cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of the melting points of potential ionic liquids (imidazolium bromides and benzimidazolium bromides) using the CODESSA program.

The melting points of several imidazolium-based ionic liquids or ionic liquid analogues were correlated using the CODESSA program in order to develop predictive tools for determination of suitable ionic liquid salts. The data set consisted of melting point data (°C) for 104 substituted imidazolium bromides divided on the basis of the N-substituents into three subsets: A-57 compounds, B-29 compounds, and C-18 compounds. The 45 benzimidazolium bromides form set D. Five-parameter correlations were obtained for (i) set A with R2 = 0.7442, (ii) set B with R2 = 0.7517, and (iii) set D with R2 = 0.6899, while set C was correlated with a three parameter equation with R2 = 0.9432. These descriptors for predicting the melting points of the imidazolium and benzimidazolium bromides were based on the size and electrostatic interactions in the cations.
Human Rights Education: Ideology, Location, and Approaches

As human rights education (HRE) becomes a more common feature of international policy discussions, national textbook reform, and post-conflict educational strategies, greater clarity about what HRE is, does, and means is needed. This article reviews existing definitions and models of HRE, and argues that ideology—as much as location or other variables—offers a means of schematizing varying approaches to HRE. This article reviews models organized around principles of global citizenship, coexistence, and transformative action in the context of one nation-state (India), and suggests that the mutability and adaptability of human rights education are its strength.
More on ambiguities in the pole mass

The relation between the pole quark mass and the MS-renormalized mass is governed by an infrared renormalon singularity, which leads to an ambiguity of order ΛQCD in the definition of the pole mass. We use the renormalization group and heavy quark effective theory to determine the exact nature of this singularity up to an overall normalization. In the abelian gauge theory, the normalization is computed partially to next-to-leading order in the flavour expansion.
The Changing Incidence of Geography

The incidence of bilateral trade costs is calculated here using neglected properties of the structural gravity model, disaggregated by commodity and region, and re- aggregated into forms useful for economic geography. For Canada's provinces, 1992-2003, sellers' incidence is on average some five times higher than buyers' incidence. Sellers' incidence falls over time due to specialization, despite constant gravity coefficients. This previously unrecognized globalizing force drives big reductions in "constructed home bias," the disproportionate predicted share of local trade; and large but varying gains in real GDP. (7£LF11,F14,R12) The large gravity literature has revealed much information about bilateral trade costs (Anderson and Eric van Wincoop 2004). But the literature has not addressed incidence: the proportions of trade costs paid by sellers and buyers. The omission is important because incidence is what matters for most issues of regional specialization, welfare and policy. For example, even with uniform trade costs, sectors with larger sellers' incidence will tend to have smaller supply, all else equal. As for welfare and policy, uniform trade cost reductions confer benefits with buyers' and sellers' incidence varying across trade partners. Recently discovered properties of structural gravity are used here to calculate sectoral incidence measures of trade costs for Canada's provinces, 1992-2003. We uncover a secular fall in sellers' incidence that induces a fall in home bias and a rise in real GDP. This reflects a previously unrecognized force of globalization: specialization acting to reduce the trade cost bill. We add to the gravity literature new methods and new empirical lessons about Canada's trade costs.1 Inward and outward multilateral resistance (Anderson and van Wincoop 2003, 2004)
The structure and mechanics of nanofibrillar cellulose foams

Crystalline nanofibrillar cellulose has remarkable mechanical properties: a Young's modulus of about 130 GPa and a tensile strength in the range of 750–1000 MPa. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploiting these exceptional properties in engineering composites and foams. Here, we compare measurements of the mechanical properties of nanofibrillar cellulose composites and foams with their potential properties based on models for composites and foams. We find that current NFC foams do not yet reach their potential and suggest modifications to their microstructure for improved mechanical performance.
Identification of ultramodified proteins using top-down tandem mass spectra.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in various biological processes through changing protein structure and function. Some ultramodified proteins (like histones) have multiple PTMs forming PTM patterns that define the functionality of a protein. While bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS) has been successful in identifying individual PTMs within short peptides, it is unable to identify PTM patterns spreading along entire proteins in a coordinated fashion. In contrast, top-down MS analyzes intact proteins and reveals PTM patterns along the entire proteins. However, while recent advances in instrumentation have made top-down MS accessible to many laboratories, most computational tools for top-down MS focus on proteins with few PTMs and are unable to identify complex PTM patterns. We propose a new algorithm, MS-Align-E, that identifies both expected and unexpected PTMs in ultramodified proteins. We demonstrate that MS-Align-E identifies many proteoforms of histone H4 and benchmark it aga...
Characterizations of compactly almost periodic homeomorphisms of metrizable spaces

Abstract For metrizable spaces we replace the notion of almost periodic homeomorphism with a similar notion and verify that the usual characterizations of almost periodic homeomorphisms of compact metric spaces are valid for all metrizable spaces. We include examples and prove some related results.
Counterion Effects in Pd Polyselenides: Evolution from Molecular to Three-Dimensional Framework Structures

Several palladium polyselenides were prepared by the reactions of Pd 2+ ions with Sex 2- (4 < x < 6) ligands in the presence of various cations. {(CH3)N(CH2CH2)3N}2(Pd(Se6)2 )( I) was prepared by the methanothermal reaction of K2PdCl4 ,K 2Se4, and {(CH3)3N(CH2CH2)N(CH3)3}I2 in a 1:3:2 molar ratio at 110 °C. Compound I crystallizes in the space group P21/c with a ) 9.403(3) A,b ) 15.050(5) A,c ) 10.807(4) A, ‚ ) 91.73(3)°, and V ) 1528.7(9) A 3 .( H 3NCH2CH2NH2)2(Pd(Se5)2 )( II) was prepared by the methanothermal reaction of PdCl2 ,N a 2Se4, and (H3NCH2CH2NH3)Cl2 in a 1:3:1 molar ratio at 80 °C. Compound II crystallizes in the space group P21/n with a ) 9.412(3) A,b ) 8.671(3) A,c ) 12.666(3) A,‚ ) 98.38(2)°, and V ) 1023(1) A 3 . The anions in (Pd(Se5)2) 2- in II and (Pd(Se6)2) 2- in I are polymeric and possess layered structures. The organic cations are located between the layers. K 2(H3NCH2CH2NH3)2(Pd(Se4)2‚2Se4 )( III) was prepared by the methanothermal reaction of PdCl2 ,K 2Se4, and (H3NCH2CH2NH3)Cl2 in a 1:3:1 molar ratio at 80 °C. Compound III crystallizes in the space group I212121 with a ) 12.587(9) A,b ) 15.271(5) A, c ) 15.404(9) A, andV ) 2961(5) A 3 . The (Pd(Se4)2‚2Se4) 6- anion in III is composed of a (Pd(Se4)2) 2- three-dimensional adamantane-like framework with large cavities that are filled with the counterions and with uncoordinated Se4 2- ligands. K6(Pd(Se5)4 )( IV) was prepared by the methanothermal reaction of K2PdCl4 and K2Se5 in a 1:6 molar ratio at 80 °C. The black polyhedral crystals of IV are slightly soluble in water. Compound IV crystallizes in the space group Pbcn with a ) 12.427(4) A,b ) 13.777(9) A,c ) 19.190(9) A, andV ) 3285(5) A 3 . The (Pd(Se5)4) 6- anion is molecular and one of the most Se-rich metal polyselenides known. It has a palladium center with four dangling Se5 2- ligands around it. Being a molecular fragment, it can be regarded as a building block for extended (Pd(Sen)2) 2- frameworks. Optical spectroscopic and thermal gravimetric analysis data for the compounds are reported.
An Atom-Economic Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles from Alkynes

A robust route to 2,4-disubstituted pyrrole heterocycles relying upon a cascade reaction is reported. The reaction benefits from operational simplicity: it is air and moisture tolerant and is performed at ambient temperature. Control over the reaction conditions provides ready access to isopyrroles, 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrroles, and 3-substituted pyrollidin-2-ones.
Successive C-C coupling of dienes to vicinally dioxygenated hydrocarbons: Ruthenium catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition across the diol, hydroxycarbonyl, or dione oxidation levels

The ruthenium(0) catalyst generated from Ru3(CO)12 and tricyclohexylphosphine or BIPHEP promotes successive C–C coupling of dienes to vicinally dioxygenated hydrocarbons across the diol, hydroxyketone, and dione oxidation levels to form products of [4 + 2] cycloaddition. A mechanism involving diene-carbonyl oxidative coupling followed by intramolecular carbonyl addition from the resulting allylruthenium intermediate is postulated.
Infrared renormalons and power corrections in deep inelastic sum rules

Abstract Infrared renormalons and 1/ Q 2 power corrections in deep-inelastic sum rules are studied. The renormalization of composite operators with power divergence is discussed. The higher-twist terms in the operator product expansion are shown to account for the residual soft contributions survived from the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg type of cancellations in Feynman diagrams. The discussion is focused on the Bjorken sum rule, for which the 1/ Q 2 correction is taken into account through a twist-four operator defined with the “minimal subtraction” of quadratic divergence.
Foreign exchange risk and risk exposure in the Japanese stock market

Purpose – Whether stock returns are linked to exchange rate changes and whether foreign exchange risk is priced in a domestic context are less conclusive and thus still subject to a great debate. The purpose of this paper is to provide new empirical evidence on these two inter‐related issues, which are critical to investors and corporate risk management.Design/methodology/approach – This paper applies two different econometric approaches: Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (NLSUR) via Hansen's Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and multivariate GARCH in mean (MGARCH‐M) to examine the exchange rate exposure and its pricing.Findings – Using industry data for Japan, similar to previous studies, foreign exchange risk is not priced based on the test of an unconditional two‐factor asset pricing model. However, strong evidence of time‐varying foreign exchange risk premium and significant exchange rate betas are obtained based on the tests of conditional asset pricing models using MGARCH‐M approach where bo...
Effect of radiation therapy on intraocular pressure in patients with Graves' orbitopathy.

AbstractPurpose: To describe the effect of radiation therapy on intraocular pressure in patients who have had orbital radiation for Graves’ orbitopathy, and to provide a descriptive analysis of these patients.Design: Retrospective case series.Participants: 24 consecutive patients referred for orbital radiation therapy for Graves’ orbitopathy from December 1st, 2001 through July 31st, 2009.Intervention: Patients received a total of 2000 cGy fractionated over 10 days.Main Outcome Measures: Medical records were reviewed for: demographics, tobacco history, ocular history, history related to Graves’ disease, medications, visual field tests, retinopathy, and physical exam findings. The two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to determine statistically significant differences in intraocular pressure before radiation therapy and 0–3 (T1), 4–6 (T2), 7–12 (T3), and 13–18 (T4) months following radiation therapy.Results: 34 eyes were available for analysis. There was no correlation between intraocular pressure and SPECS...
A New Canonical Form of the Elliptic Integral..

The elliptic norm curve Qn in space Sn_admits a group G2n2 of collineations, and in fact there is a single infinity of such curves which admit the same group. A particular Qn of the family is distinguished by a value of the parameter r, itself an elliptic modular function defined by the modular group congruent to identity (mod. n). In the group G2,2, there are certain involutory collineations with two fixed spaces. If Qn is projected from one fixed space upon the other, a family of rational curves Rm mapping the family of Qn's is obtained. The quadratic irrationality separating involutory pairs on Qn involves the modulus r, and the parameter t of the Rm. When the genus of the modular group is zero and n = 3, 4, 5, the irrationality can be used to define the elliptic parameter
A distributed minimum cut approximation scheme

In this paper, we study the problem of approximating the minimum cut in a distributed message-passing model, the CONGEST model. The minimum cut problem has been well-studied in the context of centralized algorithms. However, there were no known non-trivial algorithms in the distributed model until the recent work of Ghaffari and Kuhn. They gave randomized algorithms for finding cuts of size O(e-1λ) and (2 + e)λ in O(D) + O(n1/2+e) rounds and O(D + √n) rounds respectively, where λ is the size of the minimum cut. This matches the lower bound they provided up to a polylogarithmic factor. Yet, no scheme that achieves (1 + e)-approximation ratio is known. We give a distributed randomized algorithm that finds a cut of size (1 + e)λ in O(D + √n) time, which is optimal up to polylogarithmic factors.
Measurement devices having potential application to solar simulation systems.

Solar simulator instrumentation for measuring radiant flux density, decollimation angle and spectral distribution
Direct numerical simulations of a temporally evolving mixing layer subject to forcing

The vortical evolution of mixing layers subject to various types of forcing is numerically simulated using pseudospectral methods. The effect of harmonic forcing and random noise in the initial conditions is examined with some results compared to experimental data. Spanwise forcing is found to enhance streamwise vorticity in a nonlinear process leading to a slow, secondary growth of the shear layer. The effect of forcing on a chemical reaction is favorably compared with experimental data at low Reynolds numbers. Combining harmonic and subharmonic forcing is shown to both augment and later destroy streamwise vorticity.
Amino-terminal domains of c- myc and N- myc proteins mediate binding to the retinoblastoma gene product

The proteins encoded by the myc gene family are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, and aberrant expression of myc proteins has been implicated in the genesis of a variety of neoplasms. In the carboxyl terminus, myc proteins have two domains that encode a basic domain/helix-loop-helix and a leucine zipper motif, respectively. These motifs are involved both in DNA binding and in protein dimerization. In addition, myc protein family members share several regions of highly conserved amino acids in their amino termini that are essential for transformation. We report here that an N-terminal domain present in both the c-myc and N-myc proteins mediates binding to the retinoblastoma gene product, pRb. We show that the human papilloma virus E7 protein competes with c-myc for binding to pRb, indicating that these proteins share overlapping binding sites on pRb. Furthermore, a mutant Rb protein from a human tumour cell line that carried a 35-amino-acid deletion in its C terminus failed to bind to c-myc. Our results suggest that c-myc and pRb cooperate through direct binding to control cell proliferation.
Reference Values of Within-District Intraclass Correlations of Academic Achievement by District Characteristics Results From a Meta-Analysis of District-Specific Values

Background:Randomized experiments are often considered the strongest designs to study the impact of educational interventions. Perhaps the most prevalent class of designs used in large-scale education experiments is the cluster randomized design in which entire schools are assigned to treatments. In cluster randomized trials that assign schools to treatments within a set of school districts, the statistical power of the test for treatment effects depends on the within-district school-level intraclass correlation (ICC). Hedges and Hedberg (2014) recently computed within-district ICC values in 11 states using three-level models (students in schools in districts) that pooled results across all the districts within each state. Although values from these analyses are useful when working with a representative sample of districts, they may be misleading for other samples of districts because the magnitude of ICCs appears to be related to district size. To plan studies with small or nonrepresentative samples of d...
Information effects of loan portfolio quality on bank value

In this paper, the authors test whether loan-loss reserve announcements by individual commercial banks can have contagion effects on the banking industry. It is found that increased loan-loss reserves related to LDC debt do not have an effect on other banks. However, increased loan-loss reserves related to bad real estate loans elicited a negative share price response at other banks. The signal from a loss reserve adjustment is dependent on the reason for the adjustment. While LDC debt problems were restricted to money center banks and were well publicized, real estate loan problems can be contagious throughout the industry. Consequently, signals of real estate loan problems at some banks can cause a reduced valuation of other banks.
Michael Addition Reactions with η2-Coordinated Anisoles: Controlling the Stereochemistry of the Para and Benzylic Carbons

Several η2-coordinated anisole complexes were treated with various Michael acceptors in the presence of a Lewis or Bronsted acid to generate stable 4H-anisolium complexes. These reactions were found to proceed with high stereochemical control with predictable outcomes, provided that the moderate acid (NH2Ph2)OTf was used and the complex was dissolved in an acidic solution. The stereochemistry is shown to originate from an unexpectedly high preference for one coordination diastereomer of the anisole complex in the solid state and a Diels−Alder like transition state for the Michael reaction.
The Environmental benefits and costs of conservation tillage

Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff and wind erosion. Additionally, wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some extent with the adoption of conservation tillage and the benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed. Finally, further expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest.
CONVERGENCE AND PREDICTION OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT SCORES IN HIGH-DIMENSIONAL SETTINGS.

A number of settings arise in which it is of interest to predict Principal Component (PC) scores for new observations using data from an initial sample. In this paper, we demonstrate that naive approaches to PC score prediction can be substantially biased toward 0 in the analysis of large matrices. This phenomenon is largely related to known inconsistency results for sample eigenvalues and eigenvectors as both dimensions of the matrix increase. For the spiked eigenvalue model for random matrices, we expand the generality of these results, and propose bias-adjusted PC score prediction. In addition, we compute the asymptotic correlation coefficient between PC scores from sample and population eigenvectors. Simulation and real data examples from the genetics literature show the improved bias and numerical properties of our estimators.
General correlation functions in the Schwinger model at zero and finite temperature

Abstract The general correlations between massless fermions are calculated in the Schwinger model at arbitrary temperature. The zero temperature calculations on the plane are reviewed and clarified. Then the finite temperature fermionic Green function is computed and the results on the torus are compared to those on the plane. It is concluded that a simpler way to calculate the finite temperature results is to associate certain terms in the zero temperature structure with their finite temperature counterparts.
Development of Tantalum Pentoxide Coatings by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Thermochemical considerations clearly indicate a need for the protection of SiC and Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] materials from HCl- and Na[sub 2]SO[sub 4]-induced corrosion. Ta[sub 2]O[sub 5] has been identified as a material which may be suitable for such a protective coating. Thermodynamic calculations have indicated a range of temperatures, pressures, and reactant concentrations under which Ta[sub 2]O[sub 5] coatings may be formed as a single phase by chemical vapor deposition. Ta[sub 2]O[sub 5] coatings exhibiting a range of microstructures were obtained experimentally.
Thermal Instability in Clusters of Galaxies with Conduction

We consider a model of galaxy clusters in which the hot gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium and maintains energy balance between radiative cooling and heating by thermal conduction. We analyze the thermal stability of the gas using a Lagrangian perturbation analysis. For thermal conductivity at the level of ~20%-40% of Spitzer conductivity, consistent with previous estimates for cluster gas, we find that the growth rate of the most unstable global radial mode is ~6-9 times lower than the growth rate of local isobaric modes at the cluster center in the absence of conduction. The growth time in typical clusters is ~2-5 Gyr, which is comparable to the time since the last major merger episode, when the gas was presumably well mixed. Thus, we suggest that thermal instability is not dynamically significant in clusters, provided that there is an adequate level of thermal conduction. On the other hand, if the heating of the gas is not the result of thermal conduction or any other diffusive process such as turbulent mixing, then the thermal instability has a growth time under a gigayear in the central regions of the cluster and is a serious threat to equilibrium. We also analyze local nonradial modes and show that the Lagrangian technique leads to the same dispersion relation as the Eulerian approach, provided that clusters are initially in strict thermal equilibrium. Because cluster gas is convectively stable, nonradial modes always have a smaller growth rate than equivalent radial modes.
Free transport for finite depth subfactor planar algebras

Abstract Given a finite depth subfactor planar algebra P endowed with the graded ⁎-algebra structures { Gr k + P } k ∈ N of Guionnet, Jones, and Shlyakhtenko, there is a sequence of canonical traces Tr k , + on Gr k + P induced by the Temperley–Lieb diagrams and a sequence of trace-preserving embeddings into the bounded operators on a Hilbert space. Via these embeddings the ⁎-algebras { Gr k + P } k ∈ N generate a tower of non-commutative probability spaces { M k , + } k ∈ N whose inclusions recover P as its standard invariant. We show that traces Tr k , + ( v ) induced by certain small perturbations of the Temperley–Lieb diagrams yield trace-preserving embeddings of Gr k + P that generate the same tower { M k , + } k ∈ N .
Isolation of [Sn(PSe5)3]5– and [Sn2Se4(PSe5)2]6–; the first discrete complexes from molten alkali-metal polyselenophosphate fluxes

The use of basic polychalcophosphate fluxes yield the quaternary molecular compounds [Sn(PSe5)3]5– and [Sn2Se4(PSe5)2]6–, the first examples of discrete complexes produced from molten fluxes.
Étale splittings of certain Azumaya algebras on toric and hypertoric varieties in positive characteristic

Abstract For a smooth toric variety X over a field of positive characteristic, a T -equivariant etale cover Y → T ∗ X ( 1 ) trivializing the sheaf of crystalline differential operators on X is constructed. This trivialization is used to show that D is a trivial Azumaya algebra along the fibers of the moment map μ : T ∗ X ( 1 ) → t ∗ ( 1 ) . This result is then extended to certain Azumaya algebras on hypertoric varieties, whose global sections are analogous to central reductions of the hypertoric enveloping algebra. A criterion for a derived Beilinson–Bernstein localization theorem is then formulated.
Finite-Element Analysis of Unsteady Incompressible Flow around an Oscillating Obstacle of Arbitrary Shape

An analytical procedure based on Navier-Stokes equations was developed for representing unsteady flow patterns around oscillating obstacles. A variational formulation of the Helmholtz vorticity equation was discretized in finite element form and integrated numerically. At each step of the numerical integration the velocity field around the obstacle was determined from the finite element solution of Poisson's equation. The time-dependent boundary conditions around the oscillating obstacle were introduced as external constraints at each time step of the numerical integration. The obtained results for a cylinder and an airfoil were illustrated in the form of streamlines and vorticity and pressure distributions.
Carbon dioxide clouds in an early dense Martian atmosphere

[1] We use a time-dependent, microphysical cloud model to study the formation of carbon dioxide clouds in the Martian atmosphere. Laboratory studies by Glandorf et al. [2002] show that high critical supersaturations are required for CO2 cloud particle nucleation and that surface kinetic growth is not limited. These conditions, which are similar to those for cirrus clouds on Earth, lead to the formation of carbon dioxide ice particles with radii greater than 500 μm and concentrations less than 0.1 cm−3 for typical atmospheric conditions. Within the current Martian atmosphere, CO2 cloud formation is possible at the poles during winter and possibly at high altitudes in the tropics. In both cases, temperature perturbations of several degrees below the CO2 saturation temperature are required to nucleate new cloud particles, suggesting that dynamical processes are the most common initiators of carbon dioxide clouds rather than diabatic cooling. The microphysical cloud model, coupled to a two-stream radiative transfer model, is used to reexamine the impact of CO2 clouds on the surface temperature within a dense CO2 atmosphere. The formation of carbon dioxide clouds leads to a warmer surface than what would be expected for clear sky conditions, but it also warms the atmosphere. The amount of surface warming is sensitive to the presence of dust and water vapor in the atmosphere, both of which act to dampen cloud effects. The radiative warming of the atmosphere associated with cloud formation, as well as latent heating, work to dissipate the clouds when present. In these simulations, clouds never last for periods much longer than several days, limiting their overall effectiveness for warming the surface. The time average cloud optical depth is approximately unity leading to a 5–10 K surface warming, depending on the surface pressure. The surface temperature does not rise above the freezing point of liquid water even for pressures as high as 5 bars, at a solar luminosity of 75% the current value. Our model shows that warming of the surface-atmosphere system by carbon dioxide clouds is self-limiting, since by heating the air the clouds cause themselves to dissipate. However, further analysis of the climatic effects of carbon dioxide clouds considering their global distribution and properties is warranted.
Nonabelian Gauge Theories on Noncommutative Spaces

In this paper, we describe a method for obtaining the nonabelian Seiberg-Witten map for any gauge group and to any order in θ. The equations defining the Seiberg-Witten map are expressed using a coboundary operator, so that they can be solved by constructing a corresponding homotopy operator. The ambiguities, of both the gauge and covariant type, which arise in this map are manifest in our formalism.
Light fermion masses in superstring derived standard-like models

Abstract I discuss the suppression of the lightest generation fermion mass terms in realistic superstring standard-like models in the free fermionic formulation. The suppression of the mass terms is a consequence of horizontal symmetries that arise due to the Z 2 ×Z 2 orbifold compactification. In a specific toy model, I investigate the possibility of resolving the strong CP puzzle by a highly suppressed up quark mass. In some scenarios the up quark mass may be as small as 10 −8 MeV. I show that in the specific model the suppression of the up quark mass is incompatible with the requirement of a nonvanishing electron mass. I discuss how this situation may be remedied.
Information Theoretic Bounds for Tensor Rank Minimization over Finite Fields

We consider the problem of noiseless and noisy low- rank tensor completion from a set of random linear measurements. In our derivations, we assume that the entries of the tensor belong to a finite field of arbitrary size and that reconstruction is based on a rank minimization framework. The derived results show that the smallest number of measurements needed for exact reconstruction is upper bounded by the product of the rank, the order, and the dimension of a cubic tensor. Furthermore, this condition is also sufficient for unique minimization. Similar bounds hold for the noisy rank minimization scenario, except for a scaling function that depends on the channel error probability.
One-Pot Synthesis of Nucleoside 5′-Triphosphates from Nucleoside 5′-H-Phosphonates

Nucleoside 5′-triphosphates (NTPs) play key roles in biology and medicine. However, these compounds are notoriously difficult to synthesize. We describe a one-pot method to prepare NTPs from nucleoside 5′-H-phosphonate monoesters via pyridinium phosphoramidates, and we used this approach to synthesize ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP, ribavirin-TP, and 6-methylpurine ribonucleoside-TP (6MePTP). Poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase efficiently employed 6MePTP as a substrate, suggesting that the cognate nucleoside, a poorly understood antiviral agent, may damage viral RNA.
Dynamic stability of flexible forward swept wing aircraft

This paper describes potential vehicle instability modes for forward swept wing aircraft and other divergence prone aircraft. Examples show that either body-freedom flutter or aircraft aeroelastic divergence may occur depending upon the airplane planform geometry and mass distribution. These vehicle instabilities may occur at speeds very different than the clamped wing aeroelastic divergence speed.
First structural determination of a trivalent californium compound with oxygen coordination.

Single crystals of Cf(IO3)3 (1) were synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of CfCl3 and H5IO6, and the structure was determined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This structural determination of 1 represents the first for a trivalent californium compound containing oxygen coordination. This compound has been further characterized with the use of Raman spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy. Crystallographic data: Cf(IO3)3, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 8.7994(10) A, b = 5.9388(7) A, c = 15.157(2) A, β = 96.833(2)°, V = 786.43(16) A3, Z = 4 (T = 295 K).
Optical modes in linear arrays of dielectric spherical particles: a numerical investigation

We have investigated bound modes in finite linear chains of dielectric particles of various lengths, interparticle spacing and particle materials. Through a unique application of the multisphere Mie scattering formalism, we have developed numerical methods to calculate eigen-optical modes for various arrays of particles. These numerical methods involve the use of the multisphere scattering formalism as the entries in N×N matrices where N represents the number of particles in the chain. Eigenmodes of these matrices correspond to the eigen-optical modes of interest. We identified the eigenmodes with the highest quality factor by the application of a modified version of the Newton-Raphson algorithm. We found that convergence is strong using this algorithm for linear chains of up to several hundreds of particles. By comparing the dipolar approach with the more complex approach which utilizes a combination of both dipolar and quadrupolar approaches, we demonstrated that the dipolar approach has an accuracy of approximately 99%. We found that the quality factor Q of the mode increases with the cubed value of the number of particles in chain in agreement with the previously developed theory, the effects of disordering of particle sizes and inter-particle distances will be discussed.
Feasibility Assessment in Preliminary Design Using Pareto Sets

In this paper, we present the development and application of a Technical Feasibility Model (TFM) used in preliminary design to determine whether or not a set of desired product specifications is technically feasible, and the optimality of those specifications with respect to the Pareto frontier. The TFM is developed by integrating the capabilities of a multidisciplinary design framework, a multi-objective design optimization tool, a Pareto set gap analyzer, metamodeling methods, and mathematical methods for feasibility assessment. This tool is then applied to a three objective example problem and to a five objective passenger vehicle design problem by analyzing benchmarking data from 78 late model sedans.
Can Marriage Reduce Risky Health Behavior for African-Americans?

This paper estimates whether marriage can improve health outcomes for African-Americans through changes in risky health behaviors like smoking, drinking, and drug use. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health and propensity score matching methodology to account for the potential selection bias, the results show that marriage does lead to a reduction in risky health behaviors, specifically drinking and drug use. This question has important policy implications because if marriage has the same benefits for African-Americans as it does for the general population, social welfare programs can be re-evaluated to incorporate marriage promotion, and further support can be given to programs that decrease adverse health behaviors.
Privacy and customer segmentation in the smart grid

In the electricity grid, networked sensors which record and transmit increasingly high-granularity data are being deployed. In such a setting, privacy concerns are a natural consideration. In order to obtain the consumer's valuation of privacy, we design a screening mechanism consisting of a menu of contracts offered to the energy consumer with varying guarantees of privacy. The screening process is a means to segment customers. Finally, we design insurance contracts using the probability of a privacy breach to be offered by third-party insurance companies.
Financial markets’ behavior around episodes of large changes in the fiscal stance

Abstract Using a panel of OECD countries from 1960 to 2002, this paper shows that interest rates, particularly those of long-term government bonds, decrease when countries’ fiscal position improves and increase around periods of budget deteriorations. Stock market prices surge around times of substantial fiscal tightening and plunge in periods of very loose fiscal policy. In addition, the paper shows that results depend on countries’ initial fiscal conditions and on the type of fiscal consolidations: Fiscal adjustments that occur in country-years with high levels of government deficit, that are implemented by cutting government spending, and that generate a permanent and substantial decrease in government debt are associated with larger reductions in interest rates and increases in stock market prices.
Topical Issues for Particle Acceleration Mechanisms in Astrophysical Shocks

Particle acceleration at plasma shocks appears to be ubiquitous in the universe, spanning systems in the heliosphere, supernova remnants, and relativistic jets in distant active galaxies and gamma-ray bursts. This review addresses some of the key issues for shock acceleration theory that require resolution in order to propel our understanding of particle energization in astrophysical environments. These include magnetic field amplification in shock ramps, the non-linear hydrodynamic interplay between thermal ions and their extremely energetic counterparts possessing ultra-relativistic energies, and the ability to inject and accelerate electrons in both non-relativistic and relativistic shocks. Recent observational developments that impact these issues are summarized. While these topics are currently being probed by astrophysicists using numerical simulations, they are also ripe for investigation in laboratory experiments, which potentially can provide valuable insights into the physics of cosmic shocks.
Acoustic plasmons and doping evolution of Mott physics in resonant inelastic x-ray scattering from cuprate superconductors

By incorporating a long-range Coulomb interaction into the framework of the one-band Hubbard model, they delineate how the low-energy plasmon around 1 eV, which is a universal feature of the charge dynamics of the cuprates, manifests itself in the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra. The long-range Coulomb interaction in the doped system control sthe form of the intraband RIXS dispersion near the Brillouin zone center around the {Gamma} point. The out-of-plane momentum transfer component q{sub z} is found to play a key role in determining whether or not the RIXS spectrum shows a plasmon-related gap at {Gamma}.
Discontinuous BPS spectra in N=2 gauge theory

Abstract We consider the spectrum of BPS saturated states in N = 2 gauge theories in four dimensions. This spectrum may be discontinuous across real codimension one submanifolds of marginal stability in the moduli space of vacua. An example, which can be treated with semiclassical methods in the weak coupling limit, is the decay of quark-soliton bound states. For a quark and a soliton of electric-magnetic charge vectors Q and Q′ respectively, we find that as the manifold of marginal stability is crossed, the number of soliton states changes by a factor of 2Q·Q′ where the dot denotes the symplectic product.
Improved minimax predictive densities under Kullback-Leibler loss

Let X|μ ∼ N p (μ, u x I) and Y|μ ∼ N p (μ, v y I) be independentp-dimensional multivariate normal vectors with common unknown mean μ. Based on only observing X = x, we consider the problem of obtaining a predictive density p(y|x) for Y that is close to p(y|μ) as measured by expected Kullback-Leibler loss. A natural procedure for this problem is the (formal) Bayes predictive density p U (y|x) under the uniform prior π U (μ) ≡ 1, which is best invariant and minimax. We show that any Bayes predictive density will be minimax if it is obtained by a prior yielding a marginal that is superharmonic or whose square root is superharmonic. This yields wide classes of minimax procedures that dominate p U (y|x), including Bayes predictive densities under superharmonic priors. Fundamental similarities and differences with the parallel theory of estimating a multivariate normal mean under quadratic loss are described.
M theory five-brane wrapped on curves for exceptional groups

We study the M-theory five-brane wrapped around the Seiberg-Witten curves for pure classical and exceptional groups given by an integrable system. Generically, the D4-branes arise as cuts that collapse to points after compactifying the eleventh dimension and going to the semiclassical limit, producing brane configurations of NS5- and D4-branes with N = 2 gauge theories on the world volume of the four-branes. We study the symmetries of the different curves to see how orientifold planes are related to the involutions needed to obtain the distinguished Prym variety of the curve. This approach explains some subtleties encountered for the Sp(2n) and SO(2n + 1). Using this approach we investigate the curves for exceptional groups, especially G2 and E6, and show that unlike for classical groups taking the semiclassical ten-dimensional limit does not reduce the cuts to D4-branes. For G2 we find a genus-2 quotient curve that contains the Prym and has the right properties to describe the G2 field theory, but the involutions are far more complicated than the ones for classical groups. To realize them in M-theory instead of an orientifold plane we would need another object, a kind of curved orientifold surface.
Transcendental Harmonic Mappings and Gravitational Lensing by Isothermal Galaxies

Using the Schwarz function of an ellipse, it was recently shown that galaxies with density constant on confocal ellipses can produce at most four “bright” images of a single source. The more physically interesting example of an isothermal galaxy has density that is constant on homothetic ellipses. In that case bright images can be seen to correspond to zeros of a certain transcendental harmonic mapping. We use complex dynamics to give an upper bound on the total number of such zeros.
Alcohol‐Preferring P Rats Emit Spontaneous 22‐28 kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations that are Altered by Acute and Chronic Alcohol Experience

Background Emotional states are often thought to drive excessive alcohol intake and influence the development of alcohol use disorders. To gain insight into affective properties associated with excessive alcohol intake, we utilized ultrasonic vocalization (USV) detection and analyses to characterize the emotional phenotype of selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats; an established animal model of excessive alcohol intake. USVs emitted by rodents have been convincingly associated with positive (50-55 kHz frequency-modulated [FM]) and negative (22-28 kHz) affective states. Therefore, we hypothesized that 50-55 and 22-28 kHz USV emission patterns in P rats would reveal a unique emotional phenotype sensitive to alcohol experience. Methods 50-55 kHz FM and 22-28 kHz USVs elicited from male P rats were assessed during access to water, 15 and 30% EtOH (v/v). Ethanol (EtOH; n = 12) or water only (Control; n = 4) across 8 weeks of daily drinking-in-the-dark (DID) sessions. Results Spontaneous 22-28 kHz USVs are emitted by alcohol-naive P rats and are enhanced by alcohol experience. During DID sessions when alcohol was not available (e.g., “EtOH OFF” intervals), significantly more 22-28 kHz than 50-55 kHz USVs were elicited, while significantly more 50-55 kHz FM than 22-28 kHz USVs were emitted when alcohol was available (e.g., “EtOH ON” intervals). In addition, USV acoustic property analyses revealed chronic effects of alcohol experience on 22-28 kHz USV mean frequency, indicative of lasting alcohol-mediated alterations to neural substrates underlying emotional response. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that acute and chronic effects of alcohol exposure are reflected in changes in 22-28 and 50-55 kHz FM USV counts and acoustic patterns. These data support the notion that initiation and maintenance of alcohol intake in P rats may be due to a unique, alcohol-responsive emotional phenotype and further suggest that spontaneous 22-28 kHz USVs serve as behavioral markers for excessive drinking vulnerability.
Evolution of Magnetic Field Curvature in the Kulsrud-Anderson Dynamo Theory

We find that in the kinematic limit, the ensemble-averaged square of the curvature of magnetic field lines is exponentially amplified in time by the turbulent motions in a highly conductive plasma. At the same time, the ensemble-averaged curvature vector exponentially decays to zero. Thus, independently of the initial conditions, the fluctuation field becomes very curved, and the curvature vector becomes highly isotropic.
Asymmetric Synthesis of ω‐Bromo‐2(S)‐Methyl Acids as Precursors for Novel Arginine, Lysine, and Mercapto Residues

Abstract A series of ω‐bromo‐2(S)‐methyl acids has been synthesized as precursors of novel arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), and mercapto analogues. These intermediates contain α‐methyl groups and are designed to mask the N‐terminal amine when incorporated in pharmaceutically relevant peptides.
Efficiency for Regularization Parameter Selection in Penalized Likelihood Estimation of Misspecified Models

It has been shown that Akaike information criterion (AIC)-type criteria are asymptotically efficient selectors of the tuning parameter in nonconcave penalized regression methods under the assumption that the population variance is known or that a consistent estimator is available. We relax this assumption to prove that AIC itself is asymptotically efficient and we study its performance in finite samples. In classical regression, it is known that AIC tends to select overly complex models when the dimension of the maximum candidate model is large relative to the sample size. Simulation studies suggest that AIC suffers from the same shortcomings when used in penalized regression. We therefore propose the use of the classical corrected AIC (AIC c ) as an alternative and prove that it maintains the desired asymptotic properties. To broaden our results, we further prove the efficiency of AIC for penalized likelihood methods in the context of generalized linear models with no dispersion parameter. Similar result...
A Probabilistic Proof of the Rogers Ramanujan Identities

The asymptotic probability theory of conjugacy classes of the finite general groups leads to a probability measure on the set of all partitions of natural numbers. A simple method of understanding these measures in terms of Markov chains is given in this paper, leading to an elementary probabilistic proof of the Rogers–Ramanujan identities. This is compared with work on the uniform measure. The main case of Bailey's lemma is interpreted as finding eigenvectors of the transition matrix of a Markov chain. It is shown that the viewpoint of Markov chains extends to quivers.