cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disappearing Act: The Lack of Values Training in Legal Education - A Case for Cultural Competency

A renewed movement of curriculum reform is growing within United States law schools. This new curriculum reform movement is based on two important reports – one from the American Bar Association commonly known as the MACCRATE REPORT, issued in 1992, and the second from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching known as EDUCATING LAWYERS, issued in 2007. Both the MACCRATE REPORT and EDUCATING LAWYERS condemn modern legal education and offer blueprints for improving the law school curriculum. Each report recommends training law students in such values as nondiscrimination and inclusiveness based on gender, race, ethnicity, and class.The MACCRATE REPORT’s and EDUCATING LAWYERS’ recommendations regarding gender, race, ethnicity, and class are not based on charity or social justice. Instead, both reports see cultural competency as a key part of the professional compact to serve society in exchange for a monopoly on the practice of law. Yet, despite the two reports’ emphasis on gender, race, ethnicity, and class in the law school curriculum, the new curriculum reform movement either sidesteps issues of gender, race, ethnicity, and class, or treats discussions of these topics as “add-ons” for interested students only.By failing to integrate gender, race, ethnicity, and class into the fabric of the first-year law school classroom curriculum, this new curriculum reform movement fails both law students and the communities that practicing lawyers serve. Why law school faculties might fail to respond to the MACCRATE REPORT’s and EDUCATING LAWYERS’ concerns, and how to broaden what takes place in the first year curriculum are two subjects this article addresses.After reviewing the history of legal education and the case method that is the target of both the MACCRATE REPORT and EDUCATING LAWYERS, the article goes on to critique six reason why law schools might not respond to a call for integrating values training into the standard first year curriculum. Two of these reasons are in direct response to objections to all values training and four are based in less direct assaults on teaching values. After showing that these six objections taken together are not strong enough to support leaving the curriculum devoid of all reference to gender, race, ethnicity, and class, the article concludes with suggestions on how to make the law school curriculum more responsive to the concerns raised in the MACCRATE REPORT and EDUCATING LAWYERS.
Low-Dose Gamma Irradiation of Decellularized Heart Valves Results in Tissue Injury In Vitro and In Vivo

Background Decellularized heart valves are emerging as a potential alternative to current bioprostheses for valve replacement. Whereas techniques of decellularization have been thoroughly examined, terminal sterilization techniques have not received the same scrutiny. Methods This study evaluated low-dose gamma irradiation as a sterilization method for decellularized heart valves. Incubation of valves and transmission electron microscopy evaluation after different doses of gamma irradiation were used to determine the optimal dose of gamma irradiation. Quantitative evaluation of mechanical properties was done by tensile mechanical testing of isolated cusps. Sterilized decellularized heart valves were tested in a sheep model (n = 3 [1 at 1,500 Gy and 2 at 3,000 Gy]) of pulmonary valve replacement. Results Valves sterilized with gamma radiation between 1,000 Gy and 3,000 Gy were found to be optimal with in vitro testing. However, in vivo testing showed deteriorating valve function within 2 months. On explant, the valve with 1,500 Gy gamma irradiation showed signs of endocarditis with neutrophils on hematoxylin and eosin staining, and positive gram stain resembling streptococcus infection. The 3,000 Gy valves had no evidence of infection, but the hematoxylin and eosin staining showed evidence of wound remodeling with macrophages and fibroblasts. Tensile strength testing showed decreased strength (0 Gy: 2.53 ± 0.98 MPa, 1,500 Gy: 2.03 ± 1.23 MPa, and 3,000 Gy: 1.26 ± 0.90 MPa) with increasing levels of irradiation. Conclusions Low-dose gamma irradiation does not maintain the mechanical integrity of valves, and the balance between sterilization and damage may not be able to be achieved with gamma irradiation. Other methods of terminal sterilization must be pursued and evaluated.
Gradient Recovery for the Crouzeix---Raviart Element

A gradient recovery method for the Crouzeix---Raviart element is proposed and analyzed. The proposed method is based on local discrete least square fittings. It is proven to preserve quadratic polynomials and be a bounded linear operator. Numerical examples indicate that it can produce a superconvergent gradient approximation for both elliptic equations and Stokes equations. In addition, it provides an asymptotically exact posteriori error estimators for the Crouzeix---Raviart element.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. I. Preparation and properties of some vinyl ethers

A number of vinyl ethers of C18 fatty alcohols have been prepared by reaction of the alcohol with acetylene at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a basic catalyst. Infrared spectroscopic data on long-chain fatty alcohols, their vinyl ethers, and related chemical derivatives have been obtained. Methods of analysis of long-chain vinyl ethers for vinyl group have been developed, namely, iodometric, hydroxylamine, and infrared methods. Preliminary experiments on the polymerization of long-chain vinyl ethers with ionic catalysts were carried out.
Observations of transonic crack velocity at a metal/ceramic interface

Abstract A system for measuring the interface crack velocity is presented, and applied to photolithographically-generated 90–100 μm long cracks between a thin (1 μm) Nb strip of 60 μm width and a sapphire substrate. The cracks were loaded using a laser-generated stress wave. The duration of crack advance used for determining the average crack velocity was taken as the time during which the interface tensile stress exceeded that needed for crack initiation. This was numerically calculated using the interferometrically-measured free surface velocity of the sapphire as an input. Equi-spaced Al lines of 200 A thickness were deposited in front of the crack tip using photolithography and used as markers to determine the total crack advance by viewing the shock-loaded samples in a scanning electron microscope. The maximum crack propagation speed of 11,346 m/s was determined which is close to the dilatational wave speed of 11,090 m/s in the stiffer sapphire along its basal plane axis. These observations are the first report of crack speeds approaching the dilatational wave speed of the stiffer bimaterial component.
Motorcycles retirement program: Choosing the appropriate regulatory framework

Abstract This paper studies instrument choice under market-based regulations when governments expropriate private property in order to protect the environment. The analysis uses survey data collected for Bangkok's old motorcycle retirement program. While the literature studies only “Cash for Clunkers” schemes, this hypothetical experiment allows us to compare owners’ preferences for alternative schemes. Policy implications of the proposed schemes can be inferred after examining owners’ responses to different financial incentive provided by the government. Our analysis provides criteria that could be used when choosing one scheme over another.
The Feline Dorsal Nerve of the Penis Arises from the Deep Perineal Nerve and Not the Sensory Afferent Branch

The cat has been used extensively as an animal model for urogenital studies involving the pudendal nerve. However, discrepancies persist in the literature regarding the origin of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP). This study used gross dissections and serial histological cross sections to demonstrate that the DNP arises from the deep perineal nerve and not the sensory afferent branch as previously reported. This finding indicates a better than previously appreciated neuroanatomical homology between the cat and human.
Central Body Temperature as a Guide to Optimal Heart Rate

Les stimulateurs cardiaques a frequence fixe ne restaurent pas la fonction hemodynamique normale. Puisque un pourceniage eleve de patients porteurs ?un stimuJateur cardiaque a des anomaJies auriculaires, un outre moyen de “piloter” le pacemaker est presenter celui de la temperature du sang dans ľoreillette droite. Les sondes a enregistrement thermique mesurent la variation de temperature pendant ľexercice et peuvent servir de guide pour determiner la frequence cardiaque optimale. Studies in man suggest that fixed-rote artificial pacemakers do not return hemodynamic function to normal, since the principal mechanism for the increase in cardiac output with exercise, increased heart rate, is not restored. Special pacemakers are available that can detect atrial activity and pace the ventricles in coordination, but nearly half of the patients receiving artificial pacemakers have abnormal atrial function fatrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome). This study examined the effects of exercise on the temperature of blood returning to the right atrium. Precision thermistors, placed in the right hearts of conscious dogs, recorded temperature increases of 1°C (range 0.4–1.5°C) during submaximal treadmill exercise. Temperature change correlated well with work load and changes in heart rate.
The Emergence of Genome-Based Drug Repositioning

In a pair of papers in this issue of Science Translational Medicine, Butte et al. provide a concrete example of how reinterpreting and comparing genome-wide metrics allows us to effectively hypothesize which drugs from one disease-indication can be repurposed for another disease. The shift toward integrative genome-wide computational approaches has precedence in insightful scalar theories of biological information. Here, we discuss how this recent work in drug repurposing adheres to and takes advantage of the concepts surrounding this information paradigm.
Imaging of layered structures in biological tissues with optoacoustic front surface transducer

Optoacoustic tomography is a promising technique for imaging skin layered structures and vascular and pigmentedlesions in vivo. The imaging of skin is complicated by necessity to perform laser irradiation aixi acoustic detection from thesame site at the surface. We designed an opto-acoustic lransducer mcorpomting a fiber-optic light delivery system and aLiNbO3 piezoelectric detector in one device. The results of test experiments in phantoms, chicken cockscomb, and humanhand yielded the following parameters ofthe opto-acoustic transducer: (1) sensitivity of 0.98 V/bar, (2) temporal resolution ofacoustic detection of 5
Medical diagnostic-based sensor selection

Wearable sensing systems have facilitated a variety of applications in Wireless Health. Due to the considerable number of sensors and their constant monitoring these systems are often expensive and power hungry. Traditional approaches to sensor selection in large multisensory arrays attempt to alleviate these issues by removing redundant sensors while maintaining overall sensor predictability. However, predicting sensors is unnecessary if ultimately the system needs only to quantify diagnostic measurements specific to the application domain. We propose a new method for optimizing the design of medical sensor systems through diagnostic-based bottom-up sensor selection. We reduce the original sensor array from ninety nine to twelve sensors while maintaining a prediction error rate of less than 5% over all diagnostic metrics in our testing dataset.
Fruiting Phenology and the Conservation of the Great Pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in the Western Ghats of Southern India

The phenology of principal fruits consumed by the endangered Great Pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) was monitored for two years in a wet forest habitat in southern India. Lipid-rich fruits, produced by several interior forest trees mainly of the family Lauraceae, were highly seasonal in their availability, and their production in the dry, hot season coincided with the breeding of the hornbill. Sugary fruits, produced mainly by several species of Ficus, were available year-round due to aseasonal fruiting patterns. Because Ficus fruited even at times of low fruit resource availability, and was heavily utilized by hornbills and other frugivores, it played a keystone role in the maintenance of the avian frugivore community. Overall fruit production was scarce between July and January during the southwest and northeast monsoon seasons. Vitex altissima produced berries abundantly during much of this time (September-December) and thus was another important fruit resource for avian frugivores. To safeguard the fruit resource base for the Great Pied Hornbill, we recommend: (1) The protection of Ficus and Vitex trees from overexploitation, and (2) the conservation of forest integrity to maintain compositions and densities of the lipidrich fruit tree species utilized by the hornbill.
Identification of ultrasound echoes from the left ventricle by use of intracardiac injections of indocyanine green.

This study was designed to identify the ultrasound echoes originating from the left ventricle. Injections of indocyanine green and saline were made directly in the left ventricular cavity via a cardiac catheter in patients undergoing routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The injections produced a cloud of echoes that filled the left ventricular cavity and outlined the left side of the interventricular septum and the endocardial surface of the posterior left ventricular wall. The results of this study verified the origin of echoes that are vital to the ultrasound technics for the detection of pericardial effusion, left ventricular wall size, left ventricular cavity size, and left ventricular stroke volume. This study also provided ways of distinguishing between the true left ventricular wall echoes and intracavitary echoes that often cause confusion.
Intracranial Pressure Pulse Morphological Features Improved Detection of Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow

We investigated whether intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse morphological metrics could be used to realize continuous detection of low cerebral blood flow. Sixty-three acutely brain injured patients with ICP monitoring, daily (133)Xenon cerebral blood flow (CBF) and daily transcranial Doppler (TCD) assessments were studied. Their ICP recordings were time-aligned with the CBF and TCD measurements so that a 1 h ICP segment near the CBF and TCD measurements was obtained. Each of these recordings was processed by the Morphological Cluster and Analysis of Intracranial Pressure (MOCAIP) algorithm to extract pulse morphological metrics. Then the differential evolution algorithm was used to find the optimal combination of the metrics that provided, using the regularized linear discriminant analysis, the largest combined positive predictivity and sensitivity. At a CBF threshold of 20 ml/min/100 g, a sensitivity of 81.8 +/- 0.9% and a specificity of 50.1 +/- 0.2% were obtained using the optimal combination of conventional TCD and blood analysis metrics as input to a regularized linear classifier. However, using the optimal combination of the MOCAIP metrics alone we were able to achieve a sensitivity of 92.5 +/- 0.7% and a specificity of 84.8 +/- 0.8%. Searching the optimal combination of all available metrics, we achieved the best result that was marginally better than those from using MOCAIP alone. This study demonstrated that the potential role of ICP monitoring may be extended to provide an indicator of low global cerebral blood perfusion.
Children's use of language context in lexical ambiguity resolution.

Lexical ambiguity resolution was examined in children aged 7 to 10 years and adults. In Experiment 1, participants heard sentences supporting one (or neither) meaning of a balanced ambiguous word in a cross-modal naming paradigm. Naming latencies for context-congruent versus context-incongruent targets and judgements of the relatedness of targets to the sentence served as indices of appropriate context use. While younger children were faster to respond to related targets regardless of the sentence context, older children and adults showed priming only for context-appropriate targets. In Experiment 2, only a single-word context preceded the homophone, and in contrast to Experiment 1, all groups showed contextual sensitivity. Individual working-memory span and inhibition ability were also measured in Experiment 2, and more mature executive function abilities were associated with greater contextual sensitivity. These findings support a developmental model whereby sentential context use for lexical ambiguity ...
Effect of the distal remnant on ileal adaptation

The ileum has a greater adaptive capacity than the jejunum after intestinal resection, which may be, in part, related to increased exposure to luminal contents and intrinsic properties of the ileum. However, the intestinal remnant might contribute to this adaptive response as well. Our aim was to determine the effect of the distal intestinal remnant on ileal adaptation when the ileum is proximal in the intestinal tract. Twenty-one Lewis rats were included in the study. One group (n = 7) served as unoperated control subjects, the second group (n = 7) underwent transposition of the jejunum and ileum, and the third group (n = 7) underwent 50% proximal resection with syngeneic transplantation of the ileum. Nutritional status and structural adaptation were studied at 14 days. Animals in both the transposition and transplant groups initially lost weight but weights returned to above preoperative levels at 14 days. Food intake, stool weight, and serum albumin levels were similar in these two groups. Intestinal weight and diameter were similar in the proximal end of the ileal segment in the two study groups and were significantly increased compared to control values (0.26 +- 0.04 and 0.31 +- 0.02 vs. 0.10 +- 0.0 g/cm and 8.4 +- 0.5 and 9.1 - 0.8 vs. 4.9 +- 0.3 mm; P <0.05). Intestinal weight and diameter of the distal end of the ileal segment were greater than those values in unoperated control animals but were greatest in the ileal transplant group (0.15 +- 0.1 and 0.24 +- 0.03 vs. 0.07 +- 0.01 g/cm and 5.6 +-1.1 and 8.7 +- 0.6 vs. 4.3 +- 0.2 ram; P <0.05). Villus height and crypt depth were similar in both the proximal and distal ends of the ileal segments in the two study groups and were significantly increased compared to control values (642 -75 and 720 +-15 vs. 411 +-24 proximal and 443 +-49 and 500 +-46 vs. 343 +-22 μm distal, P <0.05; 223 +-34 and 244 +-33 vs. 173 +-20 proximal and 192 +-28 and 209 +-18 vs. 144 +-26 μm distal, P <0.05). Proximal placement of the ileum by either transposition or transplantation results in structural adaptation. This occurs to a similar extent whether the distal remnant is jejunum or ileum. Thus increased exposure to luminal contents and intrinsic properties appear to be the important factors in the adaptive capability of the ileum when the ileum is the proximal portion of the intestinal tract.
Postsynaptic induction and presynaptic expression of hippocampal long-term depression

Long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy that together with its counterpart, long-term potentiation, is thought to be an important cellular mechanism for learning and memory in the mammalian brain. The induction of LTD in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in neonatal rats is shown to depend on postsynaptic calcium ion entry through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels paired with the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Although induced postsynaptically, LTD is due to a long-term decrease in transmitter release from presynaptic terminals. This suggests that LTD is likely to require the production of a retrograde messenger.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: radiologic and pathologic correlation in four cases.

Benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare tumor in which the cytologic findings have been described in only a few cases. While benign, the imaging and pathologic features may be mistaken for malignancy. We report the aspiration biopsy findings in four cases of adenomyoepithelioma with radiologic and histologic correlation. Cytopathologists should familiarize themselves with this entity to avoid a misdiagnosis of carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:690–694. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seed based registration for intraoperative brachytherapy dosimetry : A comparison of methods

Several approaches for registering a subset of imaged points to their true origins were analyzed and compared for seed based TRUS-fluoroscopy registration. The methods include the Downhill Simplex method (DS), the Powell's method (POW), the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) method, the Robust Point Matching method (RPM) and variants of RPM. Several modifications were made to the standard RPM method to improve its performance. One hundred simulations were performed for each combination of noise level, seed detection rate and spurious points and the registration accuracy was evaluated and compared. The noise level ranges from 0 to 5mm, the seed detection ratio ranges from 0.2 to 0.6, and the number of spurious points ranges from 0 to 20. An actual clinical post-implant dataset from permanent prostate brachytherapy was used for the simulation study. The experiments provided evidence that our modified RPM method is superior to other methods, especially when there are many outliers. The RPM based method produced the best results at all noise levels and seed detection rates. The DS based method performed reasonably well, especially at low noise levels without spurious points. There was no significant performance difference between the standard RPM and our modified RPM methods without spurious points. The modified RPM methods outperformed the standard RPM method with large number of spurious points. The registration error was within 2mm, even with 20 outlier points and a noise level of 3mm.
H I OBSERVATIONS OF BARRED MAGELLANIC SPIRALS. II. THE FREQUENCY AND IMPACT OF COMPANIONS

The results of an H I 21 cm line survey of a sample of Magellanic spiral galaxies with apparent optical companions reveal that only four of 13 systems have confirmed H I–detected neighbors. The current interactions are affecting the morphology of the main galaxy in only two cases, NGC 3664 and NGC 3995. The presence of companions near NGC 2537 and UGC 5391 appears to have no effect on the morphology of those galaxies. Overall, there is little difference between the asymmetry of the H I profiles of those galaxies with and without companions, and on average, these Magellanic spirals have H I profiles that are no more asymmetric than a random sample of spirals in the field. We conclude that current interactions cannot be responsible for the lopsided morphology of most of the galaxies in this sample and that, whatever its original cause, lopsidedness must be a long-lived characteristic of these galaxies.
Interaction between edge dislocations around the tip of a crack

Abstract The interaction between edge dislocations around the tip of a crack has been analyzed analytically and numerically. It is found that when these dislocations are placed on a cylinder around the crack tip with their slip planes all passing through the tip, the slip force exerted on a dislocation by another dislocation and its images is zero regardless of their locations on the cylinder. Inside as well as outside this cylinder other zero-slip-force positions also exist. The results show that a plastic zone around a crack tip is stable.
Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines.

Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines were studied. Two groups each of 18 healthy male university students were classified as either irregular sleepers or control subjects according to retrospective questionnaires, and sleep chart criteria. The control group was composed of persons who slept naturally from 12-8:00 a.m. for 7-8 hr. Irregular sleepers were defined as those whose retiring and awakening times varied by about 2-4 hr. Measurements were obtained from an auditory reaction time task, a mood adjective check list, of sublingual temperature and pulse rate 30 min. after awakening in the (a) morning, at (b) noon, in the (c) afternoon and (d) early evening following an electroencephalographically recorded 12-8:00 a.m. sleep night. At various points in the diurnal cycle irregular sleepers compared with the control group had significantly lower levels of pulse rate and body temperature, but significantly longer reaction times. During the four time periods negative affects (deactivation-sleep, depression, general deactivation, inert-fatigued) were significantly greater and positive mood states (cheerful, energetic, general activation--significantly less in the irregular sleepers. The irregular sleepers averaged significantly less stage 4, and REM, but more stage 2 and transitions between sleep stages. The present results indicate that relatively lowered levels of physiological arousal indexes, psychomotor performance and subjective mood are associated with irregularity in chronic sleep routines of young adult males. These psychobehavioral correlates of chronically maintained sleep pattern variations complement and extend previous findings on degradations in waking functions following acute 2-4 hr temporal shifts of habitual sleep periods. It is postulated that there were psychobehavioral deficits in the irregular sleepers attributable either to selective sleep stage (REM and/or stage 4) deprivation or to the more general consequence of disturbed sleeping patterns per se or to both of these factors.
Mechanisms of microsegregation-free solidification

Abstract At high rates of solidification, two mechanisms can produce microsegregation-free crystalline alloys: planar growth and partitionless solidification. For growth at high velocities, but still with equilibrium partitioning of solute, capillarity can stabilize a planar liquid-solid interface. This type of stability, known as absolute stability, has been confirmed experimentally for AgCu alloys and should apply only when the net heat flow is towards the solid. Another possibility for producing microsegregation-free alloys is partitionless solidification which can occur at high velocities and arises from the kinetics of interface motion. These kinetics involve the trapping of solute by the moving interface, causing the partition coefficient to be unity. A unified model for the variation in the interface temperature and partition coefficient with interface velocity is presented. This model spans the range from slow velocities, where local equilibrium is usually valid, to high velocities where partitionless solidification occurs. Considerations necessary to predict the conditions of microsegregation-free solidification for concentrated alloys are also discussed.
Treatment outcomes after endopyelotomy performed with or without simultaneous nephrolithotomy: 10-year experience

J Endourol. 2009; 23: 1409-13Introduction: The incidence of renal calculi associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) has been reported to be as high as 20%. Although it has been suggested that simultaneous stone removal be performed with endopyelotomy (EP) for patients with UPJO, no crossing vessel, and renal calculi, there are no large series to date reporting in a rigorous fashion the success rate for resolution of the UPJO. This study intends to determine if stone extraction performed with EP increases failure rate.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who underwent EP by a single surgeon between August 1996 and November 2006. One hundred forty-six procedures for UPJO were done in 139 patients. Success rate was compared in 105 cases (72%) of isolated UPJO and 41 (28%) cases with UPJO and ipsilateral calculi. Determination of overall success required subjective improvement and objective data based on intravenous pyelogram, computed tomography, and/or nuclear scintigraphy. Results: Overall success rate was 71% in patients undergoing EP only and 90% in 41 patients who had simul-taneous nephrolithotomy (p = 0.04). The odds ratio of failure after EP was 2.9 for severe/massive preoperative hydronephrosis. When considered alone and after adjusting for the severity of preoperative hydronephrosis and/or renal function, simultaneous nephrolithotomy did not increase the EP failure rate. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that UPJO resolves at an equal rate after EP performed with or without ipsilateral renal calculi. Patients with UPJO and renal calculi should undergo stone extraction and EP in the same setting with the expectation of excellent results.
IL-10 signaling via IL-10E1 is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation in the IL-10R alpha chain in human primary prostate cancer cell lines.

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) stimulates rapid nuclear translocation and binding of a 22 kDa protein, termed interleukin 10 enhancer 1 (IL-10E1), to a novel enhancer element (i.e. HTE-1) of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) gene to upregulate TIMP-1 expression. IL-10E1 signaling involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-10R JAK1 (Janus kinase) and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase) receptor kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation of two tyrosine moieties (Y57 and Y62) of a LIM domain of the IL-10E1 protein. In this paper, the studies showed that two tyrosine residues (Tyr(446) and Tyr(496)) located in the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-10R alpha chain were required for receptor function, and for phosphorylation and activation of IL-10E1. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that 12 amino-acid peptides encompassing either of these two tyrosine residues in phosphorylated form coprecipitated IL-10E1 and blocked ligand-dependent IL-10E1 phosphorylation in a cell-free system. In contrast, peptides containing serine substitutions for Tyr(446) and Tyr(496), and tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides containing Tyr(230) or Tyr(252/259) did not prevent IL-10E1 activation or signaling. To confirm these observations in vivo, fusion protein constructs were made between a modified form of green fluorescent protein or GFP and the intact IL-10E1 protein (IL-10E1-MmGFP) and n-terminal peptides of the IL-10E1 protein (i.e. nt-nls-MmGFP and mutant sequences identified as nt-nls mC61-MmGFP and nt-nls mY57/mY62-MmGFP peptides). Confocal microscopy revealed that IL-10 triggered transport to the nucleus of IL-10E1-MmGFP, nt-nls-MmGFP, and nt-nls mC61-MmGFP by 10-30 min in HPCA-10a (human prostrate cancer cells; derived from Gleason sum 10 tumor tissue) cells. IL-10 failed to induce nuclear translocation of the mY57/mY62-MmGFP peptides with point mutations of the two tyrosine groups. Coinjection of nt-nls-MmGFP with the IL-10R Tyr(446) and Tyr(496) amino-acid residues completely blocked ligand signaling. Coinjection of peptides containing either serine substitutions for Tyr(446) and Tyr(496) or Tyr(230) and Tyr(252/259) failed to block nt-nls-MmGFP signaling. The data demonstrate that IL-10E1 is directly recruited to the ligand-activated IL-10R by binding to specific phosphotyrosine groups which control tyrosine phosphorylation of the LIM domain of the IL-10E1 protein (i.e. Y57/Y62 groups) and IL-10E1 activation.
Regulation and subcellular localization of auxin-induced lipoxygenases

Auxin [α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] can induce the expression of two lipoxygenases (LOXs) in cultured immature zygotic embryo cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max L.). One of the IAA/NAA-induced LOX isozymes in cultured embryo cotyledons has been demonstrated to be seedling LOX4 (pI 5.09) and another appears to be LOX5 (pI 5.23). The effects of jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), abscisic acid (ABA) and triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on the expression of NAA-induced LOXs were investigated in the cultured embryo cotyledons. Among tested plant regulators, only NAA can induce the expression of LOX4 and LOX5, whereas MJ, JA or ABA did not induce LOX expression in the absence of NAA. However combination of NAA with JA significantly increases the expression of NAA-induced LOXs compared with NAA alone. TIBA, an inhibitor of auxin transport, blocks the expressions of the NAA-induced LOXs in the cultured embryos. Immunogold labeling showed that NAA-induced LOXs are located in vacuoles. Our results suggest that auxin may directly or indirectly trigger the expression of soybean seedling LOXs during soybean germination. We also report that seedling LOX4 and/or LOX5 are located in vacuoles.
Soluble Jagged1 Attenuates Lateral Inhibition, Allowing for the Clonal Expansion of Neural Crest Stem Cells

The activation of Notch signaling in neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) results in the rapid loss of neurogenic potential and differentiation into glia. We now show that the attenuation of endogenous Notch signaling within expanding NCSC clones by the Notch ligand soluble Jagged1 (sJ1), maintains NCSCs in a clonal self-renewing state in vitro without affecting their sensitivity to instructive differentiation signals observed previously during NCSC self-renewal. sJ1 functions as a competitive inhibitor of Notch signaling to modulate endogenous cell-cell communication to levels sufficient to inhibit neural differentiation but insufficient to instruct gliogenic differentiation. Attenuated Notch signaling promotes the induction and nonclassic release of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). The functions of sJ1 and FGF1 signaling are complementary, as abrogation of FGF signaling diminishes the ability of sJ1 to promote NCSC expansion, yet the secondary NCSCs maintain the dosage sensitivity of the founder. These results validate and build upon previous studies on the role of Notch signaling in stem cell self-renewal and suggest that the differentiation bias or self-renewal potential of NCSCs is intrinsically linked to the level of endogenous Notch signaling. This should provide a unique opportunity for the expansion of NCSCs ex vivo without altering their differentiation bias for clinical cell replacement or transplant strategies in tissue repair. STEM CELLS 2007;25:3133–3142
SANS study of the aluminum-hydrogen system

Abstract X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that the introduction of solute hydrogen into polycrystalline aluminum of 99.99% purity results within experimental error to a zero change in lattice parameter. Almost all FCC materials exhibit a lattice expansion when the hydrogen enters the lattice interstitially. It is hypothesised that the zero change in lattice parameter is due to the formation of a H-vacancy complex at the surface which diffuses into the volume. Polycrystalline Al was charged with hydrogen to high levels of supersaturation and then studied using the SANS technique. The SANS results indicated scattering from a range of particle sizes up to micron size particles. Subsequent SEM measurements revealed the existence of bubbles on the surface, as well as in the bulk and preliminary inelastic neutron-scattering experiments show that hydrogen resides in the bulk in the form of H2 molecules. Precision density measurements were used to calculate the volume concentration of vacancy sites and from these results a small lattice expansion was calculated, which was within experimental error equal to the zero-change measured from X-ray diffraction. The pressure of the H2 in the bubble is also calculated.
Juggling the Jigsaw: Enabling CS1 Growing Enrollment and Diversity at Undergraduate Institutions (Abstract Only)

The enrollment in introductory computer science courses has been growing steadily for the last couple of years. Interest in the field is exploding across the nation. Colleges and universities of all shapes and sizes have seen enrollment in introductory computer science courses and to some extent in upper-division electives explode as well. Most R1 institutions handle such growth through the use of graduate TAs to teach CS1 courses. Many primarily undergraduate and/or liberal arts institutions don't have these resources, however. Complicating the scenario further, students coming to these non-research institutions expect personal interaction, are from a growingly diverse set of high-school graduates and seem to be less prepared for college than ever. Given the current funding climate for higher education, it is difficult to imagine how most universities and colleges will be able to negotiate this scenario. This BOF will provide a platform to discuss how to handle the growing, diverse, and uninitiated CS1 enrollment from many perspectives - individual, departmental, and institutional. What creative solutions can be brought to improve institutional motivation and how do we ensure that traditionally under-represented groups don't get left behind in the onslaught?
The impact of discrete compartments of a multi-compartment collagen-GAG scaffold on overall construct biophysical properties.

Abstract Orthopedic interfaces such as the tendon-bone junction (TBJ) present unique challenges for biomaterials development. Here we describe a multi-compartment collagen–GAG scaffold fabricated via lyophilization that contains discrete mineralized (CGCaP) and non-mineralized (CG) regions joined by a continuous interface. Modifying CGCaP preparation approaches, we demonstrated scaffold variants of increasing mineral content (40 vs. 80 wt% CaP). We report the impact of fabrication parameters on microstructure, composition, elastic modulus, and permeability of the entire multi-compartment scaffold as well as discrete mineralized and non-mineralized compartments. Notably, individual mineralized and non-mineralized compartments differentially impacted the global properties of the multi-compartment composite. Of particular interest for the development of mechanically-loaded multi-compartment composites, the elastic modulus and permeability of the entire construct were governed primarily by the non-mineralized and mineralized compartments, respectively. Based on these results we hypothesize spatial variations in scaffold structural, compositional, and mechanical properties may be an important design parameter in orthopedic interface repair.
Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow-injection systems

Abstract A dual-electrode voltammetric/amperometric detector for flow-injection systems is described. The detector provides qualitative voltammetric information without the charging currents associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with hexacyanoferrate(III) and ascorbic acid is presented.
Modelling the kinetics of neuron-based chemical sensing: interactions between observable states

Abstract A model is presented which quantitatively predicts many of the effects of analyte concentration and temperature on a paradigm neuron-based sensing system composed of giant visceral neurons VV1 and VV2 from the pont snail Lymnea stagnalis with the analyte serotonin. The model is a modification of a state kinetic representation first suggested in 1957 to describe the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on frog muscle fibers (Katz & Thesleff, 1957). Simulation of a rapid application of serotonin at 290, 297, and 306 K predicts maximum firing frequencies, as well as the extent of desensitization after 15 min of exposure to within one standard deviation of experimental values. The model also correctly predicts the temperature and concentration dependent trends in the rate of rise in firing frequency. However, the reported loss in firing frequency when neurons are exposed to high concentrations of serotonin at 290 and 306 K is not predicted, nor is the model entirely successful at describing firing frequency behaviour immediately following an exposure. The temperature dependent trends in the optimum rate constants suggest theat the activation reaction is mechanistically conserved throughout the temperature range tested while the desentization reactions are not conserved. Applying the model to a slow well-mixed application of serotonin results in correct qualitative trends.
Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification

Alzheimer's disease is the largest unmet medical need in neurology. Current drugs improve symptoms, but do not have profound disease-modifying effects. However, in recent years, several approaches aimed at inhibiting disease progression have advanced to clinical trials. Among these, strategies targeting the production and clearance of the amyloid-beta peptide - a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease that is thought to be important in disease pathogenesis - are the most advanced. Approaches aimed at modulating the abnormal aggregation of tau filaments (another key feature of the disease), and those targeting metabolic dysfunction, are also being evaluated in the clinic. This article discusses recent progress with each of these strategies, with a focus on anti-amyloid strategies, highlighting the lessons learned and the challenges that remain.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION V. THE REACTION BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE HORSE SERUM ALBUMIN AND ANTIBODY FORMED IN THE RABBIT

1. The reaction between crystalline horse serum albumin and homologous antibody in rabbit sera is quantitatively accounted for by expressions similar to those derived from the law of mass action for other immune precipitating systems. 2. The reaction of an azo dye prepared from crystalline serum albumin by coupling with diazotized R-salt-azo benzidine was also studied with homologous antibody and anti-serum albumin. 3. Quantitative data obtained on cross reactions with the two antigens differ markedly from data on the corresponding reactions in the egg albumin system and indicate that tyrosine and perhaps histidine, while important in determining the serological specificity of egg albumin, have little connection with the specificity of serum albumin. 4. Calculations are made of the equivalent composition of the specific precipitate at various reference points in the reaction range.
EU's competition policy and the GE‐Honeywell merger fiasco: Transatlantic divergence and consumer and regulatory issues

This article discusses and analyzes the European Union's (EU's) competition policy and the 2001 General Electric-Honeywell merger fiasco within the areas of global business and transatlantic issues. Based on a brief literature review of marketing, competition policy/antitrust law, vertical/horizontal integration, and global business, the article tries to explain those conditions that led to this failed merger. It is expected that in the coming years, the EU's competition policy and the United States' antitrust law will continue to differ and may create problems for those multinationals seeking large-scale mergers and acquisitions in North America and Europe. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High repeatability of egg rejection in response to experimental brood parasitism in the American robin (Turdus migratorius)

Repeatability is a measure of the amount of variation in a phenotype that is attributable to differences between individuals. This concept is important for any study of behaviour, as all traits of evolutionary interest must be repeatable in order to respond to selection. We investigated the repeatability of behavioural responses to experimental brood parasitism in American robins, a robust (100%) rejecter of parasitic brown-headed cowbird eggs. Because tests of repeatability require variation between individuals, we parasitized the same robin nests twice successively with model eggs dyed with colours known to elicit rejection at intermediate rates (58–70%). We calculated the repeatability of responses to parasitism, and used a generalized linear mixed model to also test for potentially confounding effects of ordinal date, presentation order, and clutch size. We found that repeatability in response to brood parasitism in this host species is high, and the best model predicting responses to sequential artificial parasitism includes only nest identity. This result is consistent with a critical assumption about egg rejection in this cowbird host as an evolved adaptation in response to brood parasitism.
Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

The realization of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods to detect foodborne pathogenic bacteria is central to implementing effective practice to ensure food safety and security. As a principle of transduction, the impedance technique has been applied in the field of microbiology as a means to detect and/or quantify foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The integration of impedance with biological recognition technology for detection of bacteria has led to the development of impedance biosensors that are finding wide-spread use in the recent years. This paper reviews the progress and applications of impedance microbiology for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection, particularly the new aspects that have been added to this subject in the past few years, including the use of interdigitated microelectrodes, the development of chip-based impedance microbiology, and the use of equivalent circuits for analysis of the impedance systems. This paper also reviews the significant developments of impedance biosensors for bacteria detection in the past 5 years, focusing on microfabricated microelectrodes-based and microfluidic-based Faradaic electrochemical impedance biosensors, non-Faradaic impedance biosensors, and the integration of impedance biosensors with other techniques such as dielectrophoresis and electropermeabilization.
Prognostic factors and outcome in bilateral wilms' tumor

Twenty-one patients with bilateral Wilms' tumor are reviewed and the details of diagnosis, therapy, and survival presented. All patients had an abdominal mass at the time of diagnosis. Associated findings included hypertension, aniridia, and genitourinary anomalies. Favorable histologic features were found in all simultaneously occurring tumors and in the initial tumor in nonsimultaneous tumors. Eleven of the 18 patients with simultaneously occurring tumors survived for at least 2 years, for an overall 2-year survival rate of 61%, which was similar to the 2-year survival rate of 60% found in a review of 61 other simultaneously occurring bilateral Wilms' tumors reported in the literature since 1971. Two "front-end" factors that affected prognosis were the patient's age and the stage of the most advanced tumor at the time of diagnosis. A significantly better survival was found in children whose tumor was diagnosed before the age of 2 years and in patients who had Stage I or II disease in the most advanced tumor, as compared with those who had Stage III or IV disease. The overall survival rate in this series and in the literature review is much poorer than that reported for bilateral Wilms' tumor in the National Wilm's Tumor Study; some possible reasons for this are given. The authors' current approach to diagnosis and therapy is reviewed.
A pentadic analysis of ideologies in two gay rights controversies

The application of Kenneth Burke's pentad in rhetorical criticism can reveal ideologies at work in a controversy. This paper is an example of how to use the pentad to understand ideology. Rhetoric in favor of gay rights is informed by an ideology that features agents as primary and acts as derivative. Rhetoric opposed to gay rights features acts as primary and agents as derivative.
Quality and reliability information integration for design evaluation of fixture system reliability

Quality and reliability are two important factors in manufacturing-system design. However, the analysis and optimization of manufacturing-system reliability and product quality are normally conducted separately in practice. There is no general framework to integrate these two important factors, quantitatively analyze the interactions between them, and further study their integrated effects on the manufacturing-system performance. In this paper, the QR-Co-Effect of product/part quality and manufacturing-system component reliability is investigated in an assembly fixture system. The concept, model and analysis of QR-Co-Effect are addressed in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.