cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Display of an Inedible Prop as a Signal of Aggression? Adaptive Significance of Leaf-Display by the Turquoise-Browed Motmot, Eumomota superciliosa

The incorporation of an inedible object (prop) into a behavioral display is rare among birds. Only four avian taxa have been reported to display with a prop, and in all studied species, prop use has been found to play a role in mate acquisition. However, little is known about the context and adaptive significance of prop use by the motmots. Both male and female motmots perform a leaf-display, whereby a leaf is held horizontally in the tip of the bill for an extended period. I collected observational data on leaf-display by the turquoise-browed motmots (Eumomota superciliosa) to investigate the potential role of this display as a matechoice or agonistic signal. Observations of 61 leaf-displays by 27 individuals indicate that males and females are similarly likely to perform the leaf-display, that the leaf-display is performed throughout the longbreeding season, and that the display is performed by both paired and unpaired birds. These observations suggest that the leaf-display does not play a role in mate-attraction. However, the leaf-display was often performed in association with a chase or fight with a same-sex individual, and the display was sometimes performed in conjunction with an agonistic display at nest sites, suggesting that the leaf-display may function in both sexes as a signal of aggressive intent or as a signal of status.
"Hypersynchronisation" by tissue velocity imaging in patients with cardiac amyloidosis

Objective: It is unknown if some patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA) have mechanical dyssynchrony, as has been demonstrated in patients with ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathies. The aim of this study was to assess mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with CA using tissue velocity imaging (TVI) and to define its usefulness for risk stratification. Design and patients: We included 121 patients with primary amyloidosis and 37 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Patients were divided into two groups: 60 with advanced-CA and 61 with no-advanced-CA, according to left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and diastolic dysfunction. Dyssynchrony assessment included: (1) atrioventricular dyssynchrony (dys), (2) interventricular dys, (3) intraventricular dys assessed longitudinally, using the standard deviation of time to systolic peak velocity (Ts-SD) of the 12 basal and mid level LV segments, and (4) intraventricular dys assessed radially, using the difference in radial Ts between mid anteroseptal and mid posterior segments. Outcome: Primary end-point was all-cause death. During a median follow-up of 13 months there were 35 events among patients. Results: Contrary to the hypothesis, the intraventricular dys indices in advanced-CA patients were reduced compared to either the no-advanced-CA group or to controls (Ts-SD: 12.1 (9.0); 35.1 (18.6); 24.5 (14.1), respectively, p Conclusions: The regional timing of systolic motion measured by TVI was abnormally synchronised in the patients with advanced-CA. ET reduction plays a prominent part in this process and should be considered an essential parameter for assessment of patients with cardiac amyloidosis.
An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. 1984.

This essay proposes a new analytical framework for the study of the determinants of child survival in developing countries. The approach incorporates both social and biological variables and integrates research methods employed by social and medical sciences. The framework is based on the premise that all social and economic determinants of child mortality necessarily operate through a common set of biological mechanisms or proximate determinants to exert an impact on mortality. The key to the model is the identification of a set of proximate determinants that directly influence the risk of morbidity and mortality. All social and economic determinants must operate through these variables to affect child survival. The proximate determinants are grouped into 5 categories: maternal factors; environmental contamination; nutrient deficiency; injury and personal illness control. A novel aspect of this conceptual model is its definition of a specific disease state in an individual as an indicator of the operation of the proximate determinants rather than as a cause of illness and death. In this way the social as well as medical roots of the problem are emphasized. The model also provides for the measurement of morbidity and mortality in a single variable. The level of growth faltering among surviving children in a population is combined with the mortality experience into a nonspecific measure of the level of adverse conditions facing the population. The validity of such an index is assessed by examining the current procedure for scaling malnutrition in children (weight-for-age). To achieve maximum analytical value the proximate determinants should also be measurable in population-based research. A range of socioeconomic determinants (independent variables) are examined and the way in which they operate through the proximate determinants to influence the level of growth faltering and mortality illustrated. The socioeconomic dterminants are grouped into 3 broad categories: individual-level (productivity norms/attitudes); household-level (income/wealth) and community-level variables (ecological setting political economy health system). The model is intended to advance research on social policy and mecdical interventions to improve child survival.
Energy efficient content-based image retrieval for mobile systems

This paper presents a method to save energy for mobile systems that perform content-based image retrieval (CBIR). CBIR is a computation-intensive application and a resource-constrained mobile system may save energy by offloading computation to a grid-powered server. We develop three offloading schemes based on different conditions to save energy for CBIR on mobile systems. We implement a CBIR algorithm on an HP iPAQ hw6945 and physically measure the energy savings.
Fast transient analysis of electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional dielectric inhomogeneities using a volume integral equation

A fast technique for analyzing transient electromagnetic scattering from three dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric targets is proposed. This technique solves a volume integral equation using a marching-on-in-time (MOT) scheme (Gres et al. 2000). The computational complexity of performing a volume-scattering analysis using the classical technique in Gres et al. is O(N/sub t/N/sub s//sup 2/), where the volume source density is represented by N/sub s/ spatial and N/sub t/ temporal samples. This cost is prohibitively high, rendering the method impractical for analyzing scattering from electrically large structures. The contribution of this work is to reduce the high cost of the classical scheme to O(N/sub t/N/sub s/) by augmenting it with the multilevel plane-wave time-domain (PWTD) algorithm (Ergin et al. 1999). It is shown that incorporation of the PWTD algorithm into the MOT scheme does not compromise the accuracy of the scattering solution.
Percutaneous cannulated screw fixation of acute nondisplaced scaphoid waist fractures

Percutaneous screw fixation of acute, stable, scaphoid waist fractures has recently gained popularity secondary to the rapid fracture healing and decreased time off work/sports compared with cast immobilization. The historical background, pertinent anatomical considerations, and surgical technique of volar percutaneous cannulated screw fixation will be described. Additionally, the advantages of this technique over cast immobilization and open surgical stabilization methods will be reviewed. Although technically demanding, percutaneous cannulated screw fixation of scaphoid fractures provides rigid stabilization, faster union rates, and earlier return to work or sports. It is an attractive alternative to cast immobilization of acute, stable, scaphoid waist fracture in patients who understand the risks and benefits of this technique.
Program mapping onto network processors by recursive bipartitioning and refining

Mapping packet processing applications onto embedded network processors (NP) is a challenging task due to the unique constraints of NP systems and the characteristics of network application domains. A remarkable difference with general multiprocessor task scheduling is that NPs are often programmed into a hybrid parallel and pipeline topology. In this paper, we introduce a multilevel balancing and refining algorithm for NP program mapping. We use a divide- and-conquer approach to recursively bipartition the task graph into disjoint subdomains. At each level of bipartition, the processing resources will be co-allocated so that an estimation of throughput can be derived. The bipartition continues until the code of the tasks can be fit into the instruction memory of processing elements. Then the algorithm iteratively refines the solution by migrating tasks from the bottleneck stage to other stages. The performance of our scheme is evaluated with a suite of NP benchmarks using SUIF/Machine SUIF compiler and Intel IXA Architecture Tool. The throughput improvement is significant: average throughput is increased by 20%, and the maximum is 108%.
Scientific Discovery and Commensurability of Meaning

No one issue has so dominated the landscape of contemporary philosophy of science as has the “problem of incommensurability” of scientific theories, so named by Kuhn and Feyerabend in 1962. The “problem of incommensurability” in fact comprises several interrelated problems, among which are: logical compatibility and comparability, justification and validity, meaning, rationality, and progress. My concern here is with incommensurability of meaning. Succinctly put, the problem, as posed by Kuhn and Feyerabend, is this: If a scientific concept derives its meaning from its place within a theoretical network (T) and a substantial change of theory occurs (T′), then the interconnections among meanings of the concepts (including the introduction of new concepts) change. It is this “meaning variance” in cases of theory change which causes the “problem of incommensurability of meaning”: How can the adherents of theory T and those of theory T′ communicate with one another since, in a very real sense, they are speaking different languages?
Mentoring for Doctoral Student Praxis-Centered Learning: Creating a Shared Culture of Intellectual Aspiration

This article explores the potential of doctoral student mentoring programs to serve as one bridge in the academic-practitioner divide in nonprofit education. This disconnect manifests itself in critiques regarding the marginalization of practitioners and lack of knowledge sharing. The article examines the potential role of nonprofit doctoral student mentoring as a possible avenue for addressing the divide by developing the intellectual capacities of graduates to interact effectively in both the academic and practitioner domains. It stresses the importance of a particular form of mentoring and its ties to multiple, reinforcing opportunities for students if analytical, praxis-centered capacities are to be successfully developed. Ultimately, this article aims to stimulate discussion on the role and forms of mentoring of scholars who must develop praxis capacities rather than to offer definitive evidence of the superiority of one or another approach of ensuring that result.
Issues and challenges in orbital-free density functional calculations

a b s t r a c t Solving the Euler equation which corresponds to the energy minimum of a density functional expressed in orbital-free form involves related but distinct computational challenges. One is the choice between allelectron and pseudopotential calculations and, if the latter, construction of the pseudopotential. Another is the stability, speed, and accuracy of solution algorithms. Underlying both is the fundamental issue of satisfactory quality of the approximate functionals (kinetic energy and exchange–correlation). We address both computational issues and illustrate them by some comparative performance testing of our recently developed modified-conjoint generalized gradient approximation kinetic energy functionals. Comparisons are given for atoms, diatomic molecules, and some simple solids.
Cricket Song in Sympatry: Species Specificity of Song without Reproductive Character Displacement in Gryllus rubens

Previous work with the cryptic sister species pair of Þeld crickets, Gryllus texensis Cade & Otte and Gryllus rubens Scudder, has implicated sexual selection in the speciation process. That study examined reproductive character displacement (RCD) in male song and female preference for song in G. texensis. No evidence of RCD was found. Here, we provide a similar analysis of RCD in G. rubens song and examine the songs of both species from areas of sympatry in an effort to document the species-speciÞcity of song in sympatry and to look for individuals with songs indicative of F1 hybrid status. We 1) Þnd no evidence for RCD in G. rubens song, 2) demonstrate the distinctness of song in sympatry, and 3) document the rarity of songs typical of F1 hybrids.
Complement Activation and Inhibition in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

The myocardial inflammatory response that occurs as a result of ischemia and reperfusion is similar to that which occurs in other tissues. Activation of the complement system is an integral part of the initiation and maintenance of any inflammatory response. It and other immune system mediators participate in the promotion of neutrophil adherence to endothelium by modulating expression of various adhesion molecules. The complement system also serves an integral role in mediating neutrophil activation, the results of which have been documented in the setting of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Another aspect of the complement cascade, which has received little attention with respect to the heart, is the direct effects of complement activation such as endothelial and myocardial cell cytotoxicity mediated by the membrane attack complex. It is likely that this form of tissue injury contributes significantly to myocardial reperfusion injury. Given the numerous contributions of the complement system to the generation of the inflammatory response, and to directly-mediated tissue injury, selective inhibitors of the complement system have great potential to limit reperfusion injury. This has already been demonstrated for the complement inhibitor sCR1. In the future, it is likely that any therapeutic treatment of reperfusion injury will include modulation of the effects of complement activation.
The USC autonomous flying vehicle: An experiment in real-time behavior-based control

A control system architecture is described for an autonomous flying vehicle. The vehicle, equipped with fourteen sensors, uses a model helicopter as an airframe. The control system utilizes these sensors to: remain aloft and in stable flight; navigate to a target; and manipulate a physical object. The overall approach to the problem is based on a behavioral paradigm. The key contribution of this paper is the demonstration of a situated agent under these severe circumstances; as the craft is airborne, it is in constant risk of crashing. Unlike terrestrial mobile robots, the craft must constantly make sound decisions to maintain its integrity.
On the performance evaluation of the multiply-detected macrodiversity scheme for wireless cellular networks

We discuss the procedure for performance evaluation of the previously introduced by us multiply-detected macrodiversity (MDM) scheme. The MDM scheme, in contrast with the traditional macrodiversity scheme, is not based on selection, but rather on postdetection combining. In particular, we compare the performance of the MDM scheme with the performance of the S-macrodiversity in the presence of shadow fading. Our performance evaluation results lead us to some insights into the factors that contributes to the improvement of the MDM scheme.
Spatiotemporal patterns in a one-dimensional open reaction-diffusion system

Abstract We have developed a novel spatially extended chemical reactor that can be maintained indefinitely in a well-defined nonequilibrium state. The system is effectively one-dimensional. Reagents of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction are fed at both ends, the oxidizer at one end and the reducer at the other end, but there is no met mass flux in the reactor. The system is designed so that the effective diffusion coefficient, which is the same for all species (typically 0.1 cm2/s), can be varied; spatiotemporal patterns were studied for several values of the diffusion coefficient. The following sequence of well-defined dynamical regimes was observed as the gradient in oxidizer concentration was increased with other control parameters held fixed: steady, periodic, quasiperiodic, frequency-locked, period-doubled, and chaotic. The transitions to different regimes occurred with no observable hysteresis. This is the first observation of a sequence of spatiotemporal regimes in a laboratory reaction-diffusion system. These observations are described qualitatively by a simple reaction-diffusion model with only two species.
Model-based sequential organization in cochannel speech

A human listener has the ability to follow a speaker's voice while others are speaking simultaneously; in particular, the listener can organize the time-frequency energy of the same speaker across time into a single stream. In this paper, we focus on sequential organization in cochannel speech, or mixtures of two voices. We extract minimally corrupted segments, or usable speech, in cochannel speech using a robust multipitch tracking algorithm. The extracted usable speech is shown to capture speaker characteristics and improves speaker identification (SID) performance across various target-to-interferer ratios. To utilize speaker characteristics for sequential organization, we extend the traditional SID framework to cochannel speech and derive a joint objective for sequential grouping and SID, leading to a problem of search for the optimum hypothesis. Subsequently we propose a hypothesis pruning algorithm based on speaker models in order to make the search computationally efficient. Evaluation results show that the proposed system approaches the ceiling SID performance obtained with prior pitch information and yields significant improvement over alternative approaches to sequential organization.
Xanthrochromia? By What Method? A Comparison of Visual and Spectrophotometric Xanthrochromia

Study objective Most US hospitals use visual inspection for the detection of cerebrospinal fluid xanthrochromia. We compared visual inspection with spectrophotometric xanthrochromia and studied the effect of tube diameter on the sensitivity of visual inspection. Methods Blinded, experienced laboratory technicians visually examined unmarked samples to determine the presence or absence of xanthrochromia. Samples were prepared by lysing RBCs in distilled water. Serial dilutions were placed in clear polystyrene tubes obtained from standard lumbar puncture trays. Laboratory technicians were asked to examine each sample for xanthrochromia using visual inspection. Next, they were asked to interpret the same set of samples with the assistance of a threshold standard. Last, they were asked to interpret the same dilutions, but this time presented in a larger-diameter tube. The absorbance of each sample was measured in a double-beam spectrophotometer at wavelengths between 300 and 700 nm. Samples were said to demonstrate spectrophotometric xanthrochromia if they had an absorbance greater than 0.023 at 415 nm. Results Sixteen laboratory technicians were shown a total of 160 samples, of which 64 (40%) demonstrated spectrophotometric xanthrochromia. Visual inspection of the samples was 26.6% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI] 16% to 38%) and 97.9% specific (95% CI 95% to 100%) for spectrophotometric xanthrochromia. Using a reference standard did not improve the performance of visual inspection, but increasing collection-tube diameter increased the sensitivity to 55% (95% CI 43% to 68%). Conclusion Visual inspection is not sensitive for the detection of spectrophotometric xanthrochromia. Increasing the diameter of the collection tubes did improve sensitivity. Emergency physicians should be aware of how xanthrochromia is determined at their institutions and understand the implications of using visual detection to determine the presence or absence of xanthrochromia.
Analyzing consumer acceptance of photovoltaics (PV) using fuzzy logic model

Consumer perception could play an important role in the adoption of renewable energy technologies. This study aims to explore the role of consumer acceptance and model its effect on residential photovoltaic (PV) adoption. A survey was conducted to understand consumer perceptions of the technology (perception variables), such as perceived cost, perceived maintenance requirement, and environmental concern. To further investigate the adoption potential of residential PV, this paper develops a fuzzy logic inference model to relate consumer perception variables (inputs to the model) to their purchasing probability (output from the model). This model is tested in a case study of residential PV adoption using data from a survey of homeowners in Arizona, United States. The quantitative results of the model demonstrate the role of each perception variable in the consumer acceptance of PV. Public has tended to emphasize on the role of cost reduction in promoting the adoption of residential PV. The results of this study show that other issues such as maintenance requirement and environmental concern are also important.
Cement strain measurement surrounding loose and well-fixed femoral component stems

Strain measurement within the cement surrounding stemmed total hip femoral components was accomplished using PMMA encapsulated and embedded strain gauges. Cement strain measurement associated with a well-bonded stem-cement interface and an unbonded stem-cement interface (i.e., loose prosthesis) was performed. The presence of a stem-cement bond was found to reduce proximal cement strain magnitudes while having little effect on distal cement strain magnitudes. The assurance of a stem-cement bond on only the proximal third of the interface was found to have an effect similar to that of a complete stem-cement bond. The results of this experimental investigation confirm the theoretical prediction that the stem-cement bond is important in maintaining the integrity of the cement mantle surrounding a stemmed femoral component.
Monitoring for Heterosigma akashiwo using a sandwich hybridization assay

Abstract Field testing of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) for Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Puget Sound, WA, USA, has showed that the lower limit of detection is well below the level at which cells pose a danger to fish. Moreover, the assay has proven to be both rapid and easy-to-use. Isolates of H. akashiwo from Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain and USA were correctly identified using the SHA, indicating that this diagnostic tool could be deployed globally. Samples containing H. akashiwo can be preserved for subsequent SHA analysis using several methods: fixation with acidic Lugol’s iodine followed by room temperature storage, collection onto Durapore filters followed by storage at −70 °C or, alternatively, the filters are mixed with a lysis solution buffer and the sample lysate stored at −70 °C. Additionally, we sought to determine whether the SHA could successfully detect H. akashiwo in the presence of clay that might some day be used to mitigate the impacts of natural H. akashiwo blooms. Results from preliminary laboratory trials indicate that clay at the maximum proposed dosage rate does not interfere with the assay. Thus, it may be possible to use the SHA as a simple means of following the fate of H. akashiwo cells during larger-scale clay mitigation trials.
Dynamic front wheel curb impact study

A procedure was developed to predict suspension and cradle loads during a dynamic front wheel curb impact event. Previously, the only way to acquire these types of forces was to run a test. The procedure uses a multibody full vehicle ADAMS model. The impact between the tire and the curb was modeled using a simplified tire model. Specific structural suspension members were modeled with a proprietary method developed by GM to capture the elastic-plastic behavior. The analysis results showed good correlation with the test, and the procedure is now being used at GM.
In Quest of Great Lakes Ice Age Vertebrates

J. Alan Holman. 2001. In Quest of Great Lakes Ice Age Vertebrates. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 230 p. The intended audience for In Quest of Great Lakes Ice Age Vertebrates includes the general public, students, and teachers, as well as professional biologists and geologists. Despite this incredibly broad range of potential readers, Holman succeeds. The book is directed toward the student end of the above spectrum but there is something special for everyone, even those living beyond the Great Lakes region. Use of “Great Lakes” in the title, however, is somewhat misleading because the book reviews the Pleistocene of states and provinces contiguous to the western Great Lakes. Those states south of Lakes Erie and Ontario, Pennsylvania and New York, are not included The ten chapters described below are accompanied by extensive list of references, both technical and general. These arranged by individual or multiple chapters. Some are further subdivided by geography, which can complicate an author search. Two indices, one general and the other taxonomic, are well presented and there is a complete faunal list, organized by region, of fossils recovered from the area. The first six chapters are primarily for newcomers, the last four will be appreciated by all. Chapter 1, “Introduction,” is a primer for geological (e.g., uniformitarianism), biological (what is a vertebrate), and paleontological (fossil preservation) terminology. Each topic is covered concisely, frequently within a paragraph, and will assist students with interpretative aspects of the book. Chapter 2, “The Pleistocene Ice Age,” reviews the academic history of the Great Ice Age, compares chronological terms used in both North America and Europe, and illustrates the positions of the Wisconsinan ice sheet between 9.9 and 21 k. Most importantly it describes continental-scale habitat destruction inflicted by advancing ice and then the subsequent wasteland open for recolonization …
Peirce’s Puzzle and Putnam’s Progress: Why Should I be Reasonable?

William James began his Lowell Institute lectures (1906–1907) with a quote from Chesterton’s Heretics: “There are some people — and I am one of them -who think that the most practical and important thing about a man is still his view of the universe.” Concurring, James said: “I think with Mr Chesterton in this matter” (James 1907:3). With the stipulation that the word ‘man’ not be taken amiss, I join their thinking.
Modeling the infectiousness of Twitter hashtags

Abstract This study applies dynamical and statistical modeling techniques to quantify the proliferation and popularity of trending hashtags on Twitter. Using time-series data reflecting actual tweets in New York City and San Francisco, we present estimates for the dynamics (i.e., rates of infection and recovery) of several hundred trending hashtags using an epidemic modeling framework coupled with Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. This methodological strategy is an extension of techniques traditionally used to model the spread of infectious disease. Using SIR-type models, we demonstrate that most hashtags are marginally infectious, while very few emerge as “trending”. In doing so we illustrate that hashtags can be grouped by infectiousness, possibly providing a method for quantifying the trendiness of a topic.
Inadequate Sleep and Exercise Associated with Burnout and Depression Among Medical Students

The authors studied whether low levels of exercise or inadequate sleep correlated with higher levels of burnout and depression in medical students. Medical students of all years at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey in Fall 2012 and Winter 2013. Validated measures were used to assess exercise, sleep, burnout, and depression. Response rates were 28.7 % at the beginning of the school year and 22.6 % at the middle of the school year. Burnout rates overall were 22.4 % at the beginning of the year and 19.2 % in the middle of the year. Eight percent of students screened positive for depression at the beginning of the year and 9.3 % in the middle of the year. Decreased exercise frequency was significantly correlated with lower professional efficacy. Pathological sleepiness was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of burnout. Inadequate sleep correlated with significantly lower professional efficacy and higher exhaustion scores. Burnout was associated with a positive depression screen. Positive depression screening, pathological sleepiness, and sleeping less than 7 h a night were independent predictors of burnout. Sleep habits, exercise, and a positive depression screen were associated with burnout risk within the medical student population.
Determination of dicamba residue in vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for analysis of dicamba residue in Chinese cabbage,cucumber,tomato,cowpea,white radish,celery and shallot.The sample was extracted with V(acetonitrile) ∶V(formic acid)∶V(water)=49.5∶0.2∶0.3 and salted-out by sodium chloride.After that,the sample was concentrated by rotary evaporator.Seperation was performed on a C18 column with gradient elution by mobile phase of methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium formate,and finally detected with negative-ion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) under multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.The results showed that the linearity of method for dicamba was in the concentration range of 0.005 to 0.5 mg/L with the correlation coefficients of 0.999 7.The mean spiked recoveries of dicamba at 3 spiked levels(0.01,0.05,0.1 mg/kg) ranged from 80% to 120% with relative standard deviations(RSD,n=3) of 0.58%-18%.The limit of detection was 2.0 μg/kg for dicamba.The method is rapid,sensitive and suitable for determination of dicamba in vegetables.
Lanthanide Complexes of [α-2-P2W17O61]10-: Solid State and Solution Studies

We have isolated the 1:1 Ln:[α-2-P2W17O61]10- complexes for a series of lanthanides. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the Eu3+ analogue reveals two identical [Eu(H2O)3(α-2-P2W17O61)]7- moieties connected through two Eu−O−W bonds, one from each polyoxometalate unit. An inversion center relates the two polyoxometalate units. The Eu(III) ion is substituted for a [WO]4+ unit in the “cap” region of the tungsten−oxygen framework of the parent Wells−Dawson ion. The point group of the dimeric molecule is Ci. The extended structure is composed of the [Eu(H2O)3(α-2-P2W17O61)]214- anions linked together by surface-bound potassium cations. The space group is P1, a = 12.7214(5) A, b = 14.7402(7) A, c = 22.6724(9) A, α = 71.550(3)°, β = 84.019(3)°, γ = 74.383(3)°, V = 3883.2(3) A3, Z = 1. The solution studies, including 183W NMR spectroscopy and luminescence lifetime measurements, show that the molecules dissociate in solution to form monomeric [Ln(H2O)4(α-2-P2W17O61)]7- species.
Managing caries in the 21st century: today's terminology to treat yesterday's disease.

Background For more than a century, dentistry has been treating the disease of dental caries largely by restoring teeth. Research in the microbiological and chemical mechanisms of the caries process over the past two decades suggests a fundamental rethinking of solely using this type of treatment approach. Methods A clinician's understanding of how the field has advanced has been impeded by the inconsistent use of dental terminology. This article will focus on defining dental caries and its related terms. Conclusions The term "caries," although used very liberally in the field, should be further defined in its context of use to avoid confusion, until which time an accepted international terminology system is developed. Practice implications Reducing or eliminating ambiguity in terminology used in managing dental caries is the first step in consistent diagnosis, detection, and finally treatment.
Reduced toxicity of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single-screw extrusion.

Corn grits spiked with 30 μg/g fumonisin B1 and two batches of grits fermented with Fusarium verticillioides (batch 1 contained 33 μg/g, and batch 2 contained 48 μg/g fumonisin B1), which were extruded by a single-screw extruder with and without glucose (10%, dry weight basis) supplementation were fed to rats. Control groups were fed uncontaminated grits. Extrusion with glucose more effectively reduced fumonisin B1 concentrations of the grits (75 to 85%) than did extrusion alone (10 to 28%). With one exception, the fumonisin B1–spiked and fermented extrusion products caused moderately severe kidney lesions and reduced kidney weights, effects typically found in fumonisin-exposed rats. Lesions in rats fed the least contaminated grits (batch 1) after extrusion with 10% glucose were, however, significantly less severe and not accompanied by kidney weight changes. Therefore, extrusion with glucose supplementation is potentially useful for safely reducing the toxicity of fumonisins in corn-based products and st...
Effects of photon attenuation on increased counts in fanbeam collimation.

UNLABELLED This study examined the effects of photon attenuation on the increased sensitivity (gain of counts) produced by a fanbeam collimator with imaging geometry similar to clinical practice. METHODS The number of counts was measured in experiments and by computer simulations for two cylindrical phantoms of different sizes using a fanbeam and a parallel-hole (parallel-beam) collimator with the same spatial resolution. The phantoms were located either in air (simulating the brain) or in a cubic water tank (simulating a source in the body). The ratio of the counts from the fanbeam collimator versus the parallel-beam collimator was obtained as a function of the distance between the phantom and detector. RESULTS Even with attenuation inside the phantom, the count ratio for the phantom located in air remains almost the same as that theoretically predicted without attenuation. But the count ratio obtained in the cubic water tank was decreased compared to the predicted values. The amount of decrease (reduced sensitivity) depended on the distance from the detector, the size of the source and the depth of the source. CONCLUSION For brain studies, attenuation caused little change in the gain of counts provided by a fanbeam collimator. When imaging a structure located deep within the body, however, the gain of counts (sensitivity) may be appreciably reduced due to a longer path of photons within the body which results in more photon attenuation in fanbeam geometry.
Experimental Investigation of Stress-Dependency of Relative Permeability in Rock Fractures

This study investigates the stress-dependency of relative permeability in rock fractures. Previous studies provide contradictory evidence of the influence of increasing stress on the relative permeability of fractures. Some studies suggest that irreducible water saturation increases, while others show the reverse. In an attempt to resolve these differences, laboratory core flooding experiments are applied to measure the relative permeability of nitrogen–water mixtures in a fracture under various states of effective stress. Simultaneous X-ray CT measurements are made of aperture and water saturation distributions in the fracture. Two effective stress levels, 2.07 and 5.52 MPa, are applied to investigate the stress-dependency. For both states of stress, the measurements show that the relative permeability to gas is very low until a critical saturation is reached. As gas saturation increases beyond the critical value, relative permeability to gas increases quickly while water becomes essentially immobile. Results also demonstrate that increasing stress lowers the irreducible water saturation and the end-point non-wetting phase relative permeability when the experiments are conducted at the same flow rate. Using invasion percolation theory with the fracture aperture maps made at the two different effective stresses, capillary pressure curves are calculated and used to explain changes in phase interference at different stress levels. Finally, the preferential flow paths are analyzed at both stress levels. We use this analysis to reconcile flow regimes observed in earlier studies, and conclude that the differences between them can be explained by the relative importance of viscous and capillary forces. Specifically, if the experiments are designed to keep the capillary number constant, the irreducible water saturation increases with increasing confining stress. If the experiments are conducted at the same flow rate, higher confining stress decreases the irreducible water saturation, as was observed in these experiments. The analysis and data presented here also suggest that small increases in the water saturation of a fracture may dramatically reduce gas flow rates. This may present an additional and unexplored explanation for rapid production decline of gas wells in fractured reservoirs.
Electronic Absorption Spectra of Tetrapyrrole-Based Pigments via TD-DFT: A Reduced Orbital Space Study.

Tetrapyrrole-based pigments play a crucial role in photosynthesis as principal light absorbers in light-harvesting chemical systems. As such, accurate theoretical descriptions of the electronic absorption spectra of these pigments will aid in the proper description and understanding of the overall photophysics of photosynthesis. In this work, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory is employed to produce the theoretical absorption spectra of several tetrapyrrole-based pigments. However, the application of TD-DFT to large systems with several hundreds of atoms can become computationally prohibitive. Therefore, in this study, TD-DFT calculations with reduced orbital spaces (ROSs) that exclude portions of occupied and virtual orbitals are pursued as a viable, computationally cost-effective alternative to conventional TD-DFT calculations. The effects of reducing orbital space size on theoretical spectra are qualitatively and quantitatively described, and both ...
Metastatic Neoplasms to the Thyroid

Secondary neoplasms of the thyroid gland are uncommon, but clinically they can be indistinguishable from primary thyroid tumors. The possibility of metastasis should always be considered whenever a patient presents with a thyroid nodule and they have a history of malignancy elsewhere in the body or when the cytologic picture is not consistent with or suggestive of common thyroid neoplasms. The most common primary sites of metastasis to the thyroid are kidney, lung, and breast, but the thyroid gland may also be involved by direct extension from malignancies of the head and neck region. It is important to distinguish secondary thyroid tumors from the primary tumors because patients who have metastasis to the thyroid have a poor prognosis in general, and most die shortly after the confirmation of distant metastasis. Immunohistochemistry is very helpful in the differential diagnosis.
Recurrent Holocene Movement on the Susitna Glacier Thrust Fault: The Structure that Initiated the Mw 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake, Central Alaska

Abstract We conducted a trench investigation and analyzed pre‐ and postearthquake topography to determine the timing and size of prehistoric surface ruptures on the Susitna Glacier fault (SGF), the thrust fault that initiated the 2002 M w 7.9 Denali fault earthquake sequence in central Alaska. In two of our three hand‐excavated trenches, we found clear evidence for a single pre‐2002 earthquake (penultimate earthquake [PE]) and determined an age of 2210±420 cal. B.P. (2 σ ) for this event. We used structure‐from‐motion software to create a pre‐2002‐earthquake digital surface model (DSM) from 1:62,800‐scale aerial photography taken in 1980 and compared this DSM with postearthquake 5‐m/pixel Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar topography taken in 2010. Topographic profiles measured from the pre‐earthquake DSM show features that we interpret as fault and fold scarps. These landforms were about the same size as those formed in 2002, so we infer that the PE was similar in size to the initial ( M w 7.2) subevent of the 2002 sequence. A recurrence interval of 2270 yrs and dip slip of ∼4.8 m yield a single‐interval slip rate of ∼1.8 mm/yr. The lack of evidence for pre‐PE deformation indicates probable episodic (clustering) behavior on the SGF that may be related to strain migration among other similarly oriented thrust faults that together accommodate shortening south of the Denali fault. We suspect that slip‐partitioned thrust‐triggered earthquakes may be a common occurrence on the Denali fault system, but documenting the frequency of such events will be very difficult, given the lack of long‐term paleoseismic records, the number of potential thrust‐earthquake sources, and the pervasive glacial erosion in the region. Electronic Supplement: OxCal code and figures of topographic profiles across fault scarps reactivated during the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, OxCal models of published age constraints on tephra exposed at the Wetfan trench site, and map showing locations and data used to measure near‐surface dips of Susanna Glacier fault in the vicinity of the Wetfan trench site.
Predictive Analysis on Twitter: Techniques and Applications

Predictive analysis of social media data has attracted considerable attention from the research community as well as the business world because of the essential and actionable information it can provide. Over the years, extensive experimentation and analysis for insights have been carried out using Twitter data in various domains such as healthcare, public health, politics, social sciences, and demographics. In this chapter, we discuss techniques, approaches, and state-of-the-art applications of predictive analysis of Twitter data. Specifically, we present fine-grained analysis involving aspects such as sentiment, emotion, and the use of domain knowledge in the coarse-grained analysis of Twitter data for making decisions and taking actions, and relate a few success stories.
Linguistic Tools for Exploring Issues of Equity

This chapter describes linguistics tools that researchers have used to explore and illuminate equity issues in the mathematics classroom. Drawing primarily from research using a systemic functional linguistics (SFL) framework, it illustrates how close attention to language forms and the meanings they present can inform questions about the nature of the mathematics that is offered to students through classroom discourse, the views of mathematics activity that students develop, and how students are positioned as learners through classroom and pedagogical discourses. Analysis of thematic patterns, process/participant configurations, modality, and mood/speech function enables researchers to explore the integrity of the mathematics that is taught, how concepts are developed over time, and the processes through which knowledge is developed. In focus are issues such as the agency of students and the authoritativeness of the teacher as well as the role of the teacher as mediator of learning.
Observations on the Ultrastructure of Lymphatic Tissue Germinal Centers

In our previous reports emphasis was placed on studies of the fine structure of lymphatic germinal centers as influenced by injections of sheep erythrocytes by the intravenous route. Electron microscopy studies were correlated with autoradiographic methods of analysis. 4 hours after a single injection of antigen in which Thymidine-3H was employed, two types of labeled cells were observed in germinal centers: large and medium sized lymphocytes (Maximow, 1928). Labeled cells had an abundance of free ribosomes, few ribosome clusters and scanty endoplasmic reticulum. A study was also reported on tingible body macrophages found in hyperplastic germinal centers when plasma cells were abundant in such centers (Swartzendruber and Congdon, 1963). In addition we recently published results of a study of the effect of Actinomycin D on splenic germinal centers in which remnants of the reticulum were present (Swartzendruber, 1966). The purpose of this report is to present more recent findings from ultrastructural studies of splenic germinal centers in control adult mice (101×C3H)F1 that had not received injections of sheep erythrocytes. As noted previously (Swartzendruber, 1965) glutaraldehyde was used for prefixation (Sabatini, Bensch, and Barrnett, 1963), OsO4 for postfixation, and tissues were embedded in Epon 812.
The Miracle has Happened

My father Professor Alladi Ramakrishnan was a master of exposition, both in written and spoken form. He was a dynamic speaker, an orator in every sense. Right from my boyhood, I had the pleasure to listen to many of his scientific lectures and speeches, and was inspired by his manner of speaking and the power of his oratory. The finest speech he ever gave was perhaps at the inauguration of MATSCIENCE, the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, on January 3, 1962, when his thoughts came pouring out at that very exciting and memorable occasion. As a six year old boy, I was in the front row of the English Lecture Hall at the Presidency College in Madras when he delivered that speech extempore, as was his custom. The speech was later written up from a tape recording. This speech was printed in the appendix to The Alladi Diary, Vol I, East–West Books, Madras, (2000). It is reprinted here with the permission of East–West Books, Madras, Pvt. Ltd.
EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION OF ENKEPHALIN, SUBSTANCE P, AND SUBSTANCE P RECEPTOR GENES IN THE RAT CAROTID BODY

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body sense changes in arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide tension and pH and play a critical role in modulating ventilation. The major components of the carotid body involved in chemoreception are the chemosensitive Type 1 cell which contains vesicles that store and release excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, the supportive Type 2 cell, blood vessels and fibers from the carotid sinus nerve, the output from the carotid body. Dopamine, Met-enkephalin and substance P are three putative neurotransmitters/neuromodulators that have been identified in the carotid body (for review see Gonzalez et al, 1995).
Introduction Plan for Configurational Analysis: Summary of Illustration Case

This book presents a strategy for pattern recognition in a difficult area of observation, that of human nature, personal problems, and psychological change. This strategy, which is called configurational analysis, aims at clarification of psychological life. The approach is to segmentalize behavior and experience into states that recur; these states are then explained in terms of the structure of meanings and the processes of change.