cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression

IL-4 has been called the "prototypic immunoregulatory cytokine." Like many cytokines, it can affect a variety of target cells in multiple ways. IL-4 has an important role in regulating antibody production, hematopoiesis and inflammation, and the development of effector T-cell responses. It is produced only by a subset of activated hematopoietic cells, including T cells and Fc epsilon R1+ mast cells and basophils. Based on the different tissue distribution and access to distinct target cells, IL-4 derived from T and Fc epsilon R1+ cells may have quite different effects on these immunological processes. In view of this, as well as the clear correlation of aberrant expression with disease, it is of interest to understand the signals that regulate IL-4 expression in a cell-specific manner. Recently, progress has been made in defining the T-cell- and Fc epsilon R1-receptor-mediated signals that stimulate IL-4 gene expression. These studies have demonstrated that there are common and cell-specific signaling pathways that regulate production of this cytokine. In this review, we summarize the activities of IL-4 defined both in vitro and in vivo and compare the signals leading to IL-4 expression in cells of both T- and mast-cell lineage.
Monitoring and Characterization of Insecticide Resistance Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Four Western States

Variation in response to insecticide in codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was surveyed in California, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Two techniques (topical application and direct incorporation of insecticide into the trap adhesive) were used to assay male moths caught in pheromone traps. Using the LC75 from a susceptible population as a standard dose, we monitored 20 apple and pear orchards for resistance to azinphosmethyl by the topical application technique. Orchards in California had the greatest interpopulation variability in resistance levels. In a single pear orchard in the Sacramento Delta, the level of resistance at the LC50 was ≈6.2 and 7.2 times greater than in a susceptible population when bioassays were done by topical application and adhesives were mixed with insecticide, respectively. Residual bioassays with neonate larvae collected from this site indicated 4.6-fold resistance. Orchards in Oregon showed little variability, and all populations appeared to be susceptible. Populations from Utah orchards showed little variability in the bioassay and were the most susceptible in the four states tested. Populations collected from Washington orchards had the highest tolerance levels. In laboratory tests, female moths were as susceptible as male moths in bioassays with treated adhesive. In similar tests, 5-7-d-old moths were more susceptible than moths 2.5-4.5 and 0-2-d-old, whereas no significant difference was detected between the latter two groups. With the topical adult assay, baseline data were collected for the pyrethroid esfenvalerate from 13 orchards in California, Utah, and Washington. Little variability in susceptibility to esfenvalerate was found among populations within each state.
Manager-Consultant Conflict: An Experiential Approach

The article reports on the development of an effective and successful multipurpose classroom experience with the use of an intentionally misdesigned simulation model. The design philosophy is in op...
Cellular changes in experimental left heart hypoplasia

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare but deadly congenital malformation, which can be created experimentally in the chick embryo by left atrial ligation (LAL). The goal of this study was to examine the cellular changes leading to the profound remodeling of ventricular myocardial architecture that occurs in this model. Hypoplasia of left heart structures was produced after 3H-thymidine prelabeling by partial LAL at stage 24, thereby reducing its volume, and redistributing blood preferentially to the developing right ventricle (RV). Controls included both sham-operated and intact stage-matched embryos. Survivors were studied 4 days after the ligation, when the heart organogenesis was essentially complete. Paraffin sections of the hearts were subjected to autoradiography and immunohistochemistry to detect changes in history of cell proliferation and expression of myosin, and growth factors implicated in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Sampling for apoptosis detection using TUNEL assay was done at stages 29 and 34. LAL resulted in decreased levels of proliferation in the left ventricular compact layer and trabeculae. The right ventricular compact layer also showed a slight decrease, but the trabeculae showed no differences. Anti-myosin staining was significantly reduced in all compartments. The expression levels of growth factors were altered as well. Apoptosis was increased in the right atrioventricular mesenchyme, with no changes in the working myocardium. These data suggest that changes in cardiomyocyte proliferation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HLHS.
A review of chlorine-induced corrosion in underground mines and coal preparation plants

Abstract Chlorine is a harmful constituent in coals because, above a concentration of 0.1 or 0.2 weight percent, it causes rather costly corrosive attack on metals used in boilers, combustion devices, piping, and other hardware. In coal preparation plants, due to recycling of the water, very high concentrations of chloride, an extremely corrosive agent, are observed. The process water corrosivity has a deleterious effect on the equipment thus necessitating expenditures on replacement and costly repairs. Due to agitation of solids and enhanced dissolved oxygen concentration, materials degradation occurs via an erosion-corrosion mechanism in many parts of the plants. It is observed that process water is almost as corrosive as seawater because of the high concentration of chloride and other ions. Analyses of a number of degraded metal samples from coal mines and preparation plants indicate the presence of chloride ions in the corrosion products. A number of recommendations for the control of materials degradations and strategies for materials selection are proposed.
Measurements and modeling of atmospheric flux of ammonia from an anaerobic dairy waste lagoon

Abstract Atmospheric anthropogenic ammonia ( NH 3 ) emissions are not well understood in the US due to a lack of measurement data from the main emission sources. This paper describes concentration measurements downwind of an anaerobic dairy waste lagoon using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), tracer ratio flux experiments and the testing of two mechanistic emission models. The tracer ratio method involves releasing a measured flux of a tracer gas upwind of the lagoon and measuring the concentration downwind along with the DOAS NH 3 measurement. The flux is calculated by ratioing the tracer flux and concentration with the NH 3 concentration and taking into account the differences in area and dispersion over the area source. Measured fluxes from the tracer experiments ranged from 0.11 g m - 2 h - 1 at an air temperature of 11 ∘ C to 0.54 g m - 2 h - 1 at an air temperature of 27 ∘ C . The NH 3 emission models were based upon the temperature-dependent biological activity, the partitioning of NH 3 and NH 4 + in solution, and the partitioning of NH 3 between the gas and liquid phases. The theoretical mechanistic model and the empirical mechanistic model had normalized mean errors of 120% and 21%, respectively, when compared to measurements. Emissions were most sensitive to changes in lagoon pH. Annual emissions were 55 kg NH 3 cow - 1 yr - 1 from all lagoons, estimated excretion is 180 kg N cow - 1 yr - 1 . Using literature lagoon design criteria to estimate lagoon size resulted in an underestimation of emissions of - 29 % .
Los orígenes caribeños del Sistema Nacional de Salud Pública en los EEUU: una aproximación global a la historia de la medicina y de la salud pública en Latinoamérica

This article defines global history in relation to the history of medicine and public health. It argues that a global approach to history opens up a space for examining the reverberations transmitted from the geographic periphery towards western regions, which have traditionally dominated modern historiography. It analyzes two medical interventions in the Caribbean in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, showing how these events had profound consequences in the USA. The successes achieved in the Caribbean in terms of yellow fever and ancylostoma control, as well as providing a model for health campaigns in the southern USA, inspired the centralization of public health in North America under the centralizing control of the federal government.
“Thoughts concerning education:” John Locke on teaching speech

(1971). “Thoughts concerning education:” John Locke on teaching speech. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 275-279.
Instabilities in buoyancy-driven boundary-layer flows in a stably stratified medium

An analysis is made of the stability of a buoyancy boundary layer existing on an inclined wall which is either heated or cooled relative to ambient, stably stratified fluid. A Boussinesq fluid, with various Prandtl numbers, is considered. Detailed calculations of the linear stability boundaries are made for both streamwise periodic, travelling disturbances and spanwise periodic, stationary disturbances. The former type is found to become unstable first for all angles of tilt, but calculations at a particular angle indicate that the latter can have a higher growth rate once the Reynolds number is sufficiently above the critical value. Energy integrals are evaluated at the critical Reynolds number for various angles of tilt in order to clarify the mechanisms for energy transfer to the disturbance.
Ascorbic acid efflux and re-uptake in endothelial cells: maintenance of intracellular ascorbate.

Entry of vitamin C or ascorbate into most tissues requires its movement across the endothelial cell barrier of vessels. If trans-cellular ascorbate movement occurs, then it should be evident as ascorbate efflux from endothelial cells. Cultured EA.926 endothelial cells that had been loaded to about 3.5 mM intracellular ascorbate lost 70–80% of ascorbate to the medium over several hours at 37°C via a non-saturable process that was insensitive to anion transport inhibitors and thiol reagents. Oxidation of this extracellular ascorbate by ascorbate oxidase or ferricyanide enhanced apparent ascorbate efflux, suggesting that efflux of the vitamin was countered in part by its re-uptake on ascorbate transporters. Although basal ascorbate efflux was not calcium-dependent, increased entry of calcium into the cells enhanced ascorbate release. These results support the hypothesis that ascorbate efflux reflects trans-endothelial cell ascorbate movement out of the blood vessel.
Interaction of CO with Cu+ cations: CO adsorption on Cu2O(100)

Abstract The interaction of CO with coordinately unsaturated Cu + cations has been investigated on the Cu 2 O(100) surface with TDS and photoemission. CO adsorbs molecularly with a constant sticking coefficient for exposures up to 0.3 L, suggesting a precursor state and nonactivated adsorption at 120 K. The activation energy for desorption at low coverages is 16.7 kcal mol , significantly higher than most reported values for metallic copper surfaces, and in agreement with previous suggestions of a higher heat of adsorption for CO at Cu + cations in the Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalyst. In contrast to CO adsorption on metallic copper surfaces, photoemission demonstrates a significant decrease in the surface dipole upon adsorption due to a net charge transfer to the surface and the resulting polarization of the adsorbed CO molecules. These electronic changes and the higher heat of adsorption are due to an increased σ-donor character for CO as evidenced by a direct interaction with Cu 4p-derived electronic states. No evidence is seen for a direct interaction with the Cu 3d bands. The enhanced σ bonding relative to CO on metallic copper surfaces can be rationalized in terms of the decreased Cu 4s/4p-derived density of states of Cu + cations.
Use of the multiple regression equation in the prediction of the insecticidal activity of anticholinesterase insecticides.

Multiple regression analysis was used to correlate some physical organic parameters with the penetration and detoxication of some substituted phenyl N -methylcarbamates. For the meta -substituted compounds, cholinesterase inhibition accounted for 50% of the variation in synergized LD50 values, whereas liposolubility made no significant additional contribution. With the para -substituted compounds, both cholinesterase inhibition and lipophylicity contributed significantly to the variation in synergized LD50 values. There was no correlation of any parameters with the detoxication of these compounds.
Enlightenment and Education in Eighteenth Century America: A Platform for Further Study in Higher Education and the Colonial Shift

The prolific educational discussions of America's founding generation have led to extensive treatments surrounding the nature of early-national education in recent scholarship. Republican educational models Jefferson, Rush, and Webster have been scrutinized and praised as the forerunners to modern American higher education. Where these treatments are remiss, however, is in clearly identifying the fundamental shift in educational purpose between 1740 and 1780. Higher education classrooms were inundated with both Enlightenment and Evangelical literature, resulting in new arenas of student autonomy, thus radically departing from the traditional model of higher education carried over from England. An analysis of this transformation will highlight how the highly regarded republican educational ideas on education did not necessarily illustrate a thoroughly new model of higher education. Rather, it gave new definition to an already existing paradigm.
Perinatal changes in lung surfactant calcium measured in situ.

Abstract Calcium ion is thought to play a role in the structure and function of pulmonary surfactant after secretion into the alveolar space. Since fetal lung liquid calcium concentration is inadequate for this hypothesized role, at a time when optimal surfactant function is necessary for survival, we speculated that the necessary calcium is secreted with the surfactant material, i.e., in the lamellar body. Lungs from rat fetuses at 20, 21, and 22 d gestation, and also from newborn rats at 3-5 h, 1 and 3 d, were rapidly frozen, sectioned, freeze-dried, and examined cold (-100 degrees C) in a transmission electron microscope equipped with a fully quantitative energy-dispersive x-ray detector and analyzer. X-ray spectra were collected from the lamellar bodies and cytoplasm of type II cells at each time point. Lamellar body calcium concentration in the fetus was approximately twice that of the adult (70 +/- 4 vs. 37 +/- 2 mmol/kg dry wt +/- SEM, P less than 0.01), and it decreased rapidly after birth to adult levels. Apically located lamellar bodies in the fetus have a significantly higher calcium concentration than those in a perinuclear position (76 +/- 4 vs. 52 +/- 3, P less than 0.01). There is significant correlation of calcium and chloride concentrations in lamellar bodies, suggesting that factors responsible for the distribution of chloride, i.e., pH, may also be responsible for the accumulation of calcium by these organelles. These results show that mature calcium transport in lamellar bodies is achieved prenatally in the rat, and suggest that the calcium required for normal surfactant function at birth is secreted with the lamellar body.
An Inquiry Into Practice Wisdom

Social work is unique among the social sciences in adopting the term practice wisdom.Why was the word wisdom chosen? Why didn't the terms practice knowledge or practical experience arise in its stead? This article examines various definitions of practice wisdom that have been previously offered. Then, turning to the work of Socrates, it examines the nature of wisdom. This leads to considering that the application of social work values, over that of efficacy of interventions, is what lies at the heart of practice wisdom.
A transforming growth factor-β control element required for SM α-actin expression in vivo also partially mediates GKLF-dependent transcriptional repression

We previously demonstrated that a conserved transforming growth factor-β control element (TCE) within the 5′-region of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation marker gene SM α-actin could mediate both transcriptional activation and repression in cultured SMCs through interaction with members of the zinc finger Kruppel-like transcription factor (KLF) family. The aims of the present studies were to: 1) determine the role of the SM α-actin TCE in vivo through mutagenesis studies in transgenic mice and 2) further characterize the possible role and mechanisms by which the TCE-binding factor GKLF/KLF4 induces repression of SMC marker genes in various SMC model systems in vitro. Our results showed that the TCE was required for SM α-actin promoter activity in transgenic mice in vivo. Results of transient transfection studies showed that GKLF-induced repression of a SM α-actin promoter/luciferase reporter gene partially depended on the TCE. Furthermore, a GKLF overexpressing adenovirus inhibited whereas GKLF morpholino antisense oligos increased expression of endogenous SMC marker genes. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed GKLF binding to TCE containing regions of various SMC marker gene promoters within intact chromatin. Finally, results of co-transfection studies showed that overexpression of IKLF/KLF5 reversed GKLF-dependent repression thus supporting a model of reciprocal activation-repression of SMC gene expression by different members of the KLF gene family.
Exponentiated $T$-$X$ Family of Distributions with Some Applications

In this paper, a new family of distributions called exponentiated $T$-$X$ distribution is defined. Some of its properties and special cases are discussed. A member of the family, namely, the three-parameter exponentiated Weibull-exponential distribution is defined and studied. Some of its properties including distribution shapes, limit behavior, hazard function, Shannon entropy, moments, skewness and kurtosis are discussed. The flexibility of the exponentiated Weibull-exponential distribution is assessed by applying it to three real data sets and comparing it with other distributions. The exponentiated Weibull-exponential distribution is found to adequately fit left-skewed and right-skewed data sets.
Faithful Accounts?: The Hampton Court Conference and The King James Bible in Early Eighteenth- Century Dissenting Histories

AbstractIn the first decades of the eighteenth century, English Dissenters composed several histories in order to vindicate the theological standards of Protestant nonconformity, to agitate for the civil liberties denied Dissenters by the Test and Corporation Acts, and to fashion new identities for the latest generation of Dissenters which was suffering defections to the Anglican Church. Interestingly, the 1611 translation received remarkably little notice in the three most notable histories from the three Dissenting traditions. Following Edmund Calamy's Abridgment of Mr. Baxter's Narrative (1702), arguably the most noteworthy Dissenting histories of the era were A Vindication of the Dissenters (1717 and 1718) by the presbyterian James Peirce, The History of the Puritans published in the 1730s by the Independent minister Daniel Neal (1678-1743), and The History of the English Baptists (1738-1740) written by the Baptist mathematician Thomas Crosby (c.1685-1752). This article summarizes the depictions of Ja...
Volatility Forecasting Using a Hybrid GJR-GARCH Neural Network Model☆

Abstract Volatility forecasting in the financial markets, along with the development of financial models, is important in the areas of risk management and asset pricing, among others. Previous testing has shown that asymmetric GARCH models outperform other GARCH family models with regard to volatility prediction. Utilizing this information, three popular Neural Network models (Feed-Forward with Back Propagation, Generalized Regression, and Radial Basis Function) are implemented to help improve the performance of the GJR(1,1) method for estimating volatility over the next forty-four trading days. During training and testing, four different economic cycles have been considered between 1997-2011 to represent real and contemporary periods of market calm and crisis. In addition to stress testing for different neural network architectures to assess their performance under various turmoil and normal situations in the U.S. market, their synergy along with another econometric model is also accessed.
Human Choriocarcinoma JAR Cells Constitutively Express Pro-Interleukin-1β That Can Be Released with Fcγ Receptor Engagement

Some authors have suggested that fetally derived syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the barrier between mother and the fetus, are an integral part of a complex macrophage-cytokine network involving maternal leukocytes, decidual cells, placental tissues, and even the fetus itself. We report here that syncytiotrophoblast-like JAR cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line, share another feature common to cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the ability to secrete IL-1β when stimulated through their Fcγ receptors. We incubated JAR cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of model BSA-rabbit IgG-anti-BSA immune complexes or monomeric rabbit IgG for periods of up to 72 h. Both monomeric IgG and immune complexes induced IL-1β from JAR cells, although levels produced by immune complexes were approximately twice those induced by monomeric IgG. IL-1β secretion was not inhibited by cycloheximide, and Western blots of JAR cell lysates using pro-IL-1β MAb revealed constitutive expression of a 31-kD protein, whose levels declined within 2 h of stimulation by either IgG or immune complexes, but returned to baseline within 18 h.
The Paradoxical Consequences of Interpersonal Goals: Relationships, Distress, and the Self

People often try to manage the impressions others have of them so others will have high regard for them. What are the consequences of chronically having self-image goals in ongoing relationships? A program of research examining the effects of self-image goals and contrasting them with compassionate goals focused on supporting others is described. Results from two longitudinal studies indicated that self-image goals have negative effects on relationships, and paradoxically decrease the regard others have for the self, self-esteem, and mental health. In contrast, compassionate goals focused on promoting the well-being of others have positive effects on relationships, and paradoxically increase others’ regard, self-esteem and mental health. Discussion considers why self-image goals persist if they have clear negative consequences, and why people do not shift to more constructive compassionate goals in light of their benefits.
SEptember 11 - A reflection

For a while after September 11, 2001, most Americans lived dual lives, both devastated by the horror and mindful of everyday responsibilities. These papers on terrorism, first presented at the 2002 Annual Conference of the Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences, represent an early attempt to put the events of September 11 and their aftermath in historical and political context, both for ourselves and for our students.
Use of esmolol in hypertension after cardiac surgery

Abstract Systolic hypertension, which is common soon after cardiac surgery, increases cardiac work and may threaten fresh vascular anastomoses. Because postoperative hypertension is often associated with elevated catecholamines and preoperative use of β-blocking agents, esmolol, an ultrashort-acting β-blocking agent, was compared with nitroprusside in a crossover study in this setting. Twelve patients, 18 to 28 hours after cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass graft in 9, aortic valve replacement in 2 and valved aortic conduit with reimplantation of coronary arteries in 1 patient) received controlled infusions of esmolol (mean dosage 142 ± 100 μg/kg/min, range 50 to 300 μg/kg/min) and nitroprusside (mean dose 1.6 ± 1.3 μg/kg/min, range 0.5 to 2.75 μg/kg/min). In this open-label study, choice of the first drug was randomized, after which patients were then crossed over to the other study drug. Therapeutic response (≥ 15% systolic blood pressure reduction) was achieved in 11 of 12 esmolol patients and 12 of 12 nitroprusside patients. Both drugs significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as left ventricular stroke work index. While the cardiac index was decreased by esmolol and increased by nitroprusside, neither drug significantly changed stroke volume index. Systemic vascular resistance, unchanged by esmolol, was decreased significantly by nitroprusside. Oxygen saturation and Pao 2 , unchanged with esmolol, were both significantly reduced with nitroprusside. Thus, for hypertension early after cardiac surgery, esmolol is safe, effective and rapid and, compared with nitroprusside, results in less unwanted decrease in diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation, but there is more decrease in heart rate and cardiac index.
Discharge information needs of patients after surgery

Patients who have undergone surgical procedures often have self-care concerns in their preparation for discharge from the hospital. This article examines the research literature about information needs of postoperative patients prior to their discharge. The most common concerns were the incision/wound care, pain management, activity level, monitoring for complications, symptom management, elimination, and quality of life. Because of their clinical knowledge of the perioperative experience, wound, ostomy, and continence nurses and other advanced practice nurses have a critical role in the development of discharge-educational programs for postoperative patients and caregivers. Because unmet discharge needs can contribute to poor patient outcomes and readmission, it is critical that wound, ostomy, and continence nurses, advanced practice nurses, and clinical staff nurses accurately identify patients' informational needs and find ways to meet these needs especially with the aging population, new/advanced surgical procedures, vulnerability/poverty, and literacy level of patients.
On the nonexistence of resilient consensus protocols

We present three axioms capturing the nature of asynchronous message passing systems and five axioms defining resilient consensus protocols. We prove that there does not exist an asynchronous resilient consensus protocol by showing that the set of eight axioms is inconsistent.
Some basic properties of planar Singer groups

A planar Singer group is a collineation group of a finite (in this article) projective plane acting regularly on the points of the plane. Theorem 1 gives a characterization of abelian planar Singer groups. This leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for an inner automorphism to be a multiplier. The Sylow 2-structure of a multiplier group and some of its consequences are given in Theorem 3. One important result in studying multipliers of an abelian Singer group is the existence of a common fixed line. We extend this to an arbitrary planar Singer group in Theorem 4. Theorem 5 studies the order of an abelian group of multiplers. If this order equals to the order of the plane plus 1, then the number of points of the plane is a prime. If this order is odd, then it is at most the planar order plus 1.
Drawing Lines in Law Books and on Sandy Beaches: Marking Ordinary High Water on Michigan's Great Lakes Shorelines under the Public Trust Doctrine

In 1968 the Michigan Legislature adopted an elevation-based approach for discerning the ordinary high water mark (OHWM) along the state's Great Lakes shorelines pursuant to the public trust doctrine. In 2005 the Michigan Supreme Court reaffirmed that Michigan's public trust interest extends up to the OHWM, but it articulated a different standard for discerning that OHWM, noting in passing that the state's statutory standard relates only to certain regulatory authorities. The court left unresolved the questions of exactly how these two methods of marking ordinary high water relate to one another and precisely how far up the shore the state's authorities to regulate private shoreline development extends. We first describe how the Great Lakes states, including Michigan, have adapted the public trust doctrine to their Great Lakes shorelines, particularly in terms of demarcating boundaries. We then discuss attributes of the Great Lakes that make those efforts problematic and present original data on changing w...
DETERMINATION OF PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL IN PASTA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY

A method for the determination of pirimiphos-methyl residues in pasta has been developed. The pesticide was extracted from pasta using the Luke procedure modified for low moisture, nonfatty food products. The extracts were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography using an ion trap mass spectrometer in the chemical ionization mode as the detector. Quantification was performed using fluorene as the internal standard. The limit of detection was 0.005 ppm. Recoveries from spaghetti were 83.0% at the 0.100 ppm level and 93.3% at the 0.010 ppm level. Of 48 spaghetti samples analyzed, 38 contained detectable residues between trace (>0.005 ppm) and 0.180 ppm. Electron ionization (EI) was used to confirm residues as low as 0.016 ppm in more concentrated extracts.
REVIEW: Barlow (2004) Collocate 1.0 (software package)

Collocate 1.0 is a software program, developed by Michael Barlow, to search through a corpus and provide pattern information related to collocations. Collocate 1.0 finds collocation patterns in three ways: first, by searching for specific word(s) or phrase(s) entered by the user. To illustrate the first type of search, consider the word radio. In order to ascertain which words collocate with radio, the user enters the word and sets the defining word span as two. The most common collocations with radio from a one-million word corpus of written American English were radio station and the radio. The word span can be increased to the maximum value of twelve words, which is more than sufficient to look for word sequences. Users decide on the cut-off point (the minimal number of occurrences in the corpus) for occurrences of a word-sequence. The program also gives information about the frequency of the word sequence along with three other statistical scores: Mutual Information, Log Likelihood, and the T-Score. The second way that Collocate 1.0 investigates patterns is without entering specific words, but by specifying the size of the word cluster or ngram. For example, in a corpus of academic writing, the most frequent ngram when n = 4 is ‘on the other hand’. Finally, Collocate 1.0 allows the user to specify cut-off points for the three statistical procedures listed above. Figure 1 shows the output after setting the span value to five words, and setting the cut-off score for Mutual Information to at least 6.00.
Near-infrared induced negative photoconductance and its relationship with optical quenching of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

We report in this work the near-Infrared (IR) induced negative photoconductance (NPC) on mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) and its relationship with the quenching of QCL. The NPC behaviour depends on the coupled near-IR intensity, wavelength and the QCL bias voltage amplitude. If the QCL is under pulse operations, it depends on the pulse width as well. From our interpretation, the NPC is related to electron-hole pair generation and hole-trapping, which produces an internal field counteracting to the external field. The created band-bending effect will reduce the current, increase the resistance, and reduce the mid-IR light output, which has been reported earlier as the "optical quenching effect." We observed that only a near-IR laser with good quenching ability can modulate the mid-IR laser. Since the modulation speed exceeds more than 100 MHz, this excludes the possibility of a thermal origin of these results. The near-IR induced optical quenching effect has the potential to provide all optical modulation of mid-IR QCLs.
A plausible role for the presence of internal shine-dalgarno sites.

The presence of nucleotide hybridization between the 3′ end of 16S rRNA and mRNA sequence upstream of the start codon is well known in bacteria. In this paper, we detect the presence of such hybridization sites inside the coding regions of E. coli genes, and analyze their proximity to clusters of slow-translating codons. We study this phenomenon in genes of high and low expression separately. Based on our findings, we propose an explanation for the presence of RNA hybridization within the translated regions of bacterial genes.
Histochemical studies on urate oxidase in several mammals with special reference to uricolytic ability of primates.

Strong reactivity for urate oxidase was found in the liver parenchymal cells of the prosimians (i.e. the tree shrew, slow loris, potto and galago) as well as those of lower mammals. The liver parenchymal cells of the platyrrhine monkeys (i.e. the marmoset, owl monkey, squirrel monkey, capuchin monkey and spider monkey) were moderately positive. There was no preferential distribution of granular reaction products in zones of liver lobules of these species. The prosimians and platyrrhine monkeys seem to be uricolytic as lower mammals are. On the other hand, the old world monkeys (i.e. Java monkey and rhesus monkey) and the apes (i.e. the orang-utan and chimpanzee) were histochemically negative.
Symmetric Veronese classifiers with application to materials design

Abstract To solve the materials classification problem, we propose a fast, exhaustive approach. We propose to test every feature (chemical property), every pair of features, every three features, etc., against every classifier architecture from a certain group of classifiers known as Support Vector Machines. This approach generalizes Pierre Villars’ work to higher dimensions and more operations. We have at present duplicated his result in identifying the Mendeleev Number as the single best feature, and we have produced a new result for the case of two features: namely, we have identified the Mendeleev number with the valence electron number as the best combination of two features.
Aromatic polyamides. III. Copoly(4,4′‐oxanilideterephthalamide—4,4′‐phenyleneterephthalamide): Synthesis, wet‐spinning, fiber thermal characterization, and stability in sulfuric acid

Copoly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide—4,4′-phenyleneterephthalamide) (A-202/PPD) was synthesized by reaction of 4,4′-diaminooxanilide, p-phenylenediamine, and terephthaloyl chloride in organic solvents. Copolymer inherent viscosities in H2SO4 as high as 10.3 were obtained. Isotropic copolymer solutions (4%—5% concentration) of A-202/40%–80% PPD were spun to fibers with tenacity/elongation/modulus at 1% extension in the 13–14 gpd/1.5%–2%/700–1000 gpd range. Oxamide and amide stabilities in 98–100% H2SO4 and 20% oleum were compared. Poly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide) (A-202), A-202/PPD copolymers, and poly(4,4′-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPT) were unstable in 20% oleum, but all proved relatively stable in 100% H2SO4. However, the oxamide linkage proved less stable than the amide linkage in 98% H2SO4. A-202 and A-202/PPD copolymers formed stable anisotropic spinning solutions in 1% oleum at 10–20% concentrations. Dynamic mechanical analyses (Vibron) showed no glass transition temperature (Tg) below 200°C. Dilatometric measurement of A-202/50% PPD revealed a Tg at 257°C. Differential thermal analyses of A-202/40–80% PPD exhibited endotherms at 470–480°C. Thermogravimetric analyses showed no significant weight loss below 400°C.
Catalase-free photosystem II: the O2-evolving complex does not dismutate hydrogen peroxide.

A photosystem II (PSII) membrane-associated heme catalase has been identified as a major source of the dark H2O2-dismutation reaction in PSII membrane samples [Sheptovitsky, Y. G., and Brudvig, G. W. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16255−16263]. Based on this finding, a catalase-free PSII membrane sample was prepared by using mild heat treatment to deplete most of the PSII membrane-associated heme catalase followed by inhibition of the residual catalase with 50 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a specific heme catalase inhibitor that binds covalently to compound I. After these treatments, the PSII membrane sample exhibited only 0.02% of the original H2O2-dismutation activity when assayed in the presence of 20 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. This small residual H2O2-dismutation activity is attributed to adventitious metal ions or the non-heme iron in PSII because the activity was still present in a Mn-depleted PSII sample but was completely suppressed by adding 5 mM ferricyanide to the assay buffer; the effect of ferricyanide...
Efficacy of Using a Single, Non-Technical Variable to Predict the Academic Success of Freshmen Engineering Students

This paper evaluates the efficacy of using freshman student scores from one non-technical assignment to predict academic success as measured by cumulative grade point average after completion of the first two semesters enrolled at the Mercer University School of Engineering. The predictor assignment is keeping a dialectic course notebook and corresponds to the student's attitude, persistence, and organizational skills rather than math and science preparedness. Statistical analysis, at the 99 percent confidence level, indicated that there was a strong relationship between the student notebook scores and grade point average. Although there was scatter in the data, this one variable does provide insight into student success in the Mercer University Engineering program.
On the mechanism of the HCCO + O2 reaction: Probing multiple pathways to a single product channel

We explore the mechanism of the HCCO + O2 reaction using time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy. Utilizing an isotopically labeled reactant (18O2) and state-selective product detection, we determine the relative flux through different paths on the potential energy surface leading to a single asymptote: H + CO + CO2. In the labeled reaction, the dominant isotopic products are C18O and 16OC18O. Combined with data from the corresponding reaction in natural isotopic abundance, these results show that at least 85% of the reactive flux passes through a four-membered OCCO ring intermediate. An alternative reaction path through an energetically allowed three-membered COO ring intermediate represents less than 15% of the total reactive flux. The average energy deposited in vibration of CO and CO2 is in reasonable agreement with a statistical model using the separate statistical ensembles method.
Heterogeneity of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dwarfism

Sibs with apparent Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) dwarfism and normal intelligence are described. Three other familial and 3 sporadic cases with DMC dwarfism and normal intelligence are known. Twelve familial and 9 sporadic cases are known with the usual combination of DMC dwarfism and severe mental retardation. Since the two conditions appear to breed true they seem to be genetically different. We propose to name the former “Smith-McCort dwarfism” to clearly distinguish it from the DMC syndrome in which mental retardation is a constituent part. Both conditions are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. Spinal cord compression due to atlantoaxial instability is a serious and preventable complication of both disorders.
Circadian rhythm of iguana electroretinogram: the role of dopamine and melatonin.

The amplitude of the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) varies with a circadian rhythm in the green iguana; the amplitude is high during the day (or subjective day) and low during the night (or subjective night). Dopamine and melatonin contents in the eye are robustly rhythmic under constant conditions; dopamine levels are high during the subjective day, and melatonin levels are high during the subjective night. Dopamine and melatonin affect the amplitude of the b-wave in an antagonistic and phase-dependent manner: dopamine D2-receptor agonists injected intraocularly during the subjective night produce high-amplitude b-waves characteristic of the subjective day, whereas melatonin injected intraocularly during the subjective day reduces b-wave amplitude. Sectioning the optic nerve abolishes the circadian rhythms of b-wave amplitude and of dopamine content. The results of this study suggest that in iguana, a negative feedback loop involving dopamine and melatonin regulates the circadian rhythm of the ERG...
The effect of bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors on DNA synthesis in mammalian mitochondria

Abstract Using isolated rat liver mitochondria, which have previously been shown to carry out true replicative DNA synthesis, we have obtained results which are in accord with the presence and functioning of a DNA gyrase in this organelle. The effects of the Escherichia coli DNA gyrase inhibitors, novobiocin, coumermycin, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, upon mtDNA replication suggest the involvement of the putative mitochondrial enzyme in various aspects of this process. First, the preferential inhibition of [3H]dATP incorporation into highly supercoiled DNA together with the appearance of labeled, relaxed DNA are consistent with the involvement of a gyrase in the process of generating negative supercoils in mature mtDNA. Second, the overall depression of incorporation of labeled dATP into mtDNA, including the reduction of radioactivity incorporated into replicative intermediates, suggests a ‘swivelase’ role for the putative gyrase, and this hypothesis is further supported by results obtained on sucrose gradient centrifugation of heat-denatured, d -loop mtDNA. Here, the synthesis of the completed clean circles is inhibited while 9 S initiator strand synthesis is not, suggesting that chain elongation is blocked by the gyrase inhibitors.
Modern analytics for naturally derived complex drug substances: NMR and MS tests for protamine sulfate from chum salmon

This work describes orthogonal NMR and MS tests for the structure and composition of the drug protamine sulfate derived from chum salmon. The spectral response pattern obtained by 1D-1H-NMR and MS methods from salmon protamine, a mixture of four predominant peptide chains, is dependent on the amino acid sequence and abundance of each peptide. Thus, an assay was developed based on the ratios of alanine, glycine and arginine amino acid residue NMR peaks (relative to the arginine CδH proton signal) in this mixture that are unique to the salmon source. In addition, MS analysis provided sensitive sequence determination and impurity analysis based on shifts from exact masses. Spectra from protamine sulfate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) suppliers and from a formulated drug product purchased from the US market were examined. Based on these marketplace survey data, NMR acceptance criteria for chum salmon derived protamine sulfate could be based on the absence of aromatic amino acid signals and on ratios of Ala βH/Arg δH, Gly αH/Arg δH and Arg αH/Arg δH integrated areas of 2.4 ± 1 %, 9.4 ± 3 % and 50 ± 5 %, respectively. For MS, acceptance criteria based on the presence of specific mass to charge (m/z) ratio peaks (m/z = +8 of 530.455, 540.841, 532.208 and 508.950) could be used for the four major peptides present in the mixture with relative abundances of 17 ± 1 %, 31 ± 2 %, 27 ± 1 % and 25 ± 3 %, respectively. The specificity of the combined NMR and MS assay was tested by comparison to data obtained from herring protamine which contains a different mixture of peptides with related amino acid sequences. Both assays were able to clearly distinguish protamine derived from these different natural sources.
Thermal Warpage and Pressure Nonlinearity Analyses for Monolithic Piezoresistive Sensing Elements

This paper presents thermal stress simulation results for a monolithic pressure sensing element design. The basic design concept is to fabricate a standard submicron CMOS process with appropriate modifications to integrate on-chip signal conditioning circuits with piezoresistive sensing elements with anisotropic-etched diaphragms. The stress simulation is used to estimate the electromechanical behavior of a new monolithic sensing element design. The major tasks are to predict ripple deformation of the silicon diaphragm due to thermal residual stresses from multiple passivation layers, find an optimal placement location for the piezoresistive transducer with the highest stress sensitivity or largest full scale span (FSS), and estimate the pressure nonlinearity.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
789. Regulated VEGF Expression Modulates Bone Formation Elicited by Muscle Stem Cells Expressing BMP4

Our prior study demonstrated synergy between angiogenic and osteogenic factors in bone formation, indicating that the former is very important for endochondral ossification. We also found that excessive VEGF in relation to BMP4 impairs bone healing. Here, we hypothesized that the timing of VEGF induction will affect bone formation mediated by muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) expressing BMP4 (B4 cells).
Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity

As we age, the innate immune system becomes dysregulated and is characterized by persistent inflammatory responses that involve multiple immune and non-immune cell types and that vary depending on the cell activation state and tissue context. This ageing-associated basal inflammation, particularly in humans, is thought to be induced by several factors, including the reactivation of latent viral infections and the release of endogenous damage-associated ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Innate immune cell functions that are required to respond to pathogens or vaccines, such as cell migration and PRR signalling, are also impaired in aged individuals. This immune dysregulation may affect conditions associated with chronic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Long-distance gene flow in a cooperative breeder detected in genealogies of mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Rates of gene flow among populations of cooperatively breeding birds have been inferred primarily from distributions of observed distances of dispersal from birthplace to place of first breeding. However, for most cooperative breeders, characteristics of geographic population structure and extent of realized gene flow as measured by genetic markers are not known. To estimate rates of gene flow in a cooperatively breeding bird, I conducted a continent-wide survey of DNA sequence diversity in the most variable part of the mitochondrial (mt) genome among 163 grey-crowned babblers (Pomatostomus temporalis) throughout Australia and Papua New Guinea. The variability found among 86 types of mtDNA was used to infer genealogical trees relating sequences within both eastern (P. t. temporalis) and western (P. t. rubeculus) babblers. The genealogies imply low but detectable levels of gene flow between populations separated by over 1000 km. In addition, they suggest that genes from unrelated migrants contribute to genetic diversity in 5 of 50 (10%) social groups, occasionally producing large (> 3%) intragroup sequence differences. However, on average, the fraction of sequence diversity apportioned among populations (F$\_{\text{st}}$) and among social groups within populations (F$\_{\text{gs}}$), was substantial for both P. t. temporalis and P t. rubeculus, implying a large opportunity for the spread of social behaviours in both lineages of babblers.