cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sweet liker status in children and adults: Consequences for beverage intake in adults.

Abstract Different patterns of sweet liking exist. For some, liking increases as concentration increases up to a point at which it typically plateaus. These individuals are referred to as sweet likers. How sweet likers’ beverage intake, especially sugar sweetened beverage intake, differs from sweet dislikers’ beverage intake is not well characterized. A total of 953 visitors (650 adults; 62.0% women; 303 children; 58.7% girls) to the Denver Museum of Nature & Science rated the taste intensity and liking of 5 sucrose solutions that spanned concentrations typically encountered in sugar-sweetened beverages (0.0–13.7% w/v) using visual analog scales. Beverage intake by adults was quantified using the validated BEVQ-15 questionnaire. Among adults, hierarchical cluster analysis identified three clusters of liking patterns (likers, dislikers, and neutrals). Among children, two clusters of liking patterns were identified (likers and dislikers). For both adults and children, BMI, percent body fat, age, and sex did not differ between clusters. Concentration by cluster interaction effects were observed for both adults and children. Adult sweet likers consumed more energy from all beverages, more sweetened juice and tea, and less water than those in other clusters. Sweet liker status may be a useful predictor of increased energy intake from beverages, but prospective trials are necessary to confirm this utility.
Reproducibility of implanted dosage measurement with CAMECA Wf

A previous study on long term reproducibility [1] demonstrated that CAMECA Wf can delivered the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the relative sensitivity factors (RSF) of boron (B) are typically 3.7%. Above results show that deviation can be estimated without testing the standards. This paper will demonstrate that the SIMS RSD depend significantly on the species concentration.
Green Travel Behavior in Urban China: Influencing Factors and their Effects

With the ever‐increasing number of family cars in China, pollution and traffic jams seriously affect residents' daily lives. Motivating residents to select green travel modes is becoming a major issue. Based on the theory of planned behavior, a framework is developed to identify influencing factors and then examine how these factors affect residential green travel behavior (GTB). An empirical study with 332 valid questionnaires finds that personal factors mediate the relationship between soft environmental factors and green travel intentions (GTIs), whereas hard environmental factors could help GTIs transform into GTB. Such results indicate that the Chinese government needs to improve GTIs by developing related policies and transport systems to motivate people to select green travel modes. GTIs are improved directly by addressing personal factors and indirectly by perfecting green travel policies and campaigns. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Protein Rotational Dynamics in Aligned Lipid Membranes Probed by Anisotropic T1ρ NMR Relaxation.

Abstract A membrane-bound form of Pf1 coat protein reconstituted in magnetically aligned DMPC/DHPC bicelles was used as a molecular probe to quantify for the viscosity of the lipid membrane interior by measuring the uniaxial rotational diffusion coefficient of the protein. Orientationally dependent 15 N NMR relaxation times in the rotating frame, or T 1ρ , were determined by fitting individually the decay of the resolved NMR peaks corresponding to the transmembrane helix of Pf1 coat protein as a function of the spin-lock time incorporated into the 2D SAMPI4 pulse sequence. The T 1ρ relaxation mechanism was modeled by uniaxial rotational diffusion on a cone, which yields a linear correlation with respect to the bond factor sin 4 θ B , where θ B is the angle that the NH bond forms with respect to the axis of rotation. Importantly, the bond factors can be independently measured from the dipolar couplings in the separated local-field SAMPI4 spectra. From this dependence, the value of the diffusion coefficient D || = 8.0 × 10 5 s −1 was inferred from linear regression of the experimental T 1ρ data even without any spectroscopic assignment. Alternatively, a close value of D || = 7.7 × 10 5 s −1 was obtained by fitting the T 1ρ relaxation data for the assigned NMR peaks of the transmembrane domain of Pf1 to a wavelike pattern as a function of residue number. The method illustrates the use of single-helix transmembrane peptides as molecular probes to assess the dynamic parameters of biological membranes by NMR relaxation in oriented lipid bilayers.
Weakly supervised learning of object segmentations from web-scale video

We propose to learn pixel-level segmentations of objects from weakly labeled (tagged) internet videos. Specifically, given a large collection of raw YouTube content, along with potentially noisy tags, our goal is to automatically generate spatiotemporal masks for each object, such as "dog", without employing any pre-trained object detectors. We formulate this problem as learning weakly supervised classifiers for a set of independent spatio-temporal segments. The object seeds obtained using segment-level classifiers are further refined using graphcuts to generate high-precision object masks. Our results, obtained by training on a dataset of 20,000 YouTube videos weakly tagged into 15 classes, demonstrate automatic extraction of pixel-level object masks. Evaluated against a ground-truthed subset of 50,000 frames with pixel-level annotations, we confirm that our proposed methods can learn good object masks just by watching YouTube.
Localized and Diffuse Bifurcations in Porous Rocks Undergoing Shear Localization and Cataclastic Flow

Under normal temperature porous rocks can fail either by shear strain localization or cataclastic flow. Shear localization results from the coalescence of microcracks leading to a tabular deformation band, whereas cataclastic flow is characterized by grain crushing and pore collapse resulting in a severely damaged but macroscopically homogeneous compacted continuum. In this paper we view the two types of instability as arising from two distinct bifurcation modes. The first mode, predicted from the singularity of the acoustic tensor, produces a strain rate jump tensor of rank one and defines a deformation band. The second mode, predicted from the singularity of the tangent constitutive operator, is diffuse and produces a full-rank strain rate jump tensor. After identifying the relevant bifurcation mode, we present a framework for capturing post-failure responses through constitutive branching. The post-collapse constitutive response features a cohesion softening-friction hardening applied either to an emerging fault for shear localization or to the bulk constitutive theory for diffuse pore collapse instability.
Caribbean Cultural Aesthetics: A New York Experience

With an English-speaking Caribbean population of well over two million, as of the 1980 census, New York can be considered the largest Caribbean city in the world - larger than any city in the Caribbean itself. For the English-speaking Caribbean population, which is the focus of this writing, New York has become the place where individuals learn about each other through various Caribbean media, concerts, as well as through ongoing encounters at work, school, and on the streets within the neighbourhoods in which they live. In contrast to earlier European immigrants to New York, the Caribbean population has access to, and is in fact, part of a relatively continuous flow of people, ideas and practices between the various Caribbean nations and New York '. This highlights a significant difference between previous immigrant groups and the more recent Caribbean immigrants. The earlier European groups saw their relocation as an end to their connection to the old country . This may have been due partly to the high cost of air services which had not been fully developed at that time. Caribbean immigrants on the other hand, do not arrive in New York with the
Improved Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability Experiments for Very-High-Rate Strength and Application to Tantalum

Recently, Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities (RMI) have been used for studying metal strength at strain rates up to at least 10^7/s. RMI experiments involve shocking a metal interface with geometrical perturbations that invert, grow, and possibly arrest subsequent to the shock. In experiments one measures the growth and arrest velocities to study the specimen’s flow (deviatoric) strength. In this paper, we describe experiments on tantalum at three shock pressure from 20 to 34 GPa, with six different perturbation sizes at each pressure, making this the most comprehensive set of RMI experiments on any material. In addition, these experiments were fielded using impact loading, as compared to high explosive loading in previous experiments, allowing for more precise modeling and more extensive interpretation of the data. Preliminary results are presented.
Abstract #43: Pomegranate juice extract and its main polyphenol, ellagic acid, up-regulate E-cadherin protein levels in COLO-357 pancreatic cancer cells

Our laboratory has been evaluating the effects of pomegranate juice extract (PJE) in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell growth, the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. There have been several published reports indicating that phytochemicals in fruits can reduce the risk of cancer due to their polyphenol anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pomegranate, from the tree Punica granatum , possesses many polyphenols which makes it a valuable agent in cancer therapies. Previous reported studies using pomegranate juice (PJ) and pomegranate juice extract have shown promising results in suppressing colon, breast, lung, skin, and prostate cancer cell growth. Our lab has previously shown that PJ and PJE have anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in human COLO-357 pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, we observed that when treated with 10-25 µg/mL of PJE, cells become more adhesive, since they are harder to detach from the cell culture plate. It has been reported by other groups that low expression of Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) protein correlates with increased pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. We hypothesized that treating human pancreatic cancer cells with low concentrations of PJE would increase cell adhesion by increasing E-cadherin protein levels. Another purpose of this project was to determine whether a particular polyphenol in commercial POMWonderful PJE was partially responsible for up-regulating E-cadherin. We characterized commercial POMWonderful pomegranate juice extracts by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the most abundant polyphenols identified were: ellagic acid, galloylglucose, caffeolquinic acid, ellagic acid glucose, gallagic acid, punicalin, and punicalagin. We used ellagic acid (EA) for further studies since it is the only commercially available polyphenol identified. We also used EA because a recent publication showed that EA treatment in pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In our current study, we used the human COLO-357 pancreatic cancer cell-line to evaluate E-cadherin protein levels following PJE or EA treatments. We showed that PJE (10-25 ug/ml; 48 hours) resulted in a significant up-regulation of E-cadherin via immunoblots. We also demonstrated that EA (10-50 uMol/L; 48 hours) resulted in up-regulation of E-cadherin but not as dramatically as with PJE treatment. In conclusion, this data shows that PJE and its main polyphenol, EA, of the commercially available POMWonderful PJE helps restore pancreatic cancer cell adhesion, thereby serving as a potential suppressor of invasion and metastasis. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 43.
Effect of tempering approach following cross-flow drying on rice milling yields

Three tempering approaches were followed after drying rough rice at 16.3% and 20.5% initial moisture contents (IMCs) using 57 °C/13% RH air at an airflow of 0.56 (m3/s)/m2 for 30, 60, and 90 min in...
The role of input in native Spanish Late learners’ production and perception of English phonetic segments

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of input variation on the production and perception of English phonetic segments by native Spanish adults who had immigrated to the United States after the age of 16 years. The native Spanish (NS) participants were assigned to three groups of 20 each according to years of English input (years of U.S. residence multiplied by percent English use outside the home). Experiment 1 assessed the perceived relation between English and Spanish vowels. It yielded similar results for the NS groups designated “Low input” (M = 0.2 years of input), “Mid” (M = 1.2 years) and “High” (M = 3.0 years). Experiments 2–4 examined English vowel discrimination, vowel production and consonant discrimination. Apart from a modest improvement in vowel discrimination, these experiments showed little improvement as years of English input increased. One possible explanation for the essentially null finding of this study is that input matters little or not at all when an L2 is learned naturalistically following the closure of a critical period. Another possibility is that adequate native speaker input is crucial for L2 speech learning but the input differences evaluated here were insufficient to yield measurable improvements in performance. We conclude the article by illustrating a new technique that might be used to choose between these competing explanations.
Using naturalistic paradigms to study how adult speakers accommodate infant listeners’ unique processing demands

Communication is inherently social and requires an efficient exchange of complex acoustic cues between individuals. What are the behavioral and neural processes that allow young listeners to understand, couple to, and learn from adult speakers in complex, everyday interactions? In one study, we recorded mothers’ natural speech during play and reading and uncovered a pervasive timbre fingerprint of infant-directed speech (IDS) that generalized across 10 diverse languages. Classification of IDS and adult-directed speech (ADS) was driven by a statistical summary measure that concisely describes the vocal spectrum and could not be explained by pitch alone. In a second study, using dual-brain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we measured the real-time neural dynamics of communication between infants and adults during natural interaction. We found that the infant prefrontal cortex (PFC) tracked several communicative cues, including the adult’s pitch variability, with high temporal precision. Furthermore, infant-adult neural coupling was significantly greater when the members of a dyad interacted with each other than when they performed control tasks. Surprisingly, PFC activation in the infant brain slightly preceded similar activation in the adult brain, which crucially advances our understanding of children’s influence over the accommodative behaviors of the caregivers around them during everyday communication.
A comparison of two algorithms to identify sudden cardiac deaths in computerized databases

Purpose Two previously validated algorithms to identify sudden cardiac death using administrative data showed high positive predictive value. We evaluated the agreement between the algorithms using data from a common source population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the percent agreement between deaths identified by two sudden cardiac death algorithms using Tennessee Medicaid and death certificate data from 2007 through 2014. The source population included all deceased patients aged 18 to 64 years with Medicaid enrollment in the 6 months prior to death. To identify sudden cardiac deaths, algorithm 1 used only hospital/emergency department (ED) claims from encounters at the time of death, and algorithm 2 required death certificates and used claims data for specific exclusion criteria. Results We identified 34 107 deaths in the source population over the study period. The two algorithms identified 4372 potential sudden cardiac deaths: Algorithm 1 identified 3117 (71.3%) and algorithm 2 identified 1715 (39.2%), with 460 (10.5%) deaths identified by both algorithms. Of the deaths identified by algorithm 1, 1943 (62.3%) had an underlying cause of death not specified in algorithm 2. Of the deaths identified by algorithm 2, 1053 (61.4%) had no record of a hospital or ED encounter at the time of death, and 202 (11.8%) had a discharge diagnosis code not specified in algorithm 1. Conclusions We found low agreement between the two algorithms for identification of sudden cardiac deaths because of differences in sudden cardiac death definitions and data sources.
Consumers Adoption of Virtual Fitting Rooms: Antecedents and Moderating Factors

Despite its significant growth and utilization, online shopping bears great risk concerns among consumers, mainly due to limited product information available for consumers to make complete product assessment, including product fit. Recent advances in virtual technologies have made it possible for consumers to virtually try on products before purchase. Using a mix of advanced virtual simulation technologies, virtual fitting rooms (VFR) can comparatively translate in-store fitting experiences to the online environment by simulating sensory elements into realistic visuals, reshaping consumers’ online shopping experiences through additional functional and experiential values. However, researchers claimed that these values, which represent consumers’ knowledge, cannot be perceived unless novel technologies become accessible and visible in the marketplace. At the current stage, VFRs are not yet widely implemented in many countries and are still considered in the early stage of adoption. While South Korea and China were both observed offering relatively more technology applications in the retail industry, the level of technology applications and adoptions differs between the two countries due to their different infrastructure and culture values. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of technology visibility and subsequent perceptions of VFRs on consumers’ adoption intention toward VFRs. Also, the differences between Chinese and Korean consumers were examined to account the different culture influence.
Racial and Geographic Disparities in Internet Use in the U.S. Among Patients With Hypertension or Diabetes: Implications for Telehealth in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created challenges for the provision of care for patients with diabetes. Increased physical distancing may worsen the preexisting disease burden and lead to progressively worse outcomes as a result of inadequate outpatient follow-up (1). In such an environment, the telehealth model may offer a valuable solution. However, there may be disparities in access to the internet, especially among individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions and minority patients, which may affect the implementation of the telehealth model. We aimed to assess 1 ) the disparities in internet access among those with hypertension or diabetes versus those without, 2 ) the disparities in internet access among Blacks and Hispanics compared with Whites, and 3 ) the extent of such disparities across the U.S. states. We used data from the 2016 to 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a nationwide telephone-based questionnaire administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention among a random sample of U.S. adults regarding health-related behaviors, chronic health conditions, and the use of preventive services, to identify patients ≥18 years who reported having hypertension or diabetes (2). Participants were considered to have used the internet if they answered “Yes” to the question, “Have you used the internet in the past 30 days?” We analyzed these cross-sectional data using survey weights for BRFSS to account for the survey design. We used logistic regression models to study the association between hypertension, diabetes, race, and internet use …
Towards a More Inclusive Accounting Academy

This essay provides descriptive evidence on the state of underrepresented minority (“URM”) PhD faculty in the accounting academy. The number of URMs in the accounting academy has almost tripled since the inception of The PhD Project in 1994. Despite that growth, the proportion of URM faculty in the academy remains less than 5% of all accounting PhD faculty. More than 60% of the URM faculty earn their PhDs at research-intensive institutions, however, these institutions do not generally employ accounting URM PhDs. Moreover, the employment rate for accounting URM PhDs at the nation’s top ranked universities and MBA programs remains low. URM accounting faculty representation in leadership roles at accounting journals and the American Accounting Association is also low relative to their numbers in the academy. Although URM faculty are largely excluded from leadership roles, they have made contributions to accounting research that are on par with productivity metrics for all accounting faculty (e.g., publishing 354 articles of which 126 appear in the top 3 elite accounting journals and over 200 in the top 6 (‘A') journals in the field). As the first report on the state of the academy, this essay provides a review of relevant existing literature and offers suggestions for future research on URM accounting faculty. This essay also includes recommendations for improving the recruitment and retention of URM accounting faculty, and transparency in the publication process aimed at achieving greater inclusiveness in the accounting academy.
Effect of iron therapy on serum ferritin levels in iron-deficiency anemia

The level of serum ferritin is a reliable indicator of body iron stores. Exceptions include liver disease, malignant diseases, and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. The latter was noted in iron-deficient infants who showed a rise of serum ferritin to normal levels in the first week of treatment. To evaluate this in adults, 14 patients with iron-deficiency anemia were studied prior to and after beginning treatment with oral ferrous sulfate in standard dose, 300 mg t.i.d., or double dose, 600 mg t.i.d. Serum ferritin was assayed by radioimmunoassay. No rise occurred in the first 3 wk in 5 patients treated with standard dose, although hematologic response occurred. With double dose, 7 of 9 showed a ferritin rise in 2 days with return to subnormal levels within 6 days of discontinuing iron. This study indicates that standard treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults does not cause a rise in serum ferritin until hemoglobin levels are normal. The early rise seen with double dose is most likely due to absorption of iron in excess of utilization for erythropoiesis resulting in temporary storage. When iron is discontinued, stores are rapidly depleted as reflected by the prompt decrease in serum ferritin.
Assisted ventilation immediately after birth with self-inflating bag versus T-piece resuscitator in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE To compare proportions of target range tidal volumes achieved with the self-inflating bag vs. the T-piece in resuscitation of preterm newborns at delivery. STUDY DESIGN This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary Children's Hospital. 20 preterm infants≤32 weeks' gestational age with no congenital anomalies who needed positive pressure ventilation after birth were enrolled. Positive pressure ventilation was provided with the self-inflating bag or T-piece resuscitator. The primary outcome was proportion of inflations within a target range of 4-8 ml/kg. Chi-square and logistical regression analyses were performed. RESULTS In the self-inflating bag (SIB) group 29% of inflations (117/419) and in the T-Piece (TP) group 51% of inflations (300/590) delivered expiratory tidal volume (TVe) of 4-8 ml/kg (p 8 ml/kg (p = 0.18). The OR of having expiratory tidal volume of 4-8 ml/kg using the T-piece was 1.8 (CI 1.1-3.1), p = 0.02. CONCLUSION Manual inflations provided by the TP deliver expiratory tidal volumes in the range of 4-8 ml/kg more consistently than SIB.
The Influence of Friends on Teen Vaping: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Vaping is popular among adolescents. Previous research has explored sources of information and influence on youth vaping, including marketing, ads, family, peers, social media, and the internet. This research endeavors to expand understanding of peer influence. Our hypothesis is that friends’ influence on teen vapers’ first electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use varies by demographic variables and awareness of ENDS advertising. In August–October 2017, youth (n = 3174) aged 13–18 completed an online survey to quantify ENDS behaviors and attitudes and were invited to participate in follow-up online research in November-December 2017 to probe qualitative context around perceptions and motivations (n = 76). This analysis focused on the ENDS users, defined as having ever tried any ENDS product, from the survey (n = 1549) and the follow-up research (n = 39). Among survey respondents, friends were the most common source of vapers’ first ENDS product (60%). Most survey respondents tried their first ENDS product while “hanging out with friends” (54%). Among follow-up research participants, the theme of socializing was also prominent. ENDS advertising and marketing through social media had a strong association with friend networks; in fact, the odds of friends as source of the first vaping experience were 2 times higher for those who had seen ENDS ads on social media compared with other types of media. The influence of friends is particularly evident among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics/Latinos, those living in urban areas, those living in high-income households, those with higher self-esteem, and those who experiment with vaping. These findings support the premise that peer influence is a primary social influencer and reinforcer for vaping. Being included in a popular activity appears to be a strong driving force.
Democratizing the Dispute: An Assessment of Democratization, Issue Salience, and Territorial Dispute Resolution

Using dispute-year data from the Issues Correlates of War project, I argue that democratization can greatly impact states’ decisions to attempt to resolve their territorial disputes. Over 85% of the time, states engaged in a territorial dispute do not attempt to resolve it any manner. The territory does not change so some other factor must change to drive the decision to engage in the rare event of attempting resolution. One such shock is a change in political regime. I further argue that democratization and issue salience are linked, and the level of issue salience greatly impacts the willingness of a newly democratic regime to attempt to settle their territorial disputes. Democratization creates a window of opportunity for states to attempt to resolve their territorial disputes, but only if the salience of the issue allows for the regime to find a worthwhile settlement to sell to their populations.
Offshore pipeline integrity assessment considering material and parametric uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents a methodology that integrates the semi-empirical corrosion models with probabilistic analysis to study steel structural failure behavior considering material and parametric uncertainties. The semi-empirical models are used to assess the asset’s susceptibility, system degradation rate, and defect growth over time under harsh corrosive environment. The developed model is translated into a limit state function in a probabilistic framework to define the asset’s safe operating envelope. The probabilistic framework is simulated considering the variations in the material properties of steel grades, corrosion response parameters, and types of susceptibility models. The variabilities in the ultimate tensile strength, operating pressure, and wall thickness exhibit the highest contributions to pipeline failure behavior in a harsh offshore environment. It is also observed that the failure probability of the pipeline increases with an increase in the coefficient of variation at the lower bound of failure, while it decreases at the upper bound of failure. The coefficient of variation for the tensile strength shows a 32.2% (the highest) impact on the limit state function performance as the year of exposure progresses. The proposed approach offers a systematic framework for an appropriate material selection and risk-based integrity management strategy for offshore structures, including pipelines.
Modeling of PRML timing loop as a Kalman filter

This paper demonstrates the equivalence between the timing loop used in the partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) disk-drive channel and a modified Kalman filter. The Kalman filter is shown to reach a steady-state gain that corresponds to the timing loop when in its steady-state tracking mode. The dependence of the steady-state gain on the noise and physical properties of the loop is investigated. The timing loop is then optimized using the properties of the Kalman filter.
Sense of community and positive adult beliefs toward adolescents and youth policy in urban neighborhoods and small cities

Understanding adult beliefs about adolescents is an emerging issue for researchers and policy-makers. The purposes of this study were to describe adult beliefs regarding the motivation and ability of young people to contribute to their communities, and to test the hypothesis that adults with a strong sense of community would have more positive views of young people and youth policies. Two samples of adults—a race/ethnically diverse population from an urban northeast city (N = 321) and a more homogeneous population from smaller cities in a midwest state (N = 430)—were queried through telephone interviews. Parallel analyses were conducted to compare the pattern of results across the 2 distinct populations. In both samples, upwards to 60% of adults had moderate-to-strong appraisals of adolescents as community resources. Adults from the midwest, however, tended to have more favorable beliefs about adolescents. Adult beliefs about adolescents and youth policy were largely independent of sociodemographic background. In contrast, and as predicted, adult sense of community and safety accounted most significantly for individual variation in beliefs in both populations. The results indicate that society may be receptive to a new frame of reference about young people, and that local efforts to build a sense of community among adults may result in more positive beliefs about adolescents.
Selective application of a total variation diminishing term to an implicit method for two-dimensional flow modelling

An implicit method with selective total variation diminishing (TVD) term inclusion was developed and used to find solutions to the shallow water equations (SWEs) for free-surface flows in natural and engineered channels. The conservative form of the SWEs was employed, and the method incorporated an algorithm for selectively underrelaxing the iterative process to maintain stability and accuracy in the presence of shock interfaces. The value of the Courant number and the frequency at which the TVD term was incorporated were constantly updated during the computation to achieve optimal speed of execution while maintaining stability. The method was tested against published results from physical experiments and from computations employing alternative algorithms, and the results obtained demonstrate both the economy and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
pH control using a heuristic model: a pilot scale demonstration

In-line control of pH has been experimentally demonstrated using a heuristic model within the controller structure.
X-Ray Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei

HEAO 1 A2 and Einstein SSS spectral observations of Seyfert galaxies and BL Lac objects suggest that in both cases, the X-ray emission is due to relativistic particles. The five BL Lac objects have very soft spectra and at higher energies (above 10 keV) may have hard tails. Combining our X-ray data with radio, infrared, optical, and ultraviolet observations, we can fit the BL Lac spectra with the familiar synchrotron self-Compton model if we allow for relativistic beaming (Urry and Mushotzky 1982, Urry et al. 1982). We show that Doppler beaming of an underlying (Seyfert-like) source population flattens the observed luminosity function, and we emphasize that the relative numbers of BL Lacs and quasars in given spectral intervals are strong functions of selection effects, the degree of Doppler beaming, and the form of the intrinsic luminosity function.
The laboratory diagnosis of platelet disorders.

Abstract Objective.—To provide both a detailed description of the laboratory tests available in the diagnosis of platelet disorders and a testing algorithm, based on platelet count, that can be used to direct the evaluation of platelet disorders. Data Sources.—A literature search was conducted using the National Library of Medicine database. Study Selection.—The literature on laboratory testing of platelet function was reviewed. Data Extraction and Data Synthesis.—Based on the literature review, an algorithm for platelet testing was developed. Conclusions.—A history of mucocutaneous bleeding often indicates abnormal platelet function that can be associated with a normal, increased, or decreased platelet count. Multiple laboratory procedures can now be used to determine the underlying pathologic condition of platelet dysfunction when other deficiencies or defects of the coagulation cascade or fibrinolysis are ruled out. Simple procedures, such as platelet count, peripheral blood smear, and a platelet funct...
Health promotion for the mind, body, and spirit: a college course for older adults with dementia.

This article describes a pilot study of an experimental college course for individuals with newly diagnosed dementia, with a focus on teaching methods for promoting and maintaining optimal health. Community involvement included recruitment by the local Alzheimer?s Association chapter and an off-campus site at a local assisted living center with easy access for the students. Course topics covered over the 10-week period, included modules on: physical and cognitive fitness, nutrition, recreation, communication, understanding the disease process, depression, coping, relationships, and driving issues. Stress, depression, self- efficacy, and self-esteem were evaluated both prior to and after the 10-week course. Providing education early in the course of the disease, empowers the older adult student and provides an element of personal control and dignity. The course also attempts to prevent future problems by teaching new habits and lifestyles early in the disease process. Attempts to change habits and behavior later in the course of the disease often fail due to the difficulty of learning new behaviors.
A framework for mapping between “living” muscle model parameters and systems biology data for muscle tissue

Striated muscle represents a unique type of actuator in that it depends on living tissue. Models of muscle have historically focused on the role of actuator, using properties that do not adapt over time. This paper extends the foundation of Hill-based muscle models by considering muscle as a tissue composed of well-mixed composite materials (at the level of fascicle), and identifies three specific classes of protein families that occupy functional space functional space: excitation→activation; mechanical attachment/transmission, and myo-energy supply. Typically parameters describing nonlinear muscle properties have been estimated either directly or based on anthropometry and fiber composition. Here we develop a framework for augmenting such estimation through mapping to the up/down-regulation of specific proteins and their transcripts. While useful for establishing a framework for "living" muscle models that can evolve, it also provides an attractive approach for helping interpret high-throughput systems biology data, especially muscle tissue biopsies from studies that target interventional tasks and/or myo-disorders.
Virtue Ethics as a Resource in Business

This article provides an account of virtues as praiseworthy traits of character with a far-reaching capacity to influence conduct. Virtues supply their possessors both with good reasons that indicate, for diverse contexts, what sort of thing should be done and with motivation to do them. This motivational power of virtue is crucial for the question of what kind of person, or businessperson, one wants to be. The article shows how the contrast between virtue ethics and rule ethics is often drawn too sharply and indicates how virtue theories can incorporate both theoretical and practical uses of rules. More generally, it shows how a virtue orientation affects attitudes in management practices and how an understanding of certain virtues can help in making better decisions, both ethically and in relation to success in business.
A model investigation of the impact of increases in anthropogenic NOx emissions between 1967 and 1980 on tropospheric ozone

The impact of anthropogenic NOx emission on tropospheric ozone has been investigated. Two statistical models were used for estimating annual global emissions of NOx and for driving the trend in the emission for the years 1966-1980. Both models show a steady increase in the NOx emission, except for two brief periods of leveling off: after 1973 and after 1978. The impact was estimated by calculating the rates of emissions as functions of latitude, longitude, and year, with a one-dimensional (latitudinal) model, which included coupled tropospheric photochemistry and diffusive meridional transport. Steady-state photochemical calculations with prescribed NOx emissions appropriate for 1966 and 1980 indicate an ozone increase of 8-11 percent in the Northern Hemisphere, a result compatible with the rise in ozone suggested by the observations.
INHIBITION OF BILE ACID CONJUGATION BY CYCLOSPORIN A

Each of the two steps involved in bile acid conjugation was tested in vitro for its sensitivity to inhibition by cyclosporin A (CsA). Bile acid-CoA: glycine/taurine N-acyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the second step, was tested and found to be insensitive to inhibition by 20 microM CsA. Bile acid:CoA ligase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step, was found to be inhibited by 25% at 10 microM CsA in the standard assay. The inhibition was competitive vs. bile acid and noncompetitive vs. ATP, and uncompetitive vs. CoA. CsA was also found to interfere with the divalent cation requirement of the enzyme at low concentrations of Mg2+ the maximum inhibition was 70%. The maximum inhibition obtainable at physiologic Mg2+ concentration was 40%. The extent of inhibition was presumably limited by the insolubility of CsA. At concentrations of CsA reached in vivo during drug therapy, CsA can be expected to significantly inhibit bile acid conjugation.
The reactivity of B12 cofactors: the proteins make a difference

Determination of the structure of intact methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii, and comparisons with the structure of the cobalamin-binding fragment of methionine synthase from Escherichia coli, afford a first glimpse at the similarities and distinctions between the two principal classes of B12-dependent enzymes: the mutases and the methyltransferases.
A Framework for Conducting Research on Collaborative Teacher Education.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for conducting research on teacher education programmes that practise collaboration between special and general education faculty to advance inclusion. Such a framework can establish a common language for collaborative teacher education and provide a structure for conducting research on individual programmes as well as cross-site comparisons. It is based on the assumption that collaboration represents a robust, systematic integration of special and general education across all aspects of the preservice curriculum. The proposed framework includes three collaborative program models and five programme dimensions.
Image Analyses of Two Crustacean Exoskeletons and Implications of the Exoskeletal Microstructure on the Mechanical Behavior

The microstructures of exoskeletons from Homarus americanus (American lobster) and Callinectes sapidus (Atlantic blue crab) were investigated to elucidate the mechanical behavior of such biological composites. Image analyses of the cross-sectioned exoskeletons showed that the two species each have three well-defined regions across the cuticle thickness where the two innermost regions (exocuticle and endocuticle) are load bearing. These regions consist of mineralized chitin fibers aligned in layers, where a gradual rotation of the fiber orientation of the layers results in repeating stacks. The exocuticle and endocuticle of the two species have similar morphology, but different thicknesses, number of layers, and number of stacks. Mechanics-based analyses showed that the morphology of the layered structure corresponds to a nearly isotropic structure. The cuticles are inter-stitched with pore canal fibers, running transversely to the layered structure. Mechanics-based analyses suggested that the pore canal fibers increase the interlaminar strength of the exoskeleton.
The Effect of Partial Rostral Hemimandibulectomy on Mandibular Mobility and Temporomandibular Joint Morphology in the Dog

Partial rostral hemimandibulectomy was performed in 10 adult dogs. The temporomandibular joints (TMJs) were examined radiographically and tomographically before surgery, and mandibular stability was evaluated before and immediately after surgery. Radiographic, tomographic, and hemimandibular mobility assessments were made again at months 3 and 6. The TMJs were examined grossly and histologically in five dogs euthanatized at month 3 and in five dogs euthanatized at month 6. Statistically significant hemimandibular instability (p less than 0.05) persisted in all subjects throughout the study. The radiographic appearance of the joints remained unaltered; however, space asymmetry was identified in postoperative tomograms of three dogs at month 3 and four dogs at month 6. The TMJs were grossly normal at necropsy. Histologically, there were degenerative changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone in all of the joints. The authors conclude that partial rostral hemimandibulectomy causes TMJ degeneration, as a consequence of hemimandibular instability or abnormal loading, or both.
Some problems of occipital alpha block in man.

Abstract (1) Experiments were carried out in 10 human subjects to try to evaluate the relative importance of visual attentiveness, a patterned visual input, oculomotor control functions and mental effort with respect to attenuation of the occipital alpha rhythm. (2) Alpha rhythm was almost completely blocked when alert subjects were involved in reading even when the near triad of accommodation had been experimentally eliminated or minimized. Thus ‘visual attentiveness’ alone is sufficient to block the alpha rhythm. (3) Visual sensory detail alone was not a sufficient stimulus to block the alpha rhythm, even though accompanied by saccadic movements. Rather it is the attentiveness to the detail which blocks the alpha rhythm. (4) Progressively more difficult mental effort, as in serial multiplication, eventually led to an attenuation of the alpha rhythm. A sustained type of mental effort such as blindfold chess led to an initial attenuation of the alpha rhythm followed by a gradual return after the first few minutes of play to resting eyes closed levels. However, during periods in which subjects claimed that they required exceptional increases in mental effort, the alpha rhythm again became attenuated. The possible significance of alpha block is discussed.
Contralesional motor deficits after unilateral stroke reflect hemisphere-specific control mechanisms

We have proposed a model of motor lateralization, in which the left and right hemispheres are specialized for different aspects of motor control: the left hemisphere for predicting and accounting for limb dynamics and the right hemisphere for stabilizing limb position through impedance control mechanisms. Our previous studies, demonstrating different motor deficits in the ipsilesional arm of stroke patients with left or right hemisphere damage, provided a critical test of our model. However, motor deficits after stroke are most prominent on the contralesional side. Post-stroke rehabilitation has also, naturally, focused on improving contralesional arm impairment and function. Understanding whether contralesional motor deficits differ depending on the hemisphere of damage is, therefore, of vital importance for assessing the impact of brain damage on function and also for designing rehabilitation interventions specific to laterality of damage. We, therefore, asked whether motor deficits in the contralesional arm of unilateral stroke patients reflect hemisphere-dependent control mechanisms. Because our model of lateralization predicts that contralesional deficits will differ depending on the hemisphere of damage, this study also served as an essential assessment of our model. Stroke patients with mild to moderate hemiparesis in either the left or right arm because of contralateral stroke and healthy control subjects performed targeted multi-joint reaching movements in different directions. As predicted, our results indicated a double dissociation; although left hemisphere damage was associated with greater errors in trajectory curvature and movement direction, errors in movement extent were greatest after right hemisphere damage. Thus, our results provide the first demonstration of hemisphere specific motor control deficits in the contralesional arm of stroke patients. Our results also suggest that it is critical to consider the differential deficits induced by right or left hemisphere lesions to enhance post-stroke rehabilitation interventions.
THE CORRELATION OF URODYNAMIC FINDINGS WITH CRANIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

AbstractPurpose: To our knowledge there are no studies of the correlation between urinary complaints or urodynamics findings in multiple sclerosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. We investigated the correlation of urodynamic results in multiple sclerosis patients with voiding complaints to the cranial MRI findings. We also sought to correlate urodynamic results in these patients with International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS).Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed urodynamic results and cranial MRI findings in 90 multiple sclerosis patients (64 women, 26 men, mean age 44.5 years) with voiding complaints. The most recent urodynamic study and cranial MRI for each patient were reviewed. The interval between the 2 studies and MRI was no more than 6 months. Detrusor contractions were categorized as areflexic, hyporeflexic, hyperreflexic or hyperreflexic with impaired contractility. The presence of impaired compliance or detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia was recorded. The cran...
A METHOD FOR TITRATING ENDOTOXIC ACTIVITY IN THE SKIN OF RABBITS

The primary inflammatory response of rabbits to intradermal injection of bacterial products has been used as the basis of a sensitive assay for endotoxins. Injection of materials into the skin of the lateral surfaces, rather than the ventral surface of the abdomen, was essential. The method was evaluated by comparison with the mouse toxicity test. Statistical examination revealed an excellent correlation between the mean threshold dose for producing skin lesions in rabbits (SLD50) and the median lethal dose for mice (LD50). For potent endotoxins (LD50 = 0.2–0.3 mg.) the skin test dose was about one-thousandth of the lethal dose for mice. Thereafter the LD50 increased in the proportion of about 0.3 mg. per 1 µg. increase in SLD50. The method of testing was devised for endotoxins prepared in various ways from Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhosa but was directly applicable to endotoxins from several other species of enteric Gram-negative bacteria.