cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode of Action of Illudin S

The effect of the antitumor antibiotic illudin S on bacterial macromolecular synthesis was investigated. Illudin S was found to be inhibitory to in vivo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis from thymidine. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was inhibited only at a concentration of illudin S 10 times that which inhibited DNA synthesis. The rate of protein synthesis remained the same except for a brief initial inhibition. When thymidine triphosphate was used for in vitro DNA synthesis, inhibition by illudin S did not occur, as tested with partially purified DNA polymerase II from Escherichia coli pol A 1 − , with E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, with E. coli pol A 1 − spheroplasts, and with frozen and thawed Bacillus subtilis cells. A protein fraction isolated from B. subtilis capable of forming thymidine mono-, di-, and triphosphates from thymidine was not inhibited by illudin S. Furthermore, 14 C-illudin S taken up by B. subtilis cells was reisolated unchanged, making an intracellular activation of illudin S unlikely. Therefore, an attractive hypothesis is that illudin S inhibits DNA synthesis from thymidine which does not proceed through deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, the generally accepted substrates for DNA synthesis.
Hydrogen in V, Nb, and Ta: Magnetism in Fe, Co, and Ni

The concept of the four-atom Jahn-Teller resonance molecule. in transition metals is described, and its origin in the study of the Vb hydrides is retraced. The concept is schematically related to the theory of resonance localization of magnetic impurities. A model study that demonstrates plausibility and suggests generality of the four-atom resonance is reviewed. The nature of the electron correlation responsible for the resonance is revealed by a simple analogy to involve formation of a covalent bond. Generalization of the model Hamiltonian suggests the possibility of molecular magnetic moments and leads directly to a simple and successful description of magnetism in the Fe group.
A technique for surface tension determination of extracts from lung biopsy specimens.

Summary We have described a method of making lung extracts for surface tension measurement which is applicable to clinical material obtained by lung biopsy. Successful extraction of surfactant from specimens of lung is dependent on mechanical contact of the electrolyte solution and the alveolar surfaces. This can be accomplished efficiently after the alveoli have been reinflated with carbon dioxide. This additional step in the procedure for making surface active lung extracts has permitted us to apply this investigative tool and to realize comparable normal minimum surface tension measurements in a meaningful clinical setting.
Melting and solidification of nanoparticles: Scale effects, thermally activated surface nucleation, and bistable states

Previously unknown phenomena, scale, and kinetic effects are revealed by introducing the finite width ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ of the particle-exterior interface as the additional scale parameter and thermally activated melting in the phase field approach. In addition to traditional continuous barrierless premelting and melting for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}=$ 0, barrierless hysteretic jumplike premelting (melting) and thermally activated premelting (melting) via critical nucleus are revealed. A very rich temperature $\ensuremath{\theta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ transformation diagram is found, which includes various barrierless and thermally activated transformations between solid, melt, and surface melt, and complex hysteretic behavior under various temperature and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ trajectories. Bistable states (i.e., spontaneous thermally activated switching between two states) between solid and melt or surface melt are found for Al particles. Strong dependence of the melting temperature (which, in contrast to previous approaches, is defined for thermally activated premelting and melting) for nanoparticles of various radii on ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ is found. Results are in good agreement with experiments for Al for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}=0.8--1.2\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}$nm. They open an unexplored direction of controlling surface melting and melting or solidification by controlling the width of the external surface and utilizing predicted phenomena. They also can be expanded for other phase transformations (e.g., amorphization, solid-solid diffusionless, diffusive, and electromagnetic transformations) and phenomena, imbedded particles, and mechanical effects.
An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics

This Mathematica notebook introduces the partition function for vibrational and rotational energy. Students start with a review of Sterling’s approximation and proceed to examine the harmonic oscillator partition function. They then use their own experimental data or a supplied spectrum to study the fine structure of HCl/DCl or some other diatomic gas.
Extremal 3-connected graph

Abstract Let G be a 3-connected graph with minimum degree at least d and at least 2 d vertices. For any three distinct vertices x, y, z there is a path from x to z through y and having length at least2 d − 2. In this paper, we characterize those graphs for which no such path has length exceeding 2 d − 2.
Degradation of abnormal lignins in the brown-midrib mutants and double mutants of maize

Abstract The lignin content of the single mutants was somewhat lower, and that of the double mutants was considerably lower, than that of normal maize. Alkaline hydrolysis of the stalk of all mutants and double mutants yielded p-coumaric and ferulic acids as major products. The yield of p-coumaric from bm1/bm1 and the double mutants bm1/bm1, bm2/bm2, bm1/bm1; bm3/bm3, and bm1/bm1; bm4/bm4 was considerably less than that from normal maize. The yield of ferulic acid from all double mutants was greater than that from normal maize or the single mutants. Alkaline-nitrobenzene oxidation of maize stalks yielded syringaldehyde, vanillin and p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde. The yield of syringaldehyde from all the double mutants and the bm1/bm1, bm2/bm2, and bm3/bm3 mutants was less than that from normal maize. The greatest reduction of syringaldehyde occurred with the bm1/bm1 mutant and its double mutants.
MBi2Ge2O8 molten glasses: A new host environment for the growth of garnets, spinels, and related phases

Abstract The molar volumes of MO/Bi2O3/2 GeO2 glasses ( M= Zn, Cd, Ca, Sr, Pb, & Ba ) vary directly with cation volume and inversely with cation field strength. Small needles of ZnBi2Ge2O8 (up to 0.75 mm) & SrBi2Ge2O8 (up to 0.20 mm) can form during slow cooling of the parent melts. Al2O3 (or Ga2O3) additions expand these glasses by introducing AlO4 Tetrahedra. Precipitation of spinel-like arrays from such molten polyhedral jumbles requires more Al2O3 (or Ga2O3) with larger cations for solubility reasons. This is confirmed by the nuclei concentrations.
DC Characterization of High Gradient Multilayer Insulators

We have developed a novel insulator concept that involves the use of alternating layers of conductors and insulators with periods less than 1 mm. We have demonstrated that these structures perform 2 to 5 times better than conventional insulators in long pulse, short pulse, and alternating polarity applications. We present new testing results showing exceptional behavior at DC, with gradients in excess of 110 kV/cm in vacuum.
The influence of deliberations on learning in new product development teams

Abstract Organizational learning in new product development involves the development of a knowledge base that can inform technical problem solving and decision making. We contend that learning processes in new product development can be studied by examining deliberations, that is, the patterns of exchange and communications which RDE are conducive to knowledge sharing and active inquiry; which expose more people to the “big picture” of how the overall product system functions; and which utilize a participative approach to decision making. We conclude by discussing the managerial and research implications of these findings.
Growth and characterization of organic crystal: 4-(N,N-dimethyl-amino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene DAN grown by Bridgman method

We report the growth of organic crystal of DAN by Bridgman method, where both bulk (6 x 20 mm) and cored-fiber (O.2x30 mm) single crystals were grown. Characterization of these crystals was performed for doubling Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.064 pm and 1.32 jim, where favor orientation of the Bridgman-grown DAN was demonstrated. Phase-matching loci were measured and compared with the calculated data. Conditions for single-mode cored-fiber are analyzed.
The general optimal market area model with uncertain and nonstationary demand

Abstract Facility location problems involve determining the number of facilities to open, the location of facilities, and the market area that each facility will serve. While the environment is seldom stable, algorithms for solving models that incorporate change and uncertainty are rare and limited in scope. Consequently, the common approach in practice is to use algorithms for static models with perhaps some scenario analysis to accommodate change and uncertainty. We introduce an analytically tractable model that includes dynamic and uncertain demand. By studying how the model can be solved by solving a related model with stationary demand, we are able to derive guidelines on how to apply static analysis tools to problems with dynamic demand. While the analysis is contingent upon the underlying model, evidence on the model's robustness suggests that the results represent plausible guidelines for problems that extend well beyond the model.
Subcellular distribution of the α and β topoisomerase II-DNA complexes stabilized by VM-26

Abstract Studies were done to determine (a) the subcellular distribution of the α (170 kDa) and β (180 kDa) isozymes of topoisomerase II, and (b) the extent to which each isozyme forms complexes with DNA in tumor cells incubated with and without VM-26. Western blotting revealed that topoisomerase IIβ was highly unstable during cell fractionation. However, preincubation of human CEM leukemia cells with 5–100 μM VM-26 for 30 min protected the β isozyme from degradation by progressively increasing the amount of this isoform bound to DNA. The amount of topoisomerase IIβ detected in nuclei of CEM cells incubated for 30 min with 25 μM VM-26 was 7-fold greater than in nuclei from untreated control cells. VM-26 also had a protective effect on topoisomerase IIβ in HL-60 leukemia and WiDR colon carcinoma cells. In contrast, the intercalating agents mitoxantrone and m-AMSA did not protect topoisomerase IIβ from degradation during cell fractionation. The stabilization of topoisomerase IIβ by VM-26 allowed subsequent studies of the subcellular distribution of the topoisomerase II isozymes. Both isozymes were detected in the nonmatrix (high salt-soluble) fraction of nuclei from CEM cells, but only topoisomerase IIα was present in the nuclear matrix. VM-26 stabilized binding of the α and β topoisomerase II isoenzymes to nonmatrix DNA and topoisomerase IIα to matrix DNA. The differences observed in the subnuclear distribution and DNA binding pattern of the topoisomerase II isozymes support the hypotheses that each isozyme has a distinct cellular function, and that both the α and β isozymes are potential targets for VM-26 in intact cells. In addition, the results demonstrated that pretreatment of various cell lines with VM-26is a useful way to stabilize topoisomerase IIβ during cell fractionation.
Cyclosporine A induced arteriolopathy in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine nephropathy

Cyclosporine A induced arteriolopathy in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Chronic cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity is a major complication of heart, bone marrow, and renal transplantation, and is characterized in humans by striped interstitial fibrosis, tubular dilatation and atrophy, and hyalinization of hilar arterioles. This last feature is highly specific for cyclosporine injury and has been difficult to reproduce in normotensive animal models. Salt-depletion has been shown to sensitize rodents to the effects of CsA and accelerate the disease process. We conducted sequential studies in chronically salt depleted, pair fed rats treated with CsA (15 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equivalent dose of olive oil vehicle, and found a histologic lesion associated with CsA that consisted of striped cortical interstitial fibrosis, tubular dilatation and atrophy, and hyalinization of many afferent arterioles. The arteriolopathy was first detected at day 10 with progressive hyalinization of arterioles continuing until termination of the study at day 35. The arteriolopathy consisted initially of eosinophilic granular transformation of smooth muscle cells comprising afferent hilar glomerular arterioles, and progressed to foci of smooth muscle cell vacuolization and accumulation of discrete hyaline deposits in vessel walls. Electron microscopy demonstrated marked accumulation of typical renin granules throughout the smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, corresponding to the eosinophilic granular transformation revealed histologically. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the up-regulated production of renin in these vessels. This study documents a rodent model for CsA arteriolopathy and CsA-associated interstitial fibrosis that strikingly reproduces the most characteristic nephropathic effects of cyclosporine found in human patients treated with this agent. This model offers an opportunity to test therapeutic interventions that might block or ameliorate the most serious nephrotoxic effects of this drug.
Analytical Determination of Characteristics of Magnetic Amplifiers with Feedback

An analytical method is developed for predetermining the steady-state characteristics of magnetic amplifiers with feedback. The magnetization curve is expressed in a convenient functional form and analytical relations among the direct control current, alternating output current and applied alternating voltage are derived for two different feedback circuits. Magnetic amplifiers without feedback are included as limiting cases. Simultaneous conduction of the rectifiers which occurs in feedback circuits during portions of the cycle is taken into account and explained. Experimental checks confirm the soundness of the analysis throughout.
Universal Quantification of Binding Affinity Using Back- Scattering Interferometry

Back-Scattering Interferometry has been used to measure a variety of binding events, including membrane-bound protein interactions, selective inhibition of enzymes, and quantification of allosteric effects. These interactions are studied in free-solution label-free.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE RATE OF INTEREST ON PERSONAL SAVING

Now, SEVENTEEN YEARS after the publication of Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, it is a commonplace that personal consumption and saving are strongly influenced by changes in disposable income. During these same years, however, most economists have had to adopt an unaccustomed agnostic view about the influence of the rate of interest on personal saving. This shift in scientific opinion was due in part to the recognition of the theoretical indeterminacy of the role of interest in consumer's decisions and in part to the failure of statistical studies to provide convincing evidence. This dissertation attempts first to resolve the theoretical indeterminacy by applying testable psychological propositions as a critique of economic theory, and then in order to break the statistical barrier it separates the problem into the redistribution effect and the credit rationing effect thus making possible the use of a wide source of statistical and institutional data. The results obtained indicate a strong, positive saving-interest relation. Such a doctrine is not counter-revolutionary to developments in economics during the last seventeen years, for the interest-saving relation is clearly complementary to the disposable income-saving relation. In very brief summary, the argument is the following: The theoretical indeterminacy is due to the two-sided effect of (all) incentive payments: increasing the rate of interest (or, e.g., wages) provides both increased marginal payments which serve to spur greater saving (effort), and at the same time increased income, which may lessen the need for further saving (effort). The net effect depends therefore on whether the price effect or the income effect is dominant. Without further information there is no basis for knowledge on this point. Fortunately a development in modem psychology makes it possible for economists to evaluate the implications of the alternative possibilities. But first, it should be clear that saving will increase when the rate of interest rises if the price effect dominates; it may decrease
Urinary levels of Bcl-2 are elevated in ovarian cancer patients.

Objective(s) The poor prognosis associated with ovarian cancer is due to the lack of overt early symptoms and the absence of reliable diagnostic screening methods. Since many tumors overexpress anti-apoptotic proteins, the purpose of this study was to determine whether elevated levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were present in urine from patients with ovarian cancer.
Patterns in burglary: An empirical examination of offense and offender characteristics

Abstract Key cluster analysis was used to examine the various characteristics of both burglars and burglaries to determine the existence and extent of any relationship between the offender and the incident. The data were gathered from six law enforcement agencies in California. Although some patterns were suggestive of a relationship between race, method of entry, and economic level of the burglarized location, no strong patterns could be found.
Association of perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with postoperative myocardial infarction after total joint replacement.

Background and Objectives Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) analgesics is controversial because of cardiovascular risk, but perioperative use may be advantageous for total joint replacement. Thus, we performed this single-center observational cohort study to determine any association between NSAID use and postoperative myocardial infarction (POMI). Methods All patient admissions undergoing total hip or knee replacement between March 3, 2009, and September 1, 2010, were identified. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was identified. Postoperative myocardial infarction was defined as troponin I level greater than 0.1 ng/mL. Propensity scores were calculated to adjust for bias of receiving NSAIDs and troponin measurements. Propensity scores and other covariates were used in logistic regression to determine the independent association of NSAID use with POMI. Results Of the 10,873 arthroplasty admissions, 1518 (14%) had serial troponins measured, and 97 had a POMI (0.9%). Incidence of POMI was 0.8% for the 9,831 who received NSAIDs and 1.8% for the 1,042 (10%) admitted patients who did not receive NSAIDs with a risk difference of −1% with 95% confidence interval (CI) of −0.2% to −1.9%. The adjusted odds ratio (0.95; 95% CI, 0.5–1.8) and relative risk (0.95; 95% CI, 0.5–1.8) indicated that NSAIDs were not significantly associated with the risk of POMI. Mean duration of NSAID use was 3 days. Length of stay (98 versus 115 hours) was significantly reduced in the NSAID group. Conclusions Brief perioperative use of NSAIDs was not associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction after total hip and knee replacement; it may provide benefit in length of stay.
Beyond Memorization: Teaching Russian (and Other Languages‘) Vocabulary

As foreign language instruction becomes more proficiency-oriented, the majority of theorists favor placing vocabulary into a meaningful context. Nonetheless, the presentation and learning of vocabulary remains problematic, principally because acquiring vocabulary, which must involve its repetition, often is boring. Ensuring daily practice of new and already learned lexical items need not be a chore dreaded by both teacher and students, but can develop into one of the most eagerly awaited parts of each new lesson. Effective classroom techniques go far in aiding learners in their own search for efficient acquisition strategies, helping to render them more independent of the instructor, more able to work on their own. This article presents a number of methods, including context-related activities, board games and filler exercises, developed and tested in the Russian classroom, designed for stimulating vocabulary learning and retention.
Science, technology, and the limits of judicial competence.

Resolution of technological controversies occupies an increasingly im? portant position in the judicial arena. It is widely believed that tradi? tional processes of adjudication are no longer capable of handling many of the disputes engendered by a complex technological society. This article examines recent litigation based on disputes over science and technology, the burdens on the adjudicatory process, and some proposed reforms. It is argued that such proposals frequently miscon? ceive the problems faced by the courts because they concentrate on the question of technical uncertainty rather than the conceptual and policy issues at stake. Resolution of scientific and technological controversies occupies an increasingly important position in the agenda of the federal courts. Government efforts to regulate problems related to technological ad? vances have given rise to a new brand of litigation that focuses directly on issues debated among scientific experts. Legislation to control en? vironmental and health risks, such as the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act, require decisions based on the "best scientific information" as well as relevant
Evidence for a Discrete Alcohol Pocket Mediating GIRK Channel Activation

Alcohols can activate G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K (GIRK) channels but the molecular mechanism is not well understood. To investigate the possibility of a physical alcohol pocket located in the cytoplasmic domain of GIRK channels, we used a crystal structure of related IRK1 channel containing a bound alcohol (2-methyl, 2-4-pentanediol - MPD) and structure-based mutagenesis of GIRK2 and GIRK4 channels combined with patch-clamp electrophysiology. In transiently transfected HEK293 cells, both wild-type GIRK2 and GIRK4 channels were activated by 100 mM ethanol, MPD and 1-Propanol. Replacing a conserved Leucine (GIRK2-L257 / GIRK4-L252) in the betaD-betaE region of the cytoplasmic domain with bulkier Tyrosine or Tryptophan led to significant attenuation or loss of alcohol-dependent activation for both GIRK2 and GIRK4 channels. Constitutively open channels, such as IRK1 and GIRK2-PIP2 (engineered to bind PIP2 with high affinity), on the other hand, were inhibited by ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and MPD. Mutating the homologous Leucine in IRK1 (L257) or in GIRK2-PIP2 channels did not alter the sensitivity to inhibition by these alcohols, suggesting a second site in the channel is involved in inhibition by alcohols. Consistent with this, mutagenesis of the extracellular pore-helix of GIRK4 and GIRK2-PIP2 channels reduced the sensitivity to alcohol-mediated inhibition. Interestingly, mutation of the conserved Leucine (L257/L252) in the betaD-betaE domain also disrupted G protein-dependent activation, suggesting a common mechanism of activation by alcohols and G-proteins. Using our data and an analysis of high-resolution structures of inwardly rectifying K channels, we propose a novel model for alcohol activation of GIRK channels that is mediated by the cytoplasmic hydrophobic alcohol pocket.
Baroclinic Instability and Thermohaline Gradient Alignment in the Mixed Layer

Abstract The density of the mixed layer (ML) is approximately uniform in the vertical, but there are dynamically important horizontal gradients. The subinertial mixed layer (SML) approximation is a small Rossby number filtering of the primitive equation that isolates the low frequency (ω ≪ f) dynamics. A linear stability analysis based on the SML approximation shows that the horizontal density gradients within the mixed layer (ML) support baroclinically unstable waves with inverse wavenumbers in the range 1 to 10 km. This conclusion follows from both a slab ML model, in which the horizontal velocity has no vertical shear, and a geostrophic ML model, in which the horizontal velocity is sheared according to the thermal wind relation. In the geostrophic case the instability is identical to the long wavelength limit of baroclinically unstable Eady waves. An interesting difference between the slab and geostrophic ML is the dynamics of thermal and saline anomalies. In the slab case, thermohaline anomalies are a...
Measurement of flow and turbulence distribution of a free jet by laser photon correlation spectroscopy

Abstract The flow and turbulence profile of a free jet is reported by remote sensing techniques using laser Doppler effect and photon correlation spectroscopy.
The glycosylation-dependent interaction of perlecan core protein with LDL: implications for atherosclerosis

Perlecan is a major heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the arterial wall. Previous studies have linked it to atherosclerosis. Perlecan contains a core protein and three HS side chains. Its core protein has five domains (DI–DV) with disparate structures and DII is highly homologous to the ligand-binding portion of LDL receptor (LDLR). The functional significance of this domain has been unknown. Here, we show that perlecan DII interacts with LDL. Importantly, the interaction largely relies on O-linked glycans that are only present in the secreted DII. Among the five repeat units of DII, most of the glycosylation sites are from the second unit, which is highly divergent and rich in serine and threonine, but has no cysteine residues. Interestingly, most of the glycans are capped by the negatively charged sialic acids, which are critical for LDL binding. We further demonstrate an additive effect of HS and DII on LDL binding. Unlike LDLR, which directs LDL uptake through endocytosis, this study uncovers a novel feature of the perlecan LDLR-like DII in receptor-mediated lipoprotein retention, which depends on its glycosylation. Thus, perlecan glycosylation may play a role in the early LDL retention during the development of atherosclerosis.
Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Beryllium: An Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals

In 1996, in collaboration with Lawrence Anovitz, I edited Boron Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry , volume 33 in the Reviews in Mineralogy series, a book that has been reprinted with addenda in 2002 (further addenda and corrections are posted at http://www.minsocam.org, where you may also find corrections to this volume). Many of the same reasons for inviting investigators to contribute to a volume on boron apply equally to a volume on beryllium. Like B, Be poses analytical difficulties, and it has been neglected in many geochemical, mineralogical and petrological studies. However, with the development of instruments to measure cosmogenic isotopes, greater availability and refinement of the ion microprobe, and with overall improvement in analytical technology, interest in Be and its cosmogenic isotopes has increased, and more studies are being published. Thus, I decided that it was an appropriate time to invite those actively involved in research on Be to contribute to this volume, which is intended to be a companion to Boron Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry . NOTE: In this chapter, individual review papers are referred to by author name(s) and chapter number. The Be mineral beryl and its colored variants emerald, aquamarine, and “chrysoberyl” (= golden beryl, not the present chrysoberyl) were known to the ancients, and Pliny the Elder had noted that many persons considered emerald and beryl “to be of the same nature” (Sinkankas 1981, p. 20; also Dana 1892; Weeks and Leicester 1968). However, not until 1798 was it realized that beryl contained a previously unknown constituent; analyses before then yielded only silica, alumina, lime and minor iron oxide (Vauquelin 1798; Anonymous 1930; Weeks and Leicester 1968; Greenwood and Earnshaw 1997). The mineralogist Rene Just Hauy asked Nicolas Louis Vauquelin (Fig. 1⇓) to analyze beryl and emerald in order to …
Thresholded area over the curve of spectrometric tissue oxygen saturation as an indicator of volume resuscitability in porcine hemorrhagic shock

A rapid, reliable, and noninvasive functional measure of responsiveness to resuscitation in posttraumatic hemorrhagic shock could prove useful in guiding therapy, especially under circumstances such as the battlefield and civilian mass casualties. Tissue oxygen saturation (Sto ) is a promising c and idate for this application. We therefore explored the value of peripheral muscle Sto in predicting systemic responsiveness to colloid volume resuscitation in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Fourteen isoflurane-anesthetized piglets were subjected to a st and ardized hemorrhage protocol that maintained mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 30 and 40 mm Hg. Asanguineous resuscitation with a volume of Hextend equal to the total volume bled was initiated when compensation was exhausted (MAP <30 mm Hg). We recorded continuous MAP and Sto values, and calculated the contiguous area over the Sto curve yet below a given threshold of Sto (TAOC) as a function of this threshold before the selected timepoint for timepoints up to 30 minutes before resuscitation. Hemorrhage resulted in significant fluctuations of MAP and high interindividual variability of disease dynamics and outcome: 4 nonsurvivors and 10 survivors at 2 hours postresuscitation. Sto measurements reflected hemodynamic conditions in most animals, with a pronounced drop preceding final decompensation in 7 of 14 animals. TAOC discriminated three of four nonresuscitable (nonsurvivor) animals from the survivors, with group differences reaching significance even for the earliest examined timepoint (30 minutes before resuscitation), depending on the choice of TAOC threshold. Sto may serve as a marker of decompensation, whereas TAOC, a physiologically motivated correlate of perfusion debt and cumulative hypoperfusion injury, may be a useful early indicator of responsiveness to volume resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. © rofessor of Surgery and Critical Care, Director Applied Research, Innovative Medical and Information Technology Center, UPMC, F1265 Presbyterian, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2536; email: puyanajc@upmc.edu. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Highly swollen hydrogels: vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers

Abstract The objective was to prepare hydrogels which, though highly swollen, would have sufficient strength to allow crosslinked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Inclusion of tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate resulted in only a low physical (hydrophobic) crosslinks. The most successful results were achieved by gamma-irradiation of aqueous solutions of vinyl pyrrolidone plus methyl acrylate. Glass transitions of xerogels were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. It was deduced that the hydrophobic comonomer (methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate) is concentrated in microphase domains embedded in a matrix of almost pure crosslinked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Inclusion of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate resulted in only a low crosslinking efficiency but, nevertheless, had a marked influence in preventing phase separation, which gives hydrogels of improved clarity and mechanical strength.
On the influence of strain energy on order-disorder transformations

Abstract The change in elastic free energy on ordering is examined for its influence on the nature of the phase transitions in CuAu. CuPt and CuZn. The elastic free energy is shown to result from two contributions: the size difference between atoms and the volume and shape change on ordering. For CuAu the size-effect free energy remains virtually unchanged on ordering but the volume change is found to make the transition strongly first-order in agreement with earlier results of Tachiki and Teramoto. For CuPt the size-effect contribution cannot be evaluated at present because the elastic modulus has not been measured through the transition. Inclusion of the shape change contribution alone makes the transition strongly first-order. For CuZn, the size-effect contribution causes the order parameter to rise much faster with decreasing temperature than the curve given by rigid lattice models. The transition, however, remains second-order.
The Mean Free Paths of Cesium Atoms in Helium, Nitrogen, and Cesium Vapor

The mean free paths of cesium atoms in helium, nitrogen, and cesium vapor were measured with a molecular beam apparatus permitting the measurement of scattering deflection of about 5 seconds of arc. Utilizing the free fall of the beam atoms, the variation of the mean was found to be in agreement with the equations calculated on the basis of classical theory treating the atoms as elastic spheres. The measured values of the sums of the effective atomic radii are 12.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm for Cs-He, 17.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ for Cs-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and 27.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm for Cs-Cs collisions. These values correspond to mean free paths of 2.1 meters in He, 2.2 meters in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and 1.36 meters in Cs-vapor of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$-mm Hg pressure for cesium atoms with a velocity corresponding to the maximum intensity of the gravity deflection curve.
Electroencephalographic Activity and Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pentobarbital Levels in Determining the Therapeutic End Point during Barbiturate Coma

Controversy exists regarding the optimal means for monitoring the patient receiving pentobarbital therapy during medical coma. Serum pentobarbital levels have been used traditionally to gauge cerebral penetration and efficacy of the drug. These peripheral levels have been assumed to reflect pentobarbital concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, therefore, the physiological effect on the central nervous system. To determine the relative accuracy of serum versus CSF pentobarbital levels, continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring in 10 consecutive patients was studied prospectively. Each patient received pentobarbital therapy for cerebral protection in the face of a traumatic injury. Simultaneous serum and CSF pentobarbital levels were obtained 1) before and after the initial barbiturate bolus, 2) every 12 hours during constant infusion therapy, and 3) before and after subsequent boluses necessary because of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) (ICP greater than 15 mm Hg) or loss of burst suppression by continuous EEG monitoring (defined as greater than five bursts per minute). ICP and relevant clinical events were recorded hourly. Serum and CSF levels ranged from 33 to 74 mg/L and 4 to 54 mg/L, respectively. There was poor correlation between serum and CSF pentobarbital levels at any given time, although patients remained in burst suppression 73% of the time during their therapy. The EEG monitoring not only provided dynamic physiological monitoring, but it also permitted the lowest pentobarbital dose to maintain burst suppression for a specific patient's metabolism, reducing the likelihood of toxicity. In conclusion, CSF pentobarbital levels are of no greater accuracy than serum pentobarbital levels in predicting physiological effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
1706 MENINGITIS: A DEVASTATING COMPLICATION OF SERIAL LUMBAR FUNCTION (LP) THERAPY FOR POSTHEMORRHAGIC HYDROCEPHALUS (PHH)

Serial LP has been advocated as a safe therapy for relieving intracranial pressure in prematures with PHH. During two years, 26 of 122 premature infants with IVH developed PHH. One infant had grade II, 14 grade III (54%), and 11 grade IV (45%) IVH. Serial LP (daily or qod) was initiated for progressive ventriculomegaly. Twenty-two infants underwent 3-33 LP while 4 infants required immediate neurosurgery. Five of the 22 infants (23%) developed meningitis directly related to LP. This far exceeds the incidence of meningitis in our infants without PHH. Organisms were Staphylococcus epidermitis (2), Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. We could not identify specific risk factors responsible for LP associated meningitis. Meningitis and noninfected groups were of similar birthweight (1088 vs 1200 g), GA (29 wks), and had similar clinical problems. The use of central venous catheters and the concurrent administration of antibiotics was similar. The number of LP and the incidence of difficult (multiple attempts 12-15%) and traumatic (3-7%) LP did not differ. One of the 5 infants with meningitis died while the other 4 required neurosurgery for progressing PHH. Of the 16 noninfected infants, 4 ultimately required neurosurgery and 1 died of complications of this procedure. LP meningitis greatly worsened PHH outcome. The risk of LP therapy must be carefully considered before treating PHH.
The future of professionalization and professionalism in public administration: Advancements, barriers, and prospects

This article examines the advancements, barriers, and prospects of the field of public administration as it seeks professionalism through professionalization. Overall, this essay delves into six broad areas of advancement and an equal number of obstacles. The milestones focus on the criteria of a profession and public administration's fulfillment of those standards, far-reaching credentialization, the expanding entry of women and minorities, the development of performance criteria, intergovernmental networking, and an expansion of associations. The impediments to the further evolution of the field toward professional development include the continuing value conflicts over the ultimate purposes of the field; the persistent politicization of the federal workforce; the inability of public servants to affect the uses of privatization; the erosion of national, state, and local governmental human-resource capacity; the confusion over the teaching of ethics and the promulgation of operational codes; and the prev...
Reducing Perceptions of Time Required to Complete Math Assignments by Adding Problems to Assignments: A Synthesis of the Additive Interspersal Research

Results from nine experiments were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between relative problem completion rates (RPCR) and judgments of time involving mathematics assignments. For each experiment, control assignments contained only target mathematics computation or word problems. Matched experimental assignments contained similar target problems with additional, briefer problems interspersed after every third target problem. After working on each assignment for the same amount of time, students selected the assignment that they judged would require the least or most amount of time to complete. Regression analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between RPCR (i.e., PCR on experimental assignments/PCR on control assignments) and time perceptions (r = .97). As RPCR increased, the percentage of students judging the experimental assignments as being less time consuming increased proportionally. Discussion focuses on application of time perception theories to educational settings.
Trawl stress and escapee vulnerability to predation in juvenile walleye pollock: Is there an unobserved bycatch of behaviorally impaired escapees?

Recent studies suggest that mortality of undersized fishes escaping through trawl codends may range from 0 to 100%, with mortalities of 10 to 30% being common. These values may be low, as they do not account for fishes which become behaviorally compromised by their passage through the trawl and ultimately succumb to predators. The goal of this study was to simulate in the laboratory the stressors associated with trawl passage and determine if they degrade the behavioral capabilities of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma to avoid predation. In the first of 2 experiments, groups of Age 1 yr+ walleye pollock were subjected to 3 treatments: (1) controls: no stressor; (2) swim/escape: forced swimming for 90 min at 0.33 m s -1 in a towed net, followed by escape through 8 cm square mesh; (3) swim/crowd/escape: forced swimming followed by 3 min of crowding, followed by escape. To evaluate the effect of these treatments on pollock behavior, a sable- fish Anoplopoma fimbria (48 to 53 cm) was placed in an observation arena with the group and pol- lock anti-predator behavior was quantified. Beginning immediately after simulated trawling and for up to 24 h afterwards, pollock exposed to both trawl-stressor treatments were less likely to avoid the predator than controls, allowing it to approach closer. They were also less able to form a cohesive shoal, and in the case of the swim/crowd/escape treatment, swam more slowly than control fish. To determine if trawl-stressed fish are more vulnerable to predation, in a second experiment I mixed control and swim/crowd/escape pollock together and then subjected them to predation by a 48 to 60 cm lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, observing the behavior and enumerating the number of pollock consumed in each treatment. Lingcod concentrated attacks upon solitary individuals or those strag- gling behind the shoal, were more likely to lunge at pollock that did not move away when approached, and were more successful the closer the pollock at lunge initiation. As a result, trawl- stressed pollock were consumed in greater numbers than controls. On the basis of these results, it is reasonable to expect that juvenile walleye pollock passing through trawls suffer behavioral deficits, subjecting them to elevated predation risk. If this is a generic effect, these results suggest that there may be a significant bycatch associated with many commercial trawl fisheries which is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock-assessment models.
Evaluation of the Duration of Action and Comparative Effectiveness of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate and Behavioral Treatment in Youth With ADHD in a Quasi-Naturalistic Setting.

Objective: This study compared the relative effects of three treatment conditions: long-acting stimulant medication (MED), behavior modification, and medication/behavioral treatments combined (COM)...
Technology Insight: liver support systems

Several liver support systems have been described for use as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure, but no system has gained FDA approval or widespread clinical acceptance. The authors of this Review present an overview of published experience with liver support systems since the 1960s. Emergency orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is currently the only standard treatment for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The waiting time for transplantation can exceed a week—using a liver assist device to bridge patients with FHF to OLT might therefore decrease the mortality rate. Several liver support systems have been described, but no system has gained FDA approval or widespread clinical acceptance. Although the results of many experimental and clinical trials are encouraging, the field is still in its initial stages. Using nonbiologic liver support is based on the assumption that several toxins that cause hepatic coma can be removed from the circulation by blood or plasma sorption methods. As these toxins could be involved in many FHF complications recovery without the need for transplantation is the ultimate aim. Biologic liver support uses xenogeneic livers or hepatocytes to support the failed human liver, exploiting biological cell functions, namely detoxification, metabolism, and biosynthesis. The classical nonbiologic dialysis methods could decrease mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, but definitive conclusions are impossible to draw because of the small number of patients studied and inadequate follow-up. Larger studies performed in specialty centers should provide conclusive data about the role of the bioartificial liver support system as a possible universal bridge to OLT. This article presents an overview of published experience with liver support systems since the 1960s.
Controlled and high throughput fabrication of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends

Immiscible blends of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) were melt extruded through a two strand rod die. The extrudates were hot-drawn at the die exit at different draw ratios. PTT fibers were obtained by removal of the CAB matrix from the drawn extrudates, and the morphology evolution of the formed fibers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. PTT nanofibers with an average diameter of 55 nm were produced by controlling the drawing ratio.
Assessing school climate: validation of a brief measure of the perceptions of parents

The goal of this study was to develop a parent school climate survey of high practical utility, grounded in theory, and supported by evidence of the reliability of its scores and validity of the inferences for their use. The Delaware School Climate Survey-Home is comprised of seven factors: Teacher-Student Relations, Student-Student Relations, Teacher-Home Communication, Respect for Diversity, Fairness of Rules, Clarity of Expectations, and School Safety. With a sample of 16,173 parents/guardians, confirmatory factor analyses supported a bifactor model, consisting of one general factor and the seven specific factors above. Configural, weak factorial, and strong factorial invariance were found across three grade-level groups, five racial-ethnic groups, and gender. Evidence of criterion-related validity was found in scores across all factors correlating significantly at the elementary and middle school levels with academic achievement, bullying victimization, and school suspensions/expulsions. Language: en
Schwannoma of the posterior tibial nerve: case study.

Background: Schwannomas are rare, slow-growing, benign tumors consisting of Schwann cells. They may cause pressure along a bony structure, resulting in increased pain and discomfort. Less than 1% of schwannomas become malignant, and localization in the foot is uncommon (2%–3% of reported cases). Methods: We present a case of a schwannoma of a branch of the posterior tibial nerve sheath. The goal is to assist in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of schwannoma in the foot and ankle. This is a case of a 51-year-old male soccer player with a soft-tissue mass along the medial ankle at the tarsal tunnel area with an insidious onset (2 years). Physical examination revealed a 3.0 × 2.5-cm mass; magnetic resonance imaging confirmed location, size, and depth. Results: Surgical resection of the soft-tissue mass was performed under general anesthesia. The mass was found to be superior to the flexor retinaculum and attached by a small nerve branch of the posterior tibial nerve that traveled through the flexor reti...
Effectiveness of Ezetimibe in Clinical Practice

We retrospectively evaluated the effect of ezetimibe in a population of patients with hypercholesterolemia referred to a lipid clinic. Ezetimibe decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 22% in all patients treated with this medication (n = 87). Ezetimibe was also effective in patients treated with this agent alone (-23%, n = 21), with a statin (-23%, n = 28), with a nonstatin (-21%, n = 18), and with both a statin and a nonstatin (-22%, n = 20).