cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying a simple statistical test to compare two different particle counts

Abstract Often one wants to compare a count, x1, from one sample with a count, x2, from another sample, to test whether they came from populations having the same means. Ractliffe (1964) [Appl. Statist. 13, 84–86] and Shuie and Bain (1982) [Appl. Statist. 31, 130–134] explored the behavior of the test statistic μ =(x2−x1)/ √ (x2 + x1), which can be used for this purpose. We demonstrate how to apply this test statistic to experimental design and analysis in the situation where two samples of particles are to be counted and compared. To summarize: |μ| > 2 indicates (at the 95% confidence level) the variates x1 and x2 were not drawn from populations having the same means.
Selection of human anti-hapten antibodies from semisynthetic libraries

Semisynthetic human Fab libraries were constructed, displayed on the surface of filamentous phage and selected for binding to three hapten conjugates. A number of Fabs were isolated and characterized with respect to affinity and specificity. Fabs exhibited affinities of between 80 and 29 nM, as determined by surface plasmon resonance, for the conjugate on which they were selected. Conservation of Asp101 in the third heavy-chain complementarity determining region (HCDR3) appears to be important in the construction of synthetically diverse repertoires.
25 nm immersion lithography at 193 nm wavelength

The physical limitations of lithographic imaging are ultimately imposed by the refractive indices of the materials involved. At oblique collection angles, the numerical aperture of an optical system is determined by nsin(θ) , where n is the lowest material refractive index (in the absence of any refractive power through curvature). For 193nm water immersion lithography, the fluid is the limiting material, with a refractive index of near 1.44, followed by the lens material (if planar) with a refractive index near 1.56, and the photoresist, with a refractive index near 1.75. A critical goal for immersion imaging improvement is to first increase the refractive indices of the weakest link, namely the fluid or the lens material. This paper will present an approach to immersion lithography that will allow for the exploration into the extreme limits of immersion lithography by eliminating the fluid altogether. By using a solid immersion lithography (SIL) approach, we have developed a method to contact the last element of an imaging system directly to the photoresist. Furthermore, by fabricating this last element as an aluminum oxide (sapphire) prism, we can increase its refractive index to a value near 1.92. The photoresist becomes the material with the lowest refractive index and imaging becomes possible down to 28nm for a resist index of 1.75 (and 25nm for a photoresist with a refractive index of 1.93). Imaging is based on two-beam Talbot interference of a phase grating mask, illuminated with highly polarized 193nm ArF radiation. Additionally, a roadmap is presented to show the possible extension of 193nm lithography to the year 2020.
1,3‐Adamantanyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers. Preparation and properties

1,3-bis(Dimethylhydroxysilyl)adamantane(I) has been prepared. Thermal condensation polymerization of this monomer yields poly-1,3-adamantyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. Condensation of I with bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane or 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane gave the expected 1,3-adamantyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers (II and III) respectively. These polymers have been characterized by 1H,13C, and 29SiNMR as well as GPC and TGA. They have unusually high thermal stability.
Optimization of Air Bearing Contours for Shock Performance of a Hard Disk Drive

Hard disk drives must be designed to withstand shock during operation. Large movements of the slider during a shock impulse can cause reading and writing errors, track misregistration, or in extreme cases, damage to the magnetic material and loss of data. The design of the air bearing contour determines the steady-state flying conditions of the slider as well as dynamic flying conditions, including shock response. In this paper a finite element model of the hard disk drive mechanical components was developed to determine the time dependent forces and moments applied to the slider during a shock event. The time-dependent forces and moments are applied as external loads in a solution of the dynamic Reynolds equation to determine the slider response to a shock event. The genetic algorithm was then used to optimize the air bearing contour for optimum shock response while keeping the steady flying conditions constant. The results show substantial differences in the spacing modulation of the head-disk interface after a shock as a function of the design of the air bearing contour.
Regulation of the RYR1 and RYR2 Ca2+ Release Channel Isoforms by Ca2+-Insensitive Mutants of Calmodulin†

Calmodulin (CaM) may function as a regulatory subunit of ryanodine receptor (RYR) channels, modulating both channel activation and inhibition by Ca2+; however, mechanisms underlying differences in CaM regulation of the RYR isoforms expressed in skeletal muscle (RYR1) and cardiac muscle (RYR2) are poorly understood. Here we use a series of CaM mutants deficient in Ca2+ binding to compare determinants of CaM regulation of the RYR1 and RYR2 isoforms. In submicromolar Ca2+, activation of the RYR1 isoform by each of the single-point CaM mutants was similar to that by wild-type apoCaM, whereas in micromolar Ca2+, RYR1 inhibition by Ca2+CaM was abolished by mutations targeting CaM's C-terminal Ca2+ sites. In contrast to the RYR1, no activation of the cardiac RYR2 isoform by wild-type CaM was observed, but rather CaM inhibited the RYR2 at all Ca2+ concentrations (100 nM to 1 mM). Consequently, whereas the apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of the RYR1 isoform was enhanced in the presence of CaM, the RYR2 displayed the opp...
Dispersion equation and polarizability of bovine serum albumin from measurements of refractive indices

Refractive indices of bovine serum albumin solutions in saline and in 2-chloro ethanol are measured for the spectral region 1770–10000 A by a reflectance method. A procedure for the determination of a dispersion formula for binary mixtures is developed and applied. The electronic polarizability of bovine serum albumin is determined and is found to be almost independent of the solvent and concentration. Hence it follows that the electronic polarizability of bovine serum albumin is almost independent of the molecular environment.
Moderators of the internalization–body dissatisfaction relationship in middle school girls

The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend previous research by examining the moderating effects of self-esteem, physical self-concept, physical appearance comparisons, BMI, pubertal status, and cardiorespiratory fitness, on the internalization-body dissatisfaction relationship in middle school girls. Hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) was used to examine direct and moderating effects of these variables. Internalization was related directly and significantly to body dissatisfaction, as were the proposed moderators (i.e., self-esteem, physical self-concept, physical appearance comparisons, BMI, pubertal status, and cardiorespiratory fitness); however, these variables failed to significantly influence the internalization-body dissatisfaction relationship. Possible explanations for the lack of moderating effects and directions for future research are discussed.
Excess adsorption of binary aqueous organic mixtures on various reversed-phase packing materials.

Abstract Excess adsorption isotherms of acetonitrile and methanol from water were measured on eight commercial columns. Columns used in this study represent latest examples in column development and include three different poroshell columns (Kinetex-C18, Acsentis-C18 and Halo-C18) as well as conventional columns with significantly different adsorbent geometry (Allure-C18, YMC-C18) and various hybrid-silica columns (Gemini-C18, Xterra-C18 and XBridge-C18). Comparison of the excess adsorption isotherms measured on all these columns and expressed in surface specific form demonstrated significant similarity of the adsorption properties of all columns, which allows us to introduce the “standard adsorption isotherm” for reversed-phase C18-type columns. The methodology of the evaluation of the total amount of adsorbent in the column and effective surface area of the C18 modified adsorbent is also discussed. These terms are critical for successful evaluation of surface specific parameters.
376: Prenatal diagnosis of isolated single umbilical artery: incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality

375 The incidence of anomalies in fetuses with cystic hygroma and a normal karyotype Sara Durfee, Chitra Iyer, Asha Heard, Britta Panda, aclyn Coletta, Jessica Scholl, Roa Al Ammari, eremy Kaplan, Cassandre Tanner, Carol Benson Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, Tufts Medical Center, oston, MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH OBJECTIVE: To identify the rate and types of anomalies among pregancies affected by cystic hygroma in the first trimester and with a ormal karyotype. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed records of all patients diagnosed with a fetal septated cystic hygroma between 2000 and 2010 at five institutions. Patients had ultrasound examinations between 10 weeks 3 days and 13 weeks 6 days. Fetal karyotype was obtained from amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, pathology or postnatal results. Fetal anomalies were documented from subsequent obstetrical ultrasound reports, autopsy or neonatal records. RESULTS: Of 237 cases of cystic hygroma and normal karyotype, inormation regarding fetal anatomy was available in 154. Of these feuses, 59 (38.3%) had structural abnormalities. These included cariac anomalies in 24 (15.6%), genitourinary anomalies in 15(9.7%), nd central nervous system anomalies in 11 (7.1%). Pregnancy outomes were available in 178 patients and included a live birth in 9(44.3%), termination in 76(42.7%), fetal loss in 22(12.3%) and eonatal death in 1(0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Fetal structural anomalies are common in fetuses with cystic hygroma diagnosed in the first trimester, even when the karyoype is normal. Our large patient population corroborates the findings f prior studies, including the FASTER trial where 34% of fetuses with cystic hygroma and normal karyotype had major structural fetal alformations.
Screening for ocular hemorrhages in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective study of 99 patients.

BACKGROUND: Terson's syndrome (vitreous hemorrhage) and other ocular hemorrhages (retinal hemorrhages) have been reported to occur in up to 40% of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Because microsurgical vitrectomy can safely restore vision in patients with visual loss secondary to Terson's syndrome, we hypothesized that prospectively screening a selected group of patients with aneurysms would result in a higher rate of vitrectomy in patients with more extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were prospectively screened for Terson's syndrome and other forms of ocular hemorrhage by an ophthalmologist. Follow-up data were obtained for seven of eight cases of Terson's syndrome, and vitrectomy was performed for visual restoration when indicated. RESULTS: Ocular hemorrhages were present in 17% of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms, and Terson's syndrome was present in 8% of patients. Screening of patients with histories of transient or prolonged comas sensitively identified patients with ocular hemorrhages in 100% of the patients with Terson's syndrome and 89% of the patients with other ocular hemorrhages. Fifty-five percent of the patients in the overall series had histories of transient or prolonged comas, and 53% (specificity) of those patients had ocular hemorrhages. Two of the eight patients with Terson's syndrome underwent vitrectomy, with dramatic improvement in vision. No other ocular hemorrhages required surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmological screening of patients with histories of transient or prolonged comas after ruptured cerebral aneurysms very sensitively identifies patients with ocular hemorrhages, which are relatively common in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated in an academic neurosurgical practice. The present study underestimates the true incidence of Terson's syndrome in that patients who died shortly after their subarachnoid hemorrhage were not included. Vitrectomy for patients who do not exhibit spontaneous improvement in vision results in a dramatic reversal of blindness.
Error propagation and the optimal reconstruction scheme in slope-type zonal wavefront estimation

We formulate the error propagation in a slope-type zonal wavefront reconstruction with the eigenvalues of the wavefront reconstruction normal matrix. With an optimized indexing order, we show that the Southwell's configuration with an odd-number of grid-dimension is the optimal grid geometry for minimizing error propagation and thus optimizing reconstruction accuracy.
Skyrmion phenomenology in the standard electroweak model

If the Higgs-boson mass in the standard electroweak model is large, the Higgs sector has a Skyrmionlike soliton solution. Its properties are studied here. Also resonances in the WW channel are studied in a phenomenological approach.
Design principles of the proteolytic cascade governing the σE-mediated envelope stress response in Escherichia coli: keys to graded, buffered, and rapid signal transduction

Proteolytic cascades often transduce signals between cellular compartments, but the features of these cascades that permit efficient conversion of a biological signal into a transcriptional output are not well elucidated. sigma(E) mediates an envelope stress response in Escherichia coli, and its activity is controlled by regulated degradation of RseA, a membrane-spanning anti-sigma factor. Examination of the individual steps in this protease cascade reveals that the initial, signal-sensing cleavage step is rate-limiting; that multiple ATP-dependent proteases degrade the cytoplasmic fragment of RseA and that dissociation of sigma(E) from RseA is so slow that most free sigma(E) must be generated by the active degradation of RseA. As a consequence, the degradation rate of RseA is set by the amount of inducing signal, and insulated from the "load" on and activity of the cytoplasmic proteases. Additionally, changes in RseA degradation rate are rapidly reflected in altered sigma(E) activity. These design features are attractive as general components of signal transduction pathways governed by unstable negative regulators.
Eyeballs in the Fridge: Sources of early interest in science

This paper examines the experiences reported by scientists and graduate students regarding the experiences that first engaged them in science. The interviews analysed for this paper come from Project Crossover, a mixed‐methods study of the transition from graduate student to PhD scientist in the fields of chemistry and physics. This analysis involved review of 116 interviews collected from graduate students and scientists and focused on the timing, source, and nature of their earliest interest in science. The majority (65%) of participants reported that their interest in science began before middle school. Females were more likely to report that their interest was sparked by school‐related activities, while most males recounted self‐initiated activities. Our findings indicate that current policy efforts (which focus on high school science reform) to increase the numbers of students studying in the science fields, may be misguided.
Urban and rural sign language in India

A comparison is presented of Indian urban and rural sign languages of the deaf. The structures of both languages are designed for efficient communication but have developed differently in response to different sociolinguistic environments. The urban form transmits information primarily by means of appeal to a shared linguistic code; the rural form mainly by appeal to communal nonlinguistic knowledge. Both languages employ effective and appropriate means given their environments. The relationship between language usage and structure is explored. (Sign language, deafness, India) Hymes (1972, 1974) argued that language must be studied within the framework of its social context and function; that the divorce of language structure from language use enables linguists to build models of grammar but not of language. In this article, I explore the relationship of structure and use in two languages of the deaf in India. In urban India, a unified and relatively standardized language is used by members of the educated, middle-class deaf community. The rural deaf have no exposure to the urban form but employ what the urban deaf call rustic sign. I use the terms Urban Indian Sign Language (UISL) and Rural Indian Sign Language (RISL) to distinguish these two languages. I propose here that structural differences between UISL and RISL result from differences in the sociolinguistic environments in which they are embedded and in the uses to which they are put. Studies of local and regional sign languages have become relatively frequent in recent years. Often, these languages are described in terms that suggest a quasi-linguistic status. They are referred to as "context-dependent" (Washabaugh, Woodward, & DeSantis I978) and "iconic" (Brito I984;
The complexity of deformed amphibians

Many amphibian populations have disappeared or are in decline throughout the world. In addition, more than 60 different species of amphibians with severe abnormalities have been found in the US and several other countries. These complex, perhaps interrelated phenomena are associated with important current challenges in conservation biology. Although intense research, beginning in the early 1990s, has led to a better understanding of why amphibian populations are declining, there is still a basic lack of knowledge about the causes and implications of amphibian deformities.
Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome following medial pectoral to long thoracic nerve transfer for scapular winging: a case report.

The use of nerve transfers (neurotization) in the reconstruction of nerve palsy is not new, but its clinical efficacy is still largely based on reports of successful restoration of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction following brachial plexus avulsion. Although its potential application extends beyond the brachial plexus, little has been written about additional indications or associated postoperative outcomes. The case described in this report illustrates yet another indication for which neurotization may be a useful technique. Medial pectoral nerve transfer to the long thoracic nerve was performed via an 11-cm sural nerve graft to treat scapular winging 4 months following nerve injury caused during axillary node dissection. Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome 18 months postoperatively revealed successful reinnervation of the serratus anterior muscle, decreased scapular winging, and symptomatic improvement from the patient's perspective.
Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth-Century Europe

There is a great deal of confusion about the history of women's work outside the home and about the origin and meaning of women's traditional place within the home. Most interpretations of either of these questions depend on assumptions about the other. Usually, women at home in any time period are assumed to be non-productive, the antithesis of women at work. In addition, most general works on women and the family assume that the history of women's employment, like the history of women's legal and political rights, can be understood as a gradual evolution from a traditional place at home to a modern position in the world of work. Some historians cite changes in employment opportunities created by industrialization as the precursors of legal emancipation. Others stress political rights as the source of improved economic status. In both cases, legal-political and economic ‘emancipation’ usually are linked to changes in cultural values. Thus William Goode, whose World Revolution and Family Patterns makes temporal and geographic comparisons of family patterns, remarks on what he calls ‘the statistically unusual status of western women today, that is their high participation in work outside of the home’.
Direct meso-alkynylation of metalloporphyrins through gold catalysis for hemoprotein engineering.

A method was developed for the direct functionalization of metalloporphyrins at the methine protons (meso positions) to yield asymmetric alkynylated derivatives by using gold catalysis and hypervalent iodine reagents. This single-step procedure was applied to b-type heme and the product was incorporated into a gas-sensor heme protein. The terminal alkyne allows fluorophore labeling through copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Hemoproteins with this type of engineered cofactor have several potential applications in labeling and imaging technologies. Additionally, the alkyne provides a handle for modulating porphyrin electron density, which affects cofactor redox potential and ligand affinity. This method will be helpful for investigating the chemistry of natural heme proteins and for designing artificial variants with altered properties and reactivities.
Comparison of human adult and fetal expression and identification of 535 housekeeping/maintenance genes

Warrington, Janet A., Archana Nair, Mamatha Mahadevappa, and Maya Tsyganskaya. Comparison of human adult and fetal expression and identification of 535 housekeeping/maintenance genes. Physiol Genomics 2: 143–147, 2000.—Gene expression levels of about 7,000 genes were measured in 11 different human adult and fetal tissues using high-density oligonucleotide arrays to identify genes involved in cellular maintenance. The tissues share a set of 535 transcripts that are turned on early in fetal development and stay on throughout adulthood. Because our goal was to identify genes that are involved in maintaining cellular function in normal individuals, we minimized the effect of individual variation by screening mRNA pooled from many individuals. This information is useful for establishing average expression levels in normal individuals. Additionally, we identified transcripts uniquely expressed in each of the 11 tissues.
Determining long time-scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams

In the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, glaciers are the source of meltwater during the austral summer, and the streams and adjacent hyporheic zones constitute the entire physical watershed; there are no hillslope processes in these systems. Hyporheic zones can extend several metres from each side of the stream, and are up to 70 cm deep, corresponding to a lateral cross-section as large as 12 m 2 , and water resides in the subsurface year around. In this study, we differentiate between the near-stream hyporheic zone, which can be characterized with stream tracer experiments, and the extended hyporheic zone, which has a longer time-scale of exchange. We sampled stream water from Green Creek and from the adjacent saturated alluvium for stable isotopes of D and 18 O to assess the significance and extent of stream-water exchange between the streams and extended hyporheic zones over long time-scales (days to weeks). Our results show that water residing in the extended hyporheic zone is much more isotopically enriched (up to 11‰ Da nd 2Ð2‰ 18 O) than stream water. This result suggests a long residence time within the extended hyporheic zone, during which fractionation has occurred owing to summer evaporation and winter sublimation of hyporheic water. We found less enriched water in the extended hyporheic zone later in the flow season, suggesting that stream water may be exchanged into and out of this zone, on the time-scale of weeks to months. The transient storage model OTIS was used to characterize the exchange of stream water with the extended hyporheic zone. Model results yield exchange rates (˛) generally an order magnitude lower (10 � 5 s � 1 ) than those determined using stream-tracer techniques on the same stream. In light of previous studies in these streams, these results suggest that the hyporheic zones in Antarctic streams have near-stream zones of rapid stream-water exchange, where ‘fast’ biogeochemical reactions may influence water chemistry, and extended hyporheic zones, in which slower biogeochemical reaction rates may affect stream-water chemistry at longer time-scales. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant Atrial Septal Aneurysm in a 25-Year-Old Woman

A 25-year-old physical fitness trainee was referred to receive an echocardiogram after being told that her ECG was mildly abnormal. She had experienced no symptoms apart from occasional deep, sighing breathing and rare vasovagal spells during adolescence. On physical examination, her second heart sound was somewhat more widely split with inspiration, and a grade 1/6 systolic ejection murmur was heard at the pulmonic region. The echocardiogram showed a huge fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm with …
Do all dry powder inhalers show the same pharmaceutical performance

Important measures of pharmaceutical performance of dry powder inhalers include total emitted dose (TED, the quantity of drug emitted from the device when used at a fixed flow rate, typically 60 l/min or the flow rate achieved at a pressure drop of 4 kPa) and fine particle mass (FPM, the quantity of drug with small particles, typically with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 microns emitted from the device at a fixed flow rate). There is a wide range of dry powder inhalers available. The complexity of design decisions means that dry powder inhalers are very diverse, with identical designs unlikely. It is not surprising therefore that evidence from in vitro studies shows considerable variation in pharmaceutical performance of dry powder inhalers. Although neither TED nor FPM can accurately predict in vivo performance, it may be expected that highly variable or inhalation flow sensitive in vitro behaviour will be reflected in variable performance when used by patients.
Resolution of syringomyelia after release of tethered cord.

Abstract Background Syringomyelia is an abnormal cystic dilatation of the spinal cord caused by excessive accumulation of CSF. Patients can develop various neurologic deficits secondary to untreated syringomyelia, some of which can be permanent despite surgical intervention. Case Description The authors present a patient with syringomyelia, aortic coarctation, and tethered cord syndrome. Serial radiographic imaging demonstrated initial significant reduction of the thoracic syrinx after coarctation repair and release of tethered cord. However, subsequent follow-up imaging revealed partial recurrence. Conclusion This case provides evidence of a possible cause-effect relationship between syringomyelia and tethered cord. It demonstrates the indication of surveillance imaging of the entire spine to ensure that all potential etiologies of syringomyelia are identified and treated. Furthermore, it illustrates the complex dynamic nature of syrinx physiology and reinforces the importance of serial follow-up studies after surgical intervention.
Effects of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic neural responses to mental stress in humans

Premenopausal women have a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease compared to age-matched men, a benefit that is often attributed to oestrogen. The potential mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of oestrogen remain controversial, particularly whether oestrogens inhibit sympathetic nerve activity. Weitz et al. (2001) and Vongpatanasin et al. (2001) reported that oestrogen replacement therapy decreases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at rest in postmenopausal women, while others report that oestrogen replacement therapy does not change resting MSNA (Hunt et al. 2001; Vongpatanasin et al. 2001; Moreau et al. 2003). Some of these inconsistencies can be explained by the type of oestrogen used or the mode of delivery (Vongpatanasin et al. 2001). Others investigating MSNA during different hormonal phases of the menstrual cycle have also reported discrepancies. Ettinger et al. (1998) demonstrated no change in resting MSNA during high and low oestrogen phases of the menstrual cycle, while Minson et al. (2000) reported an increase in resting MSNA during the mid-luteal (ML) phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the early follicular (EF) phase. The findings of Minson et al. (2000) have prompted many investigators who examine MSNA to strictly control for the menstrual phase in their female subjects, yet these findings have not been confirmed. In contrast to the numerous studies that have investigated the influence of oestrogen replacement therapy or the menstrual cycle on resting MSNA, no studies have examined the influence of oestrogens on MSNA responses to mental stress. This lack of information is surprising because mental stress has been linked to several cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischaemia (Deanfield et al. 1984; Rozanski et al. 1988), hypertension (Esler et al. 2003), and atherosclerosis (Yeung et al. 1991; Rozanski et al. 1999). Our laboratory has recently suggested that the increases in sympathetic neural activity during recovery from mental stress may precipitate cardiovascular problems associated with mental stress (Carter et al. 2005). The consistent and robust increases of MSNA after mental stress are mediated by the baroreflex (Anderson et al. 1991; Carter et al. 2005), thus factors that alter baroreflex function may potentially alter postmental stress MSNA responses. Minson et al. (2000) has reported an increase in baroreflex sensitivity during the ML phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the EF phase, yet the effects of the menstrual cycle on MSNA responses to mental stress have not been examined. Based on previous findings that sympathetic arterial baroreflex sensitivity is increased during the ML phase of the menstrual cycle (Minson et al. 2000), we hypothesize that postmental stress MSNA will be augmented during the ML phase of the menstrual cycle. The primary goal of this study was to examine MSNA, arterial pressure, and heart rate responses to mental stress during the EF and ML phases of the menstrual cycle. A secondary goal was to re-examine resting MSNA responses during EF and ML phases.
Analysis of requirements for high speed rough terrain autonomous mobility. II. Resolution and accuracy

A basic requirement of autonomous vehicles is that of guaranteeing the safety of the vehicle by avoiding hazardous situations. This paper analyses this requirement in general terms of the resolution and accuracy of sensors and computations. Several nondimensional expressions emerge which characterize requirements in canonical form.
Accountable key infrastructure (AKI): a proposal for a public-key validation infrastructure

Recent trends in public-key infrastructure research explore the tradeoff between decreased trust in Certificate Authorities (CAs), resilience against attacks, communication overhead (bandwidth and latency) for setting up an SSL/TLS connection, and availability with respect to verifiability of public key information. In this paper, we propose AKI as a new public-key validation infrastructure, to reduce the level of trust in CAs. AKI integrates an architecture for key revocation of all entities (e.g., CAs, domains) with an architecture for accountability of all infrastructure parties through checks-and-balances. AKI efficiently handles common certification operations, and gracefully handles catastrophic events such as domain key loss or compromise. We propose AKI to make progress towards a public-key validation infrastructure with key revocation that reduces trust in any single entity.
The Structure of Corporate Political Action: Interfirm Relations and Their Consequences

(1993). The Structure of Corporate Political Action: Interfirm Relations and Their Consequences. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 986-988.
Self, Culture, and Self-Culture in Modern America: The Early History of the Book-of-the-Month Club

In 1926 Harry Scherman, a New York advertising man, created the Book-ofthe-Month Club. Scherman had become convinced that America's bookstores did not satisfy the demand for literature, but he knew that selling single books outside retail stores would not generate the repeat business necessary for him to make a profit. Hence, he formulated a plan for marketing newly published works by mail on a subscription basis. German book societies, which printed cheap editions for sale directly to the public, had entailed a similar arrangement since 1919; and Samuel W. Craig had conceived of what eventually became the Literary Guild as early as 1921. Scherman and his associates, however, were the first club organizers to act as distributors rather than as publishers, to rely heavily on mail-order techniques, and to employ a board of expert judges to win the confidence of consumers. Under the terms of the club's initial contract, subscribers agreed to buy one new book per month for a year, at full retail price plus postage, with no book costing more than three dollars. For their money they also received the guidance of the Selecting Committee, or Board of Judges, composed of five of America's most famous writers and critics: Henry Seidel Canby, Dorothy Canfield Fisher, Christopher Morley, Heywood Broun, and William Allen White. The committee identified the "book of the month," furnished comments about it for a monthly newsletter, and generated a list of alternate selections from which subscribers could order if, after examining the judges' choice, they wished to exchange it for another volume. '
Formation of palladium nanofilms using electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) with chloride complexation.

Pd thin films were formed by electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) using surface-limited redox replacement (SLRR) of Cu underpotential deposits (UPD) on polycrystalline Au substrates. An automated electrochemical flow deposition system was used to deposit Pd atomic layers using a sequence of steps referred to as a cycle. The initial step was Cu UPD, followed by its exchange for Pd ions at open circuit, and finishing with a blank rinse to complete the cycle. Deposits were formed with up to 75 cycles and displayed proportional deposit thicknesses. Previous reports by this group indicated excess Pd deposition at the flow cell ingress, from electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Those results suggested that the SLRR mechanism did not involve direct transfer between a CuUPD atom and a Pd2+ ion that would take its position. Instead, it was proposed that electrons are transferred through the metallic surface to reduce Pd2+ ions near the surface where their activity is highest. It was proposed that if the...
Understanding and Helping Families with Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Special Needs

Children with persistent neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems have extensive treatment, care, and community service needs. The child's disabilities can create new responsibilities, emotions, roles, and goals for the family. This article provides a framework for identifying and categorizing children with special needs. In addition, methods for assessing the family's psychoeducational, social, and emotional concerns are presented.
Methods in laboratory investigation. Autoradiographic demonstration of the specific binding and nuclear localization of 3H-dexamethasone in adult mouse lung

This report describes the first autoradiographic demonstration of specific nuclear localization of 3H-dexamethasone in different cell types of the lung. Adult mouse lung tissue was incubated in vitro for 90 minutes with 17 nM 3H-dexamethasone in the presence or absence of various nonradioactive steroids. After extensive washing to remove any nonspecifically bound ligand, the specimens were processed for autoradiography using the thaw-mount method. In the absence of competing steroids, silver grains were localized in the nuclei of alveolar type II cells, bronchiolar and arteriolar smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of the pulmonary vasculature. No significant nuclear concentration of label was observed in the bronchiolar epithelium, however. The specificity of 3H-dexamethasone labeling was demonstrated by incubating 17 nM 3H-dexamethasone with a 600-fold excess of either unlabeled dexamethasone, estrogen, dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone. These autoradiographic binding and steroid competition studies were confirmed by quantifying with liquid scintillation counting the specific 3H-dexamethasone binding in nuclear and cytosolic fractions prepared from lung tissues that had undergone identical incubation and washing procedures as those for autoradiography. These results demonstrate that many cell types in adult lung are targets for glucocorticoids and may respond to physiologic concentrations of this hormone.
Revisiting Rivera: Palatalization of dental stops in a border town

I present a follow-up study of the social stratification of palatalization of /ti/, /di/ in Uruguayan Portuguese (UP). Carvalho’s (1998) provided apparent-time evidence suggesting that palatalization of /ti/, /di/ in Rivera was undergoing linguistic change. I test the apparent-time construct with the objective of substantiating the change in progress hypothesized by Carvalho (1998). The examinations of linguistic factors indicate that following and preceding context and tonicity of the syllable condition the variability. Data results confirmed the hypothesis that younger speakers tend to prefer the innovative variant, however, cross-sectional comparisons point toward a state of relative stability at the speech-community level.
P228 Evaluating the use of extra-genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoea (GC) nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) in non-MSM populations

Background/introduction Our clinic performs routine oral and anal CT and GC NAATs following disclosure during sexual history of oral or receptive anal sex. Specimens are analysed using the Abbott M2000 assay, costing £4.50 per dual NAAT. Aim(s)/objectives We report the findings of this practice, focusing on clinical and partner notification outcomes, and the cost per diagnosis. Methods We included all non-MSM patients with isolated extra-genital CT or GC infection from 1/8/14 to 31/7/15. We excluded contacts of either infection, plus those without GC confirmed by culture or second NAAT platform. Retrospective case note review was performed for identified cases. Results In total 8796 NAATs were processed in non-MSM patients, of which 3813 (43%) were extra-genital. In heterosexual men we identified 3 pharyngeal GC cases and one contact, and one pharyngeal CT case with one contact. In women there were 2 pharyngeal GC cases, one pharyngeal CT case and one rectal CT case with no additional contacts. The spend per pharyngeal diagnosis was £1519 in males and £3138 in women. The spend per rectal diagnosis in women was £1665. Discussion/conclusion Our screening practice has picked up only a small number of cases which would otherwise have been missed. 25% (2/8) of those cases had verified contacts identified. The cost implication of such screening is high, meaning that ongoing routine screening is not viable. In our relatively low-prevalence setting we now intend to target our screening in line with BASHH CEG guidance which will provide significant cost savings.
The histopathological evaluation of drug-induced liver injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges to the pathologist. It is not only an uncommon reason for liver biopsy, but the pathology of DILI is spread across the entire spectrum of hepatic injury patterns. It is important for the pathologist to suspect DILI when the histological changes are unusual or out of synchronicity with the patient's history. A systematic evaluation approach will yield the most information. It begins with the characterization of the general pattern of injury which, for most cases, will be found in a handful of necroinflammatory and cholestatic patterns. A careful assessment of the severity of injury across the various anatomic compartments will provide information on the probable natural history of the injury. Correlation of liver injury with the patient's medication history and clinical findings will help to narrow the differential diagnosis, particularly when it is recognized that most drugs have a limited range of histological findings and vary in their propensity to cause injury. This review provides an overview of the assessment of the liver biopsy and its use to confirm or exclude particular drugs as contributing to the patient's liver injury.
Accessible Touchscreen Technology for People with Visual Impairments: A Survey

Touchscreens have become a de facto standard of input for mobile devices as they most optimally use the limited input and output space that is imposed by their form factor. In recent years, people who are blind and visually impaired have been increasing their usage of smartphones and touchscreens. Although basic access is available, there are still many accessibility issues left to deal with in order to bring full inclusion to this population. Many of the accessibility problems are complex; in the past decade, various solutions have been explored. This article provides a review of the current state of the art of touchscreen accessibility for people with visual impairments and identifies new directions for research.
Class coverage GUI testing for Android applications

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have become an integral part of a person's life. These portable devices opened up a new software market for mobile application development resulting in various applications from healthcare, banking till entertainment. Therefore, there is a need for mobile applications to be reliable and maintainable. In this paper we introduce an equivalent class based technique for testing the graphical user interface of Android applications. This technique is a specification based approach, in which test cases are generated based on the functionalities and the graphical user interface specification. For each possible user interface event a set of test cases are generated using equivalence class partitioning approach. Once the test cases are generated for the given application, the app is executed based on the generated test cases and results are compared with the other testing techniques. From the obtained results we can infer that our approach detects more bugs than other previous work. In addition, this approach helps in the generation of test cases at an early in the app development life cycle.
Diverted Total Synthesis of Carolacton-Inspired Analogs Yields Three Distinct Phenotypes in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms

The oral microbiome is a dynamic environment inhabited by both commensals and pathogens. Among these is Streptococcus mutans, the causative agent of dental caries, the most prevalent childhood disease. Carolacton has remarkably specific activity against S. mutans, causing acid-mediated cell death during biofilm formation; however, its complex structure limits its utility. Herein, we report the diverted total synthesis and biological evaluation of a rationally designed library of simplified analogs that unveiled three unique biofilm phenotypes further validating the role of natural product synthesis in the discovery of new biological phenomena.
Financial Market Reactions to a Company Disaster: The BP Case

The British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010, leading to an unprecedented environmental and financial disaster. This paper details responses in the financial markets for BP securities, including ADRs, bonds, options, and credit default swaps. Following the disaster, BP shares dropped more than 50% in value, with high volatility. BP share trading volume increased thirteen-fold, and option trading volume increased twenty-fold. The implied volatility of BP shares also jumped, ranging between two and four times its earlier levels. Interest rate spreads on BP bonds widened and the prices of credit default swaps exploded. Finally, on June 16, the company announced that cash dividends were suspended. We provide evidence from options markets that this dividend suspension was anticipated. From late June through September, there was a partial reversion to pre-explosion levels in all markets. We detail the degree of integration across markets, as wide swings in BP’s outlook were simultaneously absorbed in the various markets.
The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939–1945: Citizens and Soldiers. By Nicholas Stargardt. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2015. Pp. xxviii, 704. $35.00.)

In this study, the author aims to understand how ordinary Germans viewed “their” war. He uses diaries and letters of select individuals, whom he follows over time, along with recent secondary works...
Micafungin antifungal prophylaxis in children undergoing HSCT: can we give higher doses, less frequently? A pharmacokinetic study

Background Micafungin has a distinct advantage for antifungal prophylaxis in HSCT owing to its better safety profile, specifically in terms of hepatic and renal toxicity. In children, prophylactic micafungin is given as either 1 mg/kg every day or 3 mg/kg every other day. Objectives We performed a prospective single-centre observational study that investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single 5 mg/kg dose of micafungin in young children undergoing HSCT, to ascertain the eventual feasibility of twice-weekly prophylactic administration. Methods Nine children, ≤10 years of age undergoing HSCT, were enrolled and received a single intravenous dose of 5 mg/kg micafungin. Blood samples were obtained for PK analysis. Micafungin plasma concentration of >0.2 mg/L was chosen for target attainment (i.e. considered adequate prophylactic concentration). In addition, a population PK model was developed based on current and our previous PK study data. We also evaluated PK model-based simulation of PK profiles and target attainment using Monte Carlo simulation, for several dosing scenarios. Results Mean clearance was 15.3 mL/h/kg (range 11.0-21.4 mL/h/kg) and the mean elimination half-life was 11.6 h (range 7.8-16.6 h). The mean concentration at 96 h was 0.11 mg/L (range 0.03-0.26 mg/L). Eleven percent (n = 1) of patients achieved target attainment at the end of 96 h. Simulation data showed that 1 mg/kg daily dosing and 3 mg/kg alternate-day dosing strategies achieved at least 99% and 81% target attainment, respectively, whereas a 5 mg/kg with 3 day-interval dosing strategy resulted in 64%, 72% and 84% target attainments in patients with body weights of 10, 20 and 30 kg, respectively. Conclusions Micafungin at 5 mg/kg dosing did not achieve target attainment at the end of 96 h for antifungal prophylaxis in children undergoing HSCT. Simulation data suggest that a dosing strategy of micafungin at 5 mg/kg every 72 h is more likely to achieve target attainment in children with a higher body weight in comparison with children with a lower body weight. A cautious approach is advisable when using a high, but less frequent, dosing strategy in very young children.