cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiviral activity of a human placental protein of retroviral origin

Summary Viruses circulating in wild and domestic animals pose a constant threat to human health1. Identifying human genetic factors that protect against zoonotic infections is a health priority. The RD-114 and Type-D retrovirus (RDR) interference group includes infectious viruses that circulate in domestic cats and various Old World monkeys (OWM), and utilize ASCT2 as a common target cell receptor2. While human ASCT2 can mediate RDR infection in cell culture, it is unknown whether humans and other hominoids encode factors that restrict RDR infection in nature2,3. Here we test the hypothesis that Suppressyn, a truncated envelope protein that binds ASCT2 and is derived from a human endogenous retrovirus4,5, restricts RDR infection. Transcriptomics and regulatory genomics reveal that Suppressyn expression initiates in the preimplantation embryo. Loss and gain of function experiments in cell culture show Suppressyn expression is necessary and sufficient to restrict RDR infection. Evolutionary analyses show Suppressyn was acquired in the genome of a common ancestor of hominoids and OWMs, but preserved by natural selection only in hominoids. Restriction assays using modern primate orthologs and reconstructed ancestral genes indicate that Suppressyn antiviral activity has been conserved in hominoids, but lost in most OWM. Thus in humans and other hominoids, Suppressyn acts as a restriction factor against retroviruses with zoonotic capacity. Transcriptomics data predict that other virus-derived proteins with potential antiviral activity lay hidden in the human genome.
Effects of the FDA Codeine Safety Investigation on Racial and Geographic Disparities in Opioid Prescribing after Pediatric Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy:

Objective. Our objective was to examine the impact of the U.S. FDA’s 2013 black box warning against codeine on codeine and other opioid prescription filling after pediatric tonsillectomy and/or ade...
Bibliometric profiles of contemporary leaders in neurosurgery

Abstract Research is a significant component of academic neurosurgery. This analysis of current American leaders in neurosurgery provides a bibliometric review of research impact and productivity with a focus on m-quotient analysis throughout the stages of career development including medical school, residency and faculty. A random selection of neurosurgeons (n = 82) from the Society of Neurological Surgeons (SNS) was analyzed using Scopus to collect research and publication data including publication count, h-index, and m-quotient during each career phase. The mean number of publications, h-index, and m-quotient for medical school, residency, and faculty career stages are reported. Neurosurgeons with self-reported subspecialties of vascular, skull base, functional, spine, and pediatrics had significantly higher m-quotients than general neurosurgeons (p
Disasters Risk and Business Cycles

Abstract Motivated by the evidence that risk premia are large and countercyclical, this paper studies a tractable real business cycle model with a small risk of economic disaster, such as the Great...
A Framework for Protecting Pregnant Women in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, highlighted and compounded problems while posing new challenges for the pregnant population. Although individual organizations have provided disparate information, guidance, and updates on managing the pregnant population during the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to develop a collective model that highlights all the best practices needed to protect the pregnant population during the pandemic. To establish a standard for ensuring safety during the pandemic, we present a framework that describes best practices for the management of the pregnant population during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Brachytherapy with Removable Iodine-125 Sources for the Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Brain Tumors

Thirty-seven patients harboring recurrent malignant primary or metastatic brain tumors were treated by 40 implantations of high activity iodine-125 (125I) sources. All patients had been treated with radiation and most had been treated with chemotherapeutic agents, primarily nitrosoureas. Implantations were performed using computed tomography-directed stereotaxy; 125I sources were held in one or more afterloaded catheters that were removed after the desired dose (minimum tumor dose of 3,000–12,000 rad) had been delivered. Results of 34 implantation procedures are evaluable, and are discussed here.
Diophantine definability and decidability in extensions of degree 2 of totally real fields

We investigate Diophantine definability and decidability over some subrings of algebraic numbers contained in quadratic extensions of totally real algebraic extensions of Q. Among other results we prove the following. The “big” subring definability and undecidability results previously shown by the author to hold over totally complex extensions of degree 2 of totally real number fields, are shown to hold for all extensions of degree 2 of totally real number fields. The definability and undecidability results for integral closures of “small” and “big” subrings of number fields in the infinite algebraic extensions of Q, previously shown by the author to hold for totally real fields, are extended to a large class of extensions of degree 2 of totally real fields. This class includes infinite cyclotomics and abelian extensions with finitely many ramified rational primes.
Optical chip-to-chip interconnects for memory systems

This study explores multi-drop interconnections over point to point interconnections. However, high data rate point-to-point electrical transmission lines make multi-drop interconnections very difficult to implement at high speeds. For high speed multi-drop processor to memory interconnections, this paper proposes that optical interconnections offer a simple procedure to design and implement alternative to point to point electrical interconnections. The design complexity of these optical interconnections is similar to lower speed multi-drop electrical interconnections that are currently the dominant architectural implementation in current computing systems.
Portable communications needs and no-nos [in IC design]

Portable communications, in the form of personal communications systems - whether intended for voice, video, or data, is of great interest today - especially to those who look upon this area as a replacement for the defense projects that have paid the bills for many years. Personal communications systems cannot, however, be approached in the same way that military systems have been approached in the past. Consumers pay less, are more critical, and multiuser consumer systems are just as complex as their military relatives. They must also work at higher frequencies. Gallium arsenide in integrated circuits, the designers capable of implementing them, and the companies capable of producing them, are in a unique position to satisfy the demands of portable, personal communications. The simple reason for this is that a great deal of the frequency spectrum available for personal communications applications is in the range of 1.7 to 6.0 GHz, and higher. Unfortunately, much of what has been done up to now is practically useless. Devices developed do not meet the needs of handheld product designers, and without handheld products portable communications systems can never meet their potential. >
True-differential/common-mode mixed-mode S-parameter measurement techniques for cellular and 4G bandwidths

This paper introduces true-differential/common-mode mixed-mode S-parameter measurement techniques for cellular and 4G bandwidths. The on-chip differential amplifier is designed in a 130-nm RFCMOS process, where the simulated differential mode S-parameters are also presented over the wide frequencies (0.5 ∼ 3.5 GHz) which includes cellular frequencies. The differential gains are 8.4 dB and 7.9 dB at 1 GHz and 3 GHz, respectively. The non-linear effects of the RF circuits can result in mixed-mode S-parameter measurement errors in virtual differential mode. Because real differential and common mode input signals stimulate a DUT in true differential mode, true differential/common mode measurements may reduce the measurement errors caused by the non-linear effects. Differential/common mixed-mode S-parameter tests were performed using an AD8350 IC from 0.1 GHz to 2.0 GHz. The various comparisons of measured input P1dB compression points and common mode rejection ratio (CMRRs) in true and virtual differential modes are presented.
CALORIE REQUIREMENTS FOR WEIGHT GAIN IN INFANTS WITH GROWTH FAILURE DUE TO MATERNAL DEPRIVATION, UNDERNUTRITION, AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: A Correlation Analysis

The correlation between calorie intake and weight gain was analyzed in 31 patients with growth failure who were 5 to 36 months old. The BMR and that portion of the total daily calorie intake which is responsible for weight gain ("residual calories") was calculated, using a fixed estimate for muscular activity and calorie losses. The BMR per weight predicted from height was similar to normal controls. The correlations between residual calories and gram weight gain, and between total calories per predicted weight and weight gain per predicted weight were good (p It is concluded that calorie requirements were predictable, because the BMR and the calorie cost of weight gain were predictable. Calorie losses and muscular activity apparently did not vary significantly in this patient sample. Calorie requirements were roughly comparable to those of normal infants when predicted weight was used as reference standard, because the BMR predicted weight was normal and other expenditures apparently did not differ significantly from those to be expected of well children of the same age.
Comparing techniques for quantifying haloxyfop absorption and translocation in johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense).

In comparing laboratory techniques, absorption and translocation of 14C-haloxyfop was not affected by droplet size or treatment area. Treatment with haloxyfop prior to application of 14C-haloxyfop resulted in 27% less translocation of radiolabel from the treated leaf and 43% less acropetal translocation compared with plants receiving only the radiolabeled herbicide. Leaf washing with distilled water, distilled water plus haloxyfop, distilled water plus surfactant, distilled water plus haloxyfop plus surfactant, 100% ethanol, 100% methanol, or methanol:water (1:1 v/v) removed similar amounts of radiolabel, while chloroform removed more. Considering some of the differences found with these techniques, pretreatment with nonlabeled herbicide should be routine practice and water used as the standard solvent.
Chassidic Teachings and Modern Psychology: Toward a More Unified Approach

This article describes how many modern psychological constructs and theories exist in older as well as newer Chassidic and Jewish teachings, particularly those of Chabad Lubavitch. This exploration points toward a potential benefit for a unification of psychology and Chassidic teachings. Psychological theories and constructs explored are Freudian psychoanalysis, cognitive dissonance, cognitive restructuring/reframing, self-efficacy/planned behavior, and logotherapy/existentialism. The article then concludes with a discussion of possible implications of moving toward a unified approach for clinical practitioners.
Hepatic Mucormycosis Mimicking Veno-occlusive Disease: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

The clinical history of a 12-year-old boy with trisomy 21 who suffered from relapsed pre-B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia with clinical symptoms of hepatic veno-occlusive disease and death is reported. The postmortem findings were significant for hepatic mucormycosis with selective involvement of the central veins, sinusoids, and portal tracts resulting in obstruction of the outflow tract and massive hepatocellular necrosis. Hematogenous dissemination of mucormycosis causing acute splenitis and hemorrhagic intestinal necrosis were also observed. To our knowledge, mucormycosis invasion of the central veins, sinusoids, and portal tracts by fungal hyphae resulting in a syndrome mimicking hepatic veno-occlusive disease has not been previously reported.
Cultural Influence on the Development of Accounting Systems Internationally: A Test of Gray's [1988] Theory

This paper attempts to test the theory developed by Gray [1988] linking accounting values and systems with Hofstede's [1980] cultural constructs. Based on data from twenty-nine countries, it finds that while Gray's [1988] model has statistically significant explanatory power, it is best at explaining actual financial reporting practices and is relatively weak in explaining extant professional and regulatory structures from a cultural base. This paper further finds that both the development of financial markets and levels of taxation enhance the explanations offered by Gray [1988].
Influence of drug therapy on the ischemic response to acute coronary occlusion in man: supply-side economics.

Recent advances in the management of acute COTOnary occlusion have given new importance to the effects of drug therapy during limited or intermittent periods of coronary occlusion. The influence of drugs during ischemia may permit therapy selection designed to limit ischemic sequelae and potential infarct size. In man, the ischemic responses to sudden increases in myocardial demand have been extensively studied, usually to assess clinical and mechanistic effects of various antianginal therapies. However, the study of ischemia due to a sudden decrease in myocardial oxygen supply has been restricted to a few patients with severe coronary spasm. After considerable clinical experience, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty can now be used as a unique, controlled model of transient myocardial ischemia in man, permitting simultaneous examination of systemic and coronary hemodynamics, left ventricular function, and subsequent responses to commonly used drugs in the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Analysis of drug effects during acute supply-limited myocardial ischemia.is important in providing not only safer and potentially improved coronary interventional techniques, but also for understanding mechanisms limiting ischemia in the early periods of acute myocardial infarction or during episodes of coronary artery spasm. This review will examine thz supply-side economics of myocardial ischemia, concentrating on the differences between “supply” and “demand” types of ischemia and identifying the significant and consistent sequence of pathophysiologic ischemic events.
Multiresolution Abnormal Trace Detection Using Varied-Length $n$ -Grams and Automata

Detection and diagnosis of faults in a large-scale distributed system is a formidable task. Interest in monitoring and using traces of user requests for fault detection has been on the rise recently. In this paper we propose novel fault detection methods based on abnormal trace detection. One essential problem is how to represent the large amount of training trace data compactly as an oracle. Our key contribution is the novel use of varied-length n-grams and automata to characterize normal traces. A new trace is compared against the learned automata to determine whether it is abnormal. We develop algorithms to automatically extract n-grams and construct multiresolution automata from training data. Further, both deterministic and multihypothesis algorithms are proposed for detection. We inspect the trace constraints of real application software and verify the existence of long n-grams. Our approach is tested in a real system with injected faults and achieves good results in experiments
Visual evoked potentials of infants.

Resume Les auteurs ont montre dans un travail anterieur que la configuration du P.E.V. chez le nouveaune et chez l'enfant de 3 mois montre une grande var iabilite diurne ; par ailleurs et contrairement au P.E.V. de l'adulte la configuration de ce P.E.V. n'est pas liee au cycle de veille-sommeil. Les auteurs apportent a ce propos des donnees complementaires : 1 o Ils ont enregistre les P.E.V. de 7 nouveau-nes pendant des periodes allant jusqu'a 3 h. et demie, afin de rechercher des variations cycliques eventuelles de ce potentiel independantes du cycle veillesommeil. Ces recherches n'ont pas permis de mettre en evidence de telles variations cycliques. 2 o Des enregistrements identiques ont ete effectues a une huitaine d'intervalle chez 6 enfants dont 4 de 12 mois et 2 de 20 mois afin de determiner si a ces âges le P.E.V. a, ou non, atteint une configuration stable et s'il presente ou non un rapport avec le cycle veille-sommeil. Bien que le P.E.V. ait quelque peu « muria l'âge de 12 mois, et un peu davantage a 20 mois, sa variabilite pendant le meme enregistrement, ainsi que sa variabilite diurne, restent toujours plus grande que celle de l'adulte. Meme a 20 mois la latence du composant P2 reste la seule variable suffisamment stable pour pouvoir caracteriser le sujet individuel. Pour atteindre la maturation complete, le P.E.V. chez l'homme exige une periode de temps prolonge, et ceci bien que la diminution de la latence du P.E.V. s'acheve en grande partie a l'âge de 3 mois.
Intranasal Tat Alters Gene Expression in the Mouse Brain

Intranasal (IN) delivery of HIV-1 Tat in aging mice was investigated as a possible model for HIV-1 infection in the brain. After IN administration, the distribution of [125I]-labeled Tat in the brains of Swiss Webster mice was evaluated by autoradiography and gamma counting. [125I]-labeled Tat was detected at the highest concentrations in the olfactory bulb, cervical nodes, and trigeminal nerve tract. In another experiment, APPSw transgenic mice were used to model chronic Tat exposure. The mice were treated intranasally with 6 μg Tat (n = 4) or vehicle (n = 4) three times per week for 4 weeks. Total RNA was isolated from the frontal cortex, and differential gene expression analysis was performed using gene microarrays. Gene ontology profiles indicated innate immunity, inflammatory and apoptotic responses. Five genes of interest in the Tat-treated mice that were significantly elevated in the microarrays were validated by RT-PCR. One gene, the Toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9), has previously been shown to activate signaling cascades leading to innate immunity and enhanced HIV-1 gene expression. A second gene, Fas, plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Two cysteine-rich cytokines associated with chemotaxis were elevated: MCP-1 (Ccl2), which is chemotactic for monocytes, and Ccl17 (TARC), which is chemotactic for lymphocytes. Finally, the gene sestrin was significantly elevated and has been associated with oxidative stress, in particular amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress. This IN Tat model of neuroinflammation may be useful to study HIV-1-induced neurodegeneration.
The modified Konno procedure for complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Abstract Background Complex left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction with normal aortic valve function requires aggressive resection in the subaortic region and preservation of the aortic valve. The modified Konno procedure allows generous exposure of the LVOT from the left ventricular apex to the inter leaflet trigones of the aortic valve. Widespread use of this procedure has been limited by concern over injury to the aortic valve, the conduction system, and possibility of residual ventricular septal defect (VSD). Methods Retrospective analysis of pertinent data for all patients undergoing the modified Konno procedure (1994 to 2001) at the University of Iowa were reviewed. Results The modified Konno procedure was used in 18 patients (age 1 to 31) for LVOT obstruction associated with diffuse narrowing of the LVOT (n = 7), a discrete fibrous ring (n = 7), or a fibrous ring associated with abnormal mitral attachments (n = 4). Eight patients had previously undergone LVOT resection. There were no perioperative deaths. Estimated LVOT peak gradients by echocardiogram were 70.4 ± 24.2 mm Hg (preoperative) and 19.2 ± 20.4 mm Hg (postoperative) at most recent followup ( p Conclusions The modified Konno procedure can effectively relieve complex LVOT obstruction and preserve aortic valve function. Extension of this procedure for use in the initial presentation of LVOT may be appropriate in cases at increased risk of recurrent LVOT obstruction.
Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν6 band of 12CH3I

Abstract The vibration-rotation spectrum of the ν 6 fundamental of methyl iodide has been recorded in the 824 to 862 cm −1 region by using a tunable semiconductor diode laser spectrometer. The rotational analysis performed for six Q branches p Q ( J ,3), p Q ( J ,4), p Q ( J ,5), p Q ( J ,6), p Q ( J ,7), and q Q ( J ,8) led to accurate values for several molecular constants. The nuclear quadrupole splitting arising from the spin of iodine has been observed very clearly in the low J transitions and for various K values.
Lsh Participates in DNA Methylation and Silencing of Stem Cell Genes

Transcriptional control of stem cell genes is a critical step in differentiation of embryonic stem cells and in reprogramming of somatic cells into stem cells. Here we report that Lsh, a regulator of repressive chromatin at retrotransposons, also plays an important role in silencing of stem cell-specific genes such as Oct4. We found that CpG methylation is gained during in vitro differentiation of several stem cell-specific genes (in 11 of 12 promoter regions) and thus appears to be a common epigenetic mark. Lsh depletion prevents complete silencing of stem cell gene expression and moreover promotes the maintenance of stem cell characteristics in culture. Lsh is required for establishment of DNA methylation patterns at stem cell genes during differentiation, in part by regulating access of Dnmt3b to its genomic targets. Our results indicate that Lsh is involved in the control of stem cell genes and suggest that Lsh is an important epigenetic modulator during early stem cell differentiation.
Properties of two calcium-activated hyperpolarizations in rat hippocampal neurones.

1. Intracellular recording from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in the slice preparation was used to analyse the pharmacological sensitivity of action potential repolarization and the hyperpolarizations that follow the action potential. The Ca2+-activated after-hyperpolarizations (a.h.p.s) could be divided into a fast a.h.p. with a time course of milliseconds, and a slow a.h.p. which lasted for a few seconds at a temperature of 30 degrees C. 2. The repolarization of the action potential is sensitive to the Ca2+ channel blocker Cd2+. This effect is simultaneous with a block of the fast a.h.p. which follows immediately upon the repolarization of the action potential. The slow a.h.p. was also blocked by Cd2+. 3. Low concentrations of the K+ channel blocker, tetraethylammonium (TEA; 200-500 microM), block the fast a.h.p. and slow down action potential repolarization. The slow a.h.p. was not affected by low concentrations of TEA. 4. The action potential repolarization and the fast a.h.p. are also reversibly sensitive to charybdotoxin. This agent had no effect on the slow a.h.p. 5. When EGTA or BAPTA were added to the normal recording electrolyte (KMeSO4), the generation of slow a.h.p.s was prevented. In addition, cells impaled with BAPTA-containing electrodes displayed broader action potentials and much reduced fast a.h.p.s compared to recordings made with electrodes containing KMeSO4 alone or with EGTA. 6. The slow a.h.p. can be eliminated by noradrenaline, 8-bromocyclic AMP or carbachol. Under these conditions there are no effects on the fast a.h.p. or on action potential duration. 7. Block of the fast a.h.p. with TEA or CTX (charybdotoxin) is associated with an increased frequency of the first few action potentials during a depolarization. This is a quite distinct effect from the greatly increased number of action potentials which results from block of the slow a.h.p. 8. The results support a conclusion that the fast a.h.p. is generated by the TEA- and voltage-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ current, IC. This current is involved in spike repolarization and turns off upon the return to resting potential. Thus block of IC has no effect on the slow a.h.p. which is caused by a separate membrane current.
Heat transfer normal to paired arterioles and venules embedded in perfused tissue during hyperthermia.

A numerical model of the heat transer normal to an arteriole-venule pair embedded in muscle tissue has been constructed. Anatomical data describing the blood vessel size, spacing, and density have been incorporated into the model. This model computes temperatures along the vessel walls as well as the temperature throughout the tissue which comprises an infinitely long Krogh cylinder around the vessel pair. Tissue temperatures were computed in the steady-state under resting conditions, while transient calculations were made under hyperthermic conditions. Results show that for both large- (1st generation) and medium-sized (5th generation) vessel pairs, the mean tissue temperature within the tissue cylinder is not equal to the mean of the arteriole and venule blood temperatures under both steady-state and transient conditions. The numerical data were reduced so that a comparison could be made with the predictions of a simple two-dimensional superposition of line sources and sinks presented by Baish et al. [1]. This comparison reveals that the superposition model accurately describes the heat transfer effects during hyperthermia, permitting subsequent incorporation of this theory into a realistic three-dimensional model of heat transfer in a whole limb during hyperthermia.
Environmental factors that affect the behavior and welfare of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) housed in cages

a b s t r a c t Understanding environmental factors that affect the behavior of cats in cages is impor- tant if caretakers are to improve the welfare of confined cats. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the macro (room) and micro (cage) environments on cat behav- ior and their implications for cat well-being. Cats (n = 76) were caged singly at The Ohio State University and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups that were combi- nations of a managed (M+) or unmanaged (M−) macro environment and an enriched (m+) or unenriched (m−) micro environment. Cats housed in the M+ environment experienced minimal noise or disruption and a consistent schedule while cats in the M− environment experienced random disturbances and an unpredictable schedule. The m+ environment included hiding and perching opportunities while the m− environment had no hiding and perching opportunity. Cats were observed for 48 h for maintenance, affiliative behaviors (e.g., eating, elimination, soliciting attention), agonistic, avoidant behaviors (e.g., growling, hissing, hiding) using scan sampling and 5-min, continuous focal sampling. At the end of day 2, a stranger approach test was conducted to assess the cats' reactions to the approach of an unfamiliar person. Data analysis of food intake revealed that the effect of treatment (P = 0.03), day (P < 0.0001) and the interaction (P = 0.03) were statistically significant. Cats housed in the M+ environment had a significant decrease in the mean (SD) number of sickness behaviors from day 1 to day 2 (M+m+ 1.6 (0.5), 1.0 (0.9), P = 0.02; M+m− 1.9 (0.5), 1.0 (0.9), P = 0.002) and hiding behavior (M+ 0.6 (0.3), 0.3 (0.4); M− 0.5 (0.4), 0.4 (0.4); P = 0.01), while cats housed in the M− environments did not show such decreases. Sig- nificantly more cats exhibited affiliative and maintenance behaviors at the end of day 1 (P < 0.001) when housed in the M+ environment (27/36, 75%) compared to cats housed in the M− environment (4/40, 10%). Differences between cats in M+ and M− in step 3 of the approach test included a shorter latency to interact (M+ 8.6(13.1), M− 15.6(14.8); P = 0.03), longer duration of interaction (M+ 21.1(13.3), M− 13.6(14.6); P = 0.03) and more affiliative behaviors in response to approach by a stranger (M+ 3.7(1.6), M− 2.8(1.7); P = 0.008). These results suggest that the macro environment may be at least as relevant to the cat as the micro environment, indicating that attention to cage enrichment without consideration for the effect of the room may be insufficient to optimize caged cat behavior and welfare.
First-principles study on thermodynamic properties and phase transitions in TiS(2).

Structural and vibrational properties of TiS2 with the CdI2 structure have been studied to high pressures from density functional calculations with the local density approximation (LDA). The calculated axial compressibility of the CdI2-type phase agrees well with experimental data and is typical of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. The obtained phonon dispersions show a good correspondence with available experiments. A phonon anomaly is revealed at 0 GPa, but is much reduced at 20 GPa. The thermodynamic properties of this phase were also calculated at high pressures and high temperatures using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Our LDA study on the pressure-induced phase transition sequence predicts that the CdI2-type TiS2, the phase stable at ambient conditions, should transform to the cotunnite phase at 15.1 GPa, then to a tetragonal phase (I4/mmm) at 45.0 GPa. The tetragonal phase remains stable to at least 500 GPa. The existence of the tetragonal phase at high pressures is consistent with our previous findings in NiS2 (Yu and Ross 2010 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22 235401). The cotunnite phase, although only stable in a narrow pressure range between 15.1 and 45.0 GPa, displays the formation of a compact S network between 100 and 200 GPa, which is evidenced by a kink in the variation of unit cell lengths with pressure. The electron density analysis in cotunnite shows that valence electrons are delocalized from Ti atoms and concentrated near the S network.
Lymphocytes that mediate systemic resistance to in vivo growth of a carcinogen-induced syngeneic tumor.

Wistar rats immunized with irradiated syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, Mc7, are able to suppress a subsequent challenge of this tumor. Cells obtained from thoracic-duct lymph of these tumor-immunized animals and infused intravenously into normal syngeneic rats transfer specific tumor resistance to the recipients. These mediators of tumor resistance have the characteristics of T lymphocytes that are in a non-proliferating state and have an effective life span of at least 2 weeks in normal recipient rats.
1173 POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF FOCAL INFECTION CONDITIONS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

Epidemiologically, patients with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) often have focal infections (abscess, menstrual), the conditions of which may play a role in inducing particular S. aureus strains to cause disease. Individuals colonized (e.g. nasopharynx) with these same strains may develop immunity without developing disease. Three children with TSS and definite non-menstrual focal infections (abscess, empyema, septic arthritis) were studied. Samples from their foci demonstrated: pH 6.75-6.82, pCO2 46-51 torr, pO2 63-123 torr, Toxic Shock Toxin-I (TSST-I) 4-53 ng/ml, protease activity .10-.24 units, and grew S. aureus. The isolated S. aureus strains each had a typical TSS phenotype (protease+, TSST-I+) which was optimally expressed in vitro (extracellular protein excretion, TSST-I production, protease activity) when grown under conditions similar to those documented in vivo (4-8% CO2, pH 7.0, 21% O2). Increased glucose levels and decreased pCO2 resulted in decreased production of TSS markers without any change in quantitative organism growth. Anaerobic conditions, often assumed to be present in abscesses but not found in our patients, are also known to decrease TSST-I production in vitro. The unique in vivo focal conditions found in our TSS patients have in vitro correlates which may play an important role in the expression of organism phenotype and pathogenesis of TSS.
Socioeconomic Characteristics and Melanoma Incidence

Abstract PURPOSE: This investigation examines the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and melanoma incidence in counties included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry (SEER) in the United States from 1973 to 1993. METHODS: Cases included whites, aged at least 15 years, with a morphologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma, residing in one of 199 counties at the time of diagnosis. County level measures of SES including median household income, percentage of high school graduates, and percentage of families below poverty were abstracted from the 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. Census data. The relationship between SES factors and melanoma rates was examined by hierarchical Poisson regression. RESULTS: The percentage of high school graduates was significantly and positively associated with the incidence of melanoma (relative risk (RR), 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21–1.35), after controlling for age at diagnosis, gender, time period, latitude, and percentage of Hispanics in the county. Percentage of families below poverty was significantly inversely associated with the incidence of melanoma (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55–0.78). When education and poverty were included in the same model, both the positive effects of education (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16–1.31) and the negative effects of poverty (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.98) persisted. In contrast, median household income was not associated with melanoma incidence in a similar multivariable model (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00). CONCLUSION: Whether the effect of education on incidence of melanoma reflects lifestyle behaviors that modify exposure to sunlight or some other factor remains unclear. Nonetheless, the findings of this study suggest that the determinant is primarily related to education, not income.
Rapid In Vitro Screening of Polymers for Biocompatibility

Abstract A rapid in vitro screening protocol to guide selection and monitoring of polymers for implant or extracorporeal applications is described. There are four main procedures under the protocol: 1) and 2) measurement of physical property change over thermal and simulated biochemical stress, 3) infrared spectrophotometric assay of migratible species developed over simulated biochemical stress, and 4) cell culture sensitivity to those migratible species. In vivo biochemical stress was simulated and accelerated by exposing polymer specimens to a pseudoextracellular fluid (PECF) at 120°C for 62 hr. Results from procedures 3) and 4) are presented. These show a good correlation between cell culture response and the total carbon-hydrogen bonds developed in the PSF over the exposure period. Correlation of these data with available clinical and animal implant experience is consistent and is discussed in detail. Infrared assays for a candidate polymer may be obtained at relatively low cost within 4 days and sta...
Gender Attitudes and Fertility Aspirations among Young Men in Five High Fertility East African Countries

The relationship between women's attitudes toward gender equality and their fertility aspirations has been researched extensively, but few studies have explored the same associations among men. Using recent Demographic and Health Survey data from five high fertility East African countries, we examine the association between young men's gender attitudes and their ideal family size. Whereas several DHS gender attitude responses were associated with fertility aspirations in select countries, men's greater tolerance of wife beating was consistently associated with higher fertility aspirations across all countries, independent of education, income, or religion. Our findings highlight the overlapping values of male authority within marriage and aspirations for large families among young adult males in East Africa. Total lifetime fertility in East Africa remains among the highest worldwide: thus, governments in the region seeking to reduce fertility may need to explicitly scrutinize and address the reproduction of prevailing masculine values.
Assessment by Doppler color flow mapping of ventricular septal defect after acute myocardial infarction

Rupture of the ventricular septum is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It occurs in <1% of infarcts. The noninvasive evaluation of such defects by 2-dimensional echocardiography has been reported.1 These defects, however, can be difficult to image, particularly after anterior AMI,2,3 when they are usually located in the apical region. Doppler color flow mapping allows visualization of the shunt flow abnormality and may thus aid in the preoperative assessment of such defects. Color flow mapping has been used intraoperatively to evaluate valve repair4 and closure of congenital shunt lesions.5 It may also be a useful tool in assessing the adequacy of repair of ventricular septal rupture after AMI, which continues to carry a high mortality rate despite refinement of surgical technique. We report the use of Doppler color flow mapping for the bedside assessment of ventricular septal defects complicating AMI, and its intraoperative application to assess the effectiveness of surgical repair.
Improvement of automatic abstracts by the use of structural analysis

We have undertaken to extend the capabilities of the abstracting system described by Rush, Salvador and Zamora by adding to the system a modification procedure that could be employed to make the abstracts produced by the system more acceptable to the reader. Results of this study are reported in this paper. Our purpose is to present a rationale for the modification phase of an abstracting system and to describe several modification rules whose implementation is an initial step toward the automated production of abstracts that contain sentences written especially for the abstract. We have described several methods for improving the readability of abstracts produced by computer program. The research described in this paper was performed as a part of a larger project whose aim is the development of an operational automatic abstracting system. 18 references are given. 1
Sputtering of annealed aluminum and of sintered aluminum powder (SAP 895) under D+ and 4He+ bombardment: Study of microstructural effects

Abstract It is the main goal of these studies to determine how the significant differences between the surface microstructure of annealed aluminum and that of sintered aluminum powder (SAP 895) will influence the sputtering (e.g. sputter yields, chemical composition of sputter deposit) of these solids under D + and 4 He + bombardment in the energy range of 3.5 to 9.5 keV. For the Al target, irradiations with 20 keV D + and 4 He + ions were also performed. The equivalent A1 thickness and the chemical composition of the sputter deposits were analyzed by three independent techniques, (1)Rutherford backscattering (RBS), (2) peak-to-peak amplitude measurement using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and (3) sputter depth profiling with AES. For D + irradiations of annealed Al and SAP 895 no detectable difference in the yields for sputtered aluminum have been observed. For He + irradiations, the yields for SAP 895 are 5 to 18% higher than those for annealed Al.
Activator Gcn4 Employs Multiple Segments of Med15/Gal11, Including the KIX Domain, to Recruit Mediator to Target Genes in Vivo

Mediator is a multisubunit coactivator required for initiation by RNA polymerase II. The Mediator tail subdomain, containing Med15/Gal11, is a target of the activator Gcn4 in vivo, critical for recruitment of native Mediator or the Mediator tail subdomain present in sin4Δ cells. Although several Gal11 segments were previously shown to bind Gcn4 in vitro, the importance of these interactions for recruitment of Mediator and transcriptional activation by Gcn4 in cells was unknown. We show that interaction of Gcn4 with the Mediator tail in vitro and recruitment of this subcomplex and intact Mediator to the ARG1 promoter in vivo involve additive contributions from three different segments in the N terminus of Gal11. These include the KIX domain, which is a critical target of other activators, and a region that shares a conserved motif (B-box) with mammalian coactivator SRC-1, and we establish that B-box is a critical determinant of Mediator recruitment by Gcn4. We further demonstrate that Gcn4 binds to the Gal11 KIX domain directly and, by NMR chemical shift analysis combined with mutational studies, we identify the likely binding site for Gcn4 on the KIX surface. Gcn4 is distinctive in relying on comparable contributions from multiple segments of Gal11 for efficient recruitment of Mediator in vivo.
Respiratory airflow patterns that satisfy power and force criteria of optimality.

Previous investigations have shown that natural breathing in man takes place at respiratory frequencies closely approximating values satisfying either criteria of minimal power consumption or minimal average muscle force development. In the present work, these two critera are applied to predict optimal airflow patterns for various models of the pulmonary system. The power criterion requires a rectangular intrabreath pattern, whereas for the force criterion either no optimum exists, or a triangular airflow shape is predicted, depending on the particular choice of the pulmonary model. A comparision of these results with experimentally observed pneumotachograms allows one to exclude the force criterion as an optimization principle. The power criterion appears to provide a reasonable prediction of the inspiratory flow pattern in nonresting man, particularly under conditions of higher ventilatory demand.
An active CD8α/pMHCI interaction is required for CD8 single positive thymocyte differentiation

Recognition of viral antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHCI) by TCR is critical for initiating the responses of CD8(+) T cells that ultimately lead to elimination of virus-infected cells. This antigen recognition is enhanced by the CD8 coreceptor through its interaction with the peptide-MHCI complexes (pMHCI). Mouse CD8alphabeta can form two different complexes with pMHCI via either the CD8alpha- or CD8beta-dominated interaction. To understand the functional significance of these complexes in vivo, we generated Tg mice carrying a variant CD8alphabeta (CD8alpha(m3)beta) capable of forming only the CD8beta-dominated CD8alphabeta/pMHCI complex. These mice show sub-optimal thymic differentiation with reduced populations of CD8(+) single-positive thymocytes. Tg CD8(+) T cells exhibit a compromised developmental capacity when competing with CD8(+) T cells from B6 mice in mixed bone marrow chimera experiments. However, once these CD8(+) T cells have emigrated to the peripheral lymphoid organs, they exhibit normal effector function against viral infection. Our observations indicate that, in addition to the CD8 activity conferred by CD8beta-dominated CD8alphabeta/pMHCI complexes, full thymocyte differentiation requires additional coreceptor activities conferred by CD8alphaalpha and/or CD8alphabeta with CD8alpha-dominated CD8/pMHCI complexes.
Insulin resistance: syndrome or tendency?

Abstract A common strategy in the investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of disease is to identify a potential aetiological factor, measure it, relate the measurement to the severity of disease, and treat the disease by modifying the measurement. "Treating a measurement" is a phrase used disparagingly, and justifiably so when the numbers that represent the disease are given more weight than the patients themselves. But if we can define at what level the measure may be judged dangerous, and modify its value accordingly, we may be able to prevent the disease or its consequences emerging. Examples of this strategy in action include reduction of blood pressure to prevent stroke, and reduction of blood glucose or serum cholesterol concentrations to treat diabetes or prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). However, one has to reach a critical stage in many related areas before such interventions can be contemplated. Thus, potential risk factors must be identified, with feasible pathogenic mechanisms through which they might act; effective methods of measurement and thresholds for clinical intervention need to be established; and effective treatments must be made available. Where are we in this process with insulin resistance? For the aetiology of diabetes we are quite well advanced; with the introduction of new drugs capable of inducing profound and specific reductions in insulin resistance, 1 prevention might even be entertained in some cases. However, in its role as a CHD risk factor, major uncertainties remain over the importance of insulin resistance.
Recovery in a patient with locked-in syndrome

Recuperation chez une patiente atteinte du locked-in syndrome. Contexte et objectif: La neurogenese. l'angiogenese et la synaptogenese sont stimulees par le citrate de sildenafil et l'issue neurologique est amelioree a cause de l'augmentation des niveaux de guanosine monophosphate cyclique (cGMP) chez des modeles animaux d'accident vasculaire cerebral ischemique. On ne sait pas si le citrate de sildenafil peut etre utile dans la recuperation d'un accident vasculaire cerebral chez l'humain. Methodes: Une femme âgee de 41 ans, atteinte du locked-in syndrome du a un infarctus du pont, a commence a recevoir 150 mg de citrate de sildenafil per os quotidiennement en aout 2003 (acces special). Elle prend toujours cette medication. Une magneto-encephalographie (MEG) a ete effectuee 12 et 17 mois apres l'infarctus. Resultats: Elle n'a presente aucun incident therapeutique. Des etapes importantes au point de vue recuperation ont ete franchies: la station debout, l'utilisation des deux bras, la parole et la deglutition. Ceci etait plus evident apres neuf mois de traitement. On a observe une augmentation significative de l'amplitude dans le cortex somesthesique a la MEG. Conclusion: La prise quotidienne d'une dose elevee de citrate de sildenafil semble sure chez cette patiente atteinte du locked-in syndrome suite a un accident vasculaire cerebral. Sa securite et son efficacite devront toutefois faire l'objet d'etudes plus poussees.
Improving Usage Statistics Processing for a Library Consortium: The Virtual Library of Virginia's Experience

Usage statistics are not a new phenomenon. Libraries have long maintained use data, from gate counts to re-shelving and circulation data. As online publishing technology becomes increasingly sophis...
Dispersion relation and spectral function of an impurity in a one-dimensional quantum liquid

We consider the motion of an impurity particle in a general one-dimensional quantum fluid at zero temperature. The dispersion relation $\ensuremath{\Omega}(P)$ of the impurity is strongly affected by interactions with the fluid as the momentum approaches $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\hbar}n,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\hbar}n,\dots{}$, where $n$ is the density. This behavior is caused by singular $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\hbar}n$ scattering processes and can be understood by analogy to the Kondo effect, both at strong and weak couplings, with the possibility of a quantum phase transition where ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}n)$ jumps to zero with increasing coupling. The low energy singularities in the impurity spectral function can be understood on the same footing.