cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Race and Insurance on the Outcome of Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States, with reported inferior survival among African-Americans. Patients and Methods: Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to compare survival outcomes of 569 patients diagnosed with stage I non-small cell lung cancer from 2001-2010. Results: African-Americans and Whites differed significantly by age, sex, and insurance type. The median follow-up was 2.3 years. The 2-, 5- and 8-year overall survival was 72%, 47%, and 38%, respectively. Age, stage, insurance type, and surgery were significant predictors of overall survival which remained significant after adjusting for other variables, including race, gender, histology, smoking history, treatment era, chemotherapy or radiotherapy which were not. Conclusion: Insurance status but not race is an important predictor of survival in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of death for both men and women. In 2014, approximately 224,210 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed, with 159,260 estimated deaths, which is about 28% of all deaths from cancer (1). Worldwide, lung cancer-related deaths account for approximately 1.35 million patients each year, which is more than deaths from the four most common types of cancer combined (of the colon, breast, prostate, pancreas) (2, 3). About one fifth of all patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer in the United States will have early-stage disease for which surgical resection remains as the gold standard-of-care for those with adequate cardiopulmonary reserve. Without treatment, the 5-year survival rate for those with early-stage
Amplified ultrafast all-optical switching using fully-phasematched cascaded second-order nonlinearities and a polarization-gate geometry

We demonstrate amplified all-optical switching of ultrashort laser pulses using two different types of cascaded second-order nonlinear optical processes simultaneously in a polarization-gate geometry. The first process rotates the input-pulse polarization, thus achieving optical gating. At high intensities, this signal pulse is then amplified by a different process involving parametric amplification, yielding switching efficiencies up to 320% and an on-off ratio of 6×105 with 250-fs pulses.
Burning Fat Fuels Leukemic Stem Cell Heterogeneity

Obese leukemia patients exhibit reduced survival after chemotherapy, suggesting an important role of adipose tissue in disease progression. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ye et al. (2016) reveal metabolic heterogeneity in leukemic stem cell (LSC) subpopulations and show that chemotherapy-resistant CD36+ LSCs co-opt gonadal adipose tissue to support their metabolism and survival.
White light cooling of an atomic beam

To compensate the Doppler shift in the laser cooling process, two methods were developed:frequency chirping,1 which tunes the laser frequency rapidly, and a spatially varying magnetic field,2 which tunes The atomic energy level. An alternative approach is to use laser light with a continuous spectrum (white light).3,4 Using only a counterpropagating white-light beam will decelerate the atoms in the beam, hut it will not yield a large velocity compression.4,5 To achieve significant cooling, Hoffnagle5 proposed the use of an additional single-frequency laser beam, copropagating with the atomic beam, to counterbalance the nonresonant scattering force from the Lorentzian tail of the atomic transition.
Neuroimaging in Neurocutaneous Syndromes

The radiographic manifestations of neurocutaneous syndromes are reviewed from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; and the University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
Androgen receptor in the term equine placenta

Abstract The equine placenta is critical in maintaining pregnancy. Not only does it provide essential nutrients and gasses, but it also functions as an endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine organ. For example, it is one of the main sources of estrogen and progesterone in the latter stages of pregnancy. In addition to supplying hormones required for development and pregnancy maintenance, hormones supplied by both the mare and fetus act on the placenta to influence its development and function. The equine placenta possesses both estrogen and progesterone receptors, and a great deal is known about these hormones' effects on placental development. However, very little is known about how, or if, androgens interact with the placenta to affect placental development and/or maintenance. Androgen receptor (AR) has been identified in the placenta of humans, cows, sheep, and rats; however, little is known about its exact functions related to the placenta. The focus of this study was to confirm the presence of AR in the equine placenta. Three term equine placentas from normal pregnancies were utilized in this study. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to identify mRNA encoding AR, and Western blotting confirmed the presence of AR protein within the equine placenta. The results of this study provide new insight into the presence of AR, similar to other species including the human, bovine, ovine, and murine placenta.
Stem Cell Transplantation in Remission Improves Survival in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Associated with FLT3 Mutations

Abstract Background: Mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 are thought to be relevant to leukemogenesis. Two types of mutations are described; internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the juxtamembrane domain and point mutation within the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD), which mostly affects asparate 835 (D835). ITD mutation is present in 20–30% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and is associated with poor outcome (Yanada, M. et al. Leukemia. 2005 ;19:1345–9). The role of stem cell transplant (SCT) is not established in patients with AML and FLT3 mutation. Patients and Method: 125 patients (59% male) with AML and FLT3 mutation treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between the years 2003 to 2007 were included in this analysis of predictors for survival. Age, PS, WBC, platelet count, hemoglobin level, bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, beta 2 microglobulin (B2M), response (CR/CRp vs others), transplant recipient status (yes/no) were included in uni and multi-variate analysis. Results: Seventy-seven percent patients had ITD mutation and fourteen patients (11%) had both ITD and D835 mutation. Median age was 59 years (range, 17–84), WBC count 17.3 x 106/ml (range, 1–300.5), platelet count 50 x 109/ml (range, 7–313) and hemoglobin 8.1 gm/dL (range, 4.2–13.9). Most (98%) had a performance status of 0–2 (median=1) and cytogenetic was diploid in 72%. All patients underwent cytarabine based induction chemotherapy. Fifty-seven percent patients achieved complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) and induction related death rate was 9%. Eighty-six (69%) patients died and median overall survival (OS) was 10.4 months (95% CI of 7.62 to 14.08 months). There was no difference in OS between ITD mutation and D835 mutation. Twenty-seven patients (22%) underwent stem cell transplantation; 13 in CR1, 7 with bone marrow blast ≥ 10%). On univariate analysis transplant recipient status, PS, response, age, creatinine, albumin and B2M were significantly associated with OS. Patients who underwent transplant had a better OS (median = 15.7 months versus 7.6 months, p=.007) (Fig.1). On multi-variate analysis transplant recipient status, PS, ITD mutation and creatinine impacted OS. Age was a marginally significant predictor for OS. Conclusion: Stem cell transplantation in CR/CRp appears to improve OS in patients with AML and FLT3 mutation. Results of trials incorporating FLT3 inhibitors into induction/consolidation regimens are eagerly awaited. Download : Download high-res image (76KB) Download : Download full-size image
Behavior Based Human Authentication on Touch Screen Devices Using Gestures and Signatures

With the rich functionalities and enhanced computing capabilities available on mobile computing devices with touch screens, users not only store sensitive information (such as credit card numbers) but also use privacy sensitive applications (such as online banking) on these devices, which make them hot targets for hackers and thieves. To protect private information, such devices typically lock themselves after a few minutes of inactivity and prompt a password/PIN/pattern screen when reactivated. Passwords/PINs/patterns based schemes are inherently vulnerable to shoulder surfing attacks and smudge attacks. In this paper, we propose BEAT, an authentication scheme for touch screen devices that authenticates users based on their behavior of performing certain actions on the touch screens. An action is either a gesture, which is a brief interaction of a user's fingers with the touch screen such as swipe rightwards, or a signature, which is the conventional unique handwritten depiction of one's name. Unlike existing authentication schemes for touch screen devices, which use what user inputs as the authentication secret, BEAT authenticates users mainly based on how they input, using distinguishing features such as velocity, device acceleration, and stroke time. Even if attackers see what action a user performs, they cannot reproduce the behavior of the user doing those actions through shoulder surfing or smudge attacks. We implemented BEAT on Samsung Focus smart phones and Samsung Slate tablets running Windows, collected 15,009 gesture samples and 10,054 signature samples, and conducted real-time experiments to evaluate its performance. Experimental results show that, with only 25 training samples, for gestures, BEAT achieves an average equal error rate of 0.5 percent with three gestures and for signatures, it achieves an average equal error rate of 0.52 percent with single signature.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION V. ENTRY AFTER SIMPLE FEEDING: WITH NOTES ON VIREMIA

Poliomyelitis virus, when ingested by cynomolgus monkeys in their regular food, infected peripheral ganglia (nodose) as early as the 3rd day, as shown by recovery of the virus. Conditions on the 2nd and 4th days were not investigated, but on the 5th and 6th days, virus was recovered from the Gasserian and nodose ganglia, and from the superior cervical sympathetic and celiac ganglia. The findings indicate that the method of oropharyngeal swabbing used in a study already reported and the method of simple feeding used in the present study produce comparable results. Viremia, noted in the present study, was contemporaneous with virus recoveries from the ganglia. Reasons are presented why the peripheral ganglia are the most probable source of viremia since these are the only known site of early lesions (which are typical and appear as early as the 2nd day after oral infection) and no lesions are known to occur in extraneural tissues. Invasion of the CNS occurred in 3 animals out of 11; one on the 5th and 2 on the 6th day. Whether this was due to viremia or to centripetal extension along axonal channels is not clear.
Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Therapies

The optimal management of cardiotoxicity of patients treated with anticancer therapy involves a multidisciplinary, integrative clinical approach with participating general practitioners, cardiologists, and oncologists. Given the increasing number of cancer survivors, development of cardiotoxicity associated with anticancer therapy represents a complex clinical challenge and a major economic and health burden. Additionally, a large number of cancer survivors are at a higher risk of cardiotoxicity-related death than of cancer recurrence. Assessment and optimization of cardiac risk factors, awareness of potential cardiotoxicity of anticancer therapy, and close monitoring and appropriate treatment of patients may prevent cardiotoxicity and improve patient outcomes. The frequency of cardiotoxicity during cancer therapy varies by therapeutic class and agent as well by coexisting cardiac disease and concomitant use of other cardiotoxic agents. The use of cardioprotective agents (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers) is critical in preventing and/or reversing cardiac injury caused by anticancer therapy. Cardiac impairment associated with anticancer therapy may require discontinuation of chemotherapeutic, targeted, or biologic anticancer agents. This chapter focuses on anticancer agents with potential cardiotoxicity. The incidence, type of cardiotoxicity, and pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity from published data including preclinical and clinical studies, case series, and case reports are summarized. The optimal preventive and therapeutic approaches based on available evidence as well as our expert opinion are discussed.
The humanitarian system is not just broke, but broken: recommendations for future humanitarian action

Summary An unprecedented number of humanitarian emergencies of large magnitude and duration is causing the largest number of people in a generation to be forcibly displaced. Yet the existing humanitarian system was created for a different time and is no longer fit for purpose. On the basis of lessons learned from recent crises, particularly the Syrian conflict and the Ebola epidemic, I recommend four sets of actions that would make the humanitarian system relevant for future public health responses: (1) operationalise the concept of centrality of protection; (2) integrate affected persons into national health systems by addressing the humanitarian–development nexus; (3) remake, do not simply revise, leadership and coordination; and (4) make interventions efficient, effective, and sustainable. For these recommendations to be implemented, governments, UN agencies, multilateral organisations, and international non-governmental organisations will need to put aside differences and relinquish authority, influence, and funding.
Numerical Simulations of the turbulent Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in a spherically convergent geometry

An interface separating two distinct fluids is susceptible to the Richtmyer-Meshkov [1, 2] (RM) instability, when an impulsive acceleration is applied. In many applications of interest (inertial confinement fusion [3], type Ia supernovae detonation [4]), the impulsive acceleration arises from the passage of a shock through the material interface. The instance of a planar interface accelerated by a planar shock has been investigated extensively in the literature through theory, experiments, and numerical simulations (see [5] for detailed summary and references). The evolution of the single-mode RM has also been treated theoretically [5–8] and through numerical simulations [8–10] in cylindrical and spherical geometries. However, a detailed description of the corresponding turbulent mixing layer growth confined by a spherically convergent geometry has not been treated exhaustively due to challenges in computationally resolving the turbulent mix or in experimentally diagnosing a convergent mixing layer. Through detailed simulations using an ALE code, Youngs et al. [11] investigated a turbulent mixing layer initialized by random perturbations and driven by a time-varying implosion history. The same implosion history was employed in a comparative study [12] of several codes (and numerical methods), which concluded that when convergence effects are significant, an aligned numerical grid is critical to preventing the appearance of spurious, grid-generated, numerical modes in the simulation. Lombardini and Pullin [13, 14] performed 3D large-eddy simulations of turbulent RM accelerated by a self-similar Chisnell [15] shock wave. In this article, we report on preliminary results from numerical simulations of a spherically convergent, turbulent mixing layer energized through the RM instability from a Chisnell-type [15, 16] convergent shock. The 3D simulations were performed using the FLASH [17] code, in spherical coordinates that are always in alignment with the mixing layer and the shock, while the use of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) ensures local mesh volume scale with the sharpest features of the flow. In addition to qualitative results, we describe the evolution of mean quantities associated with RM turbulence in a convergent geometry.
The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Sexual Function in Endometrial Cancer .

Objectives To explore the association between pretreatment body mass index (BMI) and post-treatment sexual function in women treated for endometrial cancer. . Sample & setting 28 postmenopausal women treated with vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) took part in this multisite exploratory secondary analysis at the University of Pennsylvania and Northwestern University. . Methods & variables Secondary data analysis was used to determine if pretreatment BMI is associated with post-VBT sexual function in postmenopausal women treated for endometrial cancer at baseline and at six months post-treatment. Because of small sample size, participants were dichotomized according to enrollment BMI. Results Both groups had poor sexual function at baseline. Although improved function was observed with time, neither group reached a score indicating healthy sexual function. . Implications for nursing Understanding factors that influence sexual health in patients with gynecologic cancer can improve post-treatment quality of life. .
Crew Resource Management Doctrine Applicability to Human-Machine Interaction in Commercial Aircraft

Automated systems are quietly entering our lives in many different forms. These include speech recognition, smart home systems, intelligent assistants, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), highly automated aircraft, trains, nuclear power plants, and cars. Automation has many potential benefits. It can limit human operator error and improve efficiency. What happens when automated systems reach the limits of their capabilities? Current automated systems typically have performance limits and need operators who are in the loop in all modes of automated control. If humans cannot be removed completely from these automated systems it is essential to help the human monitors of these systems. One method to improve the human/machine interaction seen in commercial aviation could be to develop requirements to regulate and monitor these systems in regards to how they adhere to crew resource management (CRM) rules that human pilots are required to meet. This could reduce the risk of catastrophic loss in the event of an automation failure in an airliner that requires human pilots to suddenly take manual control of their airplanes. A survey [1] found the majority the pilots agreed that automation should adhere to CRM rules.
Studies of spin related processes in fullerene C60 devices

We have investigated spin related processes in fullerene C60 devices using several experimental techniques, which include magnetic field effect of photocurrent and electroluminescence in C60-based diodes; spin polarized carrier injection in C60-based spin-valves; and pure spin current generation in NiFe/C60/Pt trilayer devices. We found that the ‘curvature-related spin orbit coupling’ in C60 plays a dominant role in the obtained spin-related phenomena. The measured magneto-photocurrent and magneto-electroluminescence responses in C60 diodes are dominated by the difference in the g-values of hole and electron polarons in the fullerene molecules. We also obtained giant magneto-resistance of ∼10% at 10 K in C60 spin-valve devices, where spin polarized holes are injected into the C60 interlayer. In addition, using the technique of spin-pumping in NiFe/C60/Pt trilayer devices with various C60 interlayer thicknesses we determined the spin diffusion length in C60 films to be 13 ± 2 nm at room temperature.
Phonological Awareness of Young Children with Visual Impairments

The findings from a sample of 22 young children with visual impairments and no additional disabilities suggest that potential readers of braille or dual media had better syllable-segmentation, soun...
Presidential Address April 2018

When I was elected to become president of the WSSA in the Fall of 2015, my main concern was that the job actually started as president-elect – with the sole responsibility to coordinate the annual ...
The Gramian Method of Joint Inversion of the Gravity Gradiometry and Seismic Data

Integration of multimodal geophysical data provides better constraints on the results of inversion, thus helping to obtain the most reliable information about the structure and composition of the target. The Gramian method of joint inversion uses a Gramian stabilizer to increase the correlation between the different physical parameters of the inverse model and their attributes or transforms. This paper applies the Gramian method to a joint inversion of the gravity gradiometry and seismic data with rock physics and structural constraints. In the first case we construct the Gramian stabilizer, which enforces the petrophysical relationship between the physical parameters to constrain the recovered models. In the second case, we incorporate the structural constraints in the joint inversion via a Gramian stabilizer of the gradients of velocity and density. In this case, the Gramian forces the vectors of the gradients of different model parameters to be parallel, thus implementing the structural constraints. The Gramian method of joint inversion is implemented using the Tikhonov regularization and the re-weighted conjugate gradient method. The approach is illustrated by synthetic model studies, which include a complicated SEG model of a salt dome structure located in a complex environment.
(In)credible Violence: An Analysis of Post-Alvarado Domestic Violence Asylum Cases in the United States

Every year, women from around the world apply for asylum in the United States to escape an abusive partner. In this article I find that domestic violence applicants may not be interpreted as viable...
Aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores are associated with morbidity and mortality after endovascular aneurysm repair among patients with liver dysfunction.

Abstract Background Liver cirrhosis dramatically increases morbidity and mortality after open surgical procedures and is often a contraindication to open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. However, limited data have evaluated the effect of liver disease on outcomes after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to evaluate all nonemergent endovascular aneurysm repairs (EVARs) from 2005 to 2016. The aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index is a sensitive, noninvasive screening tool used to screen for liver disease and was calculated for all patients. A value >0.5 was used to identify those with significant liver fibrosis. Demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day outcomes were then compared between patients with and patients without fibrosis. Additional analysis was then completed to assess the effect of increasing Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score on 30-day outcomes. Multivariable regression was used to account for differences in baseline factors. Results EVAR was performed on 18,484 patients including 2286 with liver fibrosis and 16,198 without. Patients with liver fibrosis had an increased 30-day mortality (1.5% vs 2.4%; P 15, 4.7%; P 15, 15%; P Conclusions Liver fibrosis significantly increases mortality and major morbidity after EVAR. The aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index and MELD score should be used for preoperative risk stratification. Moreover, current 30-day morbidity and mortality rates among patients with MELD scores >10 exceed 5%, which is higher than the annual rupture risk for aneurysms 6 cm may be warranted before EVAR in patients with liver fibrosis.
Investigating conflicting online review information:evidence from Amazon.com

Abstract This paper investigates the conflicting online review information in terms of its effect on purchase intention of individuals, and the sales rank of products on Amazon.com . The first study used a within-subject experimental design, while the second study used real-world data on 6816 items in the Shoe category on Amazon.com . Findings show that the effect of both volume and valence is dependent on valence range such that volume had a significant effect on purchase intention only when valence hit the medium range, and showed no effect when valence was low. Furthermore, valence only showed an effect at low and high ratings.
Sex/gender differences in brain function and structure in alcohol use: A narrative review of neuroimaging findings over the last 10 years.

Over the last 10 years, rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women by 84% relative to a 35% increase in men. Rates of alcohol use and high-risk drinking have also increased in women by 16% and 58% relative to a 7% and 16% increase in men, respectively, over the last decade. This robust increase in drinking among women highlights the critical need to identify the underlying neural mechanisms that may contribute to problematic alcohol consumption across sex/gender (SG), especially given that many neuroimaging studies are underpowered to detect main or interactive effects of SG on imaging outcomes. This narrative review aims to explore the recent neuroimaging literature on SG differences in brain function and structure as it pertains to alcohol across positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging modalities in humans. Additional work using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and event-related potentials to examine SG differences in AUD will be covered. Overall, current research on the neuroimaging of AUD, alcohol consumption, or risk of AUD is limited, and findings are mixed regarding the effect of SG on neurochemical, structural, and functional mechanisms associated with AUD. We address SG disparities in the neuroimaging of AUD and propose a call to action to include women in brain imaging research. Future studies are crucial to our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of AUD across neural systems and the vulnerability for AUD among women and men.
Replacement Gate High-k/Metal Gate nMOSFETs Using a Self-Aligned Halo-Compensated Channel Implant

A device design technique for boosting output resistance ( ${R}_{\text {out}}$ ) characteristics of long-channel halo-doped nMOSFETs for replacement gate (RMG) high- ${k}$ /metal gate (HK/MG) devices is proposed based on numerical simulations. We show that the self-aligned halo-compensated channel implant (HCCI) that is carried out after dummy poly gate removal provides compensation for the conventional halo doping. This can be utilized to mitigate the magnitude of potential drop beyond saturation at the drain end so that the long-channel ${R}_{\text {out}}$ can be boosted relative to the conventional halo-doped device. In addition, we achieve an improved ${V}_{t}$ roll-off behavior, an advantage to hot carrier injection (HCI) characteristics at high voltage operation, and the lowered short-channel drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and intrinsic delay via the optimization of the source/drain (S/D) doping profile. HCCI technique can be implemented using a process flow that is compatible with the RMG HK/MG system-on-chip (SoC) technology in the mass production.
The real deal? The post-conflict constitution as a peace agreement

When intra-state armed conflicts end through a negotiated settlement, the conflict parties frequently agree to amend or replace the country’s constitution. Their aim is to entrench the settlement, ...
Detecting local changes in chromatin architecture with false discovery control

Hi-C experiments are a powerful means to describe the organization of chromatin interactions genome-wide. By using Hi-C data to identify differentially organized genomic regions, relationships between this organization, gene expression, and cell identity may be established. However, Hi-C data exhibit a unique and challenging spatial structure, as genomic loci can show strong correlations when they are nearby in 3D space within the nucleus or 1D space along the chromosome. Consequently, the development of methods that can accurately detect differences between Hi-C samples while controlling false discoveries has remained difficult. To meet this need, we introduce a spatial modeling approach based on sliding window statistics. Using polymer simulations, we illustrate the improved power and precision of our method to identify differentially interacting genomic regions. We further demonstrate our method9s ability to reveal biologically meaningful changes in chromatin architecture through two data analyses concerning the loss of architectural and chromatin remodeling proteins.
The Subdominant Tritone in Film and Television Music

Tritones sounding over subdominant harmony, either as suspensions, accented passing tones, or incomplete neighbors, constitute a class of sonorities regularly heard in film and television music. I collectively refer to these phenomena as “subdominant tritones” (SdTT), and theorize a link between the SdTT and emotions it engenders. The article presents close visual/musical analysis of selected SdTT-tinged passages in feature films that animate various heightened emotional states, including longing, nostalgia, relief, and melancholy. [Please note: This article contains embedded video files. These files cannot be played on all PDF readers. Current Musicology recommends Foxit PDF Reader, Adobe Acrobat, or any other PDF reader capable of reading "enriched" media.]
Combined molecular and histologic end points inform cancer risk estimates for thyroid nodules classified as atypia of undetermined significance.

Background Thyroid nodules classified as atypia of uncertain significance (AUS) on fine-needle aspiration cytology are heterogeneous. Prior studies reported a higher risk of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)/cancer among AUS nodules that had cytologic (AUS-C) versus architectural (AUS-A) atypia; however, such studies were generally confined to resected cohorts, introducing bias into risk calculations. The authors hypothesized that combined histologic and molecular end points would permit clinically meaningful calculations of NIFTP/malignancy risk among AUS nodules. Methods The study consisted of 279 thyroid nodules classified as AUS on initial fine-needle aspiration and tested by the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) between June 2013 and October 2017. Results of GEC testing and histopathologic diagnoses were stratified by AUS classifiers. The AUS-A category was further subclassified as 1) hypocellular microfollicular or 2) cellular with mixed but predominantly microfollicular architecture. NIFTP/cancer risk was calculated for each subgroup, with the inclusion of unresected nodules that had benign GEC results as low-risk end points comparable to histologically benign nodules. Results When only histologic end points were considered, there was no difference in NIFTP/cancer risk (25% vs 23%; P = .82). By using molecular and histologic end points, AUS cases with cytologic atypia trended toward higher NIFTP/cancer risk than AUS-A cases (14% vs 6%; P = .06). Furthermore, AUS-A cases showed a trend toward lower NIFTP/cancer risk for hypocellular microfollicular aspirates (3%) compared with cellular samples that had mixed/predominantly microfollicular architecture (13%; P = .18). Conclusions The inclusion of unresected benign GEC nodules in risk-of-malignancy calculations provides more accurate results, which may be helpful for informing patient management as well as quality improvement in the cytopathology laboratory.
Mixing Misery and Gin: The Effect of Alcohol Administration on Ostracism Response

Williams’s need-threat model proposes that ostracism responses are reflexive and, because of their evolutionary significance, difficult to diminish. Alcohol is widely consumed in social contexts an...
The Text Effect: Stress Management and Resiliency Training Pilot for Resident Physicians.

Background and objectives Burnout is common among resident physicians. Studies show that those who engage in stress management and mindful practice have improved empathy and lower rates of mood disturbance. This study piloted a program entitled Stress Management and Resiliency Training for Residents (SMART-R) with Family Medicine (FM) and Ob-Gyn residents at an academic medical center. Methods The 6-hour SMART-R program, which teaches relaxation strategies, stress awareness, and adaptive coping, was mandatory for all years of residency and delivered in three 2-hour sessions during protected didactic time. Interested residents received a weekly phone text message with mindfulness and resiliency reminders to enhance practice between sessions. We measured burnout, empathy, perceived stress, mindful attention awareness, mind body practices, and program satisfaction. Results There were 14 matched pre/post surveys (six FM, eight Ob-Gyn), of which 10 (five FM; five Ob-Gyn) opted to receive weekly texts. Empathy, stress, and burnout remained stable over time. Those who received the weekly texts showed a significant increase in mindful attention awareness and trended toward lower perceived stress compared to those who did not receive texts. Half of those surveyed felt the training should be mandatory and 71% would recommend it to colleagues. While 93% thought it was important to know the current research on mind-body medicine to guide patients, only 29% felt they knew much about this. Conclusions This study demonstrated the positive impact a 6-hour stress management and resiliency intervention can have on resident physicians. Unlike other studies that have shown decreased empathy and increased stress and burnout over time, these features remained stable over the academic year. Weekly text reminders supported the training and suggest potential benefit to enhance stress management training for medical professionals.
Clay Mineral-Brine Interactions During Evaporite Diagenesis: Lanthanide Distribution in WIPP Samples

Clay minerals are common accessory constitutents of the bedded evaporite sequence at and near the WIPP site, southeastern New Mexico. Many of these are detrital in origin as documented by preservation of pre-emplacement ages, grain size and other criteria (1). Some phyllosilicates disseminated throughout the evaporite sequence have either formed by authigenic processes or by diagenetic reactions between small amounts of detritus and brine (2). In order to study the behavior of clay minerals considered for overpack in salt media, we have examined the detrital clay minerals by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and supporting techniques (3). While special emphasis is placed on lanthanide elements, data for other trace and some major elements are reported as well. Fourteen samples were selected which, from SEM and XRD examination, showed clear evidence for some interaction between clay minerals and brine.
Formation control of quad-rotor UAVs using a single camera

In this paper, we develop a vision based formation control of quad-rotor UAVs using a monocular camera. A Lyapunov based approach is used to derive the controller. The objective of the controller for the follower UAV is to keep the leader vehicle at a desired bearing angle in its field-of-view. Also a desired fixed distance is maintained by using the size of the UAV as seen the image plane of the camera. Two cases of leader-follower formation are considered: (1) linear formation and (2) triangular formation. Supporting simulation results are included.
Studies of Deoxycytidylate Deaminase from T4-infected Escherichia coli

Abstract Deoxycytidylate deaminase from T4+-infected Escherichia coli has been purified approximately 3000-fold. Under optimal conditions it deaminates 245 µmoles of deoxycytidine monophosphate per mg of protein per min. The enzyme requires either deoxycytidine triphosphate or 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine triphosphate for activity and is inhibited by deoxythymidine triphosphate. Kinetic studies indicate that the Michaelis constant for the substrate, deoxycytidine monophosphate, is not altered by the activator, and that the inhibitor competes with the activator at some site on the enzyme distal to the substrate site. By the criteria of disc electrophoresis and equilibrium sedimentation, more than one protein species is present. Centrifugation of the purified enzyme through a sucrose gradient in the presence or absence of either or both of the effectors reveals a major peak of activity with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3 S and a minor peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 10.8 S. Molecular weights for these two species calculated in reference to catalase are 129,000 and 230,000, respectively. Since only the peak corresponding to 7.3 S is present at an earlier stage in the purification, the heavier form of the enzyme must be introduced during the subsequent steps of the purification.
Human allergy to environmental pet danders: a public health perspective

The prevalence of human allergy to pet danders has increased rapidly over the past six decades, as a consequence of lifestyle changes that have enhanced ambient exposure to pet allergens. This is a problem of global public health importance, as the morbidity associated with allergic diseases disproportionately affects socio-economically disadvantaged populations, particularly children. Although the public often seeks advice from veterinary health-care professionals regarding healthy pet ownership practices, including strategies for reducing residential pet dander exposure, many misconceptions persist in the public domain regarding pet dander allergy, such as the belief that certain dog and cat breeds are 'hypoallergenic' due to their hair/coat type. This review considers the epidemiology of human exposure to the major cat and dog dander allergens, Fel d 1 and Can f 1 respectively, and the sensitization mechanisms to them, including the hygiene hypothesis and the putative role of bacterial endotoxin. The literature regarding primary and secondary exposures in different ambient environments is explored including threshold effects that influence allergen sensitization and elicitation of symptoms, and environmental intervention strategies that seek to reduce allergen exposure. Pet-specific factors, including the aetiopathogenesis of the several cat and dog allergens that have been characterized to the molecular level, individual animal characteristics that influence Fel d 1 and Can f 1 shedding, and pet-directed interventions intended to reduce allergen dispersal, are discussed.
Degradation of Glucose by Proliferating Cells of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans.

Desulfotomaculum nigrificans degraded glucose to acetate, ethyl alcohol, and carbon dioxide. By use of 14C-glucose labeled at different carbon atoms, two pathways of glucose metabolism were detected. They were the Embden-Meyerhof and the Entner-Doudoroff schemes. Because the observed quantities of acetate and carbon dioxide, arising from glucose, were greater than the expected theoretical values, individual fermentations were conducted with 15 uniformly labeled 14C-amino acids. The results indicated that amino acids, supplied by the yeast extract or peptone in the fermentation medium, also contributed to the formation of acetate and carbon dioxide.
Quality of Water Supplies

Water is an excellent solvent that can dissolve many elements. The amount of each element affects water quality, reflected in the chemical, physical, or biological condition of water. Therefore, water quality is often measured with what is contained in water, such as dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, pesticides, metals, oils, minerals, and nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria might affect human and animal health and so they are often measured. Physical conditions are another set of water quality measurement, such as water temperature, water color, and turbidity. Water quality also can be assessed with biological indicators, which measure the type and diversity of fish, macroinvertebrate species, and plants. Some uses of water for industrial activities, such as mining, cooling water supply, washing, fire protection, or oil well repressurization, may not depend on water quality. Keywords: pathogenic bacteria; biological indicators; industrial activities; domestic water supplies
Pneumopericardium in the Newborn: Diagnosis and Pathogenesis

Pneumopericardium is a rare complication of pulmonary disease in the newborn period. Its radiographic appearance on anteroposterior films of the supine infant may be confused with pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax so that knowledge of the relevant fascial layers is necessary for an understanding of the pathophysiology and allows proper radiographic diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The management of pneumopericardium depends on whether or not cardiac tamponade is present and the monitoring of aortic blood pressure allows this diagnosis to be made. In the absence of a fall in blood pressure, a conservative approach is probably indicated.
Evolving natural history of coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus

White diabetic patients are at high risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD). The natural history of CAD in insulin-dependent (ID) and noninsulin-dependent (NID) diabetes mellitus (DM) is reviewed to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for the development of premature or accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. In both IDDM and NIDDM, the risk of CAD increases with lengthening duration of diabetes; the risk, however, does not grow as a constant multiple of the nondiabetic risk of CAD, suggesting that the cumulative exposure to diabetes plays a significant role as a risk factor for CAD only in a subset of patients. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the diabetic milieu has an impact on the progression of atherosclerotic lesions but not on their initiation. This hypothesis is corroborated further by the observation that CAD does not occur in diabetic patients in populations with a low risk of CAD among nondiabetic patients. The component of the diabetic milieu responsible for promotion of atherosclerotic lesions is unknown. There is evidence, however, of a direct or indirect role of hyperinsulinemia in this process.
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Replication by WAY-150138: Assembly of Capsids Depleted of the Portal and Terminase Proteins Involved in DNA Encapsidation

Studies were carried out to examine the mechanism of action of WAY-150138, a member of a novel group of thiourea compounds recently shown to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Previous studies have shown that the drug acts by preventing DNA encapsidation and that resistant mutants map to U(L)6, the gene encoding the protein subunit of the portal complex through which DNA enters the capsid. We tested the idea that WAY-150138 acts by preventing the incorporation of DNA-packaging proteins into capsids as they are assembled. Capsids were isolated from HSV-1-infected, drug-treated cells and examined by Western immunoblotting for the presence of two packaging proteins, the portal subunit (U(L)6) and a candidate terminase subunit (U(L)15). The results showed that both proteins were depleted in the capsids, suggesting that WAY-150138 antagonizes DNA encapsidation by depriving capsids of packaging proteins during the assembly process.
Typicality and familiarity of faces

We examined context-free familiarity information as a source of the effects of face typicality upon face recognition. Experiment 1 tested memory for typical and unusual faces by (1) subjects who received an input list followed immediately by a recognition test (standard condition), (2) subjects who viewed all test faces (targets and lures) prior to the input list (prefamiliarization condition), and (3) subjects who viewed all test faces after the input list but prior to recognition (postfamiliarization condition). Although false-alarm errors in the standard condition were lower for unusual than for typical faces, this effect was reduced by postfamiliarization and was eliminated entirely by prefamiliarization. The prefamiliarization and typicality effects were replicated in Experiment 2, which showed that patterns of old judgments were compatible with the hypothesis that, although familiarity of new faces is greater if these faces are typical, the increment in familiarity that results from presentation is greater if these faces are unusual.
JAZZ MELODY GENERATION USING RECURRENT NETWORKS AND REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

Recurrent (neural) networks have been deployed as models for learning musical processes, by computational scientists who study processes such as dynamic systems. Over time, more intricate music has been learned as the state of the art in recurrent networks improves. One particular recurrent network, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network shows promise for learning long songs, and generating new songs. We are experimenting with a module containing two inter-recurrent LSTM networks to cooperatively learn several human melodies, based on the songs' harmonic structures, and on the feedback inherent in the network. We show that these networks can learn to reproduce four human melodies. We then present as input new harmonizations, so as to generate new songs. We describe the reharmonizations, and show the new melodies that result. We also present a hierarchical structure for using reinforcement learning to choose LSTM modules during the course of melody generation.
Layered Organic-Based Metal Iodide−Polyiodide with Unique Mixed-Valent Gold(I/III) Iodide Chains

We report the synthesis, optical spectrum, and crystal and electronic structures of a new organic−inorganic hybrid compound, [(p-NH3C6H4)2CH2]4 [(AuI2)(AuI4)(I2)2(I5)2Cl4], with unique mixed-valent...
A dynamic theory of hydrocarbon migration

This paper presents a new analysis of secondary migration of hydrocarbon that does not require capillary forces for trapping, but instead uses the method of characteristics and wave theory. The waves change speed and either reflect or refract (or partially reflect and partially refract) as they contact with layers of different flow capacities. Reflection of a certain wave from a boundary starts hydrocarbon accumulation below that boundary. The method is easy to use and conforms readily to graphical solution. For the sake of simplicity there is only two-phase flow. The application of this method gives new insights into the physics of migration and entrapment of oil. The method gives realistic times for oil accumulation and points to oil generation rate as the most sensitive variable. Oil and water densities, viscosities, and permeability are also important. We find that at the very small generation rates usually assumed the time required to develop a given column thickness is insensitive to the distance from the source rock. In general, the method also predicts a non-uniform saturation in the oil column caused by an interaction between buoyancy and viscous forces. Being based on the dynamic interactions of viscous and buoyancy forces, our theory is considerably at odds with hydrostatic approaches. We assume no capillary pressure, one-dimensional flow, and no regional groundwater flow, conditions which are not realized in actual migration. The theory should be viewed therefore as an end member of a more general theory; nevertheless, the largely graphical solutions give fundamental insights that are difficult to obtain by other techniques.