cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Relationships: From Molecules to Biogeography

The sections in this article are: 1 Temperature Effects on Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Systems: Basic Considerations 2 Temperature Effects on Proteins 2.1 Determinants of Thermal Sensitivities of Protein Structure and Function 2.2 Protein Structural Stability and Adaptation Temperature 2.3 Adaptations in Enzyme Kinetic Properties Lead to Conservation of Metabolic Regulation and Rate of Function 2.4 Rate Compensation to Temperature Through Alterations in Enzyme Concentration 3 The Heat Shock Response 3.1 Molecular Chaperones: Assistants in Protein Folding, Compartmentation, and Renaturation 3.2 The Heat Shock Response and Induced Thermal Tolerance 3.3 Acclimatization-Induced Differences in the Heat Shock Response 3.4 Interindividual and Intertissue Differences in the Heat Shock Response 3.5 Evolutionary, Interspecific Differences in the Heat Shock Response 3.6 Cellular Thermometers and Regulation of HSP Synthesis 3.7 Cold Shock May Induce Stress Proteins 4 Temperature Effects on Lipids and Membrane-Localized Functions 4.1 Temperature Effects on Membrane Lipids: Changes in Phase and Fluidity 4.2 Membrane Fluidity and Compositional Changes Correlate With Effects on Membrane Functions 4.3 Homeoviscous Adaptation: Occurrence and Efficacy 4.4 Adaptation of Membrane Lipids: Regulation and Biophysical Effects 4.5 Adaptive Regulation of Depot and Membrane Lipid Fluidity in Hibernators 4.6 Membrane Lipids of Thermophilic Archaebacteria 4.7 Membrane Adaptations Involving Extrinsic Factors: pH and Solutes 4.8 Cuticular Waxes: Regulation of Body Temperature and Control of Water Loss 4.9 Evaporative Cooling in Insects 5 Temperature–pH Interactions 5.1 Temperature Dependence of Body Fluid pH Values 5.2 The Imidazole Alphastat Hypothesis 5.3 Functional Manifestations of the Advantages of Alphastat Regulation 5.4 Deviations from Alphastat Regulation in Small Mammalian Hibernators 5.5 Variation in Alpha Imidazole among Species, Tissues, Histidyl Residues, and Methodologies 6 Biogeographical Implications of Temperature Adaptation
Navier-Stokes results for the hypersonic blunt body problem with equilibrium air properties and with shock fitting

The modified difference relations used at the shock wave have the following significant influences on obtaining accurate steady-state results: 1. High Mach number solutions are obtained that can not be obtained with the original shock method;- modified shock method is more robust than original shock method. 2. Convergence of the solutions to a steady-state result is obtained more rapidly; approximately half the number of time steps required for the same LZ residual. 3. Small wiggles in the solution at the shock wave observed in the present work and in previous investigations are significantly reduced.
Is Transfer Ubiquitous or Rare? New Paradigms for Studying Transfer

Classic and emerging views of transfer are discussed; examples of research are provided to illustrate each.
Low energy and latency touch detection using group testing

This paper presents a novel touch detection scheme on a capacitive touch screen with reduced sensing latency and low power consumption. We make use of the fact that a small number of touch sensors have appreciable changes in their capacitance values corresponding to the touch locations; this enables reduction in energy consumption via sensing fewer number of measurements compared to the standard approach. In particular, we use the concept of group testing for designing our touch detection scheme. We demonstrate simulation results confirming that the detection performance of our scheme is comparable to the standard method with significantly lower energy requirement.
Uncertainty in annual rankings from NOAA's global temperature time series

[1] Annual rankings of global temperature are an important component of climate monitoring. However, there is some degree of uncertainty for every yearly value in the global temperature time series, which leads to uncertainty in annual rankings as well. This study applies a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center's global land-ocean surface temperature (NOAATMP) time series. Accounting for persistence between years does not materially affect the results versus presuming statistical independence. The highest probabilities for the warmest year analysis (1880–2012) are associated with the years 2010 (~36%), 2005 (~28%), and 1998 (~11%). The current separation among the warmest observed years is relatively small compared to the standard errors of the NOAATMP time series. However, each year between 1997 and 2012 was warmer than the vast majority of all other years since 1880 at the 95% confidence level.
Dynamics of gastric emptying during and after stomach fill

Gastric contents were sampled at various points during and after intragastric infusions of glucose solution (6.25, 12.5, 25%) delivered at rates typical of normal ingestion in the rat. The postinfusion results were consistent with those reported in the literature in that glucose solute emptied at a relatively stable rate over time and across stimulus concentrations. During fill (1.0 ml/min; experiment 1), by contrast, solute (caloric) emptying rate increased about threefold as stimulus concentration was raised. For each concentration, emptying rate was uniformly higher during than after fill (approximately 4 times higher at the lowest concentration). In experiment 2, gastric emptying rate during 12-min intragastric infusions of 12.5% glucose varied directly with the volumetric rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ml/min) at which they were delivered. These results show that different rules govern gastric emptying during and after stomach fill. The results also suggest that a large proportion of a liquid meal may empty before feeding is terminated and that variations in the rate of ingestion could affect the gastric/postgastric distribution of ingesta and, in turn, the satiation process.
Quantification of Theoretical Terms and the Falsifiability of Theories

Karl Popper introduced the notion that falsifiability rather than verifiability is the central desideratum of scientific theories. The debate of recent years among Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and others has taught us how elusive is the criterion of falsifiability when it is applied to the actual enterprise of science in all of its rich historical detail. Not only is the line between observables and theoretical terms somewhat nebulous, but many alternative tests have been proposed for what should count as a 'decisive' falsification. In spite of these difficulties in applying the concept of falsifiability in a wholly clear-cut way to real historical cases, it is still a matter of considerable theoretical interest and importance to construct rigorous formal characterisations of falsifiability, and to see what kinds of formalised theories satisfy various falsifiability criteria. The lack of such formal characterisations will contribute an additional dimension of confusion and ambiguity in attempts to apply falsifiability notions to real scientific theories. Roughly speaking, a theory is falsifiable if there exist one or more sets of possible observations that could disconfirm the theory. We may well wish to impose an even stricter condition, strong falsifiability: if the theory is empirically false in any way, then there should exist possible sets of observations to disconfirm it. Thus (Rynasiewicz [1983]), VxFx is strongly falsifiable, while VxFx & 3xGx is only weakly falsifiable. For, in the former
Extraction Efficiencies of Emulsions for 21 Elements in Oil and Transmission Fluids by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy

Wear metals, especially transition metals, are key indicators of the condition of specific components within an engine, whether it be a car, truck, or jet. Determination of these elements can greatly reduce the chance of engine failure. Traditionally this is done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy with organic solvent dilution with methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene, or kerosene. This, however, creates a large quantity of organic waste that is expensive to dispose of following analysis. Several groups have used acid extraction with emulsions with great success. In this study aqueous standards that are much easier and less expensive to dispose of are used with inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Twenty-one elements are determined from a 300 μg/g base oil solution. Extractions of 30W oil, 10W30 oil, and transmission fluid were completed to establish a baseline for subsequent analysis of used oil by this method.
Spectroscopic evidence for valence-alternation-pair defect states in vitreous SiO2

Abstract Two bands attributed to intrinsic defect states have been identified through studies of the infra-red and Raman spectra of pristine and neutron-irradiated vitreous (v-) SiO2. Vibrations in the 900–950 em−1 regime are assigned to non-bridging oxygen atoms (C1-) in agreement with previous studies. It is demonstrated that the vibrations near 600 cm−1, the origins of which have been uncertain up to now, can be assigned to three-coordinated oxygen atoms (C3 +). Thus the intrinsic defects are described in terms of the valence-alternation-pair model, previously applied to chalcogenide amorphous semiconductors.
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Aortic Syndromes: Dissection, Intramural Hematoma, and Penetrating Aortic Ulcer

Acute aortic syndromes constitute a spectrum of conditions characterized by disruptions in the integrity of the aortic wall that may lead to potentially catastrophic outcomes. They include classic aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating aortic ulcer. Although imaging studies are sensitive and specific, timely diagnosis can be delayed because of variability in presenting symptoms and the relatively low frequency with which acute aortic syndromes are seen in the emergency setting. Traditional classification systems, such as the Stanford system, facilitate early treatment decision-making through recognition of the high risk of death and major complications associated with involvement of the ascending aorta (type A). These patients are treated surgically unless intractable and severe co-morbidities are present. Outcomes with dissections that do not involve the ascending aorta (type B) depend on the presence of acute complications (e.g., malperfusion, early aneurysm formation, leakage), the patency and size of the false lumen, and patient co-morbidities. Patients with uncomplicated type B dissections are initially treated medically. Endovascular techniques have emerged as an alternative to surgery for the management of complicated type B dissections when intervention is necessary. Patients with acute aortic syndromes require aggressive medical care, risk stratification for additional complications and targeted genetic assessment as well as careful long-term monitoring to assess for evolving complications. The optimal care of patients with acute aortic syndrome requires the cooperation of members of an experienced multidisciplinary team both in the acute and chronic setting.
Path comparisons for a priori and time-adaptive decisions in stochastic, time-varying networks

Abstract Travel times in congested transportation networks are time-varying quantities that can at best be known a priori probabilistically. In such networks, the arc weights (travel times) are represented by random variables whose probability distribution functions vary with time. These networks are referred to herein as stochastic, time-varying, or STV, networks. The determination of “least time” routes in STV networks is more difficult than in deterministic networks, in part because, for a given departure time, more than one path may exist between an origin and destination, each with a positive probability of having the least travel time. In this paper, measures for comparing time-varying, random path travel times over a time period are given for both a priori optimization and time-adaptive choices (where a driver may react to revealed arrival times at intermediate nodes). The resulting measures are central to the development of methodologies for determining “optimal” paths in STV networks.
Correspondence and social control in the Jewish communities of the islamic world: A letter of the nagid Joshua maimonides

The letters of the Cairo Geniza, extant in great numbers, have long been profitably exploited by historians to yield information about nearly every aspect of Jewish life in the medieval Mediterranean Islamic world. However, a study of the social functions of these letters can be equally enlightening. As the following discussion ? based on a hitherto unknown Geniza letter ? illustrates, in the Jewish communities of the Muslim world, letters and correspondence could serve as instruments of social control. Beyond that, parallels between this new Geniza letter and Arabic epistolary practice suggest an acculturative dimension that has yet to receive sufficient attention.
Richard McCormick, SJ, and Dual Epistemology

This article will examine McCormick's moral epistemology both at the level of how human persons know values and disvalues, which hereinafter will be referred to as synderesis, and at the level of how human persons know the rightness and wrongness of an action, which hereinafter will be referred to as normative moral judgment. On the one hand, from this investigation it appears that McCormick operates with a dual moral epistemology, at least at the level of synderesis. This means that at one point in time it appears that a significant shift may have occurred in his moral epistemology at the level of synderesis. This may also be true at the level of normative moral judgment. On the other hand, McCormick's moral epistemology may in fact be a synthesis, which is the product of development and maturity in his thought process. This article will articulate, examine, and analyse both moral epistemologies. The first moral epistemology is operative in McCormick's writing up until 1983. The second moral epistemology corresponds to McCormick's decision in 1983 to write primarily in the area of bioethics from a theological perspective. Since the year 1983 seems to be the pivotal time when these two moral epistemologies converge, I will refer to the first moral epistemology as “prior to 1983” and I will refer to the second moral epistemology as “after 1983.” Because of the numerous criticisms that surround McCormick's moral epistemology, and the ambiguity that it entails, McCormick needed to articulate his theoretical foundations clearly and develop them systematically and coherently. Numerous moral theologians called for him to do this, yet he never responded. A systematic understanding of McCormick's moral epistemology is not only necessary but crucial in examining various issues in bioethics. It is necessary because it is the basis of moral decision making. It is crucial because the life and death of individuals may hang in the balance.
Investigation of the function of the putative self-association site of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a type II membrane protein essential for entry into B cells but inhibits entry into epithelial cells. X-ray crystallography suggests that gp42 may form dimers when bound to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II receptor (Mullen et al., 2002) or multimerize when not bound to HLA class II (Kirschner et al., 2009). We investigated this self-association of gp42 using several different approaches. We generated soluble mutants of gp42 containing mutations within the self-association site and found that these mutants have a defect in fusion. The gp42 mutants bound to gH/gL and HLA class II, but were unable to bind wild-type gp42 or a cleavage mutant of gp42. Using purified gp42, gH/gL, and HLA, we found these proteins associate 1:1:1 by gel filtration suggesting that gp42 dimerization or multimerization does not occur or is a transient event undetectable by our methods.
The role of statistical reasoning in the formation, preservation and prevention of group stereotypes

This article explores the relationship between the everyday use of statistical reasoning and the perception of erroneous group stereotypes. Recent research concerning a reasoning process analogous to a statistical analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is reviewed. This research implies that the failure to engage in ANCOVA reasoning may play a role in the development and maintenance of stereotypes. This research also reveals that people can and do sometimes engage in sophisticated ANCOVA reasoning, and thus avoid forming erroneous group stereotypes. A number of factors influencing ANCOVA reasoning and group perception are identified, and the cognitive processes underlying their effects are considered. Finally, speculation is offered concerning the implications of statistical reasoning research for developing interventions that might help prevent the formation of erroneous group stereotypes.
New genetic testing in prenatal diagnosis

Determining a genetic diagnosis prenatally permits patients to make informed reproductive decisions and to be counseled about possible fetal outcomes. Therefore, it is important for the provider to be aware of the spectrum of genetic conditions and to use appropriate testing modality to obtain specific diagnosis. This article reviews genetic techniques available for prenatal diagnosis such as preimplantation genetic testing, chromosomal microarray, non-invasive prenatal screening, and next-generation sequencing. Chromosomal microarray has emerged as the first diagnostic test for evaluation of multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delay as most of the next-generation sequencing methods do not detect copy-number variants (CNVs). Exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing are time-consuming, so if this needs to be done to obtain an accurate genetic diagnosis, allow sufficient time.
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Four Decades of Research

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is an acute infectious illness characterized by fever, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Research over the last 40 years has led to the discovery and characterization of the causative viruses, detailed knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease, development of sensitive diagnostic assays, and improvements in patient management, which in turn have led to significant reductions in mortality. Considerable progress has also been made in elucidating the pathophysiology of the disease, although much more needs to be learned. Recent data show that hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has a wider geographic occurrence than previously thought. This syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure of unknown cause.
The sensitivity of radiative transfer calculations to the changes in the HITRAN database from 1982 to 2004

Abstract Over the last quarter century, improvements in the determination of the spectroscopic characteristics of the infrared-active trace species have enhanced our ability to retrieve quantitative distributions of temperatures, clouds, and abundances for various trace species within the Earth's atmosphere. These improvements have also allowed for refinements in the estimates of climatic effects attributed to changes in the Earth's atmospheric composition. Modeling efforts, however, have frequently experienced significant delays in assimilating improved spectroscopic information. Such is the case for highly parameterized models, where considerable effort is typically required to incorporate any revisions. Thus, a line-by-line radiative transfer model has been used to investigate the magnitude of the effects resulting from modifications to the spectroscopic information. Calculations from this line-by-line model have demonstrated that recent modifications to the HITRAN (High Resolution Transmission) line parameters, the continuum formulation, and the CO 2 line-mixing formulation can significantly affect the interpretation of the high spectral resolution radiance and brightness temperature retrievals. For certain moderate-resolution satellite remote sensing channels, modifications to these spectroscopic parameters and formulations have shown the capacity to induce changes in the calculated radiances equivalent to brightness temperature differences of 1–2 K. Model calculations have further shown that modifications of the spectroscopic characteristics tend to have a modest effect on the determination of spectrally integrated radiances, fluxes, and radiative forcing estimates, with the largest differences being of order 1 W m −2 for the total thermal infrared fluxes, and of order 2–3% of the calculated radiative forcing at the tropopause attributed to the combined doubling of CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 . The results from this investigation are intended to function as a guide to differentiate between cases where older parameterizations provide acceptable results, within specified accuracy bounds, and cases where upgrades to the latest spectroscopic database are necessary.
Point-of-care test identifies diabetic ketoacidosis at triage

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common, life-threatening complication of diabetes. The diagnosis of DKA relies on signs and symptoms, plus laboratory findings of blood glucose (BG) of >250 mg/dL, an anion gap (AG) of ≥15 mmol/L, and carbon dioxide (CO2) of ≤18 mmol/L when other causes of acidosis are excluded. Objectives: To compare the results of a point-of-care test for the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) with standard measures for accuracy in predicting DKA. Methods: After providing informed consent, 160 patients who presented with BG of >250 mg/dL underwent testing for β-OHB with the Precision Xtra meter (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) at triage in a large urban hospital emergency department. The diagnosis of DKA was made by clinicians by using standard clinical criteria without knowledge of the β-OHB test. Results: A diagnosis of DKA was made in 57 of 160 subjects. The β-OHB values correlated strongly with AG (r= 0.66, p < 0.001) and with CO2 (r=−0.69, p < 0.001), as well as with glucose (r= 0.31, p < 0.001). Cross-classification of DKA vs. β-OHB yielded sensitivity of 98% (95% CI = 91% to 100%), specificity of 85% (95% CI = 78% to 91%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 6.7 (95% CI = 4.22 to 10.78), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.021 (95% CI = 0.003 to 0.144) at the manufacturer-suggested β-OHB level of 1.5. Conclusions: The point-of-care test for β-OHB was as sensitive as more established indicators of DKA. It is more useful than glucose alone for the diagnosis of DKA and offers immediate diagnosis of patients at triage.
On Eliminating ‘Hot Streaking’ and Stratification in the VHTR Lower Plenum Using Helicoid Inserts

The helium-cooled high temperature reactor (HTR) and Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) designs operate at exit temperatures ranging from 873 – 923 K and 1,123 – 1,223 K, respectively. The high exit temperatures and the low heat capacity of helium require operating at a high flow velocity (> 70 m/s). The high temperature and flow velocity of the helium jets exiting the coolant channels in the prismatic reactor’s lower plate in the lower plenum (LP) cause “hot spots” (“hot streaking”) and stratification. To minimize or eliminate hot streaking and enhance mixing, this work investigated using static, quadruple helicoid inserts at the exit of the coolant channels. The helicoid inserts introduce radial and azimuthal momentum flow components, which with the extensive entrainment and mixing of the surrounding gas, significantly reduce the impingement onto the lower plate, thereby minimizing hot streaking and stratification in the LP. The present analysis was conducted using FUEGO, Sandia National Laboratories’ 3D, finite element, incompressible, reactive flow, massively-parallel code with state-of-the art turbulence models. We used helium at 1,273 K and the dynamic Smagorinsky turbulence model.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Preferential release of renal dopamine into the tubule lumen: effect of chronic sodium loading.

Dopamine (DA), produced by the renal proximal tubule, has been demonstrated as an intrarenal paracrine hormone mediating diuresis and natriuresis. The precise mechanism by which DA exerts its cell-to-cell action is not fully understood. In the present study, renal interstitial (RIF) DA (by in vivo microdialysis) and urinary DA excretion (UDA V) were compared in anesthetized rats on either normal (0.28% NaCl, NS) or high (4.0% NaCI, HS) sodium balance (n=9 in each group). Urine flow (W) and sodium excretion (VNaV) in HS were greater than in NS rats (W 7.2M.6 vs 3.8M.3 pvmin, P<0.01; UNaV 497356 vs 265k27 nmoVmin, PC 0.01). In rats on both NS and HS balance, UDAV was significantly higher than RIF DA (420d37 vs 3.68M.49 pg/min in the NS rat; 6013558 vs 1.25M.36 pg/min in the HS rat, both P<0.01). UDAV was increased in HS compared with NS rats (601M8 vs 420337 pg/min, P<0.05). In contrast, RIF DA was significantly lower in HS thanNS rats (1.25M.36 vs 3.68M.49 pg/min, P<0.01). In conclusion, chronic sodium loa...
Unusual concurrent presentation of a double hit (MYC/BCL2) and follicular lymphoma in a young patient; case report and review of key recent developments in double-hit lymphomas

Double-hit lymphomas, usually refer to the MYC/BCL2 lymphomas, and are characterized by MYC 8q rearrangement and BCL2-IgH translocation in the same cells. They mainly comprise of a subset of the new entity “B cell lymphomas unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma” included in the World Health Organization 2008 classification. In addition, they also include a small subset of other DLBCL. They have been reported to have worse prognosis than either Burkitt or DLBCL, with which they share overlapping morphological and immunophenotypical features. These cases usually present de novo and have been reported in the older age group (Snuderl et al. in Am J Surg Pathol 34(3):327–340, 2010; Le Gouill et al. in Haematologica 92(10):1335–1342, 2007; Macpherson et al. in J Clin Oncol 17(5):1558–1567, 1999; Johnson et al. in Blood 114(11):2273–2279, 2009; Bertrand et al. in Leuk Off J Leuk Soc Am Leuk Res Fund UK 21(3):515–523, 2007). Here, we describe an unusual simultaneous presentation of MYC/BCL2 double-hit lymphoma with low-grade follicular lymphoma, occurring at two different sites, in a young patient. This has not been reported to the best of our knowledge.
Strength of Bolted Joints in Composites under Concentrated Moment

Rigid mechanical fasteners in transversely isotropic composite panels create large stress concentrations in the composite near the fastener washers. The work presented in this paper involved an experimental strain investigation to obtain the distribution of strain in the composite near the edge of the washer and a failure investigation to determine the onset-of-failure moment and the catastrophic-failure moment for various washer designs. The flexural rigidity of the washer was shown to be important for obtaining both high onset-of-failure moments and catastrophic-failure moments. Washers with large shoulder radii were shown to have higher catastrophic-failure moments. The experimentally determined strain distributions and the results of the failure investigation with 25.4 mm diameter rigid washers were used to validate finite element models.
On the Geostrophic Adjustment of an Isolated Lens: Dependence on Burger Number and Initial Geometry

Geostrophic adjustment of an isolated axisymmetric lens was examined to better understand the dependence of radial displacements and the adjusted velocity on the Burger number and the geometry of initial conditions. The behavior of the adjustment was examined using laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, which were in turn compared to published analytical solutions. Three defining length scales of the initial conditions were used to distinguish between various asymptotic behaviors for large and small Burger numbers: the Rossby radius of deformation, the horizontal length scale of the initial density defect, and the horizontal length scale of the initial pressure gradient. Numerical simulations for the fully nonlinear time-dependent adjustment agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively with analogous analytical solutions. For large Burger numbers, similar agreement was found in laboratory experiments. Results show that a broad range of final states can result from different initial geometries, depending on the values of the relevant length scales and the Burger number computed from initial conditions. For Burger numbers much larger or smaller than unity, differences between different initial geometries can readily exceed an order of magnitude for both displacement and velocity.
Acute physiological effects of ultrasonic vibrations on nervous tissue

We investigated the acute effects of ultrasonically induced lesions on action potential conduction and blood flow in nervous tissues. A Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) was used to emulsify small areas of cat thoracic spinal cord while hydrogen clearance, somatosensory evoked potentials, and vestibulospinal evoked potentials wee monitored. In addition, we examined the effect of direct and indirect application of the vibrating probe on rat sciatic nerves. The CUSA created localized lesions of the spinal cord, sparing the function and blood flow of immediately adjacent white structures. Histological studies revealed a sharp demarcation of the lesion sites with little morphological evidence of tissue injury beyond the borders of the lesions. The rat sciatic nerve experiments showed that, as long as the probe tip did not touch the nerve, ultrasonic vibrations had little effect on the nerve. These results suggest that the destructive effects of the ultrasonic vibrating probe are limited to a small volume at the probe tip. We conclude that, at low power levels sufficient to cause tissue emulsification at the probe tip, the CUSA does not acutely affect the function of nearby white matter. However, our results may not be extendable to higher intensity levels and do not rule out chronic effects.
The friendly fields of RF: Encouraged by successes in fusing fractured bones, researchers look to electromagnetic fields for healing wounds and shrinking tumors

RF fields affect biological systems in two principal ways: by generating heat (relatively strong fields) and by nonthermal mechanisms (weaker fields). The latter are used for bone healing. Treatment of congenial pseudoarthrosis of the tibia by pulsed electromagnetic fields has produced recovery rates exceeding 75%. Experiments on animals have shown that osteoporosis can be reversed by pulsed electromagnetic fields. While the mechanisms that promote bone healing and growth are not understood on the molecular level, some knowledge has been gained of how weak fields work on the cellular level. An account is given of various experiments showing that weak fields can also promote nerve regeneration and heal flesh wounds and hematomas. The use of RF heating to effect whole-body hyperthermia is explained. Studies showing that hyperthermia can reduce the ionizing radiating dose required in cancer treatment are described.
A SIMPLE PASSIVE COLLECTOR FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF RADON FLUX FROM SOIL

A simple technique for measurement of the soil-atmosphere radon flux has been developed by fastening a charcoal canister inside a PVC cylindrical container. This device, which is deployed at the ground surface for approximately 16 hours, captures radon emanating from the soil by adsorption onto the charcoal surface. After recovery of the canister and measurement of the radon daughter activity on a NaI detector, the radon flux may be calculated if the adsorption efficiency of radon onto the charcoal is known. This parameter was determined by exposure of charcoal canisters to226Ra-spiked barium palmitate filter sources for timed intervals. Since this compound is known to emanate 100% of the222Rn generated during radium decay, it forms a useful “flux standard.” The accuracy of our flux measurements was assessed by comparison to a more established technique, the enclosed-chamber or “accumulator” method. Concentration measurements were made for the chamber over a less than 2-hour period while the canister flux measurements were based on single overnight deployments. The experiment was repeated 5 times at two different sites and the two techniques generally agreed within a 95% confidence interval.
Developing diverse teams to improve performance in the organizational setting

Purpose – The use of teams in organizations given the current trend toward globalization, population changes, and an aging workforce, especially in high‐income countries, makes the issue of diverse team building critical. The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of team diversity and team performance through the examination of theory and empirical research. Specifically, the paper seeks to answer the question: “How might individuals with diverse characteristics such as culture, age, work experience, educational background, aptitude and values, become successful team members?”.Design/methodology/approach – A review of theories that are pertinent to individual differences and team formation, including social identity theory, mental models, inter contact theory, social comparison theory, and chaos theory, was conducted. Team formation and diversity literature were reviewed to identify ways of developing diverse and effective teams.Findings – It is a truism that working together in teams is a smart w...
Change in left ventricular volume during angiocardiography.

Abstract Seven selective left ventricular angiocardiograms that permitted measurement of end-diastolic volume for 5 consecutive cardiac cycles were analyzed. Neither end-diastolic volume nor end-systolic volume changed significantly between the first and second cycles after ventricular opacification. A progressive increase in the major and minor ventricular semiaxes occurred beginning with the third opacified cycle. Correspondingly, the average end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume increased by 6.9 ml and 3.4 ml, respectively, between the second and third cardiac cycles. Ventricular volumes progressively increased between the third and fifth cardiac cycles in each patient. These data suggest that sodium diatrizoate has a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular myocardium by the third cardiac cycle after injection. Physiologic information from cineangiocardiography should be derived from the first 2 cardiac cycles after opacification.
Contact angles in sequential wetting: pentane on water

Abstract In recent experiments, pentane deposited on water has been found to undergo two sequential wetting transitions as the temperature is increased (Bertrand et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1282). At low temperatures ( ≈100 A ). Heating the system further leads to an increasing film thickness, which ultimately diverges at 53°C, the critical wetting transition temperature. We calculate the contact angles of pentane lenses on the water surface (and those that sit on top of the finite wetting layer) in the temperature range 0–53°C and compute the magnitude of the discontinuity in the temperature derivative of the contact angle at the first-order transition, but are currently unable to monitor how the contact angle vanishes as a temperature of 53°C is approached. For these purposes, we use a modified Cahn theory which incorporates the long-range interaction terms responsible for the occurrence of critical wetting.
Magnetic Recording Disk Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Modifications to conventional techniques required to prepare specimens from magnetic recording disks are described. Both the preparation of through-foil and cross-section specimens are discussed. The differences between preparation techniques for particulate and thin film disks are elucidated. Micrographs of specimens prepared by various techniques from both types of disk technology are presented that show the relative merits of these methods.
Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. 2. Protein Partitioning

The role of polymer concentration, ionic strength, and salt type on the partitioning of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Polymer-induced protein-protein interactions are also considered in terms of a perturbation theory, and are shown to not significantly affect the protein partition coefficient at moderate concentrations. A thermodynamic model combining the UNIQUAC and extended Debye-Huckel equations accounts for changes in salt type and salt concentration on protein partitioning with good accuracy, and calculated protein partition coefficients are in good agreement with experimental observations. Based on this detailed thermodynamic analysis, a simple model for the protein partition coefficient is developed and is shown to be useful for correlating measurements
Removal of PCBS from wastewater in a simulated overland flow treatment system

Abstract Overland flow systems have been proposed as an efficient alternative for the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous waste streams. A simulated wastewater containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was added to a model overland flow treatment system. Movement, biodegradation and volatilization of the PCBs were determined in the system using 14C-labeled PCBs and PCB congener-specific, high resolution gas chromatography. PCB removal approached 100% in this system. Movement of PCBs in the soil was minimal with removal occurring primarily in the upper sections of the slope. Mineralization of PCBs was low (⩽ 2% of the PCBs added) over the time frame of this experiment.
Vulnerability to Hurricane Damage on the U.S. Gulf Coast Since 1950

We study hurricane risk on the U.S. Gulf Coast during 1950-2005, estimating the wind damage and storm surge from every hurricane in this extended period. Wind damage is estimated from the known path and wind speeds of individual storms and calibrated to fit actual damage reports for a sample of Gulf Coast storms. Storm surge is estimated using the SLOSH model developed by NOAA. These models provide the first comprehensive overview of the hurricane storm hazard as it has been experienced over a fifty-six-year period. We link the estimated damage with information on the population and specific socio-demographic components of the population (by age, race, and poverty status). RESULTS show that white, young adult, and nonpoor populations have shifted over time away from zones with higher risk of wind damage, while more vulnerable population groups-the elderly, African Americans, and poor-have moved in the opposite direction. All groups have moved away from areas with high risk of storm surge since 1970. But in this case, perhaps because living near the water is still perceived as an amenity, those at highest risk are whites, elderly, and nonpoor households. Here exposure represents a trade-off between the risk and the amenity. Language: en
Absence of Pituitary Gland, Hypothyroidism, Hypoadrenalism and Hypogonadism in a 17-Year-Old Dwarf

Absence of the pituitary gland, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism and hypogonadism has been reported in a 17-yr-old male dwarf with myxedema, hypoglycemicconvulsions and marked genital underdevelopment. There was no pituitary gland within the fossa, and no ectopic cells were found in the tissue between the sella turcica and the posterior pharynx. Histologically, only a small nest of cells was found, which could not be recognized as pituitary cells. There was gross disorganization of the thyroid and no normal thyroid architecture or follicular structure. The adrenals were small and the architecture was distorted by diffuse interstitial fibrous tissue surrounding small islets of cortical cells. The testes were minute and only atrophic remnants of seminiferous tubules remained surrounded by diffuse dense fibrous tissue. The relationship between the endocrinopathy and the life history of the patient is discussed.
Reciprocal gut-brain evolutionary symbiosis provokes and amplifies the postinjury systemic inflammatory response syndrome

THE GUT AND THE BRAIN serve as dual motors in the evolutionary maintenance and amplification of the postinjury inflammatory response. This gut-brain axis is dependent on, and perpetuated by, current therapeutic interventional measures. It is not intuitive that evolution dictates the postinjury response. Evolutionary processes may determine eventual patient outcome to an extent that is great, if not greater, than that influenced by clinician intervention. Utilization of evolutionary principles in understanding disease pathogenesis, termed Darwinian or evolutionary medicine, is gaining increasing acceptance in medicine. The patient is a product of a long process of evolutionary development. The severely injured patient is not a static organism, but instead is one that possesses an encoded set of evolutionary responses to injury that predate current therapy. When postinjury therapy runs counter to evolutionary responses, these strategies may ultimately prove counterproductive. Within the enteric lumen reside trillions of prokaryotic (bacterial) cells that maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host. In the aftermath of systemic injury, the composition and activity of this vast microbial enteric reservoir, combined with abrupt changes in the health and barrier capacity
Modification of alpha morphology in Ti-6Al-4V by thermomechanical processing

The modification of lamellar alpha phase in Ti-6A1-4V by hot working was investigated with the aim of controlling morphology (aspect ratio) and final grain size. The effect of strain was studied using forging at 955 °C (1750 °F), followed by annealing at 925 °C (1700 °F) to allow the alpha morphology to adjust. Increasing the deformation from 6.5 pct to 80 pct reduction caused the lamellar alpha morphology to become progressively more equiaxed upon annealing. TEM observations showed that annealing of material deformed to 6.5 pct resulted in recovery of the alpha, without a noticeable change in the morphology, while higher deformation resulted in plate shearing and beta cusp formation. It was found that material with an initial thin alpha plate structure (thickness — 3.4 ώm) breaks up at a lower critical strain than a material with a thicker plate morphology (thickness ≃ 6 μm). The material with thin alpha plates more rapidly forms equiaxed alpha grains separated by beta phase, while the material with a thicker plate structure exhibits more alpha/alpha boundaries after deformation and annealing. The morphology change from alpha lamellae into lower aspect ratio grains was identified to be by a break-up of the alpha lamellae, essentially by a two-step process: a formation of low and high angle alpha/alpha boundaries or shear bands across the alpha plates followed by penetration of beta phase to complete the separation. This break-up takes place during hot deformation and subsequent annealing.
Neural correlates of attentional and mnemonic processing in event-based prospective memory.

Prospective memory, or memory for realizing delayed intentions, was examined with an event-based paradigm while simultaneously measuring neural activity with high-density EEG recordings. Specifically, the neural substrates of monitoring for an event-based cue were examined, as well as those perhaps associated with the cognitive processes supporting detection of cues and fulfillment of intentions. Participants engaged in a baseline lexical decision task (LDT), followed by a LDT with an embedded prospective memory (PM) component. Event-based cues were constituted by color and lexicality (red words). Behavioral data provided evidence that monitoring, or preparatory attentional processes, were used to detect cues. Analysis of the event-related potentials (ERP) revealed visual attentional modulations at 140 and 220 ms post-stimulus associated with preparatory attentional processes. In addition, ERP components at 220, 350, and 400 ms post-stimulus were enhanced for intention-related items. Our results suggest preparatory attention may operate by selectively modulating processing of features related to a previously formed event-based intention, as well as provide further evidence for the proposal that dissociable component processes support the fulfillment of delayed intentions.
Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Clinical Depression

Clinical depression is a common illness, with prevalence of current depressive symptoms in the general population of nearly 10% and lifetime diagnosis almost 16%. Yoga offers an attractive option for complementary therapy of depression. The purpose of this study was to examine research regarding the benefits of yoga for depression, to learn to what extent yoga is beneficial as a complementary therapy for this condition. The method used in this study was a systematic qualitative review of interventions obtained from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ERIC databases. A total of 18 studies met the criteria. Some of the designs utilized by the interventions were pretest posttest, quasi-experimental and randomized controlled trials. It was found that majority of the interventions (17) were able to significantly reduce depressive symptoms in the patients under study. However, several methodological limitations were identified in the conduct of the intervention trials, which future interventions must consider.
Effect of beta-alanine on glucose and fructose catabolism in Drosophila melanogaster with notes on beta-aminoisobutyric and gamma-aminobutyric acids.

Abstract Injection of beta-alanine into the thorax of newly emerged female ebony Drosophila melanogaster inhibits 14CO2 excretion from injected 1,2, or 6-14C-glucose. The descending order of 14CO2 rates from the labelled carbons is 1,2,6. Beta-alanine also inhibits 14CO2 excretion from U (uniform 14C)-glucose, fructose, sucrose, or maltose and 1-14C-galactose, lactose, or mannose. Arabinose is not metabolized. Injected beta-alanine does not inhibit 14CO2 excretion from 1-14C-glucose-6-phosphate, 1-14C-pyruvate, or 1,4-14C-succinic acid. 14CO2 excretion rates for pyruvate or succinic acid are higher than for glucose.
Metal-to-Semiconductor Transition in Hexagonal NiS

Recent electrical resistivity measurements have shown that the hexagonal form of stoichiometric NiS exhibits an abrupt metal-to-semiconductor transition at 264\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Neutron diffraction studies have shown that a first-order paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition also occurs at 264\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. No crystal lattice distortion is observed at the transition nor detected at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, suggesting that this may be a transition of the kind considered by Adler and Brooks. The measured magnetic moment at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 1.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\beta} and at 260\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K it is 150.\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\beta} indicating that the sublattice magnetization is within 10% of saturation immediately upon ordering. The neutron data also shown that no more than about 1% of the Ni atoms migrate to tetragonal interstitial sites on warming from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to room temperature. Thus, Ni atom migration apparently plays no part in this transition. The powder magnetic susceptibility is 2.24\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/g at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and is virtually temperature-independent above the transition. $\ensuremath{\chi}$ increases abruptly at 264\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by about 15% and exhibits some field-cooling effects. Studies on the compounds ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{X}\mathrm{S}$, for $X=1.01, 0.99, 0.97, \mathrm{and} 0.94$ show that excess sulfur lowers the transition temperature.