cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Don't Health Care Workers Screen All Pregnant Women in My Community for HIV?

Maithe Enriquez, PhD, RN, ANP, is assistant professor, School of Nursing, and assistant clinical professor, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, and practices at Truman Medical Center Hospital Hill, Kansas City. I am a nurse practitioner who cares for HIV-infected adults at an urban hospital-based infectious diseases clinic. Last year, I began caring for two mothers who had recently been diagnosed with advanced HIV and AIDS who had multiple serious health problems. These two women did not know each other, but I was struck by the similarity of their stories. Both were young mothers with daughters under the age of 2, both were married, both lived in the same suburban area, both had received prenatal care throughout their entire pregnancies, both had delivered their babies at large tertiary care hospitals, both had limited English proficiency, and both had undergone ‘‘a lot of lab tests’’ while pregnant. Hence, both women were certain they had had an HIV screening test during pregnancy. ‘‘How could I have HIV now?’’ they kept asking. So I requested their prenatal medical records, which showed that, unfortunately, neither woman had been screened for HIV during her pregnancy. Sadly, both of their daughters also tested positive for HIV. For the next few months I kept asking myself, ‘‘How could this have happened?’’ Both of these women became pregnant after the September 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendation that HIV testing become universal, routine, and opt-out (CDC, 2006). These women both lived in a state that had no restrictive HIV testing laws in place at the time of the CDC opt-out testing recommendation (Bartlett et al., 2008). Furthermore, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists published a committee opinion in December 2007 stating that opt-out HIV testing ‘‘may identify
Melt viscosity of polymers: Effect of polydispersity

The author's theory for the melt viscosity of high polymers is extended to include the effect of molecular weight polydispersity. It is found that if one describes the viscosity by the relation η = (const.)Mt3.5, the molecular weight average appropriate for Mt lies between the weight and z average. For molecular weight distributions with Mw/Mn less than about two, Mt is best represented by Mw. Above that value, Mz is a better approximation. These latter statements are not precise because of the fact that Mt appears sensitive to the exact form of the distribution. Reasonable agreement with available experimental data is found.
Dim light at night interacts with intermittent hypoxia to alter cognitive and affective responses

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and dim light at night (dLAN) have both been independently associated with alterations in mood and cognition. We aimed to determine whether dLAN would interact with intermittent hypoxia (IH), a condition characteristic of OSA, to alter the behavioral, cognitive, and affective responses. Adult male mice were housed in either standard lighting conditions (14:10-h light-dark cycle; 150 lux:0 lux) or dLAN (150 lux:5 lux). Mice were then exposed to IH (15 cycles/h, 8 h/day, FiO2 nadir of 5%) for 3 wk, then tested in assays of affective and cognitive responses; brains were collected for dendritic morphology and PCR analysis. Exposure to dLAN and IH increased anxiety-like behaviors, as assessed in the open field, elevated plus maze, and the light/dark box. dLAN and IH increased depressive-like behaviors in the forced swim test. IH impaired learning and memory performance in the passive avoidance task; however, no differences were observed in spatial working memory, as assessed by y-maze or object recognition. IH combined with dLAN decreased cell body area in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Overall, IH decreased apical spine density in the CA3, whereas dLAN decreased spine density in the CA1 of the hippocampus. TNF-α gene expression was not altered by IH or lighting condition, whereas VEGF expression was increased by dLAN. The combination of IH and dLAN provokes negative effects on hippocampal dendritic morphology, affect, and cognition, suggesting that limiting nighttime exposure to light in combination with other established treatments may be of benefit to patients with OSA.
Learning Therapy Strategies from Demonstration Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

The use of robots in stroke rehabilitation has become a popular trend in rehabilitation robotics. However, despite the acknowledged value of customized service for individual patients, research on programming adaptive therapy for individual patients has received little attention. The goal of the current study is to model teletherapy sessions in the form of a generative process for autonomous therapy that approximate the demonstrations of the therapist. The resulting autonomous programs for therapy may imitate the strategy that the therapist might have employed and reinforce therapeutic exercises between teletherapy sessions. We propose to encode the therapist's decision criteria in terms of the patient's motor performance features. Specifically, in this work, we apply Latent Dirichlet Allocation on the batch data collected during teletherapy sessions between a single stroke patient and a single therapist. Using the resulting models, the therapeutic exercise targets are generated and are verified with the same therapist who generated the data.
Clinical Teaching: Fieldwork Supervisors’ Attitudes and Values

The purpose ofthis study was to initiate the identifi­ cation offieldwork superuisors' educational needs by ascertaining their ualues and attitudes toward exemplary principles ofteaching aduocated by adult educators. Each princzjJle was rephrased as an attitude or ualue associated with Leuel JJ field­ work, matched with a Likert-type 5-point interual scale, and distrihuted to a convenience sample of 81 fieldwork supervisors. Ninety-two percent ofthe questionnaires were returned The statement re­ sponses were tallied by ji-equency and were then summed and ranked The range ofscores indicated that the fieldwork supervisors' values and attitudes were congruent with the identified prinCiples of teaching The rankings revealed that the supervisors placed the highest value on pl'oviding a thorough orientation and the lowest values on individualiza­ tion 0/ the fieldwork experience and supervisor-stu­ dent collaboration. The findings indicate a needfor further education about ways to indiuidualize learning and involve students in planning, imple­ menting, and eualuating the learning experience.
Comprehensive and easy to use SEM analysis structures for BiCMOS process development

A comprehensive, yet easily used, set of SEM analysis structures is presented. These are currently being used in the development of a 0.35 micron, three layer metal, BiCMOS process flow. A summary list of the structure types and arrangements, key design considerations, SEM photographic results, and recommendations for improvement are included. A key design feature, a unique device navigation system allowing quick and accurate location of any particular structure is explained. Without such a feature, analysis would be difficult due to the large number, lateral size, and similarity of the various constructions.
A Single-Die 124 dB Stereo Audio Delta-Sigma ADC With 111 dB THD

This paper presents a highly power-efficient stereo delta-sigma ADC designed for high-precision applications, with measured inter-channel isolation over 130 dB. This design adopts a single-loop, fifth-order, 33 level analog modulator with positive and negative feedforward paths. An interpolated multilevel quantizer with unevenly weighted quantization levels replaces a conventional 5-bit flash type quantizer. These new techniques suppress signal dependent energy inside the delta-sigma loop, reduce internal channel coupling and power consumption. Manufactured in 0.35 mum double poly, three metal CMOS process, the single-die chip includes two analog modulators, on-chip bandgap reference circuit, decimation filter and serial interface circuits. The core die area is around 14.8 mm2. The ADC achieves 124 dB dynamic range (A-weighted), -111 dB THD over 20 kHz bandwidth. Total power consumption is less than 330 mW.
Using students' previous experience and prior knowledge to facilitate conceptual change in an introductory materials course

One important finding that the book, How People Learn, highlights is that all learning involves transfer from prior knowledge and previous experiences which can facilitate or impede learning. Learning can be facilitated by activating prior knowledge from an earlier class and/or context can be created for new material from previous experiences. Conversely, learning can be impeded by misconceptions that originate from personal experience, prior knowledge from previous classes, or inappropriate application of prior knowledge. Misconceptions from prior knowledge and previous experience can be classified according to their origin as a type of “impediment” to learning for which there are two general types, each with subtypes. Null impediment refers to missing information (necessary for learning new material) due to students: 1) not having prior knowledge (deficiency) or; 2) not recognizing links between new material and their prior existing knowledge (transfer). Substantive impediment refers to faulty concept models students hold from: 1) personal experience or observations (experiential); 2) prior courses and teaching (pedagogic) and; 3) bending or misinterpreting of new concepts to fit prior knowledge (misinterpretive). In this paper on research-to-practice we address the question of what learning strategies are most effective in repairing misconceptions or “impediments” of different origin.
Use of Propensity Score Matching Method and Hybrid Bayesian Method to Estimate Crash Modification Factors of Signal Installation

In recent years increased attention has been given to predicting the effects of roadway improvements on traffic safety. Tools have been developed in cooperation with FHWA and TRB that attempt to predict crash experience, and they require estimates of crash modification factors (CMFs) to produce predicted reduction benefits. The tools make use of empirical Bayes statistics, which currently require that crash data be overdispersed. The main purpose of this paper is to illustrate two alternative methods of estimating CMFs that can be applied whether or not the crash data are overdispersed. The first combines the hierarchical Bayes model with a model that allows for temporal changes in the covariates. The second uses an estimated propensity score to match a group of locations that had a countermeasure installed with a comparison group that was not treated. Both methods were used to compute estimates for the CMFs associated with signalizing a set of nonrural intersections. Neither method found evidence of an overall reduction or an increase in crashes following signalization. However, use of the first method indicated that right-angle crashes decreased while rear-ending crashes increased, as has been observed in other studies.
Independent Regulation of MucD, an HtrA-Like Protease in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Role of Its Proteolytic Motif in Alginate Gene Regulation

Expression of mucD, encoding a homologue of the HtrA(DegP) family of endoserine proteases, was investigated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expressed from the algT-mucABCD operon, MucD was detected in mucoid (FRD1) and nonmucoid (PAO1) parental strains and also when polar insertions were placed upstream in algT or mucB. A transcriptional start site for a mucD promoter (PmucD) was mapped within mucC. Expression of single-copy mucD217, encoding MucD altered in the protease motif (S217A), was defective in temperature resistance and alginate gene regulation.
Using Image and Curve Registration for Measuring the Goodness of Fit of Spatial and Temporal Predictions

Conventional measures of model fit for indexed data (e.g., time series or spatial data) summarize errors in y, for instance by integrating (or summing) the squared difference between predicted and measured values over a range of x. We propose an approach which recognizes that errors can occur in the x-direction as well. Instead of just measuring the difference between the predictions and observations at each site (or time), we first "deform" the predictions, stretching or compressing along the x-direction or directions, so as to improve the agreement between the observations and the deformed predictions. Error is then summarized by (a) the amount of deformation in x, and (b) the remaining difference in y between the data and the deformed predictions (i.e., the residual error in y after the deformation). A parameter, lambda, controls the tradeoff between (a) and (b), so that as lambda-->infinity no deformation is allowed, whereas for lambda=0 the deformation minimizes the errors in y. In some applications, the deformation itself is of interest because it characterizes the (temporal or spatial) structure of the errors. The optimal deformation can be computed by solving a system of nonlinear partial differential equations, or, for a unidimensional index, by using a dynamic programming algorithm. We illustrate the procedure with examples from nonlinear time series and fluid dynamics.
Prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease: Hypolipidemic agents

While the quality and quantity of lipids and lipoproteins provide a window on cardiovascular health, in some cases, they are also therapeutic targets that when treated can reduce or reverse the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis. We summarize in this chapter the current strategies and attendant mechanisms for reducing CVD risk. Clearly, for most patients, CVD risk can be reduced by the statin class of hypocholesterolemic drugs. However, even after receiving statin therapy, there is residual CVD risk for which current therapies are inadequate. In this context, we discuss the now unsupported “higher HDL-C concentration is better” approach, the reasons for its failure, possible new approaches that will reduce residual CVD risk, and the molecular mechanisms that give rise to a major CVD risk factor, metabolic syndrome in atherogenesis. We also describe the mechanisms and attendant CVD targets of the major classes of lipid-lowering drugs—statins, fibrates, niacin, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, and n-3 fatty acids.
3D Measurements of Nano-Particle Transport in Complex 2.5D Micro-Models

A confocal Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (C-μPIV) technique along with associated post image processing algorithms is established to quantify three dimensional distributions of nano-particle velocity and concentration at the micro-scale (pore-scale) in 2.5D porous media designed from a Boise rock sample. In addition, an in-situ, non-destructive method for measuring the geometry of the micro-model, including its depth, is described and demonstrated. The particle experiments use 900 nm fluorescence labeled polystyrene particles at a flow rate of 10 nLmin−1 and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while in-situ geometry measurements use regular microscope along with Rhodamine dye and a depth-to-fluorescence-intensity calibration. Image post-processing techniques include elimination of background noise and signal from adsorbed nano-particle on the inner surfaces of the micro-model. In addition, a minimization of depth of focus technique demonstrates a capability of optically thin slice allowing us to measure depth wise velocity in 2.5D micro-model. The mean planar components of the particle velocity of the steady-state flow and particle concentration distributions were measured in three dimensions. Particle velocities range from 0.01 to 122 μm s−1 and concentrations from 2.18 × 103 to 1.79 × 104 particles mm−2. Depth-wise results show that mean velocity closer to the top wall is comparatively higher than bottom walls, because of higher planar porosity and smooth pathway for the nano-particles closer to the top wall. The three dimensional micro-model geometry reconstructed from the fluorescence data can be used to conduct numerical simulations of the flow in the as-tested micro-model for future comparisons to experimental results after incorporating particle transport and particle-wall interaction models.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Spontaneous subdural haemorrhage in a patient with scleroderma renal crisis

A 52-year-old woman with a history of systemic sclerosis presented with new onset seizures and renal failure. The patient9s history, laboratory data and pathology supported the diagnosis of scleroderma renal crisis. The patient was also noted to have a subdural haemorrhage (SDH) in the absence of trauma. This is the first report of scleroderma renal crisis associated with a spontaneous SDH.
Can we really teach psychosomatic medicine ? a review of successes and failures

Medicine, it seems, is lately in a state of perpetual crisis. Some would attribute the problem, at least in part, to the enduring heritage of Descartes, who imprinted dualistic notions of a separation of mind and body upon medical education and practice. The perspective of psychosomatic medicine has long been hailed as the remedy for flaws in the way medicine has been taught and practiced for at least five decades. If medicine as a humanistic endeavor is to take account of the whole individual, it must encompass biological, social and psychological dimensions of the person. Many attempts at curriculum reform and postgraduate education have had variable success in countering the dualism of medicine. This presentation will discuss the challenge, the problems and the future of psychosomatic teaching, with illustrations from a variety of educational experiments.
A Method of Detecting the Critical Characteristic Point of Out-of-step Oscillation Using P-Q-θ Trajectory

System islanding is a very important measure for protecting power systems from wide-area blackouts.It takes at least one oscillation cycle for conventional islanding control devices to detect system out-of-step oscillation conditions,which cannot fully meet the system stability control demands of modern power systems.This paper analyses the trajectory of P/Q at their maximum points when power system is under out-of-step oscillation conditions,and gets the method for detecting critical characteristic point of out-of-step oscillation.Then a new criterion is presented to detect the critical characteristic point of out-of-step oscillation using P-Q-θ trajectory,which can detect out-of-step oscillation quickly and accurately.
Advanced manufacturing technology strategy: a managerial perspective

This study addresses the problem of planning a successful manufacturing strategy in an advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) environment. An AMT Strategy Planning Process (ASPP) is presented. This model is based on the input provided by two groups of manufacturing managers.
Gender as a Category of Analysis in Development and Environmental History

In 2010, reflecting on her landmark 1986 article “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” Joan Scott wondered whether, since the original article's publication, the category of gender had “lost its critical edge.” She noted how it had often come to refer simply to the roles assigned to “women” and “men,” while those categories themselves were assumed to be determined by biological “sex” and thus stable and self-explanatory. In other words, the gender/sex binary persisted “despite a generation of scholarship aimed at deconstructing that opposition.” Scott proposed that gender as an analytical category continues to be useful today only if it is “taken as an invitation to think critically about how the meanings of sexed bodies are produced in relation to one another, how these meanings are deployed and changed.”
Intelligent manufacturing: A comparative study cross regional borders

W the ever increasing market competition and technology advances, more and more countries or regions are placing advanced manufacturing technology on their top priorities for economic growth and social development. In Europe, for instance, Germany has announced the Industry 4.0 strategy in 2013. In the US, President Obama launched the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP) in 2011. Since then, many other initiatives have been launched, including the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee 2.0 (AMP 2.0) in 2013, the Nationwide Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) in 2014, and the Revitalize American Manufacturing Act signed into law by the President in December 2014. Most recently, the Chinese government published the 10-year plan and roadmap towards manufacturing the Manufacturing 2025 strategy. The largest international collaborative program Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) led by Japan is also rolling out a road map for next step with its IMS2020 vision. With all these initiatives and programs, the core technology development and implementation area is in intelligent manufacturing. To this end, key technological enablers are identified, such as Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-physical Systems (CPS), Information and Communication Technology (ICT), etc. There is a clear trend that all regions and countries have adopted these advanced enablers, and integrate them with traditional manufacturing systems so as to create smart products and smart factories. However, the approaches and strategies in different regions vary due to variations in industrial status and market conditions. This paper will provide a comparative study on the strategies and approaches from three representative regions on intelligent manufacturing technology: Germany, US, and China. Challenges and research focus at these regions will also be addressed.
Treatment of CVA and Vein of Galen Ectasia

Optimal methods of evaluation and treatment of newborns with cerebral arteriovenous malformation associated with ectasia of the vein of Galen are outlined along with a case report of an inoperable malformation from the Dept of Pediatrics, Malarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, and Dept of Neuroradiology, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicetre, France.
Authorization in the digital library: secure access to services across enterprise boundaries

In large scale networked information systems (e.g. the World Wide Web), the community of subjects who may make requests to a service provider such as a digital library will often extend beyond the local community to include individuals about whom little prior knowledge, if any, exists at the provider. This poses challenges for resource protection which do not resist in traditional computing environments. The paper presents a formal framework for secure access to information and services in such systems, where both the size of the user base and a variety of local enterprise dependent representations of user attributes must be considered. In our framework, an individual supplies digital credentials akin to traditional paper credentials with a request for service. To decide whether to grant the request, the recipient interprets the credentials using knowledge about the credential issuers (more precisely, of what conditions must hold for the issuers to have issued the credentials) rather than, or in addition to, specific knowledge about the requester. Our formalism for access control also provides a basis for security oriented smart yellow pages facilities, which are directory services that manage queryable registries of information about service providers and their requirements.
A Framework for Educational Technologies that Support Representational Competencies

Visual representations are ubiquitous in STEM disciplines. Yet, students’ difficulties in learning with visual representations are well documented. Therefore, to succeed in STEM, students need representational competencies—the ability to use visual representations for problem solving and learning. Educational technologies that support students’ acquisition of representational competencies can significantly enhance their success in STEM disciplines. Current design frameworks for educational technologies do not offer sufficient guidance to develop supports for representational competencies. This paper presents a new design framework that describes an iterative, step-by-step approach for the design of educational technologies that support representational competencies (SUREC) in a way that aligns with the demands specific to the target discipline. The paper illustrates how this framework was used to inform the design of an intelligent tutoring system for undergraduate chemistry. An evaluation study suggests that the SUREC framework yielded an effective educational technology that enhances students’ learning of content knowledge.
The Hamran Sites

The Hamran is the best represented of the Epipaleolithic taxa with occupations having been discovered in each of the four study areas (Figures 10.1, 10.2, 10.3). The sites in the Jebel Hamra area are of particular importance, however, for they reveal a stratigraphic succession that allows for sequencing the assemblages into four phases. Early Hamran assemblages, dominated by nongeometric microliths, are replaced by assemblages with trapeze/rectangles during the Middle Hamran. Lunates along with an intentional use of the microburin technique emerge in the Late Hamran and become dominant characteristics of toolkits in Final Hamran times.
Pulse sequences for suppressing leakage in single-qubit gate operations

Many realizations of solid-state qubits involve couplings to leakage states lying outside the computational subspace, posing a threat to high-fidelity quantum gate operations. Mitigating leakage errors is especially challenging when the coupling strength is unknown, e.g., when it is caused by noise. Here we show that simple pulse sequences can be used to strongly suppress leakage errors for a qubit embedded in a three-level system. As an example, we apply our scheme to the recently proposed charge quadrupole (CQ) qubit for quantum dots. These results provide a solution to a key challenge for fault-tolerant quantum computing with solid-state elements.
Regionally Restricted Hox Function in Adult Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells.

Posterior Hox genes (Hox9-13) are critical for patterning the limb skeleton along the proximodistal axis during embryonic development. Here we show that Hox11 paralogous genes, which developmentally pattern the zeugopod (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula), remain regionally expressed in the adult skeleton. Using Hoxa11EGFP reporter mice, we demonstrate expression exclusively in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow of the adult zeugopod. Hox-positive cells express PDGFRα and CD51, are marked by LepR-Cre, and exhibit colony-forming unit fibroblast activity and tri-lineage differentiation in vitro. Loss of Hox11 function leads to fracture repair defects, including reduced cartilage formation and delayed ossification. Hox mutant cells are defective in osteoblastic and chondrogenic differentiation in tri-lineage differentiation experiments, and these defects are zeugopod specific. In the stylopod (humerus and femur) and sternum, bone marrow MSCs express other regionally restricted Hox genes, and femur fractures heal normally in Hox11 mutants. Together, our data support regional Hox expression and function in skeletal MSCs.
Incorporating Ethics in Engineering Education

Ethics and ethical behavior are typically not discussed in the classroom and made an integral part of engineering education. However, there is an awareness in the engineering profession that academic dishonesty in undergraduate and graduate education is very likely to lead to similar behavior in professional practice. In this paper, a case is made for incorporating ethics as an integral part of any course and curriculum, and setting up a framework to promote and handle ethical behavior in institutions of higher learning. Examples involving traditions and practices at Arizona State University (ASU) help illustrate author's views on ethics and ethical behavior.
LICENSING HAS A ROLE IN TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIC PLANNING.

(1985). Licensing Has a Role in Technology Strategic Planning. Research Management: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 35-40.
Hospital and Health Insurance Markets Concentration and Inpatient Hospital Transaction Prices in the U.S. Health Care Market.

Objective To examine the effects of hospital and insurer markets concentration on transaction prices for inpatient hospital services. Data Sources Measures of hospital and insurer markets concentration derived from American Hospital Association and HealthLeaders-InterStudy data are linked to 2005–2008 inpatient administrative data from Truven Health MarketScan Databases. Study Design Uses a reduced-form price equation, controlling for cost and demand shifters and accounting for possible endogeneity of market concentration using instrumental variables (IV) technique. Principal Findings The findings suggest that greater hospital concentration raises prices, whereas greater insurer concentration depresses prices. A hypothetical merger between two of five equally sized hospitals is estimated to increase hospital prices by about 9 percent (p < .001). A similar merger of insurers would depress prices by about 15.3 percent (p < .001). Over the 2003–2008 periods, the estimates imply that hospital consolidation likely raised prices by about 2.6 percent, while insurer consolidation depressed prices by about 10.8 percent. Additional analysis using longer panel data and applying hospital fixed effects confirms the impact of hospital concentration on prices. Conclusion The findings provide support for strong antitrust enforcement to curb rising hospital service prices and health care costs.
Working with Walter

I am delighted to be able to wish Walter a happy 80th birthday. Here I will briefly explain what it was like to be his graduate student.
The international trafficking of human organs

Organ trafficking has not generated much scholarly literature to help our understanding of its nature, causes, and consequences. Fortunately, Leonard Territo and Rande Matteson have contributed a u...
DOES UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION INCREASE VIOLENT CRIME

Despite substantial public, political, and scholarly attention to the issue of immigration and crime, we know little about the criminological consequences of undocumented immigration. As a result, fundamental questions about whether undocumented immigration increases violent crime remain unanswered. In an attempt to address this gap, we combine newly developed estimates of the unauthorized population with multiple data sources to capture the criminal, socioeconomic, and demographic context of all 50 states and Washington, DC, from 1990 to 2014 to provide the first longitudinal analysis of the macro-level relationship between undocumented immigration and violence. The results from fixed-effects regression models reveal that undocumented immigration does not increase violence. Rather, the relationship between undocumented immigration and violent crime is generally negative, although not significant in all specifications. Using supplemental models of victimization data and instrumental variable methods, we find little evidence that these results are due to decreased reporting or selective migration to avoid crime. We consider the theoretical and policy implications of these findings against the backdrop of the dramatic increase in immigration enforcement in recent decades.
Institutions and Constitutions: The Economic World of James M. Buchanan

James Buchanan is best known for his work that established the foundations for the development of public choice. This characterization of his work is in one sense too broad and in another too narrow. Buchanan’s work consistently takes an institutional approach to economic activity, analyzing the institutional framework within which people interact, whether that interaction is through market exchange or through a collective decision-making process. Buchanan’s focus is on the process of exchange and the environment within which exchanges take place. His work in public choice has emphasized the constitutional framework within which collective action takes place, analyzing how institutions affect the results of collective action. Buchanan’s focus is considerably narrower than the broad body of work within the field of public choice. An examination of his work over his career suggests that he might be best characterized as an institutional economist who has focused on constitutional issues.
Collision Avoidance Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks

We present an analytical model for the saturation throughput of sender-initiated collision avoidance protocols in multi-hop ad hoc networks with nodes randomly placed according to a two-dimensional Poisson distribution. We show that these protocols can accommodate much fewer competing nodes within a region in a network infested with hidden terminals than in those cases without hidden terminals or with just a few. These results are validated through computer simulations. We then introduce a framework to address the fairness problem inherent in ad hoc networks using IEEE 802.11 and propose a topology-aware fair access (TAFA) scheme to realize the framework. Simulation results show that TAFA can solve the fairness problem in UDP-based applications with negligible degradation in throughput, and the notorious problem of the starvation of flows in TCP-based applications while incurring only some throughput degradation.
Chapter 9 – Magnetospheric substorms

Publisher Summary A substorm is a time-dependent process in three dimensions involving four outstanding research topics in basic plasma physics: magnetic reconnection, CD, turbulence, and particle acceleration. The brightening of a small element of an existing auroral arc can be taken as the defined onset of a substorm. After the substorm onset the auroral oval becomes clearly bifurcated, consisting of two components: the oval aurora in the latitude range of the preonset oval, and the bulge aurora that emerges out of the oval. The bulge aurora expands poleward out of the presubstorm oval, westward as well as eastward, from the premidnight onset location. The entire substorm behaves as a single component system but with many different aspects. The most spectacular auroral display is the WTS that initiates the EP of substorms. The most reliable indicator of substorm onset is the sudden brightening of a small portion of an existing auroral arc due to increased particle precipitation. The substorm current diversion of the three-dimensional current system is responsible for most of the effects that can be seen by ground-based magnetometers at substorm onset. Magnetic perturbations caused by the type 2 current system can be detected on the ground as the auroral electrojets by a chain of magnetic observatories. Diversion of the cross-tail current by the type 1 current system starts at onset through the midnight ionosphere. The wedge shape of the projected equivalent current accounts for the name “substorm current wedge.”
Abstract 2847: Presence of Spouses Impacts Positively Survival in Patients with Heart Failure Regardless of Presence of Depressive Symptoms

Background: Positive spousal support is associated with improved long-term outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients. Depressive symptoms are a well-known predictor of mortality and morbidity. However, the impact of having a spouse on survival in the context of patient depressive symptoms is unknown. Purpose : To determine the impact of a spouse on event-free survival in depressed and non-depressed patients. Methods: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in HF patients who were followed for 3-years to collect data on cardiac related mortality and hospitalizations. Patients were grouped into presence and absence of depressive symptom using a cut-point score of 14 on the BDI-II. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a log rank test was used to obtain survival curves for married and non married groups who were stratified by presence or absence of depressive symptoms. Results: Of a total of 165 patients (68.7% male, 61 years, 62% NYHA class III/IV), 56% were married and 33% had depressive symptoms. Levels of depressive symptom were similar between married and non-married patients (10.9 vs. 12.1, p = 0.39). Married patients experienced longer event-free survival than non-married patients (p Conclusion: Regardless of depressive symptoms, patients with a spouse had longer event-free survival than patients without a spouse. Intervention aimed at improving clinical outcomes should identify and reinforce alternative social support networks for non-married patient.
On Friedrich Hayek and Public Administration

Despite the late Friedrich Hayek's popular reputation as an advocate of free markets and an opponent of government intervention, his work has important implications for public administration. Hayek argued for the desirability of decentralized systems of human interaction in light of the limits on human rationality, the importance of rules in a social and political order, and the limits of democracy as expressed through majority rule. These ideas can be interpreted as supporting the exercise of significant administrative discretion in public policy within rules that limit arbitrary actions against citizens. As such, his work suggests the continuing relevance of the ideas of classical liberalism to the modern administrative state.
A guileful ruse: ISIS, media, and tactics of appropriation

ABSTRACTWhen Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), in the throes of territorial demise, laid claim to the deadliest mass shooting in US history, the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, pundits declared it a...
Survival, body weights, feed efficiency, and carcass traits of 3/4 white composite and 1/4 Duroc, 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing, or 1/4 Minzhu pigs.

Pigs were the progeny of White Composite (WC) boars mated to F1 Duroc x WC, Meishan x WC, Fengjing x WC, and Minzhu x WC gilts. Meishan and Fengjing crosses had more (P < .05) nipples than Duroc and Minzhu crosses. Meishan and Minzhu crosses had a higher survival rate at birth (P < .05) than Duroc and Fengjing crosses, but breed types did not differ significantly (P approximately .29) for survival to 14 or 28 d of age. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .05) than Fengjing and Minzhu crosses at 0, 28, 56, 70, 98, 126, and 154 d of age; they were heavier (P < .05) than Meishan crosses at 0, 28, 98, 126, and 154 d of age. Chinese crosses had similar weights at most ages, although Meishan crosses were heavier (P < .05) than Fengjing and Minzhu crosses at 126 and 154 d of age. Breed types did not differ significantly (P approximately .27) for feed efficiency during the nursery period. Over the entire finishing period, Duroc-cross gilts (.3310) were less efficient (P < .05) than Meishan (.3436), Fengjing (.3454), or Minzhu crosses (.3466); among barrows Meishan crosses (.3176) were least efficient (P < .05), Fengjing crosses (.3263) were most efficient (P < .05), and Duroc (.3211) and Minzhu (.3209) were intermediate but not significantly different from the Meishan or Fengjing crosses. At a constant age, Duroc crosses had longer carcasses, greater longissimus muscle area, and heavier slaughter weight, carcass weight, and weight of untrimmed cuts and trimmed cuts than the Chinese crosses (P < .05). There were few significant differences among breed types for carcass traits at a constant carcass weight. Results show that, relative to one-half Duroc females, incorporation of one-half Chinese females into a crossbreeding program will result in progeny with a significant decrease in rate of growth (approximately 9% for weight at 154 d of age) and a small, nonsignificant decrease in yield of trimmed lean cuts (approximately 5%) at a constant carcass weight.
The Principle of Division in Roger Caillois’s Man, Play and Games:

Caillois’s classic text Man, Play and Games leaves open a basic question: Why focus on four specific kinds of play? Subsequent authors have offered their own rationalizations and expanded upon his ...
Complications Are Rare From Middle Turbinate Resection: A Prospective Case Series.

BackgroundWhen chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) fails to respond to medical therapy, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) plays an integral role in management. Some studies have shown th...
Examining Opportunities for Goal-Directed Self-Tracking to Support Chronic Condition Management

Although self-tracking offers potential for a more complete, accurate, and longer-term understanding of personal health, many people struggle with or fail to achieve their goals for health-related self-tracking. This paper investigates how to address challenges that result from current self-tracking tools leaving a person's goals for their data unstated and lacking explicit support. We examine supporting people and health providers in expressing and pursuing their tracking-related goals via goal-directed self-tracking, a novel method to represent relationships between tracking goals and underlying data. Informed by a reanalysis of data from a prior study of migraine tracking goals, we created a paper prototype to explore whether and how goal-directed self-tracking could address current disconnects between the goals people have for data in their chronic condition management and the tools they use to support such goals. We examined this prototype in interviews with 14 people with migraine and 5 health providers. Our findings indicate the potential for scaffolding goal-directed self-tracking to: 1) elicit different types and hierarchies of management and tracking goals; 2) help people prepare for all stages of self-tracking towards a specific goal; and 3) contribute additional expertise in patient-provider collaboration. Based on our findings, we present implications for the design of tools that explicitly represent and support an individual's specific self-tracking goals.
Test-Based Modeling of Photovoltaic Inverter Impact on Distribution Systems

Open circuit, short circuit and voltage sag tests were performed on eight different photovoltaic (PV) inverters, over a range of power outputs and event points on wave. Overvoltages can exceed 2.0 pu peak and 1.9 pu first-cycle rms. Fault currents can exceed 3.9 pu peak and 1.1 pu first-cycle rms during a short circuit event, or 1.3 pu rms during a sag. Inverter type tests are proposed to characterize these parameters for modeling in system impact and hosting capacity studies. Example inverter models for the Alternative Transients Program and OpenDSS have been posted to web repositories.
Sustained Bacterial Reduction of CoIIIEDTA- in the Presence of Competing Geochemical Oxidation during Dynamic Flow

Radionuclides and metals can be mobilized by chelating agents typically present in low-level radioactive liquid wastes. [60Co]EDTA in the form 60CoIIIEDTA- represents a highly stable [log KCo(III)EDTA = 43.9] and mobile form of this radionuclide. By contrast, the reduced form of this metal−ligand complex, 60CoIIEDTA2-, is much less stable [log KCo(II)EDTA = 18.3] and less mobile. There is an increasing awareness that dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) can be used to mediate redox transformations of metals and radionuclides whose stability and mobility are governed by their oxidation state. We conducted a series of column experiments to provide an improved understanding of CoIIIEDTA- reduction by the facultative anaerobe Shewanella alga BrY (BrY). Experiments were conducted under growth conditions using lactate as a carbon and energy source. We were able to demonstrate the sustained reduction of CoIIIEDTA- in column flow experiments with the desired result that a less stable, less mobile product ...
Building a Vision for Reproducibility in the Cyberinfrastructure Ecosystem: Leveraging Community Efforts

The scientific computing community has long taken a leadership role in understanding and assessing the relationship of reproducibility to cyberinfrastructure, ensuring that computational results - such as those from simulations - are "reproducible", that is, the same results are obtained when one re-uses the same input data, methods, software and analysis conditions. Starting almost a decade ago, the community has regularly published and advocated for advances in this area. In this article we trace this thinking and relate it to current national efforts, including the 2019 National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report on "Reproducibility and Replication in Science". To this end, this work considers high performance computing workflows that emphasize workflows combining traditional simulations (e.g. Molecular Dynamics simulations) with in situ analytics. We leverage an analysis of such workflows to (a) contextualize the 2019 National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report's recommendations in the HPC setting and (b) envision a path forward in the tradition of community driven approaches to reproducibility and the acceleration of science and discovery. The work also articulates avenues for future research at the intersection of transparency, reproducibility, and computational infrastructure that supports scientific discovery.
Stochastic gene expression and chromosome interactions in protecting the human active X from silencing by XIST.

Mammals use X chromosome inactivation to compensate for the sex difference in numbers of X chromosomes. A relatively unexplored question is how the active X is protected from inactivation by its ow...
Kinetic inductance detectors for the Origins Space Telescope

The Origins Space Telescope (Origins) will have a 5.9-m diameter primary mirror cooled to 4.5 K and will be equipped with three instruments, two of which will cover the far-IR (λ = 25 to 588 μm). These far-IR instruments will require large arrays (∼104 detectors) of ultrasensitive detectors, with noise equivalent powers (NEPs) as low as 3 × 10 − 20 W Hz − 1/2. Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have already demonstrated the array format, modularity, and readout multiplexing density requirements for Origins; the only aspect that requires improvement is the per-pixel sensitivity. We show how KIDs can meet the sensitivity target, focusing on two existing architectures that together demonstrate the key necessary attributes. Arrays of antenna-coupled coplanar waveguide resonators have achieved NEPs of 3 × 10 − 19 W Hz − 1/2 in laboratory demonstrations at 350 μm; they demonstrate excellent material properties as well as array-level integration and performance. Lumped element detectors such as those under development for balloon-borne spectroscopy at 10 to 350 μm demonstrate flexibility in coupling to shorter-wavelengths, reducing active volume, and providing a means for suppressing capacitor noise. A straightforward combination of the elements of these already-demonstrated devices points to a low-volume design that is expected to meet the Origins sensitivity targets.
The Active Site Structure of Na,K-ATPase: Location of a Specific Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Reactive Site

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characteristics of fluorescein-labeled Na,K-ATPase. It has recently been demonstrated that fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) covalently reacts with purified Na,K-ATPase and completely inhibits the ATPase activity when added at as light molar excess. This inhibition was prevented by ATP, suggesting modification at the active site of the enzyme. FITC reacts with a stoichiometry equal to the stoichiometry of ouabain or vanadate binding to the purified enzyme. The labeled site is located about 14 Ǻ from the site of divalent cation binding during catalysis but is found on a different tryptic fragment of the ATPase than the aspartate residue that is phosphorylated during turn over. The purified Na,K-ATPase from renal medulla was labeled with 10μ M FITC in 50 mM Tris-HC1, 100 mM NaC1, 5 mM EDTA, pH 9.2, for 30 min at 25°C. Protein was separated from unreacted FITC by gel filtration. Fluorescein-labeled ATPase was treated with trypsin or chymotrypsin according to previous procedures to generate proteolytic fragments whose locations within the α-subunit of the ATPase are known. The chapter also discusses the stoichiometry of FITC labeling and fluorescence energy transfer from fluorescein to a divalent cation.