cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actions of the pyrethroid insecticides cismethrin and cypermethrin on house fly Vssc1 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels encoded by the Vssc1 gene of the house fly (Musca domestica) were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes in combination with the tipE gene product of Drosophila melanogaster and were characterized by two-electrode voltage clamp. Vssc1/tipE sodium channels expressed in oocytes were highly sensitive to tetrodotoxin; half-maximal inhibition of sodium currents by tetrodotoxin was obtained at a concentration of 2.4 nM. Cismethrin, a pyrethroid that produces Type I effects on intact nerve, slowed the inactivation of sodium currents carried by Vssc1/tipE channels during a depolarizing pulse and induced a tail current after repolarization that decayed with a first-order time constant of approximately 650 ms. The voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation of cismethrin-modified channels were shifted to more negative potentials. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid with Type II effects on intact nerve, also prolonged the inactivation of Vssc1/tipE sodium channels and induced a tail current. However, the cypermethrin-induced tail current was extremely persistent, decaying with a first-order time constant of approximately 42 s. Unlike cismethrin, the effect of cypermethrin was use dependent, requiring repeated depolarizing pulses for the full development of modified sodium currents. The divergent effects of cismethrin and cypermethrin on Vssc1/tipE sodium channels expressed in oocytes are consistent with the actions of these and related compounds on sodium channels in invertebrate and vertebrate nerve preparations and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the production of Type I and II effects on neuronal excitability. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 38:126–136, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency-swept ultrasound-modulated optical tomography in biological tissue by use of parallel detection

A frequency-swept ultrasonic beam was focused into a biological tissue sample to modulate the laser light passing through the ultrasonic beam inside the tissue. Parallel detection of the speckle field formed by the transmitted laser light was implemented with the source-synchronous-illumination lock-in technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The ultrasound-modulated laser light reflects the local optical and mechanical properties in the ultrasonic beam and can be used for tomographic imaging of the tissue. Sweeping the ultrasonic frequency provides spatial resolution along the ultrasonic axis, which is scalable with the frequency span of the sweep. Two-dimensional images of biological tissue with buried objects were successfully obtained experimentally.
Studies of Doctor-Patient Interaction

Judith A. HallDepartment of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115INTRODUCTIONDiscussion between doctors and patients has long been regarded as the vehicleby which much of the curing and caring of medicine is conveyed. Sometimesregarded as the art or heart of medicine, its importance was well noted inantiquity and is recognized in modem times. However, it is only since themid-1960s that the actual dynamics of the therapeutic dialogue have beenobserved in any systematic manner and that an attempt to recast this aspect ofmedicine as science has been made. The evolution of methodological andtechnological sophistication has made observation and analysis of the medicalvisit easier over the years, and, indeed, the number of empirical studies ofdoctor-patient communication doubled between 1982 and 1987 to over 60(47).Several reviews of this body of work have been undertaken (28, 39, 51,55,57), but a resulting synthesis has been lacking; this is a difficult body of workto review. The predominantly exploratory nature of this research, which islargely of the kind in which everything gets correlated with everything else(24), contributes to an overwhelming number of results with which to con-tend. The results appear so confusing that Inui & Carter (28), in reviewingthis literature, characterized the findings as a "Rorschach test" for readers inwhich overall interpretations are as apt to reveal something about the reader asabout the results themselves.We have elected, therefore, to supplement a selective review of the litera-l630163 -7525/89/0510-0163502.00www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annual Reviews
Continuing Higher Education and Older Adults: A Growing Challenge and Golden Opportunity

Educating older adults has been important to adult and continuing education [for] years, but the reality of a skyrocketing aging population is now upon us. This chapter provides adult and continuing educators with information about [America's] growing aging population, its challenge to continuing higher education, and the importance of higher education to older adults. It also provides references to selected published resources dealing with older adult learning and factors affecting older adults' participation in higher education. It concludes with three examples of how continuing educators in higher education can successfully meet this challenge.
Control of anesthesia-induced hypothermia by ambient temperature regulation in rats

Abstract (1) The goal of this study was to control anesthesia-induced hypothermia in rats, which was addressed through four experimental steps. (2) First, identify the effects of isoflurane anesthetic on Sprague-Dawley rats at an ambient temperature of 23 °C. (3) Second, determine an ambient temperature that is thermo-neutral and counteracts anesthesia hypothermia. (4) Third, test the calculated thermo-neutral point. (5) Fourth, identify differences in colonic temperature response to different body weights and to calorie-restricted animals. (6) Our findings showed there were differences in core temperature response and skin adipose deposition between 350 and 450 g rats. (7) Also there was a greater hypothermic trend in rats that were calorie restricted to 350 g vs. ad libitum fed 350 g rats.
Attempting Comprehensive and Comparative Empirical Research in Second Language Acquisition

The Postscript of the Field Manual (FM), Chapter 10, compares the authors’ proposals to their actual progress 18 months into the project, when “no new informants were to be started” and when “the datacollection schedule was (made) definitive” (10.1). This is a revealing chapter. (Recall that informants in the main longitudinal group and the control group were to be age 18-30, have no native TL-speaking spouse, have no children of school age being educated in the TL, probably be working class, have day-today contacts in the TL, have been in the host country less than one year, have no regular TL instruction, and have the TL as a second foreign language.) The results are startling: “with seven out of ten SL-TL pairs, the schedule has proved impossible to keep exactly as had been planned” (10.1). ’ What went wrong? In addition to the strict entry requirements mentioned above, unforseen political and social factors eliminated many informants. In France the new government created a new immigration policy which made it difficult to get informants who were in the country for less than one year. Turkish informants in Germany, when they could be found, were mostly in trade schools, being educated in the TL. Immigrants to Sweden usually received
Athena's Cloak Plato's Critique of the Democratic City in the Republic

L'autorepresentation politique d'Athenes democratique est exploree a travers la complementarite de l'autochtonie et des relations maritales, codees par les rituels d'Arrheophoria et Panathenees. Cette complementarite, symbolisee par le peplum d'Athena, est l'analogue mythique de la complementarite ideologique de homonoia et eleutheria/parrhēsia dans la polis democratique. L'A. s'interroge sur le fait que la cite ideale de Platon exige l'effacement de la difference feminine
Comparison of listeners' judgments of simulated and authentic stuttering using magnitude estimation scaling.

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether normal listeners can differentiate authentic and simulated stuttering. The subjects were 40 graduate and undergraduate students in hearing and speech sciences who were asked to listen to segments of authentic and simulated stuttered speech at varying severities. Using magnitude estimation scahg, each subject was asked to judge the samples of stuttered speech by providing a numerical response that matched the severity of the segment listened to. Analysis showed that the subiects discriminated benveen different severities of both the authentic and stuttered speech. They did not differentiate between authentic segments of stuttered speech and simulated ones.
Trade-offs between speed, capacity, and restorability in optical mesh network restoration

We have investigated the trade-offs between speed, capacity and restorability for various mesh restoration methods. The optimal restoration scheme can be found by considering these tradeoffs. Our results show that, with relatively low extra capacity there is a role for dynamic wavelength assignment (WA) in restoring failed lightpaths within a limited restoration time.
Congestion Avoidance and Fairness in Wireless Sensor Networks

Designing a sensor network congestion avoidance algorithm is a challenging task due to the application specific nature of these networks. The frequency of event sensing is a deciding factor in the occurence of congestion. Numerous sensors, simultaneously transmitting data, increase the probability of packet drops due to congestion close to the base station(s). In this paper, we propose a novel distributed congestion avoidance algorithm which uses the ratio of the number of downstream and upstream nodes along with available queue sizes of the downstream nodes to detect incipient congestion. Monitoring queue sizes of candidate downstream nodes helps ensure effective load balancing and fairness in our avoidance algorithm. Through simulation studies we observe a greater packet delivery ratio and higher network lifetime in comparison with other prevalent mechanisms.
Sevier belt exhumation in central Utah constrained from complex zircon (U-Th)/He data sets: Radiation damage and He inheritance effects on partially reset detrital zircons

Thermochronologic dates of partially reset detrital grains are often difficult to interpret because of the potential for variation in inherited predepositional dates and kinetic behaviors of grains from diverse source terrains. In this study, we present several examples of complex detrital zircon (U-Th)/He date distributions from sedimentary rocks that have been heated to temperatures in or near the zircon He partial retention zone, leading to several types of date-eU correlations caused by variations in predepositional inherited age and radiation-damage–induced He diffusion kinetics. These examples are from three subvertical transects in mountain ranges in central Utah: the Wasatch Range near Provo, Utah, the Oquirrh Mountains, and the Stansbury Mountains. Each range lies in the hanging wall of one of three major thrust sheets that compose part of the Charleston-Nebo salient, a segment of the Cretaceous Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. Zircon grains from two of these transects (the Stansbury and Oquirrh Mountains) show large date variations that can be at least partially understood with a radiation-damage–based model for He diffusion in zircon. We combine the output from this model with a new approach for understanding partially reset data sets that relies upon the concept of an “inheritance envelope.” The transect from the Wasatch Range is relatively simple and does not require an inheritance-based interpretation. We document a pulse of 5 km of exhumation in this range at ca. 100 Ma. Time-temperature ( t - T ) constraints from inheritance envelopes in the Oquirrh Mountains transect suggest a pulse of exhumation beginning at either 110 or 100 Ma. Finally, for the Stansbury transect, the inheritance envelope approach yields inconclusive results; some aspects of the model generate inheritance envelopes that match the measured data set, whereas others do not. Despite their complexity, the t - T histories for these nonideal data sets represent some of the only in situ constraints on the timing of Cretaceous exhumation of Sevier-style deformation in the U.S. Cordillera. In the case of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Range data sets, these direct measurements of thrust sheet t - T histories offer some insight into the evolution of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of central Utah.
Assessing Social Behavior Phenotypes in Adult Zebrafish: Shoaling, Social Preference, and Mirror Biting Tests

Zebrafish are a popular model organism in neuroscience research, recently emerging as an excellent species to study complex social phenotypes. For example, zebrafish actively form shoals, which can be used to quantify their shoaling behaviors. Zebrafish also display strong social preference when placed in a tank with conspecific fish, a trait that can easily be quantified in the two-compartment preference test. The mirror biting test, based on mirror image stimulation, is another well-established method for studying zebrafish boldness and sociability. This chapter will describe three simple and efficient paradigms—shoaling, social preference, and mirror biting tests—for quantifying social behaviors in adult zebrafish. Reflecting different aspects of zebrafish social phenotypes, these models can be used individually or within a test battery.
Bleeding and Thrombosis in Hematologic Neoplasia

Excessive bleeding or thrombosis complicates the treatment of many patients with hematologic malignancies. The pathogenesis and therapy of some of these disorders, such as thrombocytopenia due to invasion of the marrow by tumor cells or chemotherapy, is usually straightforward. However, other hemostatic defects are more complex. For example: 1. Malignant cells can produce and release thromboplastic or fibrinolytic substances that cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or primary fibrinolysis (for example, acute promyelocytic leukemia) (APL). 2. The pathologic process can provoke the megakaryocyte to produce dysfunctional platelets with bleeding or thrombosis (chronic myeloproliferative disorders). 3. Abnormal lymphocytes or plasma cells sometimes produce aberrant proteins that interfere with normal hemostasis (multiple myeloma, amyloid). 4. Certain antitumor or antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of malignancy or its complications can cause thrombosis or bleeding (l-asparaginase or some β-lactam antibiotics).
Cell Migration in Confined Environments

We describe a protocol for measuring the speed of human neutrophils migrating through small channels, in conditions of mechanical confinement comparable to those experienced by neutrophils migrating through tissues. In such conditions, we find that neutrophils move persistently, at constant speed for tens of minutes, enabling precise measurements at single cells resolution, for large number of cells. The protocol relies on microfluidic devices with small channels in which a solution of chemoattractant and a suspension of isolated neutrophils are loaded in sequence. The migration of neutrophils can be observed for several hours, starting within minutes after loading the neutrophils in the devices. The protocol is divided into four main steps: the fabrication of the microfluidic devices, the separation of neutrophils from whole blood, the preparation of the assay and cell loading, and the analysis of data. We discuss the practical steps for the implementation of the migration assays in biology labs, the adaptation of the protocols to various cell types, including cancer cells, and the supplementary device features required for precise measurements of directionality and persistence during migration.
National health insurance and the states.

Not so many years ago, in the early 1970s, national health insurance was one of those "good things" that political commentators refer to as "inevitable." Even a Republican Administration, seeing the handwriting on Congressional walls, came forward with its own proposal in early 1974. It appeared as if it would be just a matter of time before the debate would conclude, differences would be resolved and the American people would have the kind of national health insurance system that people in other modern industrial countries take for granted.
Control Limitations of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Turbulent Environments 1

Performance limitations in aircraft lateral gust sensitivity are examined as a function of aircraft size. Remote pilot experience suggests that smaller aircraft are more difficult to fly in windy environments than larger ones. This paper investigates this phenomenon using an analytic approach, providing insight into why smaller aircraft are indeed more difficult to fly in turbulent environments. As an aircraft becomes smaller, its natural aerodynamic modes become faster. Considering only aerodynamics, this does not relegate small aircraft to poor performance; in fact it is shown that small aircraft should produce closed loop responses under the Dryden gust model that are better than their larger counterparts. A more realistic system is then studied that includes aerodynamics, but also scale-appropriate sensor and actuator dynamics. It is shown that these additional dynamics become the limiting factor in control system bandwidth at the small scales, and thus restrict the closed-loop flight performance of small aircraft in turbulent environments. A previously suggested gust-insensitive aerodynamic design is shown to offer significant improvements in this control-limited context for the smaller aircraft studied.
A preliminary report on the birds of the New England National Park.

(1965). A Preliminary Report on the Birds of the New England National Park. Emu - Austral Ornithology: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 139-143.
Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XV. Reorganization of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis

A major realignment of the taxa of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis is proposed, in which Clavulinopsis is split and included under Clavaria and Ramariopsis. A resume of the included taxa is...
Study on modulation structure and superconductivity of Bi-Sr-Cu-O system doped with Ca

A series of samples with the nominal composition of Bi2Sr2-xCax CuO6+δ (x=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9) were prepared by sol-gel method.By means of XRD,TEM and standard four-probe technique,it was investigated that the effects of Ca doping on lattice types and parameters of Bi-2201 phase,the incommensurate modulation structure and the onset temperature of superconducting critical transition(TC,onset).It was found that Bi-2201 phase with orthorhombic symmetry can be maintained with the introduction of Ca2+ in the whole doping range.With increasing x,lattice parameter c was decreasing gradually.When x0.3,the b*component of the modulation wave vector was decreasing while the c*component was increasing with increasing x.Experimental R-Tcurves show that TC,onset was the highest when x=0.3,and then has a declining trend with increasing x,which was in agreement with the variation of the b*component of the modulation wave vector and can be interpreted by the crystal misfit model.
Alkalosis and hypoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis accompanied by hepatic encephalopathy

Objective:To investigate the alkalosis and hypoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis accompanied by hepatic encephalopathy(HE).Methods:Of the 64 patients with liver cirrhosis,21 cases were accompanied by HE,while 43 cases were not.Arterial blood gas analysis and serum electrolytes were determined in both groups.Results:Fifty four patients were found with disturbance of acid base balance(84.4%).Among them 48 cases had respiratory alkalosis(88.9%).The incidence of respiratory alkalosis in the groups with HE was 90.5%,and in the group without HE 67.4%( P 0.05). Forty two patients were found with arterial hypoxemia in the 64 cases(65.6%) and 6 cases with severe arterial hypoxemia were all in the patients accompanied by HE. In the group with HE and without HE,hypoxemia was 95.2% and 51.2%( P 0.005) respectively.Conclusions:The patients with liver cirrhosis and those accompanied by HE were easy to acquire alkalosis and hypoxemia.Among them,the incidence of simple respiratory alkalosis was the highest.The degrees of PaO 2 decrease affected the prognosis of the patients obviously.
Bringing Disciplinarity to Dialogic Discussions: Imaginative Entry and Dialogic Discourse in a Ninth-Grade History Classroom

ABSTRACTEducation researchers have established the value of dialogic, whole-class discussions across content areas. However, such discussions have been defined primarily in terms of questions that enable or constrain interactions among multiple students. Research remains to be done on whether and how the subject matter with which teacher and students interact during whole-class discussions can also enable or constrain the dialogic quality of their talk. In this article, I begin to explore the possibility that whole-class discussions may manifest in particular ways within a discipline. Based on sociolinguistic discourse analysis of three transcripts from a suburban, ninth-grade history classroom, I suggest that “imaginative-entry activities,” which invite students to imagine themselves into hypothetical scenarios based on historical events, can promote or discourage whole-class discussions. Specifically, I demonstrate how the narratives co-told by a teacher and his students during these imaginative-entry a...
Transdermal Delivery of Etoposide Phosphate II: In Vitro In Vivo Correlations (IVIVC)

A dependable in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is a vital tool to optimize drug formulation and expedite product development time. Although many IVIVC examples are available for oral delivery systems, IVIVC for transdermal delivery is far less common, especially for electrical-assisted delivery. The objective of this study was to develop an IVIVC for the iontophoretic delivery of the anticancer drug etoposide. Iontophoresis was performed at 4 current densities (100, 200, 300, and 400 μA/cm(2)) both in vitro using a standard Franz-cell apparatus with excised porcine skin as membrane, and in vivo in a rabbit model. There was strong correlation between the in vitro % permeated across porcine skin and in vivo absorption (AUC, Cmax) in the range 100-300 μA/cm(2). The correlation between in vitro flux and in vivo input rate (R0) permitted to predict the R0 from a different set of in vitro data (external validation). Convolution of such input rate accurately predicted in vivo plasma profiles (PE% 20). In vivo absorption profiles obtained with deconvolution did not overlap directly with the in vitro profiles; however, correction for the lag time and the application of a scaling factor estimated from Levy' s plots resulted in excellent correlation.
Extracorporeal life support during cardiac arrest resuscitation in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation.

Approximately 540,000 victims experience sudden cardiac death each year in the United States. Despite 57 years of refinement, advanced life support only affords 6.4% of victims survival to hospital discharge (1). A new resuscitation paradigm is needed. Regimented postresuscitation care has heralded improvements in neurologically intact survival to hospital discharge (2), but similar advances in resuscitation techniques have been lacking. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), the incorporation of extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) into active resuscitation, is a therapy that warrants closer investigation, because 50% of patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) never regain a pulse (3) and survival declines rapidly if CPR lasts beyond 10–15 minutes (4,5). CPR provides a “low-flow” state, approximating 25–30% of cardiac output (6), whereas ECLS can reperfuse at physiologic levels. It was introduced as a resuscitation tool in the 1960s (7) but until recently has been primarily used in pediatrics (8–10). A 2006 systematic review of ECLS for adult, nontraumatic cardiac arrest (11) yielded 54 studies of 675 patients in a combination of case reports, case-series, or case-control studies. It found that 44.9% ± 6.7% of patients survived to hospital discharge, concluding that ECLS appeared to be an efficacious intervention. Subsequent retrospective cohort studies have further examined use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), noting 10–48% neurologically intact survival to hospital discharge and an inverse relationship between survival and collapse-to-ECLS interval (12–14). Clinical protocols using ECLS in OHCA typically use selection criteria based on “historic” rather than “physiologic” characteristics: age, initial rhythm, delay until CPR, transport time, and total arrest time (15,16). Guidelines for patient selection are primarily expert opinion or institutional consensus. Using our established porcine model of ventricular fibrillation (VF) OHCA, we aimed to 1) explore global ischemia (untreated VF) followed by clinically realistic CPR durations that could be overcome with ECLS to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), short-term survival, and rapid weaning from ECMO; and 2) assess whether laboratory, hemodynamic, or electrophysiologic variables measured during ongoing CPR could discriminate between animals with and without ultimate ROSC.
Salvage Surgery Plus Androgen Deprivation for Radioresistant Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

We report on 34 patients with persistent local radiation resistant prostate cancer who underwent salvage surgical resection and hormonal deprivation. Initially, salvage prostatectomy was done in 11 patients but in 1 disease recurred locally and cystectomy was performed, for a total of 24 patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy. There were no postoperative complications in the prostatectomy group and the average postoperative stay was 7.6 days (range 6 to 12 days). Of 11 patients 4 (36%) are completely continent. There were 2 complications in the cystoprostatectomy group (1 small bowel obstruction and 1 prolonged ileus). The average postoperative stay without complication was 11 days (range 7 to 16 days). Of the 34 patients 24 (71%) are alive without radiographic evidence of disease, including 2 with detectable prostate specific antigen values at a mean of 53 months after surgery (range 25 to 93 months). Of the patients 3 (9%) are alive with radiographically evident recurrent disease (mean 53 months, range 49 to 77 months) and 7 (21%) are dead of disease (mean 52 months, range 20 to 120 months).
Detecting Assumptions on Deterministic Implementations of Non-deterministic Specifications

Some commonly used methods have nondeterministicspecifications, e.g., iterating through a set canreturn the elements in any order. However, non-deterministicspecifications typically have deterministic implementations, e.g.,iterating through two sets constructed in the same way mayreturn their elements in the same order. We use the termADINS code to refer to code that Assumes a DeterministicImplementation of a method with a Non-deterministic Specification. Such ADINS code can behave unexpectedly whenthe implementation changes, even if the specification remainsthe same. Further, ADINS code can lead to flaky tests -- teststhat pass or fail seemingly non-deterministically. We present a simple technique, called NONDEX, for detectingflaky tests due to ADINS code. We implemented NONDEX forJava: we found 31 methods with non-deterministic specificationsin the Java Standard Library, manually built non-deterministicmodels for these methods, and used a modified Java VirtualMachine to explore various non-deterministic choices. We evaluatedNONDEX on 195 open-source projects from GitHub and 72student submissions from a programming homework assignment.NONDEX detected 60 flaky tests in 21 open-source projects and110 flaky tests in 34 student submissions.
Harnessing the Immune System as a Therapeutic Tool in Virus-Associated Cancers.

Importance There are at least 7 viruses implicated in the pathogenesis of 10% to 15% of all human cancers worldwide. Despite a high prevalence of infection with these viruses, only a minority of infected individuals develop a subsequent malignant tumor, underscoring the important role that host and environmental factors have in cancer development. This article reviews the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, with an emphasis on the viral evasion of the host immune system, and discusses how to harness the immune system effectively as a therapeutic tool in select cancers. Observations Immune evasion mechanisms of these viral infections have an important role in carcinogenesis. Increased understanding of these mechanisms has paved the way for using immunotherapy to treat virus-associated cancers. This study summarizes the use of adoptive cell therapy, tumor vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination immunotherapies in the treatment of select virus-associated cancers. Conclusions and Relevance Immunotherapy is proving to be a useful strategy in the treatment of virus-associated cancers. A greater understanding of the processes of immune evasion in chronic infections and malignant tumors will continue to help in the goal of optimizing immunotherapy, which will in turn translate into remission and long-term survival in this patient population.
Measured Effects of Reduced Flow Velocity in a Laminar Flow Cleanroom

Vertical laminar flow (VLF) cleanrooms generally operate with airflows between 60 feet per minute (fpm) and 110 fpm. Tests were performed to evaluate the effects on particle contamination levels when the airflow velocity in a FED-STD-209 Class 1 VLF cleanroom was reduced. The cleanroom normally operates at 90 fpm. Measurements of surface particle concentrations were made on settling monitor wafers and on wafers carried in an open cassette. Optical particle counters measured the airborne particle concentrations at several locations.Results at 100 fpm and 50 fpm, respectively, for particles larger than or equal to 0.3 μm in optical equivalent diameter were −0.0002 and +0.0029 particles/sq cm/hr for the settling wafers and 0.009 and 0.024/sq cm total for the wafers carried for 5 hr in the open cassettes. Summary statistics are provided for the airborne and surface particle counts.Deposition velocity is the ratio of surface deposition rate to airborne concentration. For the monitor wafers at the lower flow, t...
Projected increase in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver transplantation waitlist additions in the United States

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis is the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. We aimed to determine the temporal trend behind the rise in obesity and NASH-related additions to the LT waitlist in the United States and make projections for future NASH burden on the LT waitlist. We used data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database from 2000 to 2014 to obtain the number of NASH-related LT waitlist additions. The obese population in the United States from 2000 to 2014 was estimated using data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Based on obesity trends, we established a time lag between obesity prevalence and NASH-related waitlist additions. We used data from the U.S. Census Bureau on population projections from 2016 to 2030 to forecast obesity estimates and NASH-related LT waitlist additions. From 2000 to 2014, the proportion of obese individuals significantly increased 44.9% and the number of NASH-related annual waitlist additions increased from 391 to 1,605. Increase in obesity prevalence was strongly associated with LT waitlist additions 9 years later in derivation and validation cohorts (R2 = 0.9). Based on these data, annual NASH-related waitlist additions are anticipated to increase by 55.4% (1,354-2,104) between 2016 and 2030. There is significant regional variation in obesity rates and in the anticipated increase in NASH-related waitlist additions (P < 0.01). Conclusion: We project a marked increase in demand for LT for NASH given population obesity trends. Continued public health efforts to curb obesity prevalence are needed to reduce the projected future burden of NASH. (Hepatology 2017).
Identification and Interrogation of the Herbicidin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: First Insight into the Biosynthesis of a Rare Undecose Nucleoside Antibiotic

Herbicidins are adenosine-based nucleoside antibiotics with an unusual tricyclic undecose core decorated with a (5-hydroxy)tiglyl moiety. Feeding studies are herein reported demonstrating that the tricyclic core is derived from d-glucose and d-ribose, whereas the tiglyl moiety is derived from an intermediate of l-isoleucine catabolism. Identification of the gene cluster for herbicidin A biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. L-9-10 as well as its verification by heterologous expression in a nonproducing host are described, and the results of in vitro characterization of a carboxyl methyltransferase encoded in the cluster, Her8, are presented. Based on these observations, a biosynthetic pathway is proposed for herbicidins.
Initial Interactions Between Plant Cells and Agrobacterium Tumefaciens in Crown Gall Tumor Formation

Crown gall tumors on dicotyledonous plants are formed by infection of wounded tissue with the bacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Infection of the plant cells does not occur by the bacterial cells themselves, but by a discreet portion of a bacterial, tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid (Fig. 1). This segment of DNA, termed T-DNA, is found integrated into the nuclear DNA of cloned plant tumor tissue.1,2,3 Expression of T-DNA genes alters the hormone balance of the plant cells,4,5,6 resulting in the tumor phenotype. T-DNA gene products also direct the transformed plant cells to produce opines, unusual amino acids which are utilized by the Agrobacteria.7
Lying, Liars, and Lies: Incivility in 2016 Presidential Candidate and Campaign Tweets During the Invisible Primary:

Incivility is a growing concern among Americans and a burgeoning topic of scholarly research. The current study investigates the extent to which incivility via lying accusations was present in majo...
Alliteration in Mate Selection: Does Barbara Still Marry Barry?

More than 30 years ago research found that alliteration is a factor in assortative mating (i.e., marriages). Alliterative matches were even more frequent when using nicknames than when using given names. Subsequently, researchers have confirmed the higher than chance occurrence of alliterative matches for given names. But nicknames have not been examined over the past 30 years. The present research finds support for three hypotheses. As predicted, nicknames are more associated with alliterative matches than are given names. Implications for practice are discussed.
Decoding cortical brain states from widefield calcium imaging data using visibility graph

Widefield optical imaging of neuronal populations over large portions of the cerebral cortex in awake behaving animals provides a unique opportunity for investigating the relationship between brain function and behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate that the temporal characteristics of calcium dynamics obtained through widefield imaging can be utilized to infer the corresponding behavior. Cortical activity in transgenic calcium reporter mice (n=6) expressing GCaMP6f in neocortical pyramidal neurons is recorded during active whisking (AW) and no whisking (NW). To extract features related to the temporal characteristics of calcium recordings, a method based on visibility graph (VG) is introduced. An extensive study considering different choices of features and classifiers is conducted to find the best model capable of predicting AW and NW from calcium recordings. Our experimental results show that temporal characteristics of calcium recordings identified by the proposed method carry discriminatory information that are powerful enough for decoding behavior.
Emotional Expression in Infancy: II. Early Deviations in Down’s Syndrome

A previous report (Emde, Kligman, Reich, & Wade, this volume) summarized our initial studies with emotional signaling in normal infants. This report discusses an example of a deviation in such signaling.
Nano-composite Sensors for Wide Range Measurement of Ligament Strain

Biological tissues routinely experience large strains and undergo large deformations during normal physiologic activity. In order to quantify this strain, researchers often use optical marker tracking methods which are tedious and difficult. This paper investigates a new technique for quantifying large strain (up to 40%) by use of piezoresistive composite strain gages. The High Displacement Strain Gages (HDSGs) being investigated are manufactured by suspending nickel nanostrands within a biocompatible silicone matrix. The conductive nickel filaments come into progressively stronger electrical contact with each other as the HDSG is strained, thus reducing the electrical resistivity which is measured using conventional techniques. In the present work, HDSGs measured the strain of bovine ligament under prescribed loading conditions. Results demonstrated that HDSGs are an accurate means for measuring ligament strains across a broad spectrum of applied deformations. The technique has application to most biological tissue characterization applications.
Mn K -edge XANES studies of La 1 − x A x MnO 3 systems ( A = Ca , Ba, Pb)

We present Mn K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) data for a number of manganite systems as a function of temperature. The $1s$ absorption edge for the Ca-substituted samples is very sharp, almost featureless, and shifts uniformly upwards with increasing Ca content. The interpretation of this result is controversial because the lack of structure appears difficult to reconcile with a mixture of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+3}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+4}$ ions or with several different Mn-O bond lengths at high T. We propose a possible solution in terms of covalency and considerable overlap of the Mn p states (mostly Mn $4p).$ The manganite preedge structure is quite similar to that for a large number of other Mn compounds, with two or three small peaks that are ascribed to $1s\ensuremath{-}3d$ weakly allowed dipole transitions plus possibly a small quadrupole component. The weak dipole transitions are explained as arising from a hybridization of the Mn $4p$ state of the excited atom with an odd symmetry combination of Mn $3d$ states on adjacent Mn atoms. The first preedge peak ${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ has a small shift to higher energy with increasing valence while the next peak ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ is nearly independent of dopant concentration at 300 K. However, for the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) samples the ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ preedge peak shifts to a lower energy below the ferromagnetic transition temperature ${T}_{c},$ resulting in a decrease in the ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ splitting by $\ensuremath{\sim}0.4 \mathrm{eV}.$ This indicates a change in the higher-energy $3d$ bands, most likely the minority spin ${e}_{g},$ plus some change in covalency. In addition, the amplitudes are temperature dependent for the CMR materials, with the change in ${\mathrm{A}}_{1},$ ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ correlated with the change in sample magnetization. For the charge ordered (CO) sample, the analysis suggests that the change in the preedge is produced by a distortion that increases below ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}.$ We discuss these results in terms of some of the theoretical models that have been proposed and other recent XANES studies.
Men with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: A qualitative study of gender and age

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine men's adjustment to living with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) as influenced by gender and age. Background Living with an ICD requires psychological and social adjustments throughout the lifespan. Approximately 60–70% of the ICD population are men, yet little is known about men's gender-specific issues related to living with ICDs. Method Ethnographic methods were used with 12 men, 26–85 years of age. Data were analyzed using constructs of gender, chronic illness, and Life Course theory. Results Themes were identified: Maintaining a masculine image, Sudden cardiac death and social implications through time, and Self-image influenced by chronic illness. Discussion Gender and location in the life-course may influence adjustment to living with an ICD. Understanding where an individual is within place and time, as well as where they are at the present may account for many aspects of their acceptance, adjustment, and recovery.
The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses

We review the state of the art of ultrashort-laser-pulse measurement. One such set of techniques (and the first) is the well-known class of frequency-resolved-optical-gating (FROG) techniques, which can measure the intensity and phase vs. time (and frequency) for essentially arbitrary pulses without requiring any assumptions about the pulse. Another set includes two methods for measuring the intensity and phase vs. time and space of arbitrary pulses, either on a single shot or with subwavelength spatial resolution.
Dispersion compensation by a liquid lens (DisCoBALL).

We present dispersion compensation by a liquid lens (DisCoBALL), which provides tunable group-delay dispersion (GDD) that is high speed, has a large tuning range, and uses off-the-shelf components. GDD compensation is crucial for experiments with ultrashort pulses. With an electrically tunable lens (ETL) at the Fourier plane of a 4f grating pair pulse shaper, the ETL applies a parabolic phase shift in space and therefore a parabolic phase shift to the laser spectrum, i.e., GDD. The GDD can be tuned with a range greater than 2×105 fs2 at a rate of 100 Hz while maintaining stable coupling into a single-mode fiber.
De Novo Chiral Amino Alcohols in Catalyzing Asymmetric Additions to Aryl Aldehydes

A de novo structural class of chiral amino alcohol catalysts has been identified through a synergistic effort combining novel architectures from [4 + 3] cycloadditions and quantum mechanical interaction field predictions that closely match subsequent experimental measurements.
Intakes of Vitamin a and Zinc and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Newly Diagnosed HIV-positive Participants in the MASH Cohort in Miami (P24-016-19)

HIV infection is characterized by increased oxidative stress. We examined the association of antioxidant intake with measures of oxidative stress and HIV disease progression in newly diagnosed HIV-infected participants. Cross-sectional study of 52 newly-diagnosed HIV-positive participants in the MASH cohort. Blood was drawn for parameters of oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione % and oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage [8-oxo-dG]) and disease stage (CD4- cell counts; HIV-viral load). Questionnaires on demographics and 24-hour dietary recalls and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were administered. AUDIT scores ≥ 8 was considered hazardous drinking. Dietary intakes of vitamin A and Zinc were calculated. SPSS was used for analyses and Linear Regression Models were estimated. Participants were 74% male, 75% Black Non-Hispanic, and 21% Hispanics. Mean age was 42.3 ± SD10.2 years, CD4 count was 506.7 ± SD733.4 cells/µLA cross-sectional and HIV viral load was 3.63 ± SD1.23log₁₀ copies/mL. Dietary intake of vitamin A (β = −0.001, SE = 0.0002, P = 0.044) and zinc (β = −0.0004, SE = 0.0002, P = 0.044) were inversely related with mitochondrial DNA damage (8-oxo-dG), after adjusting for education, race, age, gender, and excessive alcohol use. Oxidized glutathione percentage was directly associated with HIV-viral load (β = 0.81, SE = 0.4, P = 0.037) adjusting for age, gender, AUDIT ≥ 8 and BMI in linear regressions. Lower intake of vitamin A and Zinc were associated with higher oxidative stress and higher HIV viral load. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial immediately after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection as well as during antiretroviral treatment. Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Health.
A multidisciplinary approach to developing community-based research infrastructure

Increasingly, computing-based technology appears to transcend major aspects of our daily lives, from providing conveniences (e.g., in-vehicle navigation services) to life-critical services (e.g., medical diagnostics and treatment). As computing infrastructure moves from supporting specialized computing needs and users, such as an electrical engineer designing a specific electronic circuit versus a policy analyst determining how to prepare costing and resource management models for a smart grid system, the range of supporting expertise broadens and cross-cuts multiple disciplines. This talk will overview personal experiences for three community-based research infrastructure development efforts that span almost three decades of activities, each involving hundreds of participants, multiple organizations and stakeholder communities, and multidisciplinary collaborations. We highlight common qualities that motivated a multidisciplinary approach to all three efforts. We discuss lessons learned and highlight challenges to be overcome as future community-based research infrastructures will necessarily need to support increasingly broader stakeholder needs, much of which will demand resilience and trust, even in the face of uncertainty and cybersecurity threats.
Efficacy of organic and conventional insecticides for Drosophila suzukii when combined with erythritol, a non-nutritive feeding stimulant

Abstract Spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii; SWD) is an economically important insect pest of small and soft skinned fruit. Female SWD use a heavily sclerotized ovipositor to deposit eggs in ripening fruit. After emergence from eggs, larval feeding and development damages fruit and results in yield loss. The most prevalent management strategy continues to be regular applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. Since the arrival of SWD and the subsequent increase of insecticidal sprays, producers are challenged to balance goals related to pest and pollinator management, the environment, and finances. Growers need additional management tools in order to reduce environmental risks and to adhere to label specifications. To this end, we investigated the efficacy of novel chemical controls alone and with the addition of feeding stimulants and surfactants, compared to standard insecticide products typically used for pest management by fruit growers. We conducted a series of laboratory bioassays to test four organically approved insecticides, three conventional insecticides, one feeding stimulant and five adjuvants. We measured the effects of these products on SWD adult mortality, oviposition, larval and pupal development, and adult emergence. Nine of the 25 treatments significantly increased adult mortality after 24 h of exposure and only three of the 25 treatments significantly reduced oviposition. The addition of erythritol [1.75 M] to some marginally effective insecticides increased their efficacy, while decreasing the efficacy of others. This information will guide future research and result in recommendations for both organic and conventional growers for sustainable management of this invasive pest.
miR-15/16 Restrain Memory T Cell Differentiation, Cell Cycle, and Survival

Coordinate control of T cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation are essential for host protection from pathogens and cancer. Long-lived memory cells, whose precursors are formed during the initial immunological insult, provide protection from future encounters, and their generation is the goal of many vaccination strategies. microRNAs (miRNAs) are key nodes in regulatory networks that shape effective T cell responses through the fine-tuning of thousands of genes. Here, using compound conditional mutant mice to eliminate miR-15/16 family miRNAs in T cells, we show that miR-15/16 restrict T cell cycle, survival, and memory T cell differentiation. High throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation of AGO2 combined with gene expression analysis in miR-15/16-deficient T cells indicates that these effects are mediated through the direct inhibition of an extensive network of target genes within pathways critical to cell cycle, survival, and memory.