cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreground and Background: Environment as Site and Social Issue

To examine how the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) has engaged with environmental issues throughout its 75-year history, we consulted five SPSSI-based data sources. Our analysis, attentive to the larger sociopolitical contexts over time, focuses on SPSSI's attention to the physical environment, the places in which social living and interactions occur. In SPSSI's early years, social issues research was often situated within specific locales. Since 1960 and the emergence of environmental psychology and the environmental movement, SPSSI increasing focuses on environment as a social issue in its own right as well part of other social issues. Over time there has been a decline in mentions of the physical environment in SPSSI's methods texts. This historical analysis highlights the specifics of context in SPSSI's environmental research and urges attention to the physical as well as social aspects of environment in research and activism.
Detonation Wave Hypersonic Ramjet

Performance of a hypersonic ramjet having a detonation wave combustion process is described. Flight speeds from Mach 2.5 to 10 are examined. Thermodynamic property changes across a detonation wave are presented. Engine cycle performance characteristics are computed including air specific impulse, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency. The effect of component efficiency on cycle performance is examined and the opt imum place in the cycle for the detonation wave is found. The subsonic burning ramjet is shown always to have superior thermodynamic performance compared to a detonation wave engine, but the differences are often minor. Other differences and some design features are discussed.
Caustic Ingestion: A Possible Cause of Eosinophilic Esophagitis?

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging disease in both pediatric and adult patients. It is a chronic disease of the esophagus and refers to intense eosinophilic infiltration limited to the esophageal epithelium in the absence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In most patients, EoE is thought to be part of an allergic response to food antigens or aeroallergens. One such trigger could be caustic damage of the mucosa. To the best of our knowledge, the following case report describes for the first time the possible association between caustic injury of the esophagus and EoE.
Genes regulated in human breast cancer cells overexpressing manganese-containing superoxide dismutase

The mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Reconstitution of MnSOD expression in several human cancer cell lines leads to reversion of malignancy and induces a resistant phenotype to the cytotoxic effects of TNF and hyperthermia. The signaling pathways that underlie these phenotypic changes in MnSOD-overexpressing cells are unknown, although alterations in the activity of several redox-sensitive transcription factors, including AP-1 and NF-kappaB, have been observed. To determine the downstream signaling molecules involved in MnSOD-induced cell resistant phenotype, in the present study we analyzed the expression profile of several groups of genes related to stress response, DNA repair, and apoptosis, in a human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line overexpressing MnSOD (MCF+SOD). Of 588 genes examined, 5 (0.85%) were up-regulated (2-42-fold), and 11 (1.9%) were down-regulated (2-33-fold) in the MCF+SOD cells compared to the parental MCF-7 cells. The five up-regulated genes were MET, GADD153, CD9, alpha-catenin and plakoglobin. The genes with the most significant down-regulation included: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, TNF-alpha converting enzyme, and interleukin-1beta. GADD153 (involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks) showed a 33-fold increase in microarray analysis and these results were confirmed by RT-PCR. To further determine the specificity in MnSOD-induced gene regulation, MCF+SOD cells were stably transfected with an antisense MnSOD sequence whose expression was controlled by a tetracycline-inducible regulator. Expression of three up-regulated genes was measured after induction of antisense MnSOD expression. Interestingly, expression level of GADD153 but not MET or CD9 was reduced 24 h after antisense MnSOD induction. Together, these results suggest that reconstitution of MnSOD in tumor cells can specifically modulate the expression of down-stream effector genes. GADD153 and other elements observed in the MCF+SOD cells may play a key role in signaling the MnSOD-induced cell phenotypic change.
Changes in cation contents of stria vascularis with ouabain and potassium-free perfusion.

Abstract Perfusion of the perilymphatic space of guinea pig cochleae with K-free medium leads to a gradual decline of the endocochlear potential (EP) over 30–50 min to a negative value (mean: −12 mV). The input resistance of scala media does not decrease during this time. The ATP and K content of the stria vascularis are reduced by similar amounts (26 and 34%, respectively) during this period. Perfusion of 1 mM ouabain produces a different pattern of response: striai ATP remains normal while striai K content is strongly reduced (by 77%). Striai Na rises in a complementary way to the K loss. These results demonstrate that a reduction of the K concentration of the perilymph leads to an inhibition of the generator of the positive component of the EP rather than to a general increase of cochlear duct membrane conductance. In addition, they suggest, in concert with other considerations (such as the slower rate of decline of the EP during K-free vascular perfusion (Wada J., Kambayashi J., Marcus, D.C. and Thalmann, R (1979): Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 225, 79–81)), that the mode of action may be different from that of ouabain. In spite of the lack of teleological support, we offer the hypothecs that the striai generator of the EP may primarily utilize K from perilymph and that vascular K may not have access to the generator.
Adverse Effects and Tolerability of Medications for the Treatment of Tobacco Use and Dependence

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death and disability in the world. Although gradually declining in most developed countries, the prevalence of tobacco use has increased among developing countries. Treatment for tobacco use and dependence is effective, although long-term abstinence rates remain disappointingly low. In response, new treatments continue to be developed. In addition, many of the pharmacotherapies that have been available for years have found new applications with the use of medication combinations, higher doses and a longer duration of therapy for approved medications.
Computer Simulation of the Effect of Thermal Contact Resistance on Cooling Time in Injection Molding

Thermal contact resistances (TCR) play an im portant role in heat transfer. TCR is therefore of significance in the simulation of injection mold ing processes where one of the factors determin ing productivity is the cooling time. Simulation software packages either consider TCR as negli gible or use a constant value based on steady- state conduction, whereas in injection molding, TCR is time-dependent. We use simulation of the injection molding process to show that using TCR values within the range obtained from steady state experiments may lead to underpre dicting cooling times by up to 15% and, hence, there is a need to use time-dependent TCR in the heat transfer simulations. Our simulation result indicates that the value of TCR also affects the frozen layer fraction in the early postfilling period.
Identifying topical authorities in microblogs

Content in microblogging systems such as Twitter is produced by tens to hundreds of millions of users. This diversity is a notable strength, but also presents the challenge of finding the most interesting and authoritative authors for any given topic. To address this, we first propose a set of features for characterizing social media authors, including both nodal and topical metrics. We then show how probabilistic clustering over this feature space, followed by a within-cluster ranking procedure, can yield a final list of top authors for a given topic. We present results across several topics, along with results from a user study confirming that our method finds authors who are significantly more interesting and authoritative than those resulting from several baseline conditions. Additionally our algorithm is computationally feasible in near real-time scenarios making it an attractive alternative for capturing the rapidly changing dynamics of microblogs.
How Dravet syndrome became a model for studying childhood genetic epilepsies.

In this issue of Brain , Brunklaus et al. report a study of 241 patients with Dravet syndrome carrying a SCN1A mutation, with the aim of identifying predictors of developmental outcome and determining specific clinical and demographic characteristics. The electroclinical features of a large cohort were collected and analysed prior to genetic testing. A total of 355 patients were diagnosed with Dravet syndrome, but the authors selected only the 241 (68%) who were positive for a mutation of SCN1A . Patients who were excluded had not been tested for mutations in other genes that could potentially cause overlapping phenotypes, such as protocadherin 19 (Depienne et al ., 2009). Dravet syndrome was first described briefly in French as severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (Dravet, 1978). In 1981, the same series was presented at the XIIIth Epilepsy International Congress and published 1 year later. Over the last 20 years, numerous series of patients have been reported, confirming the initial description, but also underlining variability of the clinical picture. The classic syndrome is defined by onset in an otherwise healthy infant during the first year of life, presenting febrile or afebrile and generalized or unilateral clonic or tonic clonic seizures, often long lasting, later associated with myoclonic, atypical absence and focal seizures. These are all resistant to drug treatment, and accompanied by slowing of developmental skills, as well as motor and behavioural disturbances. The EEG shows generalized and multifocal abnormalities whereas neuroimaging is normal. It quickly became apparent that a number of patients do not present with the complete semiology, mainly because the myoclonic component may be missing, and typical and atypical or ‘borderline’ forms are recognized, also showing an unfavourable prognosis. With time, the syndrome …
Effective connectivity in FMRI from mutual prediction approach

Effective connectivity aims to quantify how a neural system influences another. Estimation of effective connectivity in neurophysiological signals has gained great popularity in recent years. Lag-based methods, such as Granger causality, depend strongly on the amplitudes of the signals and assume the signals are linear and stationary. In this paper, we extend a previously proposed model-free method for estimation of directionality of coupling. Mutual prediction approach is implemented by estimating the instantaneous phases from the Reduced Interference Rihaczek time-frequency distribution and calculating the directionality index as function of frequency. The proposed method is evaluated on both simulated signal models and resting state fMRI time series.
Analysis of deep sub-micron resolution in microsphere based imaging

Based on full wave simulations, ∼0.3 λ and ∼0.24 λ imaging resolutions can be achieved for incoherent transverse and longitudinal point dipoles, respectively, when the dipoles are on an aluminum oxide base with a fused silica microsphere as the imaging lens. These high spatial resolutions (better than 0.5 λ) can be attributed to almost 90° light acceptance angle of the microsphere and the solid immersion effects from the microsphere/base material. These simulation results can explain the ≳0.3 λ and ≳0.24 λ minimum resolvable center to center separation distance for thin metallic nanostructures and elongated metallic nanostructures, respectively, which is equal to ≳0.1–0.14 λ edge to edge distance observed in previous microsphere imaging experiments.
Supporting collaborative sensemaking in map-based emergency management and planning

Emergency management and planning often involves multiple domain experts with diverse knowledge backgrounds and responsibilities. Current practices in emergency management and planning have not leveraged the state-of-art technologies in information sharing, synthesis, and analysis. The proposed research will investigate the process of collaborative sensemaking in emergency planning and implement a map-based online system to support this process.
Shear Stress-Induced NO Production is Dependent on ATP Autocrine Signaling and Capacitative Calcium Entry

Flow-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells plays a fundamental role in vascular homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which shear stress activates NO production remain unclear due in part to limitations in measuring NO, especially under flow conditions. Shear stress elicits the release of ATP, but the relative contribution of autocrine stimulation by ATP to flow-induced NO production has not been established. Furthermore, the importance of calcium in shear stress-induced NO production remains controversial, and in particular the role of capacitive calcium entry (CCE) has yet to be determined. We have utilized our unique NO measurement device to investigate the role of ATP autocrine signaling and CCE in shear stress-induced NO production. We found that endogenously released ATP and downstream activation of purinergic receptors and CCE plays a significant role in shear stress-induced NO production. ATP-induced eNOS phophorylation under static conditions is also dependent on CCE. Inhibition of protein kinase C significantly inhibited eNOS phosphorylation and the calcium response. To our knowledge, we are the first to report on the role of CCE in the mechanism of acute shear stress-induced NO response. In addition, our work highlights the importance of ATP autocrine signaling in shear stress-induced NO production.
The Differential Maturation of Two Processing Rates Related to Digit Span

Abstract Recent studies have proposed that rapid-speaking durations predict short-term memory spans. However, N. Cowan et al. (1998, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 141–160) found two separate types of processing durations related to digit span for children in Grade 1 (7–8 years), Grade 3 (9–10 years), and Grade 5 (11–12 years): rapid-speaking durations (thought to index the rate of covert articulation) and the durations of interword pauses in the memory span task responses (thought to index the rate of short-term memory retrieval). The present analysis additionally establishes the differential maturation of those two durations. Within-age correlations between span and rapid-speaking durations were significant only in first graders; correlations between span and interword pauses, only in fifth graders. When subsamples were selected to match spans across age groups, both types of duration also were matched between Grades 1 and 3. However, fifth graders had considerably shorter interword pauses than their third-grade counterparts. Thus, a particular memory span is accompanied by different profiles of processing rates in children of different ages.
Chemoradiotherapy and Gefitinib in Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and KRAS Mutation Analysis: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALEB) 30106, a CALGB-Stratified Phase II Trial

Introduction This study evaluated the addition of gefitinib to sequential or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Between May 2002 and April 2005, 63 patients were entered before the study closing early. All received two cycles paclitaxel 200 mg/m 2 and carboplatin area under the curve 6 intravenous plus gefitinib 250 mg daily. Poor risk stratum 1 (≥5% weight loss and/or performance status 2) received radiotherapy 200 cGy for 33 fractions (6600 cGy) and gefitinib 250 mg daily. Good-risk stratum 2 (performance status: 0–1weight loss and 2 plus carboplatin AUC 2. Consolidation gefitinib until progression was started after all toxicities were grade ≤2. Results Acute high-grade infield toxicities were not clearly increased compared with historical CRT data. Poor-risk ( N = 21) median progression-free survival was 13.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.4–25.2) and median overall survival 19.0 months (95% CI: 9.9–28.4). Good-risk ( N = 39) median progression-free survival was 9.2 months (95% CI: 6.7–12.2), and median overall survival was 13 months (95% CI: 8.5–17.2). Thirteen of 45 tumors analyzed had activating epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations, and 2 of 13 also had T790M mutations. Seven tumors of 45 had KRAS mutations. There was no apparent survival difference with EGFR -activating mutations versus wild type or KRAS mutation versus wild type. Conclusions Survival of poor-risk patients with wild type or mutated EGFR receiving sequential CRT with gefitinib was promising. Survival for good-risk patients receiving concurrent CRT plus gefitinib was disappointing even for tumors with activating EGFR mutations.
An analytical method for obtaining the root locus with posititve and negative gain

An analytical procedure for obtaining the root locus with positive and negative gain is described. Solutions of various systems consisting of rational polynomial and/or transcendental functions of s are obtained. The root locus for a varying time constant is investigated. Accurate root locus curves can be plotted from the analytical solution. The gain or time constant is calculated for each point on the root locus. Application of the method is particularly suitable for obtaining the root locus of a characteristic equation containing a transcendental function or with a varying time constant for which the graphical method is difficult to apply.
Wherein lies the balance between caring and detachment

The first patient death I witnessed as a physician was 3 weeks into internship. I had made it through a night of being on call, and had completed the next day’s progress notes. My goals at the time were by no means lofty—surviving the week held a high premium, and the rest was gravy. Then I
Successful treatment of acute, ongoing rat lung allograft rejection with the novel immunosuppressant SDZ-RAD

Abstract Background . Recent experimental data have shown that coadministration of microemulsion cyclosporine and the novel immunosuppressant SDZ-RAD potentiates the immunosuppressive efficacies of both drugs to suppress allograft rejection. Our study was designed to assess the potential of delayed SDZ-RAD administration, in addition to cyclosporine maintenance therapy, to reverse acute rejection in an allogeneic rat lung transplant model. Methods . Unilateral left lung transplantation was performed using Brown-Norway donors implanted into Lewis recipients. An untreated control group and a cyclosporine monotherapy group (7.5 mg/kg) were followed for 7 days. An additional cyclosporine monotherapy group (7.5 mg/kg), and a combined therapy group treated with cyclosporine (7.5 mg/kg) plus SDZ-RAD (2.5 mg/kg), were followed for 21 days. For treatment of ongoing rejection, 7.5 mg/kg cyclosporine was given as maintenance therapy, and SDZ-RAD (2.5 mg/kg) was added on postoperative day 7. Drugs were given orally, and in the combined therapy regimens, administered 6 hours apart. Outcome variables included daily weight, radiographs, and histology. Results . Radiographs on postoperative day 7 showed mild and moderate opacification of the left chest in the cyclosporine monotherapy groups and the untreated control group. Addition of SDZ-RAD to cyclosporine treatment on postoperative day 7 reversed opacification by postoperative days 14 and 21. Monotherapy with microemulsion CsA resulted in mild histological rejection by day 7, which progressed to moderate rejection by day 21. Addition of SDZ-RAD on postoperative day 7 reversed acute rejection, resulting in none or minimal rejection at day 21. Conclusions . SDZ RAD reverses acute rejection under cyclosporine maintenance therapy in a stringent lung allotransplant model.
A gray matter of taste: sound perception, music cognition, and Baumgarten's aesthetics.

Abstract Music is an ancient and ubiquitous form of human expression. One important component for which music is sought after is its aesthetic value, whose appreciation has typically been associated with largely learned, culturally determined factors, such as education, exposure, and social pressure. However, neuroscientific evidence shows that the aesthetic response to music is often associated with automatic, physically- and biologically-grounded events, such as shivers, chills, increased heart rate, and motor synchronization, suggesting the existence of an underlying biological platform upon which contextual factors may act. Drawing on philosophical notions and neuroscientific evidence, I argue that, although there is no denying that social and cultural context play a substantial role in shaping the aesthetic response to music, these act upon largely universal, biological mechanisms involved with neural processing. I propose that the simultaneous presence of culturally-influenced and biologically-determined contributions to the aesthetic response to music epitomizes Baumgarten’s equation of sensory perception with taste. Taking the argument one step further, I suggest that the heavily embodied aesthetic response to music bridges the cleavage between the two discrepant meanings—the one referring to sensory perception, the other referring to judgments of taste—traditionally attributed to the word “aesthetics” in the sciences and the humanities.
An Unbiased Measurement of H0 through Cosmic Background Imager Observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect in Nearby Galaxy Clusters

We present H0 results from Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) in seven galaxy clusters, A85, A399, A401, A478, A754, A1651, and A2597. These observations are part of a program to study a complete, volume-limited sample of low-redshift (z < 0.1), X-ray-selected clusters. Our focus on nearby objects allows us to study a well-defined, orientation-unbiased sample, minimizing systematic errors due to cluster asphericity. We use density models derived from ROSAT imaging data and temperature measurements from ASCA and BeppoSAX spectral observations. We quantify in detail sources of error in our derivation of H0, including calibration of the CBI data, density, and temperature models from the X-ray data, cosmic microwave background primary anisotropy fluctuations, and residuals from radio point source subtraction. From these seven clusters we obtain a result of H0 = 67 km s-1 Mpc-1 for an unweighted sample average. The respective quoted errors are random and systematic uncertainties at 68% confidence. The dominant source of error is confusion from intrinsic anisotropy fluctuations.
ESR spectroscopy demonstrates that cytochrome b 559 remains low potential in Ca 2+ -reactivated, salt-washed PSII particles

Cytochrome b559 in various Photosystem II preparations was studied by using low temperature ESR spectroscopy. This technique was used because it is able to distinguish high from low potential forms of the cytochrome owing to the g-value differences between these species. Moreover, by using low temperature irradiation to oxidize cyt b559 we have avoided the use of redox mediators. Previous work (Ghanotakis DF., Topper J.N. and Yocum, C.F. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 767, 524–531) demonstrated that reduction and extraction of manganese of the oxygen evolving complex, which might be expected to alter the redox properties of cyt b559, occurs when certain PSII preparations are exposed to reductants. The ESR data presented here show that a mixture of high potential and lower potential cyt b559 species is observed in the oxygen evolving Photosystem II complex. Treatment of PSII membranes with 0.8 M Tris converts the high potential form(s) to those of lower potential. Exposure of the membranes to 2 M NaCl shifts a significant amount of high potential cyt b559 to lower potential form(s); addition of CaCl2 reconstituted oxygen evolution activity but did not restore cyt b559 to its high potential form(s).
Prediction of migration behavior of oligonucleotides in capillary gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The influence of the primary structure (base composition) on the electrophoretic migration properties of single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides in capillary polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was investigated using homo- and heterooligomers under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Homooligodeoxyribonucleotides of equal chain lenghts but of different base composition showed significant differences in mobility. In addition, the migration properties of heterooligomers were found to be highly dependent on their base composition. A simple equation is presented for predicting relative migration times using denaturing and non-denaturing polyacrylamide capillary gel electrophoresis. Orange-G was used as an internal standard and as the basis of the relative migration time calculations. Examples are presented using homo- and heterooligomers in the 10–20-mer range to show the correlation of the primary structure and their predicted and observed migration rates.
Contentious Politics and Participatory Democracy in Brazil

Contentious politics helps individuals and groups with limited political voice to place their ideas and interests on the political agenda. Contentious politics were long thought to occur when politically marginalized group had no other means to advance their political agenda. The June 2013 social mobilization in Brazil caught most political observers by surprise, especially given the creation of a large, wide-spread participatory architecture (national conferences, councils, participatory budgeting). The innovative institutions emerging in Brazil created a policy environment in which millions of citizens have regular access to state policymaking bodies. How does the institutionalization of a broader network of participatory institutions make it easier for citizens to engage in contentious politics? In what ways does this institutionalization make it more difficult for some citizens to engage in contentious politics? In what ways has the vast network of participatory institutions been largely irrelevant to how citizens use contentious politics? This article explore how the institutionalization of an extensive participatory democracy system in Brazil alters the incentive structures that encourage citizens to engage in contentious collective action.
Rotational spectrum of acetone, CH3COCH3, in the ν17 torsional excited state

Abstract The rotational spectrum of acetone in its second torsional excited state (ν17, 125 cm−1 above the ground state) has been identified and assigned. The interaction between overall rotation and the internal rotation motions causes rotational transitions to split into four components, one for each torsional substate. The splittings in this torsional excited state are significantly larger than any splittings assigned yet for molecules with two methyl internal rotors, making assignments rather difficult. Over 700 frequencies between 72 and 372 GHz in the sub-millimeter wave spectrum have been assigned to bR-transitions in all four torsional substates. Eventually, 32 parameters of an effective rotational Hamiltonian for a molecule with two periodic internal motions were fit to observed frequencies of 612 transitions from all torsional substates with a standard deviation of 0.485 MHz.
Brushless Thyristor Excitation Systems.

This paper shows how brushless thyristor excitation systems for large synchronous generators are being evolved in the authors' organisation, outlines the electrical and mechanical advantages that accrue, and includes some results of a digital computer comparison of such systems with other forms of excitation.
Motion picture science: A fully integrated fine Arts/STEM degree program

Technology has advanced in such a way that there is now a need within the motion picture industry, as well as in society in general, for professionals trained with a comprehensive knowledge of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as well as the traditional Arts. In the School of Film and Animation (SOFA) at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) a novel undergraduate program has been developed to cultivate students into professionals with the skill sets necessary to fill this niche. This undergraduate program is Motion Picture Science (MPS), a degree developed to give students relevant tools to take into synergistic STEM and Arts careers in the modern motion picture industry. Pioneered in 2007, Motion Picture Science has consistently boasted increasing enrollment and successful graduates who earn meaningful employment in the fields of their choosing. The program has also provided some valuable insight into the social dynamics of an undergraduate regimen where students representing a comprehensive mix of artistic and scientific personalities work together; a multi-disciplinary reality fully consistent with contemporary filmmaking.
Emergence of a unified ocean science

The following information report contains the executive summary of the recently completed long-range planning document for the National Science Foundation (NSF) Ocean Sciences Program for 1985–1994. The document, entitled “Emergence of a Unified Ocean Science,” was prepared for NSF by its Ocean Sciences Advisory Committee, which is chaired by Robert W. Corell. The plan includes detailed long-range plans for the physical, chemical, geological-geophysical, and biological subdisciplines of oceanography. These detailed plans will be published in The Oceanography Report as space permits. Copies of the document can be obtained from Donald E. De Haven, Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20550. The long-range plan will be reviewed and updated periodically. Comments and suggestions are welcomed and should be addressed to the Advisory Committee in care of De Haven.
Pubitelphusa (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Litini) —A New Genus for Two Species Assigned to Telphusa and concubina

Abstract. Pubitelphusa is proposed as a new genus for Gelechia latifasciella Chambers in North America and Concubina trigonalis Park and Ponomarenko in the Palearctic Region. Pubitelphusa latifasciella, most recently assigned to Telphusa, is redescribed, and male and female genitalia are illustrated. A neotype for G. latifasciella is designated. Concubina trigonalis is transferred to Pubitelphusa.
The cap structure of simian hemorrhagic fever virion RNA

Abstract The molecular weight of simian hemorrhagic fever virus RNA is 4.19 ± 0.53 × 10 6 as determined by electron microscopy. Its base composition is 19.5 ± 0.3 A, 33.3 ± 0.3 U, 26.7 ± 0.9 G, and 19.7 ± 0.3 C per 100 nucleotides. The RNA of simian hemorrhagic fever virus contains a single type I cap per molecule, in the form m7G(5′)ppp(5′)Am.
Investigation of phase behavior during melt processing of novel inorganic‐organic polymer hybrid material

The phase behavior of novel, binary organic-inorganic hybrids consisting of an ultra-low Tg tin-based phosphate glass (Pglass) and polystyrene (PS) was investigated. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the glass transition peaks of the PS changed slightly with Pglass volume fraction, leading to a broad peak at the phase inversion point. The phase inversion and degree of phase continuity of the hybrid were studied through solvent extraction, optical/scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic rheology. The Jordhamo and Utracki viscosity ratio models provided reliable estimates of the inversion point. Torque rheometry revealed a trend toward linear additivity within the temperature range 200°C–230°C. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments gave further evidence of the hybrid phase incompatibility. The results of this study point to a promising new class of blend materials with the potential to present a unique combination of properties impossible to achieve with classical polymer blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1692–1701, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
An improved flame photometric detector for gas chromatography

Abstract A simple modification in the flame photometric detector is reported. This modification enables liquid sample injections of up to 50 μl without solvent flame out. The signal to noise ratio is also increased, the baseline has increased stability and dynamic working range and linearity are improved. No loss in specificity is reported for either the phosphorus (526 nm) or sulfur (394 nm) modes. Detection of picogram quantities of chromium is possible using this detector and a 520 nm filter. The modification now allows automatic analysis of pesticide extracts and liquid samples without the use of flame autoignitors.
Role of KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in mucinous ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives The goals of this study were to perform a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of KRAS oncogene mutations in invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas of various histologic subtypes, and for any subgroup(s) in which KRAS mutation was found to be common, to address the hypothesis that those tumors without KRAS mutation had sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene. Methods A total of 104 primary, invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas from a 10-year period at this institution were selected for study based on histologic classification. The histologic cell type was serous in 21 cases, endometrioid in 30 cases, clear cell in 31 cases, and mucinous in 22 cases. Additional clinical and pathological information was abstracted from patient records, and pathology review was performed for all cases. Direct sequence analysis of exon 2 of the KRAS gene, containing codon 12, was performed using DNA isolated from all tumor specimens. Sequence analyses of exons 11 and 15 of the BRAF gene were performed for the 22 cases of mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Results Activating KRAS mutations were more common in mucinous tumors (50%) than in all other histologic types combined (5%; P −7 ). Mutation of KRAS was more common in stage I tumors than in advanced stage tumors ( P = 0.0004). Of the 11 mucinous tumors with KRAS mutations, 6 were of Mullerian (endocervical) type and 5 were of gastrointestinal type. No mucinous tumor was found to harbor a BRAF mutation. Conclusions These data indicate that KRAS oncogene mutations exist in several histologic types of invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma, especially stage I tumors, but are common only in tumors of mucinous histology. Mutations are equally prevalent in mucinous ovarian cancers of Mullerian and gastrointestinal types. In contrast to other solid tumor types frequently affected by KRAS mutation, mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.
Petrographic characteristics of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract Six lithofacies of the thick ( > 30 m) Wyodak-Anderson subbituminous coal bed of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, can be delimited using megascopic and petrographic data. Previous lithofacies analysis of the rock types associated with the Wyodak-Anderson bed suggested that raised peat accumulated in restricted parts of an inland flood plain. The peat bodies were separated by deposits of contemporaneous, possibly anastomosed channels. In this study, megascopic descriptions from four mine highwalls of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed were found to be similar to facies defined by microscopic data from core and highwall samples. The data indicate that the upper and lower parts of the coal bed are rich in preserved wood remains (for instance, humotelinite), whereas the middle part of the bed contains comparatively larger amounts of material that resulted from degradation and comminution of the peat (e.g. eugelinite). The facies are interpreted to be the result of different chemical and biological environments at the time of peat formation.
Investigational agents in development for the treatment of ovarian cancer

Although significant success has been achieved in the treatment of advanced and recurrent ovarian cancer, there is clearly room for improvement. The use of targeted agents in this patient population has the promise to provide improved survival and quality of life. There are a myriad of relevant pathways under exploration in all settings of ovarian cancer. Clinical trial data are accumulating for antiangiogenic therapy, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific inhibitors and multiple angiogenic signaling target inhibitors, as well as poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Other types of tumorigenic pathway inhibitors, including those that target phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), Src, folate receptor alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathways are in earlier phases of development for ovarian cancer. Attempts to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) of ovarian tumors have been met with limited success; however, newer agents that inhibit this pathway show promise. Finally, with recognition of the role of Wee-1 in p53-deficient tumors, an inhibitor of this tyrosine kinase is being evaluated in recurrent ovarian cancer. The logistical challenge is to determine the optimal timing and proper combinations of novel agents independently as well as concomitantly with conventional chemotherapeutics. Reported results have been modest; however, our growing understanding of these pathways will be potentially reflected in greater impact on response and survival.
Characteristics of 11 Rabies Virus Isolates in Mice: Titers and Relative Invasiveness of Virus, Incubation Period of Infection, and Survival of Mice with Sequelae

Mice were inoculated intracerebrally or in the footpad with 11 salivary gland suspensions from rabid foxes, skunks, and bobcats. The 11 isolates differed in their ratios of intracerebral titer to footpad titer, a result indicating that the "invasiveness" of different isolates varies markedly. The degree of invasiveness could not be correlated with the species of animal. The inoculation of the less invasive isolates resulted in an appreciable number of permanently paralyzed animals (survivors with sequelae). These animals had high titers of neutralizing antibody in serum but no neutralizing antibody in the brain, a finding suggesting that virus had invaded only the peripheral nervous system or the spinal ganglia. Pathological examination of the paralyzed mice and normal mice confirmed this finding.
Role of the liver in the glycoprotein mobilizing property of parathyroid extract.

SummaryStudies were carried out to determine the action of hepatectomy on the glycoprotein action of PTE as well as on PTE-induced renal calcification and deposition of glycoprotein. Our data showed that in hepatectomized rats, PTE no longer caused an elevation in serum glycoproteins. However, hepatectomy did not alter the formation of glycoprotein tubular casts produced by PTE administration. The data suggest that the liver is the major source of the elevated serum glycoproteins found in rats receiving PTE. In addition, it is possible that PTE may have a direct stimulating action on biosynthesis of glycoprotein by the kidney.
Effect of yogurt intake on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in normolipidemic males

Abstract To determine the effect of yogurt intake on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, studies were carried out in 18 normolipidemic males during 3 dietary phases. Phase 1 was a low-fat, low-cholesterol baseline diet consumed for 3 weeks. The baseline diet was supplemented with low-fat yogurt (16 oz/day) for 4 weeks during phase 2, and during phase 3 the supplement consisted of a non-fermented dairy product (16 oz low-fat milk plus 10% milk solids). Average body weights and dietary intakes of fat, cholesterol and polyunsaturate/ saturate fat ratios were not significantly different for the 3 dietary phases. Plasma total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol were unaffected by either the yogurt of low-fat milk concentrate. The results indicate that yogurt, as an example of a fermented dairy product, has no effect on plasma cholesterol levels of normolipidemic males.
Study on degradation reactions in polyethylene terephthalate containing 5‐sulpho isophthalyl moieties

Kinetics of thermal degradation occurring on polyester containing cationic dyeable comonomer units viz. 5-sulphoisophthalate moieties are studied by measurement of changes in intrinsic viscosity and carboxyl values on the polymer after subjecting the polymer chips to temperatures in the range 275–285°C for different residence times ranging from 5 to 60 min and comparing with the homopolymer. The activation energy values for degradation are estimated from the kinetic data. Mechanical properties of the textured yarns produced from the partially oriented yarns (POY) spun under different residence times are measured. Yarn produced with higher residence time has poor mechanical properties. The SEM images of the POY show presence of particles at the surface of the yarn due to polymer degradation. The size of the particles as seen on the surface increase with increase of retention time. Addition of thermal stabilizer helps in controlling the thermal degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Some observations on the pearlite-austenite (martensite) interface

Etude par microscopie electronique a balayage sur un acier eutectoide (0,79% C, 0,32% Mo) transforme partiellement en perlite
Fabrication and Process Characterization of Piezoelectric Nano Fiber Composites

This paper studies the fabrication of nano piezoelectric fiber composites using an integrated nano/micro process. Previously, piezoelectric composites or Active Fiber Composites (AFCs) use large diameter piezo fibers (120 to 400 μm), which have limited their applications. Nano piezoelectric fiber composites provide much superior structural integrity and also enable the design and fabrication of nano active structures. In this paper, micro fabrication method was combined with electrospinning process to form the nano active fiber composites (Nano AFCs). Two polymer materials PDMS and Epon828 epoxy were studied as candidates for the matrix materials because of their compatibility with micro fabrication. Clamped-clamped Nano AFC beams were micro fabricated over a trench on a silicon substrate. The beams were studied with SEM and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). More effort is needed to improve the uniformity of the nano fiber distribution and the process influence of the piezoelectric properties of the nano AFCs.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Preparation of all‐trans‐11‐3H‐retinol from its acetate

Starting with tritiated all-trans-retinyl acetate the preparation of tritiated retinol is described.
Direct Observation of Roaming Radicals in the Thermal Decomposition of Acetaldehyde

The thermal dissociation of acetaldehyde has been studied with the reflected shock tube technique using H(D)-atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometry detection. The use of an unreversed light source yields extraordinarily sensitive H atom detection. As a result, we are able to measure both the total decomposition rate and the branching to radical versus molecular channels. This branching provides a direct measure of the contribution from the roaming radical mechanism since the contributions from the usual tight transition states are predicted by theory to be negligible. The experimental observations also provide a measure of the rate coefficient for H + CH3CHO. Another set of experiments employing C2H5I as an H-atom source provides additional data for this rate coefficient that extends to lower temperature. An evaluation of the available experimental results for H + CH3CHO can be expressed by a three-parameter Arrhenius expression as k = 7.66 × 10−20T2.75 exp((−486 K)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (298−1415 ...
Physics of some loss mechanisms in gas discharges

A simplified analysis of the difficult subject of loss mechanisms in gas discharges is presented to give electrical engineers a good physical groundwork, since these mechanisms often are the controlling features of gas discharge tubes.
Rates of saccadic eye movement and size judgments of normals and schizophrenics.

Saccadic eye movements during fixation of a target image and size estimations were studied in nonschizophrenic and schizophrenic Ss. The results on rate of saccadic movement were quite different in those who overestimated the sizes of the standard disc. Nonschizophrenics who over-estimated had unusually low rates of saccadic movement; schizophrenic Ss who over-estimated had unusually high rates of saccadic movement, especially when they were older patients who had been hospitalized for 12 to 20 yr. No difference in rates of saccadic movement were found between nonschizophrenic and schizophrenic Ss who under-estimated the standard stimuli. The high rate of saccadic eye movements in over-estimating schizophrenics can be compared to the similar result in normals who have been given LSD-25.
Role of Electron-Phonon Interaction in the Theory of Infrared Divergence in Metals

correlation function are studied in the Born approximation. A new formulation is developed which relates the hole correlation function to the retarded polarization propagator of the electron gas. Previously obtained results for the free-electron gas at finite temperature are recovered. The Migdal approximation is employed to find an expression for the imaginary part of the polarization propagator and it is seen that although the strength of the singularity is potentially modified by a constant factor the time dependence is not changed. Inclusion of the electron-phonon interaction via the Migdal form for the electron spectral weight func­ tion has no effect on the hole correlation function if the one-electron density of states varies slowly on the scale of the width of the spectral weight function. Similarity of this behavior to that of the nuclear spin relaxation in electron-phonon system is pointed out.
Certification, accreditation, and specialization in the 1990s

Subspecialization was one of the inevitable consequences of merging medicine with science in the early years of this century. The differentiation of human endeavors increases exponentially with new knowledge, technology, and services. Our current patterns of accreditation, certification, and graduate medical education are being seriously challenged by new patterns of subspecialization. How realistically and creatively we respond to this challenge will be a key element in preserving the management of these functions primarily within the purview of the profession.