cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steel-Concrete Composite Columns:

Structural steel shapes and tubes can be used with concrete to produce structural components. The performance of such composite systems, is better than the sum of responses of the parts taken separately. In a concrete-filled steel tube caisson, for example, the steel casing resists flexural tension efficiently while confining the concrete core as the core resists axial compression, whereas it also stabilizes the steel casing. Concrete encasement of structural steel shapes can provide lateral stability to the steel shape, restraining local buckling as well as reducing the slenderness ratio below that of the steel shape alone. Concrete encasement serves as insulation for fire and shock loading. Characteristics of the structural behavior of composite columns are described as the basis for design recommendations. Strength design principles from Load and Resistance Factor Design of the American Institute of Steel and Construction and the American Concrete Institute are used in design. Shear transfer for the ef...
Sterols of the Green-Pigmented, Aberrant Plastid Dinoflagellate, Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Dinophyceae)

Lepidodinium chlorophorum is a green-pigmented dinoflagellate with an aberrant, tertiary plastid of chlorophyte ancestry rather than the typical red algal, secondary endosymbiont found in the vast majority of photosynthetic dinoflagellates. To date, only one published study exists on the galactolipids of L. chlorophorum, with nothing known about other lipid classes, including sterols. Our objectives were to examine the sterol composition of L. chlorophorum to determine if it produces any unique sterols with the potential to serve as biomarkers, and to compare it to members of the Chlorophyceae to determine if it has inherited any signature green algal sterols from its chlorophyte-derived endosymbiont. We have found that L. chlorophorum produces 6 sterols, all with a 4α-methyl substituent and none of which are known to occur in the Chlorophyceae. Rather, the sterols produced by L. chlorophorum place it within a group of dinoflagellates that have the common dinoflagellate sterols, dinosterol and dinostanol, as part of their sterol composition.
Electronic properties of single Au nanocrystals and synthesis of 1-dimensional nanocrystal arrays

Abstract The current-voltage characteristics of citrate- and octanethiol-capped Au nanocrystals assembled on planar Au substrates under ambient conditions in air and in solution are reported. We have found that single electron tunneling (SET) behavior is observed for citrate-capped Au crystals in air. In high dielectric media, however, SET is only seen for nanocrystals protected by the hydrophobic alkane ligands and not for the relatively bare citrate-capped nanocrystals. In addition, we report a new strategy for assembling these nanocrystals into spatially well-organized 1-dimensional (1D) arrays. The method involves trapping the crystals inside 20 nm diameter pores of porous filtration membranes. The 1D linked nanocrystals confined inside the membrane pores were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. “Shrinkwrapping” the nanocrystals with the organic conductive polymer polypyrrole or covalently linking the particles with alkyldithiols and subsequent dissolution of the membrane provided a suspension suitable for characterization by transmission electron microscopy. These studies are important in determining the role of spatial arrangement and chemical environment on the electronic properties of this important class of crystalline material
Studies on purine and pyrimidine requirements of a strain of Streptococcus faecalis.

Summary(1) A study was made ot me purine and pyrimidine requirements for maximum rate of growth of a strain of Streptococcus faecalis. (2) Orotic acid, though less active, will replace uridine in promoting optimum early growth. (3) All of the purine compounds tested showed no growth stimulation per se, but provided a synergistic increase in growth rate in the presence of uridine. (4) The implications of these results for pyrimidine metabolism are discussed.
Psychological distress in cardiac rehabilitation participants

PURPOSE Limited data are available on the psychosocial characteristics of patients entering cardiac rehabilitation (CR). We characterized the psychological and clinical profiles of men and women entering CR to determine which, if any, characteristic identifies persons at high risk for psychological distress. METHODS The records of 417 patients enrolled in phase II CR between January 2001 and December 2004 were analyzed. One hundred forty-eight of these patients underwent a comprehensive Symptom Checklist-90 psychological survey. The analysis focused on measures of depression, anxiety, hostility, somatization, and a global severity index. RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 60.6 years and 20.9% of them were women. More than one-third had a score of 90th percentile or more in at least 1 psychological category, and 23% had a score of 90th percentile or more in 3 or more categories. Approximately 20% and 36% of patients scoring in the 90th percentile or more and 98th percentile or more of depressive symptoms, respectively, had a history of depression. There was no difference in Symptom Checklist-90 scores by gender, age, education, work status, type of coronary event, metabolic syndrome, tobacco use, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, or diabetes. There was no relationship between psychological symptoms and indication for CR, although a trend of more somatic symptoms was seen in those who underwent an acute coronary syndrome and did not receive revascularization. CONCLUSION Considering the prevalence of psychological distress in CR patients and the lack of clinical identifiers, routine assessment could help identify those who are at increased risk of noncompliance and may benefit from psychological and/or pharmacological intervention.
What Do We Measure When We Measure Aggression

Abstract Biological research on aggression is increasingly consulted for possible answers to the social problems of crime and violence. This paper reviews some contrasting approaches to the biological understanding of behavior—behavioral genetic, social-environmental, physiological, developmental—as a prelude to arguing that approaches to aggression are beset by vagueness and imprecision in their definitions and disunity in their measurement strategies. This vagueness and disunity undermines attempts to compare and evaluate the different approaches empirically. Nevertheless, the definitions reveal commitments to particular metaphysical views concerning behavior. Alternative understandings of aggression suggest even different research approaches than those most commonly found in the literature.
COMMITMENT, DEVIANCE, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

This article extends earlier work (Ulmer 1994) in applying Johnson's (1991) threefold commitment framework to deviance and social control. The central individual-level theories of deviance (differential association/social learning, opportunity, social control, and labeling) share the generic sociological goal of theorizing continuity in lines of action. This suggests the centrality of the concept of commitment, and in fact the concept is used throughout the study of deviance and social control. The threefold framework provides a superior conceptualization of commitment for the field of deviance. In addition, it integrates insights from the central deviance theories and directs attention to a wide variety of un- and underexplored directions for further research in deviance and social control. In addition, I briefly discuss broader implications of the commitment framework for other areas of inquiry, such as the study of social protest and the sociology of organizations.
From visual sensations to the seen-now and the seen-from-here

If, as Gibson last proposed, we become aware (in the introspective attitude during visual perceiving) of the seen-now and the seen-from-here as such, there must occur not only outer awareness of these surfaces, but also a kind of inner awareness of certain of their experiential effects upon us. From Gibson's perspective, this conclusion would seem to mean that his ecological account must return, in this context, to visual sensations; or preferably it must include visual-perspectival appearances proceeding normally unnoticed in the stream of consciousness during visual perception of the environment.
Comparison of skeletal muscle laser Doppler flowmetry to changes in central hemodynamics in detecting the physiological response to moderate hemorrhage

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that laser Doppler (LD) flowmetry is a useful technique for following changes in blood flow in a tissue bed, but the potential role of LD flowmetry in management of the critically ill patient is unclear. This study sought to establish the sensitivity of LD flowmetry compared to changes in centrally measured hemodynamic parameters in response to a mild hemorrhagic episode. In order to establish the correlation between LD flow and actual blood flow, livers from Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and perfused via the portal vein with citrate anticoagulated rat blood. Changes in LD flow were recorded while changing blood flow via the perfusion pump. There was a strong correlation between pump flow and LD flow (for N = 5 livers, r > 0.9; P 20. The second part of this study tested the sensitivity of LD flowmetry in anesthesized baboons. An LD probe was placed on the surface of the gracilis muscle of the adult male baboons. LD flow and hemodynamic parameters were measured following two episodes of bleeding and reinfusing 250 cc of blood. During the first bleed there were significant changes in heart rate (97 + 8 to 159 + 12), mean arterial pressure (125 + 6 to 105 + 9), and LD flow (20.6 + 4.6 to 11.9 + 3.6); these parameters returned to normal after reinfusion of blood. During the second bleed, the only parameters that showed significant changes were heart rate (118 + 5 to 135 + 12) and LD flow (17.5 + 8 to 10.7 + 3.4). Cardiac output, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and arterial blood pH by blood gas determination did not change significantly during either bleeding episode. This study suggests that LD flowmetry is more sensitive to tissue hypoperfusion than commonly measured central parameters and may be useful in aiding the resuscitation of critically ill patients.
Estrogens and Urinary-Tract Infection

The effects of estrogen on the risk of urinary-tract infection (UTI) in women has been the subject of many studies in both humans and experimental animals. Often, these studies have come to seemingly contradictory results: some have suggested an increased risk attributable to estrogen and others that estrogens may be preventative. In part, this confusion arises because the physiological effects of estrogen on different anatomic parts of the urinary tract differ depending on the specific effect and the outcome measured. For example, in the absence of estrogen, the periurethral and vaginal microflora, which is usually predominated by hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and few Escherichia coli, changes dramatically to a flora with few or no lactobacilli but many E. coli [1]. This change in flora is associated with a markedly increased risk of recurrent E. colibladder infections. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topical intravaginal estrogen cream in such women, both the reestablishment of the normal lactobacillus-dominant vaginal flora and reduced rates of UTI were demonstrated in estro-
Sustainable Event Marketing in the MICE Industry: A Theoretical Framework

This conceptual article introduces the topic of sustainable marketing to help planners react to the challenges of creating more sustainable events. Adapting a model used for marketing in the forestry industry, the authors create a framework in which planners can build an integrated sustainable event marketing plan, focusing on the planning process, the meeting, and communication with attendees. This article focuses on the holistic view of sustainability with a specific emphasis on marketing and communication practices to fill a void in the literature and practitioner-focused resources.
Performance of a solar-powered robot for polar instrument networks

The Cool robot is a four-wheel-drive, solar-powered autonomous vehicle designed to support summertime science campaigns in Antarctica and Greenland. We deployed the robot at Summit Camp, Greenland, during 2005 to validate its power budget and to assess its unique control system that matches solar power input with power demand as the robot drives over rough terrain. The 61-kg robot drove continuously at 0.78 m/s on soft snow, its 160-W average power demand met by solar power alone under clear skies when sun elevation exceeded 16deg. The power-control system reliably matched input with demand as insolation changed during the tests. A simple GPS waypoint-following algorithm provided reliable autonomous navigation over periods of 5-8 hours. The data validate our design models and indicate that the Cool Robot exceeds its design goal of carrying a 15-kg payload 500 km in two weeks on the Antarctic plateau
Experimental Validity: Brunswik, Campbell, Cronbach, and Enduring Issues:

Donald Campbell and Lee Cronbach had a long history of mutual respect for and fundamental disagreement with each other's ideas about experimental validity. Issues that Campbell labeled as external validity, Cronbach labeled internal validity. Issues that Campbell labeled internal validity, Cronbach suggested are trivial. Nevertheless, these methodological pioneers share much common ground, in part because of their alliance with Egon Brunswik. As science moved from a deterministic to a probabilistic paradigm, all 3 endeavored to protect behavioral science from validity-threatening practices that could result from naive use of the Fisherian approach to scientific investigation. This review shows that issues concerning the prioritization of types of validity still need to be resolved and that most social scientists do not understand internal validity. Several empirical practices for enhancing validity are suggested. Behavioral scientists believe that establishing a causal relationship requires designing studies that can withstand the argument that the observed effect was caused by something other than the causal factor under consideration. This strategy is commonly called maximizing internal validity (an erroneous label from Donald Campbell's perspective, as discussed subsequently). Internal validity is achieved through random assignment of units to experimental conditions and controlled variation of treatment. In the ideal case, these procedures create a methodological inoculation against the list of potential threats to the legitimacy of conclusions that can be drawn from the observations of the study. In other words, investigators who use the experimental method can make public claims regarding the causal effect of the stimulus.
Low Density Lipoprotein Binding and de Novo Synthesis of Cholesterol in the Neocortex and Fetal Zones of the Human Fetal Adrenal Gland

The binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the de novo synthesis of cholesterol in separated zones of human fetal adrenal (HFA) tissues were investigated. The number of LDL-binding sites was 2-fold greater in membrane fractions prepared from fresh fetal zone tissue than in those from neocortex tissue. The binding capacity for LDL in fetal zone and neocortex membrane preparations of HFA tissues maintained in culture in the presence of ACTH was 2-fold greater than that in membrane fractions of control tissues. The rates of de novo synthesis of cholesterol also were determined in separated zones of HFA tissue by measuring the specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in microsomal fractions prepared from HFA tissues and by determining the rate of incorporation of tritium from [3H]water into cholesterol in HFA tissue fragments. The rate of de novo synthesis of cholesterol in fresh fetal zone tissue was twice that in neocortex tissue as estimated by these methods. When separated zones of HFA tissue were maintained in culture in the presence or absence of ACTH, the rates of de novo synthesis, as determined by the rate of incorporation of tritium from [3H]water into cholesterol, were stimulated to a similar extent by ACTH in both fetal zone and neocortex tissues. However, the specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was increased to a greater extent by ACTH pretreatment in neocortex tissues than in fetal zone tissues. In summary, fetal zone tissues of the HFA gland have a larger number of LDL-binding sites and higher rates of de novo synthesis of cholesterol than do neocortex tissues, and ACTH stimulates LDL binding and de novo synthesis of cholesterol in both zones of the HFA gland.
Radar meteorology: highlights of recent advances

Radar meteorology has recently reached new heights of operational and scientific development. This has been fostered largely by the installation of the first generation of operational NEXRAD (WSR-88D) Doppler radars across the USA, the initiation of a demonstration network of operational radar wind profilers in the central USA, and the early installation of the first of the Terminal Doppler Weather Radars (TDWR) for the detection of hazardous low level windshear at major airports. The development of the spaceborne Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), to be launched in 1997, has also spurred widespread R & D activity on new instruments, algorithms, and ground truth. These and the use of radar in a broad spectrum of major research projects has provided a host of new insights. In turn these activities have raised new questions and demonstrated the need for further improvements, thus giving renewed impetus to the entire field. This paper summarizes some of the more exciting developments in progress and on the horizon. >
Computational models for search and discrimination

We present an experimental framework for evaluating metrics for the search and discrimination of a natural texture pattern from its background. Such metrics could help identify preattentive cues and un- derlying models of search and discrimination, and evaluate and design camouflage patterns and automatic target recognition systems. Human observers were asked to view image stimuli consisting of various target patterns embedded within various background patterns. These psycho- physical experiments provided a quantitative basis for comparison of human judgments to the computed values of target distinctness metrics. Two different experimental methodologies were utilized. The first meth- odology consisted of paired comparisons of a set of stimuli containing targets in a fixed location known to the observers. The observers were asked to judge the relative target distinctness for each pair of stimuli. The second methodology involved stimuli in which the targets were placed in random locations unknown to the observer. The observers were asked to search each image scene and identify suspected target locations. Using a prototype eye tracking testbed, the integrated testbed for eye move- ment studies, the observers' fixation points during the experiment were recorded and analyzed. For both experiments, the level of correlation with the psychophysical data was used as the basis for evaluating target distinctness metrics. Overall, of the set of target distinctness metrics considered, a metric based on a model of image texture was the most
Follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma in a pediatric population.

Background Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) has been shown to be an intermediate entity between papillary (PTC) and follicular/Hurtle cell (FTC) thyroid carcinoma in adults. However, the tumor characteristics and prognosis of FVPTCs has not been studied in the pediatric population and is the focus of the current study Methods All pediatric patients ≤19 years of age with differentiated thyroid cancer (PTC, FVPTC, or FTC) were identified from the SEER registry from 1988–2009. Patients were divided into groups based on their histology. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics, as well as hazard ratios (HRs) for overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated for FVPTC. Results Of 1,956 patients, 445 (22.7%) had FVPTC. Compared to PTCs, FVPTCs were larger (OR: 2.03, CI:1.35–3.06), node negative (OR: 2.26, CI:1.61–3.19), occurred more often in patients 4 cm (HR: 13.92, CI:1.24–156.72) influenced OS for patients with FVPTC. There was no significant difference in OS or DSS between groups. Conclusions In pediatric patients ≤19 years of age, FVPTCs have intermediate tumor features compared to PTC and FTC, but a similar OS and DSS. All pediatric patients with thyroid cancer require lifelong surveillance. However, FVPTCs >4 cm may warrant closer follow-up due to an increased risk of death. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rat to AM and FM tones

Abstract The responses of units in the inferior colliculus of the urethane-anaesthetized rat were recorded extracellularly. They responded to sinusoidal AM and FM tones with a modulation of their spike discharge usually at the same, or occasionally at twice, the modulation rate of the stimulus. The modulation depth of the response initially increased with the modulation depth of the stimulus, hut usually saturated or decreased at higher stimulus depths. The units showed a bandpass tuning to stimulus modulation rate which was independent of modulation depth and, in all cases, the most effective modulation rate was below 120 Hz. The modulated response to temporally varying stimuli could not be predicted from the pure tone discharge patterns or, in some cases, the unit's mean firing rate to modulated tones; temporally varying stimuli gave temporally varying responses. When compared with the data available from units at other levels in the auditory system, the results indicate a trend in which units at successively higher levels in the pathway respond most effectively to progressively lower rates of modulation.
Increases of chlorophyll a/b ratios during acclimation of tropical woody seedlings to nitrogen limitation and high light

According to the theory of optimal nitrogen partitioning within a leaf, the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio is expected to increase when leaf N content decreases. Here, we report the first empirical support for this prediction. The Chl a/b ratio increased while Chl content decreased in response to N limitation in photosynthetic cotyledons and leaves of seedlings of four tropical woody species in the Bignoniaceae. The responses of all four species were in the same direction, but differed in magnitude. For Tabebuia rosea, the species that exhibited the greatest increase in Chl a/b ratios (up to values of 5.9), detailed photosynthetic characteristics were also examined. Light and N availability were positively correlated with the light- and CO2-saturated photosynthetic O2 evolution rate, as well as with leaf carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and electron transport rate (Vj). Severe N limitation and high light did not cause chronic photo-inhibition (i.e. no change in quantum yield or in dark-acclimated Fv/Fm). The observed change in the ratio of Vcmax to leaf N in response to N availability was consistent with likely functional reasons for change in the Chl a/b ratio. Adjustment of the Chl a/b ratio was apparently an integral feature of acclimation to high light conditions and low N availability.
The Relationship Between Sexual Victimization and Year in School in U.S. Colleges Investigating the Parameters of the “Red Zone”

It is the conventional wisdom among some universities that the highest risk of sexual assault is in the first or possibly second year in school. While initially belief in this pattern was primarily based on anecdote, recently some attempts have been made to more systematically and quantitatively test the existence of a "red zone," a time of heightened risk of sexual assault sometime near the beginning of a female student's time at the college. However, most of these studies have been conducted with relatively small convenience samples from single schools and have had conflicting results. Here, I test the red zone hypothesis using self-reported sexual victimization data with a large sample (~16,000) drawn from 22 schools as part of the Online College Social Life Survey. To investigate the specific mechanisms responsible for the red zone, I separately test for the existence of a red zone for four different types of sexual victimizations: physically forced intercourse, attempted forced intercourse, unwanted intercourse when incapacitated, and unwanted intercourse due to verbal pressure. Within these categories, I separately address sexual victimization that occurred while hanging out and sexual victimization during a party. Prior literature has emphasized the role of parties in the increased risk of assault for freshman. While I find some evidence for this in the higher estimates for sexual victimization at a party, the freshman effect remains for other types of sexual victimizations, suggesting that the red zone is not easily attributable to a single mechanistic cause, but to more generalizable factors. With one exception, I find that the red zone does not extend into the sophomore year.
UNCOVERING THE ROLE OF GENDER STEREOTYPES IN SPEECH PERCEPTION

This work examines the effect of gender stereotypes on the perception of language by drawing together findings from the fields of speech perception, gender studies, and social psychology. Results from two speech perception experiments are reviewed that show that listeners’ stereotypes about gender, as activated by the faces and voices of speakers, alter the listeners’ perception of the fricatives /s/ and /∫/ . One experiment employs auditory-only consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) tokens and the other employs audiovisual stimuli created from the same tokens synthesized with talking faces. This effect of stereotypes on low-level speech processing must be accounted for in models of perception, cognition, and the relationship between the physical and social environment. Much work on the sociology of language has demonstrated conclusively that perceived language variation triggers evaluative judgments about the speaker. Furthermore, the independence of these judgments from the percept of language variation is usually taken for granted. This article, however, discusses how evaluative judgments, or stereotypes, actually play a role in shaping the perception of language itself. As von Hippel, Sekaquaptewa, and Vargas (1995) note, Any evidence that perceptual processes influence and are influenced by stereotypes and prejudice would have profound implications. People view their senses as documentary devices that faithfully translate the environment into understandable and manageable units . . . they accept what they see and hear. (p. 181)
The HHMI National Genomics Research Initiative at Western Kentucky University

Background Western Kentucky University is a member of a select group of colleges and universities chosen to participate in a national science experiment designed to improve undergraduate science education. To introduce freshman students to authentic research, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science Education Alliance (HHMI SEA) has implemented an innovative program to introduce genomics into the classroom. The program draws on themes and techniques from biology, microbiology, molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics. The WKU course is called “Genome Discovery and Exploration” (GDE); WKU Genome Discovery and Exploration Program [http://bioweb.wku.edu/asp/wkungri/]. During the fall semester, students isolate bacterial viruses from the environment and characterize them using a variety of techniques including DNA analysis and electron microscopy. Over the winter break, the complete DNA sequence of one of the viruses isolated by the GDE students is determined. During the spring semester, GDE students learn how use computer programs (e.g. Consed, Glimmer, Genemark, BLAST and Phamerator) to identify all the viral genes and to make genome wide comparisons to identify evolutionary relationships. All course participants and the SEA staff are connected via the internet to share and analyze data, troubleshoot, and discuss results. Near the end of the spring semester, HHMI hosts a research symposium for course faculty and one student from each institution to report on their discoveries and experiences. As unique phages are characterized on campuses nationwide, students will have the opportunity to publish their research for the broader scientific community. This hands-on experience with the tools of Bioinformatics is an outstanding training opportunity and this unique program has helped the WKU Biology Department create an introductory pipeline to research experiences that complements our existing and planned instructional programs and allows freshman to engage in the thrill of discovery.
Social Media, Friendship, and Happiness in the Millennial Generation

Internet social media have emerged as important contexts for friendship and social development during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. In this review, we consider how young people’s friendships via social networking sites reflect broader sociocultural shifts away from tight knit, face-to-face communities to “networked individualism,” a system of sociality that places the individual at the center of personally tailored social networks unencumbered by physical limitations (Wellman, Digital cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches, 2002, pp. 10–25). In line with networked individualism, we propose that customized sociality is a principle cohering many of the features of friendship on social networking sites. Research suggests that adolescents and emerging adults have at their disposal convenient and efficient tools for relatedness, and at the same time, increased options for autonomy. Alongside these changes are new opportunities and risks for happiness in the journey to adulthood. Among the opportunities are increased convenience for cultivating closeness with friends and enhanced access to social information and social capital, which lend themselves to forms of social support conducive to happiness in a mobile world. The risks youth face include the allure of transient pleasures of instant gratification friendship and social snacking, increased demands to negotiate promotional self-presentations broadcasted by shallow networks of contacts, and the challenge to cultivate happiness in a social world that seems to increasingly define self-worth and life satisfaction based on image, success, and popularity.
Energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems

This paper presents GRACE-OS, an energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduler for mobile devices that primarily run multimedia applications. The major goal of GRACE-OS is to support application quality of service and save energy. To achieve this goal, GRACE-OS integrates dynamic voltage scaling into soft real-time scheduling and decides how fast to execute applications in addition to when and how long to execute them. GRACE-OS makes such scheduling decisions based on the probability distribution of application cycle demands, and obtains the demand distribution via online profiling and estimation. We have implemented GRACE-OS in the Linux kernel and evaluated it on an HP laptop with a variable-speed CPU and multimedia codecs. Our experimental results show that (1) the demand distribution of the studied codecs is stable or changes smoothly. This stability implies that it is feasible to perform stochastic scheduling and voltage scaling with low overhead; (2) GRACE-OS delivers soft performance guarantees by bounding the deadline miss ratio under application-specific requirements; and (3) GRACE-OS reduces CPU idle time and spends more busy time in lower-power speeds. Our measurement indicates that compared to deterministic scheduling and voltage scaling, GRACE-OS saves energy by 7% to 72% while delivering statistical performance guarantees.
Monoclonal antibody (5G6.4) against ovarian carcinoma shows inhibition of in vitro colony formation.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have the potential for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. 5G6.4 is a MAb of the IgG2a class which was produced by immunization of BALB/c mice with human ovarian carcinoma (Ov Ca) cells. To further characterize 5G6.4, its effect on cell growth was tested using a human Ov Ca cell line established in our laboratory. A clonogenic assay was set up in 48-well plates in a double agar system. The cells were plated and 5G6.4 was added at different concentrations. Control plates consisted of ceils with media without MAb. Negative control plates were also prepared using the same concentrations of an isotype-matched antimelanoma MAb, 225.28s. Colony formation (CF) was reduced to 50% or less of control with increasing amounts of 5G6.4 up to 50 pg/ml. Although CF was still depressed at concentrations above 50 pg/ml, the inhibition did not follow a directly proportional line; instead, it followed a bell-shaped curve. Plates with the control MAb, 225.28s did not show this response. Similar results were obtained with cells from malignant Ov Ca ascites in the same clonogenic assay. Our study suggests that in the evaluation of the
Diagnosis of lower hybrid on MST

RF driven current has never been demonstrated in a Reversed Field Pinch. Recently the lower hybrid system on the Madison Symmetric Torus reached a new operating regime. This upgrade allows RF powers of up to 5% of the Ohmic input power to be injected. It is therefore anticipated that the lower hybrid system is on the threshold of producing meaningful changes to the RFP equilibrium. A diagnostic set is under development to facilitate the study of such changes and lay the foundation for near megawatt operations. Many measurements are being studied for viability. These include electron cyclotron emission, examinations of bulk ion and electron heating, surface perturbation pickup coils, magnetic probe measurements, and Langmuir probe measurements. In addition, several x‐ray diagnostics are in operation: pulse height analysis is performed on detector arrays to determine the 5–200 keV spectrum. An insertable target probe is available to create x‐rays from fast electrons. Tomographic inversion of 2‐D Soft x‐ray detectors yields equilibrium information through island structure. Results from experiments with source power up to 225 kW will be presented. Preliminary results from CQL3D Fokker‐Planck simulations will also be presented.
Structure of the Complex of Bovine Pancreatic Phospholipase A2 with a Transition-State Analogue

The 1.89 A resolution structure of the complex of bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with the transition-state analogue l-1-O-octyl-2-heptylphosphonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TSA) has been determined. The crystal of the complex is trigonal, space group P3121, a = b = 46.58 and c = 102.91 A and isomorphous to the native recombinant wild type (WT). The structure was refined to a final crystallographic R value of 18.0% including 957 protein atoms, 88 water molecules, one calcium ion and all 31 non-H atoms of the inhibitor at 1.89 A resolution. In all, 7 726 reflections [F\gt2\sigma(F)] were used between 8.0 and 1.89 A resolution. The inhibitor is deeply locked into the active-site cleft and coordinates to the calcium ion by displacing the two water molecules in the calcium pentagonal bipyramid by the anionic O atoms of the phosphate and phosphonate group. The hydroxyl group of Tyr69 hydrogen bonds to the second anionic O atom of the phosphate group while that of the phosphonate group replaces the third water, `catalytic' water, which forms a hydrogen bond to Nδ1 of His48. The fourth water which also shares Nδ1 of His48 is displaced by the steric hinderance of the inhibitor. The fifth conserved structural water is still present in the active site and forms a network of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding residues. The structure is compared with the other known TSA–PLA2 complexes.
The Effects of a Phonological Awareness Intervention on the Oral English Proficiency of Spanish-Speaking Kindergarten Children

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether a phonological awareness intervention promoted oral English proficiency more than a story-reading condition for Spanish-speaking kindergarten children, most of whom were limited English proficient. A second aim was to determine the extent to which change in English proficiency over the course of the intervention could be attributed to change in phonological awareness. Pre- and posttest measures included tests of oral English proficiency, receptive English vocabulary, and phonological awareness. Although both groups showed significant change in oral English proficiency over pretest scores, an analysis of covariance, covarying pretest scores, indicated the phonological awareness group showed greater change than did the story-reading group. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with measures of sound discrimination, short-term memory, and change in vocabulary and phonological awareness in the predictive model. Results indicated that changes in phonological awareness variables were the only significant predictors of change in oral English proficiency. These results suggest that phonological awareness instruction promotes oral English proficiency for Spanish-speaking kindergarten children. Thus, a balanced reading program for limited English proficient, Spanish-speaking kindergarten children, including story reading, should also include phonological awareness instruction for the added benefit of greater change in oral English proficiency.
A spread-spectrum clock generator with dual-voltage controlled oscillator

This paper proposes a spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) for EMI reduction. The SSCG circuit utilizes a dual-voltage controlled oscillator based on the regular integer-N PLL. The circuit has been simulated in 0.18 mum CMOS technology. A 40 KHz triangular waveform is used for frequency modulation. The spectrum spread ratio ranges from 0.125% to 1%. The peak power reduction is 16 dB.
PETROLEUM DISPLACEMENT IN THE SOVIET ECONOMY: THE CASE OF ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

To maintain hard currency earnings with lower oil prices on the world market, the Soviet Union must look for ways to increase exports of oil and petroleum products. Although constrained by stagnating domestic oil production, the Soviet Union has had tremendous success with natural gas production. This paper investigates the gas-for-oil displacement program in one of the largest petroleum-consuming sectors of the domestic economy—the electric power industry—and the limitations to petroleum displacement in the Soviet Union posed by insufficient gas storage and declining coal quality.
The Impact of Workers' Earnings Profiles on Individual Account Accumulation

This article focuses on the impact of realistic earnings patterns and work histories on individual account accumulation. It does not compare an individual account system with the present system; rather, it compares individual account balance accumulations of workers with different earnings histories. The SSASIM model is used to provide the estimates of account balances. This model allows for changing workers' earnings patterns as well as changing their work histories. The PDF for the above title, published in the October 2000 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another October 2000 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Asset Allocation: IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans."
Phosphinoalkylsilyl Complexes. 12. Stereochemistry of the Tridentate Bis(diphenylphosphinopropyl)silyl (biPSi) Framework: Complexation That Introduces “Face Discrimination” at Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Centers. X-ray Crystal and Molecular Structures of Pt[SiMe(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl, IrH[SiMe(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl, and RuH[SiMe(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2](CO)21

Reaction of the bis(phosphinoalkyl)silanes RSiH[(CH2)nPR12]2 (R = Me or Ph, n = 2 or 3, R1 = Ph or Cy, i.e., cyclohexyl; biPSiH for R = Me, n = 2, R1 = Ph) with Pt(COD)Cl2 (COD = cycloocta-1,5-diene), [Ir(COD)Cl]2, trans-M(PPh3)2(CO)Cl (M = Rh or Ir), or Ru3(CO)12 affords products that are complexes of tridentate biPSi silyl analogues, in which the Si center is anchored through attachment of trans P atoms at the transition-metal site. The platinum(II) compounds Pt[SiMe(CH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl (1), Pt[SiMe(CH2CH2PCy2)2]Cl (2), Pt[SiPh(CH2CH2PCy2)2]Cl (3), Pt[SiPh(CH2CH2PPh2)(CH2CH2PCy2)]Cl (4), Pt[SiMe(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl (5), Pt[SiMe(CH2CH2CH2PCy2)2]Cl (6), and Pt[SiPh(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl (7), which have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy, possess distinguishable square faces with Me on Si projecting in one direction and the buckled (CH2)n backbones in the other. Cleavage of the Pt−Si bond in Pt(biPSi)Cl (5) by HCl affords a pair of diastereomers HPt[(PPh2CH2CH2CH2)2Si(Cl)Me]Cl (8,8‘) in which ...
The Case for Huge Earthquakes

We generally assume that the limiting magnitudes of future earthquakes can be inferred from the length of mapped faults or fault segments. This assumption is based on empirical observations relating earthquake magnitude with fault length or fault area. This assumption is in conflict with seismological observations and other reasonable assumptions, namely the conservation of seismic moment and the stationarity of earthquake occurrence. In many regions, the rate of earthquakes required to explain the observed seismic moment rate exceeds the historic rate, if the earthquake magnitudes are limited by fault length. The rare occurrence of huge earthquakes (moment magnitude of 8 or greater) could resolve the conflict by providing the moment rate without the need for an excessive rate of “ordinary” large earthquakes. One magnitude 8 earthquake releases the seismic moment of about 30 magnitude 7's. On average, the huge earthquake may even do less damage than the many large ones, although the damage...
Dynamic Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloy Metal Mesh Dampers

*† ‡ The study presented in this paper involved characterizing the amplitude and frequency dependent stiffness and damping coefficients for oil-free metal mesh dampers weaved from several different types of materials. The material test matrix consisted of stainless steel 304, Inconel 600, copper, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy. The research specifically focuses on NiTi alloy damper and how the stiffness and damping performance compares with the other metal mesh damper materials. Steady state forced vibration and transient vibration tests were used to characterize the stiffness and damping as functions of frequency and vibration amplitude. The results show that vibration amplitude has the opposite influence on the NiTi material damping when compared to the other materials, whereas the influence of vibration amplitude on NiTi stiffness was the same as the other materials. While the conventional metal samples give decreasing damping as vibration amplitude increases, the NiTi samples generated increasing damping as vibration levels increased. In addition to comparisons of stiffness and damping between different materials with the same mesh density, a lower mesh density for NiTi was tested and compared to the higher mesh density damper.
Comparing columnar, row and array DBMSs to process recursive queries on graphs

Abstract Analyzing graphs is a fundamental problem in big data analytics, for which DBMS technology does not seem competitive. On the other hand, SQL recursive queries are a fundamental mechanism to analyze graphs in a DBMS, whose processing and optimization are significantly harder than traditional SPJ queries. Columnar DBMSs are a new faster class of database system, with significantly different storage and query processing mechanisms compared to row DBMSs, still the dominating technology. With that motivation in mind, we study the optimization of recursive queries on a columnar DBMS focusing on two fundamental and complementary graph problems: transitive closure and adjacency matrix multiplication. From a query processing perspective we consider the three fundamental relational operators: selection, projection and join (SPJ), where projection subsumes SQL group-by aggregation. We present comprehensive experiments comparing recursive query processing on columnar, row and array DBMSs to analyze large graphs with different shape and density. We study the relative impact of query optimizations and we compare raw speed of DBMSs to evaluate recursive queries on graphs. Results confirm classical query optimizations that keep working well in a columnar DBMS, but their relative impact is different. Most importantly, a columnar DBMS with tuned query optimization is uniformly faster than row and array systems to analyze large graphs, regardless of their shape, density and connectivity. On the other hand, there is no clear winner between the row and array DBMSs.
Abstract IA10: Sox10 regulates stem/progenitor and mesenchymal cell states in mammary epithelial cells

To discover mechanisms that mediate the initiation and progression of aggressive and stem-like breast cancers, we characterized signaling networks that are present in the mammary stem cells responsible for fetal and adult mammary development. These analyses identified a signaling axis between FGF signaling and the transcription factor, Sox10. Here we report that Sox10 is specifically expressed in mammary cells that exhibit the highest levels of stem/progenitor activity. This includes fetal and adult mammary cells in vivo and mammary organoids in vitro. Sox10 is functionally relevant, as its deletion reduces stem/progenitor competence, while its overexpression increases stem/progenitor activity. Intriguingly, we also discover that Sox10 overexpression elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary organoids in an FGF signaling-dependent manner. Further, modulation of Sox10 levels can induce sequential EMT, migratory, and clonogenic behaviors that strikingly resemble proposed mechanisms of metastasis. Consistent with these findings, we find that Sox10 is preferentially expressed in the most stem- and EMT-like triple negative breast cancer subtypes, and that Sox10+ tumor cells utilize FGF signaling for growth and invasive behaviors, which suggest that Sox10 may reprise these same functions during tumorigenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate a signaling mechanism through which stem and mesenchymal-like states are acquired in mammary cells, and indicate possible therapeutic targets to counter these functions in breast cancers for which targeted therapies are currently unavailable. Citation Format: Christopher Dravis, Geoffrey M. Wahl. Sox10 regulates stem/progenitor and mesenchymal cell states in mammary epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Linkages and Labour Inspectors: Enforcement in the Garment Workshops of Buenos Aires

In the past decade, enforcement of labour regulations in the garment industry of Buenos Aires, Argentina’s Federal Capital and Autonomous City, has been erratic. During the economic boom that followed the crisis of 2001, the garment industry grew rapidly. With that expansion came an increase in the number of so-called ‘clandestine’ garment workshops, many of which exhibited extreme violations of a wide variety of labour laws. Notwithstanding a national effort to strengthen labour institutions during this period, for the first few years there was little reaction from the state to violations in the garment industry. Then, in 2006, following a tragic fire in one of the workshops, enforcement increased drastically and was sustained for nearly two years. After 2008, however, enforcement levels dropped once again, recreating conditions for the proliferation of labour law violations in the industry.