cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context effects: classroom tests and context independence.

Contextual dependence has been hypothesized to influence classroom test performance such that taking a test away from the lecture room should lead to lower test scores (Abernethy, 1940). We studied the performances of students who took typical college tests in rooms different from the lecture rooms and made comparisons to classmates who remained in the lecture rooms. No statistically reliable effects were found in 21 such comparisons in seven courses. Although contextual dependence has been produced under laboratory control, college classes induce students to decontextualize information. The theoretical utility of contextual associations is based on simpler, more tightly controlled conditions, and generalization to representative situations is an empirical matter.
Positive and negative emotionality: Trajectories across six years and relations with social competence.

The goals of the present study were to examine (1) the mean-level stability and differential stability of children’s positive emotional intensity, negative emotional intensity, expressivity, and social competence from early elementary school-aged to early adolescence, and (2) the associations between the trajectories of children’s emotionality and social functioning. Using four waves of longitudinal data (with assessments 2 years apart), parents and teachers of children (199 kindergarten through third grade children at the first assessment) rated children’s emotion-related responding and social competence. For all constructs, there was evidence of mean-level decline with age and stability in individual differences in rank ordering. Based on age-centered growth-to-growth curve analyses, the results indicated that children who had a higher initial status on positive emotional intensity, negative emotional intensity, and expressivity had a steeper decline in their social skills across time. These findings provide insight into the stability and association of emotion-related constructs to social competence across the elementary and middle school years.
Variability in comprehension strategy use in children with SLI: a dynamical systems account

The aim was to investigate the stability of comprehension strategy use in children with specific language impairment (SLI). According to principles of Dynamic Systems Theory, behaviour is both unst...
NEAR-INFRARED SENSING OF MANURE NUTRIENTS

The effectiveness of near-infrared (NIR) technology for quickly analyzing the nutrient content of three types of animal manure was evaluated. Swine lagoon effluent, liquid swine pit manure, and solid beef feedlot manure were tested. An NIRSystems 6500 scanning monochromator unit was calibrated against wet chemistry data. Total solids (TS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were measured. Correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.688 to 0.976, Ratios of data range:standard error of prediction (SEP) varied from 7.0 to 13.6 for the various chemical constituents and manure sources. Based on the individual ratios we conclude that NIR techniques will allow us to predict TS, TKN, NH3-N, and K in all three manure types. Further work will be required before P is predictable.
A systematic investigation of quaternary ammonium ions as asymmetric phase-transfer catalysts. Application of quantitative structure activity/selectivity relationships.

Although the synthetic utility of asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis continues to expand, the number of proven catalyst types and design criteria remains limited. At the origin of this scarcity is a lack in understanding of how catalyst structural features affect the rate and enantioselectivity of phase transfer catalyzed reactions. Described in this paper is the development of quantitative structure−activity relationships (QSAR) and −selectivity relationships (QSSR) for the alkylation of a protected glycine imine with libraries of quaternary ammonium ion catalysts. Catalyst descriptors including ammonium ion accessibility, interfacial adsorption affinity, and partition coefficient were found to correlate meaningfully with catalyst activity. The physical nature of the descriptors was rationalized through differing contributions of the interfacial and extraction mechanisms to the reaction under study. The variation in the observed enantioselectivity was rationalized employing a comparative molecular field...
Parameter identification of robot dynamics

This paper presents algorithms for identifying parameters of multi-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm. First, we outline the fundamental properties of the Newton-Euler formulation of robot dynamics from the view point of parameter identification. We then show that the Newton-Euler model which is nonlinear in some of dynamic parameters can be transformed into the equivalent model which is linear in dynamic parameters. We develop both on-line and off-line parameter estimation procedures. To illustrate our approach, we identify the dynamic parameters of the cylindrical robot, and the three degree-of-freedom positioning system of the CMU Direct-Drive Arm II.
Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays

The ability to measure the abundance of many proteins precisely and simultaneously in experimental samples is an important, recent advance for static and dynamic, as well as descriptive and predictive, biological research. The value of multiplexed protein measurement is being established in applications such as comprehensive proteomic surveys, studies of protein networks and pathways, validation of genomic discoveries and clinical biomarker development. As standards do not yet exist that bridge all of these applications, the current recommended best practice for validation of results is to approach study design in an iterative process and to integrate data from several measurement technologies. This review describes current and emerging multiplexed protein measurement technologies and their applications, and discusses the remaining challenges in this field.
Rules and Accounting: Vagueness in Conceptual Frameworks

SYNOPSIS: Rules are fundamental to financial reporting, tax regulation, and auditing processes, and therefore the limitations of rule-based structures are of primary interest to accountants. All rule systems are plagued by the problem of vagueness, which implies that some very important decisions cannot be objectively described as “right” or “wrong,” and must be based on an authority’s judgment. This problem becomes most acute when accounting faces rapid technological changes, financial engineering, creative tax planning, or changes in the way that business is done. If the environment were static, explicit rules could eventually be developed for each category and consulted when making classifications. In contrast, dynamic environments present new problems characterized by vagueness. In this paper, I will review several definitions of vagueness, and show how they are tied to a conceptual framework. In particular, I will discuss the potential roles of verifiability, relevance, and consistency under any feas...
Reminiscence and Consolidation in a Gross Motor Task

It has been proposed by Eysenck (1965) that following massed practice conditions there is a period of consolidation of memory traces after S is no longer performing the learning task. An experiment was carried out attempting to interfere with the consolidation process. The effect of reading aloud' on reminiscence on a motor task was examined in 52 male students. Ss were given 3 learning periods of 5 min. of continuous practice; between learning periods, there was a 5-min. rest interval during which S was given either an experimental condition of reading or a control condition. It was found that the amount of reminiscence did not differ significantly under control and experimental conditions.
Oxygen ordering and chain formation in YBa2Cu3Oz

A distinctive aspect of the thermodynamic properties of YBa2Cu3Oz is the basal-plane oxygen ordering which leads to the formation of Cu-O chains and the development of orthorhombic phases. Theoretically, this phenomenon may be explained in terms of an Ising Hamiltonian with two types of second-neighbor interactions (ASYNNNI model). This symmetry breaking and ground-state degeneracy lead to kinetically arrested multi-domain structures. This paper reports new simulation results for these mesoscopic features, with specific emphasis on the effects of dopants, elastic deformation, and possible structural phase separation.
Tobacco control research: a journey of discovery in prevention and cessation.

My personal journey as a tobacco researcher started at the University of Northern Colorado where I was an assistant professor of psychology and helped a student with his master's thesis study on "rapid smoking." This therapy is a format of aversion counterconditioning, the purpose being to turn the previously pleasant experience of smoking into an aversive event. Subjects were asked to puff on their usual brand of cigarette every 6 seconds, and my job was to call out "smoke" to prompt the participant at the end of each interval. My first subject was puffing away on schedule, and within a few minutes he was turning blue, and I was dying from all of the smoke in the small unventilated clinic room. He grew suddenly nauseated and threw up as I grabbed the wastebasket, unprepared for this event. That was my introduction to tobacco cessation research. During my 30 years in the field, I have witnessed many changes. We have made significant progress in reducing the prevalence of tobacco use, yet it remains the number one preventable cause of death in the United States, implicated in over 430,000 deaths annually.''^ Each day, more than 3000 children and adolescents join the nearly 25% of adults who smoke cigarettes or use smokeless tobacco products.^ This paper will share personal perspectives about shifts in the focus and content
Update on the pathology of dystonia.

Abstract Dystonia is a clinical syndrome with sustained muscle contraction, twisting, and abnormal postures. A number of different genetic forms have been defined, but most cases are sporadic in nature and of uncertain cause. Relatively few cases of dystonia have been studied pathologically. In primary dystonias, where dystonia is the main symptom, most reports describe little or no detectable neuropathology, although changes in brainstem neurons have been described in some cases. Secondary dystonias are associated with degenerative or destructive diseases of the nervous system; the pathology may be located in the basal ganglia, but in some cases the primary pathological changes are found in the cerebellum or cerebellar outflow pathways, suggesting that both regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of dystonic symptoms. Overall the number of well-documented pathological cases available for study is few, and there is an urgent need for additional postmortem studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Advances in dystonia”.
A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Failure in Fibrous Composites

Abstract This paper presents a review of the fracture processes which occur in brittle thermosetting resins containing long strong fibers of carbon, boron and glass. Important material variables affecting the fracture behavior of the fibrous composite include fiber strength and strength of the fiber-matrix interface. Other parameters which must be considered include component geometry, environment, loading mode and nondestructive inspection capability. The effects of microstructural features including fiber volume fraction, together with a consideration of the fiber-resin interface are discussed in relation to the fracture stress and toughness of the composite material. The influence of the fiber-resin interface and environment on slow crack growth in carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin is also reviewed.
Measurement of dissociation.

Dissociation, a failure to integrate thoughts, feelings, and actions into consciousness, has been hypothesized to be the mechanism by which classical "hysterical" phenomena (e.g., trance states, conversion symptoms, multiple personality) are produced. With the exception of a recent article by Bernstein and Putnam (J Nerv Ment Dis 174:727-735, 1986), no standardized techniques are available to study or quantify this construct. A scale, the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation, has been developed and extensively tested in the general population. The QED demonstrates good reliability and validity and is offered as an alternate assessment technique for the study of dissociation.
Conformational analysis of 3-(Trimethylsilyl)propionic acid by NMR spectroscopy : An unusual expression of the β-silyl effect

The rotational freedom of the carbon−carbon single bonds of 1,2-disubstituted ethanes affords the possibility of these compounds existing as a rapidly interconverting mixture of conformers in solution. The conformational preferences of one such compound, 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic acid, and its anion were studied in water, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene with ^1H NMR spectroscopy. The conformational preferences were determined from the vicinal proton−proton coupling constants between the hydrogen nuclei of the CH_2CH_2 group with the aid of the Altona equations to derive the equilibrium anti and gauche percentages of rotamers from the averaged NMR−time scale couplings. Conformational analyses of 4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid and its anion as well as -(trimethylsilyl)ethanesulfonate anion were also conducted to compare the relative structural influences on the conformational preferences of silicon and carbon.
The effects of phosphorylating conditions on tyrosine hydroxylase activity are influenced by assay conditiong and brain region

Abstract Using the supernatant fraction of rat brain homogenates, we investigated several variables which appear to be important in studies of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. These included the type and pH of the assay buffer, cofactor concentration, and brain region. We observed that the pH optimum for TH activity assayed in Tris-acetate buffer varied with brain region. Among the regions examined, the optima ranged from pH 5.7 (striatum) to pH 6.2 (hippocampus). Similar results were obtained using MES buffer, although TH activity was reduced at certain pH values. The pH optimum was not correlated with the relative proportions of norepinephrine and dopamine in these brain regions. In the presence of a subsaturating concentration of cofactor, incubation of TH under cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylating conditions increased TH activity significantly in both striatum and hippocampus. The increase in TH activity produced by phosphorylating conditions was most pronounced at pH values above the pH optimum. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for in vitro measurement of alterations in TH activity.
Feeding by marine fish larvae: developmental and functional responses

The relationship between prey consumption rate and prey concentration (functional response), and its change with growth (developmental response) were examined in the laboratory for three species of marine fish larvae: bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli (Engraulidae), sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis (Sparidae) and lined sole Achirus lineatus (Soleidae). The major objective was to determine relative predatory abilities of the larvae by fitting feeding rate data to developmental and functional response models. Feeding success, prey capture success, attack rates, handling times and search rates were estimated. Prey consumption rates and attack rates of bay anchovy usually were highest, but at the lowest prey level (50 per liter) first-feeding sea bream larvae had the highest consumption rate. Sea bream could consume prey at near-maximum rates at prey levels lower than those required by the other species. As larvae grew, time searching per attack decreased rapidly for all species, especially at low prey levels. Handling time also decreased, but most rapidly for bay anchovy. Search rates were highest for bay anchovy and lowest for lined sole. Bay anchovy had the best apparent predation ability, but when previous results on larval growth rates, survival rates and growth efficiencies were considered, sea bream larvae were the most efficient predators and the least likely of the three species to be limited by low prey levels.
Contribution of Translational and Rotational Motions to Molecular Association in Aqueous Solution

Much uncertainty and controversy exist regarding the estimation of the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of overall translational and rotational motions of solute molecules in aqueous solutions, quantities that are crucial to the understanding of molecular association/recognition processes and structure-based drug design. A critique of the literature on this topic is given that leads to a classification of the various views. The major stumbling block to experimentally determining the translational/rotational enthalpy and entropy is the elimination of vibrational perturbations from the measured effects. A solution to this problem, based on a combination of energy equi-partition and enthalpy-entropy compensation, is proposed and subjected to verification. This method is then applied to analyze experimental data on the dissociation/unfolding of dimeric proteins. For one translational/rotational unit at 1 M standard state in aqueous solution, the results for enthalpy (H degrees (tr)), entropy (S degrees (tr)), and free energy (G degrees (tr)) are H (degrees) (tr) = 4.5 +/- 1.5RT, S (degrees) (tr) = 5 +/- 4R, and G (degrees) (tr) = 0 +/- 5RT. Therefore, the overall translational and rotational motions make negligible contribution to binding affinity (free energy) in aqueous solutions at 1 M standard state.
Nitric oxide amplifies the rat electroretinogram.

It is well established that nitric oxide (NO) participates in retinal signal processing through stimulation of its receptor enzyme, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). However, under pathological conditions such as uveoretinitis, diabetic or ischemic retinopathy, elevated NO concentrations may cause protein S-nitrosation and peroxynitrite formation in the retina, promoting cellular injury and apoptosis. Previous electroretinogram (ERG) studies demonstrated deleterious effects of NO on the retinal light response, but showed no evidence for a role in normal signal processing. To better understand the function of NO in ocular physiology, we investigated the effects of exogenous NO, produced by NO donors with different release kinetics, on the flash ERG of the rat. Within a limited concentration range, NO strongly amplified ERG a- and b-waves, oscillatory potentials, and the scotopic threshold response. Amplification exceeded 100% under dark adaptation, whereas the photopic ERG and the isolated cone response were increased by less than 50%. Blocking photoreceptor-bipolar cell synapses by AP-4 demonstrated a significant increase of the isolated a-wave by NO, and modeling the ERG generator PIII supported photoreceptors as primary NO targets. The sGC inhibitors ODQ and NS2028 did not reduce NO-dependent ERG amplification, ruling out an involvement of the classical NO effector cyclic GMP. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that illumination and exogenous NO altered the S-nitrosation level of the photoreceptor layer, suggesting that direct protein modifications caused by elevated levels of NO may be responsible for the observed phenomenon.
Peyronie's disease: Review and recent advances

Peyronie's disease is an incurable, sexually debilitating fibrotic disease of the penis that results in penile curvature, coital failure, and significant psychological stress for patients and their partners. Appropriate treatment should be individualized and tailored to the patient's goals and expectations, disease history, physical exam findings, and erectile function. While medical treatments exist, there is little evidence to support their use. High-quality data supporting more recent advances in injectable therapies, interferon α-2b and collagenase clostridium histolyticum, show great promise for their application. Once the disease has stabilized, surgical correction is also an excellent option for patients with significant Peyronie's disease accompanied by functional impairment. Outcomes are satisfactory when proper treatment decisions are made, with the goal being expected return to normal sexual function following treatment.
Erythropoietin neuroprotection in neonatal cardiac surgery: a phase I/II safety and efficacy trial.

Objectives Neonates undergoing complex congenital heart surgery have a significant incidence of neurologic problems. Erythropoietin has antiapoptotic, antiexcitatory, and anti-inflammatory properties to prevent neuronal cell death in animal models, and improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in full-term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. We designed a prospective phase I/II trial of erythropoietin neuroprotection in neonatal cardiac surgery to assess safety and indicate efficacy. Methods Neonates undergoing surgery for D-transposition of the great vessels, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or aortic arch reconstruction were randomized to 3 perioperative doses of erythropoietin or placebo. Neurodevelopmental testing using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III was performed at age 12 months. Results Fifty-nine patients received the study drug. Safety profile, including magnetic resonance imaging brain injury, clinical events, and death, was not different between groups. Three patients in each group died. Forty-two patients (22 in the erythropoietin group and 20 in the placebo group; 79% of survivors) returned for 12-month follow-up. In the group receiving erythropoietin, mean Cognitive Scale scores were 101.1 ± 13.6, Language Scale scores were 88.5 ± 12.8, and Motor Scale scores were 89.9 ± 12.3. In the group receiving placebo, Cognitive Scale scores were 106.3 ± 10.8 ( P = .19), Language Scores were 92.4 ± 12.4 ( P = .33), and Motor Scale scores were 92.6 ± 14.1 ( P = .51). Conclusions Safety profile for erythropoietin administration was not different than placebo. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were not different between groups; however, this pilot study was not powered to definitively address this outcome. Lessons learned suggest optimized study design features for a larger prospective trial to definitively address the utility of erythropoietin for neuroprotection in this population.
Capsule endoscopy indications

Commentary Capsule endoscopy (CE) is an exciting new advance in GI-tract imaging. It has expanded our view to include the small bowel, which was historically inaccessible to traditional endoscopes. This unique technology has caught the interest of the public and the lay press. Although its best-defined role is in small-bowel imaging in patients with obscure GI bleeding, other indications are emerging. Dr Glenn Eisen has reviewed the current status of the small-bowel capsule and its newer relative, the esophageal capsule. Current and potential future indications for these exciting technologies are discussed. – Grace H. Elta, MD, Editor
A fast pseudo-time integration scheme for the solution of the steady transonic flow problem

Abstract The solution of potential equations for steady transonic flows using the finite element method has been investigated [1, 2]. It was shown that an iterative solution of the resulting equations involved the numerical integration of a system of equations with respect to a pseudo-time parameter. To study the convergence characteristics of these equations, an approximate pseudo-time dependent equation describing the behaviour of the errors in the supersonic flow region is obtained. Since neither the initial error distribution nor the final steady-state value of error is known in advance, the cases of ramp type and exponential type of initial error distributions are investigated where it is assumed that the final steady-state value is a specified function of error distribution. The numerical results obtained from the solution of the model equation for errors and from the solution of full potential equation for the flow around a NACA0012 airfoil are presented to discuss convergence characteristics.
The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of repeated cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate (FHR) characteristics. METHODS: Fifteen chronic smokers who were between 28 and 36 weeks’ gestation were evaluated during an 8-hour smoking session. Baseline FHR and reactivity were evaluated before an initial cigarette and 4 hours later (after the fourth cigarette), when the effects of smoking on FHR were expected to be maximal. Plasma nicotine was measured at baseline and repeated at times of fetal monitoring. RESULTS: Subjects smoked a mean ± standard deviation of 22 ± 6 cigarettes per day. They abstained from smoking for 9.2 ± 3.2 hours before evaluation. The initial baseline FHR was 134 ± 9 beats per minute versus 135 ± 11 beats per minute after the fourth cigarette (P = .17). Plasma nicotine increased from 2.6 ± 5.6 ng/mL to 24 ± 9.9 ng/mL after the fourth cigarette (P < .001). The initial nonstress test was reactive in 12 of 15 (80%) of the fetuses. After the fourth cigarette, only four of 15 (27%) of the nonstress tests were reactive. A majority of tracings (eight of 15) were initially reactive before smoking and became nonreactive after smoking. Some tracings remained nonreactive (three of 15), and some tracings remained reactive (four of 15) at both assessments. None of the tracings that were initially nonreactive became reactive. The change in reactivity was significant (P = .013). CONCLUSION: Acute, repeated smoking decreases FHR reactivity.
Predicting retailer orders with POS and order data: The inventory balance effect

Abstract Despite advances in retail point-of-sale (POS) data sharing, retailers’ suppliers struggle to effectively use POS data to improve their fulfillment planning processes. The challenge lies in predicting retailer orders. We present evidence that retail echelon inventory processes translate into a long-run balance or equilibrium between orders and POS, which we refer to as the inventory balance effect, allowing for more accurate order forecasting. Based on the inventory balance effect, this research prescribes a forecasting approach which simultaneously uses both sources of information (retailer order history and POS data) to predict retailer orders to suppliers. Using data from a consumable product category, this approach is shown to outperform approaches based singularly on order or POS data, by up to 125%. The strength of this novel approach – significantly improved forecast accuracy with minimal additional analysis – make it a candidate for widespread adoption in retail supply chain collaborative planning and forecasting initiatives with corresponding impact on fulfillment performance and related operating costs.
NSLS control system upgrade

The NSLS consists of two storage rings, a booster and a linac. A major upgrade of the control system (installed in 1978) was undertaken and has been completed. The computer architecture is being changed from a three level star-network to a two level distributed system. The microprocessor subsystem, host computer and workstations, communication link and the main software components are being upgraded or replaced. Since the NSLS rings operate twenty four hours a day a year with minimum maintenance time, the key requirement during the upgrade phase is a non-disruptive transition with minimum downtime. Concurrent with the upgrade, some immediate improvements were required. This paper describes the various components of the upgraded system and outlines the future plans.
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL POLYDIAMIDOPROPANOATE DENDRIMER PNA-PEPTIDE CHIMERAS FOR NON-INVASIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CANCER

A variety of dendrimers can be conjugated to oligonucleotides to increase the number of contrast paramagnetic atoms (e.g., gadolinium or dysprosium) per probe. Thus, it was of interest to test a route for assembly of chelating dendrimer branches directly on the N-termini of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-peptide chimeras by continuous solid-phase coupling on polymer supports. Dendrimer-PNA-peptides complementary to 12 nt of mutant KRAS mRNA have been prepared with a C-terminal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) analog d(Cys-Ser-Lys-Cys) and N-terminal polydiamidopropanoate (PDAP) dendrimers with different numbers of diaminopropanoate residues. 1,4, 7, 10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelating moieties were then coupled to PDAP dendrimer-PNA-peptide chimeras before cleavage from the polymer supports. The DOTA-PDAP-PNA-peptide probes with 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 amino (or DOTA) moieties were cleaved, purified by RP-HPLC, and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy.
Coherent and Stimulated Raman spectroscopy with shaped femtosecond pulses in scattering media

We show that femtosecond shaped pulses can be used to detect coherent and stimulated Raman scattering in multi-scattering media. It is possible to perform Raman spectroscopy with such specially shaped pulses to determine vibrational frequencies and relaxation rates. The technique can be applied to spore detection and tissue microscopy. Article not available.
Cardamine guatemalensis sp. nov. (Brassicaceae) from Guatemala

Cardamine guatemalensis Al-Shehbaz is described from Zacapa, Guatemala. Its features such as the perennial, scapose, rhizomatous habit and simple leaves are very rare among North American Brassicaceae. The distinguishing characters from other species of Cardamine are discussed.
Isomer-specific product detection of CN radical reactions with ethene and propene by tunable VUV photoionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract Product detection studies of CN reactions with ethene and propene are conducted at room temperature (4 Torr, 533.3 Pa) using multiplexed time-resolved mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron photoionization. Photoionization efficiency curves, i.e., the ion signal as a function of photon energy, are used to determine the products and distinguish isomers. Both reactions proceed predominantly via CN addition to the π orbital of the olefin. For CN + ethene, cyanoethene (C 2 H 3 CN) is detected as the sole product in agreement with recent studies on this reaction. Multiple products are identified for the CN + propene reaction with 75(±15)% of the detected products in the form of cyanoethene from a CH 3 elimination channel and 25(±15)% forming different isomers of C 4 H 5 N via H elimination. The C 4 H 5 N comprises 57(±15)% 1-cyanopropene, 43(±15)% 2-cyanopropene and
Adrenalectomy enhances Fos-like immunoreactivity within the spinal trigeminal nucleus induced by noxious thermal stimulation of the cornea

Immunocytochemistry was used to assess the distribution of neurons within the spinal trigeminal nucleus that expressed the protein product of the proto-oncogene c-fos after thermal stimulation of the cornea in barbiturate-anesthetized rats. The influence of adrenal steroids on Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by corneal stimulation also was examined by comparison of the results obtained in adrenal intact rats to those in adrenalectomized rats and to those in adrenalectomized rats given corticosterone replacement therapy. Stimuli (42 or 52 degrees C, 20 s per min, 15 min) were applied unilaterally to the cornea by a contact thermode. At 2 h after stimulation animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and tissue sections were incubated with primary antiserum against the Fos protein and processed with the avidin-biotin method. The pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity after 52 degrees C stimulation revealed a dominant group of cells ipsilaterally within the superficial laminae of the caudalmost portion of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis that was greatly enhanced in adrenalectomized rats. Low-intensity stimulation did not induce Fos-like immunoreactivity among cells in this caudal region. A second significant group of cells was seen more rostrally at periobex levels within the ventrolateral pole of the nucleus. The number of cells in the periobex grouping was increased after 52 or 42 degrees C corneal stimulation when compared to unstimulated controls and was not affected by levels of corticosterone. The results indicated a discontinuous pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity within the spinal trigeminal nucleus after thermal stimulation of the cornea and a differential effect of adrenal steroids. The appearance of Fos-like immunoreactivity within caudal portions of the nucleus was increased only by noxious intensities of stimulation and was further enhanced in animals with low levels of corticosterone. In contrast, the Fos-like immunoreactivity at periobex levels was increased after noxious and innocuous thermal stimuli and was independent of the level of corticosterone. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that glucocorticoids modify the expression of immediate early genes among a select group of central trigeminal neurons. Such steroid modulation may contribute to the mechanisms that underlie long-term adaptation to noxious sensory input.
The business of executive development

The demands placed on business and managers from an ever‐changing environment have transformed the once sleepy professional seminar business into a $2‐billion‐a‐year industry.
A survey of interval methods for differential equations

A brief introduction to the basic concepts, methods, and applications of interval analysis will be followed by a broad survey of interval methods for differential equations. We can obtain rigorous upper and lower bounds on sets of solutions corresponding to bounded sets of input data (initial values, boundary values, coefficients or parameters in the differential equations). The methods apply to nonlinear problems as well as linear ones. We will consider both ordinary and partial differential equations. This approach is not only more reliable and more rigorous than classical methods, but it is simpler as well. Uncertainty due to round-off error is taken into account automatically by the use of interval arithmetic with directed rounding.
Constructions of bipartite graphs from finite geometries

We construct an incidence structure using certain points and lines in finite projective spaces. The structural properties of the associated bipartite incidence graphs are analyzed. These n × n bipartite graphs provide constructions of C6-free graphs with Ω(n4-3 edges, C10-free graphs with Ω(n6-5) edges, and Θ(7,7,7)-free graphs with Ω(n8-7) edges. Each of these bounds is sharp in order of magnitude. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 49: 1–10, 2005
Proliferation and hypoxia in human squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: First report of combined immunohistochemical assays

Abstract Preliminary data establishes pimonidazole as a useful probe for human tumor hypoxia. Although different in chemical structure and properties, pimonidazole is indistinguishable from other markers in its binding to hypoxic cells in human tumors. Pimonidazole hydrochloride is convenient to administer and is well tolerated when given as single intravenous infusion of 0.5 g/m 2 . Comparison of immunostaining for pimonidazole binding and for PCNA or MIB-1 shows an inverse relationship between proliferation and hypoxia.
Reconciling evidence-based practice and cultural competence in mental health services: Introduction to a special issue

The calls for evidence-based practice (EBP) and cultural competence (CC) represent two increasingly influential mandates within the mental health professions. Advocates of EBP seek to standardize clinical practice by ensuring that only treatment techniques that have demonstrated therapeutic outcomes under scientifically controlled conditions would be adopted and promoted in mental health services. Advocates of CC seek to diversify clinical practice by ensuring that treatment approaches are designed and refined for a multicultural clientele that reflects a wide variety of psychological orientations and life experiences. As these two powerful mandates collide, the fundamental challenge becomes how to accommodate substantive cultural divergences in psychosocial experience using narrowly prescriptive clinical practices and approaches, without trivializing either professional knowledge or cultural difference. In this Introduction to a special issue of Transcultural Psychiatry, the virtue of an interdisciplinary conversation between and among anthropologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and social work researchers in addressing these tensions is extolled.
Linked Sex Differences in Cognition and Functional Connectivity in Youth

Sex differences in human cognition are marked, but little is known regarding their neural origins. Here, in a sample of 674 human participants ages 9-22, we demonstrate that sex differences in cognitive profiles are related to multivariate patterns of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsfc-MRI). Males outperformed females on motor and spatial cognitive tasks; females were faster in tasks of emotion identification and nonverbal reasoning. Sex differences were also prominent in the rsfc-MRI data at multiple scales of analysis, with males displaying more between-module connectivity, while females demonstrated more within-module connectivity. Multivariate pattern analysis using support vector machines classified subject sex on the basis of their cognitive profile with 63% accuracy (P Language: en
Nanogel Nanosecond Photonic Crystal Optical Switching.

We developed a robust nanosecond photonic crystal switching material by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanogel colloidal particles that self-assemble into crystalline colloidal arrays (CCAs). The CCA was polymerized into a loose-knit hydrogel which permits the individual embedded nanogel PNIPAM particles to coherently and synchronously undergo their thermally induced volume phase transitions. A laser T-jump from 30 to 35 °C actuates the nanogel particle shrinkage; the resulting increased diffraction decreases light transmission within 900 ns. Additional transmission decreases occur with characteristic times of 19 and 130 ns. Individual NIPAM sphere volume switching occurs in the ∼100 ns time regime. These nanogel nanosecond phenomena may be useful in the design of fast photonic crystal switches and optical limiting materials. Smaller nanogels will show even faster volume phase transitions.
Shaping terahertz pulses using structured metal films

Using a single subwavelength aperture surrounded by annular grooves, we demonstrate the ability to alter the pulse shape of an incident single cycle THz pulse. Arbitrarily complex time-domain waveforms may be generated, in principle.
A compositional framework for complex queries over uncertain data

The ability to flexibly compose confidence computation with the operations of relational algebra is an important feature of probabilistic database query languages. Computing confidences is computationally hard, however, and has to be approximated in practice. In a compositional query language, even very small errors caused by approximation can lead to an entirely incorrect result: A selection operation on an approximated probability can incorrectly keep or drop a tuple even if the probability value has been approximated to a very narrow confidence interval.In this paper, we study the query evaluation problem for compositional query languages for probabilistic databases with particular focus on providing overall result quality guarantees in the face of approximate intermediate results. We present a framework for evaluating compositional queries based on a new representation system that can capture uncertainty about probabilities. More specifically, we consider probability intervals instead of exact probabilities, interpreting tuples obtained by selection on approximate values as unreliable.We study the complexity of query evaluation over our new model. We present efficient confidence computation algorithms which compute bounds that are close to tight for important classes. For deciding a selection predicate, we show that no efficient randomized algorithm exists unless BPP⊃NP. Still we are able to efficiently guess robust predicates with a good error bound. Putting all these pieces together in our framework, we evaluate queries using a decomposition into a relational algebra plan and an approximation plan. The latter allows to successively improve accuracy and error bounds, while the relational algebra plan only has to be executed once.
Diamond Microelectrodes and CMOS Microelectronics for Wireless Transmission of Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

This paper reports on technology development at the sensor and circuit levels for wireless transmission of fast- scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in neurochemical detection. Heavily conductive, boron-doped diamond is selectively deposited onto the polished tip of a tungsten microelectrode to fabricate versatile, implantable, micro-needle microprobes capable of neurochemical sensing in the brain. In addition, an integrated circuit is fabricated in a 0.5-mum CMOS technology for processing and wireless transmission of the electrochemical signals corresponding to extracellular concentration changes of various neurotransmitters. The chip consists of a current-based, second-order, front-end SigmaDelta ADC and an on-chip, RF-FSK transmitter at the back-end. The ADC core and the transmitter consume 22 muA and 400 muA, respectively, from a 2.6-V power supply. Major electroactive neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in micromolar concentration have been wirelessly recorded at 433 MHz using 300-V/s FSCV in flow injection analysis experiments.
Toxicology: Pearls and Pitfalls in the Use of Antidotes

Although most poisonings require only supportive care, the emergency physician must recognize when the use of an antidote is required, and understand the risks and benefits of the treatment rendered. Although the more commonly instituted specific therapy in acute poisoning is the administration of intravenous fluids followed by the administration of oxygen, in certain circumstances prompt administration of a specific antidote may be required, and failure to identify these circumstances may lead to significant morbidity or mortality. This article describes select antidotes, and discusses their indications and potential pitfalls.
Ferrocene, 1‐[(1R)‐1‐[Bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)phosphino]ethyl]‐2‐(diphenylphosphino)

[155830-69-6] C32H40FeP2 (MW 542.45) InChI = 1S/C27H35P2.C5H5.Fe/c1-21(29(26(2,3)4)27(5,6)7)24-19-14-20-25(24)28(22-15-10-8-11-16-22)23-17-12-9-13-18-23;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h8-21H,1-7H3;1-5H;/t21-;;/m1../s1 InChIKey = STAGMXYQPGLLTD-GHVWMZMZSA-N Di-tert-butyl {(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}-phosphine [277306-29-3] C32H40FeP2 (MW 542.45) InChI = 1S/C27H35P2.C5H5.Fe/c1-21(29(26(2,3)4)27(5,6)7)24-19-14-20-25(24)28(22-15-10-8-11-16-22)23-17-12-9-13-18-23;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h8-21H,1-7H3;1-5H;/t21-;;/m0../s1 InChIKey = STAGMXYQPGLLTD-FGJQBABTSA-N (A homogeneous catalyst used for the asymmetric synthesis of β,β-disubstituted ketones, β,β-disubstituted esters, and β,β-disubstituted nitriles) Alternative Name: [(R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)2]CuH. Form Supplied in: (R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)2 (1) and (S,R)-PPF-P(t-Bu)2 (ent-1) are commercially available from Solvias, Aldrich, and Strem. Preparative Method: To a flame-dried, argon-purged flask was added CuCl (1.5 mg, 0.015 mmol), (R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)2 (2.7 mg, 0.005 mmol), and t-BuONa (1.4 mg, 0.015 mmol) in a glovebox (alternatively, Cu(OAc)2·H2O can be used in place of CuCl and t-BuONa). Dry toluene was then added via syringe and the reaction minture was stirred for 30 min at 0 °C. The flask was then cooled (−20 to −78 °C depending on the reaction) before addition of PMHS (65 μL, 1.0 mmol), followed by the addition of substrate (0.50 mmol). If necessary, t-BuOH is added to accelerate the rate of reaction. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: (R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)2 (1) and the derived CuH reagent are air and temperature sensitive. The ligand should be stored in an inert atmosphere and generally used at 0 °C or below.
Prediction of refractive outcomes with toric intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose To evaluate and compare the accuracy of different methods to measure and predict postoperative astigmatism with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Setting Ein-Tal Ophthalmology Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Postoperative corneal astigmatism was measured with 3 devices (IOLMaster 500; optical low-coherence reflectometry [OLCR]–based Lenstar LS 900; Atlas topographer) and compared with the manifest astigmatic refractive outcome in patients with toric IOLs. The error in the predicted residual astigmatism was calculated by vector analysis according to the measurement and calculation method used to predict the required toric IOL cylinder power. Results The centroid errors in predicted residual astigmatism were against the rule with the Alcon and Holladay toric calculators (0.53 to 0.56 diopter [D]), were lower with the Baylor nomogram (0.21 to 0.26 D), and were lowest for the Barrett toric calculator (0.01 to 0.16 D) ( P P Conclusion Prediction of astigmatic outcomes with toric IOLs can be improved with appropriate measuring devices and methods to establish the required toric IOL power. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
"What You Supposed to Know": Urban Black Students' Perspectives on History Textbooks.

Research in social studies education has raised significant practical and epistemological concerns with the history textbooks used in urban schools. While these concerns are well documented, we know less about their implications for Black students’ understandings and applications of historical content. This qualitative, ethnographic study explored six Black, urban students’ perspectives on history textbooks and how these textbooks influenced their historical knowledge about civil rights leaders. Guided by the critical race framework, connections are drawn between participants’ recollections of textbook accounts and their understandings of contemporary racial relationships and civil rights struggle. Findings suggest a contentious relationship with the information presented in textbooks and the need to rethink social studies curriculum and pedagogy in relation to the contextual realities and lived experiences of Black urban youth.
Measurement Error of Percent Diameter Carotid Stenosis Determined by Conventional Angiography: Implications for Noninvasive Evaluation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to quantitate the range of error in measurement of percent diameter carotid stenosis using conventional angiography in order to estimate the misclassification rate in selecting patients for carotid endarterectomy. METHODS: A secondary or meta-analysis of published data regarding carotid stenosis measurement error associated with angiography yielded a narrow range of standard deviation across several studies using different measurement protocols. A simulation of the measurement process was developed to model this error and allow estimation of misclassification rates compared with true values for stenosis. RESULTS: A standard deviation of 8% describes the average error observed at 60% diameter stenosis across a number of studies. Using the measurement model, for a population with 30% prevalence of 60% stenosis, this finding implies a misclassification rate of approximately 4% overall for conventional angiography. CONCLUSION: Like all diagnostic tests, angiography is associated with measurement error. This does not affect the results of carotid stenosis therapy trials using angiography but does need to be taken into account when evaluating noninvasive alternative tests for carotid stenosis.