cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religion and risky health behaviors among U.S. adolescents and adults

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the effects of a broad set of measures of religiosity—religious attendance, prayer frequency, and self-reported importance of religion—on risky health behaviors at different stages of the life course. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the contemporaneous as well as medium- and longer-term effects of religiosity during the adolescence years on the use of both licit and illicit substances—cigarette, binge drinking, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, inhalants, LSD, heroin, PCP, and other illegal drugs. Using sibling fixed effects models, we find novel evidence that intrinsic religiosity—self-reported importance of religion—during adolescence has the most significant effects on reducing dependence on use and abuse of additive substances.
Pregnancy Following Incontinence Surgery

A two-page questionnaire was distributed to 304 members of the American Urogynecology Society. Ninety-nine of the 149 respondents reported that they had performed continence surgery on patients who specifically stated their desire for future childbearing. One hundred and eleven recommended the Burch colposuspension, 29 favored the sling procedure, and others advocated different procedures. Urologists as a subset more often recommended either a sling or needle suspension. Twenty-eight percent of respondents felt a trial of labor and vaginal delivery was indicated following incontinence surgery, but 40% stated that they would always perform cesarean section in these patients. A total of 40 vaginal deliveries and 47 cesarean sections were reported. When postpartum continence status was known, only 73% of women who had vaginal deliveries were continent, whereas 95% were continent following cesarean section. Fisher's exact test revealed this to be a statistically significant difference (P=0.0344).
Multicomponent Linchpin Couplings. Reaction of Dithiane Anions with Terminal Epoxides, Epichlorohydrin, and Vinyl Epoxides: Efficient, Rapid, and Stereocontrolled Assembly of Advanced Fragments for Complex Molecule Synthesis

The development, application, and advantages of a one-flask multicomponent dithiane linchpin coupling protocol, over the more conventional stepwise addition of dithiane anions to electrophiles leading to the rapid, efficient, and stereocontrolled assembly of highly functionalized intermediates for complex molecule synthesis, are described. Competent electrophiles include terminal epoxides, epichlorohydrin, and vinyl epoxides. High chemoselectivity can be achieved with epichlorohydrin and vinyl epoxides. For vinyl epoxides, the steric nature of the dithiane anion is critical; sterically unencumbered dithiane anions afford SN2 adducts, whereas encumbered anions lead primarily to SN2‘ adducts. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the SN2‘ process occurs via syn addition to the vinyl epoxide. Integration of the multicomponent tactic with epichlorohydrin and vinyl epoxides permits the higher-order union of four and five components.
Marketing's Contributions to Society

ABSTRACTAt this unique point in time, it is appropriate to step back and deliberate on the scope of the marketing field and the contributions it offers to society. The authors adopt several perspectives to do this, looking across time, across societies, and into the operations and structure of the aggregate marketing system itself, which emerges as a huge and complex human institution. A large number of contributions to society are illustrated, ranging from aggregate inputs to the nation's economic health to individual benefits felt by some consumers. However, the system is not perfect; a range of criticisms and system problems also is summarized. The article closes with a look at lessons learned and future challenges in the century ahead.
The inviscid limit for two-dimensional incompressible fluids with unbounded vorticity

In [C2], Chemin shows that solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in R for an incompressible fluid whose initial vorticity lies in L ∩ L∞ converge in the zero-viscosity limit in the L–norm to a solution of the Euler equations, convergence being uniform over any finite time interval. In [Y2], Yudovich assumes an initial vorticity lying in L for all p ≥ p0, and establishes the uniqueness of solutions to the Euler equations for an incompressible fluid in a bounded domain of R, assuming a particular bound on the growth of the L–norm of the initial vorticity as p grows large. We combine these two approaches to establish, in R, the uniqueness of solutions to the Euler equations and the same zero-viscosity convergence as Chemin, but under Yudovich’s assumptions on the vorticity with p0 = 2. The resulting bounded rate of convergence can be arbitrarily slow as a function of the viscosity ν.
The catalytic conversion of methyl chloride to ethylene and propylene over phosphorus-modified Mg-ZSM-5 zeolites

A Mg-ZSM-5 zeolite modified with phosphorus is capable of catalyzing the reaction of CH3Cl to C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, and HCl at 500°C. At a WHSV of 20 h−1, an initial conversion level of 96% was achieved with combined C2H4, C3H6, and C4H8 selectivities of about 80%. During the useful life of the catalyst the C3H6 selectivity was 50-60%. The percent conversion decreased to 50% over a period of 20 h, but the catalyst could be regenerated by heating in flowing air. As the catalyst deactivated, the C3H6 selectivity increased slightly and the C2H4 selectivity decreased. Catalytic and spectroscopic results confirm that phosphorus, derived from trimethylphosphine, was responsible for a decrease in the strong Bronsted acidity in the zeolite. For example, the phosphorus-modified zeolite was inactive for n-hexane cracking at 350°C, and the protonated amount of pyridine, added to the zeolite as a probe for acidity, decreased significantly. The catalyst, however, had sufficient acidity to crack hexene or octene at 500°C to propylene and ethylene in ratios that were very similar to those detected during the conversion of CH3Cl. Without the strong Bronsted acidity the PMg-ZSM-5 zeolite apparently is unable to convert the light olefins to paraffins and aromatics. A mechanism is proposed in which magnesium cations activate CH3Cl to form HCl and a carbene intermediate. The latter is believed to be responsible for CC bond formation via reaction with a surface methoxide species. Ethylene probably is the primary hydrocarbon, but it oligomerizes to a higher molecular weight olefin which cracks back to ethylene and propylene.
Contrasts in the Community Organization of Chinese and Japanese in North America

La sociologie amerieaine des relations ethniques, aux niveaux de la theorie et de la decision politique, est fondee sur l'experience de l'immigration europeenne et sur celle des rapports avec la population afro-americaine. Ces deux cas y ont introduit, respectivement, les notions de pluralisme et d'integration. L'examen des phenomenes du pluralisme et de l'assimilation chez les Chinois et les Japonais aux U.S.A., deux groupes raciaux defavorises, met en lumiere les conditions favorables a chacun de ces deux modes d'adaptation. La formation de eommunautes isolees et plutot autonomes par le groupe chinois n'est pas surtout due a une aversion hostile du milieu ambiant; elle resulte davantage de dettes contractees lors de I'emigration, de la repartition de la population selon le sexe, des attitudes a l'endroit du travail en milieu urbain et de conllits interpersonnels au sein du groupe. L'idee si repandue de l'assimilation facile du Japonais tiendrait, au contraire, au caractere volontaire de Iemigration de celui-ci, a son isolement et a sa segregation en milieu rural, a la possibilitye qu'il a de contracter un mariage endogame et a l'instabilite des controles communautaires importes du pays d'origine. Les personnes d'origines chinoise et japonaise nees aux U.S.A. ont maintenant de meilleures possibilityes que naguere de s'integrer a la societe globale. Certains Japano-Americains eprouvent pourtant une desillusion silen-cieuse face a la destruction inevitable des moeurs et de la culture japonaises. L'etude du contraste entre les communautes chinoise et japonaise d'Amerique devrait nous amener a modifier la theorie de Park sur le processus des relations raciales et a donner plus d'importance aux conditions qui permettent la surviv-ance des civilisations-meres dans un nouveau milieu.
Wind-Interaction Models for the Early Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Case of GRB 021004

Wind-interaction models for gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows predict that the optical emission from the reverse shock drops below that from the forward shock within hundreds of seconds of the burst. The typical frequency νm of the synchrotron emission from the forward shock passes through the optical band typically on a timescale of minutes to hours. Before the passage of νm, the optical flux evolves as t-1/4, and after the passage, the decay steepens to t-(3p-2)/4, where p is the exponent for the assumed power-law energy distribution of nonthermal electrons and is typically ~2. The steepening in the slope of temporal decay should be readily identifiable in the early afterglow light curves. We propose that such a steepening was observed in the R-band light curve of GRB 021004 around day 0.1. Available data at several radio frequencies are consistent with this interpretation, as are the X-ray observations around day 1. The early evolution of GRB 021004 contrasts with that of GRB 990123, which can be described by emission from interaction with a constant density medium.
Interface for rapid data transfer and evaluation

Minicomputers are quite useful for the acquisition and reduction of data from physical and biomedical research equipment. Minicomputers have become progressively less expensive and are now comparatively easily available for research investigators. At that point, the problem arises to interface minicomputers effectively to research equipment. This interfacing task became recently somewhat facilitated by specialized books and articles. Quite recently minicomputers were utilized for multiple ion detection in combined gas chromatography---mass spectrometry. A computer centered instrument for simultaneous measurements of absorption and fluorescence was also described quite recently. Finally, a computer system for the acquisition and analysis of temperature jump data was described. Although a Biomation 802 transient recorder was used as fast analog-to-digital converter by the latter authors, they utilized a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/20-8k and a teletypewriter ASR-33 as equipment connected to the output of the Biomation 802. In this paper we will describe the use of a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 8/e-8k minicomputer as active processor between the Biomation 802 and a Hazeltine 2000 CRT terminal, which is also connected to a Hazeltine dual tape cassette.
Detection statistics in the micromaser

We present a general method for the derivation of various statistical quantities describing the detection of a beam of atoms emerging from a micromaser. The use of non-normalized conditioned density operators and a linear master equation for the dynamics between detection events is discussed as are the counting statistics, sequence statistics, and waiting time statistics. In particular, we derive expressions for the mean number of successive detections of atoms in one of any two orthogonal states of the two-level atom. We also derive expressions for the mean waiting times between detections. We show that the mean waiting times between detections of atoms in like states are equivalent to the mean waiting times calculated from the uncorrelated steady state detection rates, although like atoms are indeed correlated. The mean waiting times between detections of atoms in unlike states exhibit correlations. We evaluate the expressions for various detector efficiencies using numerical integration, reporting results for the standard micromaser arrangement in which the cavity is pumped by excited atoms and the excitation levels of the emerging atoms are measured. In addition, the atomic inversion and the Fano-Mandel function for the detection of deexcited atoms are calculated for comparison to the experimental results of Weidinger et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3795 (1999)], who report the observation of trapping states.
Nilpotent Lie and Leibniz Algebras

We extend results on finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras to Leibniz algebras and counterexamples to others are found. One generator algebras are used in these examples and are investigated further.
Real-valued multiple-instance learning with queries

While there has been a significant amount of theoretical and empirical research on the multiple-instance learning model, most of this research is for concept learning. However, for the important application area of drug discovery, a real-valued classification is preferable. In this paper we initiate a theoretical study of real-valued multiple-instance learning. We prove that the problem of finding a target point consistent with a set of labeled multiple-instance examples (or bags) is NP-complete, and that the problem of learning from real-valued multiple-instance examples is as hard as learning DNF. Another contribution of our work is in defining and studying a multiple-instance membership query (MI-MQ). We give a positive result on exactly learning the target point for a multiple-instance problem in which the learner is provided with a MI-MQ oracle and a single adversarially selected bag.
Non-valence Fock states in heavy-to-light form factors at large recoil

We studied three-particle Fock state contributions to heavy-to-light form factors in the context of soft-collinear effective theory and found that they enter at leading power. These contributions are non-factorizable due to the appearance of endpoint singularities, however they do not violate spin-symmetry relations at leading power. In this talk I present their numerical estimation in a crude model in which the “soft overlap” contribution is cut off and find that they might lower the standard values for the form factors at maximum recoil significantly. Furthermore I briefly discuss the role of soft-collinear messenger modes in the region of soft overlap. PACS: 12.39.St Factorization – 13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
Selecting an Audit Software Package for Classroom Use

External, internal, and government auditors increasingly use audit software to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of audits. Incorporating technology such as generalized audit software into the classroom not only exposes students to “tools of the trade,” but, more importantly, also facilitates student learning of audit concepts and procedures. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on two audit software packages, ACL and IDEA, so that instructors can evaluate the appropriateness of including one or both of these packages in their courses. We compare the packages from both a functional and pedagogical perspective, describing several uses in the classroom. We also provide student and instructor feedback from package use. An accompanying web page provides numerous resources for instructors considering adopting ACL or IDEA, including exercises, exam questions, slides, review questions, and syllabi.
Classical dynamics of macroscopic strings

Abstract In recent work, Dabholkar et al. constructed static “cosmic string” solutions of the low-energy supergravity equations of the heterotic string, and conjectured that these solitons are actually exterior solutions for infinitely-long fundamental strings. In this paper we provide compelling dynamical evidence to support this conjecture by computing the dynamical force exerted by a solitonic string on an identical test-string limit, the Veneziano amplitude for the scattering of macroscopic winding states and the metric on moduli space for the scattering of two string solitons. All three methods yield trivial scattering in the low-energy limit.
Improved lower bounds on the randomized complexity of graph properties

We prove a lower bound of Ω(n4/3 log 1/3n) on the randomized decision tree complexity of any nontrivial monotone n-vertex graph property, and of any nontrivial monotone bipartite graph property with bipartitions of size n. This improves the previous best bound of Ω(n4/3) due to Hajnal (Combinatorica 11 (1991) 131–143). Our proof works by improving a graph packing lemma used in earlier work, and this improvement in turn stems from a novel probabilistic analysis. Graph packing being a well-studied subject in its own right, our improved packing lemma and the probabilistic technique used to prove it may be of independent interest. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007 A shorter preliminary version of this paper appeared in the Proceedings of ICALP 2001, the 28th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, Heraklion, Greece.
Deterministic process logic is elementary

Process logic (PL) is a language for reasoning about the behavior of a program during a computation, while propositional dynamic logic (PDL) can only reason about the input-output states of a program. Nevertheless, it is shown that to each PL model M , there corresponds in a natural way a PDL model M t such that each path in M is represented by a state in M t . Moreover, to every PL formula p , there corresponds a PDL formula p t , whose length is linear in that of p , such that p is true of a path in M iff p t is true of the state which represents that path in M t . Then it is shown that p is satisfiable iff p t is satisfiable in a finite PDL model with special properties which is called a pseudomodel . The size of the pseudomodel is in general nonelementary but is bounded by both the depth of nesting of the suf operator and the alternation of the suf and diamond operators. However, for DPL, a deterministic version of PL, the pseudomodel has exponential size, giving a deterministic exponential time procedure for deciding DPL validity. These results suggest that it is the interaction between nondeterministic programs and the suf operator that makes the general decision problem for PL so difficult.
High-Velocity Cloud Complex H: A Satellite of the Milky Way in a Retrograde Orbit?

Observations with the Green Bank Telescope of 21 cm H I emission from the high-velocity cloud complex H suggest that it is interacting with the Milky Way. A model in which the cloud is a satellite of the Galaxy in an inclined, retrograde circular orbit reproduces both the cloud's average velocity and its velocity gradient with latitude. The model places complex H at R = 33 ± 9 kpc from the Galactic center on a retrograde orbit inclined ≈45° to the Galactic plane. At this location, it has a mass in H I of greater than 6 × 106 M☉ and dimensions of at least 10 × 5 kpc. Some of the diffuse H I associated with the cloud has apparently been decelerated by interaction with Galactic gas. Complex H has similarities to the dwarf irregular galaxy Leo A and to some compact high-velocity clouds, and it has an internal structure nearly identical to parts of the Magellanic Stream, with a pressure P/k ≈ 100 cm-3 K.
A Systematic Study of Departures from Chemical Equilibrium in the Atmospheres of Substellar Mass Objects

We present a systematic study of the spectral consequences of departures from chemical equilibrium in the atmospheres of L and T dwarfs, and for even cooler dwarfs. The temperature/pressure profiles of the nonequilibrium models are fully consistent with the nonequilibrium chemistry. Our grid of nonequilibrium models includes spectra for effective temperatures from 200 to 1800 K, three surface gravities, four possible values of the coefficient of eddy diffusion in the radiative zone, and three different CO/CH4 chemical reaction prescriptions. We also provide clear and cloudy model variants. We find, in keeping with previous studies, that there are essentially only two spectral regions where the effects of departures from chemical equilibrium can influence the predicted spectrum. These are in the M (~4-5 μm) and N (8-14 μm) bands due to CO and NH3, respectively. The overabundance of CO translates into flux suppressions of at most ~40% between effective temperatures of 600 and 1800 K. The effect is largest around Teff ≈ 1100 K. The underabundance of ammonia translates into flux enhancements of no more than ~20% for the Teff range from 300 to 1800 K, with the largest effects at the lowest values of Teff. The magnitude of the departure from chemical equilibrium increases with decreasing gravity, with increasing eddy diffusion coefficient, and with decreasing speed of the CO/CH4 reaction. Although these effects are modest, they lead to better fits with the measured T dwarf spectra. Furthermore, the suppression in the M band due to nonequilibrium enhancements in the CO abundance disappears below ~500 K, and is only partial above ~500 K, preserving the M-band flux as a useful diagnostic of cool atmospheres and maintaining its importance for searches for the cooler brown dwarfs beyond the T dwarfs.
Seismic Damage Estimation for Buried Pipelines: Challenges after Three Decades of Progress

This paper analyzes the evolution over the past three decades of seismic damage estimation for buried pipelines and identifies some challenges for future research studies on the subject. The first section of this paper presents a chronological description of the evolution since the mid-1970s of pipeline fragility relations—the most common tool for pipeline damage estimation—and follows with a careful analysis of the use of several ground motion parameters as pipeline damage indicators. In the second section of the paper, four gaps on the subject are identified and proposed as challenges for future research studies. The main conclusion of this work is that enhanced fragility relations must be developed for improving pipeline damage estimation, which must consider relevant parameters that could influence the seismic response of pipelines.
Assessing the Milky Way Satellites Associated with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

Numerical models of the tidal disruption of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy have recently been developed that for the first time simultaneously satisfy most observational constraints on the angular position, distance, and radial velocity trends of both leading and trailing tidal streams emanating from the dwarf. We use these dynamical models in combination with extant three-dimensional position and velocity data for Galactic globular clusters and dSph galaxies to identify those Milky Way satellites that are likely to have originally formed in the gravitational potential well of the Sgr dwarf, and have been stripped from Sgr during its extended interaction with the Milky Way. We conclude that the globular clusters Arp 2, M 54, NGC 5634, Terzan 8, and Whiting 1 are almost certainly associated with the Sgr dwarf, and that Berkeley 29, NGC 5053, Pal 12, and Terzan 7 are likely to be as well (albeit at lower confidence). The initial Sgr system therefore may have contained five to nine globular clusters, corresponding to a specific frequency SN = 5-9 for an initial Sgr luminosity MV = –15.0. Our result is consistent with the 8 ± 2 genuine Sgr globular clusters expected on the basis of statistical modeling of the Galactic globular cluster distribution and the corresponding false-association rate due to chance alignments with the Sgr streams. The globular clusters identified as most likely to be associated with Sgr are consistent with previous reconstructions of the Sgr age-metallicity relation, and show no evidence for a second-parameter effect shaping their horizontal branch morphologies. We find no statistically significant evidence to suggest that any of the recently discovered population of ultrafaint dwarf galaxies are associated with the Sgr tidal streams, but are unable to rule out this possibility conclusively for all systems.
Improvements in Modeling 90 Degree Bleed Holes for Supersonic Inlets

The modeling of porous bleed regions as boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of supersonic inlet flows has been improved through a scaling of sonic flow coefficient data for 90-degree bleed holes. The scaling removed the Mach number as a factor in computing the sonic flow coefficient and allowed the data to be fitted with a quadratic equation with the only factor being the ratio of the plenum static pressure to the surface static pressure. This simplified the implementation of the bleed model into the Wind-US CFD flow solver by no longer requiring the evaluation of the flow properties at the edge of the boundary layer. The quadratic equation can be extrapolated to allow the modeling of small amounts of blowing, which can exist when recirculation of the bleed flow occurs within the bleed region. The improved accuracy of the bleed model was demonstrated through CFD simulations of bleed regions on a flat plate in supersonic flow with and without an impinging oblique shock. The bleed model demonstrated good agreement with experimental data and three-dimensional CFD simulations of bleed holes.
Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change

Climate variability in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere (SH) is dominated by the SH annular mode, a large-scale pattern of variability characterized by fluctuations in the strength of the circumpolar vortex. We present evidence that recent trends in the SH tropospheric circulation can be interpreted as a bias toward the high-index polarity of this pattern, with stronger westerly flow encircling the polar cap. It is argued that the largest and most significant tropospheric trends can be traced to recent trends in the lower stratospheric polar vortex, which are due largely to photochemical ozone losses. During the summer-fall season, the trend toward stronger circumpolar flow has contributed substantially to the observed warming over the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia and to the cooling over eastern Antarctica and the Antarctic plateau.
Melting of small Arctic ice caps observed from ERS scatterometer time series

[1] Time series of active microwave backscatter data from the ERS Wind Scatterometers are used to demonstrate (1) the timing of melt onset can be observed over small ice caps, as well as the major ice sheets and multi-year sea ice; and (2) temporally integrated backscatter reduction (R) is strongly correlated with total annual positive-degree-days (PDD), as measured at four automated weather stations on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The latter is particularly interesting because unlike melt onset, R is a measure of melt processes integrated over an entire ablation season. Both methods work owing to the well-known sharp decrease in radar backscatter triggered by the appearance of liquid water in a glacier snowpack. Melt onset and R are determined for 14 small Arctic ice caps from 1992–2000. Interannual and regional variability in the timing of melt onset are comparable, averaging 33 ± 9 and 38 ± 13 days, respectively. Regional variability in R exceeds interannual variability, averaging 906 ± 164 and 309 ± 130 dB·d, respectively. The brevity of the derived nine-year records limits their statistical testing for trend. However, their qualitative interpretation suggests that the timing of melt onset is more variable for Arctic ice caps than for sea ice, and the intensity of summer surface melting increased by about 20% in the 1990s.
Multidimensional, magnetohydrodynamic simulation of solar-generated disturbances: space weather forecasting of geomagnetic storms.

A short review is given, first, of an extension of classical, continuum gasdynamics to solar system magnetohy-drodynamics (MHD) in both the steady and time-dependent contexts. A slightly longer review is given of two-and three-dimenslonal, numerical, MHD simulations of transient, solar-generated disturbances in the inner solar system. Validation of this approach is provided by making use of several examples wherein shock shapes and energetic particle fluxes (generated by shocks) are empirically confirmed. Although these studies are based on an ideal, one-fluid (proton) plasma, we suggest that a three-dimensional MHD model be employed to make use of presently available solar observations as approximate physical parameters for initialization conditions. Such a model may be useful, within the space weather national implementation plan, for geomagnetic storm forecasts.
A multidimensional approach to the adoption of innovation

A major emphasis of modern strategic thinking involves the role innovation plays in the profile of the organization. Academics and practitioners alike have devoted significant amounts of time and organizational resources for nearly four decades to the identification of organizational and individual correlates of innovation. This work calls into question the practice of researchers, which treats innovation unidimensionally, such as a process innovation or a product innovation. A model is presented which encourages practitioners and academics alike to treat innovations as they exist, possessing multiple dimensions, such as product, radical and technological.
Irradiation creep in type 316 stainless steel and us PCA with fusion reactor He/dpa levels☆

Abstract Irradiation creep was investigated in Type 316 stainless steel (316 SS) and US Fusion Program PCA using a tailored spectrum of the Oak Ridge Research Reactor in order to achieve a He/dpa value characteristic of a fusion reactor first wall. Pressurized tubes with stresses of 20 to 470 MPa were irradiated at temperatures of 330, 400, 500, and 600°C. It was found that irradiation creep was independent of temperature in this range and varied linearly with stress at low stresses, but the stress exponent increased to 1.3 and 1.8 for 316 SS and PCA, respectively, at higher stresses. Specimens of PCA irradiated in the ORR and having helium levels up to 200 appm experienced a 3 to 10 times higher creep rate than similar specimens irradiated in the FFTF and having helium levels below 20 appm. The higher creep rates are attributed to either a lower flux or the presence of helium. A mechanism involving interstitial helium-enhanced climb is proposed.
A micromechanics-based strength prediction methodology for notched metal-matrix composites

An analytical micromechanics-based strength prediction methodology was developed to predict failure of notched metal matrix composites. The stress-strain behavior and notched strength of two metal matrix composites, boron/aluminum (B/Al) and silicon-carbide/titanium (SCS-6/Ti-15-3), were predicted. The prediction methodology combines analytical techniques ranging from a three-dimensional finite element analysis of a notched specimen to a micromechanical model of a single fiber. In the B/Al laminates, a fiber failure criteria based on the axial and shear stress in the fiber accurately predicted laminate failure for a variety of layups and notch-length to specimen-width ratios with both circular holes and sharp notches when matrix plasticity was included in the analysis. For the SCS-6/Ti-15-3 laminates, a fiber failure based on the axial stress in the fiber correlated well with experimental results for static and postfatigue residual strengths when fiber matrix debonding and matrix cracking were included in the analysis. The micromechanics-based strength prediction methodology offers a direct approach to strength prediction by modeling behavior and damage on a constituent level, thus, explicitly including matrix nonlinearity, fiber matrix debonding, and matrix cracking.
Commercial Fleet Demand for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles in California

Fleet demand for alternative-fuel vehicles ('AFVs' operating on fuels such as electricity, compressed natural gas, or methanol) is investigated through an analysis of a 1994 survey of 2000 fleet sites in California. This survey gathered information on site characteristics, awareness of mandates and incentives for AFV operation, and AFV purchase intentions. The survey also contained stated preference tasks in which fleet decision makers simulated fleet-replacement purchases by indicating how they would allocate their choices across a 'selector list' of hypothetical future vehicles. A discrete choice model was estimated to obtain preference tradeoffs for fuel types and other vehicle attributes. The overall tradeoff between vehicle range and vehicle capital cost in the sample was $80/mile of range, but with some variation by fleet sector. The availability (density) of off-site alternative fuel stations was important to fleet operators, indicating that fleets are willing to trade off more fuel infrastructure for changes in other attributes, e.g. increased capital or operating costs, or more limited vehicle range. Public fleets (local and county government) were the most sensitive to the capital cost of new vehicles. Along with schools, they are the only fleet sector where reduced tailpipe emission levels are a significant predictor of vehicle choice. Fleet operators in the private sector base their vehicle selection less on environmental concerns than on practical operational needs.
Housing Formation and Unemployment Rates: Evidence from 1975–2011

This paper investigates the impact of shocks in the unemployment rate on household formation. Prior research has shown that negative economic shocks reduce household formation, but does not inform how long the declines in household formation will persist. Using time series data from 1975 to 2011, we examine how households respond to unemployment rate shocks and estimate the length of time it takes for households to return to its original level in a vector autoregressive model. The results demonstrate that household formation falls in the quarter after unemployment increases, and that it can take up to 10 quarters to return its previous level. While this is a substantial length of time, one implication of these results is that even a permanent increase in the unemployment rate will not permanently affect housing formation in the long run.
Galactic X-ray binary jets

With their relatively fast variability time-scales, Galactic X-ray binaries provide an excellent laboratory to explore the physics of accretion and related phenomena, most notably outflows, over different regimes. After comparing the phenomenology of jets in black hole systems to that of neutron stars, here I discuss the role of the jet at very low Eddington ratios, and present preliminary results obtained by fitting the broadband spectral energy distribution of a quiescent black hole binary with a ‘maximally jet-dominated’ model.
FLEXOR TENDON SALVAGE AND FUNCTIONAL REDEMPTION USING THE HUNTER TENDON IMPLANT AND THE SUPERFICIALIS FINGER OPERATION

Although this article was published over a decade ago, the methods presented then are still timely and make a positive and reliable result possible. Superficialis finger function combined with the one-stage Hunter active tendon implant technique can produce a working hand with longevity of years. Active tendon implants have remained in place for as long as ten years to date, with continued restored function.
Rarefied Gas Flow Through Long Square Tubes

A theoretical model has been developed for gas flow through long square tubes. The continuum differential equation is solved with noncontinuum slip boundary conditions and the “self-diffusion” or normal molecular transport effect is obtained by numerical integration. Specific flow rates as predicted by this theoretical model are compared with experimental data which were obtained using a 0.0985-in-square tube with argon as the test gas. In addition, a comparison is made using a “hydraulic radius” in the equation which Weber developed for rarefied gas flow through cylindrical tubes. Good agreement between theory and experiment give a high confidence level to the theoretical model.
A two-parameter representation of dynamic dislocation distributions☆

Abstract A two-parameter representation of the dislocation segment length distribution is offered to represent the plastically deformed state of a material. This distribution function represents the radii to which dislocations are bowed during plastic deformation. It is based on the premise that both a minimum and a maximum value of radius exist. Various quantities associated with the plastically deformed state, namely the fraction of mobile dislocations, the stress dependence of strain rate and of the dislocation velocity are derived from the two-parameter distribution function. The distribution function is also applied to the plastic deformation behavior of polycrystalline copper in tension, in torsion and in tension plus torsion. The results illustrate that the two-parameter distribution explains different characteristic features of plastic deformation and also distinguishes the different forms of plastic deformation of solids.
Centaur propellant acquisition system

The desirability of replacing the hydrogen peroxide settling system of the Centaur D-1S with a capillary acquisition system was evaluated. A comprehensive screening was performed to select the most promising capillary device fluid acquisition, thermal conditioning, and fabrication techniques. Refillable start baskets and bypass feed start tanks were selected for detailed design. Critical analysis areas were settling and refilling, start sequence development with an initially dry boost pump, and cooling the fluid delivered to the boost pump to provide the necessary net positive suction head (NPSH). Design drawings were prepared for start basket and start tank concepts for both the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tanks. System comparisons indicated that the start baskets using wicking flow for thermal conditioning, and thermal subcooling for providing boost pump NPSH, are the most desirable systems for future Centaur acquisition system development.
An efficient copper-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with imidazoles

Abstract Copper-catalyzed N-arylation of imidazoles can be accomplished using (CuOTf)2·benzene as a copper source and Cs2CO3 as a base in xylenes at 110–125 °C. Addition of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and trans,trans-dibenzylideneacetone (dba) was crucial to the success of the process. The products, N-arylimidazoles, were isolated in high yields.
Ternary Metal-Rich Phosphides: Structure, Bonding, and Site Preferences in ZrNbP and Hf1+xMo1-xP

Semiempirical electronic structure calculations are utilized to assess the bonding and metal atom arrangement in the recently discovered ternary phosphide ZrNbP, which adopts the Co{sub 2}Si structure type. These same calculations reveal that ZrMoP should form in the Fe{sub 2}P structure type due primarily to metal-metal interactions within each system. Related structural alternatives like the Cu{sub 2}Sb-type and the Ni{sub 2}In-type are also examined for their stability ranges as a function of valence electron concentration (vec). Synthesis and structural characterization of Hf{sub 1.06{minus}}Mo{sub 0.94}P by single-crystal X-ray diffraction are also reported and confirm the prediction of stability of the Fe{sub 2}P structure type for this vec. Hf{sub 1.06}Mo{sub 0.94}P crystallizes in the space group P62m(No.189); a=6.8954(4) {Angstrom}; c= 3.4164(4) {Angstrom}; Z=3; R=0.024; R{sub w} = 0.027 (I {ge} 3 {sigma}(I)).
Early to bed and earlier to rise: school, maternal employment, and children’s sleep

School-age children need 10–11 h of sleep per night. It has been well-documented that lack of sleep leads to diminished cognitive performance and that people who sleep less are more likely to be overweight or obese. I use data from the American Time Use Survey to examine two factors that can potentially influence the amount of time children sleep: school and maternal employment. I find that school-age children sleep less when school is in session than during the summer, and that they get less sleep on school nights than on non-school nights. Children go to bed about 38 min earlier on school nights, but wake up about 72 min earlier on school days. This translates into about 34 min less sleep on school nights compared with non-school nights, and implies that these children have a cumulative sleep deficit of over two-and-a-half hours by the time they arrive at school Friday morning. In addition to the lost sleep time, the earlier wake-up times on school days appear to disrupt children’s natural sleep cycles. Maternal employment affects children’s sleep time in the summer, because children wake up earlier on days that their mothers work. But during the school year, maternal employment effects are dominated by school effects.
Productivity Growth and Capital Flows: The Dynamics of Reforms

Why doesn't capital flow into fast-growing countries? Using a model with heterogeneous producers and underdeveloped domestic financial markets, we explain the joint dynamics of total factor productivity (TFP) and capital flows. When a large-scale economic reform removes preexisting idiosyncratic distortions in a small open economy, its TFP rises, driven by efficient reallocation of economic resources. At the same time, because of the domestic financial frictions, saving rates surge but investment rates respond only with a lag, resulting in capital outflows. The dynamics of TFP, capital flows, and idiosyncratic distortions in the model are consistent with what is observed during growth acceleration episodes, which often follow large-scale economic reforms.
The Frequency Stability of Millisecond Oscillations in Thermonuclear X-Ray Bursts

We analyze the frequency evolution of millisecond oscillations observed during type I X-ray bursts with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer, in order to establish the stability of the mechanism underlying the oscillations. Our sample contains 68 pulse trains detected in a search of 159 bursts from eight accreting neutron stars. As a first step, we confirm that the oscillations usually drift upward in frequency by about 1% toward an apparent saturation frequency. Previously noted anomalies, such as drifts toward lower frequencies as the oscillations disappear (spin-down episodes) and instances of two signals present simultaneously at frequencies separated by a few Hz, occur in 5% of oscillations. Having verified the generally accepted description of burst oscillations, we proceed to study the coherence of the oscillations during individual bursts and the dispersion in the asymptotic frequencies in bursts observed over five years. On short timescales, we find that 30% of the oscillation trains do not appear to evolve smoothly in phase. This suggests either that two signals are present simultaneously with a frequency difference too small to resolve (1 Hz), that the frequency evolution is discontinuous, or that discrete phase jumps occur. On timescales of years, the maximum frequencies of the oscillations exhibit fractional dispersions of Δνmax/ 4 × 10-3. In the case of 4U 1636-536, this dispersion is uncorrelated with the known orbital phase, which indicates that a mechanism besides orbital Doppler shifts prevents the oscillations from appearing perfectly stable. In the course of this analysis, we also search for connections between the properties of the oscillations and the underlying bursts. We find that the magnitudes of the observed frequency drifts are largest when the oscillations are first observed at the start of the burst, which suggests that their evolution begins when the burst is ignited. We also find that radius expansion appears to temporarily interrupt the oscillation trains. We interpret these results under the assumption that the oscillations originate from anisotropies in the emission from the surfaces of these rotating neutron stars.
Harmonic millimeter radiation from a microwave FEL amplifier

Abstract In this project, an electron beam is bunched at a microwave frequency and the harmonics of this bunching drive radiation at millimeter wavelengths, using a FEL, configured as a single-pass travelling wave amplifier. A 10 kW 24 GHz microwave input signal grows to ∼200 kW level using the lower-frequency unstable root of the waveguide FEL dispersion relation. The Columbia FEL facility operates at this frequency in the TE11 mode, using a helical undulator (1.85 cm period) and a 3 mm diameter 600 kV electron beam contained in a 8.7 mm ID cylindrical waveguide. The harmonic currents set up by the microwave are found to cause growth of harmonic power under two conditions. First, we choose the parameters of the device so that the upper frequency root corresponds to the third harmonic, in which case we observe a small amount of third-harmonic emission in the TE11 mode, accompanied by comparable second harmonic. The millimeter harmonic radiation produced is coherent and phase-related to the microwave source. Second, we have found substantial emission at the seventh harmonic, most likely from the TE72 mode — which, in cylindrical waveguide geometry, travels at very nearly the same wave speed as the 24 GHz TE11 power. In order to excite the seventh-harmonic radiation, the electron beam must be displaced from the system axis — ∼2 mm in this device. The seventh-harmonic output is potentially an attractive choice for a CW FEL which must generate appreciable power at ∼2 mm wavelength for plasma electron cyclotron heating since we can produce this radiation for electron beam energy as low as 400 kV. We present a theoretical model of the experiment which predicts that if the microwave signal is strong enough to drive the FEL into saturation, the harmonic emission becomes powerful.
New technologies and applications in robotics

Material transfer robots first appeared in the mid-1960s for use in traditional industrial applications. By the 1980s, robots found use in more demanding industrial applications such as welding, assembly, and inspection, with the help of vision and other sensors. It is estimated that 46,000 industrial robots have been installed in the U.S. japan has six to eight times as many robots
Invariant states and rates of convergence for a critical fluid model of a processor sharing queue

This paper contains an asymptotic analysis of a fluid model for a heavily loaded processor sharing queue. Specifically, we consider the behavior of solutions of critical fluid models as time approaches1. The main theorems of the paper provide sufficient conditions f or a fluid model solution to converge to an invariant state and, under slightly more restrictive assumptions, provide a rate of convergence. These results are used in a related work by Gromoll for establishing a heavy traffic diffusion approximation for a processor sharing queue.
Intersecting M-branes and bound states

Abstract In this paper, we construct multi-scalar, multi-center p -brane solutions in toroidally compactified M-theory. We use these solutions to show that all supersymmetric p -branes can be viewed as bound states of certain basic building blocks, namely p -branes that preserve 1/2 of the supersymmetry. We also explore the M-theory interpretation of p -branes in lower dimensions. We show that all the supersymmetric p -branes can be viewed as intersections of M-branes or boosted M-branes in D = 11.
Bank runs and currency run in a system without a safety net: Argentina and the `tequila’ shock

Abstract This paper tests the random-withdrawals vs. informed-based theories of bank runs in the context of the bank panic that took place in Argentina as a consequence of the Mexican devaluation of December 20, 1994. This evidence is unique in several ways: it is the case of a contemporary banking system with virtually no explicit safety net (a currency board with no deposit insurance scheme) and a case in which the bank runs were triggered by a currency run. The findings of the paper provide support to the informed-based theories and show that depositors are concerned with the impact of a currency run on bank solvency.