cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomes of Three Methylotrophs from a Single Niche Reveal the Genetic and Metabolic Divergence of the Methylophilaceae

The genomes of three representatives of the family Methylophilaceae, Methylotenera mobilis JLW8, Methylotenera versatilis 301, and Methylovorus glucosetrophus SIP3-4, all isolated from a single study site, Lake Washington in Seattle, WA, were completely sequenced. These were compared to each other and to the previously published genomes of Methylobacillus flagellatus KT and an unclassified Methylophilales strain, HTCC2181. Comparative analysis revealed that the core genome of Methylophilaceae may be as small as approximately 600 genes, while the pangenome may be as large as approximately 6,000 genes. Significant divergence between the genomes in terms of both gene content and gene and protein conservation was uncovered, including the varied presence of certain genes involved in methylotrophy. Overall, our data demonstrate that metabolic potentials can vary significantly between different species of Methylophilaceae, including organisms inhabiting the very same environment. These data suggest that genetic divergence among the members of this family may be responsible for their specialized and nonredundant functions in C₁ cycling, which in turn suggests means for their successful coexistence in their specific ecological niches.
Generalized Formal Degree

For a real or p-adic connected reductive group G, Harish-Chandra introduced the Plancherel measure on the tempered dual Ĝtemp and founded the Plancherel formula [7, 18] relating functions on G to functions on Ĝtemp. While the Plancherel measure is equal to the formal degree for square-integrable representations, there has been no similar interpretation for tempered but nonsquare-integrable representations because formal degree is not defined for them yet. This paper intends to generalize formal degree to all unitary representations. The traditional theory of formal degree deals only with square-integrable representations of G on Hilbert spaces because it involves an integral of matrix coefficients that diverges for nonsquare-integrable representations. Let Z be the center of G, and π an irreducible unitary action of G on a Hilbert space Vπ . When π is square-integrable,
Biodiversity: Recovery as nitrogen declines

Pollution from atmospheric nitrogen deposition is a major threat to biodiversity. The 160-year-old Park Grass experiment has uniquely documented this threat and demonstrated how nitrogen reductions lead to recovery. See Letter p.401 Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric nitrogen are responsible for declines in grassland biodiversity, but it is not clear to what extent this is reversible once nitrogen levels are reduced. Jonathan Storkey et al. use data from the long-running Park Grass experiment at Rothamsted to show that biodiversity has been recovering fully (in all but the most acidic soils) after UK atmospheric nitrogen levels started to decline 25 years ago.
Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus replication in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors

Influenza causes an acute infection characterized by virus replication in respiratory epithelial cells. The severity of influenza and other respiratory diseases changes over the life course and during pregnancy in women, suggesting that sex steroid hormones, such as estrogens, may be involved. Using primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures from adult male and female donors, we exposed cultures to the endogenous 17β-estradiol (E2) or select estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and then infected cultures with a seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) to determine whether estrogenic signaling could affect the outcome of IAV infection and whether these effects were sex dependent. Estradiol, raloxifene, and bisphenol A decreased IAV titers in hNECs from female, but not male, donors. The estrogenic decrease in viral titer was dependent on the genomic estrogen receptor-2 (ESR2) as neither genomic ESR1 nor nongenomic GPR30 was expressed in hNEC cultures and addition of the genomic ER antagonist ICI 182,780 reversed the antiviral effects of E2. Treatment of hNECs with E2 had no effect on interferon or chemokine secretion but significantly downregulated cell metabolic processes, including genes that encode for zinc finger proteins, many of which contain estrogen response elements in their promoters. These data provide novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of how natural and synthetic estrogens impact IAV infection in respiratory epithelial cells derived from humans.
Future of therapy for rectal cancer

Since 2004, the standard of care for patients with cT3 and/or N+ rectal cancer has been preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. A number of advances have occurred and are defining the future of rectal cancer therapy. Among these are short course radiation, the impact of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, selective radiation and selective surgery, and new chemoradiation regimens with novel agents. This review will examine these developments and assess their impact on the future therapy of rectal cancer.
Picture This: Multimodal representations of prospective teachers' metaphors about teachers and teaching

Abstract Metaphors are often used to help prospective teachers' articulate ideas and knowledge about teachers and teaching. This article reports the results of a study focused on a multimodal project completed by prospective teachers (N = 52) for the express purpose of identifying, capturing, displaying, and articulating their metaphorical definition(s) of teachers and teaching. Findings suggest that multimodality offered varied and nuanced ways for participants to represent and share metaphors. Findings also suggest that offering prospective teachers with opportunities to consider and articulate metaphorical ideas through multimodal means may further contribute to their development as they learn to teach.
Great Northern Bean Could Improve the Nutritional Value of Instant Noodles

Instant noodles were prepared by substituting hard red winter (HRW) wheat flour with Great Northern bean powder (GNBP) at selected levels (0–60%) using a pilot-scale noodle processing machine. The functional properties, water absorption, water solubility, and pasting profiles of flour mixtures were tested to verify the process tolerances of ingredients. Prepared noodle samples were evaluated for color, cooking quality, texture, and sensory properties. Slight color differences, an increased cooking loss, and reduced chewiness, cohesiveness, and hardness were observed in cooked noodles that were prepared with GNBP up to 25% of HRW wheat flour weight. The results suggest that HRW wheat flour could be replaced up to 20% (w/w) with GNBP, while still using the conventional processing conditions, to improve the product nutritional value (i.e., increased protein and fiber contents and reduced fat content) (P < 0.05).
Long non-coding RNA regulation of liver cancer stem cell self-renewal offers new therapeutic targeting opportunities

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are critical regulators of gene expression, and can reprogram the transcriptome to modulate cellular processes involved in cellular growth and differentiation, and thereby contribute to tumorigenesis. In addition to effects on tumor cell growth, survival and cell signaling, lncRNA can modulate cancer stem cell (CSC) behavior, including the expression of pluripotency factors. The identification of lncRNA that are mechanistically linked to cancer stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, or aberrant signaling pathways associated with tumor growth or progression, offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Effect of Temperature on Development of Hymenopterous Parasitoids of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Investigations were conducted on effect of temperature on development of parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Coeloides pissodes (Ashmead), Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, Spathius pallidus Ashmead, Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), and Heydenia unica Cook & Davis were studied in the field and at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30°C in the laboratory. Development of parasitoids from egg to adult at field temperatures during August 1991 required ≈2 wk for all species. The southern pine beetle requires ≈1 mo to complete development at optimum temperatures. There was little difference in development times among these parasitoid species at 20°C. All parasitoid species required approximately twice as long to develop at 20°C than at the two higher temperatures. Males generally developed more rapidly than females at all temperatures. Survival of all species except D. dendroctoni decreased at 15°C. The greatest numbers of parasitoids were reared from study trees that contained an ≈1:1 host-stage ratio of late instars to pupae.
We Built That The Lost Fight for Florida’s Cross State Highway

The construction of the Tamiami Trail was an epic feat of engineering and it enabled the development of South Florida. But historical accounts ignore routinely its rival, the Cross State Highway. A...
Attempted Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Ribonucleic Acid

SummaryTentative results have been obtained which indicate that the phosphorus content of ribonucleic acid can be increased by incubation with myokinase and ATP. An increase in phosphorus content of about 14% above the control values was obtained for calf liver PNA and increases ranging from 17 to 48% were obtained with calf pancreas ribonucleate.
Hindbrain cytoglucopenia-induced increases in systemic blood glucose levels by 2-deoxyglucose depend on intact astrocytes and adenosine release

The hindbrain contains critical neurocircuitry responsible for generating defensive physiological responses to hypoglycemia. This counter-regulatory response (CRR) is evoked by local hindbrain cytoglucopenia that causes an autonomically mediated increase in blood glucose, feeding behavior, and accelerated digestion; that is, actions that restore glucose homeostasis. Recent reports suggest that CRR may be initially triggered by astrocytes in the hindbrain. The present studies in thiobutabarbital-anesthetized rats show that exposure of the fourth ventricle (4V) to 2-deoxyglucose (2DG; 15 μmol) produced a 35% increase in circulating glucose relative to baseline levels. While the 4V application of the astrocytic signal blocker, fluorocitrate (FC; 5 nmol), alone, had no effect on blood glucose levels, 2DG-induced increases in glucose were blocked by 4V FC. The 4V effect of 2DG to increase glycemia was also blocked by the pretreatment with caffeine (nonselective adenosine antagonist) or a potent adenosine A1 antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine; DPCPX) but not the NMDA antagonist (MK-801). These results suggest that CNS detection of glucopenia is mediated by astrocytes and that astrocytic release of adenosine that occurs after hypoglycemia may cause the activation of downstream neural circuits that drive CRR.
Childhood Obesity and Risk of Pediatric MS

Researchers at Kaiser Permanente of Southern California studied a possible relation between childhood obesity and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) or its potential precursor, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which encompasses optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM).
Determination of Paeoniflorin in Bazhen Pills and Bazhen Yimu Pills by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis(HPCE)

OBJECTIVE:A HPCE method for determination of paeoniflorin in Bazhen pills and Bazhen Yimu pills was developed METHODS:Measurements were carried out in a buffer solution containing 50mmol/L borax solution (pH 10 6),at detection wavelength 230nm with 20KV running voltage applied to a 50cm×50μm capillary RESULTS:The linear range of paeoniflorin was in the range of 0 0 625～1 0mg/ml(r=0 9 995),RSD within days was 1 61%,RSD between days was 3 15% The recovery of paeoniflorin was 98 19%～98 45% The results of detection for Bazhen pills and Bazhen Yimu pills were highly correlated to those obtained by HPLC CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid,economical and accurate
Monosialoganglioside-Containing Nanoliposomes Restore Endothelial Function Impaired by AL Amyloidosis Light Chain Proteins.

Veterans Affairs Merit grant [I0 1BX007080]; National Institutes of Health [NIA R21AG044723, GM RO1 071514]; Amyloidosis Foundation; American Heart Association [0855683G]; Carl T. Hayden Medical Research Foundation; Mayo Foundation; Midwestern University
Knowledge of the Costs of Diagnostic Imaging: A Survey of Physician Trainees at a Large Academic Medical Center.

Abstract Purpose To study the awareness of postgraduate physician trainees across a variety of specialties regarding the costs of common imaging examinations. Methods During early 2016, we conducted an online survey of all 1,238 physicians enrolled in internships, residencies, and fellowships at a large academic medical center. Respondents were asked to estimate Medicare national average total allowable fees for five commonly performed examinations: two-view chest radiograph, contrast-enhanced CT abdomen and pelvis, unenhanced MRI lumbar spine, complete abdominal ultrasound, and unenhanced CT brain. Responses within ±25% of published amounts were deemed correct. Respondents were also asked about specialty, postgraduate year of training, previous radiology education, and estimated number of imaging examinations ordered per week. Results A total of 381 of 1,238 trainees returned complete surveys (30.8%). Across all five examinations, only 5.7% (109/1,905) of responses were within the correct ±25% range. A total of 76.4% (291/381) of all respondents incorrectly estimated every examination's cost. Estimation accuracy was not associated with number of imaging examinations ordered per week or year of training. There was no significant difference in cost estimation accuracy between those who participated in medical school radiology electives and those who did not ( P = .14). Only 17.5% of trainees considered their imaging cost knowledge adequate. Overall, 75.3% desire integration of cost data into clinical decision support and/or computerized physician order entry systems. Conclusions Postgraduate physician trainees across all disciplines demonstrate limited awareness of the costs of commonly ordered imaging examinations. Targeted medical school education and integration of imaging cost information into clinical decision support / computerized physician order entry systems seems indicated.
Neurologic Outcome of Asphyxiated Newborns

The use of a standardized clinical neuromotor examination performed at 3 months of age (NMS-3), as a predictor of 1-year outcome (NMS-12), is evaluated in a prospective study of 60 term infants with perinatal depression, at the University of California, San Francisco.
Power quality analysis system of electrified railway based on PSASP and virtual node and applications

Power quality analysis calculation is an important power system analysis method, which is always held in high regard by power quality researchers. Electrified railway load destroys the symmetrical operation of the power system that injects harmonic current and negative sequence current into the system. A power quality analysis system based on PSASP is developed in this paper to calculate harmonic current and three-phase voltage unbalance generated by electrified railway. System transformation method and virtual nodes are used in the analysis system to make the two-phase traction power supply system and three-phase power system unified in topology so that three-phase calculation method can be used. The System transformation method, virtual nodes and the structure of PSASP are illustrated. The modification of node admittance matrix and the process of the calculation are discussed in brief. The wscc-9 nodes system example and a practical example show that the power quality analysis system has higher availability.
Characteristics and Factors Associated With Pain in Older Homeless Individuals: Results From the Health Outcomes in People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age (HOPE HOME) Study.

Abstract Individuals experiencing homelessness in the United States are aging; little is known about chronic pain in this population. In a cross-sectional, population-based study, we interviewed 350 homeless individuals aged 50 years and older to describe pain experienced by older persons experiencing homelessness and to assess factors associated with chronic moderate to severe pain, defined as pain lasting ≥3 months, with a past week average severity score of 5 to 10 (scale 0–10). The median age of participants was 58 years. Participants were predominantly African American (79.6%) and male (77.3%). Overall, 46.8% reported chronic moderate to severe pain. Almost half of participants reported a diagnosis of arthritis (44.3%) and one-third reported symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 32.8%). Three-quarters (75.3%) endorsed a personal history of abuse. In multivariate analyses, PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.7), arthritis (AOR: 4.8, 95% CI, 3.0–7.8), and history of experiencing abuse (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI, 1.3–4.3) were associated with chronic moderate to severe pain. HIV status, diabetes, depressive symptoms, and substance use were not associated with pain. Clinicians should consider the management of associated mental health conditions and the sequelae of experiencing abuse in the treatment of chronic pain in older adults experiencing homelessness. Perspective This article describes the prevalence and factors associated with chronic pain in older homeless adults. Almost half report chronic pain, which was associated with PTSD, arthritis, and personal history of abuse. Clinicians should address chronic pain, trauma, and the associated mental health conditions in this high-risk population.
Reutilization of amino acids in protein synthesis in HeLa cells.

Abstract On the assumption that all amino acids entering protein must pass through the intracellular pool of free amino acids, reutilization of leucine, lysine, arginine, and alanine was determined by pulse labeling of HeLa cell protein, followed by a chase in unlabeled medium and measurement of the specific activities of the intracellular free pool and protein amino acids. The half-lives of the amino acids in protein were similar (approximately 72 hours), as were those of the intracellular free pool amino acids (approximately 25 hours). When specific activity values were compared between pool and protein at 10 hours, reutilization based on this assumption was found to be about 40% for lysine, leucine, and arginine and about 20% for alanine. Because the turnover rates of HeLa cell protein constituents differ widely, and because the truth of the stated assumption was doubtful, a more accurate measure of reutilization was sought. The intracellular pools of free lysine, leucine, and phenylalanine in unlabeled HeLa cells were equilibrated with the amino acids in labeled medium (40 min), and a protein (ferritin) was then induced over 3 hours, before the bulk of the protein had acquired significant labeling. Ferritin was then isolated by immunoprecipitation and its specific activity was measured and compared to that of the intracellular free pools and the medium. Reutilization of leucine was 81%, lysine, 86%, and phenylalanine, 84%. Moreover, the specific activity of leucine in newly induced ferritin was 30% lower than that of leucine in the free pool, and that of ferritin phenylalanine was 62% lower than pool phenylalanine, showing the separation into compartments of amino acids, part derived from protein breakdown and reutilized and part derived from the intracellular free pool of amino acids.
Bio-inspired metal-coordinate hydrogels with programmable viscoelastic material functions controlled by longwave UV light

Control over the viscoelastic mechanical properties of hydrogels intended for use as biomedical materials has long been a goal of soft matter scientists. Recent research has shown that materials made from polymers with reversibly associating transient crosslinks are a promising strategy for controlling viscoelasticity in hydrogels, for example leading to systems with precisely tunable mechanical energy-dissipation. We and others have shown that bio-inspired histidine:transition metal ion complexes allow highly precise and tunable control over the viscoelastic properties of transient network hydrogels. In this paper, we extend the design of these hydrogels such that their viscoelastic properties respond to longwave UV radiation. We show that careful selection of the histidine:transition metal ion crosslink mixtures allows unique control over pre- and post-UV viscoelastic properties. We anticipate that our strategy for controlling stimuli-responsive viscoelastic properties will aid biomedical materials scientists in the development of soft materials with specific stress-relaxing or energy-dissipating properties.
Linking Immigrant Women's Life Writing and Service Learning in a Women's and Gender Studies Classroom

Intersections of gender, migration, and literature—specifically life writing—are a site of inquiry in my research and teaching. I am a German immigrant who came to the US on a student visa and chan...
High Temperature, Living Polymerization of Ethylene by a Sterically-Demanding Nickel(II) α-Diimine Catalyst.

Catalysts that employ late transition-metals, namely Ni and Pd, have been extensively studied for olefin polymerizations, co-polymerizations, and for the synthesis of advanced polymeric structures, such as block co-polymers. Unfortunately, many of these catalysts often exhibit poor thermal stability and/or non-living polymerization behavior that limits their ability to access tailored polymer structures. Due to this, the development of catalysts that display controlled/living behavior at elevated temperatures is vital. In this manuscript, we describe a Ni α-diimine complex that is capable of polymerizing ethylene in a living manner at temperatures as high as 75 °C, which is one of the highest temperatures reported for the living polymerization of ethylene by a late transition metal-based catalyst. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that this catalyst’s living behavior is not dependent on the presence of monomer, and that it can be exploited to access polyethylene-based block co-polymers.
The Hughes-Roberts Visit

In the 1936 case of Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, Justice Owen Roberts voted to invalidate New York’s minimum wage law for women. The following spring, Roberts joined the majority in upholding Washington State’s minimum wage statute. How best to account for this “switch” is a central preoccupation of New Deal constitutional history. In recent years, a number of scholars have called attention to a visit that Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and his wife made to Roberts’ Pennsylvania farm in the summer of 1936, in the wake of the public firestorm following the announcement of the Tipaldo decision. As Mrs. Roberts reported to her good friend, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Hughes and Roberts were engaged in nearly constant conversation throughout the afternoon, the evening, and the following morning of the 24-hour visit. We do not know what the subjects of those conversations were. Nevertheless, some have suggested that Hughes may have been trying to persuade his junior colleague of two things: first, that the recent spate of decisions invalidating various economic programs had made the Court as an institution unpopular and vulnerable to attack; and second, of the consequent need for Roberts to support economic and social welfare legislation that would be challenged before the Court in the coming term. On this view, it may well have been the Chief Justice’s persuasive efforts that brought about Roberts’ change of position in 1937.This story has considerable intuitive, human appeal, but it appears to suffer from a serious flaw. For the transcript of the Columbia Oral History Project interview with Secretary Perkins, which is the lone primary source upon which this account purports to rely, seems clearly to place the visit and the conversations in question not in the summer of 1936, but instead during the summer of 1935. If that placement is correct, then Hughes visited Roberts before Roberts cast his vote in Tipaldo; before both Hughes and Roberts voted to invalidate the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 in United States v. Butler (1936); and before both Hughes and Roberts voted to invalidate provisions of the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 in Carter v. Carter Coal (1936). Thus, were one tempted to draw inferences about the content of the discussions that Hughes and Roberts had during the visit, those inferences would be quite different from those suggested by scholars placing the visit in 1936.
Considerations for Reconstruction of the Head and Neck Oncologic Patient

The history of treatment of head and neck cancer has been one of continual applications of new techniques in the hope of improving cure rates and functional rehabilitation after tumor ablation. Before the 1960s the drive to resect head and neck cancer (seemingly at all costs) frequently resulted in radical ablation with horrendous deformities and often significant morbidity. During the 1960s and 1970s combination therapy, using radiotherapy and surgery, yielded higher cure rates than aggressive ablative surgery alone in many circumstances. At that same time, several surgeons established the concept that less tissue could be removed in many cases without compromising the cancer cure rates.1–12 Since the 1970s, however, there has been a virtual plateau in the cure rates for tumors of most regions of the head and neck.
What's Old Is New Again: The Sacroiliac Joint as a Cause of Lateralizing Low Back Pain.

It has not been easy to identify mechanical failure of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) with traditional imaging. The integrated model of function (Lee and Vleeming, 1998) suggests that under normal circumstances, form and force closure combined contribute to sacral nutation and “locking” the SIJ for optimal load transfer. This model is supported by clinical evidence and scintigraphic findings that contribute to successful therapy in 80% of cases. Single-photon emission computed tomography and x-ray computed tomography (SPECT-CT), a hybrid device, was used in a study of 1200 patients (64% female and 36% male patients with an average age of 42 years; range, 15–78 years) with a clinical diagnosis of SIJ incompetence (pelvic girdle pain syndrome). Standard clinical testing and an alternate series of tests were used as a reference standard for imaging. Symptoms were present for a mean of 43 months. Imaging finding were of increased uptake in the upper SIJ (S1–S2), with extension into the dorsal interosseous ligament and measurable by count profile. Associated findings of tendon enthesopathy reflected altered biomechanics around the pelvis. Ipsilateral adductor enthesopathy was found in 70% and contralateral hamstring enthesopathy in 60% of patients. SPECT-CT criteria for the diagnosis of SIJ incompetence were developed and validated. SPECT-CT is a valid and reproducible technique for the diagnosis of SIJ incompetence with high concordance and specificity compared to the reference standards. Findings are supportive of the integrated model of SIJ function proposed by Lee and Vleeming.
Image-guided, Minimally Invasive Evacuation of Intracerebral Hematoma: A Matched Cohort Study Comparing the Endoscopic and Tubular Exoscopic Systems.

Introduction Novel image-guided, minimally invasive techniques to evacuate intracerebral hematomas represent a promising new avenue in the management of this disease entity. To our knowledge, a direct comparison of the Penumbra Apollo (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, California, US) and Nico BrainPath (Indianapolis, Indiana, US) system has not yet been performed. Methods A retrospective review of image-guided, minimally invasive evacuation of intracerebral hematomas performed at one academic institution in the United States between July 2015 and July 2017 was performed. Cases performed with the Apollo and BrainPath system were matched based on age, gender, hematoma location and laterality, and volume. Results Twenty-four patients underwent surgery using either of the two minimally invasive surgical systems and five cases in each group were matched for age, gender, hematoma location and laterality, and volume. Median time from symptom onset to evacuation was two days with a mean distance from the brain surface to the clot of approximately 40 millimeters in both groups. Both techniques achieved comparable clot evacuation. The functional outcome was poor with either technique with the majority of patients dependent or dead at last follow-up. Conclusions In the present, small, matched cohort study, both the Apollo and BrainPath techniques achieved satisfactory clot evacuation. Nevertheless, the functional outcome in this patient population remains poor in the majority of cases.
Tissue resident memory B cells established in lungs in allergic asthma

Allergic asthma is a disease driven by the adaptive immune system in the lungs. B cells play a critical role during the allergen sensitization process by producing IgE and possibly through antigen presentation. While most current research has focused on the role of CD4+ tissue resident memory (TRM) cells, it is not known whether TRM B cells exist within the lungs and what role they might play. To investigate this question, we sensitized mice to house dust mite (HDM) intranasally for three weeks to induce asthmatic symptoms. We in vivo labeled mice with circulating fluorescent anti CD45 mAb and assessed the lung B cells’ susceptibility to labeling. We found that B cells, that are resistant to in vivo labeling, are a major population of lung lymphocytes following HDM sensitization. We were further able to detect these non-circulating B cells in the lungs as late as 10 weeks after treatment in sensitized mice. Furthermore, these cells were found in the same anatomic locations as CD4+ TRM cells and underwent expansion during HDM challenge. These data suggest that B cells do form a tissue resident population in the lungs and that these cells are involved in allergic asthmatic responses. This resident memory population of B cells are also locally activated upon allergen rechallenge. Whether these B cells are reactivated by HDM-derived antigens or by T cell-derived cytokines is yet to be determined.
Alabama Brief Cognitive Screener: Utility of a New Cognitive Screening Instrument in a Memory Disorders Clinic.

Objective We assessed the clinical utility of the Alabama Brief Cognitive Screener (ABCs), an alternative to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), for cognitive screening in a new electronic medical record. Other available nonproprietary instruments were determined to be more tuned to milder deficits than the MMSE. Methods The ABCs was administered as part of routine clinical assessment in the University of Alabama at Birmingham memory disorders clinics from April 30, 2012, to April 30, 2015. Outpatients (N = 1,589) with clinician diagnoses (ICD-9-CM) of memory loss, mild cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's dementia, or dementia not otherwise specified were included in the analysis. Memory disorder clinicians used multiple sources of information for assignment of diagnoses, including interviews with patients and caregivers, the ABCs, figure copy, semantic fluencies, phonemic fluencies, ratings of daily function, imaging, laboratory tests, and medical records. Results Scoring distribution by diagnosis was mild cognitive impairment (n = 310): mean (SD) = 25.47 (3.37), median = 26; Alzheimer's dementia (n = 208): mean (SD) = 16.42 (6.33), median = 17; cerebral degeneration (n = 371): mean (SD) = 20.61 (5.90), median = 21; memory loss (n = 583): mean (SD) = 24.90 (5.09), median = 27; and dementia (n = 117): mean (SD) = 15.18 (6.34), median = 15. Mean ABCs scores differed by diagnosis (Wilcoxon signed-ranks Z = 483.5, P < .001). This finding was consistent with a meta-analysis of MMSE performance between groups. Conclusions ABCs scores vary appropriately by diagnosis and resemble MMSE scoring distributions. The ABCs provides a nonproprietary alternative to the MMSE to assess the severity of cognitive deficits.
Getting personal with myelodysplastic syndromes: is now the right time?

Introduction: Commonly used scoring systems rely on blood counts, histological and cytological examination of bone marrow and peripheral blood as well as cytogenetic assessments to estimate prognos...
Orb-web spiders as Bayesian learners

Orb-web spiders typically construct their webs with a vertical asymmetry: the hub, or meeting point of the radial threads, is often above the geometric center of the web. Previous explanations for this asymmetry involve differences in up/down running speed and mass, but fail to account adequately for ontogenetic changes in vertical asymmetry. The current article argues that the hub location is determined so as to maximize the expected number of prey and is updated, partially, in response to predation experience. A Bayesian model of spider learning from predation experience is presented and shown to be alone a better fit than spider mass to an existing empirical dataset. Combining this Bayesian model with the extant results on spider mass and differential running speeds ought to provide more thorough explanations for observed web asymmetry. The results of this theory-driven work positions orb-web spiders as a potentially ideal study family for animal Bayesian learning: predation experience is manifest in the spider's orb-web geometry, which is updated frequently, and is readily quantifiable. Spider orb webs ought to facilitate further theoretical and empirical work in animal cognition and learning.
Panel Discussion: Integrating Active Learning into Content-Focused Class Sessions

Find out new approaches and strategies for engaging students, even in larger classes, in active-learning tasksâ€”without detracting from key course content.
Freedom of Association

In Canada, the question of the meaning of the constitutional guarantee of freedom of association has been raised most frequently and persistently in the labour relations context The dual nature of the core labour rights and freedoms of collective organization, collective bargaining, and collective withdrawal of labour as both fundamental human rights and key components of economic policy makes it very difficult for courts to grapple with them in the constitutional context. The Supreme Court of Canada has been badly divided over the scope of collective activities by workers and unions protected by constitutional guarantees of freedom of association over the past 30 years. Precedents have been overturned, and reasons that appeared in dissent subsequently figured in majority decisions. Changes in the composition of the bench as well as the economic and political climate have undermined the achievement of a principled consensus over the constitutional interpretation of section 2(d) in the context of labour relations. This judicial discord is a problem because, ultimately, the legitimacy of a constitutional court’s decisions rest upon its ability to provide convincing reasons. The deep jurisprudential divisions amongst members of the Supreme Court of Canada over the interpretation of freedom of association in the labour relations context were staked out in the Court’s earliest decisions. In order to illustrate the resurgence of the same repertoire of arguments, this chapter provides a chronological discussion of the freedom of association jurisprudence. Cases involving labour relations receive the greatest attention, and those that pertain to the scope of the freedom to associate are discussed before cases involving to freedom from association. The focus throughout is on the recurring tropes — the type of interpretive approach (abstract or contextual), the nature of the right or freedom (statutory, fundamental, individual, collective, negative or positive), the appropriate judicial stance (activist or deferential) and interpretive sources (domestic legislation and international law) — that shape the jurisprudence and that are at the heart of any endeavor to give principled content to the constitutional guarantee of freedom of association.
Resummation for 2 → n processes in single-particle-inclusive kinematics

We present a formalism and detailed analytical results for soft-gluon resummation for $2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n$ processes in single-particle-inclusive (1PI) kinematics. This generalizes previous work on resummation for $2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$ processes in 1PI kinematics. We also present soft anomalous dimensions at one and two loops for certain $2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3$ processes involving top quarks and Higgs or $Z$ bosons, and we provide some brief numerical results.
Demographics and the Epidemiological Risk Factors for Dementia in Hispanic/Latino Populations

The aging of the Hispanic/Latino population, their projected gains in life expectancy, and their high prevalence of chronic health conditions raise concerns about the well-being of their elder in the coming decades. This chapter examines demographic and epidemiologic risk factors for dementia in Hispanics/Latinos as well as provides estimates of the prevalence of dementia and associated mortality risks in a sample of elderly Hispanics/Latinos. Aging trends come from the 2014 National Population Projections by the Census Bureau. Their prevalence and mortality rates are estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS). The NLMS sample in this study consists of Hispanics/Latinos of any race and non-Hispanic White individuals in selected Current Population Study (CPS) surveys who were enrolled in Medicare and who reached age 65 between 1991 and 2011. The findings confirm that male and female Hispanics/Latinos have a higher prevalence of dementia than non-Hispanic White individuals in the same age groups for ages 60–64 and 65–69 and for females ages 70–74. At older ages, Hispanics/Latinos have similar or lower rates of dementia than non-Hispanic/Latino White individuals. We find differences in the prevalence of dementia by Hispanic country of origin and by educational attainment, but not by nativity (U.S.-born vs. foreign-born). In terms of mortality, Hispanics/Latinos afflicted with dementia are less likely to die at each age group compared to non-Hispanic White individuals with dementia. These patterns could be idiosyncratic to our Medicare-CPS linked sample, warranting further research.
Prognostic Significance of Extranodal Extension in HPV-Mediated Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo determine the prognostic role of extranodal extension (ENE) among patients with human papilloma virus–positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) through a systematic ...
Epigenetics modifiers: potential hub for understanding and treating neurodevelopmental disorders from hypoxic injury

The fetal brain is adapted to the hypoxic conditions present during normal in utero development. Relatively more hypoxic states, either chronic or acute, are pathologic and can lead to significant long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. In utero hypoxic injury is associated with neonatal mortality and millions of lives lived with varying degrees of disability. Genetic studies of children with neurodevelopmental disease indicate that epigenetic modifiers regulating DNA methylation and histone remodeling are critical for normal brain development. Epigenetic modifiers are also regulated by environmental stimuli, such as hypoxia. Indeed, epigenetic modifiers that are mutated in children with genetic neurodevelopmental diseases are regulated by hypoxia in a number of preclinical models and may be part of the mechanism for the long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae seem in children with hypoxic brain injury. Thus, a comprehensive understanding the role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in hypoxic injury is critical for developing novel strategies to treat children with hypoxic injury. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intersection between epigenetics, brain development, and hypoxia. Opportunities for the use of epigenetics as biomarkers of neurodevelopmental disease after hypoxic injury and potential clinical epigenetics targets to improve outcomes after injury are also discussed. While there have been many published studies on the epigenetics of hypoxia, more are needed in the developing brain in order to determine which epigenetic pathways may be most important for mitigating the long-term consequences of hypoxic brain injury.
A Lower Division General Education Course in Fashion: Revisit Curricula in Fashion/Apparel/Textiles Programs

Many textiles/apparel programs are facing hardship due to the relatively small size of the program. Creating general education (GE) courses can be an effective tool to not only increase the enrollment, but also recruit new students. FASH 30 Fashion and the Human Environment was created in a fashion program at a four-year university as an introductory course to fashion students. Then it was converted to a lower division GE course. PEST analysis served as a foundation of the course development. PEST refers to a strategic method for understanding external environment by following the framework including political, economic, socio-cultural and technological components. Built on the PEST Model, FASH 30 takes acritical look at the complex human environment by using fashion as a common thread that links the diverse facets of it together. An increasing enrollment pattern of FASH 30has been consistent after it became a GE course.
Step-bunching transitions on vicinal surfaces with attractive step interactions

Abstract We study vicinal crystal surfaces within the terrace–step–kink model on a discrete lattice. Including both a short-ranged attractive interaction and a long-ranged repulsive interaction arising from elastic forces, we discover a series of phases in which steps coalesce into bunches of n b steps each. The value of n b varies with temperature and the ratio of short- to long-range interaction strengths. For bunches with large number of steps, we show that, at T =0, our bunch phases correspond to the well-known periodic groove structure first predicted by Marchenko. An extension to T >0 is developed. We propose that the bunch phases have been observed in very recent experiments on Si surfaces, and we advance a conjecture explaining the exponent β ≈0.5 describing the shape of the observed phase transition curves. Further experiments are suggested. Within the context of a mapping of the model to a system of bosons on a 1D lattice, the bunch phases appear as quantum n -mers.
Energy harvesting optical modulators with sub-attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption.

The light input to a semiconductor optical modulator can constitute an electrical energy supply through the photovoltaic effect, which is unexploited in conventional modulators. In this work, we leverage this effect to demonstrate a silicon modulator with sub-aJ/bit electrical energy consumption at sub-GHz speeds, relevant for massively parallel input/output systems such as neural interfaces. We use the parasitic photovoltaic current to self-charge the modulator and a single transistor to modulate the stored charge. This way, the electrical driver only needs to charge the nano-scale gate of the transistor, with attojoule-scale energy dissipation. We implement this ‘photovoltaic modulator’ in a monolithic CMOS platform. This work demonstrates how close integration and co-design of electronics and photonics offers a path to optical switching with as few as 500 injected electrons and electrical energy consumption as low as 20 zJ/bit, achieved only by recovering the absorbed optical energy that is wasted in conventional modulation. Optical modulators are a critical component for many future applications. Here the authors present a photovoltaic modulator that uses photogenerated charges and a nanoscale switch to enable low power (attojoule level), GHz-speed modulation in a CMOS-compatible platform.
Design and Implementation of DDH: A Distributed Dynamic Hashing Algorithm

DDH extends the idea of dynamic hashing algorithms to distributed systems. DDH spreads data across multiple servers in a network using a novel autonomous location discovery algorithm that learns the bucket locations instead of using a centralized directory.
Transfer and Competition in Second Language Learning

Abstract Recent work has explored the application of the Competition Model (MacWhinney & Bates, 1989) to the study of second language acquisition. In making this extension, it is important to distinguish between transfer from L1 and direct learning of L2. Both processes can be analyzed in terms of the constructs of cue reliability, cue cost, and form-function mappings. The model predicts certain typical varieties of transfer during the process of phonological, syntactic, and lexical learning. In the attempt to maximize the transfer of L1 structures the learner uses a variety of complex learning strategies. In areas where transfer is poorly supported, the learner acquires L2 structures directly. Cue reliability and cue cost estimates can also be used to characterize the direct acquisition of L2 structures.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in HIV Infection

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are innate immune cells that are specialized to produce interferon-alpha (IFNα) and participate in activating adaptive immune responses. Although IFNα inhibits HIV-1 (HIV) replication in vitro, pDCs may act as inflammatory and immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs) rather than classical antigen-presenting cells during chronic HIV infection in vivo, contributing more to HIV pathogenesis than to protection. Improved understanding of HIV–pDC interactions may yield potential new avenues of discovery to prevent HIV transmission, to blunt chronic immune activation and exhaustion, and to enhance beneficial adaptive immune responses. In this chapter we discuss pDC biology, including pDC development from progenitors, trafficking and localization of pDCs in the body, and signaling pathways involved in pDC activation. We focus on the role of pDCs in HIV transmission, chronic disease progression and immune activation, and immunosuppression through regulatory T cell development. Lastly, we discuss potential future directions for the field which are needed to strengthen our current understanding of the role of pDCs in HIV transmission and pathogenesis.