cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of glycolysis in the relaxation process in mammalian cardiac muscle: Comparison of the influence of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose on maintenance of resting tension

Abstract This study explores the effect of glucose on resting tension in mammalian cardiac muscle. Exogenous glucose (5 mM) ameliorates the increase in resting tension seen in severely hypoxic cardiac muscle. This effect of glucose is independent of any influence on total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, and cannot be duplicated with 2-deoxyglucose. Resting tension remains stable in muscles exposed to 1 mM iodoacetate (IAA) under aerobic conditions; contracture occurs rapidly when IAA exposed preparations are made severely hypoxic. These observations suggest that glycolysis is sufficient but not necessary for the maintenance of stable resting tension under our experimental conditions. While it is not clear from these data that glycolytically produced ATP is used preferentially, the possibility that a small compartment of ATP is supplied to the relaxing system is clearly suggested.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Hydrogel Mechanical Properties Using Ultrasound

The feasibility of using ultrasound technology as a noninvasive, nondestructive method for evaluating the mechanical properties of engineered weight-bearing tissues was evaluated. A fixture was designed to accurately and reproducibly position the ultrasound transducer normal to the test sample surface. Agarose hydrogels were used as phantoms for cartilage to explore the feasibility of establishing correlations between ultrasound measurements and commonly used mechanical tissue assessments. The hydrogels were fabricated in 1–10% concentrations with a 2–10 mm thickness. For each concentration and thickness, six samples were created, for a total of 216 gel samples. Speed of sound was determined from the time difference between peak reflections and the known height of each sample. Modulus was computed from the speed of sound using elastic and poroelastic models. All ultrasonic measurements were made using a 15 MHz ultrasound transducer. The elastic modulus was also determined for each sample from a mechanical unconfined compression test. Analytical comparison and statistical analysis of ultrasound and mechanical testing data was carried out. A correlation between estimates of compressive modulus from ultrasonic and mechanical measurements was found, but the correlation depended on the model used to estimate the modulus from ultrasonic measurements. A stronger correlation with mechanical measurements was found using the poroelastic rather than the elastic model. Results from this preliminary testing will be used to guide further studies of native and engineered cartilage.
Teaching Foreign Etiquette in the Foreign Language Class: Student Involvement Techniques.

Language teachers should concern themselves with teaching etiquette because it is both academically defensible as a part of communication and because students are interested in the topic. Teaching etiquette can involve content, process, and affect learning. Techniques discussed include ‘cultural asides,’ ‘culture capsules,’ and ‘cultural slots' to treat content learning. Other devices, which are treated in greater detail and which provide greater student involvement and process learning, are instructional games (e.g., “Sovietiquette” and “Tactword”), inquiry techniques (e.g., identifying objects, illustrations of faux pas), and acting techniques (e.g., audio-motor units, role-playing). Finding deeper iiuercultural similarities beneath surface differences requires a more imaginative approach than merely telling students about the differences. Content sources for French, German, Hispanic, and Russian cultures are also provided.
Assessment of simulated and functional disuse on cortical bone by nuclear magnetic resonance

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin (T2) relaxation technique has been described for determining water distribution changes on turkey cortical bone tissue of simulated weightlessness (disuse) in vitro. The advantages of using NMR T2 relaxation techniques for bone water distribution are illustrated. The Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) T2 relaxation data can be used to determine the porosity of bone, and can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution, and this distribution then can be transformed to a pore size distribution with the longer relaxation times corresponding to larger pores. The free induction delay (FID) T2 relaxation data can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution and this distribution then can be transformed to bound and mobile water distribution with the longest relaxation time corresponding to mobile water and the middle relaxation time corresponding to bound water. The technique is applied to quantify apparent changes in porosity, bound and mobile water in normal and disuse cortical bone. Overall bone porosity is determined using the calibrated NMR fluid volume from the proton relaxation data divided by overall bone volume. The NMR bound and mobile water changes were determined from cortical bone specimens obtained from normal and disuse turkey bones. Differences in porosity and water distribution were found between specimens from normal and disuse. Our results show that the ratio of the average bound to mobile water in bone from normal turkey is higher than in bone from disuse turkey, and the porosity is lower in normal than in disuse turkey. We also show that the average bone porosity multiplied by the ratio of bound to mobile water may be constant for both normal and disuse bone groups. Currently, the influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone has been studied by some researchers. Therefore, the porosity, bound and mobile water distribution changes could provide further information directly related to bone quality and be used for further bone mechanical studies.
A model of young people's decision-making in using the Web

Abstract This article offers a theoretical model of the criteria young people use to evaluate websites. The model combines the concepts of personal preferences, object engagement characteristics, human processing constraints, and contextual constraints to predict a young person's evaluation decision. The qualitative methodology used to gather data for the development and testing of this model included website evaluation sessions and group interviews with 11 young female students. Data analysis took the form of iterative pattern coding using QSR NUD*IST Vivo qualitative data analysis software. Data analysis uncovered strong support for the theoretical and empirical models. Related implications for website designers are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of enabling users to modify website design to satisfy their personal preferences. Related implications for librarians and teachers are also discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of teaching young people to become more critical users of the Web.
Dielectric properties of ice at millimeter wavelengths

The use of radars to study the geophysical features in a polar environment requires reliable information about the relative complex dielectric permittivity, e = e' + ie″, of ice at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. To address this requirement, e of ice at millimeter wavelengths was obtained using an interference technique. The interference pattern was produced by measuring the transmittance through bubble-free ice slabs at normal incident angle as the frequency was swept from 75 to 110 GHz. From the resulting interference patterns, e' was determined to be 3.17 ± 0.05 and virtually independent of frequency. Frequency-dependent absorption loss was observed such that e″ increased from approximately 2.4 ± 0.2 x 10 -3 to 4.0 ± 0.2 x 10 -3 over the swept frequencies.
Improved method for the cryopreservation of human red cells in liquid nitrogen with hydroxyethyl starch.

Refinement of a method described previously (Cryobiology 12, 110–118, April, 1975) made possible routine freezing of full units of packed erythrocytes after separation of platelet rich plasma, and buffy coats. The volume frozen was 405 ml which included packed red cells (190–220 ml), plasma (43–73 ml), and cryo-HES (142 ml, final concentration 14% wv). The units could be frozen with or without shaking by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was accomplished by transferring units quickly from liquid nitrogen storage to a shaking water bath at 54 °C. The average yield from units of red cells was 98.4%. The stability to a 50-fold dilution in 0.15 m NaCl was 87.8%. Thawing rate was the critical variable in producing the most stable thawed cells. Plasma expander HES was usable but the thawed units were more viscous and about 7% less stable. Red cells prewashed with 0.15 m NaCl and frozen without plasma showed no significant changes in cellular yield or stability. The optimum resuspension medium was 3% glucose. A morphologic study of cells fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde revealed that before freezing red cells were partially dehydrated in 14% HES. These were smooth, flat discs. Cells fixed on thawing were extensively dehydrated and seen as large, thin, smooth, flat discs with approximately 10% echinocytes. On dilution with 6% glucose (1:1) these swelled and reverted to biconcave discocytes except for approximately 5% echinocytes. Storage in liquid nitrogen measured in groups of three units of 15 units for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks revealed normal postthawed oxygen delivery (P-50). The greatest measurable effect of freezing red cells in HES was a loss of cellular K+ compensated by a corresponding increase in Na+.
On simulating lipid bilayers with an applied surface tension: periodic boundary conditions and undulations

As sketched in Fig. 1, a current molecular dynamics computer simulation of a lipid bilayer fails to capture significant features of the macroscopic system, including long wavelength undulations. Such fluctuations are intrinsically connected to the value of the macroscopic (or thermodynamic) surface tension (cf. Eqs. 1 and 9; for a related treatment, see Brochard et al., 1975, 1976). Consequently, the surface tension that might be evaluated in an MD simulation should not be expected to equal the surface tension obtained from macroscopic measurements. Put another way, the largest of the three simulations presented here contained over 16,000 atoms and required substantial computer time to complete, but modeled a system of only 36 lipids per side. From this perspective it is not surprising that the system is not at the thermodynamic limit. An important practical consequence of this effect is that simulations with fluctuating area should be carried out with a nonzero applied surface tension (gamma 0 of Fig. 2) even when the macroscopic tension is zero, or close to zero. Computer simulations at fixed surface area, which can explicitly determine pressure anisotropy at the molecular level, should ultimately lend insight into the value of gamma 0, including its dependence on lipid composition and other membrane components. As we have noted and will describe further in separate publications (Feller et al., 1996; Feller et al., manuscript in preparation), surface tensions obtained from simulations can be distorted by inadequate initial conditions and convergence, and are sensitive to potential energy functions, force truncation methods, and system size; it is not difficult, in fact, to tune terms in the potential energy function so as to yield surface tensions close to zero. This is why parameters should be tested extensively on simpler systems, for example, monolayers. The estimates of gamma 0 that we have presented here should be regarded as qualitative, and primarily underscore the assertion that the surface tension of a microscopically flat, simulation-sized patch is significantly greater than zero. As the simulation cell length increases, the surface tension that would be evaluated (or should be applied) decreases; in the limit of micrometer-sized simulation cells, gamma would approach zero or its appropriate thermodynamic value. The theories presented here also imply that the estimation of bilayer surface tension from monolayer data should take the degree of flatness into account. These conclusions are independent of the precise values of parameters such as bending constants. In conclusion, from the simulator's perspective, the question "What is the surface tension of a bilayer?" is better phrased as "What is the value of the applied surface tension necessary to simulate a particular experimental system with a given number of lipids?". As we have shown, the answer to the second question varies, but it should not be assumed a priori to equal zero.
Effect of overlapping wheel passages on residual stress in rail corners

Abstract There has been recent effort to use different grinding strategies to alter the profile of the high rail in curved track to generate contact stress distributions that minimize the occurrence of near surface shells. The loading of this contact involves significant amounts of lateral tangential tractions. Finite element modeling is used to calculate residual stresses near the gage face/running tread corner in the high rail of curved track which is influenced by the lateral tractions. The modeling focuses on the interaction of contacts that occur at slightly different locations along the gage face/running tread comer. Results include a region of fairly large tri-axial residual tensions just underneath the plastic zone at a depth significantly below the region of maximum shear stress due to elastic contact. These tri-axial tensions are consistent with the occurrence of gage corner shells. A shakedown argument used to describe the physical basis for these residual stresses qualitatively agrees with the finite element calculations. The shakedown argument reveals that the residual tension occurs beneath the plastic zone, leaving them well beneath the maximum shear stress calculated by elastic contact theory.
Depinning by quenched randomness

An interface attracted by weaker bonds to a wall can be depinned by quenched impurities in the bulk as well as by thermal fluctuations. Exact calculations in two dimensions indicate that the depinning transition with randomness is characterized by a discontinuous specific heat and a quadratic divergence of the localization 1ength. Numerical simulations indicate delocalization by randomness in cases where there is no analogous depinning by thermal fluctuations, e.g. , as in an interface bound to a strip of weak bonds in the bulk, or for two attracting interfaces.
Looking from the east at an elephant trotting west: direct CP violation in B0 decays

Abstract With the time dependent CP asymmetry in Bd(t)→ψKS well measured, the most powerful method to search for direct CP violation in Bd decays is to analyze whether the CP asymmetry of other transitions like Bd(t)→π+π−,η′KS, etc., can be described by a sin term taken from Bd(t)→ψKS and without a cos term. The failure of such a constrained fit would establish direct CP violation (even if no CP asymmetry were observed in these other modes).
Investigation of heteroepitaxy on nanoscopically roughened (001)Si by real-time spectroscopic polarimetry

We use a real-time spectroscopic polarimeter integrated with an organometallic chemical vapor deposition system to investigate growth of GaP on Si, and particularly nanoscopically roughened (nr-)Si. We find nanoroughening is necessary to increase the density of nucleation sites and decrease reactant mobility and thereby grow continuous films instead of widely spaced islands. The nrSi surfaces are more highly reactive to the trimethylgallium precursor than III-V growth surfaces, leading to the appearance of metallic Ga if standard growth conditions are used in the initial phase of heteroepitaxy. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rejection of ascites tumor allografts. II. A pathway for cell-mediated tumor destruction in vitro by peritoneal exudate lymphoid cells.

A pathway for cell-mediated tumor destruction in vitro by immune peritoneal exudate lymphoid cells has been proposed. The union of lymphocytes and tumor cells precedes the formation of an intermediate phase leading to lysis. The initial interaction is only partially temperature dependent. The cytolytic process per se is highly temperature dependent, being negligible at 25°C but proceeding rapidly at 37°C. 51Cr release from tumor cells is demonstrable within 10 min at 37°C and can be reversibly arrested by cooling. Once initiated, lysis is largely independent of additional interactions and continues at almost full rate for 30 min. The effector cells are not lysed and appear to be free to enter into further effector cycles.
Improved overlay control through automated high-order compensation

As Moore's Law drives CD smaller and smaller, overlay budget is shrinking rapidly. Furthermore, the cost of advanced lithography tools prohibits usage of latest and greatest scanners on non-critical layers, resulting in different layers being exposed with different tools; a practice commonly known as 'mix and match.' Since each tool has its unique signature, mix and match becomes the source of high order overlay errors. Scanner alignment performance can be degraded by a factor of 2 in mix and match, compared to single tool overlay operation. In a production environment where scanners from different vendors are mixed, errors will be even more significant. Mix and match may also be applied to a single scanner when multiple illumination modes are used to expose critical levels. This is because different illuminations will have different impact to scanner aberration fingerprint. The semiconductor technology roadmap has reached a point where such errors are no longer negligible. Mix and match overlay errors consist of scanner stage grid component, scanner field distortion component, and process induced wafer distortion. Scanner components are somewhat systematic, so they can be characterized on non product wafers using a dedicated reticle. Since these components are known to drift over time it becomes necessary to monitor them periodically, per scanner, per illumination. In this paper, we outline a methodology for automating characterization of mix and match errors, and a control system for real-time correction.
Complement and innate immunity

Wen-Chao Song , Maria Rosa Sarrias , John D. Lambris b,) a Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, UniOersity of PennsylOania School of Medicine, 1351 BRBIIr III, 421 Curie BlOd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA b Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UniOersity of PennsylOania School of Medicine, 401 Stellar Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Low-intensity late gadolinium enhancement predominates in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Aim Assess the extent of low- versus high-intensity late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods Low- versus high-intensity LGE indexed volumes in 19 HCM patients were compared to 23 myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Results Total, low-, and high-intensity LGE volumes in HCM vs. MI were 7.6ml/m 2 , 4.7, and 2.4 vs. 11.2, 2.5, and 7.1, respectively. Total LGE volume did not differ ( P =.13), though low- and high-intensity did ( P =.05, .004). 67% versus 26% of all LGE was low-intensity in HCM versus MI ( P Conclusions LGE in HCM is predominantly low-intensity, so a low threshold may be the most appropriate.
Social network programming with JavaScript and Spotter

Social Media and Social Networking are positioned to be an excellent way to draw a diverse population of students into the computing disciplines. At the same time, previous approaches to integrating these topics into the Computer Science curriculum have not involved programming.This poster introduces Spotter, an extendible JavaScript library that allows for real-time data from Twitter and Facebook to be utilized in client-side applications. Spotter makes it easy for social network programming to be introduced in a client-side web development course. We describe how it works, show some examples, and relay our experiences using it in three different classes at three different colleges.
Poly(vinyl chloride) in medical device and packaging applications

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the leading polymeric material used in medical device and packaging applications in terms of total volume consumed. It offers a uniquely broad range of properties for a wide variety of applications in the medical and health care industry. It fulfills an extensive range of performance and processing requirements such as gloss, transparency, chemical resistance, scuff resistance, flexibility, bondability, sterilizability by steam, ETO, or high energy irradiation. This paper examines fundamental chemsitry and physical structure of PVC to provide a clear insight and a better understanding on how versatile properties and performance are rendered. The paper also illustrates how specific mechanical and thermal properties can be tailored via compounding and fabrication processes to serve specific purposes in medical applications.
2,4,6‐Trimethylanilinium chloride

The title compound, C9H14N+·Cl−, is a hydro­chloric acid salt of 2,4,6-trimethyl­aniline. In the crystal structure, all the hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors are involved in hydrogen bonds. The packing can be described as columns, two ion-pairs wide, propagating along the a axis. The columns are formed through N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds linking pairs of cations and anions around centers of symmetry and further connecting these pairs in the [100] direction. In addition, the aromatic rings on each side of the columns are stacked above each other, indicating π–π stacking (the distance between aromatic rings is 4.811 A).
Direct measurement of lung motion using hyperpolarized helium-3 MR tagging.

Purpose: To measure lung motion between end-inhalation and end-exhalation using a hyperpolarized helium-3 (HP 3 He) magnetic resonance (MR) tagging technique. Methods and Materials: Three healthy volunteers underwent MR tagging studies after inhalation of 1 L HP 3 He gas diluted with nitrogen. Multiple-slice two-dimensional and volumetric three-dimensional MR tagged images of the lungs were obtained at end-inhalation and end-exhalation, and displacement vector maps were computed. Results: The grids of tag lines in the HP 3 He MR images were well defined at end-inhalation and remained evident at end-exhalation. Displacement vector maps clearly demonstrated the regional lung motion and deformation that occurred during exhalation. Discontinuity and differences in motion pattern between two adjacent lung lobes were readily resolved. Conclusions: Hyperpolarized helium-3 MR tagging technique can be used for direct in vivo measurement of respiratory lung motion on a regional basis. This technique may lend new insights into the regional pulmonary biomechanics and thus provide valuable information for the deformable registration of lung.
Discretionary Methodological Decisions in Applied Research

The process of completing any piece of empirical research requires that a large number of methodological decisions be made at each step in the undertaking. Some of these decisions are very clearly prescribed by conventional practice, while others allow for wide discretion. This paper discusses various kinds of discretionary decisions in applied research where special difficulties are necessarily produced by the requirement to speak to the needs of policy makers and other research users. Emphasizing the inevitable advocacy role of applied researchers, suggestions are provided for which kinds of discretionary methodological decisions in applied research should be encouraged and which should be condemned.
Neurochemical changes in pigeon cerebrospinal fluid during chronic administration of buspirone or 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT).

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), collected repeatedly from White Carneau pigeons chronically implanted with guide cannulae located in the lateral ventricles, was analyzed for metabolites of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine after acute and chronic administration of buspirone or 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Following the acute administration of 3.0 mg/kg buspirone, levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) decreased, while increases occurred in the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Decreases in 5-HIAA persisted throughout the chronic dosing regimen (36 days), while dopamine metabolites returned to control levels within 8 days. When chronic buspirone was discontinued, levels of 5-HIAA were restored to predrug control levels, while levels of HVA, DOPAC and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) decreased. All metabolites returned to predrug control levels within one week following buspirone discontinuation except for MHPG, which remained depressed. When the acute effects of buspirone were reexamined, levels of 5-HIAA were again significantly decreased, while HVA and DOPAC levels, as well as those of MHPG, increased significantly. Acute administration of the 5-HT 1A receptor ligand 8-OH-DPAT (3.0 mg/kg) resulted in large decreases in 5-HIAA levels that persisted throughout the period of chronic administration. Neither acute nor daily administration of 8-OH-DPAT changed levels of HVA, DOPAC or MHPG. Large increases in 5-HIAA occurred when chronic 8-OH-DPAT was discontinued but declined within one week to control levels. Following a two-week drug-free period, 8-OH-DPAT again caused a significant reduction in 5-HIAA levels. These studies demonstrate that metabolites from pigeon CSF can be reliable and informative indices of drug action over many months of sampling from the same subject. Results demonstrating similar acute and chronic effects of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone on 5-HIAA reaffirm the importance of serotonin in mediating the anxiolytic effects of buspirone. However, the large rebound in 5-HIAA following cessation of daily 8-OH-DPAT, but not buspirone, suggests differences in the serotonergic mechanisms of these two drugs that may only become apparent, or may be enhanced, following chronic administration. Finally, although clinical reports have shown no indications of withdrawal from buspirone, the decline in noradrenergic activity, as indicated by decreased MHPG levels following chronic buspirone administration, suggests that cessation of buspirone does results in transient neurochemical changes in the noradrenergic system.
From numbers to symbols to knowledge structures: artificial intelligence perspectives on the classification task

The general information-processing task of classification is considered and reviewed from the perspectives of the knowledge-based-reasoning, pattern-recognition, and connectionist paradigms in artificial intelligence, paying special attention to knowledge-based classificatory problem solving. The authors trace the evolution of the mechanisms for classification as the computational complexity of the problem increases, from numerical parameter-setting schemes, through those using intermediate abstractions and then relations between symbols, and finally to complex symbolic structures that explicitly incorporate domain knowledge. >
S06: US FDA and US EPA voluntary submission of genomic data guidance: Current and future use of genomics in decision making

Appropriate utilization of data from toxicogenomic studies is an ongoing concern of the regulated industries and the agencies charged with assessing safety or risk. An area of current interest is the possibility of toxicogenomics to enhance our ability to develop higher or high-throughput models for predicting potential safety concerns or for rapidly identifying biomarkers of exposure or effect. These models could be developed to predict potential health concerns, prioritize testing strategies, or establish prognostic markers by helping to identify exposure to effect linkages. The US Food and Drug Administration has developed a guidance for voluntary submission of genomic data in support of investigative new drug or new drug or biomarker applications. US FDA considers this approach to be a way to share information, realizing that most genomic data are currently used for exploration or research. The value to submission is to provide an opportunity for regulatory scientists to become familiar these data and to develop approaches for proper interpretation. The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed a draft guidance for submission of genomic data. Like the US FDA, these data are not required, but the opportunity to submit these data in an organized way allows both the regulated community and the agency to develop useful procedures for interpreting this new science. Currently, the value of this information has been in confirming biological or toxicity pathways and developing predictive models for prioritizing further testing. Establishing methods for application in safety and risk assessment are in the early stages of development. [This abstract of a proposed presentation does not reflect the policy or opinion of the US EPA]
Effect of ozonation on sorption of natural organic matter by biofilm

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of ozonation on sorption of aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) onto biofilm using bench-scale packed-bed reactors. It was found that 18–22% of NOM measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and 28–30% measured as chloroform formation potential, was removed from the water without biodegradation. The bulk of the NOM removal was attributed to biosorption of low-molecular-weight compounds—less than 3000 Da. At a dose of 1 g-O 3 g-DOC , ozonation was not found to have a significant effect on biosorption of NOM. Ozonation simultaneously decreased the molecular size and increased the acidity of NOM compounds, and it was concluded that the effects counterbalanced each other at an ozone dose of 1:1, resulting in no significant change in NOM sorption.
MONOCLONAL MACROGLOBULINEMIA IN NZB/NZW F1 MICE

Serum monoclonal macroglobulins were detected in over 30% of NZB/NZW F1 mice greater than 11 mo of age. The monoclonal nature of the IgM was shown by restricted electrophoretic mobility, characteristic appearance on immunoelectrophoresis, restriction to a single light chain type, and ability to induce anti-idiotypic antisera. The monoclonal macroglobulins were separated from antibodies to DNA and RNA that migrated in the 7S region of sucrose gradients. Enlarged lymph nodes were often present in mice with monoclonal IgM, and a transplantable IgM-producing lymphoid tumor was established from the spleen of one animal.
Evidence for a ‘Wild’ L2 Grammar: When PPs Rear their Empty Heads

L'A. passe en revue les etudes qui ont mis en evidence chez les apprenants en L2 le developpement d'erreurs particulieres lors de l'acquisition de la L2. La nature et les implications de telles erreurs posent d'interessantes questions sur le processus du developpement de l'interlangue chez l'adulte
P-type silicon drift detectors

Preliminary results on 16 CM{sup 2}, position-sensitive silicon drift detectors, fabricated for the first time on p-type silicon substrates, are presented. The detectors were designed, fabricated, and tested recently at LBL and show interesting properties which make them attractive for use in future physics experiments. A pulse count rate of approximately 8 {times} l0{sup 6} s{sup {minus}1} is demonstrated by the p-type silicon drift detectors. This count rate estimate is derived by measuring simultaneous tracks produced by a laser and photolithographic mask collimator that generates double tracks separated by 50 {mu}m to 1200 {mu}m. A new method of using ion-implanted polysilicon to produce precise valued bias resistors on the silicon drift detectors is also discussed.
Pangamic acid ("vitamin B15").

Ernst Krebs, Sr. and Jr. isolated a material from apricot kernels in 1943 and named it "pangamic acid". It was then trade-named "vitamin B-15", although according to the Food and Drug Administration it is an untested food additive, not a vitamin, nor does it have any medical or nutritional usefulness. The product has no standard of identity and its chemical composition varies. The pharmacology and clinical use of pangamic acid are reviewed and support the conclusion that the product is a quack remedy. Still it is advertised as the cure for many ills, ranging from eczema to cancer, and it is sold in many health food stores. Consumers should be wary of the unscientific, anecdotal claims and realize that the product is probably not beneficial and may in fact be mutagenic or harmful in other ways
A method to estimate the macroscopic fundamental diagram using limited mobile probe data

Recent work has shown that average vehicle flow and density on urban traffic networks are related and can be used to describe traffic conditions across a network. This relationship, known as the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), can also be used to describe network dynamics, unveil insights into network behavior and develop network-wide control strategies to improve efficiency. However, deriving the MFD of a network is difficult due to large data requirements. In this work, we propose a method to estimate average network flows and densities using trajectory data from mobile vehicle probes that is becoming increasingly available through advances in Intelligent Transportation System technologies and the Connected Vehicle program. This information can be used to directly estimate the MFD, and could also be used to monitor traffic conditions in real time if the requisite probe data is available. This methodology is tested on a micro-simulation network and shown to be very accurate when mobile probe penetration rates reach at least 15%. The only drawback is a requirement that this penetration rate is known a priori. However, if this probe data is obtained through the Connected Vehicle program, it is likely that the penetration rate would be known and slow changing with time. If other sources are used, the penetration rate can also be estimated in real time using additional data from traditional traffic sensors.
Convective Condensation of Superheated Vapor

This paper provides a rationally based method to calculate the condensation coefficient of superheated vapor for condensation inside tubes. The method is theoretically based, and is applicable to any pure vapor. The method may be easily extended to condensation inside enhanced tubes, or to shell-side condensation. This work is an extension of a theory previously presented by Lee et al. (1991).
Assessing metal sorption on the marine alga Pilayella littoralis.

Increasing interest in the development of biological materials for metal sorption led us to investigate the brown marine alga, Pilayella littoralis, as a biological sorbent. This work focuses on the harvest, preparation and evaluation of P. littoralis from Nahant beaches for use as a metal biosorbent. This biomass was used in batch tests with synthetic solutions. Its metal uptake properties, including metal binding capacity, the pH dependence of metal uptake and the kinetics of metal sorption, were investigated. Most metal sorption occurred within the first 5 min of exposure and the metals were optimally bound to the algae at pH 5.5. The algal binding capacities for Al(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II), were 2000, 430, 560, 90, 850, 700, 390 and 450 µmol g−1 of dried biomass, respectively. Metals were desorbed with 0.12 mol l−1 HCl and determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
Optimizing Memory Constrained Environments in Monte Carlo Nuclear Reactor Simulations

Monte Carlo neutron transport codes are a growing subject of research in nuclear reactor analysis. For robust reactor analysis, large scale neutron transport simulations require computation of reaction rates for tens of billions of particles involving several hundred isotopes. When employing physical-space domain decomposition, minimizing memory consumption while safely and efficiently exchanging massive amounts of data is a significant challenge. To address this problem, we implement and test several âmemory-awareâ, in-place, sparse, all-to-all MPI communication implementations. The algorithms are developed and tested within the open source MADRE (Memory-Aware Data Redistribution) project, which gives application programmers a simple API and set of tools and algorithms for carrying out memory-transparent in-place communication. We explore memory and communication efficiency tradeoffs for a range of in-place algorithms using a simple Monte Carlo communication kernel intended to mimic the behavior of our full Monte Carlo neutronics code.
Defining the effects of prematurity on the lymphocyte transcriptome.

Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from premature infants at the time of hospital discharge at multiple sites and shipped to a central laboratory. Freshly purified PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, sorted into individual lymphocyte cell types, and processed for total RNA. RNA isolated from CD8 lymphocytes (n=79) was used for RNA-Seq analysis using the Illumina HiSeq2500. Sequences were aligned using the SHRiMP algorithm and expression values were summarized using HTSeq. Normalized gene expression data were analyzed for significant changes in expression using various statistical approaches. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software was used for gene set interpretation.
Class B type I scavenger receptor is responsible for the high affinity cholesterol binding activity of intestinal brush border membrane vesicles.

Recent studies have documented the importance of Niemann Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), a putative physiological target of the drug ezetimibe, in mediating intestinal cholesterol absorption. However, whether NPC1L1 is the high affinity cholesterol binding protein on intestinal brush border membranes is still controversial. In this study, brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from wild type and NPC1L1−/− mice were isolated and assayed for micellar cholesterol binding in the presence or absence of ezetimibe. Results confirmed the loss of the high affinity component of cholesterol binding when wild type BBMV preparations were incubated with antiserum against the class B type 1 scavenger receptor (SR-BI) in the reaction mixture similar to previous studies. Subsequently, second order binding of cholesterol was observed with BBMV from wild type and NPC1L1−/− mice. The inclusion of ezetimibe in these in vitro reaction assays resulted in the loss of the high affinity component of cholesterol interaction. Surprisingly, BBMVs from NPC1L1−/− mice maintained active binding of cholesterol. These results documented that SR-BI, not NPC1L1, is the major protein responsible for the initial high affinity cholesterol ligand binding process in the cholesterol absorption pathway. Additionally, ezetimibe may inhibit BBM cholesterol binding through targets such as SR-BI in addition to its inhibition of NPC1L1.
Interactions, Structure, and Microscopic Response: Complex Fluid Rheology Using Laser Tweezers

Optical trapping techniques are emerging as significant research tools in complex fluids, offering the ability to probe nano‐ and microscopic interactions, structures, and responses that govern the rheology of complex fluids. In combination with real‐space imaging, microstructural response of these fluids can be directly and quantitatively correlated to imposed microscopic stresses and strains. Thus, laser tweezers are enabling us to bridge multiple length scales in colloid and polymer rheology and should be highly useful for investigating the mechanisms of linear and nonlinear rheology. In this article, we briefly review the theory and practice of using optical traps in complex fluids. We discuss the characteristics of the gradient force trap, practical concerns in trapping experiments, and applications, including measurements of micromechanics and microrheology in colloid and polymer gels.
Exploring Perceptions of a Learning Organization by RNs and Relationship to EBP Beliefs and Implementation in the Acute Care Setting

Background/Rationale: Health care professionals are expected to provide patient care based on best evidence. The context of the acute care setting presents a challenging environment for registered nurses (RNs) to utilize research and implement best evidence in practice. No organizational infrastructure has been identified that offers acute care RNs the support needed for evidence-based practice (EBP). The value of “learning organizations” has long been understood by corporate leaders. Potentially, the dimensions of a “learning organization” may offer a supportive EBP infrastructure for acute care RNs. Research Questions: (1) What is the relationship of the characteristics of the learning organization to registered nurses’ beliefs regarding EBP? (2) Is there an impact of EBP beliefs on RNs’ implementation of EBP? Methods: A descriptive, survey design study was conducted. Three established questionnaires were distributed to 1,750 RNs employed within six acute care hospitals. Results/Findings: There were 594 questionnaires returned for a response rate of 34%. RNs rated their organizations in the mid-range on the dimensions of learning organization. Perceptions of the learning organization were found to be significant, although relatively small, predictors explaining 6% of knowledge beliefs, 11% of value beliefs, and 14% of resource beliefs. EBP beliefs explained 23% of EBP implementation reported by RNs. Discussion: The study results indicate relationships between RNs’ reported perception of a learning organization and EBP beliefs, and between EBP beliefs and implementation. However, findings were mixed. Overall, nurses rated their organizations the lowest in the dimensions of “promote inquiry and dialogue” and “empower people toward a collective vision.” Leaders have an opportunity to offer a more supportive infrastructure through improving their organization in these two areas. RN beliefs explained 23% of EBP implementation in this study with a residual 77% yet to be identified. Implications: Acute care hospitals were perceived mid-range on learning organization dimensions by RNs, indicating an opportune area for leaders to strengthen their organizational infrastructure.
Search for A K * Below K π Threshold

Glashow and Weinberg recently predicted on the basis of current-algebra considerations that a scalar ${K}^{*}$ meson may exist, having a mass below $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ threshold and decaying predominantly via the $K\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ mode. We have searched for the production of this particle by scattering ${K}^{+}$ mesons from hydrogen near 1 BeV/c. We see no evidence for its existence, and we set upper limits on its production cross section.
Temperature dependent DC/RF performance of Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnelling diodes

The temperature dependent DC/RF performance of Si-based resonant interband tunnelling diodes (RITDs) grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy was studied. Both DC and RF performance were measured at various temperatures from 20 to 150°C. At 20°C, the RITD exhibits a peak current density ( Jp) of 22 kA/cm2 with peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 2.0. The maximum resistive cutoff frequency (fr0) of 2.4 GHz was obtained by biasing the diode at 320 mV. Increasing temperature slightly degrades the PVCR and fr0. At 150°C, the PVCR and fr0 reduced to 1.8 and 1.9 GHz, respectively. The observed weak temperature dependence of the DC/RF performance and the GHz operating frequency make Si/SiGe RITDs a good candidate for high power microwave applications.
Tissue welding with virus-sterilized human cryoprecipitate

Clinical use of laser tissue soldering with cryoprecipitate has been delayed by the fear of infecting recipients with donor viral products. Solvent-Detergent (S/D) treatment of human plasma is a technique for disrupting membrane enveloped viruses and rendering them noninfectious. Dual 6 cm incisions were created on the dorsum of nine rats and closed with either standard skin staples of with laser activated S/D cryoprecipitate. The animals were sacrificed at one of three time periods: 0, 2, and 4 days. The use of the laser tissue solder significantly improved tensile strength over standard skin closures at all time periods. Deactivation of viral particles during preparation of cryoprecipitate does not reduce the utility of this material as a solder during laser bonding. Reduced infectivity of S/D prepared products enhances their clinical utility.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural characterization of a novel cbl phosphotyrosine recognition motif in the APS family of adapter proteins

The Cbl adapter proteins typically function to down-regulate activated protein tyrosine kinases and other signaling proteins by coupling them to the ubiquitination machinery for degradation by the proteasome. Cbl proteins bind to specific tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences in target proteins via the tyrosine kinase-binding (TKB) domain, which comprises a four-helix bundle, an EF-hand calcium-binding domain, and a non-conventional Src homology-2 domain. The previously derived consensus sequence for phosphotyrosine recognition by the Cbl TKB domain is NXpY(S/T)XXP (X denotes lesser residue preference), wherein specificity is conferred primarily by residues C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine. Cbl is recruited to and phosphorylated by the insulin receptor in adipose cells through the adapter protein APS. APS is phosphorylated by the insulin receptor on a C-terminal tyrosine residue, which then serves as a binding site for the Cbl TKB domain. Using x-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, and calorimetric studies, we have characterized the interaction between the Cbl TKB domain and the Cbl recruitment site in APS, which contains a sequence motif, RA(V/I)XNQpY(S/T), that is conserved in the related adapter proteins SH2-B and Lnk. These studies reveal a novel mode of phosphopeptide interaction with the Cbl TKB domain, in which N-terminal residues distal to the phosphotyrosine directly contact residues of the four-helix bundle of the TKB domain.
Integrating Professional Experience in Geotechnical Class Designs

A significant proportion of younger engineering educators engaged in teaching design oriented courses have little or no industrial experience. Thus, directions for merging professional experience with engineering science in class designs have become a chief concern in engineering educational forums. As one way to address this issue, students in a geotechnical course having both engineering science and design content presented their design projects to an audience of practicing geotechnical engineers. The results of this trial clearly revealed specific areas of a student design where professional judgment based on firsthand experience or other exposure is essential. The experiment also furnished an opportunity for industrial representatives to view the university's geotechnical curriculum and its preparation of students as future engineers. Above all, a dramatic improvement was noticed in the students' motivation to accomplish the class design projects in a successful and timely manner.