cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Updated Evidence-Based Practice Review on Teaching Mathematics to Students With Moderate and Severe Developmental Disabilities:

The purpose of this review was to examine the body of research on teaching mathematics to students with moderate and severe developmental disability that has been published since 2005, reflecting changes in both the academic expectations for this population and research and design standards in the evidence-based practice (EBP) era. We examined research on teaching mathematical skills for students with moderate and severe developmental disability from 2005–2016 and found 36 studies (33 single-case and three group-experimental studies), updating the Browder, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Harris, and Wakeman analysis. Of the 36 studies included in the review, 22 single-case and three group-design studies received a rating of high or adequate quality using the National Technical Assistance Center on Transition (NTACT) indicator criteria. In addition to systematic instruction, instructional procedures of technology-aided instruction, graphic organizers, manipulatives, and explicit instruction were found to be EBPs...
An Examination of the Accuracy of Using Plastral Scute Rings to Age Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

Abstract The use of plastral scute rings to age turtles is a widely practiced technique, but a lack of rigorous field testing of this method has led to critiques of its usefulness and accuracy. We tested the method's effectiveness for aging spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) by calculating an Age-Increase Ratio and by recording changes in the number of scutes within a year. We found no correlation between the change in the number of scute rings and the number of years between captures, which likely stems from the observer error associated with the difficulty of accurately counting scutes on older turtles; however, we did record a significant correlation between the number of scute rings and body size.
Life-Threatening Hemorrhage from an Unrecognized Axillary Vein Injury During Treatment of a Proximal Humeral Fracture-Dislocation with a Known Axillary Artery Injury: A Case Report.

CASE A 57-year-old man presented with bilateral proximal humeral fracture-dislocation and an associated axillary artery injury. He was treated urgently with reduction, arterial repair, fasciotomies, and skeletal stabilization. The patient sustained a massive intraoperative hemorrhage from an unrecognized axillary vein injury after the arterial repair. CONCLUSION An unrecognized axillary vein injury led to substantial blood loss that required a massive transfusion protocol. Although an axillary arterial injury is readily identified with computed tomography angiography, concomitant venous injuries may go unrecognized. The surgical team, including the vascular and orthopaedic surgeons and the anesthesiologists, should be prepared to manage a life-threatening hemorrhage.
Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity due to asymptomatic hypophosphatasia in a teenage girl.

OBJECTIVE The case report details an unusual presentation of a teenage patient with hypophosphatasia. PATIENT AND METHODS A 17 year-old female patient presented to endocrinology for the evaluation of fatigue and possible adrenal insufficiency. In the course of her clinical evaluation she was noted to have a low serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Relatively few conditions are associated with a low serum alkaline phosphatase including Wilson's disease, hypophosphatasia, pernicious anemia and untreated hypothyroidism. RESULTS Laboratory testing for hypothyroidism were unrevealing, as were the results for vitamin B12 and vitamin D. Testing for Wilson's disease revealed a ceruloplasmin concentration of 165 mg/L (Reference Interval, 160-450 mg/L), however sequencing of the ATP7B gene revealed no deleterious mutations. Measurement of serum pyridoxal phosphate and urine phosphoethanolamine for the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia revealed concentrations of 541.5 nmol/L (reference interval: 29.6-295.5) and 707 mmol/mol creatinine (reference interval: <778 mmol/mol creatinine), respectively, consistent with a diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. CONCLUSIONS Hypophosphatasia was initially considered an unlikely diagnosis for this patient given her lack of characteristic skeletal abnormalities. This diagnosis of hypophosphatasia in this case was complicated by a serum ceruloplasmin concentration at the lower end of the reference interval leading to the genetic testing for Wilson's disease.
PROSPECTS FOR HYDROGEN UTILIZATION IN THE LONG-TERM: A GAS INDUSTRY VIEW

As part of the overall R&D planning process, the Gas Research Institute (GRI) develops a projection of how the future economic and energy supply and demand situation would evolve if the potential impacts of future GRI programs were not considered. The 1984 GRI Baseline Projection [1] is intended as a baseline from which the potential impacts of GRI's research projects can be evaluated. Specifically, it provides the projected aggregate energy demand, the projected costs or prices for competitive energy forms, the expected economic conditions, and the expected cost-supply relationships for gas in a framework in which it is assumed that developments in gas technologies which, depend upon GRI's current or planned R&D program will not impact the market prior to the year 2010. To the extent that GRI technological achievements do occur and impact the market, the relative advantages of gaseous fuels will be increased. The growing need for gas supply supplements and alternative supplies beyond 2000, as shown by the Baseline Projection, suggests that hydrogen might be utilized, provided low-cost supplies could be made available. Several alternatives could be considered. These include hydrogen-natural gas blends in natural gas distribution systems, replacement for natural gas in some petrochemical processes and in fuel cell systems, elimination of shift conversion in coal gasification systems, and methanation of carbon dioxide produced in coal gasification and biomass conversion systems.
Effect of Structural FE2+ on Visible Absorption Spectra of Nontronite Suspensions

Abstract Color changes in nontronite suspensions due to chemical reduction of structural Fe 3+ were measured by visible spectroscopy. The most prominent change in the visible spectrum as Fe 2+ increases is the appearance of a broad absorbance bad with a maximum initially at 760 nm. Continued reduction of the clay enhances the intensity of this band, and the peak maximum shifts to 725 nm when Fe 2+ concentrations exceed 60 mmoles/100 g clay. Multiple linear regression analysis of absorbance at 760 nm versus structural Fe 2+ content revealed two different linear regions of the curve. The inflexion point separating these linear segments of the curve was located at a Fe 2+ concentration of 53 mmoles/100 g clay. Correlation coefficients for the upper and lower segments were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. A possible explanation for the multiple linear segments of the visible absorbance versus Fe 2+ plot is that the coordination environment surrounding octahedral iron becomes altered significantly when the Fe 2+ concentration in the clay mineral reaches the vicinity of the inflexion point. This explanation is consistent with previously published information dealing with redox mechanisms for structural iron in dioctahedral smectites.
The power of lump sums: Using maternity payment schedules to reduce the gender asset gap in households reached by Brazil’s Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer

Abstract Can cash assistance have an influence on gender relations inside a household? What are the processes through which this influence occurs? The present article investigates the everyday uses of money that women receive from two gender-targeted social programs in rural Brazil. Bolsa Familia is a conditional cash transfer that disburses money to women every month. The Maternity Wage is a program that gives a sizeable lump sum to women when they become pregnant. Drawing from two years of ethnographic research in two villages in Northeastern Brazil, I show how these different payment schedules can lead to different patterns of investment in assets. I find that women typically spend monthly cash assistance on items, like clothing and furniture, that correspond to local stereotypes about feminine property. By contrast, lump sums are used by women to purchase income-generating assets, like cows and fields, that would normally be held by men. Monthly money reinforces gendered stereotypes about assets, while lump-sum money challenges those stereotypes. Lump sums thereby enable women to become the owners of wealth that generates a flow of income over time. I identify two key qualities that underlie this change: a payment’s large size and its unpredictability. These qualities affect the mental accounting that beneficiaries use to understand their money and the institutions through which they save it. By outlining such processes, the article brings the literature on conditional cash transfers into dialogue with studies on the gender asset gap. Lump sums can help to re-gender a household’s assets. This finding suggests that cash assistance policy, particularly in the case of conditional cash transfers, might be able to have an effect on gender equity by making use of targeted lump sums.
Addressing Cancer Disparities in SGM Populations: Recommendations for a National Action Plan to Increase SGM Health Equity Through Researcher and Provider Training and Education

Reducing health disparities for sexual and gender minority (SGM) people is a priority of the National Institutes of Health. SGM populations face barriers in cancer prevention, treatment, and survivorship care. These barriers are due to deficits in researcher and provider training and education, as well as limited National Cancer Institute funding opportunities directed at the many different SGM populations. SGM status intersects with race and ethnicity, education, geography, and poverty to exacerbate disparities further. SGM cancer research will inform SGM patient cancer care guidelines and promote best practices in care among cancer providers. Cancer professionals may benefit from tailored training to enhance their research readiness for SGM cancer care. Research readiness can promote conduct of high-impact SGM cancer research and expand the limited knowledge of SGM cancer care disparities. Here, we propose a coordinated national plan for the training and education of health science researchers and oncology providers as a key strategy to reduce SGM cancer health disparities experienced along the cancer care continuum. We describe unrecognized clinical cancer care needs of SGM patients and unmet opportunities for research partnership and offer strategies for developing flexible educational training programs, courses, and workshops to prepare researchers and healthcare providers to promote health equity and quality cancer care for members of the SGM community.
Development of a Power and Voltage Control Scheme for Multi-Port Solid State Transformers

Solid State Transformers (SSTs) are being considered as a replacement to the classic transformers especially for renewable energy and energy storage systems mainly due to their much smaller size and controllability and regulation over the transferred power. Multi-Port SSTs share one high frequency core for the isolation between several devices and hence are even more compact and efficient but the system is complex and the control of such a system is a challenge. This paper considers a four-port, MPSST connected to a renewable source, battery, load, and the grid and discusses various scenarios and operating points. It is shown that several factors including the ratio of the renewable power to the load, battery SOC status and role of the battery in the system change the desired power flow in the system and there are several control structure needed for each mode of operation. These modes of operation and the boundary between them are recognized and eventually a MIMO control scheme is suggested that includes several switches to changes the structure of the controller to adjust the controller structure to the operating condition. Eventually, input-output linearization technique has been adopted to the system to linearize the model and achieve a better control performance.
Type 2 diabetes as a familial illness: Findings from a focus group study.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent illness with high societal and personal costs. Whereas there is some systemic research, there are still many pieces yet unknown about T2DM and families. The purpose of the current study is to understand the transgenerational health experiences related to T2DM for both patients and caregivers. Method Focus groups were the primary methodology. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes. Participants were recruited via community fliers and e-mail listservs. The primary inclusion criterion was having a (a) family history of T2DM or (b) personal history of T2DM. Participants also needed to be at least 18 years old and be able to read and speak English. Results In 4 focus groups, 32 people were interviewed. The sample was entirely rural yet reasonably diverse. Five dominant themes emerged from the data: physical health comorbidities, T2DM is a lifestyle illness affecting the whole family, mental health stresses and comorbidities, personal and family relationship with T2DM, and sharing knowledge. Discussion Participants indicated that their families had been influenced by T2DM and that the illness had both physical and mental health comorbidities-both of which caused considerable stressors. Participants also reported that they valued the sharing of knowledge related to T2DM with each other and people in their lives. Limitations to the study include lack of generalizability because of small sample size and the majority of recruitment being done via technology. Future research should include larger, more diverse samples and quantitative data collection. Implications are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment of gastric varices with coil embolization and absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge: a novel alternative to cyanoacrylate.

Background and study aims Bleeding from gastric varices (GV) carries high morbidity and mortality. Current endoscopic therapies are premised on cyanoacrylate injection which is technically challenging and carries risk of embolization. We present a case series of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided coil injection in combination with hemostatic absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS) for treatment of bleeding gastric varices. Patients and methods This was a retrospective review of EUS-guided coil injection for bleeding GV since November 2017. After EUS-guided needle puncture, hemostatic coils were serially injected until significant reduction of Doppler flow. Under fluoroscopic guidance, test contrast was injected to confirm absence of run-off, at which time AGS, converted into a liquid slurry, was injected as hemostatic reinforcement. Results Ten consecutive patients underwent EUS-guided coil embolization reinforced by AGS. Technical success, defined as uncomplicated injection of coils and sponge was achieved in 100 % (10/10). Mean follow-up was 6 months 73–397 days; No patients rebled or required reintervention on GV. The complication rate was 10 % (1/10; severe abdominal pain without radiographic findings); otherwise, there were no cases of systemic embolization. Nine of 10 patients (90 %) had follow-up EUS (mean 80 days); 100 % (9/9) revealed near-obliteration of GV. Conclusion EUS-guided coil embolization in combination with hemostatic AGS is a novel method for management of bleeding GV with high clinical and technical success rates, low risk for complications and favorable safety profile when compared to cyanoacrylate. This technique theoretically minimizes embolic complications and need for re-intervention. Further studies are required to compare this modality.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß supports serotonin transporter function and trafficking in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

Serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) plays a crucial role in serotonergic transmission in the central nervous system, and any aberration causes serious mental illnesses. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms that regulate SERT function and trafficking are not entirely understood. Growing evidence suggests that several protein kinases act as modulators. Here, we delineate the molecular mechanisms by which glycogen synthase kinase-3s (GSK3s) regulates SERT. When mouse striatal synaptosomes were treated with the GSK3α/s inhibitor CHIR99021, we observed a significant increase in SERT function, Vmax , surface expression with a reduction in 5-HT Km and SERT phosphorylation. To further study how the SERT molecule is affected by GSK3α/s, we used HEK-293 cells as a heterologous expression system. As in striatal synaptosomes, CHIR99021 treatment of cells expressing wild-type hSERT (hSERT-WT) resulted in a time and dose-dependent elevation of hSERT function with a concomitant increase in the Vmax and surface transporters because of reduced internalization and enhanced membrane insertion; silencing GSK3α/s in these cells with siRNA also similarly affected hSERT. Converting putative GSK3α/s phosphorylation site serine at position 48 to alanine in hSERT (hSERT-S48A) completely abrogated the effects of both the inhibitor CHIR99021 and GSK3α/s siRNA. Substantiating these findings, over-expression of constitutively active GSK3s with hSERT-WT, but not with hSERT-S48A, reduced SERT function, Vmax , surface density, and enhanced transporter phosphorylation. Both hSERT-WT and hSERT-S48A were inhibited similarly by PKC activation or by inhibition of Akt, CaMKII, p38 MAPK, or Src kinase. These findings provide new evidence that GSK3s supports basal SERT function and trafficking via serine-48 phosphorylation.
Linking Events and Locations in Political Text

This work proposes the first general technique for automatically geolocating political events in text as one step in a broader project of recognizing political relationship and extracting political information from text. Using techniques borrowed from computational linguistics and a novel set of labeled sentences, I create an method to link events and locations in text that triples the accuracy of a reasonable baseline model. I describe the potential uses of such a system in political science, describe the neural-net based model, and demonstrate its ability to answer an open question on the role of conventional military offensives in causing civilian casualties in the Syrian civil war.
The Natural History of Sport-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium.

Sport-related concussion is recognized as a significant injury with variable recovery rates. This study defined the acute natural history of sport concussion in male and female collegiate athletes participating in a broad array of sports. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal investigation among collegiate student athletes (n = 34,709) from 30 academic institutions. Primary outcomes included the time (days) from injury until initiation of a return to participation (RTP) protocol and time from injury until medical clearance for unrestricted RTP. Concussed athletes (n = 1751, 19.2 years, 63.2% male) participating in 22 different sports began the RTP protocol in a median 6.4 (IQR 3.7–11.8) days. Time to initiate the RTP protocol was lengthened by less frequent post-injury assessments, greater initial post-injury symptom severity, limited contact sports participation, practice/training injuries, and three or more prior concussions. The median total RTP duration was 12.8 (IQR 8.7–20.1) days. Total RTP duration was shorter with ADHD medication usage, males, and greater assessment frequency; while greater initial post-injury symptom severity, practice-/training-related injuries, and three or more prior concussions had longer recoveries. Although median recovery times are consistent with previous guidelines, it was not until 1 month post-injury that a preponderance of collegiate athletes were cleared to begin the RTP protocol (92%) or cleared for unrestricted sport participation (85%). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors had a small effect, altering recovery trajectories by up to 2 days, suggesting a largely unified approach to post-injury monitoring and management across all athletes. These data represent a shift from previous classification parameters of normal clinical recovery.
The Sensitivites of Median Mixed Palmar Distal Latencies in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Onset, Peak, Either Onset or Peak, or Onset and Peak) (P4.4-040)

Objective: To determine whether using mixed palmar distal onset latency (OL) or peak latency (PL) provides higher sensitivity for detecting median neuropathy at the wrist (MNW) during electrodiagnostic studies. Background: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity, and nerve conduction studies play a crucial role in its diagnosis. At present, there is no consensus on whether measuring palmar distal OL or PL is more sensitive for the diagnosis of CTS, and current practice is largely institution-dependent rather than evidence-based. Since early detection improves management, this question is of clinical importance. Design/Methods: In this retrospective study, we used Boston Medical Center’s EMG lab database to analyze more than 500 hands that met electrodiagnostic criteria for MNW (prolonged mixed palmar OL or PL), to compare the sensitivities of mixed palmar OL versus PL for diagnosing CTS. For both latencies, we used a cut-off of 0.4 ms between the median and ulnar studies. CTS patients were sub-categorized as either clinically-confirmed, possible with confounds (cervical radiculopathy, polyneuropathy), or subclinical (met electrodiagnostic criteria but were asymptomatic). Results: For hands fulfilling criteria for clinical CTS (N = 229), OL was 85.8% sensitive compared to 78.7% for PL, and 71.5% if both criteria were required. Therefore, using OL alone missed 14.2% of cases, and using PL alone missed 21.3% of cases. For hands with possible clinical CTS (N = 90), OL and PL were 78.9% and 72.2% sensitive respectively, decreasing to 61.1% if both were required. Conclusions: Our results show that OL is more sensitive than PL in detecting CTS, and that the best way to maximize sensitivity is to use criteria such that either OL or PL are abnormal. This approach will avoid missing 15–20% of clinical CTS cases, a novel finding that has not been demonstrated in the literature thus far. Disclosure: Dr. Sader has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mason Sharma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaku has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siao Tick Chong has nothing to disclose.
Fighting COVID-19 at Purdue University: Design and Evaluation of a Game for Teaching COVID-19 Hygienic Best Practices

COVID-19 has upended lives everywhere, causing millions of deaths and tens of millions of infections worldwide. Nevertheless, for many people, staying in permanent isolation is neither desirable nor possible. To mitigate the spread of the disease, we iteratively developed a game that teaches hygienic best practices for preventing COVID-19. We consulted professional game designers, health experts, and educational technology designers. We then compared the effectiveness of the game to an equivalent video in two longitudinal experiments during the pandemic: 1) an experiment in a programming lab (N=11), and 2) an online-only experiment (N=475). In Experiment #1, we observe that participants in the game condition had higher intrinsic motivation, and a more sustained rise in hygienic self-efficacy, compared to participants in the video condition. Both conditions saw a rise in COVID-19 knowledge and positive hygienic attitude. Both conditions were relatively unchanged in COVID-19 anxiety and hygienic behavior. In Experiment #2, participants in the game condition experienced greater intrinsic motivation than participants in the video condition. Both conditions saw a sustained rise in COVID-19 hygienic self-efficacy, positive hygienic attitudes, and knowledge. Neither condition saw an effect on COVID-19 anxiety. Our work demonstrates that game-based learning can be an effective approach for teaching COVID-19 hygienic knowledge, for improving COVID-19 hygienic self-efficacy, and for fostering COVID-19 hygienic positive attitudes, and is more intrinsically motivating than video-based learning.
WE-B-304-03: Biological Treatment Planning

The ultimate goal of radiotherapy treatment planning is to find a treatment that will yield a high tumor control probability (TCP) with an acceptable normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). Yet most treatment planning today is not based upon optimization of TCPs and NTCPs, but rather upon meeting physical dose and volume constraints defined by the planner. It has been suggested that treatment planning evaluation and optimization would be more effective if they were biologically and not dose/volume based, and this is the claim debated in this month’s Point/Counterpoint. After a brief overview of biologically and DVH based treatment planning by the Moderator Colin Orton, Joseph Deasy (for biological planning) and Charles Mayo (against biological planning) will begin the debate. Some of the arguments in support of biological planning include: • this will result in more effective dose distributions for many patients • DVH-based measures of plan quality are known to have little predictive value • there is little evidence that either D95 or D98 of the PTV is a good predictor of tumor control • sufficient validated outcome prediction models are now becoming available and should be used to drive planning and optimization • Some of the arguments against biological planning include: • several decades of experience with DVH-based planning should not be discarded • we do not know enough about the reliability and errors associated with biological models • the radiotherapy community in general has little direct experience with side by side comparisons of DVH vs biological metrics and outcomes • it is unlikely that a clinician would accept extremely cold regions in a CTV or hot regions in a PTV, despite having acceptable TCP values Learning Objectives: 1. To understand dose/volume based treatment planning and its potential limitations 2. To understand biological metrics such as EUD, TCP, and NTCP 3. To understand biologically based treatment planning and its potential limitations
Diasporic Memories, Dissident Memoirist

Fawzia Afzal-Khan’s memoir, Lahore with Love: Growing Up with Girlfriends, Pakistani-Style is less a narrative about the self than a biography about others, her dear circle of girlfriends, mostly from her days in school and college in Lahore. This memoir, divided neatly into five chapters with each chapter devoted to one friend so that the chapters are, in effect, homage and eulogy for the loss of friend and friendship. This paper explores Afzal-Khan’s memoir in relation to three feminist theoretical positionalities: the psychoanalytical, the postcolonial, and the autobiographical. The article sweeps across the myths from the story of Lot’s wife to Odysseus’s episode with the Sirens in order to interrogate the manners and methods in which the memoirist disrupts the phallogocentric order of social culture and national struggle. In many ways, the authorial project here is one of feminography, a feminist historiography that helps to informs the current global moment of political crisis and gender iniquity in contemporary Pakistan, especially as it relates to larger questions of discursive bridges and transnational dialectics in fields of feminist scholarship.
Language and Literature: Ricardo Palma and Juan Goytisolo

Andres Bello, Jose Marti, Manuel Gonzalez Prada, Rufino Blanco Fombona and many other Spanish Americans have written cogently about the Spanish Language. Jose Marti believed that American writers who used new words to augment the American scene could justify each new linguistic innovation only through a complete knowledge of the language in order to "separate themselves from rules promulgated by the orthodox academies of language, art, and literature."'
A small, unstable RNA molecule of Escherichia coli: spot 42 RNA: I. Nucleotide sequence analysis☆

We have determined the structure of an unstable, small RNA of Escherichia coli, called spot 42 RNA (Ikemura & Dahlberg, 1973a,b). Spot 42 RNA is 109 nucleotides long, has no modified nucleotides and is very likely a primary transcription product. The nuoleotide sequence and partial digestion data support a secondary structure with at least one hairpin loop. Contained within this RNA are a possible ribosome binding site, a protein synthesis initiator A-U-G and an in-phase U-G-A terminator, giving spot 42 RNA a messenger RNA-like character. Most of the 14 triplets between the A-U-G and U-G-A are codons for hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, valine and isoleucine. The 3′-terminal sequence is -U-U-U-U-U-U-AOH which is preceded by a G + C-rich hairpin looped region. The sequence and structure of spot 42 RNA share many features with other bacterial and bacteriophage RNAs, some of which have been shown to be leader RNAs (Bertrand et al., 1976).
Explaining Indiscriminate Violence: Leadership Deficits and Militant Group Tactics

Certain types of militant groups are prone to indiscriminate violence — those suffering from leadership deficits. These deficits exacerbate the principal-agent problem between leaders and foot soldiers, who have stronger incentives to attack civilians. We establish the validity of this proposition with a tripartite research strategy that balances generalizability and identification. First, we demonstrate in a sample of over a hundred militant organizations operating in the Middle East and North Africa that those lacking centralized leadership are more likely to target civilians. Civilian targeting is equally prevalent when leaders are impeded from communicating tactical instructions to the rank and file. Second, we show that when the leaderships of militant groups are degraded from drone strikes in the Afghanistan-Pakistan tribal regions, the selectivity of organizational violence plummets. Third, we elucidate the mechanism with a detailed case study of the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, a Palestinian group that turned to terrorism during the Second Intifada because decapitation strikes empowered low level members with incentives to attack civilians. These findings indicate that a lack of principal control is an important, underappreciated cause of militant group violence against civilians. l be provided by author.
A Molecular Description of Electron Pair Excitation in Atoms

It has been thought for some time that the shape, depicted in Fig. 1, of the two-center Coulomb potential in two-electron atoms characterizes much of the atom’s internal motions, particularly for double or “pair” excitations outside an ionic core. The idea is rooted in the familiar Wannier model of threshold double escape (Wannier, 1953; Rau, 1971; Peterkop, 1971). Small total energy E near threshold ensures that electron kinetic energies are small and hence that the escape is strongly dependent on the Interplay of the Interelectronic repulsion 1/R and the electron-ion attraction -Z/r1-Z/r2. The breakup is thus characterized by a collinear configuration for the escaping pair along the “Wannier” saddle in the potential, clearly visible in Fig. 1. As the double escape develops and the two electrons and hence the two centers separate, one pictures the saddle as moving about the ion but with its center always located near the ion. This picture excludes the formation of one-electron bound states (single escape) when one or the other of the two-center wells orbits the ion, since the center of the saddle is located halfway between the two electrons at their center of charge.
Just the Two of Us…We Can Make It if We Try: The Relationship between Social Justice and Doctoral Studies.

This chapter explores the journey of a former adult literacy worker into the academy. She reflects on her commitment to social justice education and implications for doctoral studies.
Preexisting Neutralizing Antibodies to Adeno-Associated Virus Capsids in Large Animals Other Than Monkeys May Confound In Vivo Gene Therapy Studies

Abstract Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are currently being tested not only in small animal models such as mice but also in large animal models, including pigs, dogs, and horses. Natural exposure to AAV occurs in most of the species used in these studies and potentially elicits a neutralizing humoral immune response to AAV. In this study, we show the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to several AAV serotypes in these large animals as measured by an in vitro NAb assay and the ability of these NAbs to block AAV transduction in an in vivo mouse model of NAb passive transfer assay. The results of this study clearly show the importance of evaluating large animal models for the presence of AAV NAbs before enrolling them in AAV-mediated gene therapy studies.
Bioavailability for Humans of Deuterium-Labeled Monoglutamyl and Polyglutamyl Folates Is Affected by Selected Foods

Dietary folate exists mainly as polyglutamyl forms that require deconjugation by Zn-dependent pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase prior to intestinal absorption. Because deconjugation by pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase is an essential step in the absorption of dietary polyglutamyl folates, factors influencing the deconflugation process may affect folate bioavailability. This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo the bioavailability of [ 2 H 4 )folic acid (d 4 -PteGlu 1 ) and [ 2 H 2 ]-pteroylhexaglutamate (d 2 -PteGlu 6 ) administered in solution in water or citrate buffer or added to selected foods using a single-dose, dual-label protocol. In each of six trials, healthy men (n = 7) were given a single oral dose of d 2 -PteGlu 6 and d 4 -PteGlu 1 (677 nmol of each form) blended into orange juice, tomatoes, lima beans, 52 mmol/L citrate (pH 4.1), or water as the control. Urine was collected for 48 h and the isotopic labeling of urinary folates used as criteria of the relative bioavailability of administered PteGlu 1 and PteGlu 6 . Urinary excretion of d 4 -folates and d 2 -folates derived from the respective oral doses did not differ from the control in any treatment within the statistical power of this protocol. High relative bioavailability of the polyglutamyl folate was reflected by ratios of urinary d 2 /d 4 folates of ∼ 1.0 for control, tomato, lima bean and citrate buffer trials, whereas the ratio of urinary d 2 /d 4 folates when subjects consumed orange juice was ∼33% less than the control ratio (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the bioavailability of polyglutamyl folates in orange juice would be partially incomplete. However, this would be compensated by the high total folate concentration of orangejuice. The relation of these findings to endogenous dietary folates requires further investigation. .
Statistical Postprocessing of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts by Fitting Censored, Shifted Gamma Distributions*

AbstractA parametric statistical postprocessing method is presented that transforms raw (and frequently biased) ensemble forecasts from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) into reliable predictive probability distributions for precipitation accumulations. Exploratory analysis based on 12 years of reforecast data and ⅛° climatology-calibrated precipitation analyses shows that censored, shifted gamma distributions can well approximate the conditional distribution of observed precipitation accumulations given the ensemble forecasts. A nonhomogeneous regression model is set up to link the parameters of this distribution to ensemble statistics that summarize the mean and spread of predicted precipitation amounts within a certain neighborhood of the location of interest, and in addition the predicted mean of precipitable water. The proposed method is demonstrated with precipitation reforecasts over the conterminous United States using common metrics such as Brier skill scores and reliability diagrams. It...
Behavioral self-regulation in adolescents with type I diabetes: negative affectivity and blood glucose symptom perception.

The hypothesis that negative affectivity (NA) is associated with accuracy of blood glucose (BG) symptom perceptions and diabetes control was assessed. After completing measures of BG symptom beliefs and NA-related constructs (i.e., attentional focus and trait anxiety), 35 adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes monitored their physical symptoms and their actual BG levels 3 times daily for 2 weeks. Each subject's actual BG symptoms were determined by correlating symptom ratings with BG levels and were then compared with symptom beliefs. Those who were more internally focused were more able to discern which symptoms actually covaried with BG fluctuations; those with higher trait anxiety tended to misattribute non-diabetes-related symptoms to BG levels. Finally, interactions suggested that those who both attend to internal physical sensations and experience-heightened anxiety display poorer metabolic control.
Development of Work Zone Lighting Standards for Nighttime Highway Work

The results of a study to develop illumination guidelines for nighttime highway work are presented. Nighttime highway construction activities were identified and the seeing-task visual requirements for work activities were determined. Suggested illumination levels and lighting configurations were developed. In addition, hazard glare-control countermeasures were developed. A limited field demonstration of the suggested guidelines was conducted and the results are presented.
Tomato lectin is located predominantly in the locular fluid of ripe tomatoes

Abstract We have investigated the localization of the tomato lectin within the ripe fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. All of the hemagglutinating activity was found in the fluid and placental tissues of the locules. Centrifugation of the locular material produced a clear, gel-free extract from which the tomato lectin could be purified to apparent homogeneity in one step by affinity chromatography on a column of ovomucoid-Sepharose 4B.
Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. II. Review of approaches utilizing non-nutritive dietary factors or pharmacological agents and an examination of emerging strategies

During the past four decades, research efforts directed toward reducing shell egg cholesterol content have centred on genetic selection or alteration of the laying hens' diet with various nutrients, natural products, non-nutritive factors, or pharmacological agents. However, the vast majority of these experimental approaches elicited only minimal changes (<10%) at best or, as in the case of dietary azasterols and triparanol, resulted in the unacceptable replacement of yolk cholesterol by desmosterol. In contrast, when 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (‘statins’), garlic paste, or pharmacological amounts of copper were orally administered to chickens, yolk cholesterol levels were reduced by up to 46%, 32%, or 34%, respectively. The previous paper in this two-part series provided a justification for low-cholesterol egg production and reviewed cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen, avian embryonic cholesterol needs, and genetic and nutritional approaches to chicken egg cholesterol reduction. The present paper provides a comprehensive overview of the use of non-nutritive dietary factors and select pharmacological compounds as egg cholesterol-lowering agents, and discusses emerging strategies for lowering the cholesterol content of shell eggs. With the recent advances in avian genomics and transgenesis, it is anticipated that the greatest advances in the area of yolk cholesterol reduction will be attained through manipulation of key genes whose protein products mediate intestinal sterol absorption, hepatic cholesterol and lipoprotein synthesis, and/or lipoprotein uptake by growing oocytes. However, the future commercial availability of low-cholesterol eggs produced by transgenic hens ultimately will be influenced by the nature of the regulatory environment for bioengineered foods, public acceptance, and economics.
Orthotopic liver transplant patients require less postoperative morphine than do patients undergoing hepatic resection.

Abstract Study objective To compare postoperative morphine use, analgesic efficacy, and side effect profiles in patients following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) and liver resection (LR). Design Retrospective study. Setting Liver transplant and liver resection surgery at a university hospital. Patients 25 ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients undergoing OLTx or liver resection. Measurements and main results Morphine use was significantly decreased in the OLTx patients at 6,12, 24, 48, and 72 hours following commencement of patient-controlled analgesia. After commencement of patient-controlled analgesia, pain scores were significantly reduced in the OLTx group compared with those in the liver resection group at 6 and 12 hours. Conclusions Orthotopic liver transplant patients experienced less pain and used less morphine postoperatively than did liver resection patients.
Notiz zur Anwendung der Markownikoffschen Regel auf den Verlauf der Ozonisierung

Der von Criegee vorgeschlagene Mechanismus der Ozonidbildung ist mit den Befunden von Wibaut uber den elektrophilen Charakter des Ozons und mit den Forderungen der Markownikoffschen Regel vereinbar.
Concurrent programming CAN be introduced into the lower-level undergraduate curriculum

There have been selected cases of satisfactorily teaching undergraduates the topic of concurrent programming. However, these reported experiences did not validate nor invalidate the feasibility claim as they did not provide statistical evidence and validity threat acknowledgments. Prior to this study, there have not been any controlled experiments to address the feasibility of introducing concurrent programming into the curriculum. Unfortunately, in curriculum development, it is seldom that we make decisions based on experimentation. We conducted a controlled experiment to determine whether introducing concurrent programming into the novice or lower-level undergraduate curriculum is possible. The experimental hypotheses examined concurrent programming from a concepts perspective and a problem-solving perspective. We conducted a detailed analysis of both internal and external validity threats to assess not only the validity, but the generalizability of the findings. The findings provide scientific evidence that introducing concurrent programming into the novice or lower-level undergraduate curriculum is possible.
Valvular heart disease: Clinical approach to acute decompensation of left-sided lesions

Acute valvular heart disease is often life-threatening. The diagnosis of acute valvular decompensation is made by attention to the physical assessment and appropriate use of diagnostic techniques. Recent advances in valvular heart disease have centered around noninvasive diagnostics. Doppler echo-cardiography can accurately diagnose and quantify stenotic and regurgitant lesions; its use with M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography makes these the noninvasive diagnostic procedures of choice. Acute decompensation is often related to preexisting critical aortic or mitral stenosis, or more commonly, acute severe regurgitation. Although of different etiologies, acute mitral and aortic regurgitation are associated with similar diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Emergency treatment consists of vasodilator and, possibly, inotropic therapy. However, definitive therapy generally requires surgical intervention.
Wait upon Ishiguro, Englishness, and Class

In his article "Wait upon Ishiguro, Englishness, and Class" Mustapha Marrouchi analyzes Kazuo Ishiguro's novels with focus on the writer's interest in Japanese culture and his preoccupation with matters of class in England. Marrouchi analyzes Ishiguro's novels as located astride of East, West, and the in-between: his precise, exquisitely made stories are shadowed by absences and silences, balanced "between elegy and irony" (Rushdie) and this is so whether the speaker is the obsessive butler in The Remains of the Day or one of the demented heroes in The Unconsoled or When We Were Orphans or the Japanese, guilty or exiled, in Ishiguro's first two novels A Pale View of Hills and An Artist of the Floating World. Mustapha Marrouchi, "Englishness, Class, and Japan in Ishiguro's Novels" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.2 (2013): Thematic Issue Asian Culture(s) and Globalization. Ed. I-Chun Wang and Li Guo
Predicting Thermophysical Properties of Mono- and Diglycerides with the Chemical Constituent Fragment Approach

A novel chemical constituent fragment approach is used to estimate thermophysical properties for mono- and diglycerides from fragment composition and fragment-specific parameters. The monoglycerol and diglycerol fragment parameters are obtained from regressing against very limited available experimental data for mono- and diglycerides in the literature while fatty acid fragment parameters are obtained from an earlier investigation for estimating thermophysical properties of triglycerides [Zong et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 876−886; Zong et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 3022−3023]. Built on this methodology, we develop mono- and diglyceride thermophysical property parameters for vapor pressure, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, heat of fusion, enthalpy of formation, and liquid molar volume. Combined with the results of the earlier investigation on triglycerides [Zong et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 876−886; Zong et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 30...
Pulsatile Protein Release from Monodisperse Liquid-Core Microcapsules of Controllable Shell Thickness

Purpose Pulsatile delivery of proteins, in which release occurs over a short time after a period of little or no release, is desirable for many applications. This paper investigates the effect of biodegradable polymer shell thickness on pulsatile protein release from biodegradable polymer microcapsules.
Distinguishing Presupposition in Epistemology

Presupposition is a method of inference used in finding or justifying an assumption underlying a given belief. As a method of inference it is not a matter of drawing the assumption from the given belief by necessity. Accordingly, I shall term presupposition to be a species (or “mode”) of hypothetic inference1 in that assumption is hypothetically asserted to be a logical condition for the given belief.
Strategy choice and the effect of field independence on abstraction, storage, and retrieval

Subjects were presented a concept identification (CI) task in which stimuli were varied on four dimensions descriptive of people. Half of the stimuli contained names and pictures of well-known people exemplifying the descriptive dimensions. Upon completion of the CI problem, subjects were given a surprise recognition memory task for CI stimuli in which they had to discriminate between old and new stimuli differentiated only by the exemplars that accompanied verbal descriptions. Subjects were scored for the degree to which they accessed stimuli with pictorial exemplars faster than those without them in the recognition task. For subjects whose latencies were not influenced by the pictorial variable, efficiency in CI and accuracy of recognition were positively related to scores on the embedded figures test. It was concluded that field articulation was related to superior ability to process information in a working memory when an analytic processing strategy is used.
Ba 4d core-level spectroscopy in the YBa2Cu3O6.9 high-Tc superconductor: Existence of a surface-shifted component.

Two sets of spin-orbit split Ba 4d core-level photoemission peaks were observed in a crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.9}$. From constant final-state measurements taken as a function of kinetic energy, the low-binding-energy doublet is identified as a surface component. Possible origins of the surface shift are discussed.