cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry: Are We Out of the Quicksand?

Although the use of hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) to study proteins and protein conformation is now over 20 years old, the perception lingers that it still has “issues.” Is this method, in fact, still in the quicksand with many remaining obstacles to overcome? We do not think so. This critical insight addresses the “issues” and explores several broad questions including, have the limitations of HX MS been surmounted and has HX MS achieved “indispensable” status in the pantheon of protein structural analysis tools.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF TANTALUM AND HAFNIUM IN SILICATES BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.

Abstract A neutron activation procedure suitable for the routine determination of tantalum and hafnium in silicates is described. The irradiated sample is fused with sodium peroxide and leached, and the insoluble hydroxides are dissolved in dilute hydrofluoric acid-hydrochloric acid. After LaF 3 and AgCl scavenges, tantalum and hafnium are separated by anion exchange. Tantalum is obtained radiochemically pure; 233 Pa and 95 Zr contaminants in the hafnium fraction are resolved by γ-ray spectrometry. The chemical yield of the procedure is detemined after counting by re-irradiation. Values for the 8 U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks are reported.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: past, present… and future.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), once considered a rare and enigmatic condition, is now recognized to be the most common genetically transmitted human cardiovascular disease, affecting approximately one in 500 individuals worldwide [1,2]. Over the past half century, the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and treatment options for HCM have been elucidated. Natural history studies indicate that the majority of people with this condition remain asymptomatic with lifespans equivalent to normal ageand sex-matched populations, although subsets are at risk of sudden death or developing symptomatic heart failure or arrhythmias. Progress has been made in understanding the genetic underpinnings and pathogenic molecular mechanisms of HCM, although much more work needs to be done before definitive drug, cell, or gene therapies are forthcoming that are preventive or truly curative. The accelerating body of evidence has resulted in the release of guidelines for management of patients with HCM from both American and European professional societies [3–5] that assist in the standardization of clinical practice. In the absence of large-scale multicenter clinical trials, there are nuances in many recommendations between the recent guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and those of the European Society of Cardiology [4,5] that reflect differences in practice patterns in North America and Europe as well as differences in the degree of consensus among members of the respective writing committees. However, the documents are overall remarkably concordant and indicate a high degree of agreement among international experts regarding current diagnostic and treatment strategies. The cumulative knowledge base that has culminated in this level of understanding of HCM is summarized artfully in this issue of Trends by Dr Barry Maron and Dr Martin Maron [6], who have selected their candidates for the 20 most important contributions over the past 50 years that have defined our contemporary understanding of HCM. As recognized leaders in
Inferring peer centrality in socially-informed peer-to-peer systems

Social applications implemented on a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture mine the social graph of their users for improved performance in search, recommendations, resource sharing and others. In such applications, the social graph that connects their users is distributed on the peer-to-peer system: the traversal of the social graph translates to a socially-informed routing in the peer-to-peer layer. In this work we introduce the model of a projection graph that is the result of mapping a social graph onto a peer-to-peer network. We analytically formulate the relation between metrics in the social graph and in the projection graph. We focus on three such graph metrics: degree centrality, node betweenness centrality, and edge betweenness centrality. We evaluate experimentally the feasibility of estimating these metrics in the projection graph from the metrics of the social graph. Our experiments on real networks show that when mapping communities of 50–150 users on a peer, there is an optimal organization of the projection graph with respect to degree and node betweenness centrality. In this range, the association between the properties of the social graph and the projection graph is the highest, and thus the properties of the (dynamic) projection graph can be inferred from the properties of the (slower changing) social graph. We discuss the applicability of our findings to aspects of peer-to-peer systems such as data dissemination, social search, peer vulnerability, and data placement and caching.
North American Temperature, Snowfall, and Snow-Depth Response to Winter Climate Modes

The snowpack is an important seasonal surface water storage reservoir that affects the availability of water resources during the spring and summer seasons in mid‐high latitudes. Not surprisingly, interannual variations in snow cover extent and snow water equivalent have been extensively studied in arid regions such as western North America. This study broadens the focus by examining snow depth as an alternative snowpack metric, and considers its variability over different parts of North America. The authors use singular value decomposition (SVD) in conjunction with linear and partial correlation to show that regional snow-depth variations can be largely explained by the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific‐North American (PNA) modes of atmospheric variability through distinct mechanistic pathways involving regional winter circulation patterns and hydrologic fluxes. The high index phase of the NAO generates positive winter air temperature anomalies over eastern parts of North America, causing thinning of the winter snowpack via snowmelt. Meanwhile, the high index phase of the PNA generates negative winter snowfall anomalies across midlatitudinal areas of North America, which also serve to thin the snowpack. Positive PNA anomalies have also been shown to increase temperatures and decrease snow depths over western North America. The PNA influence extends across the continent, whereas the NAO influence is limited to eastern North America. The winter snow-depth variations associated with all of these pathways exhibit seasonal persistence, which ultimately yield regional-scale spring snow-depth anomalies throughout much of North America.
The Effect of Tai Chi Quan and Computerized Balance Training on Postural Stability in Older Subjects

Background and Purpose. This study explored whether two exercise programs would affect the ability to minimize postural sway of 72 relatively inactive, older subjects who participated in the Atlanta FICSIT trial. Subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to (1) a computerized balance training group, (2) a tai chi group, or (3) an educational group serving as a control for exercise. Each group consisted of 24 members. Methods. All subjects were evaluated under four postural conditions before, immediately after, and 4 months following their respective interventions, each of which was given over 15 weeks. Results. Platform balance measures revealed greater stability after training among subjects in the balance training group but little change in stability among subjects in the tai chi and educational group. Subjects in the tai chi group were less afraid of falling after training compared with subjects in other groups with similar covariates. Conclusion and Discussion. Unlike computerized balance training, tai chi does not improve measures of postural stability. Because tai chi delayed onset to first or multiple falls in older individuals, this effect does not appear to be associated with measures of enhanced postural stability. Tai chi may gain its success, in part, from promoting confidence without reducing sway rather than primarily facilitating a reduction in sway-based measures.
Infections associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices are misunderstood.

The incidence and impact of infections that involve cardiac implantable electronic devices—their demographic aspects, their morbidity and mortality rates, and even their frequency—have been substantially underestimated. People have focused on the potentially morbid and lethal events associated with transvenous lead extraction, but have ignored the disease process itself. Infections subsequent to an initial implantation should be relatively rare, less than 0.5% within 1 year of the device implantation, but infection is not rare when there is failure to pay exacting attention to detail and sterile technique. As it happens, only half of device infections become apparent during the 1st year after surgical intervention; the rest are identified mostly in the 2nd to 4th year. There are 2 federally mandated “outcomes” or quality measures that indirectly track true outcomes: the use of a 2nd-generation cephalosporin given within 1 hour of incision or vancomycin given within 2 hours of incision, and the discontinuation of antibiotics before 5 days after the surgery. Because approximately half of all device infections are caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, it is justifiable and probably preferable to use vancomycin prophylaxis, instead of cephalosporin.
Drugs for Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Comparative Efficacy of Agents and Regimens

Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) frequently is used for patients with esophageal varices, both for controlling acute hemorrhage and for prophylaxis. An old technique, interest in EIS increased when other methods did not improve patient outcomes. Clinical trials of EIS for acute hemorrhage demonstrated efficacy and improved outcome, although some researchers disagree with these findings. Recent data on prophylaxis with EIS fail to support the value of EIS for this indication. Ethanolamine oleate compares favorably with other sclerosing agents, and is the only one currently approved for EIS. The intravariceal method is used more frequently than the paravariceal method because it has better efficacy and can be performed more rapidly. The percentage of patients developing significant complications from EIS may be as high as 15 percent; common complications include retrosternal pain, pyrexia, and sepsis. EIS is currently an important clinical tool in the management of esophageal varices.
Numerical optimization of three-dimensional coils for NSTX-U*

A tool for the calculation of optimal three-dimensional (3D) perturbative magnetic fields in tokamaks has been developed. The IPECOPT code builds upon the stellarator optimization code STELLOPT to allow for optimization of linear ideal magnetohydrodynamic perturbed equilibrium (IPEC). This tool has been applied to NSTX-U equilibria, addressing which fields are the most effective at driving NTV torques. The NTV torque calculation is performed by the PENT code. Optimization of the normal field spectrum shows that fields with n = 1 character can drive a large core torque. It is also shown that fields with n = 3 features are capable of driving edge torque and some core torque. Coil current optimization (using the planned in-vessel and existing RWM coils) on NSTX-U suggest the planned coils set is adequate for core and edge torque control. In conclusion, comparison between error field correction experiments on DIII-D and the optimizer show good agreement.
Deformities of the hand incidental to pathological changes of the extensor and intrinsic muscle mechanisms.

1. Metacarpophalangeal joints in extreme hyperextension of long duration in conjunction with absent intrinsic muscles may he treated expediently by joint fusion. 2. Metacarpophalangeal joints with less severe hyperextension and with functioning intrinsic muscle mechanism can be improved by the adequate excision of collateral ligaments, freeing of all dorsal tissues, and stripping of the volar plate. The heavy deep dorsal fascia in particular must be excised. 3. When the intrinsic strength of the index finger is being restored in the absence of contractures, it is advisable to replace weak lumbrical and volar interosseus muscles, as well as a weak first. dorsal interosseus. This strengthens volar abduction and gives a strong pinch. 4. If the dorsal hood is destroyed and the joint is affected, fibrous ankylosis or osseous fusion gives a desirable end result. 5. If the dorsal hood is intact and the extensor tendons are destroyed, it is desirable to correct the extension contracture by adequate excision of scar tissue and collateral ligaments, followed by the replacement of the extensor tendons. 6. In burns, a fixed "button-hole" deformity can be changed to a mallet deformity for better flexion,—that. is, for a golfer, if other reconstructive measures cannot be done. In old burns, it is important occasionally to maintain a slight "button-hole" deformity if this position is consistent with a specific occupation,—that is, for a piano player. 7. Fusion of the middle or distal interphalangeal joints is a useful procedure for irreparable flexion or extension deformities. 8. The "intrinsic-plus" hand, due to contracture of the intrinsic muscle mechanism, can be improved by advancing the intrinsic muscles in the metacarpal region or by sectioning the lateral bands opposite the proximal interphalangeal joints. 9. It is necessary to differentiate a contracture of the intrinsic muscles and fascia, contracture of the lateral bands in the digit only, contracture of both the extensor mechanism and lateral hands, and changes in the digits due to pathological joint changes resulting in hyperextension.
Do Market Makers Lean Against the Wind? Evidence from the Credit Default Swaps Market

This paper examines how a market maker adjusts its holdings of credit default swaps (CDS) in response to changes in CDS spreads over different time intervals and finds mixed evidence. Specifically, the negative correlation between weekly changes in CDS spreads and changes in net CDS positions suggests that market makers “lean against the wind” and absorb liquidity shocks in the short run. This correlation, however, become positive over the monthly interval, implying market makers follow the trends. Finally, this correlation is insignificant over the quarterly interval, suggesting market makers do not bet on the direction of the CDS spread over the long run.
The Thirteenth Amendment Versus the Commerce Clause: Labor and the Shaping of the Post-New Deal Constitutional Order, 1921-1957

During the twentieth century, Congress's power to regulate commerce grew sensationally while its human rights powers atrophied. This strange phenomenon originated in the choice, made by lawyers and politicians in the early 1930s, to base labor rights statutes like the Wagner Act on the Commerce Clause instead of the Thirteenth Amendment. Unions and workers argued that the rights to organize and strike made the difference between freedom and involuntary servitude. But a bevy of progressive lawyers who styled themselves "friends of labor" undermined labor's Thirteenth Amendment theory. The article argues that this clash reflected not merely tactical differences among allies, but fundamentally conflicting constitutional goals. It contends that the Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act not because of the lawyers' Commerce Clause arguments, but because workers staged a series of sit-down strikes that confronted the swing justices with a choice between industrial peace or war. Afterward, unions and workers interpreted the Wagner Act decisions as victories for labor freedom, but the Act's Commerce Clause foundation pointed in a different direction - one leading to fateful distortions in the jurisprudence of congressional powers.
Family Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for a Child With Autism and Comorbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure/response prevention is effective among youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and comorbid anxiety symptoms. This case illustrates the applicat...
Left-Handed Modes and Effective Mode Length in Planar Metal-Clad Nanoscale Waveguides

By calculating the global power flux and energy density of modes of a planar dielectric waveguide with metal cladding, we show that some modes exhibit left-handed behavior and effective mode lengths below the diffraction limit.
Infrared Spectra of the η2-M(NC)-CH3, CH3-MNC, and CH2═M(H)NC Complexes Prepared by Reactions of Thorium and Uranium Atoms with Acetonitrile

The η2-M(NC)-CH3, CH3-MNC, and CH2═M(H)NC complexes are observed in the matrix IR spectra from reactions of laser-ablated Th and U atoms with acetonitrile. These actinide products are in line with those from reactions of group 4–6 metals with acetonitrile, and they are again the most stable steps in the previously proposed reaction path. The N-coordination and methylidyne products (M←NCCH3 and HCM(H)2NC) are not observed probably due to their high energies. The actinide methylidenes show agostic distortion, and the nitrile π-complexes (η2-M(NC)-CH3) support strong back-donations to the π*-orbitals. NBO analysis reveals single M–N and M–C bonds with full σ- and π-bonds in the N═C subunit. The unidentified N-coordinated-acetonitrile complexes show strong calculated interactions with these early actinide atoms.
Curriculum-Integrated Information Literacy (CIIL) in a Community College Nursing Program: A practical Model

ABSTRACTThis article describes a strategy to integrate information literacy into the curriculum of a nursing program in a community college. The model is articulated in four explained phases: preparatory, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It describes a collaborative process encouraging librarians to work with nursing faculty, driving students to acquire information literacy competencies, to use information resources as part of their learning process, and to be lifelong learners. The literature reviews the evolution of the concept of informatics in nursing practice and the different blueprints organized to attain information literacy competencies. It also describes studies that have included these competencies into nursing curriculum.
Engaging and Assessing Students with Google Docs

By having students use their laptops to contribute to what is shown on the main screen in a classroom, students may become more engaged, may use their computers for something directly related to class, and may feel a greater sense of autonomy in the learning process. Google Docs is a free online program that allows multiple users to edit the same document at the same time. Teachers and professors from elementary school to college already use Google Docs, and its applicability to legal education is similarly broad. It can be used to manipulate traditional word processing documents, spreadsheets, slide presentations, drawings, and forms. This article focuses on word processing documents.
Impaired responsiveness to B cell growth factor in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia

Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVH) is a clinical syndrome that includes a diverse group of patients with heterogeneous defects resulting in impaired B cell proliferation and terminal differentiation into mature plasma cells capable of normal immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. In this study, we report our identification of a previously undescribed intrinsic B cell defect in a patient with CVH. This patient's B cells showed a marked impairment in hemolytic plaque- forming cell (HePFC) formation compared with control B cells (15 v 80 HePFCs per culture, respectively). In addition, this patient's B cells displayed decreased B cell colony formation compared with control B cells (5 +/- 2 v 93 +/- 8, respectively). When examined for their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-T cell conditioned media (PHA- TCM), the patient's B cells displayed impaired B cell proliferation compared with control B cells (stimulation index [SI] 1.3 +/- 0.20 v 26 +/- 1.4 with 20% control PHA-TCM [vol/vol]). Impaired proliferation by the patient's B cells persisted with increasing concentrations of B cell growth factor (BCGF). Additionally, PHA-TCM prepared from the patient's T cells when compared with control PHA-TCM consistently showed less support for control B cell proliferation (SI 1.27 +/- 0.21 v 26 +/- 1.4, respectively). In coculture studies of B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis, patient's T cells showed no evidence of an enhanced suppressive effect or decreased helper effect. This patient's immune defects involve, first, an intrinsic B cell defect characterized by an impaired responsiveness to BCGF's proliferation signal and, second, impaired production of BCGF by the patient's T cells.
New understanding in cardiotoxicity.

Abstract Interest in cardiotoxicity has dramatically increased during the past two years, leading to exciting progress in our understanding of the field. Both clinical and experimental animal studies have emphasized the role of cardiotoxicity in myocardial pathogenesis. Exploration of the cardiotoxicity of air pollution and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) through experimental animal studies have led to mechanistic insights. Novel therapeutic approaches are also under development. Continued efforts to investigate the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by well-known drugs and chemicals, such as Adriamycin, have also generated critical insights into cardiac response to toxicants. Recognition of the significance of cardiotoxicity in myocardial pathogenesis has resulted in the identification of many other drugs or chemicals, such as arsenic trioxide, whose cardiotoxicity is of major concern in clinical applications. Mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, along with control of myocardial cell death, has also become an extensively studied subject. Ionic transport across the inner membrane of mitochondria, especially the function of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels and the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in myocardial protection against oxidative injury, has attracted a great deal of attention. Novel approaches, such as functional genomics, proteomics and metabonomics, should significantly improve our understanding of cardiotoxicity.
Development of a High Temperature Superconducting Power Transmission Cable

Design considerations for a room temperature dielectric high temperature superconducting are discussed. Comparisons are made between the room temperature dielectric design and the cryogenic dielectric design. The ampacity and losses of the system are discussed and the specifications for the superconducting elements and the superconducting conductor for the room temperature dielectric design are given.
Globalization, Tobacco Control, and Political Conflict

Public health policies are increasingly the subject of global trade and investment disputes. What are the consequences of this trend for existing and future policies designed to protect the public interest? In this timely analysis, Jarman uses the concept of political conflict to examine the effects of globalization on tobacco control policies. Arguing that the scope of a political conflict — which voices can be heard in a particular debate, and which individuals or groups are excluded — has a significant effect on the outcome of that conflict, Jarman focuses on how globalization alters the scope of conflicts over tobacco control policies. She explains how this narrowed scope decreases the ability of the public, and public health advocates to present their views directly in trade and tobacco control debates.
The Λ-Λ hypernuclei14CΛΛ and18OΛΛ

The binding energies of the Λ-Λ in14CΛΛ and18OΛΛ are estimated using the model of Dawson, Talmi and Walecka taking for the Λ-Λ interaction the potential derived by the author from6HeΛΛ. The modifications of the binding energies correcting errors due to the uncertainties in the potential derived from6HeΛΛ are also discussed.
Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily Signaling in Development of Colorectal Cancer

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines signal via a complex network of pathways to regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell types. A high percentage of colorectal tumors contain mutations that disrupt TGF-β family member signaling. We review how TGF-β family member signaling is altered during development of colorectal cancer, models of study, interaction of pathways, and potential therapeutic strategies.
Prostate cancer: Active surveillance appropriateness criteria - a way forward.

A newly published report, indicating a high level of use of active surveillance (AS) is encouraging; however, the substantial variability in levels of implementation indicate that some urologists remain uncertain of this approach. This report encourages the standardized implementation of AS and improved counselling of patients that are eligible for such monitoring.
Suppression of overpressure during a vapor cloud explosion — A new approach

In this article, a new concept is presented with the intent to suppress the generation of damaging overpressures during a vapor cloud explosion via triggering ignitions at additional locations within the vapor cloud immediately after the primary ignition has occurred. The resulting lower explosion overpressures would then be less damaging to buildings and their occupants. The results of early experimental work support the hypothesis underlying this new concept. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 54–61, 2017
112 A Five Year Journey Towards Effective Multidisciplinary Team Working: a System, a Structure and the Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS)

Since the Cancer Reform Strategy (Department of Health, 2007) confirmed multidisciplinary team working as the core model for cancer service delivery there has been a national drive to put multidisciplinary teams in place. Attention has now turned to how those multidisciplinary teams are working and how they can be supported. A recent survey conducted for the National Cancer Action …
The effects of educational delivery methods on knowledge retention

In today's dynamic learning environment, educational delivery methods have become increasingly diverse. Using a unique opportunity to assess three types of course delivery—face-to-face, interactive...
Distinct developmental pathways underlie independent losses of flight in ratites.

Recent phylogenetic studies question the monophyly of ratites (large, flightless birds incorporating ostriches, rheas, kiwis, emus and cassowaries), suggesting their paraphyly with respect to flying tinamous (Tinamidae). Flightlessness and large body size have thus likely evolved repeatedly among ratites, and separately in ostriches (Struthio) and emus (Dromaius). Here, we test this hypothesis with data from wing developmental trajectories in ostriches, emus, tinamous and chickens. We find the rate of ostrich embryonic wing growth falls within the range of variation exhibited by flying taxa (tinamous and chickens), but that of emus is extremely slow. These results indicate flightlessness was acquired by different developmental mechanisms in the ancestors of ostriches (peramorphosis) and the emu–cassowary clade (paedomorphosis), and corroborate the hypothesis that flight loss has evolved repeatedly among ratites.
Composite Orthopedic Fixation Devices

Bone fractures are some of the most common injuries today, with the rate of fractures expected to only increase with an increase in average population age and weight. It is estimated that about 30% bone fractures require the implantation of an internal fixation device to help set and hold the healing bone in place. The current clinical standard for such an implant relies on the use of metals, such as titanium or stainless steel, due to their great mechanical properties and inertness in the body. However, the use of such metals can lead to the phenomenon of stress shielding and can cause metal ions to leach into the body overtime. For these reasons often a second surgery is required to remove the fixation device. The development of composites shows great promise to mitigate these drawbacks and composites can even be tailored to safely degrade in the body overtime, thus eliminating the need for a second surgery. As such, this chapter delves into the entire scope of the bone fixation market, focusing on current clinical practices as well as the ongoing research and development of composites fixation devices.
Correlated light and electron microscope studies of callose deposits in vascular parenchyma cells of tomato plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

When vascular elements of tomato plants become infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici or root microflora, contact parenchyma cells that ensheath the vessels commonly respond by depositing a callose-containing substance along the intervening wall and especially at pit sites. These callose-containing deposits were first identified in contact parenchyma cells by light microscopy using thick sections and alkaline aniline blue staining, and then characterized ultrastructurally using TEM examination of sequential thin sections from the same cells. They could be differentiated ultrastructurally from pit membranes in both protoxylem and metaxylem tissues, and from the protective layer which has been demonstrated to occur in metaxylem contact cells as part of normal developmental and maturation processes. The callose-containing deposits often appear as electron-translucent globules with electron-opaque centres. The globules become fused into variously osmiophilic and electron-opaque aggregates, conferring a layered or marbled appearance that is distinctive to these deposits.
Low-frequency vibrations of molecular solids. XV. Globular molecule 1,2-dichloroethane

Abstract The far infrared and Raman spectra of polycrystalline 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane- d 4 for the low temperature modification have been measured from 450 to 33 cm −1 at various temperatures from −100 to −182°C. Raman spectra of the high temperature crystalline modification for both samples were also investigated. The Raman data are in conflict with those previously reported. Assignments are made for the lattice vibrations in terms of the crystallographic unit cell C 2h 5 ( P 21/c ) with two molecules per unit cell. The spectra of the high temperature modification are consistent with those expected for orientationally disordered crystals.
Neuro-Mechanical Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea

It has become increasingly evident that the mechanical filter action of the cochlea is sharpened before neural spikes reach a recording microelectrode in the auditory nerve. When the sharpening mechanism is damaged, the neural tuning curves more closely parallel the mechanical ones (Kiang, et al., 1970; Evans and Wilson, 1973). This paper summarizes some of our experimental results suggesting one of the ways a neural sharpening may take place. Our conclusions are based on the premise that most if not all microelectrode recordings from the auditory nerve concern the radial fibers which end on the inner hair cells—a consequence of Spoendlin’s (1966, 1970) finding that they constitute 90 to 95% of all auditory-nerve afferents. If this is so, changes in the recorded frequency- or time characteristics following selective elimination of the outer hair cells suggest that, in a normal ear, these cells interact with the radial fibers, either directly, or indirectly via the inner hair cells. Of course, such evidence is not conclusive since elimination of the outer hair cells may not be completely selective and may be accompanied by subtle changes in the inner hair cells. Although anatomical evidence for the interaction is scant (Perkins, 1973), some structural relationships are suggestive. The spiral fibers course quite close to the inner hair cells and join the radial fibers at the entrance to habenula perforata. There seem to be as many spiral fibers as inner hair cells and habenular openings.
Power, capital, and artistic freedom: contemporary Chinese art communities and the city

This paper offers a critical review of the proliferation of the contemporary art colony in China since the beginning of the twenty-first century in the context of China's promotion of cultural crea...
Abstract IA07: Cancer drug target identification using domain-focused CRISPR screening

In my presentation, I will describe an experimental strategy to reveal actionable protein domains that sustain the growth of cancer cells, which relies on CRISPR-Cas9-based indel mutagenesis of exons encoding protein domains. Citation Format: Christopher Vakoc. Cancer drug target identification using domain-focused CRISPR screening [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
Direct Single Molecule Imaging of Enhanced Enzyme Diffusion

Recent experimental results have shown that enzymes can diffuse faster when they are in the presence of their reactants (substrate). This faster diffusion has been termed enhanced diffusion. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which has been employed as the only method to make these measurements, relies on analyzing the fluctuations in fluorescence intensity to measure the diffusion coefficient of particles. Recently, artifacts in FCS measurements due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions have been evaluated, calling prior enhanced diffusion results into question. It behooves us to adopt complementary and direct methods to measure the mobility of enzymes. Herein, we use a technique of direct single molecule imaging to observe the diffusion of individual enzymes in solution. This technique is less sensitive to intensity fluctuations and deduces the diffusion coefficient directly based on the trajectory of the enzyme. Our measurements recapitulate that enzyme diffusion is enhanced in the presence of its substrate and find that the relative increase in diffusion of a single enzyme is even higher than those previously reported using FCS. We also use this complementary method to test if the total enzyme concentration affects the relative increase in diffusion and if the enzyme oligomerization state changes during its catalytic turnover. We find that the diffusion increase is independent of the total concentration of enzymes and the presence of substrate does not change the oligomerization state of enzymes.
Gastric lipomas: a case series and review of a rare tumor.

The purpose of the study was to investigate and review the multimodality imaging findings of gastric lipomas. Seven patients with gastric lipomas identified by CT imaging at a single institution be...
Exergy Surface Shaping and Thermodynamic Flow Control of Electro-Mechanical-Thermal Systems

This paper extends the concepts and tools of Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control (HSSPFC) for electro-mechanical (EM) systems to exergy surface shaping and thermodynamic flow control (ESSTFC) for electro-mechanical-thermal (EMT) systems (i.e., irreversible work processes with heat and mass flows). For this paper, extended irreversible thermodynamics will be utilised to produce consistent thermal equations of motion that directly include the exergy destruction terms. A simplified EMT system that models the EMT dynamics of a Navy ship equipped with a railgun is used to demonstrate the application of ESSTFC for designing high performance, stable nonlinear controllers for EMT systems.
Disgust sensitivity and kosher food preferences among the non-Jewish population in the US

About $200 billion of kosher-certified foods are purchased each year in the US, and companies can pay up to $100,000 to private agencies to certify that their products meet kosher standards. Although kosher certification is ostensibly for the purpose of Jewish religious observance, the vast majority of people who buy kosher food are not Jewish. In this study, we examine the psychological drivers of these purchases among people who are not Jewish. Our study found that people with high levels of contamination disgust sensitivity were more likely to prefer kosher food, which is often marketed in a manner that implies that it has fewer contaminants. The effect of contamination disgust sensitivity on preference for kosher food was partially mediated by perceptions that kosher food rated highly on dimensions related to oral disgust (food rejection) rather than on dimensions related to moral disgust. Moderated mediation was significant for the factor of subjective knowledge, such that the mediation effect only occurred among participants who reported high levels of knowledge about kosher food. Strength of religious affiliation was a marginally significant covariate, as people who reported high levels of affiliation with organized religion had a greater preference for kosher food.
A Meta-Analysis of Program Characteristics for Youth with Disruptive Behavior Problems: The Moderating Role of Program Format and Youth Gender.

There is high variability in efficacy for interventions for youth with disruptive behavior problems (DBP). Despite evidence of the unique correlates and critical consequences of girls' DBP, there is a dearth of research examining treatment efficacy for girls. This meta-analysis of 167 unique effect sizes from 29 studies (28,483 youth, 50% female; median age: 14) suggests that existing treatments have a medium positive effect on DBP (g = .33). For both boys and girls, the most effective interventions included (a) multimodal or group format, (b) cognitive skills or family systems interventions, and (c) length-intensive programs for (d) younger children. Boys demonstrated significantly greater treatment gains from group format interventions compared to girls, which is particularly important given that the group program format was the most prevalent format for boys and girls, with 14 studies involving 10,433 youth encompassing this category. This is the first meta-analysis to examine the effect of program characteristics in a sample of programs selected to be specifically inclusive of girls. Given that girls are underrepresented in intervention research on DBP, findings are discussed in terms of gender-responsive considerations and elucidating how key aspects of program structure can support more effective intervention outcomes for youth.
Phosphorylation of SMURF2 by ATM exerts a negative feedback control of DNA damage response

Timely repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential to maintaining genomic integrity and preventing illnesses induced by genetic abnormalities. We previously demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2 plays a critical tumor suppressing role via its interaction with RNF20 (ring finger protein 20) in shaping chromatin landscape and preserving genomic stability. However, the mechanism that mobilizes SMURF2 in response to DNA damage remains unclear. Using biochemical approaches and MS analysis, we show that upon the onset of the DNA-damage response, SMURF2 becomes phosphorylated at Ser384 by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) serine/threonine kinase, and this phosphorylation is required for its interaction with RNF20. We demonstrate that a SMURF2 mutant with an S384A substitution has reduced capacity to ubiquitinate RNF20 while promoting Smad3 ubiquitination unabatedly. More importantly, mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing the SMURF2 S384A mutant show a weakened ability to sustain the DSB response compared with those expressing WT SMURF2 following etoposide treatment. These data indicate that SMURF2-mediated RNF20 ubiquitination and degradation controlled by ataxia telangiectasia mutated-induced phosphorylation at Ser384 constitutes a negative feedback loop that regulates DSB repair.
Modeling of Volume Scattering in Bicontinuous Random Medium for Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Snow from 4 to 18 GHz

In this paper, we study the snow aggregation and its effects on the frequency dependence of snow volume scattering from C to Ku band (4-18GHz) with the bicontinuous model. The snow microstructures are modeled by the bicontinuous model. The snow size distribution and aggregation are quantified by the bicontinuous correlation function which then gives the spectral density of snow. The phase matrix of snow is derived from the volume integral equation based on the Born approximation (BA). The phase matrix is proportional to the spectral density of snow. Finally, the scattering coefficients are expressed in terms of the phase matrix. The results show that snow with more aggregation has faster decay spectral density leading to a weaker frequency dependence than that of Rayleigh scattering from C to Ku band. The scattering coefficients computed with BA, and the numerical solution of Maxwell equation in 3D (NMM3D) gives similar frequency dependence of ∼2.6 power. In addition, scattering coefficients of BA and NMM3D are also in good agreement from X to Ku band.
Recombination and polymerase error facilitate restoration of infectivity in brome mosaic virus.

The tRNA-like structure present in the 3' noncoding region of each of the four virion RNAs of brome mosaic virus possesses a conserved A-67-U-A-65 (67AUA65) sequence. Four mutations in this region (67UAA65, 67GAA65, and 67CAA65, each with a double base change, and 67GUA65, containing a single point mutation), previously shown in vitro to be defective in minus-strand promoter function, were introduced into full-length genomic RNAs 2 and 3, and their replicative competence was analyzed in barley protoplasts. All four RNA 3 mutants were capable of replication, although progeny plus-sense RNA 3 accumulation was only 12 to 42% of that of the wild type. Replication of RNA 2 transcripts bearing these mutations was even more severely debilitated; the accumulation of each mutant progeny plus-strand RNA 2 was 67AUA65) sequences. In most instances, the presence of internal markers permitted discrimination between polymerase error and RNA recombination as the process by which sequence restoration occurred. The pseudorevertant sequence was found to be capable of persistence during subsequent propagation in plants when present on RNA 3 but not when present on RNA 2. These data document the fluidity of the RNA genome and reveal situations in which polymerase error or recombination can function preferentially to restore an optimal sequence. They also support the concept that RNA viruses frequently exist as quasispecies and have implications concerning evolutionary strategies for positive-strand RNA viruses.
Magnetization studies of oxides related to the high temperature cuprate superconductors

The magnetic properties related to the following high temperature superconductors were measured utilizing a Faraday magnetometer: BaCuO{sub 2+x}, La{sub 2} CuO{sub 4}, Sr{sub 2} RhO{sub 4}, Sr{sub 2} VO{sub 4}, and Sr{sub 2} CuO{sub 3}. Neutron diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and heat capacity measurements are discussed.
The Syntax of Argument Structure

1. The internal structure of argument structure and its morphosyntactic projection 2. The diathesis-driven derivation of adjectives: adjectival small clauses and predicates 3. The derivation of hybrid verbal adjuncts 4. The derivation and control of infinitive complements in Russian 5. Deriving the predicate instrumental: the status of predicate case.
Line Integral Convolution for Visualization of Fiber Tract Maps from DTI

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide the fundamental information required for viewing structural connectivity. However, robust and accurate acquisition and processing algorithms are needed to accurately map the nerve connectivity. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for extracting and visualizing the fiber tracts in the CNS specifically, the spinal cord. The automatic fiber tract mapping problem will be solved in two phases, namely a data smoothing phase and a fiber tract mapping phase. In the former, smoothing is achieved via a weighted TV-norm minimization which strives to smooth while retaining all relevant detail. For the fiber tract mapping, a smooth 3D vector field indicating the dominant anisotropic direction at each spatial location is computed from the smoothed data. Visualization of the fiber tracts is achieved by adapting a known Computer Graphics technique called the line integral convolution, which has the advantage of being able to cope with singularities in the vector field and is a resolution independent way of visualizing the 3D vector field corresponding to the dominant eigen vectors of the diffusion tensor field. Examples are presented to depict the performance of the visualization scheme on three DT-MR data sets, one from a normal and another from an injured rat spinal cord and a third from a rat brain.
Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets: Part 12. Comparison of peanut and olive soils

Abstract The atherogenicity of peanut oil is well established as is the fact that the structure of the component triglycerides of peanut oil influences its atherogenicity. This study was carried out to determine if the relative saturation of peanut oil was partly responsible for the observed effects. Rabbits were fed a semipurified, cholesterol-free diet containing 14% of North American peanut oil (iodine value, 100), South American peanut oil (iodine value, 110) or olive oil (iodine value, 83) for 8 months. Rabbits fed olive oil exhibited higher levels of serum and liver lipids than did the two peanut oil-fed groups but significantly lower levels of aortic atherosclerosis. The findings confirm earlier observations that the structure of a fat can have an affect on its atherosclerogenic potential that is independent of its level of unsaturation.
A Heuristic Approach to Examining Volatile Equilibrium at Titan's Surface

R. D. Lorenz, J. I. Lunine, and C. P. McKay have shown in a manuscript accepted for publication that, for a given ethane abundance and surface temperature, the nitrogen and methane abundances in Titan's atmosphere can be calculated, yielding a surface pressure that can be compared with the observed value. This is potentially a very valuable tool for examining the evolution of Titan's climatology. Its validity does depend on two important assumptions, however: 1) that the atmosphere of Titan is in global radiative equilibrium, and 2) that volatiles present are in vapor equilibrium with the surface. The former assumption has been shown to be likely, but the latter has not. Water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere, in fact, is generally not very close to equilibrium in a global sense. In the present work a heuristic approach is used to examine the likelihood that methane vapor is in equilibrium with Titan's surface. Plausible climate scenerios are examined that are consistent with methane vapor abundances derived from Voyager IRIS data. Simple precipitation and surface diffusion models are incorporated into the analysis. It is tentatively inferred that methane may be in surface equilibrium near the poles, but that equilibrium at low latitudes is more difficult to establish.