomy stoma in 1. Eleven patients were referred with a variety of problems after a laparoscopic repair done elsewhere for rectal stricture (5), rectal prolapse (4), recurrent rectourethral fistula (3), rectal mislocation (3), failed attempted repair leading to fecal incontinence (1), and a posterior urethral diverticulum (1). Our literature review included 47 references (involving 323 patients) published between 1998 and 2010. All studies showed that laparoscopic repair of ARMs is feasible. The review, however, did not provide evidence of less invasiveness or improved functional results. Conclusions Laparoscopy for ARM is a less invasive procedure when compared with those operations that would have previously required a laparotomy (rectobladder neck fistula). In cases of rectoprostatic fistulae, the laparoscopic approach is feasible and avoids a lengthy posterior sagittal incision. There is no evidence that the laparoscopic approach is a less invasive procedure for other types of ARMs. In cases of rectobulbar fistula, congenital anal stenosis, perineal fistula, ARM without fistula, the evidence suggests that it may be lead to more complications. There is no evidence in the literature demonstrating better functional results in cases of ARM operated on laparoscopically.
A New Model of Medical Decisions: Exploring the Limits of Shared Decision Making:

This article proposes a model of medical decisions based on 2 fundamental characteristics of each decision--importance and certainty. Importance reflects a combination of objective and subjective factors; certainty is present if 1 intervention is superior and absent if 2 or more interventions are approximately equal. The proposed model uses these characteristics to predict who will have decisional priority for any given decision and shows how one class of decisions lends itself particularly well to shared decision making. Three other types of decisions are less well suited to a collaborative decision: 1) For major choices that have low certainty, patients should be encouraged to be the primary decision makers, with physician assistance as needed. 2) Most minor decisions that have high certainty are expected to be made by physicians. 3) Major decisions that have high certainty are likely to cause serious conflict when patients and physicians disagree.
Novice Counselors’ Conceptualizations and Experiences of Therapeutic Relationships

This qualitative study investigated three novice counselors’ experiences and characterizations of therapeutic relationships. Thematic analyses of interviews and diaries revealed six common themes: (a) the centrality of supervision and training experiences to navigating interpersonal experiences with clients; (b) anxiety about counselors’ roles in therapeutic relationships; (c) the perception of the therapeutic relationship as less directive than outside (lay) helping relationships; (d) experimentation with different interpersonal styles; (e) awareness of countertransference; and, (f) impact of therapeutic relationships on outside relationships. Findings expand upon the therapeutic relationship as a focal point for the training and supervision of novice counselors.
Droplet size and spray volume Effects on insecticide deposit and mortality of heliothine (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae in cotton

Effects of droplet size and volumetric application rate of tractor-applied lambda cyhalothrin (Karate Z 2.08 SC) on larval tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), mortality and insecticide deposition on and within the canopy of mature cotton were explored by use of a laboratory bioassay incorporating field-sprayed cotton and a field trial incorporating natural insect infestations. Insecticide was applied in all combinations of three distinct droplet sizes and three volumetric application rates. Mortality of third-instar tobacco budworm occurring in leaf-disk bioassays was highly correlated with insecticide deposits (μg/leaf disk) at upper- and midcanopy levels. At the upper canopy level, mortality was negatively correlated with volumetric application rate and was not significantly correlated with droplet size. Deposit was negatively correlated with volumetric application rate at the lower plant level and larval mortality decreased with increasing droplet size. Results from this study do not support the recommendations of high volumetric application rates; and although droplet size was less influential than volumetric application rate in deposit and insect mortality, the data indicate a significant trend toward increased midcanopy larval mortality with smaller droplets.
International Technology Contracts, Restrictive Covenants and the UNCTAD Code

One set of historical developments that will allow us to gain unique insight into the international debate on trade secrets and restrictive covenants concerns the negotiation of the International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology. Established under the auspices of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), this Code aimed to remove restrictive business practices that had stifled technology transfer and economic development in developing countries. Although the UNCTAD Code was not adopted after close to a decade of negotiations, it has important legacies that have affected global developments in the area of intellectual property and competition laws. A close study of the negotiations will also enable us to anticipate the challenges concerning the push for reform to strengthen the cross-border protection of workplace knowledge.This chapter begins by outlining the various restrictive business practices that are commonly written into international technology contracts between transnational firms on the one hand and firms or government agencies in developing countries on the other at the time of the UNCTAD Code negotiations. The chapter then examines the historical origins of both the Code and its predecessor. It discusses the disagreements between developed and developing countries as well as the reasons behind the Code's eventual failure. This chapter further highlights three of the Code's limited but important legacies. It concludes with six lessons or insights one can glean from studying the UNCTAD Code negotiations.
A conformationally persistent pseudo-bicyclic guanidinium for anion coordination as stabilized by dual intramolecular hydrogen bonds

The first example of a pseudo-bicyclic guanidinium ligand is reported. When bound to an anion, the N,N′-bis(2-pyridyl)guanidinium cation persistently adopts the planar α,α conformation featuring intramolecular N⋯H–N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds in the solid state, which facilitates crystallization of sulphate from aqueous mixtures of anions.
A study of interactive code annotation for access control vulnerabilities

While there are a variety of existing tools to help detect security vulnerabilities in code, they are seldom used by developers due to the time or security expertise required. We are investigating techniques integrated within the IDE to help developers detect and mitigate security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we examine using interactive annotation for access control vulnerabilities. We evaluated whether developers could indicate access control logic using interactive annotation and understand the vulnerabilities reported as a result. Our study indicates that developers can easily find and annotate access control logic but can struggle to use our tool to trace the cause of the vulnerability. Our results provide design guidance for improving the interaction and communication of such security tools with developers.
Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluorophenyl-4'-nitrophenylcarbamate ([18F]FPNPC) and N-(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)-N-(2-maleimidoethyl)urea ([18F]FPMEU) for fluorine-18 labeling biomolecules

1115 Learning Objectives We developed two different 18F-tags, [18F]FPNPC and [18F]FPMEU, for radiolabeling of biomolecules. [18F]FPNPC can be used to react randomly with primary amines of lysines, while [18F]FPMEU can conjugate site-specifically to a thiol group of a cysteine. Summary: A radiosynthesis of [18F]FPNPC following a described synthesis was carried out. Starting with the radiofluorination of dinitrobenzene to get 4-[18F]fluoronitrobenzene, reduction of the remaining nitro group using H3PO3 and Pd black resulted in 4-[18F]fluoroaniline. It was activated with 4-nitrophenylchloroformate to give a radiochemically pure [18F]FPNPC after three solid phase extraction (SPE) purifications. The RCY is up to 60% referred to [18F]F- after 65 min of synthesis. The novel thiophilic 18F-tag, [18F]FPMEU, can be obtained one step from [18F]FPNPC after reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide. Within an additional 35 min, the final RCY is 40 % (n>10) after SPE purification. A HER2 targeting peptide (KGSGKCCYSL) was chosen as a model compound to be radiolabeled with [18F]FPNPC. After 15 min, high RCY can be achieved (70%). [18F]FPMEU conjugation also give high labeling yield (85%), with freshly prepared HER2-targeting peptide using TCEP as reducant agent for thiol group in 30 min. We are optimizing the entire reaction sequences so that it can be adaptable for automation and microfluidic-based radiolabeling. The biological evaluations are well under progress.
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreas adenocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy. The risk of recurrence remains high even for patients with localized disease undergoing surgical resection. Adjuvant systemic therapy has demonstrated the ability to reduce the risk of recurrence and prolong survival. Determination of optimal adjuvant treatment, systemic therapy, and/or combinations to further improve recurrence rates and overall survival are still needed. Neoadjuvant therapy represents an alternative emerging paradigm of investigation with several theoretic advantages over adjuvant therapy. This article summarizes the major adjuvant and neoadjuvant studies for pancreas adenocarcinoma and highlights key areas of ongoing investigation.
Metamorphism as Garnet Sees It: The Kinetics of Nucleation and Growth, Equilibration, and Diffusional Relaxation

Garnet bears witness to the importance of kinetics during metamorphism in its microstructural features, compositional zoning, and diffusional response to thermal events. Porphyroblastic textures carry quantitative signals of protracted nucleation and sluggish intergranular diffusion, key impediments to reaction progress that may result in crystallization under conditions well removed from equilibrium. Growth zoning in garnet reveals partial chemical equilibration with matrix minerals: intergranular transport keeps pace with garnet growth for some elements but not for others, leading to variable degrees and length scales of chemical equilibration. Partial relaxation of compositional zoning by intracrystalline diffusion is a sensitive and quantitative indicator of thermal history, constraining rates and timescales of peak metamorphic heating, processes of burial and exhumation, and retrogression on cooling.
Game Thory and Reaserch about Cross-Region Pollution between Hanshui and Danjiang——Taking Qinba Mountain Area South-to-North Water Diversion Project in South Shaanxi as an Example

The paper introduces the current situation of the South-to-North water diversion central line project,and makes use of the Game Theory,it analyzes the cross-contamination between valley from the aspect of the cost and utility thory.Then the article dissects the theory of private supply of public goods,adopts the payment matrix and leads to the conclusion that the provision of public goods(this refers to specifically Qinba Mountain water supply) than Nash Balanced supply of public goods,that is,Qinba Mountain Area should provide more water supply under joint decision-making than in the circumstance of independent decision-making;Based on above analysis,the article proposes policy recommendations in order to maximize the two area's overall welfare.
Arteriovenous fistula of the renal vessels: Surgical management.

AbstractThe fifth case of arteriovenous fistula following nephrectomy for tuberculosis is presented. It is important to consider an arteriovenous communication in cases of unexplained congestive heart failure, particularly when blood pressure findings suggest arteriovenous shunting. The importance of the history of nephrectomy and findings of a loud bruit upon auscultation of the abdomen is evident. Diagnosis is established by selective renal angiography. The preferred treatment is complete excision of the fistulous communication.
New Measurements of the Tensile Strength of Liquid 4He

A piezoelectric hemispherical transducer was used to focus high-intensity ultrasound into a small volume of superfluid helium. The transducer was gated at its resonant frequency of 566 kHz with gate widths less than 1 ms in order to minimize the effects of transducer heating and acoustic streaming. The onset of nucleation was detected with small-angle scattering of laser light from the cavitation zone by microscopic bubbles. The laser probe also was used to confirm calculations of the pressure amplitude at the focus based on the power radiated into the liquid, the geometry of the transducer, and the nonlinear attenuation of the sound. The cavitation pressure observed was significantly greater than previously reported in the literature and in agreement with homogeneous nucleation theory.
Kinetic and Gas - Dynamic Models for Semiconductor Transport

Transport of electrons in semiconductors is described by a wide range of transport models ranging from the time dependent Schrodinger equation to diffusion equations for an ‘electron - gas’. This paper gives an overview over existing transport models and their connection and derivation.
Improvements in EMC performance of inverter-fed motor drives

An experimental investigation of conducted radio-noise emission from a conventional pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter of medium power feeding an induction motor is described. It is determined that the inverter system generates considerable impulse currents through the power leads feeding the system resulting in serious conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems and significant voltage waveform distortion in the power system. The dominant emission sources in the system are identified. A proposed model of the drive system for the purpose of evaluation of EMI are developed. Several low-cost strategies for improvement in EMC performance of the PWM inverter are then proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that disturbance from the modified system can be dramatically reduced, and that the EMC performance of the system has come very close to meeting the IEC CISPR and FCC limits on conducted emissions for digital devices.
Background characterization of an ultra-low background liquid scintillation counter.

Abstract The Ultra-Low Background Liquid Scintillation Counter developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory will expand the application of liquid scintillation counting by enabling lower detection limits and smaller sample volumes. By reducing the overall count rate of the background environment approximately 2 orders of magnitude below that of commercially available systems, backgrounds on the order of tens of counts per day over an energy range of ~3–3600 keV can be realized. Initial test results of the ULB LSC show promising results for ultra-low background detection with liquid scintillation counting.
Agonies and nuances of geriatric head injury: experience of a tertiary care institute of Western India

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in emergency surgical department. The basic aim of the present study is to analyze the clinical profile, prognostic factors, impact of comorbidities on outcome and complications of traumatic brain injury in elderly patients. Methods: The study is retrospective analysis of hospital records of all admitted patients of head injury above 60 years of age over last five years at a tertiary care institute of India. Results: There were 94 males and 61 females in our study with male to female ratio of 1.54:1. The average age of male patients were 68.55 years and female patients were 64.50 years. Fall was the most common cause of head injury (59.3%) followed by road traffic accidents (36.8%) and assault was the least common (3.9%). Mortality was more in moderate and severe head injury groups with more propensity among females with comorbidities. Conclusions: Our study highlights that geriatric TBI carries a significant morbidity and mortality in India despite of advances in trauma care.
Lifecycle Economic Analysis of Biofuels: Accounting for Economic Substitution in Policy Assessment ☆

This paper develops a lifecycle economic analysis (LCEA) model that integrates endogenous input substitution into the standard lifecycle analysis (LCA) of biofuel that typically assumes fixed-proportions production. We use the LCEA model to examine impacts of a pure carbon tax and a revenue-neutral tax-subsidy policy on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from cellulosic ethanol using forest residues as feedstock in Washington State. In a model allowing for input substitution in the cellulosic ethanol feedstock, conversion, and transportation process, we consider energy source substitution (woody biomass for coal in the cellulosic ethanol conversion plant and biodiesel for diesel in feedstock production and feedstock and ethanol transportation) as well as substitution of capital and labor for energy in all stages of the lifecycle. We find that ignoring endogenous input substitution by using standard LCA leads to substantial underestimation of the impact of carbon tax policies on carbon emissions. Both tax policies can substantially reduce carbon emissions by inducing substitution among inputs. The revenue-neutral tax-subsidy policy reduces emissions more effectively than the carbon tax policy for carbon tax rates currently in place throughout most of the world. It stimulates substitution of woody biomass for coal and biodiesel for diesel at much lower tax rates when accompanied by corresponding subsidies for reduced emissions from renewable sources.
United States Digital Service: How “Obama’s Startup” Harnesses Disruption and Productive Failure to Reboot Government

This article tracks the culture of start-ups as it entered government through the U.S. Digital Service (USDS), a new agency and self-described White House “start-up” designed to rewrite the government’s digital presence. This critical discourse analysis traces the cultural history of the start-up, showing how and why it became an American ideal and icon of American power. This explains how and why the start-up became a cultural infrastructure for the federal government and how it became a commonsense solution to both technological and civic problems and a model for “venture government.” This article concludes that ventures like USDS allowed the government to harness industry popularity, expertise, and credibility to tap venture capitalist modes of production and to capitalize on cultural associations with disruption and failure in the hopes of fortifying public trust in government. However, it also provided technology industry unprecedented influence in federal institutions for both better and worse.
Identifying pragmatic quasi-harmonic electronic structure approaches for modeling molecular crystal thermal expansion.

Quasi-harmonic approaches provide an economical route to modeling the temperature dependence of molecular crystal structures and properties. Several studies have demonstrated good performance of these models, at least for rigid molecules, when using fragment-based approaches with correlated wavefunction techniques. Many others have found success employing dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT). Here, a hierarchy of models in which the energies, geometries, and phonons are computed either with correlated methods or DFT are examined to identify which combinations produce useful predictions for properties such as the molar volume, enthalpy, and entropy as a function of temperature. The results demonstrate that refining DFT geometries and phonons with single-point energies based on dispersion-corrected second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory can provide clear improvements in the molar volumes and enthalpies compared to those obtained from DFT alone. Predicted entropies, which are governed by vibrational contributions, benefit less clearly from the hybrid schemes. Using these hybrid techniques, the room-temperature thermochemistry of acetaminophen (paracetamol) is predicted to address the discrepancy between two experimental sublimation enthalpy measurements.
Artisanal “Hemp Extract” Experience in Utah Epilepsy Cohort: Survey Results (P6.260)

Objective: To better understand patterns of use, access limitations, and effects of artisanal “hemp extract” on Utah patients with intractable epilepsy to improve patient care and inform state legislation regarding cannabidiol. Background: Since the 2014 enactment of Utah House Bill 105, allowing use of “hemp extract” for intractable epilepsy, many families are eager to try a cannabidiol product. Given limited enrollment in controlled trials, many turned to artisanal products with minimal regulation or usage guidelines. In conjunction with the Utah Department of Health, we attempt to better understand the experience of these patients. Design/Methods: All 138 patients with intractable epilepsy (age: 1–63 years, average: 21) who were actively enrolled in Utah’s “hemp extract” registration card program were mailed a voluntary 12 item questionnaire. 46 (33%) responded. 41 (89%) respondents had begun “hemp extract” and reported on usage and beneficial/adverse effects. Results: Challenges in choosing, obtaining, or dosing a product were top reasons for not using. 80% of users reported knowing product concentration, but only 64% could provide one. Most frequent dosing was twice daily (54%), average usage duration was 14 months (range 1–36) and average cost was $177/month (range $40–500). Most reported benefits, with 68% reporting decreased seizure frequency and/or severity. Nearly 2/3 reported other benefits (improved mood, alertness, or sleep) and 22% reported adversities (increased seizures, fatigue, or diarrhea). Only 2 reported “serious” adverse effects (mouth swelling and increased seizures). Only 31% of eligible users renewed their card. Those who did not cited lack of efficacy, cost, or difficulties accessing product. Conclusions: Roughly 1/3 of Utah patients with intractable epilepsy using “hemp extract” could not report actual dosage. However, many used the product for >1 year and endorse improvements in seizure control as well as other benefits with few side effects. Results may help inform patient care, additional research, and future legislation. Disclosure: Dr. Wilson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shuman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sweney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van Orman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Filloux has nothing to disclose.
Serum Uric Acid (SUA), Urinary Albumin Excretion (UAE), and Hypertension (HTN) in Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in the TODAY Study

Elevated SUA is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for kidney disease in adults with diabetes, yet there are limited data in youth. We hypothesized that elevated SUA would predict development of elevated UAE and HTN over time in teens with T2D. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, SUA, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) were assessed in 539 youth, ages 12-17 with T2D duration Disclosure P. Bjornstad: Consultant; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. L.M. Laffel: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi US, MannKind Corporation, Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Institute, LLC. J.L. Lynch: Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Research Support; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. L. El Ghormli: None. R.S. Weinstock: Research Support; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Mylan, Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Calibra Medical, Dexcom, Inc., Ultradian Diagnostics LLC., JAEB Center For Health Research, JDRF, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. S.E. Tollefsen: None. K.J. Nadeau: None.
A novel approach to identifying and quantifying neutrophil extracellular trap formation in septic dogs using immunofluorescence microscopy

Canine neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to lipopolysaccharide but NETs from clinical septic dogs had not been identified. The primary aim is to describe the methodology of identifying and quantifying neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in cytology samples of septic foci in dogs with sepsis using immunofluorescence microscopy. Cytology samples including endotracheal tracheal wash (ETW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), abdominal and pleural effusion collected from 5 dogs (3 septic, 2 non-septic) were fixed, permeabilized and stained for myeloperoxidase (MPO), citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Fluorescence microscopy was used to identify and quantify NETs in 10 random views at 40× magnification. NETs were identified based on co-localization of MPO, citH3 and cfDNA. NETs were quantified as a ratio (number of NETs: number of neutrophils). Neutrophils were identified based on cytoplasmic MPO, cellular diameter and nuclear morphology. NETs were identified and quantified in all cytology samples collected from septic dogs. A small number of NETs was documented in one dog with sterile chronic bronchitis. No NETs were found in sterile abdominal effusion collected from one dog with congestive heart failure. Immunofluorescence microscopy could be a useful tool for the study of NETs in dogs with clinical sepsis.
Advances in epoxy adhesives

Abstract: Epoxy adhesives have the widest range of application of the various classes of adhesives arising principally from their extremely broad set of performance properties. Two continuing trends appear in the literature relating to epoxy systems: control of cure rate and methods of improving toughness. There has also been a marked increase in the exploration of formulations containing raw materials derived from renewable resources.
Beyond-Silicon Devices: Considerations for Circuits and Architectures

While the relentless scaling of silicon-based field-effect transistors (FETs) has improved digital system performance for decades, the benefits moving forward are suffering from diminishing returns. How then can digital computing systems meet future energy efficiency requirements, for example, for future Internet-of-Everything (IoE) and abundant-data applications? To answer this outstanding question, a wide range of emerging nanotechnologies are currently being explored to replace silicon as the channel material for future transistors. In particular, carbon nanotube (CNT) FETs (CNFETs) are a highly promising candidate to continue to improve energy efficiency of digital VLSI circuits, as high-performance/energy-efficient CNFETs have been experimentally demonstrated, and larger-scale CNFET circuits and systems integrating millions of CNFETs have been experimentally demonstrated as well. In this chapter, we discuss the benefits of CNFET for VLSI circuits, and describe combined processing and design techniques to transform CNTs from a promising technology into highly energy-efficient digital circuits. Furthermore, CNFETs offer a unique opportunity to realize entirely new three-dimensional (3D) computing architectures, in which multiple layers of CNFET circuits can be densely integrated on top of each other over the same starting substrate, along with layers of memory, truly embodying computation immersed in memory. We provide an overview of the resulting 3D systems, that is, 3D nanosystems, and demonstrate that they offer EDP benefits in the range of 1000× for next-generation abundant-data applications.