cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Is U.S. Poverty Higher in Nonmetropolitan than in Metropolitan Areas

In the U.S., people are more likely to be poor if they live in a nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) than in a metropolitan (metro) area.A common explanation for this phenomenon is that nonmetro places offer relatively few economic and social opportunities. This article explores another plausible explanation, asking if the disproportionate poverty in nonmetro areas partly reflects attitudes of people with personal attributes related to poverty: they may be attracted to nonmetro places or otherwise reluctant (or unable) to leave them.To test this hypothesis, data from nine waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) are used to track economic well-being and nonmetro-metro residential choice among a sample of 2,007 low-income householders. A series of multivariate regression models are estimated in which the dependent variable is a householder's income to need (adjusted for spatial cost-of-housing differences), and regressors are individual attributes, a binary variable for nonmetro residence, and state fixed-effects. Regression results show that controlling for householder educational attainment reduces the negative associa- tion between nonmetro residence and income to need; but controlling for unobserved, time- invariant heterogeneity via individual fixed-effects increases the magnitude of this negative association. Study findings thus appear to indicate that enduring nonmetro poverty is explained both by a sorting of low human capital individuals into nonmetro areas and by reduced economic opportunities in nonmetro compared to metro places.
Association of silicone breast implants with immunologic abnormalities: a prospective study

Abstract Purpose: To study the possible association of silicone-breast-implant exposure and immunologic abnormalities within the Nurses' Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of women. Subjects and Methods: From this cohort, we randomly selected 200 women who had been exposed to silicone breast implants and who had never reported connective tissue diseases during 14 years of follow-up, and 500 age-matched, nonexposed women, including 100 with definite connective tissue diseases validated by medical record review, 100 with at least one symptom of a connective tissue disease, 100 with diabetes, and 200 healthy controls. Assays for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), including anti-dsDNA, anti-ssDNA, anti-Sm/RNP/Ro/La, and anti-Scl-70, rheumatoid factor, immunoglobulins, serum complement, and C-reactive protein level, and anticardiolipin, antithyroglobulin, antithyroid microsomal, and antisilicone antibodies were performed by standard techniques in blood samples collected in 1989 or 1990 before collection of silicone-breast-implant exposure data in 1992. Results: ANA was positive (≥1:40) in 14% of women with silicone breast implants compared with 20% of healthy women ( P = 0.11). Rheumatoid factor was positive (≥1:40) in 5% of women with silicone breast implants and 2% of healthy women ( P = 0.16). Women with silicone breast implants had a significantly higher frequency of anti-ssDNA antibodies than healthy women (41% and 29%, P = 0.012). Duration of implant was associated with a higher frequency of anti-ssDNA antibodies ( P = 0.03) but not with ANA or rheumatoid factor. No other significant differences in the frequencies of autoantibodies were observed in silicone breast implant–exposed women. Antisilicone antibodies were not found in any sample. Conclusion: We found no increased frequency of any immunologic abnormalities in women exposed to silicone breast implants, except for anti-ssDNA, which has unknown clinical relevance.
Artificial pacemaker-induced true vs. pseudo-electrical alternans.

A unique case of heretofore undescribed 2:1 ventricular electrical alternans in the presence of artificial pacemaker-induced ventricular rhythm is presented. Three instances of 2:1 ventricular pseudo-electrical alternans due to ventricular fusion bigeminy in patients with permanent demand pacemakers are also discussed.
Globalization and Innovation in a Mature Industry: Furniture Manufacturing in Canada

Drayse M. H. Globalization and innovation in a mature industry: furniture manufacturing in Canada, Regional Studies. Canadian furniture manufacturers have been relatively successful in responding to the competitive challenges of more open continental and global economies. The industry has followed a high-road development path based on innovation in products, processes, and business practices, and exploitation of export markets in the United States. While employment has declined in recent years due to a slowdown in US sales and increasing use of imports by Canadian firms – trends reinforced by the current recession – the furniture industry has been more successful than most Canadian manufacturing industries since the beginning of the modern free-trade era in 1989. Drayse M. H. La mondialisation et l'innovation dans une industrie en pleine maturite: l'industrie du meuble au Canada, Regional Studies. Au Canada, l'industrie du meuble a reussi grosso modo a repondre aux defis competitifs des economies europeen...
Accelerated recovery from pipecuronium in patients treated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether chronic anticonvulsant therapy affects recovery time from pipecuronium. Design: Open-labeled, controlled study. Setting: Inpatient neurosurgical service at a university medical center. Patients: ASA physical status II and III patients within 30% of their ideal body weight and without significant history of ethanol abuse or renal or hepatic disease. Nineteen patients were admitted into the study and were divided into three groups based on the number of anticonvulsant medications (MED) they were taking: MED=0, control group (6 patients); MED=1, one anticonvulsant (6 patients); MED=2, two or more anticonvulsants (7 patients). Interventions: Intravenous (IV) administration of pipecuronium 80 μg/kg with general anesthesia after thiopental sodium 4 to 6 mg/kg IV, maintained with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen, 0.2% to 0.3% end-tidal isoflurane, and fentanyl. Measurements and Main Results: The evoked compound electromyogram (ECEMG) of the adductor pollicis brevis muscle was measured after stimulation of the ulnar nerve by train-of-four (TOF) supramaximal impulses at 2 Hz repeated every 20 seconds. Measurements include T-1 % (ECEMG signal at 25%, 50%, and 75% of baseline), TR% (TOF ratio), and recovery index (RI). Patients administered chronic anticonvulsant therapy recovered more rapidly from pipecuronium than untreated patients. For instance, time to 25% recovery of baseline (T-1 25%) was 123 ± 13 minutes for MED=0, 91 ± 7 minutes for MED=1, and 58 ± 5 minutes for MED=2 (p Conclusions: Patients treated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy recovered from pipecuronium more rapidly than unmedicated patients. Furthermore, there seemed to be a dose-effect relationship between the number of anticonvulsants received and a decreased time to recovery from pipecuronium neuromuscular blockade.
Feature-Based Attentional Modulations in the Absence of Direct Visual Stimulation

When faced with a crowded visual scene, observers must selectively attend to behaviorally relevant objects to avoid sensory overload. Often this selection process is guided by prior knowledge of a target-defining feature (e.g., the color red when looking for an apple), which enhances the firing rate of visual neurons that are selective for the attended feature. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a pattern classification algorithm to predict the attentional state of human observers as they monitored a visual feature (one of two directions of motion). We find that feature-specific attention effects spread across the visual field-even to regions of the scene that do not contain a stimulus. This spread of feature-based attention to empty regions of space may facilitate the perception of behaviorally relevant stimuli by increasing sensitivity to attended features at all locations in the visual field.
Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Detection and Typing by Cycle Sequencing, Line Blotting, and Hybrid Capture

We compared the results of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and typing from 781 cervical samples assayed by three methods: L1 consensus PCR followed by cycle sequencing, L1 consensus PCR with biotinylated primers followed by hybridization to a line blot, and Hybrid Capture assay. Both PCR assays used L1 consensus PCR with primers MY09 and MY11. We evaluated the amplification efficiencies of both PCR assays and also compared the specific HPV types detected by each method. The samples positive by the Hybrid Capture assay were compared to the specific types detected by the PCR-based assays. The concordance between the two PCR assays in producing an HPV amplicon visible by gel electrophoresis or in detecting any HPV type was moderate: kappa values were 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56 to 0.67) and 0.51 (95% CI = 0.46 to 0.58), respectively. The McNemar test for correlated proportions indicated that biotinylated PCR was less likely to produce a band (P = 0.001) and to detect an HPV type (P = 0.001) than the other PCR assay. In comparing the Hybrid Capture assay results with the HPV types detected by the PCR-based assays, we found that positivity by the Hybrid Capture assay for a number of samples may be due to cross-hybridization with HPV types not included in the Hybrid Capture assay probe cocktails.
Radiotherapy in the treatment of pituitary adenomas.

Abstract Between 1970 and 1985, 145 patients were treated for pituitary adenomas and 126 patients were available for analysis. Sixty patients were treated with surgery alone (Group I), 54 were treated with surgery and radiation therapy (Group II), and 12 received irradiation only without tissue diagnosis (Group III). Extent of tumor was evaluated by CT scan, PEG, and surgical reports. There were 22 microadenomas in Group I and only 1 microadenoma in Group II. The mean follow-up was 6.4 years, 85% ( 51 60 ) of patients in Group I, 93% of patients in Group II, and only 50% of those treated with irradiation alone achieved tumor control. With subsequent salvage treatment, overall tumor control in Group I was 97%. The mean time to recurrence was 3.7 years (Group I), 4.5 years (Group II), and 4 years (Group III). In summary, combined treatment is effective to decrease the chance of local recurrence of pituitary adenomas. Nevertheless, because of successful salvage treatment after surgical failure, overall outcome is similar. Without persistent symptom after surgery or large residual tumor in or near the critical structures, postoperative irradiation can be deferred until tumor regrowth.
The thermal expansion of magnesium fluoride from room temperature to 16 K

Abstract Measurements are reported of the principal coefficients of thermal expansion of tetragonal magnesium fluoride in the temperature range 16–310 K. A three-terminal capacitance-type dilatometer was employed to measure the change in length of the single-crystal specimens. The coefficients were measured with an accuracy of about ±0.01 × 10−6/K in the temperature range 16–30 K and from ±0.02 to ±0.06 × 10∂/K above 30 K. Values for the Gruneisen parameter γ and the principal components of the Gruneisen tensor were calculated from 30 K to room temperature. The Gruneisen parameter was found to have a low-temperature limiting value of 0.32, to increase significantly with increasing temperature, and to approach a high-temperature limiting value of around 1.08.
Different telomere damage signaling pathways in human and mouse cells

Programmed telomere shortening in human somatic cells is thought to act as a tumor suppressor pathway, limiting the replicative potential of developing tumor cells. Critically short human telomeres induce senescence either by activating p53 or by inducing the p16/RB pathway, and suppression of both pathways is required to suppress senescence of aged human cells. Here we report that removal of TRF2 from human telomeres and the ensuing de-protection of chromosome ends induced immediate premature senescence. Although the telomeric tracts remained intact, the TRF2ΔBΔM-induced premature senescence was indistinguishable from replicative senescence and could be mediated by either the p53 or the p16/RB pathway. Telomere de-protection also induced a growth arrest and senescent morphology in mouse cells. However, in this setting the loss of p53 function was sufficient to completely abrogate the arrest, indicating that the p16/RB response to telomere dysfunction is not active in mouse cells. These findings reveal a fundamental difference in telomere damage signaling in human and mouse cells that bears on the use of mouse models for the telomere tumor suppressor pathway.
Observation of structures in the chromium Kα1 line with spherically bent crystal spectrometer

Abstract Structures in the Kα 1 line of chromium have been observed with a high-resolution, high-dispersion spherically bent crystal spectrometer with high light gathering power.
Jamming commercial satellite communications during wartime an empirical study

Satellite communications parameters - carrier to noise ratio, bandwidth, power, and frequency - were recorded for approximately 500 satellite communication carriers continuously, over a period of 16 months. These carriers support communications for military operations in the current Iraq war. Communications outages during this period were logged and the reason for outage was determined. Some outages caused by electromagnetic interference are shown to have characteristics that would be expected if these carriers were being subjected to a hostile denial of service attack.
The effects of crowding during pregnancy on offspring emotional and sexual behavior in rats

The effects of crowding during pregnancy on offspring behavior were examined by maintaining male and female rats in three different population densities during pregnancy. Pups were fostered to control mothers within 1 day of birth and later tested for open-field behavior, cage emergence, sexual behavior, and fertility. Although offspring of females in the most crowded group were the least likely to emerge from their cages, prenatal crowding did not influence sexual behavior or fertility, thus failing to confirm the hypothesis that prenatal crowding demasculinizes male progeny. Rats which emerged from their cages showed significantly greater open-field activity and sexual behavior than nonemergers.
Determination of the optimum number of cardiac cycles to differentiate intra-pulmonary shunt and patent foramen ovale by saline contrast two- and three-dimensional echocardiography.

Introduction Patent foramen ovale (PFO) and intra-pulmonary shunt (IPS) are potential causes of stroke. The most optimum cardiac cycle cutoff for bubbles to appear in the left heart on saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as criteria to differentiate the 2 entities is unknown. Methods Ninety-five adult patients had saline contrast transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), two-dimensional (2D) and 3DTTE. Sensitivity and specificity of each cardiac cycle as cutoff to differentiate a PFO and IPS were obtained. Results Transesophageal echocardiography showed IPS in 28 and PFO in 15 patients. If bubbles appeared in the left heart within the first 4 cardiac cycles (the 4th cardiac cycle rule) as compared to alternate cutoffs, a PFO was most accurately diagnosed by both 2D and 3DTTE. Bubbles appearing at or after the 5th cardiac cycle most accurately determined an IPS. 3D versus 2DTTE had a trend for a higher sensitivity (61% vs. 36%, P = 0.06), but similar specificity (94% vs. 91%) for IPS. Accuracy of 3DTTE was 84% and 2DTTE was 75% (P = 0.08) for IPS. For PFO, 2DTTE sensitivity (87%) and specificity (98%) did not differ (P = NS) from that of 3DTTE sensitivity (73%) and specificity (100%). Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that the 4th cardiac cycle rule differentiates PFO and IPS most optimally by 2D and 3DTTE. 3DTTE appears to have higher sensitivity for diagnosing IPS. These data suggest that 3DTTE is preferable when IPS is to be diagnosed. Both methods are similar for diagnosing PFO.
Refined Kalman smoothing for decoding real convolutional codes

Real number convolutional codes can be corrected by time-varying smoothed Kalman estimation. The smoothing process can be truncated whenever the tracking innovations fall below a precomputed matrix norm.
Perceived Need and Actual Usage of the Family Support Agreement in Rural China: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey

Purpose: The Family Support Agreement (FSA) is a voluntary but legal contract between older parents and adult children on parental support in China. As the first comprehensive empirical study on the FSA, this study aims to understand the prevalence and covariates of older parents’ perceived need and actual use of this agreement. Design and Methods: Using logistic regression analyses, t-tests and chi-square tests, this study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 9,587 rural parents aged 60 years and above from the 2006 Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China, which had a 99% response rate. Results: More than 11% of the subjects regarded the FSA as necessary, and more than 6% have signed it, respectively, representing 160 million and 30.7 million older Chinese. Perceiving the need for the FSA was associated with living arrangement, number of daughters-in-law, care needs, filial piety assessment and concerns, family harmony, sociodemographics, individual characteristics related to rights protection, and the existence of rights protection–related local community organizations. Having signed the FSA was associated with the above last 3 factors, traditional old-age support strategy, and FSA need assessment. Implications: Individuals regarding the FSA as necessary or using it are characterized by personal, familial, and sociocultural factors that render them more in need of parental support but less likely to receive it. They are also better informed about their rights, are more willing to take actions to protect their rights, and have more exposure to rights protection–related community organizations.
Optimal Predictions in Everyday Cognition

Human perception and memory are often explained as optimal statistical inferences that are informed by accurate prior probabilities. In contrast, cognitive judgments are usually viewed as following error-prone heuristics that are insensitive to priors. We examined the optimality of human cognition in a more realistic context than typical laboratory studies, asking people to make predictions about the duration or extent of everyday phenomena such as human life spans and the box-office take of movies. Our results suggest that everyday cognitive judgments follow the same optimal statistical principles as perception and memory, and reveal a close correspondence between people's implicit probabilistic models and the statistics of the world.
Naturally! Linguistic studies in honour of Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Edited by Chris Schaner-Wolles, John Rennison, and Friedrich Neubarth. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, 2001. Pp. xxiv, 514. Paper. €78.50

This book is a substantial offering to Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler, the Austrian linguist who recently marked his 60th birthday. It consists of the contents (iii–vii) showing fifty-six studies, ten of which were written by two persons each; a brief foreword and afterword (both ix) with kind words for the Jubilar; a tabula gratulatoria (xi–xiii) listing over 100 names and institutes; Dressler's curriculum vitae (xv–xvii), which begins in 1957 at the University of Vienna, where he has been Head of the Department of Linguistics since 1978; and his bibliography (xix–xxxiv) of over 400 works, some thirty of which were coauthored or coedited with one of twenty-one of the authors in this festschrift. Then come the alphabetically arranged articles (1–514), each limited to roughly ten pages in order to accommodate as many parties as possible. There is no index.
Use of Strategic Self-Monitoring to Enhance Academic Engagement, Productivity, and Accuracy of Students With and Without Exceptionalities

This study investigated the effects of a strategic self-monitoring intervention (i.e., The University of Alabama ACT-REACT) on the academic engagement, nontargeted problem behavior, productivity, and accuracy of students with and without disabilities. Seven boys and two girls of elementary age who received their educational services in two different inclusive classrooms participated in this investigation. The students were taught to use the ACT-REACT strategy during independent math/reading seatwork. ACT-REACT is a combined self-monitoring of attention and self-monitoring of performance intervention designed to help chronically disengaged students take control of their learning. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design with an embedded reversal indicates that ACT-REACT was an effective strategy for fostering self-management and enhancing the academic performance of students with differing needs in inclusive classrooms.
Food Insecurity in Vulnerable Populations: Coping with Food Price Shocks in Afghanistan

We use the case of Afghanistan during the 2007/08 food price crisis to illustrate the impact of staple food price increases on household food security. Using the Unconditional Quantile Regression estimator to identify separate effects for households across the distribution, we find evidence of divergent behavior. The most vulnerable households with low calorie diets cannot afford to make substantial cuts to caloric intake since they are close to or below the minimum daily energy requirements; accordingly, we find no decline in per capita daily caloric intake as a result of the price increases. Such households may be sacrificing diet quality to maintain calories, with a potential for serious and long-term health consequences. Households with high calorie diets, who can afford to cut back on calories, experience the largest declines. We find evidence of declines in dietary diversity across the entire distribution of households, with slightly larger declines observed for those with the least diversity. Moving beyond the price responses for the average household can inform policy makers of how the most vulnerable groups are affected. Such information is particularly salient in a country like Afghanistan, where decades of war, political instability, and recurring droughts have led to a precarious state of food insecurity and poverty.
Comparative sectoriality in temperate hardwoods: hydraulics and xylem anatomy

In wood, lateral transport of water and minerals occurs readily in ‘integrated’ trees but is more restricted in ‘sectored species’. Dye distribution and a novel hydraulic technique are used to quantify species-specific differences in sectoriality in three temperate hardwoods, Betula papyrifera, Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra. Sectoriality was related to key elements of xylem structure: intervascular pitting, vessel diameter and vessel grouping. Perfusion of 0.5% safranin through isolated roots showed root-to-branch dye transport was most extensive in B. papyrifera and least extensive in Q. rubra. To test sectorialty using hydraulics, 20 m m KCl solution was pushed at 0.1 MPa through 5-cm wood segments, before and after occluding the direct axial outlet with glue, with flow rate measured in grams of solution expelled over time. Direct (axial) conductance (g MPa−1 s−1) through unglued outlets was compared with indirect (tangential) conductance around occluded outlets. Species with high indirect/direct conductance ratios (Integration Index) are the most integrated. Integration Index ranged from 0.26 in B. papyrifera to 0.02 in Q. rubra. Macerates showed that B. papyrifera has much greater percentage of cell wall area covered with intervascular pits than does A. saccharum or Q. rubra. Vessel grouping was closest in B. papyrifera and vessels were most isolated in Q. rubra. Widest diameter vessels occurred in Q. rubra, where they concentrated in springwood. Intervascular pitting, vessel diameter and grouping are wood traits that contribute to the continuum of sectoriality in trees, and may influence the ability of tree species to dominate in homogeneous or in patchy environments. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 150, 61–71.
THE THREE-PHASE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM REVISITED

▪ Abstract The interstellar medium in the vicinity of the Sun is arranged in large-scale structures of bubble walls, sheets, and filaments of warm gas, within which close to the midplane there are subsheets and filaments of cold dense material; the whole occupies roughly half the available volume and extends with decreasing mean density to at least a kiloparsec off the plane. The remainder of the volume is in bubble interiors, cavities, and tunnels of much lower density, with some but not all of those lower density regions hot enough to be observable via their X-ray emission. This entire system is pervaded by a rather strong and irregular magnetic field and cosmic rays, the pressures of which are confined by the weight of the interstellar gas, particularly that far from the plane where gravity is strong. Observations suggest that the cosmic rays and magnetic field have an even more extended vertical distribution than the warm gas, requiring either the weight of additional coronal material or magnetic tens...
No Country Left Behind? Performance Standards and Accountability in US Foreign Assistance

The accountability movement in public policy hails a new programme for US foreign assistance – the Millennium Challenge Account established in 2004 with the aim of ‘picking winners’ for grants among developing countries based on their demonstrated quality of governance. This article uses the MCA's own rating system to dispute its claim to know in advance which countries are best positioned to meet major development goals. High governance scores alone bear little or no relationship to growth in national income or decline in poverty. Attempting to measure public-policy performance limits the range of choice available to policy-makers, and may inadvertently limit true performance.
An Evaluative Study of the Academic Achievement of Homeschooled Students Versus Traditionally Schooled Students Attending a Catholic University

This research study was designed to provide a formal evaluation of the academic achievement of homeschooled students compared to traditionally schooled students attending a Catholic university located in South Florida. In addition, this study offers empirical data for all those interested in the academic success of homeschooled students in higher education, in particular, in Catholic colleges and universities. Using archival data, 408 students were evaluated based on their four-year secondary school type: 137 public-schooled students; 142 Catholic schooled students; and 129 homeschooled students. Equally weighted criteria were overall SAT or ACT scores, overall college grade-point average (GPA), GPA by major, and core GPA. A statistically significant difference was found between homeschooled students and traditionally schooled students in ACT and SAT scores and overall GPA, showing value to the institution and supporting the literature with regards to the academic viability of homeschooled students in college.
Air Bearing Simulation for Bit Patterned Media

Patterned media are being considered as a promising approach for achieving storage densities beyond 1 Tb/in2 on hard disks. Patterned media reduce cross talk of adjacent bits and improve thermal stability of the media. In this investigation, the flying characteristics of femto-type sliders over bit patterned media (BPM) are investigated. The discrete bits of the disk are modeled as isolated conical protrusions on the disk surface.
Pharmacological Characterization of Glycine-Gated Chloride Currents Recorded in Rat Hippocampal Slices

An inhibitory role for strychnine-sensitive glycine-gated chloride channels (GlyRs) in mature hippocampus has been overlooked, largely due to the misconception that GlyR expression ceases early dur...
Career Planning Strategies and Skills of Hospitality Management Students

This exploratory study combines the literature on competencies and career related topics for hospitality management students, in relation to the characteristics of the Millennial generation and the evolving workplace. It investigates student perceptions of career planning strategies and skills and identifies significant differences arising from work experience, extra-curricular activities, class level, and other factors. The researchers surveyed students at three public universities in the western United States. Students who are closer to graduation, have work experience, participate in hospitality student clubs, and attend on-campus career events have better developed career plans and report higher level skills than those who do not.
Radioactive Fallout and Emerging Environmentalism: Cold war Fears and Public Health Concerns, 1954–1963

This essay considers the scientific, social, and political contexts of the debate over radioactive fallout. I contend that the growth of an environmental consensus in 1950s America was constrained both by the nature of the fallout debate and by the cultural climate in which it took place.
Towards Computational Co-Creation in Modding Communities

Large online repositories of player-generated game content are a popular component of modern interactive digital entertainment. These add-ons are typically referred to as "mods", and the communities of co-creators that coalesce around them "modding communities". We propose a method to augment these communities with computational agents that encourage creative submissions, which we define as those that are both unexpected and valuable. We propose to combine player experience modelling, computational creativity evaluation and mixed-initiative co-creation to drive modding communities towards more fun and diverse gaming experiences.
Las Leyes Orgánicas Constitucionales En El Régimen Presidencial. Lo Que El Debate Constituyente Está Olvidando (The Organic Constitutional Statutes in the Presidential Regime. What the Constitutional Debate Is Forgetting)

Spanish Abstract: Se denuncia un problema en la propuesta de los libros El Otro Modelo y La Constitucion Tramposa, en orden a eliminar las leyes organicas constitucionales, ya que los mismos no consideran los efectos que tendria dicha reforma en nuestro regimen de gobierno. Atendido el fuerte presidencialismo que nuestra Constitucion actual establece, este ensayo sugiere que una eventual reforma al sistema de quorums legislativos deberia hacerse cargo del desproporcionado incremento de los poderes legislativos del Presidente de la Republica.English Abstract: The article reviews a problem that the proposal of the books "El Otro Modelo" and "La Constitucion Tramposa" might create. Both books promote the elimination of the Chilean Organic Constitutional Statutes without considering the important effects that that reform would produce to the presidential regime. The author suggests that the reform would disproportionately increase the legislative powers of the Executive branch.
History and Planning: Some Aspects of Economic Development in Asia-III. Commentary

Mr. Paauw's paper on Chinese government expenditures during the Nanking period and Mr. Wolf's paper on contemporary development problems in South and Southeast Asia differ appreciably in scope and emphasis. In a sense however Mr. Wolf's paper picks up the discussion where Mr. Paauw leaves it. For Mr. Paauw concludes in his last paragraph that in China between 1928 and 1937 loan-financed government expenditures did not stimulate investment and output because “… the whole political, cultural, and economic milieu of Nanking China … discouraged the expansion of output in response to increased monetary demand. The repressive influence of each of these factors remains to be investigated in detail.” Mr. Wolf's paper is essentially an analysis of these factors which inhibit and restrict productive investment and economic development in Southeast Asia and what might be done through MSA to improve matters. Consequently Mr. Paauw's paper is perhaps more easily discussed against the analysis put forward by Mr. Wolf rather than the other way about.
The Influence of ω-3 PUFAs on Chemo- or Radiation Therapy for Cancer

The efficacy of ω-3 fatty acids against cancer has been demonstrated in preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies. However, for most clinical trials, it is unlikely that ω-3 supplementation would be used alone but rather it would be combined with standard chemo- or radiation therapy. Thus, it is important to know the effects of ω-3 fatty acids on the efficacy of standard therapies. Preclinical studies using numerous cancer models with multiple chemotherapeutic agents have demonstrated the enhanced efficacy of the standard therapy when ω-3 fatty acids are incorporated in the culture media of cells or in the diet of the animal. These studies will be summarized in this chapter.
To be a Teacher

I stand before you and my breath catches in my throat. I marvel at your beauty and bravery. You are the big-hearted inclusiveness of the fearless undergraduate. You are the spunk of an emerging professional. You are the raised eyebrow of a resolute veteran, the shimmering inquiries of a graduate assistant, and the silk-like assurance of a scholar in the field.
Mathcad Applications for Generalized One-Dimensional Compressible Flow:

The use of Mathcad as the computational system for generalized one-dimensional compressible flow is examined. Traditional approaches to the topic are discussed, and details of Mathcad formulations are delineated. Examples are presented that illustrate the details of the Mathcad procedures for a variety of one-dimensional compressible flow applications. The impact on the students' mastery of generalized one-dimensional compressible flow is assessed. The use of Mathcad in this topic was considered to be a success, since (anecdotally) student mastery was enhanced over the previously used structured code development/modification approach.
From Enrollment to Membership: “Belonging” in Middle and High School Classes

This study examined the meaning of “belonging” or membership in four secondary level general education classes. One or two students with moderate or severe disabilities were enrolled in each of these classes. Participant observations and interviews were used to gain an understanding of participation and membership from the perspectives of students without disabilities who attended these classes. Findings indicated that student membership depends on affiliation with a subgroup of peers within the class. General class participation and interactions influenced an individual's status within the group, but were not enough to create member status. General education students also reported taking active steps when they joined a class to get connected with a subgroup. In these classes, only two students with disabilities connected with subgroups and were, therefore, viewed as members. Considerations are offered for promoting classroom membership for students with moderate or severe disabilities.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diaminated Stereotriads via Rearrangement of 1,4-Diazaspiro[2.2]pentanes

The synthesis of 1,3-diaminated stereotriads via the bis-aziridination of allenes is reported. The reactive 1,4-diazaspiro[2.2]pentane intermediates undergo a mild Bronsted acid-promoted rearrangement to yield 1,3-diaminated ketones in good yields with excellent stereocontrol. Directed reduction of the ketone can be achieved to yield a C–N/C–O/C–N stereotriad in high dr. The ability to transfer the axial chirality of the substrates to the products allows for the facile preparation of enantioenriched stereotriads from allenes in two simple steps.
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy and common mimics

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) is a rare acute benign cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis affecting children younger than 24 months of age. Its presentation can be confused with those of urticaria, erythema multiforme, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenia,meningococcemia, Kawasaki disease, and drug rash. We present 2 cases of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy, discuss the characteristics of AHEI, and compare and contrast AHEI with similar dermatologic presentations. This review provides emergency physicians with the basic knowledge necessary to easily recognize AHEI as a distinct clinical entity. The patients were 19- and 23-month-old females who presented to the pediatric emergency department at St Mary's Hospital,Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, with impressive purpuric rashes and edema of the hands and feet after preceding upper respiratory tract infections. Both children had benign courses with complete resolution of clinical findings. These 2 cases typify the presentation of AHEI.Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy presents with characteristic purpuric lesions and extremity edema. The emergency physician's recognition of these presenting characteristics will help diagnose AHEI, avoid unnecessary procedures and tests, and aid in counseling the patient's parents.
Closed-form theory of nuclei separation on highly anisotropic surfaces

Abstract During deposition on surfaces of highly anisotropic diffusion, nucleation behaves as it would on a one-dimensional substrate, or effectively deposition in two-dimensions (2D). This Article reports a close-form theory for nuclei separation during physical vapor deposition in 2D. In comparison and contrast, this closed-form theory agrees with existing theories in scaling, but gives the coefficient that was previously unknown. Further, this theory shows that the nuclei separation in 2D is an order-of-magnitude larger than in three dimensions. The insights from such comparison and contrast are critical in analyzing nucleation on surfaces of various anisotropy.
How much subsidence is enough to change the morphology of river deltas

Understanding the effect of subsidence on fluviodeltaic morphology is important not only to maintain sustainable coastal cities and habitats but also to interpret the information contained in the stratigraphic record. While tectonic steering in alluvial environments has been investigated, similar studies in fluviodeltaic environments are limited to physical experiments and field observations. We perform numerical experiments with a parcel-based cellular model to analyze the deltaic surface and subsurface responses to regional subsidence. We quantify model results using robust metrics and show that while sediment partitioning and shoreline pattern vary gradually with increasing subsidence rate, channel mobility and stratigraphic connectivity of channel deposits show a threshold transition. Conditions for this transition are captured with a dimensionless filling index β, defined as the ratio between the rates of accommodation creation and sediment supply. A channel-locking mechanism activates when β exceeds 0.6 and is responsible for the threshold transition.
Results from the second Galaxy Serpent web-based table top exercise utilizing the concept of nuclear forensics libraries

Galaxy Serpent is a unique, virtual, web-based international tabletop series of exercises designed to mature the concept of National Nuclear Forensics Libraries (NNFLs). Teams participating in the second version of the exercise were provided synthetic sealed radioactive source data used to compile a model NNFL which then served as a comparative instrument in hypothetical scenarios involving sources out of regulatory control, allowing teams to successfully down-select and determine whether investigated sources were consistent with holdings in their model library. The methodologies utilized and aggregate results of the exercise will be presented, along with challenges encountered and benefits realized.
Resonant x-ray scattering reveals possible disappearance of magnetic order under hydrostatic pressure in the Kitaev candidate γ − Li 2 IrO 3

Honeycomb iridates such as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ are argued to realize Kitaev spin-anisotropic magnetic exchange, along with Heisenberg and possibly other couplings. While systems with pure Kitaev interactions are candidates to realize a quantum spin-liquid ground state, in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ it has been shown that the presence of competing magnetic interactions leads to an incommensurate spiral spin order at ambient pressure below 38 K. We study the pressure sensitivity of this magnetically ordered state in single crystals of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ using resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) under applied hydrostatic pressures of up to 3 GPa. RXS is a direct probe of electronic order, and we observe the abrupt disappearance of the ${\mathbf{q}}_{\mathrm{sp}}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(0.57,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}0,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}0)$ spiral order at a critical pressure ${P}_{c}=1.4$ GPa with no accompanying change in the symmetry of the lattice.
RET Signaling in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Large diameter perineural prostate cancer is associated with poor outcomes. GDNF, with its coreceptor GFRα1, binds RET and activates downstream pro-oncogenic signaling. Because both GDNF and GFRα1 are secreted by nerves, we examined the role of RET signaling in prostate cancer.Experimental Design: Expression of RET, GDNF, and/or GFRα1 was assessed. The impact of RET signaling on proliferation, invasion and soft agar colony formation, perineural invasion, and growth in vivo was determined. Cellular signaling downstream of RET was examined by Western blotting.Results: RET is expressed in all prostate cancer cell lines. GFRα1 is only expressed in 22Rv1 cells, which is the only line that responds to exogenous GDNF. In contrast, all cell lines respond to GDNF plus GFRα1. Conditioned medium from dorsal root ganglia contains secreted GFRα1 and promotes transformation-related phenotypes, which can be blocked by anti-GFRα1 antibody. Perineural invasion in the dorsal root ganglion assay is inhibited by anti-GFRα antibody and RET knockdown. In vivo, knockdown of RET inhibits tumor growth. RET signaling activates ERK or AKT signaling depending on context, but phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase is markedly increased in all cases. Knockdown of p70S6 kinase markedly decreases RET induced transformed phenotypes. Finally, RET is expressed in 18% of adenocarcinomas and all three small-cell carcinomas examined.Conclusions: RET promotes transformation associated phenotypes, including perineural invasion in prostate cancer via activation of p70S6 kinase. GFRα1, which is secreted by nerves, is a limiting factor for RET signaling, creating a perineural niche where RET signaling can occur. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4885-96. ©2017 AACR.
Rapidly released allergens from short ragweed pollen: II. Identification and partial purification

We have identified several basic allergens in 16-min extracts of short ragweed (Ambrosia elatior) pollen and obtained a partially purified fraction (G50 II) using a combination of ion-exchange (CM-Sephadex C25) and gel-filtration (Biogel P30 and Sephadex G50) procedures. G50 II was allergenically and antigenically distinct from known allergens antigen E, Ra3, and Ra5. It gave a highly symmetrical peak on Sephadex G50 (fine), corresponding to a molecular weight of 11,500 daltons, and a single band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under both reducing and nonreducing conditions. However, two cathodic antigens were detectable by both agarose electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Allergenic activity of G50 II, assessed by puncture testing in ragweed-sensitive subjects, showed a characteristic pattern of response independent of patient response to AgE, Ra3, and Ra5. The major antigenic and allergenic component of G50 II is designated Ra6.
Something’s Going on Here

Abstract. Research on individual-difference factors predicting belief in conspiracy theories has proceeded along several independent lines that converge on a profile of conspiracy believers as indi...
IL-5 Induces Proliferation and Activation of Microglia via an Unknown Receptor

While the effects of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on microglia are well documented, very little is known about the effects of a related cytokine, interleukin-5 (IL-5). We therefore undertook studies to determine how IL-5 alters various aspects of microglial functioning. Treatment of microglia with IL-5 resulted in the induction of proliferation at levels similar to those induced by GM-CSF. IL-5 also increased cellular metabolism of microglial cells. To determine whether increased metabolism correlated with activation of microglia, we measured levels of nitrite, a breakdown product of nitric oxide. Treatment of microglial cultures with IL-5 increased nitrite levels, while GM-CSF treatment had no effect. Treatment of microglia with IL-5 did not cause activation of the signal transduction pathways linked to the classical IL-5 receptor, STAT5A/5B and ERK1 and ERK2. It is therefore likely that the effects of IL-5 on microglia are not mediated via the classical IL-5 receptor, but rather via a novel receptor.
Foliar nutrient applications to ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). II. Effects on leaf nutrient status and fruit split, yield and size

Abstract Though pomegranates are beginning to be farmed more intensively, little is known about pomegranate leaf nutrient concentrations or the effects of foliar nutrient applications on those concentrations, including for one of the industry’s standard cultivars, Wonderful. Foliar nutrient applications could potentially be used in commercial pomegranate production, not only to improve plant nutrient status, but also to prevent physiological disorders, such as pomegranate fruit split, the most important physiological disorder in pomegranate production. Pomegranate trees at two ‘Wonderful’ commercial orchards were treated with foliar applications of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4; 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4; 1%, 2%, and 3%), potassium nitrate (KNO3; 1%, 2%, and 3%), or deionized (DI) water (control). Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations were determined and fruit were analyzed for fruit split incidence, yield, fruit number per tree, fruit diameter, fruit mass, aril mass, and mass of 100 arils. Leaf Zn concentrations were significantly higher in response to all foliar ZnSO4 treatments. Foliar applications of KNO3 resulted in significant increases in leaf N and K concentrations and foliar MgSO4 resulted in a significant increase in leaf S concentration. All foliar fertilizer types resulted in significantly lower fruit split incidence at one of the study sites. The foliar fertilizer treatments did not have a significant effect on fruit number per tree, fruit diameter and mass, mass of all arils in fruit, or mass of 100 arils. The results suggest that foliar ZnSO4, MgSO4, and KNO3 could be used to improve pomegranate nutrient availability and to decrease pomegranate fruit split incidence without negatively impacting fruit yield or size of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate.