cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipating organized and transnational crime

This paper seeks to identify ways in which governments and lawenforcement agencies might enhance the effectiveness of their efforts toanticipate organized crime. It starts by defining what is meant byanticipation, and differentiating it from the much more difficult task ofprediction. The analysis then identifies some of the methods and modelsthat are generally accepted as part of the existing knowledge base onorganized crime and highlights how these can be used to anticipate futuredevelopments and to develop warnings about how criminal organizationsmight evolve and behave in the future. The knowledge base includespolitical, economic, sociological, strategic, and composite models and showshow they provide a foundation for anticipating future developments inorganized crime. The models are either models about the kind ofenvironment in which organized crime flourishes or models about the waysin which organized crime behaves. What we do, in effect, is to identifyand elucidate `models' in ways that provide propositions about the kindsof developments, innovations or changes we might see in organized crime(both domestic and transnational) in the future. Underlying indicators provide warning about future manifestations of organized crime. Anticipating these manifestations provides a basis for appropriatepreventive, defensive or mitigating strategies. Finally, the article providessome examples of specific techniques of information collection andintelligence analysis that might assist in this task of anticipation.
Starlet and the APL Machines

A brief description of the STARLET computer concept as well as of the APL machines of Abrams and Marchal is given. STARLET, which is a hardware concept, is compared with the APL machines, which are software concepts for APL interpreters. It is shown that all three systems differ essentially in all pertinent details such as the internal information structure and its interpretation, the function and scope of descriptors, the accessing and processing of data. Furthermore, it is shown that the pseudo variable mechanism and the related condensation technique in STARLET is a unique method, by which similar goals can be accomplished as by Abrams’ beating and Marchal’s deferred value computation method. It will be seen that the combination of Abrams’ drag-along principle and the STARLET hardware organization would lead to a most efficient APL machine.
The Multipath Coherence Function for Correlated Random Channels and a Moving Source

The purpose of this paper is to present a model which can help to predict the effects of random medium fluctuations and source movement on array processing. The Mutual Coherence Function, which is the normalized cross spectral density, is normally used to characterize the spatial coherence of the sound field. But this quantity is not really adequate, because in actual signal processing one has to work with time limited signals and estimations of the cross spectrum matrix. So, what is really desired is a model for the estimate of the cross spectrum matrix. In a first attempt to reach the desired product, we present in this paper a model for what can be called a Modified Mutual Coherence Function, because it is defined with time limited signals, the observation time T being a parameter. A time integration is also performed on the non-stationary cross correlation function before Fourier Transform. The non-stationarity comes from the fact that the source is considered to be moving; the deterministic part of the source movement proves to be an important factor of coherence loss.
Physical activity, body mass index, and health status among youth with severe visual impairments aged 13–17 years in the United States

Abstract Background Limited population-based data is available in the United States (US) examining physical activity engagement, weight status, and health status among youth with visual impairments. Objective To compare parent-reported physical activity participation, weight status, and health status among a nationally representative sample of US children with and without severe visual impairments. Methods This observational, cross-sectional analysis utilized data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The NSCH data is composed of a cross-sectional probability sample of noninstitutionalized youth aged 0–17 years in the US. This study focused on 28,390 adolescents (aged 13–17 years); 106 with SVIs and 28,284 without severe visual impairments. Parent reported physical activity participation, height and weight, and overall health status were utilized in this study to understand nationally representative trends. Results Adolescents with severe visual impairments participated in fewer days of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (Mean = 2.40, SE = 0.65) than those without impairments (Mean = 3.93, SE = 0.03), t = 2.35, p = .02. Prevalence of obesity/overweight did not differ between youth with and without severe visual impairments, OR = 1.032 (CI = 0.45, 2.37), p = .94. Youth with severe visual impairments were more likely to have poor health (9.3%), compared to youth without impairments (3.4%), OR = 2.89 (CI = 1.13, 7.41), p = .03. Conclusions Participants with severe visual impairments engaged in less physical activity and had poorer health status than participants without impairments. Future interventions, tailored to this populations' unique needs, are needed to increase physical activity and improve health status.
Return and liquidity response to fraud and sec investigations

This study measures the long-run costs and benefits associated with fraud and securities enforcement actions by examining the changes in market quality of firms that are investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for fraud. The market quality measures we test include returns, price volatility, spreads, and illiquidity. We find a significant deterioration of market quality following the market’s discovery of the misconduct. We also find that during periods in which the SEC is actively investigating the firm daily returns and price volatility improves while spreads widen and liquidity declines. Our work highlights some of the benefits and costs of having an active regulator over US securities markets.
Abstract 4183: Gold nanorods-assisted photothermal therapy inhibits metastasis by decreasing the mammary tumors bleeding in canine and felines

Metastasis enables cancer cells to migration, which is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. It usually begins with local invasion to the surrounding tissues, followed by intravasation into the lymph and blood microvasculature before the cancer cells finally colonize within the microenvironment of other locations in the patient9s body. Recently, we discovered that gold nanorods assisted photothermal therapy (AuNRs-PPTT) inhibits cancer cell migration and prevent metastasis. AuNRs-PPTT is a therapy in which AuNRs are injected to a tumor before near-infrared light is transiently applied to the tumor producing localized heat. However, AuNRs-PPTT has great potential in replacing the current ineffective anti-metastasis treatments but most of the studies has been performed in vitro. The objectives of this study to understand the AuNRs-PPTT impacting blood and blood vessels in naturally occurring mammary glands tumor in cats and dogs. Our histopathology results showed AuNRs-PPTT caused infiltration of neoplastic cells into lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, we observed that AuNRs-PPTT significantly cause blood coagulation around the tumor, which could be incorporated in the surgery to decrease the bleeding and potentially avoiding the risk of metastasis caused by the surgery. This observation might explain why AuNRs-PPTT inhibited metastasis for mammary gland metastasis upon AuNRs-PPTT. After 24 months, the optimized doses of 2.5 nm of AuNRs irradiated by near-Infrared laser with 0.5 w/cm 2 intensity for 2 minutes, have shown no any toxicity signs in liver and kidney functions. Citation Format: Moustafa Ragab Khalil Ali. Gold nanorods-assisted photothermal therapy inhibits metastasis by decreasing the mammary tumors bleeding in canine and felines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4183.
Trait mindfulness and PTSD symptom clusters: Considering the influence of emotion dysregulation

Abstract Mindfulness is considered a multifaceted construct consisting of non-judging, non-reactivity, describing, observing, and acting with awareness. Mindfulness has received increased attention for its use in the treatment of psychological disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though little is known about how mindfulness facets relate to PTSD symptom clusters. The current study performed a path analysis to examine these relationships while controlling for emotion dysregulation in a sample of 298 college undergraduates with endorsed trauma histories. Hypotheses about the specific proposed relationships were partially supported. Above and beyond emotion dysregulation, non-judging was negatively related to the re-experiencing and negative alternations in cognitions and mood symptom clusters and was marginally related to hyperarousal. Additionally, acting with awareness was negatively related to hyperarousal, whereas non-reactivity was unexpectedly positively associated with hyperarousal. Overall, findings suggest the mindfulness facet most relevant to PTSD may be non-judging of inner experience.
Cancer Biology: a Primer for Perioperative Clinicians

Cancer biology is a field that has grown exponentially in the last several decades. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in tumor development, while broadening our understanding, continues to reveal unexplained phenomena. Attempting to understand cancer biology requires a framework from which to start; two landmark reviews from 2000 and 2011 by Hanahan and Weinberg present such a framework. With advances in cancer therapeutics, an appreciation of the underlying tumor biology is necessary to optimally care for patients in the perioperative period.
Lack of efficacy of ivermectin for prevention of a lethal Zika virus infection in a murine system

The antihelminthic drug ivermectin has been demonstrated to have antiviral activity against the Zika virus and other arboviruses in in vitro studies. The effectiveness of ivermectin for Zika virus infection, however, has never been studied in an animal model. In this study, ivermectin was found to be ineffective for prevention of a lethal infection with the Senegal strain of Zika virus in Ifnar1 knockout mice. In view of several study limitations, evaluation of ivermectin's anti-Zika virus activity in other animal models and against other Zika virus strains would be desirable.
Comment on “Solubilities of ammonia in basic imidazolium ionic liquids” [Fluid Phase Equilib. 297 (2010) 34–39]

Abstract The enthalpies of solvation of ammonia in imidazolium-based ionic liquids (and other associated thermodynamic properties) are re-analyzed based on the data of [Fluid Phase Equilib. 297 (2010) 34–39], correcting numerical errors in the original analysis. In contrast to the original conclusions, the re-analyzed data demonstrates that the enthalpy of solvation is not a strong function of alkyl chain length. Errors and uncertainties of the analysis procedure are also discussed, suggesting that the strong observed temperature dependence of enthalpy may in fact be an artifact of the systematic neglect of the non-ideality of the ammonia solute.
Convergence Analysis of Gradient-Based Learning with Non-Uniform Learning Rates in Non-Cooperative Multi-Agent Settings.

Considering a class of gradient-based multi-agent learning algorithms in non-cooperative settings, we provide local convergence guarantees to a neighborhood of a stable local Nash equilibrium. In particular, we consider continuous games where agents learn in (i) deterministic settings with oracle access to their gradient and (ii) stochastic settings with an unbiased estimator of their gradient. Utilizing the minimum and maximum singular values of the game Jacobian, we provide finite-time convergence guarantees in the deterministic case. On the other hand, in the stochastic case, we provide concentration bounds guaranteeing that with high probability agents will converge to a neighborhood of a stable local Nash equilibrium in finite time. Different than other works in this vein, we also study the effects of non-uniform learning rates on the learning dynamics and convergence rates. We find that much like preconditioning in optimization, non-uniform learning rates cause a distortion in the vector field which can, in turn, change the rate of convergence and the shape of the region of attraction. The analysis is supported by numerical examples that illustrate different aspects of the theory. We conclude with discussion of the results and open questions.
Clarifying the Relationship between Academic Success and Overt Classroom Behavior.

Using the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale, a device developed to identify achievement related classroom behaviors in kindergarten through sixth grade, 298 ratings were made of chil...
Chapter 39 – Angiosarcoma

Publisher Summary Angiosarcomas are malignancies of the blood vessels that can occur anywhere in the body. Angiosarcomas of the liver have been caused by thorotrast or by exposure to the chemicals vinyl chloride or arsenic in the workplace. Women treated by radiation for breast cancer sometimes develop angiosarcomas occurring in the breast or in the arm on the same side as the treated breast, probably because of damage to blocked lymphatic vessels. These rare malignancies occur with the same frequency in Los Angeles County as elsewhere, and show no great predilection for persons by race. Although incidence begins rising in young adulthood, especially among women, the malignancies are more common in older persons and those of relatively high social class. Despite the potential relationship to vinyl chloride or arsenic—which are environmental contaminants that are easy to measure at very low levels and widely present in most urban areas, including Los Angeles County—the exposure is too low to result in any measurable increase in angiosarcoma risk. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation can be proposed.
When a Negative Externality Turns Positive: An Analysis of Flue-Gas Desulfurization By-Products

Energy and environmental regulations often result in the generation of unforeseen marketable by-products that can reduce costs of compliance. This research evaluates a unique case in which the marketability of by-products produces positive external benefits. Specifically, this paper focuses on flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum by-product produced by coal-fired electric plants using sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbing technology to comply with the emission standards set by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA). Intuitively, the ability to market FGD gypsum provides incentives for electricity generating plants to operate their scrubbers more efficiently by providing gypsum revenues, and lowering gypsum disposal costs. Increased operating efficiency creates external benefits attributed to reduced SO2 emissions that would otherwise not have occurred. In order to estimate the impact of FGD gypsum marketability on SO2 emissions, a unique longitudinal database is constructed that merges electricity plants’ boiler-level SO2 emissions data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with data on scrubber operations and coal quality available from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Boiler fixed-effect estimations suggest annual SO2 emissions decline by 3,494 tons as a result of gypsum marketing. This corresponds with a 39% average reduction in SO2 emissions at boilers marketing FGD gypsum. The total benefits associated with the reduced SO2 emissions are estimated between $147.1 billion and $350.6 billion (2011$), or between 0.9% and 2.1% of the total benefits of the U.S. CAA from 1990 to 2010.
An Overview on Floor Vibration Serviceability Evaluation Methods with a Large Database of Recorded Floor Data

In this paper, the accuracies of four well-established floor vibration evaluation methods developed over the last couple of decades are investigated by comparing predictions with observed acceptability of each bay. A large database of steel-framed floors subjected to walking excitation is used for the evaluations and comparisons. Detailed comparisons have been made among the methods of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Design Guide 11 Chapter 4 Method; Steel Construction Institute (SCI) P354 Simplified Method; Steel Construction Institute (SCI) P354 Vibration Dose Values; and Human Induced Vibration of Steel Structures (HIVOSS) Method. The floor bay database is based on data collected from real buildings and it contains 22 satisfactory and 28 unsatisfactory bays, a total of 50 bays.
Chemical generation of small molecule-based bispecific antibody-drug conjugates for broadening the target scope.

Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hold great therapeutic promise for cancer indications; however, treating tumors with intratumor heterogeneity remains challenging. We hypothesized that ADCs that can simultaneously target two different cancer antigens could address this issue. Here, we report controlled production and evaluation of bispecific ADCs chemically functionalized with tumor-targeting small molecules. Enzyme-mediated conjugation of bi-functional branched linkers and following sequential orthogonal click reactions with payload and tumor targeting modules (folic acid or RGD peptide) afforded homogeneous bispecific ADCs with defined ligand/drug-to-antibody ratios ranging from 4 + 4 to 16 + 4 (ligand/payload). Most bispecific ADCs were stable under physiological conditions for 14 days. Functionalization with the cancer-specific ligands did not impair cathepsin B-mediated payload release from ADCs. Bispecific ADCs targeting the folate receptor (FR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) demonstrated specific binding and high cell killing potency only in cells expressing either antigen (FR or HER2). Integrin/HER2 bispecific ADCs equipped with RGD peptides also showed target-specific binding and cytotoxicity in integrin- or HER2-positive cells. These findings suggest that our small-molecule based bispecific ADCs have the potential to effectively treat tumors with heterogeneous antigen expression.
Advanced Android Malware Detection Utilizing API Calls and Permissions

The Android operating system is a major presence in the proliferation of smartphones and IoT applications. Android apps can utilize security loopholes wherein developers may access user-critical data on the host device. A previously published Android malware-detection model analyzed 109,000 APKs, achieving better results than other peer models in accuracy, precision, recall, and F-Score metrics. In this paper, the model is expanded through the addition of API-call analysis, along with APK permissions. This expansion enabled more powerful and improved detection accuracy. Moreover, in an analysis of 158,000 APKs, the more recent model with newer settings achieved much better results than prior work on the same set of performance metrics. These results are an encouraging indication that further expansion of dynamic APK analysis will permit early detection of malware installation, allowing vulnerable Android systems to preempt damage from the malware application vector.
Teaching Ethics in the Classroom: Lessons Learned from a Business Reality Simulation Exercise

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) has called for the integration of ethics into business school curricula. In addition, there has been a general increase in interest in this issue, which many have accredited to corporate scandals and their media coverage. Evidence also suggests that integrating ethics into the classroom brings about positive and socially desirable outcomes. To help instructors better understand the ethics education debate, we list various teaching methods currently used to teach ethics. One method, in particular, appears to have increased merit -- simulations. Specifically, we discuss the simulation “Business Reality” in greater detail. Results from the analysis of data obtained from the simulation suggest various areas for improvement in methodology as well as in evaluation criteria for business ethics instruction.
Coins on Edge

People often flip a to make a “random” selection between two options, for example, to choose which team goes first in a competition. This depends on the assumption that the probability of getting heads is .5, that is, that the coin is “fair.”
Gain Scaling Relations for Heavy-Ion Targets

The relationship between target gain (thermonuclear energy-released/ion energy incident) and such factors as the total ion energy, the ion beam radius, the ion range, the ion power, the beam geometry, and the released target debris is critical in assessing the feasibility of a particular heavy ion inertial confinement fusion reactor concept. The length of the heavy ion accelerator will depend strongly on the ion particle energy - the ion range. The beam focus and transport both depend on the ion particle energy as does the efficiency of coupling ion energy to the target fuel. Target symmetry requirements determine whether the ion beams are clustered in two arrays for two-sided target illumination or in a symmetric configuration for multisided uniform illumination. The amount of debris energy in charged particles and x-rays impacts chamber design and determines wall loading constraints. The purpose of this paper is to present gain scaling relations that incorporate most of the critical factors.
Author Cocitation Analysis Using Custom Bibliographic Databases: An Exploratory Tool for Digging Up Reference Disciplines

Researchers in any academic discipline build on each other's and their own previous work. Definitions, topics and concepts are shared. It is necessary to continuously follow up on interesting lines of inquiry. It is also necessary to identify, examine, and trace the intellectual linkage to each other in a given academic field as a basis of assessing the current state of its field to guide future development. Over the past 80 years, the way we count and analyze the intellectual linkage dramatically changed from the early manual transcribing and statistical computation of citation data to computer-based citation data creation and its manipulation. Most citation and cocitation analyses rely on commercial citation databases such as Social Science Citation Index. This paper introduces an alternative approach to conducting author cocitation analysis (ACA) without relying on commercial citation databases, based on custom bibliographic database and cocitation matrix generation systems specifically developed to use the custom database. The alternative approach overcomes several weaknesses of commercial online data-based ACA research. This guide to an alternative approach to ACA will encourage other researchers to explore the intellectual structures of various MIS fields and guide the future development as well as revealing their reference disciplines.
"Slip and fall" theory--extreme order statistics.

Classical “slip and fall” analysis was reformulated in this paper to account for the stochastic nature of friction. As it turned out, the new theory, arising from this analysis, was a precise state...
The Flux of Hard Radiation from M87

This paper reports upon an observation of hard X-radiation from the direction of M87. Earlier (Haymes et al., 1968a), we reported the apparent detection of hard radiation from the general direction of Virgo; the experiment discussed here, conducted 16 months later, recorded approximately the same flux from a smaller region of sky that tends to isolate M87 as the most likely candidate for the source.
An Introduction to NLOS Identification and Localization

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction NLOS Identification NLOS Localization Conclusion References
Hepatitis C Infection in the Elderly

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the elderly population is a global medical burden and healthcare utilization concern. The majority of patients with hepatitis C in the USA are "baby boomers," who were born between 1945 and 1965. Consistently worldwide, HCV infection in elderly population is overrepresented and poses public health concerns. These individuals have been infected now for over two decades and are presenting with advanced liver disease. Traditionally, the use of pegylated interferon-based therapy has been limited in the elderly because of its adverse effects. The sustained virologic responses have also tended to be lower in the elderly than in younger adults. The emergence of non-interferon-based therapy with direct acting antiviral agents has expanded the pool of patients eligible for treatment. These agents have been found to be effective, tolerable, and safe in the elderly population.
High-rate, valve-regulated lead–acid batteries — suitable for hybrid electric vehicles?

Abstract The possibility of replacing, with electric drive systems, at least some of the internal-combustion engines currently employed in road vehicles is being actively pursued by all the world's major automobile manufacturing companies. Minimum on-road emissions would be achieved by the adoption of pure electric vehicles, but the somewhat limited range available between charges of the batteries has led to a serious evaluation of hybrid electric vehicles as an acceptable compromise. In hybrids, a small internal-combustion engine, operated at high efficiency, will consume less fuel and produce less emissions than would a regular internal-combustion engine, and will allow considerable range extension over the pure electric vehicle. Eventually, an electric system which employs a fuel cell may become affordable. It is likely that all three systems — the pure electric, the hybrid electric, and the fuel cell system — will require battery support, particularly to provide boost power for acceleration and hill climbing. Although more expensive battery systems are being vigorously developed in pursuit of greater range per charge, the benchmark against which these systems are compared remains the valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery.
Integrating a Commuting Model with the Bayesian Aerosol Release Detector

The Bayesian Aerosol Release Detector (BARD) is a biosurveillance system for detecting and characterizing disease outbreaks caused by aerosol releases of anthrax. A major challenge in modeling a population's exposure to aerosol anthrax is to accurately estimate the exposure level of each individual. In part, this challenge stems from the fact that the only spatial information routinely contained in the biosurveillance databases is the residential administrative unit (e.g., the home zip code of each case). To deal with this problem, nearly all anthrax biosurveillance systems, including BARD, assume that exposure to anthrax would occur at one's residential unit--a limiting assumption. We propose a refined version of BARD, called BARD-C, which incorporates the effect of commuting on a worker's exposure. We also present an experimental study to compare the performances of BARD and BARD-C on semi-synthetic outbreaks generated with an algorithm that also accounts for commuting.
Mammary Gland Cancer

It has been 20 years since the first genetically engineered mouse model of mammary cancer was published (Stewart et al., 1984) using transgenic technology. Since the first report there have been well over 100 mouse models of mammary cancer developed which have provided critical insights into the functions of numerous genes involved in mammary oncogenesis. Advances in manipulating the mouse genome have provided the technology to induce mammary cancers in mice that arise from genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer, thus generating models based upon molecular lesions relevant to the human disease. Recent work has focused on validating these models as systems which represent, at least in part, various aspects of the human disease and which may be used for preclinical testing of novel therapies. The challenge remains to establish the predictive value of such models for chemoprevention and therapeutic response for treating human breast cancer. Keywords: mammary gland cancer; human breast cancer; genomic changes; molecular changes; breast cancer lesions; prognostic markers; hormone responsiveness; metastases; imaging; chemoprevention; retinoids; gene expression profiling
Twenty Years of PSPB: Trends in Content, Design, and Analysis:

This investigation assessed the nature of research published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (PSPB) during the past 20 years (1976-1996) compared to another major journal in the field, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP). Articles in both journals have tended to become longer, to contain more studies, to be authored by more collaborators, and to employ a greater diversity of statistical analyses. Research in both journals has relied heavily on experimental designs using college undergraduates as participants, although the temporal pattern of this reliance is somewhat different in the two journals. Articles in PSPB have consistently emphasized the domain of attitudes and social cognition more than those in JPSP. The implications of these patterns are discussed in terms of their significance for progress in the field and their impact on the career experiences of researchers.
Impact on ophthalmic lenses

A theoretical and experimental investigation was undertaken to examine the impact of spherical strikers on plano ophthalmic lenses composed of glass CR-39 and polycarbonate. The projectiles were either dropped from various heights or fired by means of a compressed-gas pistol. Strain measurements of the event were used to compare the intensity of the various loading conditions.
The protective effect of hepatic dysfunction on vascularized allograft survival

Recent studies have demonstrated that hepatic dysfunction, induced by experimental biliary ligation (EBL), impairs lymphocytic responsiveness to PHA stimulation in vitro and to cellular antigens in vivo. This suppression appears to be selective for T-cell mechanisms while B-cell-mediated functions remain intact. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coexisting hepatic insufficiency could exert a protective effect on vascularized or nonvascularized allograft survival in the transplanted recipient. Female Wistar-Furth (Rtlw) 225 g rats were assigned randomly to three groups: EBL, sham operation (Sham) and normal control (NC). Fourteen days following operation animals received heterotopic cardiac or skin allografts from Buffalo (Rtlb) donors. Cardiac and skin graft survival was determined daily, rejection was confirmed histologically, and technical failures were omitted from analysis. Allograft survival was expressed as median survival time ± SEM. Serum total bilirubin (mean ± SEM) was significantly elevated at Day 14 in EBL animals compared to Sham and NC groups (15.1 ± 1.0 vs 0.1 ± 0 and 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.01). Median cardiac allograft survival time by Probit was 10.6 ± 2.6 vs 5.6 ± 0.7 and 6.0 ± 0.9 days, respectively (P < 0.03). Skin graft survival (mean and range) was similar in all groups. These results demonstrate that EBL in the rat suppresses T-cell function and significantly prolongs vascularized allograft survival, but not skin allograft survival across the Rtl histocompatibility barrier. The mechanism whereby coexisting hepatic dysfunction exerts a protective effect on vascularized allograft survival warrants further investigation.
Relationship Between Vortex Meander and Ambient Turbulence

Efforts are underway to increase the capacity of airports by use of closely-spaced parallel runways. If achieved safely and efficiently during both visual and instrument flight conditions, it will be necessary to develop more precise methods for the prediction of the motion and spread of the hazard posed by lift-generated vortex-wakes of aircraft. The purpose of the present study is to relate the magnitude of the meandering motion of vortex filaments to the turbulence level in the ambient flow field. The analysis begins with a study of the observations made in the airstreams of the two largest NASA wind tunnels where a small amount of data are available on the magnitude of turbulence-induced vertical and lateral meander of vortices shed by aircraft models. It is found that the turbulence level based on the maximum amplitude of meander is much less than the root-mean-squared value measured in the free-stream of the wind tunnel by use of hot-film anemometers. An analysis of the time-dependent motion of segments of vortex filaments as they interact with an eddy, indicates that the inertia of the filaments and of vortex ovals retards their motion enough in the early part of their travel to account for a large part of the difference in the two determinations of turbulence level. It is concluded that vortices do not move precisely with the fluid elements where they are embedded, but lag behind so that actual meander distances are a fraction of those estimated by the non-slip assumption. Application is then made of the foregoing relationships to meander distances used for the initiation of the long-wave instability, which contributes substantially to wake intrusion distances during landing and takeoff operations at airports. It was found that the best simulation predicts that ovals meander about 58% of the distance predicted without slippage. Because turbulent flow fields are a mixture of eddies rather than a single eddy, a further reduction to the 40% value found in the wind tunnels appears reasonable.
Improved control of cisplatin‐induced emesis with high‐dose metoclopramide and with combinations of metoclopramide, dexamethasone, and diphenhydramine. Results of consecutive trials in 255 patients

A series of consecutive trials were undertaken to determine whether higher doses of intravenous metoclopramide and combinations of metoclopramide, dexamethasone, and diphenhydramine would improve antiemetic control or decrease treatment-related side effects in patients receiving cisplatin at 120 mg/m2. Metoclopramide and dexamethasone were studied because of their proven efficacy as single agents and their differing mechanisms of action and side effects. Diphenhydramine was used because of its possible antiemetic properties and its ability to control acute dystonic reactions. Two hundred fifty-five patients who had never received chemotherapy or antiemetics were observed in the hospital for the 24 hours following cisplatin administration. The addition of dexamethasone or dexamethasone plus diphenhydramine to intravenous metoclopramide 2 mg/kg produced both improved antiemetic control and a decrease in treatment-associated diarrhea (P = 0.002). The use of metoclopramide alone at a dose of 3 mg/kg for only two doses appeared as effective as 2 mg/kg for five doses. When dexamethasone and diphenhydramine were given with metoclopramide 3 mg/kg for two intravenous dosages, 81% of patients experienced no emesis and 93% had two or fewer vomiting episodes. The antiemetic results of this 2-hour "short-course" regimen were superior to metoclopramide 2 mg/kg, with (P = 0.002) or without (P = 0.0001) dexamethasone and diphenhydramine. It was concluded that combinations of metoclopramide plus dexamethasone plus diphenhydramine improve antiemetic control, facilitate the usage of higher doses of metoclopramide, and decrease the incidence of treatment-related side effects.
Economic liberalization and political moderation The case of anti-system parties

Although economic liberalization has been argued to promote political liberalization, this relationship is poorly understood and we do not consistently observe greater economic openness leading to ...
The temporal nature of growth determinants in new bank foundings: implications for new venture research design

Abstract Several authors have suggested the founding period as a critical time in the development of a firm, arguing that the resource and decision choices made at this point have a substantive impact on the firm's future. Yet, historically, most studies have measured new venture choices considerably after the founding period. We suggest that the uniqueness of the founding event is important and test its validity through the examination of two implicit assertions. These implicit assertions are those of temporal stability and temporal locus of growth determinants.
VOIDING PATTERN IN HEALTHY CHILDREN 0 TO 3 YEARS OLD: : A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Purpose: We describe the development of voiding patterns and bladder control in healthy children during the first 3 years of life. Materials and Methods: We determined voiding patterns, bladder capacity and post-void residual urine volume per 4 hours individually and noninvasively every 3 months in 36 female and 23 male healthy infants using the 4-hour voiding observation. Results: Voiding frequency decreased slowly from 5 to 2 voiding episodes per 4 hours from ages 3 months to 3 years. We noted interrupted voiding in 33% of subjects at age 3 months but this condition was rare after age 2 years. Voiding during sleep occurred mainly during the first 7 months of life and did not continue after age 18 months. Bladder capacity increased from a median of 52 to 67, 68 and 123 ml. during years 1 to 3, respectively. As measured by post-void residual urine volume, bladder emptying was unchanged during years 1 and 2 but it decreased during year 3 (median 6 versus 0 and mean 4 versus 3 ml. per 4 hours). Conclusions: During the first 3 years of life the number of voiding episodes, including interrupted voiding, post-void residual urine and voiding during sleep, decreased while bladder capacity increased.
Pedestrians' estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity are unaffected by severe reductions in headlight illumination

INTRODUCTION: At night pedestrians tend to overestimate their conspicuity to oncoming drivers, but little is known about factors affecting pedestrians' conspicuity estimates. This study examines how headlamp intensity and pedestrians' clothing influence judgments of their own conspicuity. METHOD: Forty-eight undergraduate students estimated their own conspicuity on an unilluminated closed road by walking in front of a stationary vehicle to the point at which they judged that they were just recognizable to the driver. Unknown to the participants, high beam intensity was manipulated between subjects by placing neutral density filters on the headlamps. RESULTS: Estimated conspicuity distances did not significantly vary with changes in headlamp intensity even when only 3% of the illumination from the headlamps was present. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings underscore the need to educate pedestrians about the visual challenges that drivers face at night and the need to minimize pedestrians' exposure to traffic flow at night. Language: en
rethinking Leach's structural analysis of color and instructional categories in traffic control signals1

This is a critique of Edmund Leach's structural analysis of color and related instructional categories in the railway signals of English-speaking peoples and in the highway signals which have been derived from them. Leach's analysis of the relationship between culture and nature in terms of the relationship between colored traffic control signals and the spectrum of visible light is not supported by industrial fieldwork or documentary analysis. This critique has important implications for the assessment of French structuralism and other ethnological theory.
Classical theory for shot noise in resonant tunneling.

We show that shot noise for electrons can be suppressed in resonant tunneling through a double barrier, using a classical description based on the rate equation for ``sequential'' tunneling. The suppression is greatest when the escape rates through the two barriers are equal, in agreement with experiment and with the quantum-mechanical ``coherent'' model of resonant tunneling. A master equation is needed to calculate the noise, but cannot be uniquely derived from the rate equation; choices differ in the way that they describe transport between the emitter and the resonant state. Our choice for the rates, which are consistent with the exclusion principle, gives a suppression of the shot noise. We briefly discuss the results of choosing rates that are consistent with classical or Bose statistics instead of Fermi statistics. Finally, we apply our results to the two-state regime of the classical Coulomb blockade.
Systemic sclerosis and pregnancy complicated by obstructive uropathy.

Abstract A patient with progressive systemic sclerosis whose twin pregnancy was complicated by obstructive uropathy due, in part, to a noncompliant abdominal wall is reported. The effects of progressive systemic sclerosis on pregnancy and those of pregnancy on progressive system sclerosis are reviewed and discussed.
Addressing scientific fraud.

An interim report released in October 2011 by Tilburg University, Netherlands, concluded that one of its faculty members, social psychologist Diederik Stapel, fabricated data for numerous studies conducted over a period of 15 to 20 years.* The good news, of course, is that the fraud was eventually uncovered. The bad news is that it went undetected for so long and involved so many scientific articles—over 100 publications are now under investigation. The costs of the fraud for the careers of young scientists and others who worked with him, for science, and for public trust in science are devastating. As the investigation unfolds, the moment is opportune to reflect on what can be done to protect science and the public from fraud in the future.
ALLOY FORMATION OF ULTRATHIN Ni FILMS ON Al(111) SURFACE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

The growth characteristics of ultrathin Ni films deposited on Al(111) surfaces at room temperature have been studied using high energy ion scattering/channeling (HEIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy ion scattering (LEIS). Ion channeling results show that Ni atoms deposited on the Al(111) surface react with Al substrate atoms to form two different Ni–Al alloys between 0 and 5.5 ML of Ni coverage. Alloy phases of Ni2Al3 up to 1.5 ML and NiAl up to 5.5 ML were determined by XPS peak analysis. At higher Ni coverage, LEIS and XPS spectra suggest that islands of Ni metal were formed on the surface. Diffusion of Ni into the Al substrate or segregation of Al to the surface was observed during the alloy formation. The Ni2Al3 phase was apparently transformed into the NiAl phase by the additional Ni deposition, and the islands of Ni metal formed on the Al-rich surface of the NiAl alloy.
Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 16 raisin grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars and selections

Six raisin grape cultivars and 10 new raisin grape selections were analyzed for antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) and for total and individual phenolic compounds. Samples were freeze–dried and values are reported on a dry weight basis. Antioxidant activity across the 16 samples ranged from 7.7 to 60.9 lmol Trolox/g DW, with A95-27 exhibiting the greatest activity. Total phenolic content, determined in gallic acid equivalents using the Folin–Ciocalteau assay, ranged from 316.3 to 1141.3 mg gallic acid/100 g DW and was strongly correlated (r = 0.990) with antioxidant results. Concentrations of individual phenolics were determined by HPLC. trans-Caftaric acid was the predominant compound in all samples. A9515 contained the lowest concentration (153.5 lg/g DW) of caftaric acid, while Fiesta contained the highest concentration (598.7 lg/g DW). Selections A56-66, A95-15, and A95-27 had much higher levels of catechin (86.5–209.1 lg/g DW) and epicatechin (126.5–365.7 lg/g DW) than the other samples. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of Ethanol and Vitamin B6 Deficiency on Pyridoxal 5‐Phosphate Levels and Fetal Growth in Rat

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption and dietary vitamin B6 levels on tissue pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) contents and rat fetal development were investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given 35% ethanol-calorie liquid diet with either adequate B6 (1.7 mg/liter) or deficient B6 (0.17 mg/liter), ad libitum, from gestation days 7 to 21. Control groups (adequate control and deficient control) were pair-fed with isocaloric sucrose substituted for ethanol. Rats were killed on gestation day 21. Ethanol groups had smaller fetuses than control groups, regardless of their dietary B6 levels. However, in B6 deficiency, ethanol affected fetal weight more severely than in B6 adequate state. Tissue PLP levels were determined by radioen-zymatic method. In B6 deficiency, ethanol feeding reduced maternal liver PLP by 22%. PLP in other tissues were not affected by ethanol. These results confirmed that chronic alcohol consumption affected fetal growth and also provided evidence that B6 deficiency exacerbated ethanol effect.
The occipito-striate pathway and visual discrimination performance in the white rat

Discrete bilateral electrolytic lesions destroying the posterior division of the caudoputamen (disconnecting the occipito-striate projection) produces moderate losses in retention of a horizontal-vertical discrimination habit in the rat. Similarly placed lesions had a significantly smaller effect on an equally difficult nonvisual discrimination habit. These results, in conjunction with others, suggest that multiple occipitofugal systems are involved in visually guided behavior.
Beyond Content: How Teachers Manage Classrooms to Facilitate Intellectual Engagement for Disengaged Students

This article explores how teachers manage classrooms to facilitate the intellectual engagement of disengaged students. The author proposes that teachers create an environment conducive to intellectual engagement when students perceive: (a) that there are opportunities for them to succeed, (b) that flexible avenues exist through which learning can occur, and (c) that they are respected as learners because teachers convey the belief that students are capable of learning. When teachers purposefully manage classrooms so that these elements intersect optimally, students perceive that they are known and valued. Furthermore, opportunities for success, flexibility, and respect generally are present when teachers challenge their students at appropriate levels, provide academic support, use instructional techniques that convey excitement for the content, and make learning relevant. To illuminate how teachers succeed in managing classrooms for intellectual engagement, the author provides numerous quotes from student...
Cooperative Localization in Wireless Networks

Location-aware technologies will revolutionize many aspects of commercial, public service, and military sectors, and are expected to spawn numerous unforeseen applications. A new era of highly accurate ubiquitous location-awareness is on the horizon, enabled by a paradigm of cooperation between nodes. In this paper, we give an overview of cooperative localization approaches and apply them to ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) wireless networks. UWB transmission technology is particularly attractive for short- to medium-range localization, especially in GPS-denied environments: wide transmission bandwidths enable robust communication in dense multipath scenarios, and the ability to resolve subnanosecond delays results in centimeter-level distance resolution. We will describe several cooperative localization algorithms and quantify their performance, based on realistic UWB ranging models developed through an extensive measurement campaign using FCC-compliant UWB radios. We will also present a powerful localization algorithm by mapping a graphical model for statistical inference onto the network topology, which results in a net-factor graph, and by developing a suitable net-message passing schedule. The resulting algorithm (SPAWN) is fully distributed, can cope with a wide variety of scenarios, and requires little communication overhead to achieve accurate and robust localization.