cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Television News in America: The Visualizers of CBS in the 1940s

Conway, M. (2009). bfit The origins of television news in America: The visualizers of CBS in the 1940s. New York: Peter Lang. 397 pages. If you thought that early attempts at television newscasts a...
Harmonic modes in a hard sphere fluid.

The velocity time correlation function of a hard sphere fluid has been calculated using a generalized Langevin formulation of kinetic theory. When the memory function is approximated by its zero time value, the Langevin equation describes an overdamped harmonic oscillator in which the damping term arises from Enskog (uncorrelated collision) friction and the oscillator frequency arises from three body correlated collision sequences. For very high density fluids, the velocity time correlation function is in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations on hard sphere fluids and the vibrational frequency is in close proximity to the Debye frequency of argon.
GPS: Geoscience Partnership Study

To promote and expand geoscience literacy in the United States, meaningful partnerships between research scientists and educators must be developed and sustained. For two years, science and education faculty from an urban research university and secondary science teachers from a large urban school district have prepared 11th and 12th grade students to mentor 7th grade students on the topic of climate science. This partnership was based on the premise that high school students, when trained and supported by teachers and scientists, have the capacity to extend middle school students’ efforts to engage in and understand the geosciences. This paper a) describes mentors’ and mentees’ understandings of climate science as a function of their participation in the second year of this program, b) identifies the characteristics of effective mentoring relationships, and c) explores the scalable and sustainable aspects of this partnership.
Effects of quinidine, procainamide and disopyramide on automaticity and cyclic AMP content of guinea-pig atria.

Atrial automaticity can be importantly influenced by fluctuations in intracellular cAMP. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of quinidine, procainamide and disopyramide (atrial antiarrhythmic drugs) on spontaneous rate and cAMP content of guinea-pig atria. Superfusion of quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide to isolated tissues at concentrations of 10−7 m to 10−5 m produced concentration-related reductions in spontaneous atrial rate and cAMP content. Lidocaine (a membrane-active drug with no atrial antiarrhythmic effects) did not alter atrial rate or cAMP content. When atrial tissues were pretreated with 8-Bromo cAMP (3 × 10−4 m) to maintain tissue cAMP levels, the negative chronotropic effects of quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide were attenuated. All three drugs produced a similar magnitude of atrial rate slowing when administered alone or in the presence of 8-Bromo 5′ AMP (3 × 10−4 m). These studies demonstrate that the negative chronotropic effects of quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide are paralleled by reductions in atrial cAMP content. These results suggest that certain antiarrhythmic drugs may influence electrical impulse formation in part through alterations in the adenylate cyclase - cAMP system.
Determination and analysis of coronal hole radio spectra

Solar radio maps obtained by our group and others over a wide wavelength range (millimeter to meter) and over a considerable time span (1973–1978) have allowed us to compute the radio spectrum of an average coronal hole, i.e., the brightness temperature inside a coronal hole normalized by the brightness temperature of the quiet Sun outside the coronal hole measured at several different radio wavelengths. This radio spectrum can be used to obtain the changes of the quiet Sun atmosphere inside coronal holes and also as an additional check for coronal hole profiles obtained by other methods. Using a standard solar atmosphere and a computer program which included ray tracing, we have tried to reproduce the observed radio spectrum by computing brightness temperatures at many different wavelengths for a long series of modifications in the electron density, neutral particle density and temperature profiles of the standard solar atmosphere. This analysis indicates that inside an average coronal hole the following changes occur: the upper chromosphere expands by about 20% and its electron density and temperature decrease by about 10%. The transition zone experiences the largest change, expanding by a factor of about 6, its electron density decreases by a similar factor, and its temperature decreases by about 50%. Finally in the corona the electron density decreases by about 20% and the temperature by about 15%.
Mean temporal distance: Predicting ASR error from temporal properties of speech signal

Extending previous work on prediction of phoneme recognition error from unlabeled data that were corrupted by unpredictable factors, the current work investigates a simple but effective method of estimating ASR performance by computing a function M(Δt), which represents the mean distance between speech feature vectors evaluated over certain finite time interval, determined as a function of temporal distance Δt between the vectors. It is shown that M(Δt) is a function of signal-to-noise ratio of speech signal. Comparing M(Δt) curves, derived on data used for training of the classifier, and on test utterances, allows for predicting error on the test data. Another interesting observation is that M(Δt) remains approximately constant, as temporal separation Δt exceeds certain critical interval (about 200 ms), indicating the extent of coarticulation in speech sounds.
Ethnicity and variations of pelvic organ prolapse bother

Introduction and hypothesis To determine if prolapse symptom severity and bother varies among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and Native American women with equivalent prolapse stages on physical examination.
Trajectory approximation near the stability boundary

Uncertain parameters impact the dynamic behaviour of many important nonlinear systems. Assessing the significance of parameter uncertainty is often vitally important, but traditional techniques are computationally challenging. A recent approach uses trajectory sensitivities to form a first-order approximation of perturbed trajectories. These approximate trajectories are generally quite accurate, though their quality reduces in the vicinity of the stability boundary. The paper proposes a modification that improves the accuracy of sensitivity-based approximations of marginally-stable trajectories. This modified approach generates approximate trajectories by considering the intersection of the perturbed trajectory with a hyperplane that progresses with the nominal trajectory.
Prospective screening for postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization.

Purpose: The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass graft procedures has not been well documented, and the need for routine prophylaxis remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the risk of postoperative DVT complicating infrainguinal revascularization. Methods: Seventy-four patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass graft procedures during a 12-month period were prospectively screened for DVT. Bilateral lower extremity venous duplex scan imaging was performed preoperatively and within 1 week and 6 weeks, postoperatively. Routine DVT prophylaxis was not used, with anticoagulation reserved for specific indications. Results: Of the 74 patients screened, three patients (4.1%) had DVT identified on preoperative venous duplex scan imaging and were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 71 patients enrolled, only two patients (2.8%) had postoperative DVT. Postoperative DVT was ipsilateral to the bypass graft extremity in both patients, with involvement of the peroneal vein in one patient and the femoral vein in the other. Although routine prophylaxis was not used, 18 of these patients (25%) were anticoagulated for other indications, with DVT occurring in one patient (5.6%). Of the remaining 53 patients who did not receive postoperative anticoagulation, only one patient (1.8%) had DVT. Conclusions: According to this prospective study, the risk of postoperative DVT in patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization is low. Routine prophylaxis is not recommended, with postoperative anticoagulation reserved for specific indications. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:669-75.)
Momentary relationship between cortisol secretion and symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia

Objective To compare the momentary association between salivary cortisol levels and pain, fatigue, and stress symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia (FM), and to compare diurnal cycles of cortisol secretion in patients with FM and healthy control subjects in a naturalistic environment. Methods Twenty-eight patients with FM and 27 healthy control subjects completed assessments on salivary cortisol levels and pain, fatigue, and stress symptoms, 5 times a day for 2 consecutive days, while engaging in usual daily activities. Only those participants who adhered to the protocol (assessed via activity monitor) were included in the final analyses. Results Twenty FM patients and 16 healthy control subjects adhered to the protocol. There were no significant differences in cortisol levels or diurnal cortisol variation between FM patients and healthy controls. Among women with FM, a strong relationship between cortisol level and current pain symptoms was observed at the waking time point (t = 3.35, P = 0.008) and 1 hour after waking (t = 2.97, P = 0.011), but not at the later 3 time points. This association was not due to differences in age, number of symptoms of depression, or self-reported history of physical or sexual abuse. Cortisol levels alone explained 38% and 14% of the variation in pain at the waking and 1 hour time points, respectively. No relationship was observed between cortisol level and fatigue or stress symptoms at any of the 5 time points. Conclusion Among women with FM, pain symptoms early in the day are associated with variations in function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
Production of highly spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and deuterium by spin-exchange optical pumping.

We have produced highly spin-polarized atomic hydrogen by spin-exchange optical pumping. A tunable ring dye laser is used to polarize rubidium atoms by optical pumping. The cell containing the rubidium vapor is coated with paraffin in order to reduce spin relaxation due to wall collisions. Hydrogen gas is dissociated in an inductive discharge and flows continuously through the cell, in which the hydrogen atoms are polarized by spin-exchange collisions with the polarized rubidium atoms. Atomic-hydrogen polarization as high as 2〈${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{z}}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathrm{H}}$=0.72(6) has been observed, which is the highest polarization yet produced by this method. However, the rubidium polarization may be limited to this value due to radiation trapping at higher rubidium densities. The spin-relaxation rate of atomic hydrogen on a paraffin-coated cell is also measured and corresponds to about 7600 wall bounces between wall relaxation.
It's hard to be down when you're up: interpreting cultural heritage through alternative media.

Heritage places are characteristically imbued with a multiplicity of meanings contingent on the specificities of the society, time and space in which such places are perceived. The interpretation of places also depends on the affordances of the representational medium through which these places are perceived and the ways in which such a medium is socially deployed and interpreted. Using the ancient settlement of Sirkap, located in modern-day Pakistan, as a case study, the present article demonstrates that a change in the representational medium entails a change in the interpretation of archaeological records. Most conventional historical accounts of Sirkap use two-dimensional site maps and city plans as the primary media to represent the urban fabric of the ancient settlement. These media lend themselves to interpreting the Block D Apsidal Temple complex as the dominant socio-religious structure in the affluent northern parts of the settlement. When the authors developed an interactive three-dimensional r...
A Novel Approach to Beam Steering Using Arrays Composed of Multiple Unique Radiating Modes

A novel approach to beam steering is presented using an array composed of elements each supporting a unique radiating mode. The one-dimensional (1-D) beam synthesis properties of the novel ideal multiple mode dipole array are quantified using Fourier synthesis and shown to have significant improvement in scan range compared to a conventional linear dipole reference array. A hybrid phased array composed of multiple mode subarrays is also proposed and shown to be an efficient tradeoff between performance improvement and design complexity. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured impedance and radiation pattern properties of a four-element multiple mode array. Finally, a 16-element hybrid phased array composed of four four-element multiple mode subarrays is fabricated and measured. The array is shown to have a 3-dB scan range of $\pm 68^{\circ}$ , which is in good agreement with the simulated value of $\pm 69^{\circ}$ at the design frequency of 4.6 GHz. Additionally, the 3-dB bandwidth of the array is more than 1 GHz at broadside. This bandwidth reduces to approximately 300 MHz at the widest scan angles, which is consistent with an equivalent conventional linear array.
Psychopathy and conduct problems in children : II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems

ABSTRACT Objective To test whether the presence of callous and unemotional (CU) traits designates a unique subgroup of children with conduct problems that corresponds more closely to adult conceptualizations of psychopathy. Method A clinic-referred sample of 120 children between the ages of 6 and 13 years were assessed using parent and teacher ratings of CU traits, as well as parent and teacher report on a structured interview assessing oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms. Results A cluster analysis of the ratings of CU traits and ODD/CD symptoms revealed four clusters of children, two of which had high rates of ODD and CD symptoms. One of these conduct problem clusters also exhibited high levels of CU traits ( n = 11). These children had a greater number and variety of conduct problems, a stronger history of police contacts, and a stronger parental history of antisocial personality disorder, despite being of higher intelligence than other children with significant conduct problems ( n = 29). Conclusion: The presence of CU traits with significant conduct problems seems to designate a unique subgroup of antisocial children who show a very severe pattern of antisocial behavior and who correspond more closely to adult conceptualizations of psychopathy.
Production of Rat Protein Disulfide Isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an abundant protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups and the isomerization and reduction of protein disulfide bonds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking PDI are inviable. PDI is a component of many different protein processing complexes, and the actual activity of PDI that is required for cell viabilitr is unclear. A cDNA that codes for rat PDI fused to the a-factor pre-pro segment was expressed in a protease-deficient strain of S. cerevisiae under the control of an ADH2-GAPDH hybrid promoter. The cells processed the resulting protein and secreted it into the medium as a monomer, despite having a KDEL or HDEL sequence at its C­ terminus. The typical yield of isolated protein was 2 mg per liter of culture. The catalytic activity of the PDI from S. cerevisiae was indistinguishable from that of PDI isolated from bovine liver. This expression sys­ tem is unique in allowing the same plasmid to be used both to complement pdil.6. S. cerevisiae and to produce PDI for detailed in vitro analyses. Correlations of the in vivo behavior and in vitro properties of PDI are likely to reveal structure-function relationships ofbi­ ological importance. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
On the Possibility of Evidence for Intrinsic Value in Nature

One of the most common projects among environmental ethicists is to develop theories according to which some non-human natural entities possess intrinsic value. However, this project has not been u ...
SAW sensors for the room-temperature measurement of CO2 and relative humidity

A pair of polymer-coated 97-MHz SAW delay lines allows simultaneous determination of the concentrations of CO2 and H2O in the gas phase at room temperature. The SAW response of a 370-nm-thick, CO2-permeable polyimide prepared from hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthtalic anhydride and 2,4,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine is rapid and reversible for CO2 concentrations from 0.03 to 97% of 1 atm in a pure nitrogen carrier gas stream, but with significant interference from humidity. A 40-nm-thick layer of the hydrophilic material poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) responds primarily to humidity; 10−60% relative humidity has been examined for a wide range of accompanying CO2 concentrations. Using visually empirical region-of-influence pattern recognition, the optimum two-sensor pair was selected from several possibilities. The effects of noise and gradual film sensitivity degradation (“aging”) upon the accuracy of determining CO2 and H2O concentrations were examined: we find that the polyimide- and PNVP-coated SAW de...
Progressive neuropsychologic impairment and hypoxemia. Relationship in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• In previous work we showed that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffered decrements in neuropsychologic functioning suggestive of organic mental disturbance. This study combined data from two multicenter clinical trials to explore the nature and possible determinants of such neuropsychologic change. Three groups of patients with COPD whose hypoxemia was mild (N = 86), moderate (N =155), or severe (N = 61) were compared with age- and education-matched nonpatients (N = 99). The rate of neuropsychologic deficit rose from 27% in mild hypoxemia to 61% in severe hypoxemia. Various neuropsychologic abilities declined at different rates, suggesting differential vulnerability of neuropsychologic functions to progress of COPD. Multivariate analyses revealed a consistent significant relationship between degree of hypoxemia and neuropsychologic impairment, but the amount of shared variance was small (7%). Increasing age and lower education were also associated with impairment.
Cross sectional analysis of respiratory symptoms in an injection drug user cohort: the impact of obstructive lung disease and HIV

Injection drug use is associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and with obstructive lung diseases (OLD). Understanding how HIV and OLD may impact respiratory symptoms among injection drug users (IDUs) is important to adequately care for this high-risk population. We characterized the independent and joint effects of HIV and OLD on respiratory symptoms of a cohort of inner-city IDUs. Demographics, risk behavior and spirometric measurements were collected from a cross-sectional analysis of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Link to the IntraVenous Experience study, an observational cohort of IDUs followed in Baltimore, MD since 1988. Participants completed a modified American Thoracic Society respiratory questionnaire and the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea score to assess respiratory symptoms of cough, phlegm, wheezing and dyspnea. Of 974 participants, 835 (86%) were current smokers and 288 (29.6%) were HIV-infected. The prevalence of OLD (FEV1/FVC ≤ 0.70) was 15.5%, and did not differ by HIV status. OLD, but not HIV, was associated with increased frequency of reported respiratory symptoms. There was a combined effect of OLD and HIV on worsening of MRC scores. OLD and HIV were independently associated with an increased odds of reporting an MRC ≥ 2 (OR 1.83 [95%CI 1.23-2.73] and 1.50 [95%CI 1.08-2.09], respectively). COPD, but not HIV, was independently associated with reporting an MRC ≥ 3 (OR 2.25 [95%CI 1.43-3.54] and 1.29 [95%CI 0.87-1.91], respectively). While HIV does not worsen cough, phlegm or wheezing, HIV significantly increases moderate but not severe dyspnea in individuals of similar OLD status. Incorporating the MRC score into routine evaluation of IDUs at risk for OLD and HIV provides better assessment than cough, phlegm and wheezing alone.
Extraordinary Cohesiveness of a Boronic Acid-Based Calix[6]arene Monolayer at the Air−Water Interface

In this paper, we describe the design and synthesis of calix[6]arene. We also report our unexpected finding that monolayers of the surfactant exhibit extraordinary cohesiveness while in intimate contact with water; i.e., dehydration is not essential for stabilizing the film. The specific molecule that was chosen as a synthetic target was 5,11,17,23,29, 35-hexakis(3-dihydroxybora-1-propyl)-37,38,39,40,41, 42-hexakis(hexadecycloxy)calix[6]-arene, I. The synthesis of I proved to be straightforward using methods that have previously been developed for calix[6]arene and alkylboronic acids synthesis. 10 refs., 2 figs.
North American free trade agreement with a focus on the US states’ participation and Mexico

Outlines the underlying rationale for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico and the USA; and evaluates its impact from 1987 to 2000. Examines statistics on trade between the three countries and discusses changes in trade patterns and growth rates, providing a breakdown of US exports by state and industry. Shows an improved pattern and volume of trade, considers the impact on employment and admits that assessment of NAFTA’s costs and benefits is difficult. Sees Mexico as its main beneficiary so far, but predicts that this will change in the long run.
THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION ON THE INCORPORATION OF [14C]LEUCINE INTO PROTEIN IN CELL‐FREE SYSTEMS FROM RAT BRAIN AND LIVER

—Ribosomes isolated from the brains of rats treated with morphine in vivo were less active in promoting the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein than ribosomes isolated from untreated rats. This inhibitory phenomenon was studied in relation to dose of morphine, time after drug administration and the pharmacological responses of hypothermia and analgesia. The inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation into brain proteins in vitro was transient after a single injection of morphine and dose-dependent, and related to the hypothermic response, but not prevented by keeping the rats at an ambient temperature which prevented hypothermia. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein by liver ribosomes was also inhibited in preparations from morphine treated rats.
COMPARING RECRUITER, STUDENT, AND FACULTY PERCEPTIONS OF IMPORTANT APPLICANT AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS

This study investigated the extent to which corporate recruiters, students and faculty share an understanding of important job applicant characteristics and desirable job factors. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between the three groups. The implications of these findings for recruitment, selection, and career counseling are discussed.
U, Th and extinct244Pu in the phosphates of the St. Severin meteorite

Abstract Previous work ( G.J. Wasserburg, J.C. Huneke and D.S. Burnett, 1969 ) on isolated crystals of whitlockite in the meteorite St. Severin has shown that this mineral concentrates U but not to the extent necessary to account for the total uranium. In the present work, the microdistributions of the total Th and U were measured in polished rock sections by the fission track method. Approximately 95% of the Th and U was found to be distributed in the matrix while the remaining 5% was found to be concentrated in two species of phosphate crystals, mostly whitlockite but also in much rarer chlorapatite. The Th/U ratio was measured in seven crystals of whitlockite and one crystal of chlorapatite. The values are respectively (11.8 ± 1.4) and (1.5 ± 0.5). Comparison with rare-gas studies indicates that 244 Pu probably followed Th geochemically in the whitlockite.
Method for designing phase-calculation algorithms for two-dimensional grating phase-shifting interferometry

We propose a design method of phase-analysis algorithms based on two-dimensional grating phase shifting for Talbot interferometry, Talbot-Lau imaging, or the Ronchi test. These algorithms are designed to separate the two orthogonal shearing wavefronts and eliminate error effects of unwanted diffraction orders, simultaneously. Taking the effect of multidiffraction into account, moving the two-dimensional grating along a certain pass leads to a series of phase-shifted interfrograms, from which two orthogonal shearing wavefronts are derived, for the tested wavefront to be retrieved. The designing process is demonstrated, and the residual errors are analyzed via simulation works and experimental comparison.
MAC and application-level broadcast reliability in vanets with channel fading

In this paper, a new analytic model is built to derive MAC and application-level reliability metrics of IEEE 802.11 based one-dimensional (1-D) vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in highways, which include Packet Reception Probability, Packet Reception Ratio, T-window Reliability, and Awareness Probability. The metrics derivation starts with the evaluation of point-to-point reception probability through coverage area computation for the impact of hidden terminal problem and concurrent transmissions. The proposed approach facilitates impact analysis of distance dependent DSRC fading channel and application-level analysis. The analytical model takes IEEE 802.11 MAC, 1-D highway geometry, non-saturated message arrival interval, and Nakagami fading channel with path loss into account. The proposed model is validated/verified by extensive simulations. From the obtained numerical results under various network parameters, new important observations are given.
Regulation of Rugosity and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae: Comparison of VpsT and VpsR Regulons and Epistasis Analysis of vpsT, vpsR, and hapR

Vibrio cholerae undergoes phenotypic variation that generates two morphologically different variants, termed smooth and rugose. The transcriptional profiles of the two variants differ greatly, and many of the differentially regulated genes are controlled by a complex regulatory circuitry that includes the transcriptional regulators VpsR, VpsT, and HapR. In this study, we identified the VpsT regulon and compared the VpsT and VpsR regulons to elucidate the contribution of each positive regulator to the rugose variant transcriptional profile and associated phenotypes. We have found that although the VpsT and VpsR regulons are very similar, the magnitude of the gene regulation accomplished by each regulator is different. We also determined that cdgA, which encodes a GGDEF domain protein, is partially responsible for the altered vps gene expression between the vpsT and vpsR mutants. Analysis of epistatic relationships among hapR, vpsT, and vpsR with respect to a whole-genome expression profile, colony morphology, and biofilm formation revealed that vpsR is epistatic to hapR and vpsT. Expression of virulence genes was increased in a vpsR hapR double mutant relative to a hapR mutant, suggesting that VpsR negatively regulates virulence gene expression in the hapR mutant. These results show that a complex regulatory interplay among VpsT, VpsR, HapR, and GGDEF/EAL family proteins controls transcription of the genes required for Vibrio polysaccharide and virulence factor production in V. cholerae.
Accuracy of Black and White College Students' In-Group and Out-Group Stereotypes

The accuracy of Blacks' and Whites' in-group and out-group stereotypes was examined by comparing judgments of the stereotypicality and dispersion of Black and White first-year college students with the stereotypicality and dispersion of self-ratings provided by random samples of group members. Accuracy was assessed using perceived-actual discrepancies and within-subject sensitivity correlations. Consistent with social identity theory, discrepancies revealed greater overestimation of stereotypicality and underestimation of dispersion in Blacks' judgments. But consistent with the notion that out-group information is more useful to Blacks than to Whites, sensitivity correlations revealed that Blacks' judgments of the out-group were as accurate as their judgments of their in-group, whereas Whites were more sensitive in judgments of their own group than the out-group. Participants were also more sensitive in their judgments of the White target group. Familiarity was generally unrelated to accuracy, but some ev...
P bodies promote stress granule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recent results indicate that nontranslating mRNAs in eukaryotic cells exist in distinct biochemical states that accumulate in P bodies and stress granules, although the nature of interactions between these particles is unknown. We demonstrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that RNA granules with similar protein composition and assembly mechanisms as mammalian stress granules form during glucose deprivation. Stress granule assembly is dependent on P-body formation, whereas P-body assembly is independent of stress granule formation. This suggests that stress granules primarily form from mRNPs in preexisting P bodies, which is also supported by the kinetics of P-body and stress granule formation both in yeast and mammalian cells. These observations argue that P bodies are important sites for decisions of mRNA fate and that stress granules, at least in yeast, primarily represent pools of mRNAs stalled in the process of reentry into translation from P bodies.
Comparing product development processes and managing risk

Product Development Processes (PDPs) require careful design to reduce development time, create better products and manage the risks of bringing new products to market. This paper investigates the relationship between product development risk and PDP management. We begin by identifying risks and proposing several iteration- and review-based metrics by which PDPs can be effectively identified and compared. Data from ten company case studies demonstrate the utility of the proposed metrics and exemplify how different PDPs manage different risks. The cases also show that software companies face different risks and employ more flexible PDPs than manufacturing companies. We conclude that PDPs vary more than previously documented, that the proposed metrics are useful in distinguishing PDPs and that companies can tailor their PDP designs to suit their unique risk profiles.
Text Categorization for Aligning Educational Standards

Standard alignment (where standards describing similar concepts are correlated) is a necessary task in providing full access to educational resources. Manual alignment is time consuming and expensive. We propose an automatic alignment system, using machine learning techniques utilizing natural language processing. In this paper we discuss our experiments on text categorization for automatic alignment. We explore the role of relevant vocabulary sets in automatic alignment
Instructional design and culturally diverse learners

California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) is a new comprehensive university founded in 1994 at the Old Fort Ord Army Base. One of its core missions is to serve the diverse people of California and to provide access to traditionally undeserved populations. To reach this goal, CSUMB has taken a different approach to typical college organizational structure. The institution is organized around Centers and Institutes that cluster related but historically separate disciplines. The goal is to facilitate better cross discipline collaboration and communication among disciplines. Cultural diversity is customarily ignored and is almost never considered in developing a delivery strategy. During the process of designing the initial instructional design course we began to wonder if there was a way to better integrate cultural differences within traditional instructional design methodology. To do this would be consistent with the mission of the university of not just providing access but also helping to ensure the success of typically undeserved student populations within computer science disciplines. The authors used an approach by Samovar, Porter and Stefani that divides cultures into 2 basic groups that they call High and Low Context. This paper reports on their findings and recommendations.
Reducing repair traffic for erasure coding-based storage via interference alignment

We consider the problem of recovering from a single node failure in a storage system based on an (n, k) MDS code. In such a scenario, a straightforward solution is to perform a complete decoding, even though the data to be recovered only amount to 1/kth of the entire data. This paper presents techniques that can reduce the network traffic incurred. The techniques perform algebraic alignment so that the effective dimension of unwanted information is reduced.
Meta-analysis and public policy: Opportunity for nursing impact

Nurses must be prepared to use multiple and varied strategies to influence public policy so that optimal health outcomes can be achieved. Meta-analysis, a powerful research tool, is one such strategy that can be used to inform public policy.
Improved channel modelling for performance analysis of a DS-CDMA link

The paper developed a refined model for DS spread spectrum transmission over a Rician fading channel. A prevalent model in previous papers has been to group all signals received other than the dominant LOS path as interference. A new approach is taken, whereby some components of the multipath are included in the desired signal. An expression for the local-mean BER is derived from this model, and an analysis of BER as a function of the number of users is performed.
Benign Intracranial Hypertension Following Severe Hyponatremic Dehydration in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A case of salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia with severe hyponatremic dehydration is presented. Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral edema with el evated intracranial pressure were present. Conventional treatment was started, and after initial concern regarding future head growth and development, there was a good outcome with normal development at 1 year of age. This course is suggestive of benign intracranial hypertension. Possible mechanisms are discussed with a re view of the relevant literature.
Entry into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Discusses the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article intends to bring the reader up to date on the status of this convention. New developments and current debates on the convention are also covered. The author also considers the usefulness of the convention in mobilizing the world community to address real world problems that impact upon America.
Cutaneous melanoma: estimating survival and recurrence risk based on histopathologic features

The prognosis of melanoma is best understood in terms of a model of tumor progression, in which most melanomas may evolve through two major phases of progression: from a lesion that is nontumorigenic and has little or no capacity for metastasis; to a more advanced lesion that is tumorigenic and may have capacity for metastasis. The likelihood of metastasis varies with a number of attributes of the primary melanoma, including the phase of progression, the Breslow tumor thickness, mitotic rate, and host response to the tumorigenic compartment of the lesion, Clark's level of invasion, and other factors. When distant metastasis has occurred, the prognosis for the patient is very poor. In this monograph, the focus will be the discussion of factors related to the prognosis of melanomas that at diagnosis are clinically localized to the primary site.
Importance of Aerodynamic Resistance to Water Use Efficiency in Three Conifers under Field Conditions.

The quantitative importance of aerodynamic resistance to H 2 O vapor and CO 2 exchange was determined for shoots from saplings of three conifers ( Abies lasiocarpa [Hook] Nutt., Pinus contorta Dougl., Juniperus communis L.) under natural conditions in the field. A combination of relatively low stomatal resistances ( wv a ) to water use efficiency (WUE = photosynthesis/transpiration) for all three species. For A. lasiocarpa, transpiration was calculated to be 44% less and photosynthesis 17% less due to the presence of R wv a , which led to a predicted increase in WUE of 57% compared to the calculated WUE when R wv a was assumed negligible. Similar increases in WUE were computed for P. contorta (48%) with somewhat smaller values for J. communis (34%). These results are discussed in terms of the estimated importance of R wv a on water and photosynthetic relations of plants that have relatively low stomatal resistances and grow in microhabitats with low winds.
Multiresolution source localization using the wavelet transform

The use of the wavelet transform to localize the current dipole sources from the multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) is discussed. The wavelet approach automatically computes the critical time-slices at which the dipole sources are localized. Unlike the traditional approaches, where visually selected time-slices are used which represent only part of the information available in the data, the automatically computed time-slices are information-preserving. As a result, the EEG can be closely reconstructed using the parameters at each computed time-slice. In addition, the multiresolution framework of the wavelet transform provides a mathematical zoom lens which enables one to select major electrical sources at courser scale levels, and to observe the details at finer scale levels. >
Partial left ventriculectomy and mitral valve repair for end-stage congestive heart failure

Objective : Partial left ventriculectomy (PLV), pioneered by Batista, has been proposed as an alternative treatment strategy in patients with refractory congestive heart failure. In order to analyze the midterm outcome of PLV and mitral valve (MV) repair and stratify patients according to risk, we prospectively studied 57 consecutive patients who underwent this procedure at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF). Methods: Patients had a mean age of 53 years and were predominantly males (74%). In 95% the etiology of heart failure was idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. All patients had a left ventricular end diastolic diameter of > 7cm and were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes III and IV. A total of 54 patients (95%) were awaiting heart transplantation. Preoperatively, requirements included inotropes in 23 (40%), intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation in 3 (5,3%), and left ventricular assist device placement (LVAD) in 1 (1.8%). Concomitant procedures included MV repair 155 patients), MV replacement (2), tricuspid valve repair (34 patients), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (5), and aortic valve repair or replacement (1 patient each). Results: Measurements preoperatively and at 3 months demonstrated improvement in left Ventricular ejection fraction (14.4 ± 7.7 23.2 ± 10.7%, P < 0.001), left ventricular end diastolic volume (254 ± 85-179 ± 73 ml, P < 0.001) and left ventricular end diastolic diameter (8.4 ± 1.4-6.3 ± 0.9 cm, P<0.001). Peak oxygen consumption (MVO2) increased from 10.6 ± 3.9 to 15.3 ± 4.5 ml/kg per min (P < 0.001). Cardiac index did not change (2.2 l/min per m 2 ), although 40% had been on inotropes preoperatively and none were on inotropes at 3 months. NYHA functional class improved from 3.6 ± 0.5 preoperatively to 2.2 ± 0.9 at 3 months (P < 0.001). LVAD support was required as rescue therapy in 11 patients (17%). Actuarial freedom from procedure failure, defined as death or relisting for transplant, was 58% at 1 year. Hospital mortality was 3.5% (n = 2). On follow-up, there were 7 late deaths (including 3 sudden deaths) giving an actuarial survival of 82% at 1 year. Multivariate risk factor analysis revealed that age less than 40 years was associated with failure (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Although PLV with MV repair is now a surgical option in the treatment of end-stage congestive heart failure, caution is advised as early failures are unpredictable and mechanical support may be required as rescue therapy. Better risk stratification and patient selection may improve outcome. Further study is required to determine the procedure's exact role in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Companion animal nutrition as affected by dietary fibre inclusion.

Dietary fibre has been a subject of study in companion animal nutrition for approximately 25 years, recently focusing on its benefits for dog and cat health and well-being. Pet animal diets contain significant amounts of carbohydrates, including dietary fibre. Depending on the properties of carbohydrates and their level in the diet, different physiological effects occur. High concentrations of dietary fibre affect appetite regulation and, potentially, gastric emptying, intestinal transit time and nutrient digestibility. Other effects include changes in faecal consistency and volume, increased production of short chain fatty acids, and alterations in the microbial population. Recent work on prebiotics and the benefits of a healthful large bowel microbiota has increased interest in dietary fibres and their potential value in clinical nutrition. This chapter is an update of the Fahey et al. (2004) comprehensive review of the effect of dietary fibre on companion animal nutrition and health. Studies conducted since 2004 will be emphasised.
Ferromagnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, processing, and characterization

Ferromagnetic nanoparticles can be used as building blocks for advanced bulk and thin film magnets, and can also be applied in data storage and biomedical technologies. However, most ferromagnetic particles lose their hysteresis at room temperature when their size is reduced to nanoscale. The exceptions are a few materials such as FePt and SmCo compounds with extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy that can hold a permanent magnetic moment at room temperature in particles of several nanometers. By applying newly developed “salt-matrix annealing” and “surfactant-assisted milling” techniques, monodisperse ferromagnetic FePt, SmCo, and NdFeB based nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized. These first-ever-available nanoparticles display various ferromagnetic properties at room temperature, which are found to be strongly size dependent.
Active learning for informative projection retrieval

We introduce an active learning framework designed to train classification models which use informative projections. Our approach works with the obtained low-dimensional models in finding unlabeled data for annotation by experts. The advantage of our approach is that the labeling effort is expended mainly on samples which benefit models from the considered hypothesis class. This results in an improved learning rate over standard selection criteria for data from the clinical domain.
YouTube's Future - And Yes, it Has One

In 2006, Paramount Pictures partnered with other Viacom subsidiaries to sue YouTube (the online video-sharing site) for copyright infringement. Ever since, the nation’s newspapers, blogs and airwaves have been abuzz with commentary. Many commentators have taken the position that Paramount and Viacom are wrong on the law. YouTube, we are told, has no responsibility for the harm it causes; it is immune under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Other commentators, by contrast, have conceded that Paramount is right on the law, only to complain that a valuable and exciting distribution technology is about to be lost. In this short Essay, I argue that neither of these views could be farther from the truth. The DMCA does not protect YouTube because YouTube is not a “storage” provider. Yet YouTube will survive even without DMCA protection, because conventional copyright doctrines - including the rules of contributory and vicarious infringement and the defense of fair use - already create a balanced legal regime that will give YouTube the space it needs to develop while at the same time forcing it to do what it should have been doing all along: take steps that would, at a reasonable cost, reduce infringement without substantially interfering with legitimate use.
Abstract 102: Adding Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) to the Acute Stroke Evaluation: A Single-center Experience

Objective: To evaluate the safety and utility of CTA acquisition during initial acute stroke evaluation. We hypothesized CTA would not increase risk of renal injury or delay therapy. Design/Methods: We performed a pilot study of CTA acquisition in the acute stroke evaluation at the University of Virginia Medical Center in the first three quarters of 2014. We extracted data from Acute Stroke Team Leader consultations with additional chart review. We collected door-to-CT read times, door-to-needle times, baseline creatinine (Cr) values on presentation, and Cr values 24-48 hours after stroke alert evaluation. Differences in means of these variables were compared between those receiving CTA versus non-contrasted head CT (NCHCT) only. Additionally, we captured CTA results immediately relevant to treatment decisions. Results: Of 289 patients, 157 had CTA completed while 132 had only NCHCT. In the CTA group, 18 patients (11.5%) were treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) compared to 11 (8.3%) in the NCHCT group, with no significant difference between groups (p=0.377). There was no difference between mean door-to-CT-read times between the NCHCT (43.07 minutes) and CTA (41.46 minutes) groups (p=0.70). Likewise, there was no significant difference in mean door-to-needle times between the NCHCT (81.36 minutes) and CTA (68.11 minutes) groups (p=0.577). There was a difference between mean Cr values on presentation (1.39mg/dL NCHCT, 1.06mg/dL CTA; p=0.004), but there was no difference between the groups at 24-48 hours (p=0.059) and no difference between the mean change in Cr values (p=0.489). No patients developed a new requirement for hemodialysis. CTA imaging revealed 14 patients with vascular anomalies, and 53 patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of a major cervical or intracranial vessel. One patient in the CTA group and none in the NCHCT group had intravascular intervention. Conclusions: Overall, CTA during acute stroke evaluations were safe and may offer clinical utility, without delaying evaluation or therapy delivery. Additional cost of acute CTA acquisition is negligible given it replaces MRA typically performed later, following admission, as standard vessel imaging. Further prospective study is required.
The diversity rank-score function for combining human visual perception systems.

There are many situations in which a joint decision, based on the observations or decisions of multiple individuals, is desired. The challenge is determining when a combined decision is better than each of the individual systems, along with choosing the best way to perform the combination. It has been shown that the diversity between systems plays a role in the performance of their fusion. This study involved several pairs of people, each viewing an event and reporting an observation, along with their confidence level. Each observer is treated as a visual perception system, and hence an associated scoring system is created based on the observer’s confidence. A diversity rank-score function on a set of observation pairs is calculated using the notion of cognitive diversity between two scoring systems in the combinatorial fusion analysis framework. The resulting diversity rank-score function graph provides a powerful visualization tool for the diversity variation among a set of system pairs, helping to identify which system pairs are most likely to show improved performance with combination.