cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease

The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease falls into several distinct areas. In this short chapter I have highlighted what I consider to be the significant advances in our knowledge of the disease and its causal agent. 1. Loeffler and Frosch's landmark description in 1898 that the disease is caused by a filterable agent, the first observation that an animal disease could be caused by a virus. 2. The search for experimental laboratory animals, culminating in the demonstration by Waldmann and Pape of the susceptibility of the guinea pig in 1920 and the suckling mouse by Skinner in 1951. 3. The discovery of three distinct serotypes O, A and C in the 1920s by Vallee and Carre in France and by Waldmann in Germany, and the subsequent recognition in the 1940s and 1950s by the Pirbright group of the three Southern African Territory Types SAT 1-3, and Asia 1. 4. The development of in vitro techniques for the growth of the virus which have been crucial for the large-scale production of vaccines and for the accurate assay of virus infectivity. Early work by Hecke and the Maitlands in the early 1930s, followed by the crucial demonstration by Frenkel in 1947 that large amounts of the virus could be produced in surviving tongue epithelium, formed the basis for the vaccination programmes initiated in Europe in the 1950s. The subsequent development of cell lines has brought a remarkable degree of sophistication to the study of virus growth. 5. The impact of molecular studies on the structure of the virus and its mode of replication which have led to practical applications such as an in vitro test for vaccine potency, rapid diagnosis methods, and international epidemiological surveys. In addition, they have provided the means to design molecular vaccines.
Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management

) - ((HCO 3 - ) + (Cl - )), aids diagnosis by classifying the disorders into categories of normal (hyperchloremic) anion gap or elevated anion gap. These categories can overlap, however. Adverse effects of acute metabolic acidosis primarily include decreased cardiac output, arterial dilatation with hypotension, altered oxygen delivery, decreased ATP production, predisposition to arrhythmias, and impairment of the immune response. The main adverse effects of chronic metabolic acidosis are increased muscle degradation and abnormal bone metabolism. Using base to treat acute metabolic acidosis is controversial because of a lack of definitive benefit and because of potential complications. By contrast, the administration of base for the treatment of chronic metabolic acidosis is associated with improved cellular function and few complications.
Non-local crime density estimation incorporating housing information.

Given a discrete sample of event locations, we wish to produce a probability density that models the relative probability of events occurring in a spatial domain. Standard density estimation techniques do not incorporate priors informed by spatial data. Such methods can result in assigning significant positive probability to locations where events cannot realistically occur. In particular, when modelling residential burglaries, standard density estimation can predict residential burglaries occurring where there are no residences. Incorporating the spatial data can inform the valid region for the density. When modelling very few events, additional priors can help to correctly fill in the gaps. Learning and enforcing correlation between spatial data and event data can yield better estimates from fewer events. We propose a non-local version of maximum penalized likelihood estimation based on the H 1 Sobolev seminorm regularizer that computes non-local weights from spatial data to obtain more spatially accurate density estimates. We evaluate this method in application to a residential burglary dataset from San Fernando Valley with the non-local weights informed by housing data or a satellite image.
The relationship between body mass index and thyroid cancer pathology features and outcomes: a clinicopathological cohort study.

Background: Obesity has been implicated as a predisposing and disease-modifying factor in cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that obesity is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer; however, the relationships between obesity and thyroid cancer stage or behavior are uncertain. We hypothesized that a higher body mass index (BMI) would be associated with aggressive thyroid cancer features and a higher incidence of persistent/recurrent disease. Methods: Two hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients with thyroid cancer were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Histopathological tumor features, stage at diagnosis, and disease status during and at the end of the study were determined based on chart review. BMI was calculated at the first clinical visit to our institution. The relationships between BMI and these parameters were assessed. Results: Mean follow-up time for the group was 6.2 yr (0.11–46 yr). No positive associations were identified between BMI and T, N, or M stage at diagnosis, vascular invasion, or recurrent or persistent disease on univariate or multivariate analyses. The absence of an association was also demonstrated on analysis by BMI quartiles. An unexpected inverse association was identified between BMI and nodal metastasis and tumor invasion on both univariate and multivariate analyses, suggesting that obesity may be associated with less aggressive tumor features, a finding that requires confirmatory studies. Conclusion: Although obesity has been associated with increased thyroid cancer incidence, a higher BMI was found not to be associated with more aggressive tumor features or a greater likelihood of recurrence or persistence over the analyzed time period.
Sustainability, Survivability, and the Paradox of New Orleans

: Some precepts of the urban sustainability movement derive from the premise that economic expansion, population growth, and physical sprawl lead to a decline in quality of life, ecological damage, and eventual unsustainability. But what about cities that are failing—losing population, losing investment, losing infrastructure, even losing land? This article challenges conventional sustainability concepts, usually derived from the experiences of ascending cities, with the notion of survivability that confronts declining cities. Should troubled cities, such as New Orleans, located on the eroding Gulf of Mexico coastal region of the state of Louisiana, be held to different sustainability standards? Could urban expansion, in some cases, actually stem environmental degradation and enhance survivability?
Context Dependence of Mutational Effects in a Protein: The Crystal Structures of the V35I, I47V and V35I/I47V Gene V Protein Core Mutants

Abstract The basis for the context dependence of the effects of core mutations on protein stability was investigated by comparing the structures of three gene V protein mutants with that of the wild-type protein. We previously examined a “swapped” mutant in which core residues Val35 and Ile47 were simply reversed so that the mutant had no hydrophobicity change from the native protein. The swapped mutant was destabilized by 3 kcal/mol per gene V protein dimer relative to the wild-type protein, demonstrating that factors other than hydrophobicity must make substantial contributions to the effects of mutations on the stability of the protein. Here we have determined the structure of this swapped mutant (V35I/I47V) as well as those of the two constituent mutants (V35I and I47V). We find that the structures of the mutant proteins are very similar to that of the wild-type protein except for the necessary addition or deletion of methylene groups and for slight positional shifts of atoms around each mutated residue. The structure of the double mutant is a composite of the structures of the two single mutants. In the mutant structures, the V35I mutation fills a cavity that exists in the wild-type protein and the I47V mutation creates a new cavity. The structures of the mutants indicate further that the reason the V35I and 147V mutations do not have opposite effects on stability is that the cavity in the wild-type protein filled by the V35I mutation is not optimally shaped for accommodating the additional methylene group of the isoleucine. These results support the concepts that the details of core packing have substantial influence on the effects of core mutations on protein stability and that these packing effects are major determinants of the context dependence of core mutation effects on stability.
Stateless Adaptive Reliable Broadcast Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

We address the problem of reliable broadcasting in spite of collisions and transmission losses. We do not aim to achieve reliable broadcast to all nodes in the network, rather, we seek to ensure reliable broadcast to a desired percentage of nodes. We first present a geometric based, probabilistic model to predict the optimal transmission range for maximizing 1-hop broadcast coverage in wireless networks as a function of range, sending rate and density. Though this adaptation technique can be incorporated into any broadcasting protocol, we extend Broadcast Protocol for Sensor Networks (BPS) [1] because of its simplicity, scalability and adaptability. The protocol can be applied under node heterogeneity in terms of transmission/ reception ranges and packet delivery rate. Through extensive analytical and experimental results, we show multi fold advantages of adapting the protocol to network conditions.
Scar formation after drug-induced cochlear insult

Structural and molecular changes in the guinea pig organ of Corti were studied using histochemistry and electron microscopy in the course of drug-induced hair cell degeneration. Actin filaments disappear from the cuticular plate and the stereocilia. An actin-rich bridge appears in the apical region of dying hair cells. Two supporting cells form a scar for a given hair cell. The supporting cells expand and invade the spaces of Nuel and then the region previously occupied by the hair cell. The scar region becomes cytokeratin-labeled. In this study, the apical domain of the hair cell is the last part of the cell to degenerate. Hair cell degeneration coincides temporally with scar formation. We define the resulting scar as a 'type I' scar. The results provide preliminary information about the molecular composition of the type I scar and suggest a structural basis for the dynamics of scar formation.
Septo-optic dysplasia plus bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria: a case report

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare and highly heterogeneous disorder that is usually characterised by any combination of the classic triad of optic nerve hypoplasia, midline neuroradiological abnormalities and pituitary hypoplasia [1]. Furthermore back in 2000, Miller et al. [2] divided SOD into two subgroups, isolated SOD characterised by the absence of the septum pellucidum, hypoplasia of the optic nerves, and diffuse white matter hypoplasia and SOD plus characterised by the association with diverse brain malformations. Although SOD has been observed with several cortical abnormalities, the association with congenital bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria has been reported only by few authors and exclusively in patients with refractory epilepsy, oropharyngoglossal dysfunction or delayed developmental milestones [1, 2]. Here, we describe a 22-year-old Romanian man was referred to our neurology clinic because of characterization of very rare complex partial seizures. He was born by caesarean section after a normal pregnancy at 38 weeks of gestation from a nonconsanguineous marriage. No problems have been encountered in the pre and perinatal period. There is no family history of epilepsy or neurological disorders. After the age of two it was noted that he had left hemiparesis. He began to have sporadic complex partialtype seizures described as staring and rare secondary generalization at 21 years of age, easily controlled with levetiracetam. His cranial nerves were intact and the neuroophthalmologic examination showed only a pale optic disk. He had no mental or cognitive impairment. Routine laboratory analyses were normal. He suffered of isolated high levels of prolactin. A cytogenetic analysis of his peripheral blood indicated a normal 46, XY karyotype. Screening for HESX1 and SOX2 mutations, rarely reported in patients with SOD, showed normal results [2]. As well TUBB2B mutation [3] often associated with neuronal migration was negative and the array-CGH analysis ruled out chromosomal re-arrangements. The electrocardiogram was normal. The patient underwent standard and sleep-deprived electroencephalography as well as a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3-Tesla GE SIGNA NVI at the Neuroimaging research Unit, Institute of Neurologic Science of National Research Council, Germaneto, Catanzaro), based on our protocol routinely used for patients with epilepsy extensively described elsewhere [4, 5]. Electroencephalographic examinations showed only sporadic diffuse slowwaves without frank epileptiform discharges. Cranial MRI displayed absence of the septum pellucidum and a bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria more pronounced over the left hemisphere (Fig. 1a, b). The current case represents an isolated report of a patient with SOD plus bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria presenting only with very mild epilepsy. It might enlarge the heterogeneous spectrum of mild form of SOD plus although our patient suffered only from drug-responsive A. Labate A. Quattrone Institute of Neurology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL FUND EXPENSES

Mutual fund investors are subjected to many fees and expenses related to both the management of the fund assets and the sale and distribution of the fund's shares. In recent years these expenses have increased as a percentage of assets. The preoccupation of mutual fund investors with using performance evaluation as a selection criterion is misguided because of the volatility of investment returns. Whether the fund's performance is due to superior management or just good luck is difficult to determine. On the other hand, mutual fund expenses are stable. As such, the mutual fund investor should pursue a policy of choosing funds with low expenses. In this paper we conduct an empirical analysis of these expenses. The results of our analysis of equity funds suggest that expense-conscious investors should look at the fund size, age, turnover ratio, cash ratio, and existence of a 12b-1 fee as key determinants of expenses. Our analysis of bond funds suggests that the key factors are the fund's sales charge, weighted average maturity, size, and existence of a 12b-1 fee.
N-Alkyl-octahydroisoquinolin-1-one-8-carboxamides: Selective and Nonbasic κ-Opioid Receptor Ligands

Herein, we report that N-alkyl-octahydroisoquinolin-1-one-8-carboxamides are a novel class of readily synthesized, selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) ligands. A striking feature of this class of compounds is the absence of any basic nitrogen atoms. Many of these compounds have demonstrated exclusive affinity for the KOR over not only the δ-opioid receptor and the μ-opioid receptor but also 38 other G protein-coupled receptor targets. The general binding affinity of this class of compounds for the KOR combined with a streamlined route for analogue synthesis provide strong motivation for pursuing this interesting new scaffold as a basis toward new probes targeting the KOR.
Getting Inflation-Fighting Right

What are the true lessons from the inflation of the 1970s? Alan Blinder, former vice chairman of the Federal Reserve, thinks we have learned the right lessons. Inflation is under far better control, he argues, and he thinks the Fed under the new chairman will do fine. But he is concerned that wages are not rising.
The pregnant "waddle": an evaluation of torso kinematics in pregnancy.

Abstract Although pregnant women are anecdotally said to “waddle” during gait, researchers have not quantified the kinematics of these gait alterations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pregnancy on thoracic and pelvic kinematics during gait. Methods Data were collected on 29 pregnant subjects in the mid-second and third trimesters and on 40 control women. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected on subjects walking at their freely-chosen speed. Right foot heel-strike (RHS) and left foot toe-off (LTO) were determined from force plate data. Thoracic and pelvic angles at RHS, step width, mediolateral translation of the C7 and L4 vertebrae, and the ranges of motion (ROMs) of the thorax and pelvis over the gait stride were determined. A series of MANCOVAs were performed with trimester (second, third, and control) as the independent variable and velocity as the covariate ( α =0.05). Post-hoc analyses were performed when appropriate. Results Increased lateral translation of the C7 and L4 vertebrae (third trimester>second trimester>control, p p =0.03). At heel strike, pregnant women had greater thoracic extension (third trimester>second trimester>control, p control; p p Conclusions Pregnant women demonstrated a lateral shifting of the body during gait, which accompanied a greater step width. The increased thoracic extension and anterior pelvic tilt, along with decreased sagittal plane ROM are likely adaptations to increased abdominal size.
Effect of ara-c incorporation on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cells.

Recent work using isolated DNA polymerase-template complexes has shown that arabinofuranosyl derivatives con slow DNA synthesis by being incorporated into DNA. Our results suggest that these agents act by a similar mechanism in L1210 cells. The results demonstrate that inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) was significantly related to the extent of ara-C incorporation in DNA over a wide range of drug concentrations and times of exposure. Furthermore, treatment with increasing concentrations of ara-C resulted in a greater proportion of ara-C residues at the 3'-terminus of the elongating DNA chain. These observations suggest that ara-C incorporation results in poor primer termini for further chain elongation.
The chemical composition of thermophilic bacilli.

Abstract The bacterial protein from the cultures of thermophilic bacteria, grown at 75 ° and 55 ° and of two related mesophilic microorganisms, namely, B. sphericus and B. coagulans , was separated and analysed. A significantly lower total phosphorus and protein phosphorus was found in the thermophilic proteins as compared to B. coagulans . As the bacteria were grown on media lacking high molecular substances, the proteins in the supernatant are the product of bacterial metabolism. The coagulation temperatures measured in these protein fractions were higher in the 55 ° culture compared with the 37 ° culture, and highest in the 75 ° cultures. This shows that cultures grown at higher temperatures produce a more heat-resistant protein which, however, is less heat-resistant after precipitation from the broth than while in solution. The amino acid composition of trichloroacetic acid- and alcohol-precipitable protein fraction from these supernatants is given. Besides this protein fraction, the cultures contain a water-soluble mucroprotein fraction of equal quantity. In these fractions cysteic acid is only found in the 75 ° culture. The carbohydrate content varies in amount, in reducing power, and in hexosamine content. The latter is significantly higher in 75 ° cultures, where it comprises a higher percentage of total reducing power than in any other culture studied, whereas glucose is absent.
Conformational dynamics of calmodulin in complex with the calmodulin dependent kinase kinase α calmodulin-binding domain.

As the primary intracellular calcium sensor, calcium-saturated calmodulin (CaM) regulates numerous and diverse proteins. Several mechanisms, including tissue-specific expression, localization, and sequestration, work in concert to limit the total number of available targets of calmodulin within a cell. While the free energies of binding of calmodulin-binding domains of regulated proteins by CaM have been shown to be highly similar, they result from vastly different enthalpic and entropic contributions. Here, we report the backbone and side-chain methyl dynamics of calcium-activated calmodulin in complex with a peptide corresponding to the CaM-binding domain of calmodulin kinase kinase, along with the thermodynamic underpinnings of complex formation. The results show a considerable reduction in side-chain mobility throughout CaM upon binding the CaMKKα peptide, which is consistent with the enthalpically driven nature of the binding. Site-specific comparison to another kinase-derived peptide complex with si...
Explicit multigrid algorithm for quasi-three-dimensional viscous flows in turbomachinery

A rapid quasi-three-dimensional analysis has been developed for blade-to-blade flows in turbomachinery. The analysis solves the unsteady Euler or thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in a body-fitted coordinate system. It accounts for the effects of rotation, radius change, and stream surface thickness. The BaldwinLomax eddy viscosity model is used for turbulent flows. The equations are solved using a two-stage RungeKutta scheme made efficient by the use of vectorization, a variable time step, and a flux-based multigrid scheme, all of which are described. Results of a stability analysis are presented for the two-stage scheme. Results for a flat-plate model problem show the applicability of the method to axial, radial, and rotating geometries. Results for a centrifugal impeller and a radial diffuser show that the quasi-three-dimensional viscous analysis can be a practical design tool.
The effects of cycle time on the physical demands of a repetitive pick-and-place task

This study seeks to elucidate the effects of the cycle time of a pick-and-place task on muscle activity, grip force, posture, and perception-based measures (discomfort and difficulty). Six healthy adults (3 males, 3 females) participated. A 4×2 repeated measures design was used with cycle time (1, 2, 5, and 10 s) and grip (power and chuck) as independent variables. The task consists of repetitively picking a 0.7 kg part and placing it into a bin. A reduction in cycle time (CT) resulted in both a decrease of task time and physical rest time (p<0.001). The physiological muscle rest was much lower than the physical rest time (p<0.05). An increase in static muscle loading (p<0.01), grip force (p<0.001), and discomfort (p<0.001) were also observed. These results suggest that a pace threshold (between 2 and 5 s for this task) is reached at a higher CT than that defined by the ability to perform the task.
Diversity in the ethnic media audience: A study of Spanish language broadcast preference in the U.S.

Abstract The present study hypothesized that the media use and preference of ethnic minorities may not be due solely to language ability or level of acculturation, but rather may be role specific. Individuals assume several different roles in the course of the average day and media use may reflect the expectations associated with these roles. It was further hypothesized that radio, which can be used in a wide variety of situational settings, would yield different typologies of people who preferred ethnic language stations. However, television, which is generally viewed just at home, was conceived of as more likely to yield a homogeneous user group. Data from 993 Mexican-Americans living in the Southwestern U.S. conformed to these expectations. Two distinct profiles of Mexican-Americans who preferred Spanish language radio were created. However, only one profile of Hispanics who preferred Spanish language television emerged. The findings have important implications for theory regarding the role media plays in the lives of immigrants and ethnic minorities as well as for practitioners designing communication messages for ethnic audiences.
Interpretation criteria for standardized western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China.

Objective Western blotting (WB; immunoblotting) is a widely used tool for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB), but so far, no generally accepted criteria for its performance and interpretation have been established in China. The present study was designed to determine the criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China, in which WB was produced with strain PD 91 as the representative strain attributed to predominant genospecies Borrelia garinii of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato . Methods Approximately 13 bands between 14 and 100 kD were differentiated for strain PD 91 by using Gel-Pro analysis software. In a study with 631 serum samples (taken from 127 patients with Lyme borreliosis and 504 controls), all observed bands were documented. To establish criteria for a positive WB result for strain PD 91 , receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Results The following interpretation criteria were recommended: for IgG, at least one band of P83/100, P58, P39, P30, OspC, P17, P66, and OspA; for IgM, at least one band of P83/100, P58, OspA, P30, OspC, P17 or P41. In addition, syphilis, leptospirosis and other related diseases should be excluded when the positive band is P41 in IgM. For IgG criteria, the sensitivity is 73.2%, the specificity is 99.4% and Youden index is 0.726; for IgM criteria, the sensitivity is 50.6%, the specificity is 93.1% and Youden index is 0.437. Conclusion Standardization of WB assays is necessary for comparison of results from different laboratories. Moreover, the criteria of other genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato should be determined in the future to complete the criteria of WB for the diagnosis of the Lyme disease in China.
Vector mesons and alternative electroweak models

Abstract A class of alternative weak interaction models based on SU(2)×SU(2)×U(1) is compared to experimental data. For some parameter values, these are not only compatible with observed W± and Z masses but also capable of incorporating observable new vector bosons, possibly as light as 110–130 GeV.
A MAP kinase-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint in Xenopus egg extracts

Like early Xenopus embryos, extracts made from Xenopus eggs lack the cell cycle checkpoint that keeps anaphase from occurring before spindle assembly is complete. At very high densities of sperm nuclei, however, microtubule depolymerization arrests the extracts in mitosis. The arrested extracts have high levels of maturation-promoting factor activity, fail to degrade cyclin B, and contain activated ERK2/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The addition of the purified MAP kinase-specific phosphatase MKP-1 demonstrates that MAP kinase activity is required for both the establishment and maintenance of the mitotic arrest induced by spindle depolymerization. Increased calcium concentrations, which release unfertilized frog eggs from their natural arrest in metaphase of meiosis II, have no effect on the mitotic arrest.
Postsynaptic Membrane Response Predicted from Presynaptic Input Pattern in Lobster Cardiac Ganglion

Given the pattern of impulses impinging on a neuron, it should be possible to predict its output firing pattern if enough is known about pre- and postsynaptic properties. A quantitative reproduction of the first part of this input-output conversion is reported, namely the translation of input pattern into a sequence of postsynaptic membrane potential variations.
The role of hexafluorozirconate in the formation of chromate conversion coatings on aluminum alloys

Aluminum based surfaces are routinely coated with a chromate based layer that provides unparalleled corrosion protection. Widely used conversion coating treatment formulations contain hexafluorozirconate as a major constituent besides chromate, ferricyanide, fluoride, and fluoborate. The function of hexafluorozirconate is the subject of this study as its function is still largely unknown. Hydrophobicity, surface morphology, and the chemistry of the surface, resulting from treatment with hexafluorozirconate, were studied using contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was extensively utilized to determine the chemistry of the surface resulting from the hexafluorozirconate pretreatment. Our results indicate that fluoride ion containing hexafluorozirconate complex does not attack the oxide film in a manner that uncomplexed simple fluoride ion does. Hexafluorozirconate is involved in the formation of an Al-Zr-O-F based hydrated layer that increases the hydrophilicity of the surface, activates the surface, and lowers the corrosion resistance. These factors enhance the interaction of chromate with the alloy surface to result in the formation of a uniform conversion coating. Based on these results, a new model has been proposed for the formation of chromate conversion coatings.
Deep levels and minority carrier lifetime in MOVPE p-type GaAs

Abstract Deep levels in p-type GaAs have direct impact on the performance of many devices, such as the hetero-junction transistor (HBT). We have studied the influences of dopant elements (Mg or Zn), growth temperature, and doping concentration on the characteristics of the deep levels in p-GaAs via n + -p GaAs homojunctions grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Over various growth conditions, four hole traps and an electron trap with activation energies in the range of 0.18—0.79 eV were measured in GaAs: Mg. Only a single hole trap, which is also detected in GaAs: Mg, has been measured in GaAs: Zn. The characteristics of the deep levels presented in GaAs: Mg depend mainly on the doping concentration of Mg. The possible origins of several of these traps have been identified. Overall, the total concentration in the GaAs: Mg decreases rapidly with doping concentration for p >4×10 17 cm −3 . Upon comparison, the total deep trap concentration in GaAs: Mg is always greater than in GaAs: Zn, indicating that Zn is a preferred p-type dopant for MOVPE GaAs.
Exact nonlinear EIC waves of arbitrary amplitude and cavitons

Abstract Analytical solutions are obtained for the propagation of nonlinear electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves of arbitrary amplitude. It is shown that large amplitude supersonic EIC waves can have double-spiked and sawtooth-shaped electric field profiles similar to those observed in the suprauroral region of the earth's magnetosphere. Subsonic nonlinear periodic density-dip waveforms and EIC cavitons, on the other hand, exhibit “paired perpendicular shock” structures resembling those detected in the same region of the polar magnetosphere.
Radius of curvature of the S factor maximum in sub-barrier fusion hindrance

A maximum of the S(E) factor is evidence for an onset of sub-barrier fusion hindrance and it can be well described by a radius-of-curvature expression near the maximum. The systematics of this radius of curvature has been studied over a wide range of projectile-target combinations. It follows a tentative general trend as a function of the parameter {zeta}=Z{sub 1}Z{sub 2}{radical}({mu}), and is strongly affected by effects associated with the nuclear structure of the nuclei in the entrance channel. It also explains the reason why the S factor maximum is not easily recognized visually for lighter, astrophysically interesting fusion systems.
Direct images of isotropic and anisotropic vibrations in the Cl-Si and H-O-Si chemisorption bonds on Si(100)

Abstract The electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) technique combined with a digital subtraction method have been employed to generate difference ESDIAD patterns between measurements made at 130 and 305 K for both adsorbed Cl and OH on Si(100). The difference ESDIAD patterns reveal, in real space, images qualitatively related to the thermally excited vibrational amplitudes of the adsorbates. This permits a qualitative visualization of the potential energy surface associated with an adsorbate on its adsorption site. For Cl Si(100) , isotropic thermal broadening of the Cl+ beams from 130 to 305 K is observed. In contrast, OH Si(100) exhibits anisotropic thermal broadening of the H+ beams on heating from 130 to 305 K. These results are correlated with the vibrational frequencies of the surface oscillators.
Scope: providing awareness of multiple notifications at a glance

We describe the design and functionality of the Scope, a glanceable notification summarizer. The Scope is an information visualization designed to unify notifications and minimize distractions. It allows users to remain aware of notifications from multiple sources of information, including e-mail, instant messaging, information alerts, and appointments. The design employs a circular radar-like screen divided into sectors that group different kinds of notifications. The more urgent a notification is, the more centrally it is placed. Visual emphasis and annotation is used to reveal important properties of notifications. Several natural gestures allow users to zoom in on particular regions and to selectively drill down on items. We present key aspects of the Scope design, review the results of an initial user study, and describe the motivation and outcome of an iteration on the visual design.
Multiplicities of bands in 186Hg

Abstract Earlier studies of the light mass mercury isotopes have revealed new information regarding shape coexistence, super deformation and the interplay between collective and single particle degrees of freedom. Our recent experiments on 186Hg have revealed multiplicities of low lying bands, including one built on an 8− isomer, one quadrupole vibrational band. Our Compton polarimeter studies also changed the spins and parity of a previously reported band. This band has quite different intrinsic structure from any other seen in this region.
Fusion of human vision system with mid-range IR image processing displays

With the advent of low-cost mid-range IR mosaic PtSi focal planes, there is an increasing need for accommodation of the human vision system in image exploitation workstation displays. This paper presents a suite of algorithms which match the neural response of the eye with the image-processing display by translating the raw 12-bit images into an enhanced 8-bit format for display. The tool box of translation algorithms includes histogram equalization, histogram projection, plateau projection, plateau equalization, modular projection, overlapping and non- overlapping zonal projection, sub-sampling projection, pseudocolor, and half gray scale/half pseudocolor. The operator/photointerpreter is presented a menu from which he may select an automatic mode which uses image statistics to enhance the image, or a manual mode optimized by the operator to his preference. The choice of the appropriate algorithm and operating mode compensates for the wide variance in IR gray scale and background clutter due to time of day, season, and atmospheric conditions. The tool box also includes standard image processing algorithms such as roam, zoom, sharpening, filtering, and convolution to manipulate and further enhance the translated images.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pressure power spectra beneath a supersonic turbulent boundary layer.

Wind tunnel experiments up to Mach 3 have provided fluctuating wall-pressure spectra beneath a supersonic turbulent boundary layer to frequencies reaching 400 kHz by combining signals from piezoresistive silicon pressure transducers effective at low- and mid-range frequencies and piezoelectric quartz sensors to detect high frequency events. Data were corrected for spatial attenuation at high frequencies and for wind-tunnel noise and vibration at low frequencies. The resulting power spectra revealed the {omega}{sup -1} dependence for fluctuations within the logarithmic region of the boundary layer, but are essentially flat at low frequency and do not exhibit the theorized {omega}{sup 2} dependence. Variations in the Reynolds number or streamwise measurement location collapse to a single curve for each Mach number when normalized by outer flow variables. Normalization by inner flow variables is successful for the {omega}{sup -1} region but less so for lower frequencies. A comparison of the pressure fluctuation intensities with fifty years of historical data shows their reported magnitude chiefly is a function of the frequency response of the sensors. The present corrected data yield results in excess of the bulk of the historical data, but uncorrected data are consistent with lower magnitudes. These trends suggest that much of the historicalmore » compressible database may be biased low, leading to the failure of several semi-empirical predictive models to accurately represent the power spectra acquired during the present experiments.« less
How do plants balance multiple mutualists? Correlations among traits for attracting protective bodyguards and pollinators in cotton ( Gossypium )

Many species, both plants and animals, are simultaneously engaged in interactions with multiple mutualists. However, the extent to which separate traits that attract different mutualist guilds display negative or positive relationships remains largely unstudied. We asked whether correlations exist among extrafloral nectary traits to attract arthropod bodyguards and floral traits to attract pollinator mutualists. For 37 species in the cotton genus (Gossypium), we evaluated correlations among six extrafloral nectary traits and four floral traits in a common greenhouse environment, with and without correction for phylogenetic non-independence. Across Gossypium species, greater investment in extrafloral nectary traits was positively correlated with greater investment in floral traits. Positive correlations remained after accounting for the evolutionary history of the clade. Our results demonstrate that traits to maintain multiple mutualist guilds can be positively correlated across related species and build a more general understanding of the constraints on trait evolution in plants.
Comparative Analysis of Microchannel Cooling Schemes Subject to a Pressure Constraint

Leakage losses and overall increased power dissipation in the microprocessor are causing significant thermal, mechanical, and reliability problems. Aside from the issue of cooling chip hot spots in order to reduce stress-inducing thermal gradients, the traditional challenge of quelling overall operating temperatures remains. Conventional cooling methods are reaching their practical limits and new methods of lowering the operating temperature of microprocessors are being explored. Microfluidics-based cooling schemes are one approach being considered. Implementation of microchannels for forced convection at the chip level shows much promise, as the effective heat transfer surface area and attainable heat transfer coefficient are very favorable. A major design limitation to such an implementation is the pressure developed with such micro-flows, and the stresses that could result. In this study, multiple discrete microchannel configurations are analyzed computationally and compared in a cooling capability optimization sense, while total pressure drop across the flows is carefully considered. A single cooling channel over an energy source is split into two smaller channels, and so on, while total pressure drop is maintained constant, and specified such that all flows remain in the laminar regime. It is shown that for the configurations analyzed, there exists a definitive optimum cooling scheme. In addition, the effects of variation of channel height for the initially-determined optimum scheme are studied. It is shown that a slimmer design may be implemented with very little effect on cooling capability.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Economic depression in the world

Abstract We create a dataset of country experience with economic depression around the world. We define a depression episode as a period of cumulative decline in per capita output of 20% or more lasting at least four years. We find depressions are surprisingly common. We describe their incidence and onset over decades, regions, and levels of development. We identify economic, political, financial, and cultural variables that are associated with depressions. Probit analysis reveals that the probability of entering or exiting a depression is influenced by domestic and international shocks.
A comparative study of three methods for the estimation of total plasmalogens in lingual taste epithelium and other tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. The total plasmalogen content of lingual and other tissues was analyzed using the iodine-addition (Method 1), the p-nitrophenylhydrazone (Method 2), and the two-dimensional thin layer chromatography procedure (Method 3). 2. 2. Methods 1 and 2 were simple, rapid and reproducible, yielding values usually in close agreement with each other, and values higher than those of Method 3. Method 3 exhibited poor reproducibility. All three methods were of comparable sensitivity ( 3. 3. According to Methods 1 and 2, there was more total plasmalogen in lingual epithelium containing taste buds compared with lingual epithelium devoid of taste buds. Plasmalogen content of bovine and rat brain, heart and liver agreed with literature values.
Ultramafic inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona: Petrologic and geochemical data bearing on their petrogenesis

Ultramafic inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona, are classified into two groups. Group I inclusions are dominated by magnesian (Mg/Mg + ΣFe= 0.86 – 0.91), olivine-rich peridotites containing Cr-rich clinopyroxene and spinel. The less abundant Group I pyroxenites (containing Mg- and Cr-rich pyroxenes) occur as discrete inclusions and as portions of composite inclusions where they have a sharp, planar interface with lherzolite. Group II inclusions are dominated by clinopyroxene-rich peridotites containing Al- and Ti-rich augite and commonly abundant, Al-rich spinel. Compared to Group I inclusions, they are more Fe-rich (Mg/Mg + ΣFe= 0.62 – 0.78) and more hetereogeneous in composition and modal proportions. Similar groups occur at many ultramafic inclusion localities. Our petrographic and geochemical results lead to the following conclusions. Olivine-rich Group I inclusions are not genetically related to the host basanite, and they are formed from two components. Component A is a partial melting residue; it comprises the major portion of these inclusions and determines the modal mineralogy and major and compatible trace element composition. Component B results from a small degree (<5%) of garnet peridotite melting (probably, within the low-velocity zone). This highly LIL-element-enriched melt has migrated upwards into the overlying component A where it crystallized primarily as clinopyroxene and amphibole, and thus, introduced LIL elements into the residual component A. Subsequent cooling and subsolidus recrystallization have removed textural evidence of this mixing. This model has also been proposed for olivine-rich Group I inclusions from Victoria, Australia. At Victoria and San Carlos some relatively clinopyroxene-rich Group I lherzolites are not contaminated by component B, and they represent the best estimates of upper mantle composition prior to melting. Group I orthopyroxenites may be fragments of tectonic layers formed in lherzolite, but they could also be early cumulates (now metamorphosed) from the melt in equilibrium with component A. Group I clinopyroxenites have geochemical features of clinopyroxene in equilibrium with a magma. Thus, they could also represent early cumulates (now metamorphosed) from a magma unrelated to the host basanite. Alternatively, their geochemical characteristics could result from more complex models such as residues from partial remelting of pyroxenite dikes and veins or intradike segregation processes such as filter pressing. All Group II inclusions studied appear to be cumulates derived from a SiO2-undersaturated magma, possibly an early magma in the same volcanic episode which culminated with eruption of the host basanite. The poikilitic texture of amphibole-rich (kaersutite) inclusions is consistent with a cumulate origin. The bulk compositions of Group II inclusions are not equivalent to typical basaltic compositions.
Experimental analysis of the mechanisms of somite morphogenesis.

Abstract Earlier studies have suggested influences on somite morphogenesis by “somite-forming centers,” primitive streak regression, Hensen's node and notochord, and neural plate. Contradictions among these studies were unresolved. Our experiments resolve these conflicts and reveal roles of the primitive streak and notochord in shearing the prospective somite mesoderm into right and left halves and releasing somite-forming capabilities already present. The neural plate appears to be the principal inductor of somites. Embryo fragments containing no somite-forming centers, node, notochord, or streak nevertheless formed somites within 10 hr. Such somites disperse within the next 14–24 hr, which may explain why others failed to see them. In these fragments, an incision alongside the streak substitutes for streak regression in releasing somite formation. All such somites form simultaneously rather than in the normal anteroposterior progression. These fragments contain neural plate, but not notochord. We believe that physical attachment of somites to notochord in normal embryos stabilizes them and prevents dispersal. Pieces of epiblast were rotated 180° putting neural plate over lateral plate mesoderm regions. Somites were induced from the lateral plate by the displaced neural plate region. This is additional evidence of the powerful ability of neuroepithelium to induce somites.
A comparison of cognitive training and response cost procedures in modifying aggressive behavior of elementary school children

Aggressive elementary school students were randomly assigned to either cognitive restructuring, response cost, or placebo control conditions. Pre- and post-treatment assessment included teacher ratings, teacher records of aggression, and independent observations. Results showed that the cognitive restructuring and response cost programs were significantly more effective than the control treatment, although response cost decreased disruptive behavior to a somewhat greater extent.
Reshaping the chromatin landscape after spinal cord injury

The pathophysiology underlying spinal cord injury is complex. Mechanistic understanding of the adaptive responses to injury is critical for targeted therapy aimed at reestablishing lost connections between proximal and distal neurons. After injury, cell-type specific gene transcription programs govern distinct cellular behaviors, and chromatin regulators play a central role in shaping the chromatin landscape to adjust transcriptional profiles in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the pleiotropic roles of chromatin regulators in mediating the diverse adaptive behaviors of neurons and glial cells after spinal cord injury, and wherever possible, discuss the underlying mechanisms and genomic targets. We specifically draw attention to the perspective that takes into consideration the impact of epigenetic modulation on axon growth potential, together with its effect on wound-healing properties of glial cells. Epigenetic modulation of chromatin state represents an emerging therapeutic direction to promote neural repair and axon regeneration after spinal cord injury.