cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sloppy spin waves above Tc

Abstract We show how fairly well-defined sloppy spin waves can arise in itinerant ferromagnets above the Curie point, by making a generalized Hartree-Fock treatment of paramagnon-paramagnon interactions of all orders. By treating these interactions as approximately local, one may express the susceptibility χ( q , ω) in the form χ 0 ( q , ω)[1 − 2 3 U χ 0 ( q , ω)] -1 , where χ 0 is an average of the susceptibility of the noninteracting system over a maxwellian distribution of fluctuating magnetic fields. The consequent fluctuating Stoner gap can lead to fairly well-defined propagating excitations in a limited range of wavenumbers.
Mass spectral rearrangements in benzylidene hippuric esters

The mass spectra of a series of hippuric esters have been determined. A variety of novel rearrangements induced by the presence of a formed benzyl carbonium ion has been rationalized with the aid of high resolution measurements and isotopic and substituent labeling. An eight centered rearrangement is proposed for the observed transfer of oxygen from a nitro group to a double bond. Copyright
Experience with heat shock protein-peptide complex 96 vaccine therapy in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND. The objective of this phase II trial was to investigate the safety and efficacy of autologous heat shock protein-peptide complex 96 (HSPPC-96) vaccines prepared from tumor specimens of patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS. The study was for patients with indolent B-cell NHL with measurable lesions. HSPPC-96 vaccines were prepared from patients' resected tumor specimens and administered as a 25-μg intradermal injection in the absence of disease progression every week for 4 weeks and then every 2 weeks until the vaccine supply was exhausted. RESULTS. Twenty patients were enrolled in this trial. The median patient age was 59 years. Ten patients had been treated previously (median, 2 regimens; range, 1 to 7). Eighteen (90%) patients had stage III or IV disease. Autologous vaccines were successfully prepared for 17 (85%) patients and all received at least 1 dose. The treatment was very well tolerated. One patient experienced a response with biopsy-proven clearance of the lymphoma cells in 2 of the skin nodules at 3.0 months that lasted for 7.0 months. Eight patients had stable disease for 6.0 to 19.8 months. The median failure-free survival duration in patients who received vaccine therapy was 5.2 months. CONCLUSIONS. HSPPC-96 can be prepared from tumor specimens for the majority of lymphoma patients, but it had limited efficacy in inducing responses in patients with active diseases. Further studies of HSPPCs, therefore, should be considered in adjuvant settings or in combination with other immunomodulatory agents to assess survival benefit. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Agrin signaling in cortical neurons is mediated by a tyrosine kinase-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ that engages both CaMKII and MAPK signal pathways

Agrin has been implicated in multiple aspects of central nervous system (CNS) neuron differentiation and function including neurite formation, synaptogenesis, and synaptic transmission. However, little is known about the signaling mechanisms whereby agrin exerts its effects. We have recently identified a neuronal receptor for agrin, whose activation induces expression of c-fos, and provided evidence that agrin binding to this receptor is associated with a rise in intracellular Ca2+, a ubiquitous second messenger capable of mediating a wide range of effects. To gain further insight into agrin's role in brain, we used Ca2+ imaging to explore agrin signal transduction in cultured cortical neurons. Bath application of either z+ or z-agrin isoforms resulted in marked changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration specifically in neurons. Propagation of the Ca2+ response was a two-step process characterized by an initial increase in intracellular Ca2+ mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) release from intracellular stores, supplemented by influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Agrin-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ were blocked by genistein and herbimycin, suggesting that the agrin receptor is a tyrosine kinase. Ca2+ release from intracellular stores activates both calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Activation of CaMKII is required for propagation of the Ca2+ wave itself, whereas both MAPK and CaMKII play a role in mediating long latency responses such as induction of c-fos. These results suggest that an agrin-dependent tyrosine kinase could play a critical role in modulating levels of intracellular Ca2+ and activity of MAPK and CaMKII in CNS neurons.
A silent minority: Battered American Indian women.

Sixteen American Indian women requesting counseling for domestic violence at an urban Indian health center were interviewed using standardized measures. The majority of the women were not married, had low family incomes, and both the women and their partners abused substances. All of the women experienced increased depression and stress as a result of the battering. A mental health needs assessment survey of 198 American Indian women is presented for comparison. Women who reported a history of domestic violence on the survey were more likely to be separated or divorced and reported more problems with alcohol than the women with no history of domestic violence. The results of the domestic violence program interviews are compared to the mental health needs assessment survey and studies of battered women in shelters.
NF-κB activity is inversely correlated to RNF11 expression in Parkinson's disease

RING finger protein 11 (RNF11), a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling pathway, colocalizes with α-synuclein and is sequestered in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD). Since persistent NF-κB activation is reported in PD, in this report we investigated if RNF11 expression level is correlated to activated NF-κB in PD. We examined RNF11 expression levels in correlation to phospho-p65, a marker for activated NF-κB, in control and PD brain tissue from cerebral cortex. In addition we performed double immunofluorescence labeling experiments to confirm this correlation. Our investigations demonstrated that the neuronal RNF11 expression was down-regulated in PD and was usually associated with increased expression of phospho-p65. Double labeling confirmed that loss of neuronal RNF11 was linked to increased phospho-p65 expression, suggesting that persistent presence of NF-κB activation could be due to decreased levels of its negative regulator. Our data exemplifies the relevance of RNF11 and persistent NF-κB activation in PD.
Generalized Levinson-Durbin sequences, binomial coefficients and autoregressive estimation

For a discrete time second-order stationary process, the Levinson-Durbin recursion is used to determine the coefficients of the best linear predictor of the observation at time k+1, given k previous observations, best in the sense of minimizing the mean square error. The coefficients determined by the recursion define a Levinson-Durbin sequence. We also define a generalized Levinson-Durbin sequence and note that binomial coefficients form a special case of a generalized Levinson-Durbin sequence. All generalized Levinson-Durbin sequences are shown to obey summation formulas which generalize formulas satisfied by binomial coefficients. Levinson-Durbin sequences arise in the construction of several autoregressive model coefficient estimators. The least squares autoregressive estimator does not give rise to a Levinson-Durbin sequence, but least squares fixed point processes, which yield least squares estimates of the coefficients unbiased to order 1/T, where T is the sample length, can be combined to construct a Levinson-Durbin sequence. By contrast, analogous fixed point processes arising from the Yule-Walker estimator do not combine to construct a Levinson-Durbin sequence, although the Yule-Walker estimator itself does determine a Levinson-Durbin sequence. The least squares and Yule-Walker fixed point processes are further studied when the mean of the process is a polynomial time trend that is estimated by least squares.
Impact of prior aspirin therapy on clinical manifestations of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections.

Aims Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection may present as pocket infection or as infective endocarditis (CIED-IE) with vegetation on device leads or heart valves. As aspirin has both anti-inflammatory properties and interferes with platelet aggregation, we hypothesized that ongoing anti-platelet therapy with aspirin may impact clinical and echocardiographic manifestations of CIED infection. Methods and results We retrospectively reviewed 415 cases of CIED infection admitted to Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1991 to 2008. Information regarding aspirin use was available in 392 (94.5%) cases and 178 (45%) had received aspirin therapy prior to clinical onset of CIED infection. Although there were no significant differences in pathogen distribution between patients who had received prior aspirin therapy as compared with those who did not, patients on aspirin therapy were less likely to report chills (25% vs. 35%, P = 0.04), sweats (9% vs.18%, P = 0.01), or have peripheral leukocytosis on admission (33% vs. 46%, P = 0.005). Overall, 82 (21%) of 392 patients met the clinical criteria for CIED-IE. Patients on prior aspirin therapy were significantly less likely to have vegetations on CIED leads or heart valves than those who had not received it (15% vs. 26%, P = 0.01). However, despite the lower frequency of CIED-IE in the aspirin group, there was no significant difference ( P = 0.97) in the overall survival between the two groups. Conclusion Aspirin therapy prior to onset of CIED infection was associated with a lower likelihood of vegetation formation on CIED leads or heart valves and associated systemic manifestations of infection.
Stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis by intracellular insulin

Like insulin-sensitive somatic cells, stage IV oocytes from Xenopus laevis increase their synthesis of RNA, protein, and glycogen in response to extracellular insulin. Synthesis of RNA and protein are also increased when oocytes are maintained under paraffin oil and insulin is microinjected into the cytoplasm. The effects of external and intracellular insulin are additive, suggesting separate mechanisms of action. Experiments with nuclei isolated under oil show that RNA synthesis can be stimulated by applying insulin to the nucleus directly. Thus, the nucleus appears to be one intracellular site of hormone action.
Monitoring response to treatment in patients utilizing PET

Establishing new surrogate end points for monitoring response to treatment is needed for current therapy modalities and for new therapeutic strategies including molecular targeted cancer therapies. PET as a functional imaging technology provides rapid, reproducible, noninvasive in vivo assessment and quantification of several biologic processes targeted by these therapies. PET is useful in a variety of clinical relevant applications, including distinguishing between radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence, determining the resectability of recurrent tumor, and evaluating response to therapy. FDG-PET has demonstrated efficacy for monitoring therapeutic response in a wide range of cancers, including breast, esophageal, lung, head and neck, and lymphoma. FDG-PET can assess tumor glucose use with high reproducibility. Following therapy, the decrease of glucose use correlates with the reduction of viable tumor cells. FDG-PET allows the prediction of therapy response early in the course of therapy and determining the viability of residual masses after completion of treatment. The molecular basis for the success of FDG-PET is the rapid reduction of tumor glucose metabolism in effective therapies. Of even higher clinical relevance is the accurate identification of nonresponders in patients without a significant change in tumor glucose metabolism after initiation of therapy. PET imaging can easily visualize these changes in metabolic activity and indicate, sometimes within hours of the first treatment, whether or not a patient will respond to a particular therapy. In contrast to CT, MR imaging, or ultrasound, PET imaging allows identification of responding and nonresponding tumors early in the course of therapy. With this information, physicians can rapidly modify ineffective therapies for individual patients and thereby potentially improve patient outcomes and reduce cost. One of the major limitations for the routine application of FDG-PET imaging for therapy monitoring is that no generally accepted cutoff values have been established to differentiate optimally between responders and nonresponders. The patient series are still relatively small and frequently consist of different tumor types and different therapy regimens. Prospective studies including a sufficient number of patients are needed to define cutoff values to differentiate between responder and nonresponder for different tumors and different treatment regimes. In the future, PET imaging can also serve in the evaluation of new therapeutic agents, new experimental treatments, and specifically in monitoring clinical phase II studies.
Responsive nanoassemblies via interpolyelectrolyte complexation of amphiphilic block copolymer micelles

Shell “locked” nanoassemblies ranging in size from 34 to 78 nm have been prepared from interpolyelectrolyte complexation of block copolymer micelles of poly[(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-(N-acryloylalanine)-b-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] with the homopolymer poly(ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride above the unimer to micelle phase transition temperature of the block copolymer in water. Of technological significance is the reversibility of the shell cross-linking by addition of 0.4 M NaCl, allowing micelle dissociation below the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer micelles. Poly(N-acryloylalanine) (AAL) and block copolymers were prepared directly in water via controlled reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization utilizing mono- and difunctional poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) macroCTAs.
Temporal thrombospondin-1 mRNA response in skeletal muscle exposed to acute and chronic exercise

Thrombospondin-l (TSP-1) is believed to be an endogenous angiogenic inhibitor. In this study, we report that a single 1 h bout of treadmill running increases TSP-1 mRNA 3-4-fold (p < 0.001). Interestingly, with short-term training (up to 5 days, 1 h/day) the acute response of TSP-1 mRNA to exercise was ablated after 3 days. Following long-term training (8 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 d/wk), in either normoxia or chronic hypoxia, the TSP-1 mRNA response to an acute bout of exercise was restored and increased 3-4-fold (p < 0.01). However, chronic exposure to hypoxia (8-weeks) decreases both the basal and acute exercise-induced TSP-1 mRNA levels by 44 and 48%, respectively (p < 0.05). Based on the robust TSP-1 gene response to a single acute exercise bout, its temporal response to repetitive exercise bouts, and the putative role of TSP-1 in the angiogenic process, we speculate that TSP-1 may play a role in regulating the onset of skeletal muscle angiogenesis in response to exercise.
Molecular Geometry of CsrA (RsmA) Binding to RNA and Its Implications for Regulated Expression

Abstract The global regulatory protein CsrA binds to the 5′-untranslated leader of target transcripts and alters their translation and/or stability. CsrA is a symmetrical homodimer containing two identical RNA-binding surfaces. Gel shift assays with model RNA substrates now show that CsrA can bind simultaneously at two target sites within a transcript (bridging or dual-site binding). An intersite distance of ∼ 18 nucleotides (nt) was optimal, although bridging occurred with an intersite distance of 10 to ≥ 63 nt. The close 10-nt spacing reduced the stability of dual-site binding, as competition for one site by a second CsrA dimer readily occurred. Both RNA-binding surfaces of a single CsrA protein were essential for efficient in vitro repression of a glgC’-‘lacZ translational fusion that contains four CsrA target sites within the untranslated leader. Heterodimeric CsrA (HD-CsrA) containing a single R44A replacement, which was defective for binding at its mutant surface but bound RNA normally at its wild-type (WT) surface, was ∼ 14-fold less effective at repression than homodimeric WT-CsrA. Furthermore, deletion of a CsrA target site of glgC that lies upstream from the Shine–Dalgarno sequence did not affect regulation by HD-CsrA but decreased regulation by WT-CsrA, confirming a regulatory role of dual-site binding. Finally, we propose a mechanism whereby a globular ribonucleoprotein complex is formed between CsrA and its noncoding RNA antagonist, CsrB. Because many target sites of CsrB are located closer together than is optimal for bridging, binding to nonadjacent sites should be energetically favored, causing multiple CsrA dimers to tether CsrB into the observed globular form rather than an extended CsrA–CsrB complex.
Mineral-char interactions during char combustion of a high-volatile coal

We report on recent investigations of the role of inorganic mineral matter on the evolution of char structure during carbon burnout. Char samples collected in a carefully controlled, laminar flame-supported entrained flow reactor have been characterized using a number of microscopy tools. Observations of the inorganic structure of chars produced at a variety of combustion conditions are coupled with in situ particlesizing pyrometry measurements of the char particle population with an eye toward identifying the mechanism of mineral interaction and its effects on carbon burnout kinetics during pulverized coal char combustion. No evidence of a macroscopic ash film which has been hypothesized to retard char oxidation kinetics, was found on the chars. High-resolution electron microscopy, however, shows a surprising amount of inorganic mineral in solid solution within the carbonaceous matrix. This intimate mixing of organic and inorganic constituents may affect reactivity by both blocking oxygen access to active carbon sites and influencing the microscopic carbon structure that evolves during combustion.
The Law of Christ All the Way Down

: A reading of Paul and Matthew on Christian obedience suggests that the polemic against ‘law’ is not directed to all forms of religious practice, but instead only to a particular set of religious practices developed by Israel's sages. Law should not therefore be opposed to grace; instead the correct opposition is between the ‘law’ taught as the proper way of living before God by the majority of rabbis and the law of Christ, taught by Paul, Matthew and others.
Ideology, Context, and Obligations to Assist Older Persons

Are older adults responsible for meeting their own needs, is it their children's obligation to care for them, or is there a collective responsibility to see that older adults have their needs met? The purpose of this study was to examine the normative obligations of individuals, family members, and the government to provide for the needs of older adults. The authors examined how ideological beliefs and contextual circumstances are related to beliefs about obligations to older persons. Data were collected from phone interviews of a sample of 270 adults who were over 40 years old. The results indicate that ideological beliefs were better predictors of normative obligations than were contextual variables. Future research should reflect the complex relationships among ideological beliefs, contextual circumstances, and normative obligation beliefs.
BIPHASIC RESPONSIVENESS OF RAT PIAL ARTERIOLES TO DOPAMINE: DIRECT OBSERVATIONS ON THE MICROCIRCULATION

The effects of local perivascular application of dopamine to rat pial arterioles. (20-40 micrometer i.d.) were examined in situ, at the microcirculatory level, by use of a high-resolution closed circuit television microscope recording system. Local application of very low, physiological doses (1 to 10 pg) of dopamine to pial arterioles of the anaesthetized rat induces vasodilatation, whereas higher doses induce vasoconstriction. The magnitudes of these biphasic responses obtained in male rats were not significantly different from those obtained in female animals. Our findings support the theory that local release of this neurotransmitter amine from perivascular cells in the brain may promote local increases in cerebral blood flow.
Residual interactions in unfolded bile acid-binding protein by 19F NMR

The folding initiation mechanism of human bile acid-binding protein (BABP) has been examined by 19F NMR. Equilibrium unfolding studies of BABP labeled with fluorine at all eight of its phenylalanine residues showed that at least two sites experience changes in solvent exposure at high denaturant concentrations. Peak assignments were made by site-specific 4FPhe incorporation. The resonances for proteins specifically labeled at Phe17, Phe47, and Phe63 showed changes in chemical shift at denaturant concentrations at which the remaining five phenylalanine residues appear to be fully solvent-exposed. Phe17 is a helical residue that was not expected to participate in a folding initiation site. Phe47 and Phe63 form part of a hydrophobic core region that may be conserved as a site for folding initiation in the intracellular lipid-binding protein family.
Role of phospholipid scramblase 1 in type I interferon-induced protection from staphylococcal α-toxin.

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia. The virulence of many clinical isolates of S. aureus correlates with production of α-toxin. This pore-forming toxin contributes to pathogenesis of pneumonia through cytolysis of lung epithelial cells, disruption of lung epithelial barrier, and induction of inflammation. We recently reported that type I IFNs protect lung epithelial cells from the cytolytic action of α-toxin by reducing leakage of cellular ATP into extracellular space. The effect is dependent on induction and protein palmitoylation of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1). In IFNα-pretreated cells, PLSCR1 co-localizes with endocytosed α-toxin and associates with cytoskeleton. Depletion of PLSCR1 negates IFN-induced protection from α-toxin and enhances sensitivity to inhaled α-toxin and an α-toxin-producing strain of S. aureus. Here, we discuss the potential implications of these findings.
Sequential Event Prediction with Association Rules

We consider a supervised learning problem in which data are revealed sequentially and the goal is to determine what will next be revealed. In the context of this problem, algorithms based on association rules have a distinct advantage over classical statistical and machine learning methods; however, there has not previously been a theoretical foundation established for using association rules in supervised learning. We present two simple algorithms that incorporate association rules, and provide generalization guarantees on these algorithms based on algorithmic stability analysis from statistical learning theory. We include a discussion of the strict minimum support threshold often used in association rule mining, and introduce an \adjusted condence" measure that provides a weaker minimum support condition that has advantages over the strict minimum support. The paper brings together ideas from statistical learning theory, association rule mining and Bayesian analysis.
Linearizability: a correctness condition for concurrent objects

A concurrent object is a data object shared by concurrent processes. Linearizability is a correctness condition for concurrent objects that exploits the semantics of abstract data types. It permits a high degree of concurrency, yet it permits programmers to specify and reason about concurrent objects using known techniques from the sequential domain. Linearizability provides the illusion that each operation applied by concurrent processes takes effect instantaneously at some point between its invocation and its response, implying that the meaning of a concurrent object's operations can be given by pre- and post-conditions. This paper defines linearizability, compares it to other correctness conditions, presents and demonstrates a method for proving the correctness of implementations, and shows how to reason about concurrent objects, given they are linearizable.
Forest Health Detectives

“Forest health” is an important concept often not covered in tree, forest, insect, or fungal ecology and biology. With minimal, inexpensive equipment, students can investigate and conduct their own forest health survey to assess the percentage of trees with natural or artificial wounds or stress. Insects and diseases in the forest are the focus, though student guides could be modified for many terrestrial or aquatic systems, depending on location. The lesson is geared toward older students, with suggestions for adaptation in earlier grades as well.
A Qualitative Study of Post-Settlement Influences on State Tobacco Control Funding:

State settlements with the tobacco industry increased the availability of funds that might be used for improving health outcomes and increased scrutiny of tobacco control funding overall. This research identified potential explanatory factors for state tobacco control funding and developed a conceptual framework to guide further exploration. Key informant interviews with 14 tobacco policy professionals were conducted to augment the information available in the scientific literature on funding influences. Interviews yielded a comprehensive list of 26 factors that were returned to key informants for ratings of importance using a modified Delphi process. Results indicate that the top funding influences are budgetary constraints, lobbying, advocacy, tobacco economy, legislative priorities, public opinion, and leadership by the governor or state legislators. A conceptual diagram is presented of all factors clustered into three categories. Further research is planned to quantify these factors and assess their explanatory value
Electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with myotonic dystrophy.

Abstract Of 47 patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy, 21 were found to have electrocardiographic abnormalities as determined by application of standard criteria. None was found to have clinical evidence of significant heart disease which could be attributed primarily to the myotonic dystrophy. The most common finding was left axis deviation, which was seen in 11 patients (23 per cent). Other less frequent findings are tabulated (Table I). The finding of left axis deviation in a 2-year-old child who had no evidence of congenital heart disease suggested the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy.
A case report of cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety in an ultra‐high risk patient

Aim: Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may have efficacy in young people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Case reports can illuminate the obstacles and challenges, and potential trajectory of symptom changes, observed with this treatment. Methods: This is a detailed case report of a young adult at UHR for psychosis who received manualized CBT for accompanying social anxiety. Results: Cognitive deficits and suspiciousness created initial challenges for successful implementation of CBT. Engagement in treatment occurred with slowing of pace and simplification of material, and modelling of social interaction. Treatment of social anxiety was accompanied by decreases in suspiciousness, conceptual disorganization, and social anhedonia, and increase in range of affect. Conclusions: Adaptation of manualized CBT to accommodate cognitive deficits and suspiciousness in UHR patients may improve engagement. CBT focused on social anxiety can lead to improvement across symptom domains in UHR patients.
Detection of stealthy malware activities with traffic causality and scalable triggering relation discovery

Studies show that a significant portion of networked computers are infected with stealthy malware. Infection allows remote attackers to control, utilize, or spy on victim machines. Conventional signature-scan or counting-based techniques are limited, as they are unable to stop new zero-day exploits. We describe a traffic analysis method that can effectively detect malware activities on a host. Our new approach efficiently discovers the underlying triggering relations of a massive amount of network events. We use these triggering relations to reason the occurrences of network events and to pinpoint stealthy malware activities. We define a new problem of triggering relation discovery of network events. Our solution is based on domain-knowledge guided advanced learning algorithms. Our extensive experimental evaluation involving 6+ GB traffic of various types shows promising results on the accuracy of our triggering relation discovery.
Analysis of Ada as a prototyping language

This paper examines the suitability of Ada as a language for developing software prototypes. The differences between software prototypes and traditional engineering prototypes are discussed; the approaches to software prototyping are identified. Ada's potential as a language for prototyping is evaluated according to the writability, expressiveness, and flexibility of the language; Ada is found to be inadequate as a prototyping language because it lacks writability and expressiveness. Possible approaches to improving the expressiveness of the language are discussed.
Semantic anomaly detection in online data sources

Much of the software we use for everyday purposes incorporates elements developed and maintained by someone other than the developer. These elements include not only code and databases but also dynamic data feeds from online data sources. Although everyday software is not mission critical, it must be dependable enough for practical use. This is limited by the dependability of the incorporated elements. It is particularly difficult to evaluate the dependability of dynamic data feeds, because they may be changed by their proprietors as they are used. Further, the specifications of these data feeds are often even sketchier than the specifications of software components. We demonstrate a method of inferring invariants about the normal behavior of dynamic data feeds. We use these invariants as proxies for specifications to perform on-going detection of anomalies in the data feed. We show the feasibility of our approach and demonstrate its usefulness for semantic anomaly detection: identifying occasions when a dynamic data feed is delivering unreasonable values, even though its behavior may be superficially acceptable (i.e., it is delivering parsable results in a timely fashion).
Promoting Social Norms for Scientific Discourse: Planning Decisions of an Urban Elementary Teacher.

This case study examined planning decisions made and challenges faced by an elementary teacher in a high-poverty urban district to promote students’ adoption of social norms of interaction for scientific discourse. Through interviews, document analyses, and observations during a science unit, the findings indicated that the teacher’s planning first involved creating a classroom climate whereby students felt safe to share their thinking. Next, she provided students with structures for interaction and strategies for discourse based on knowledge she acquired from professional development in evidence-based discourse. She also incorporated these dialogic practices in all subjects to extend student practice. The challenges in promoting scientific discourse included accountability pressure, inadequate resources, limited time, paucity of collegial collaboration, and student variability in discourse.
Carbohydrates: Reducing Sugars

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, and their derivatives, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio C n (H2O) n . On a molecular basis, carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, disaccharides, such as sucrose, and long-chained forms, the polysaccharides. Polysaccarides may be hydrolyzed to di- and trisaccharides and, ultimately, to monosaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides that are of potential importance to the winemaker include pectin and starch as well as the alginates used in fining. Other compounds that qualify as carbohydrates include deoxy- and amino sugars, sugar alcohols, and acids.
Focused ultrasound to transiently disrupt the blood brain barrier

• First application of MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound to disrupt the BBB on a human patient.
Gauge-invariant expectation values of the energy of a molecule in an electromagnetic field

In this paper, we show that the full Hamiltonian for a molecule in an electromagnetic field can be separated into a molecular Hamiltonian and a field Hamiltonian, both with gauge-invariant expectation values. The expectation value of the molecular Hamiltonian gives physically meaningful results for the energy of a molecule in a time-dependent applied field. In contrast, the usual partitioning of the full Hamiltonian into molecular and field terms introduces an arbitrary gauge-dependent potential into the molecular Hamiltonian and leaves a gauge-dependent form of the Hamiltonian for the field. With the usual partitioning of the Hamiltonian, this same problem of gauge dependence arises even in the absence of an applied field, as we show explicitly by considering a gauge transformation from zero applied field and zero external potentials to zero applied field, but non-zero external vector and scalar potentials. We resolve this problem and also remove the gauge dependence from the Hamiltonian for a molecule in a non-zero applied field and from the field Hamiltonian, by repartitioning the full Hamiltonian. It is possible to remove the gauge dependence because the interaction of the molecular charges with the gauge potential cancels identically with a gauge-dependent term in the usual form of the field Hamiltonian. We treat the electromagnetic field classically and treat the molecule quantum mechanically, but nonrelativistically. Our derivation starts from the Lagrangian for a set of charged particles and an electromagnetic field, with the particle coordinates, the vector potential, the scalar potential, and their time derivatives treated as the variables in the Lagrangian. We construct the full Hamiltonian using a Lagrange multiplier method originally suggested by Dirac, partition this Hamiltonian into a molecular term Hm and a field term Hf, and show that both Hm and Hf have gauge-independent expectation values. Any gauge may be chosen for the calculations; but following our partitioning, the expectation values of the molecular Hamiltonian are identical to those obtained directly in the Coulomb gauge. As a corollary of this result, the power absorbed by a molecule from a time-dependent, applied electromagnetic field is equal to the time derivative of the non-adiabatic term in the molecular energy, in any gauge.
The quality of big (geo)data

Big data is distinguished by volume, velocity, and variety. A large proportion of all big data is likely to be geographically referenced, and much may be real time. While examples can be found of high-quality big data, problems arise in meeting the normal scientific standards of replicability and rigorous sampling. These standards can be relaxed in certain stages of science, during hypothesis generation and exploration. Three methods of quality improvement and assurance are proposed. Only the third is sufficiently robust and rapid, especially in time-critical situations.
Invariant measures for the 2D -defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Consider the2D defocusing cubic NLSiu t+Δu−u|u|2=0 with Hamiltonian $$\smallint \left( {\left| {\nabla \phi } \right|^2 + \tfrac{1}{2}\left| \phi \right|^4 } \right)$$ . It is shown that the Gibbs measure constructed from the Wick ordered Hamiltonian, i.e. replacing |φ|4 by |φ|4 :, is an invariant measure for the appropriately modified equationiu t + Δu‒ [u|u 2−2(∫|u|2 dx)u]=0. There is a well defined flow on thesupport of the measure. In fact, it is shown that for almost all data ϕ the solutionu, u(0)=ϕ, satisfiesu(t)−e itΔφ ∈C Hs (ℝ), for somes>0. First a result local in time is established and next measure invariance considerations are used to extend the local result to a global one (cf. [B2]).
Effects of Environment on Phenotypic Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in Dipodomys simulans (Rodentia: Heteromyidae)

The magnitude of sexual dimorphism in size among populations of some small mammals living in different habitats may be a reflection of the degree of habitat partitioning between sexes or nutritional quality of available food. We tested these hypotheses by quantifying between-sex differences in size in populations of the Dulzura kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys simulons ) from several macrohabitat types at regional and local geographic scales. On a regional scale, our results indicated a significant shift in morphology of males and females along a north-south latitudinal gradient. Large kangaroo rats inhabited warm and arid southernmost latitudes, whereas small animals inhabited relatively cool and moist regions to the north. This morphologic gradient represented an increase in size with less seasonal variation in precipitation and temperature. This pattern was clearly counter to Bergmann's rule, but consistent with the hypothesis that temporal variation in availability of food may be an important factor leading to geographic variation in size. External and cranial measures of size dimorphism were not correlated significantly with any major geographic factor, and only cranial measures were associated significantly with variation in climate. At a local level, kangaroo rats living in different vegetation communities within the same latitudinal zone also exhibited significant sexual dimorphism in size; however, macrohabitat heterogeneity appeared to affect males and females equally. Both sexes were larger in Sierran Montane Conifer Forest and Californian Chaparral macrohabitats. Smaller animals occupied Californian Grassland and Coastal-scrub, and Vizcaino vegetation communities. This pattern of variation was observed in all three-way comparisons and suggests the possibility of habitat-mediated phenotypic responses. Finally, only one of eight comparisons involving kangaroo rats living in adjacent plant communities showed a significant two-way interaction between dimorphism and macrohabitat type. Our results, therefore, did not provide strong evidence to substantiate the hypotheses that the magnitude of dimorphism among populations of D. simulans living in different macrohabitats is a reflection of the degree of partitioning between sexes or nutritional quality of available food.
Retrolental Fibroplasia: The Schneider foundation Eye presentation

Retrolental fibroplasia affects the eyes of premature infants of low birth weight. Its etiology is undetermined and no treatment has so far been markedly effective. Vitamin E has been used prophylactically but results are still inconclusive.Studies on use of ACTH are reviewed but sufficient data are not available to determine its place in treatment of this disease.
Liposomes in diagnostic radiology.

Most imaging agents can be seen as frameworks that support and carry imaging elements. The imaging element provides radiopacity or radioactivity, or induces changes in echogenicity or magnetic relaxation times in the tissues. In medicine liposomes are known as potential carriers for therapeutic agents. The utilization of liposomes as vehicles for contrast agents has been proposed and studied by many (McDougall et al., 1975; Caride et al., 1976; Richardson et al., 1978; Caride, 1981), and is the subject of the present paper. There are important differences between therapeutic and diagnostic uses of liposomes. For example, the targeting in imaging is not mandatory. Although absolute targeting, i.e. delivery of the cargo, only to the target site, is very important for therapy, partial targeting is an acceptable compromise for imaging. In many occasions the delivery of the imaging agent to areas adjacent to the 'target area' will be as effective as the delivery of the agent exclusively to the target (Caride & Sostman, 1983). The images are generated by acquiring information from a given area of the body; therefore the requirements for targeting are less demanding, since contrast enhancement results from the relative regional distribution of the tracer between the target and the non-target tissues. When this ratio is high the target can be made visible, even if only a small fraction of the administered dose is present in the area under scrutiny. In short, liposomes can provide an additional protective structure for the imaging agent, alter its pharmacokinetics with potential selective organ or lesion enhancement, amplify the contrast-enhancement effect, transport multiple imaging agents at once and decrease toxicity. There are two basic approaches: to use liposomes as vehicles for conventional imaging agents or to transform liposomes into the framework that carries the imaging element. In the last instance radioactive, radiopaque, sonoreflective or paramagnetic elements form part of the lipid vesicles. In this paper we refer to radiolabelled and radiopaque liposomes.
Role of Organic Matrix in the Formation and Growth of Calcium Oxalate Urinary Stones

Organic matrix is an integral part of all urinary stones. It accounts for 2–3% of a stone’s total dry weight and its presence has long been thought essential for stone formation. It has been proposed that matrix plays an active architectonic role in the morphogenesis of urinary stones. To better understand the role of organic matrix in stone formation we studied calcium oxalate crystal-matrix association in: 1) crystalluria particles obtained from male hyperoxaluric rats and, 2) surgically removed human urinary stones.
Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: Understanding the Regional Divisions of Yemen

In 1990 the Yemeni people achieved national unification when leaders from the north and south agreed to merge, creating the Republic of Yemen. The negotiation of Yemeni unity in 1989 coincided with German unification at the end of the Cold War. Contrary to common thinking at the time, Yemen’s original territorial division was never part of Cold War politics. Unlike the twentieth-century political divide in Germany, as well as Korea and Vietnam, Yemen’s division preceded the superpower rivalries of the late 1940s and early 1950s. In fact, regional divisions on the southwest corner of the Arabian peninsula extend centuries back in time. Across history, territorial unity in Yemen is the exception rather than the rule. Yemen’s north-south boundary line was drawn by cartographers and surveyors sent from the imperial capitals of London and Istanbul in the first decade of the twentieth century. Yet neither the British nor the Ottoman Empire exercised uniform power on its side of the border. This was true both before and after the early 1900s. It was also true during earlier centuries when Yemeni rulers governed prior to the arrival of British and Ottoman forces. There is a long legacy of divided rule in Yemen, since multiple authorities exercised power in small regions of the country separated by vast mountains, canyons, and desert sands. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the British signed treaties with more than twenty separate sultans and emirs who ruled areas of varying size in the south. The country’s rugged terrain, especially in the northwest mountains, gives Yemen a reputation as a difficult place to govern. Similar to the people of Afghanistan, Yemenis speak of their homeland as the “graveyard of empires.”
A Smorgasbord of Carbon: Electrochemical Analysis of Cobalt-Bis(benzenedithiolate) Complex Adsorption and Electrocatalytic Activity on Diverse Graphitic Supports.

Heterogeneous dihydrogen production manifolds comprised of bulk graphite, pencil graphite, graphite powder in Nafion films, graphene, and glassy carbon electrodes with adsorbed proton reduction catalyst TBA[Co(S2C6Cl2H2)2] have been prepared and tested for their efficiency to generate dihydrogen in acidic aqueous media. The catalyst adsorbed on these inexpensive graphitic surfaces consistently displays similar electrocatalytic profiles compared to the same catalyst on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) supports, including high activity in moderately acidic aqueous solutions (pH < 4), moderate overpotentials (0.42 V vs platinum), and some of the highest reported initial turnover frequencies under electrolysis conditions (96 s–1). The exceptions are glassy carbon and single-layer graphene surfaces, which only weakly adsorb the catalyst, with no sustained catalytic current upon acid addition. In particular, the improved stability and good activity observed for the catalyst adsorbed on graphite powder e...
Analysis of ovarian gene expression in F2 mouse following perinatal exposure to DEHP via the parenteral route

The aim of this study is analyze the gene expression of the F2 mouse in comparison with the control mouse after exposure of F0 mouse to Di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) via the parenteral route during the perinatal period. For this purpose, pregnant F0 mice were injected subcutaneously with corn oil (control group, n=3) or DEHP (treatment group, 30 μg/kg/day, n=3) during pregnancy and lactation. No further treatment was given after weaning of F1 mice. F1 mice were mated and delivered. Six F2 female mice from each group were randomly selected and total RNA was extracted from the ovaries. Microarrays were used to identify the genes and pathways affected by DEHP exposure. As a result, genes related with certain gynecological diseases showed significant changes in expressions. Genes, which were involved in MAPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, cell cycle, and oocyte maturation, showed significant changes in expression, too.
Extremity fractures associated with ATVs and dirt bikes: a 10-year national epidemiologic study

Morbidity and mortality of all-terrain vehicles and dirt bikes have been studied, as well as the association of helmet use and head injury. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the patterns of extremity fractures associated with ATVs and dirt bikes. We believe there will be unique and potentially preventable injury patterns associated with dirt bikes and three-wheeled ATVs due to the poor stability of these vehicles. Descriptive epidemiology study. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to acquire data for extremity fractures related to ATV (three wheels, four wheels, and number of wheels undefined) and dirt bike use from 2007 to 2012. Nationwide estimation of injury incidence was determined using NEISS weight calculations. The database yielded an estimate of 229,362 extremity fractures from 2007 to 2012. The incidence rates of extremity fractures associated with ATV and dirt bike use were 3.87 and 6.85 per 1000 participant-years. The largest proportion of all fractures occurred in the shoulder (27.2%), followed by the wrist and lower leg (13.8 and 12.4%, respectively). There were no differences in the distribution of the location of fractures among four-wheeled or unspecified ATVs. However, three-wheeled ATVs and dirt bikes had much larger proportion of lower leg, foot, and ankle fractures compared to the other vehicle types. While upper extremity fractures were the most commonly observed in this database, three-wheeled ATVs and dirt bikes showed increased proportions of lower extremity fractures. Several organizations have previously advocated for better regulation of the sale and use of these specific vehicles due to increased risks. These findings help illustrate some of the specific risks associated with these commonly used vehicles.