cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protecting health care workers: a pandemic simulation based on Allegheny County

Please cite this paper as: Cooley et al. (2010) Protecting health care workers: a pandemic simulation based on Allegheny County. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(2), 61–72. Background and Objectives The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has identified health care workers (HCWs) as a priority group to receive influenza vaccine. Although the importance of HCW to the health care system is well understood, the potential role of HCW in transmission during an epidemic has not been clearly established. Methods Using a standard SIR (Susceptible–Infected–Recovered) framework similar to previously developed pandemic models, we developed an agent‐based model (ABM) of Allegheny County, PA, that incorporates the key health care system features to simulate the spread of an influenza epidemic and its effect on hospital‐based HCWs. Findings Our simulation runs found the secondary attack rate among unprotected HCWs to be approximately 60% higher (54·3%) as that of all adults (34·1%), which would result in substantial absenteeism and additional risk to HCW families. Understanding how a pandemic may affect HCWs, who must be available to treat infected patients as well as patients with other medical conditions, is crucial to policy makers’ and hospital administrators’ preparedness planning.
Microarray profiling of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins

Microarrays were developed to profile the level of proteins associated with calcium regulation in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) isolated from porcine Longissimus muscle. The microarrays consisted of SR preparations printed onto to glass slides and probed with monoclonal antibodies to 7 target proteins. Proteins investigated included: ryanodine receptor, (RyR), dihydropyridine receptor, (DHPR), triadin (TRI), calsequestrin (CSQ), 90 kDa junctional protein (JSR90), and fast-twitch and slow-twitch SR calcium ATPases (SERCA1 and SERCA2). Signal from a fluorescently-labeled detection antibody was measured and quantitated using a slide reader. The microarray developed was also employed to profile Longissimus muscle SR proteins from halothane genotyped animals. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in levels of several proteins were found including: RyR, CSQ, TRI, DHPR and SERCA2 in SR samples from halothane positive animals. The results illustrate the potential of microarrays as a tool for profiling SR proteins and aiding investigations of calcium regulation.
SMOKING AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: EVIDENCE BASED ANALYSIS

Purpose: We examined available evidence concerning the role of smoking in the development of erectile dysfunction. This task involved a complete review of the smoking literature as it pertained to erectile dysfunction and select endothelial diseases.Materials and Methods: We comprehensively reviewed the literature, including PubMed and recent abstract proceedings from national meetings relevant to smoking, erectile dysfunction and endothelial diseases. The quality of the evidence was assessed by methods used to develop clinical practice guidelines. Our review involved an objective evaluation of the basic science literature and clinical studies. When necessary, we examined studies of endothelial diseases other than erectile dysfunction because of obvious gaps in the literature.Results: There are strong parallels and shared risks among smoking, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and erectile dysfunction. Clinical and basic science studies provide strong indirect evidence that smoking may affect penile...
Tsetse Fly and Big Game

REFERRING to an editorial entitled “A Threat to the Zululand Game Reserves” in NATURE of Nov. 24, 1928, whilst very much in sympathy with the object of this article in so far as it refers to preservation in reserves of the natural fauna of South Africa, I am led to express the opinion that certain of the statements made would be very difficult to substantiate on the basis of available scientific data.
Elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration as a possible independent risk factor for stroke.

Homocyst(e)ine refers to the sulfur-containing amino acids homocysteine, homocystine, and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfide, which normally exist in plasma in both the free and protein-bound forms. Marked hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with well-recognized complications of occlusive thrombotic events and a characteristic syndrome. It is less clear whether mild to moderate elevations in plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations (i.e., 1.5-5-fold increases) also represent a risk factor for stroke and, if so, whether it is independent of other recognized risk factors. To examine these questions we compared the plasma homocyst(e)ine levels in 41 patients with acute strokes, 27 patients with transient ischemic attacks, 31 patients with recognized risk factors for but no recent symptoms of cerebrovascular disease, and 31 normal volunteers (controls). Plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration was moderately but significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (p less than 0.0001). Approximately 30% of the patients had homocyst(e)ine levels higher than the controls. No relation was found between homocyst(e)ine concentration and other recognized stroke risk factors or stroke type; however, a positive correlation was found between serum uric acid and plasma homocyst(e)ine levels. These data suggest that a moderately elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration may be an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.
Synthesis of organoiron complexes containing the η1-1-(1,3-alkadienyl) ligand

Abstract The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of organoiron complexes of the type [FpCHCHCXCH 2 ]Fp + and FpCHCHCXCH 2 (X = H, Me, Et, CH(OMe) 2 ; Fp = η 5 -C 5 H 5 (CO) 2 Fe) are described.
Pain-relebant responses from significant others: development of a significant-other version of the WHYMPI scales

Abstract This paper reports on the development of a measure of significant-others' reports of the frequency of their solicitous, distracting and negative responses to chronic pain patients demonstrations Of pain. This significant-other version is based on analogous scales that comprise part of the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). The 3 pain-relebant response scales were demonstrated to have adequate indices of internal consistency and criterion-related validity. The potential clinical and research utility of the measure is discussed.
Memory for requests in conversation

Memory for conventional indirect requests like I'll have a hamburger; nonconventional indirect requests like How about a hamburger?; or direct requests like Give me a hamburger was investigated under conditions where subjects watched a videotaped conversation, read a written transcript of the same dialogue, or heard the requests without any context. Results indicated that when subjects viewed the videotape or read the transcript they recognized nonconventional indirect requests better than either conventional indirect requests or direct requests. However, with no accompanying context there were no differences in subjects' recognition memory for conventional and nonconventional indirect requests. This interaction between conventionality and context demonstrated that nonconventional indirect requests are not more inherently memorable than conventional requests, but are more distinctive because of their relation to some specific context. Thus, memory for the surface form of requests in conversation is dependent upon the conventionality of an utterance given some context and not just in terms of its pragmatic function.
O-031 Hyperacute cortical neuroplasticity following preoperative embolization of brain AVMs

Purpose Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) occur due to abnormal vascular morphogenesis, and reorganization of neurological function has been well documented in patients harboring them. Patients undergoing endovascular treatment for nidal reduction of brain AVMs prior to surgical resection may develop transitory neurological symptoms which may represent a manifestation of such a response occurring in a hyperacute fashion. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate any functional MRI (fMRI) evidence for hyperacute neuroplasticity in patients with brain AVMs undergoing pre-operative embolization. Materials and methods 12 patients (aged 24–55 years; mean 38±7.6 years; nine men, 10 right-handed) with cerebral AVMs who underwent preoperative embolization at our center from 2004 to 2008 and elected to participate were included in the study. All patients had baseline MRI studies performed on 1.5 or 3 T GE Magnet which included blood oxygen level dependant (BOLD) fMRI studies using multiple motor, visual and language paradigm(s). Patients were pretreated with anticonvulsants and maintained therapeutic levels. Patients then underwent diagnostic catheter angiograms, superselective arteriography and provocative testing (WADA) prior to the embolization in the same procedure. Patients were then taken for repeat fMRI studies within 1–2 h. Pre and post-embolization fMRI data were evaluated by readers who were blinded to the patient data. The BOLD fMRI data was coregistered onto the structural images and categorized as no reorganization or definite reorganization of neurological function. Results A total of 12 eloquent region AVMs were treated in 12 patients. There were two grade II and 10 grade III AVMs. All patients underwent an embolization procedure as per the institutional protocol with the aim of nidal penetration and maximal nidal reduction using n-butyl cyanoacrylate (Trufil NBCA: Cordis Neurovascular, Raynam, Massachusetts, USA). There were no major (stroke or death) or minor complications. One patient developed a transient neurological deficit (aphasia) immediately following endovascular treatment and was shown to have relocated language function without diffusion weighted infarction. There were no hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions Hyperacute neuroplasticity may be demonstrated in patients with cerebral AVMs undergoing preoperative embolization and occlusion. This may explain some of the transient neurological deficits that are not uncommonly seen in such patients. Improved characterization of this neuroplastic response may be useful in the treatment planning of AVM patients and rehabilitative care of acute stroke patients.
Pilot trial of bone‐targeted therapy with zoledronate, thalidomide, and interferon‐γ for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a bone-targeted regimen consisting of zoledronate, thalidomide, and interferon-γ in patients with renal cell carcinoma and bone metastases. METHODS. Eligible patients had radiographic evidence of bone metastasis. Impending pathologic fractures or spinal cord compressions must have been controlled by surgery or radiation therapy before enrollment. Zoledronate (4 mg) was given intravenously every 4 weeks, thalidomide (300 mg) was given orally once a day, and interferon-γ (100 μg) was given subcutaneously once a week. Patients were evaluated for time to skeletal-related events, the appearance of calcification in osteolytic metastases, and levels of the bone formation/resorption markers. RESULTS. Fifteen patients were treated between November 2002 and November 2003; 12 had previously undergone surgery, radiation, or embolization for their bone metastases; 11 had more than 3 sites of bone involvement; and 9 also had nonosseous metastases in the lung, liver, lymph node, pancreas, or adrenal gland. The median time to progression was 8.3 weeks (range, 2.1–48 weeks). The median time to a skeletal-related event was 12.0 weeks (range, 3.9–46.4 weeks). Two patients discontinued treatment because of adverse drug reactions (1 deep venous thrombosis and 1 myocardial infarction). Two patients experienced pain improvement and developed calcification in osseous metastases; these patients also showed favorable changes in bone marker levels. CONCLUSIONS. In this pilot study a bone-targeted regimen combining zoledronate, thalidomide, and interferon-γ was well tolerated and might provide clinical benefit for a small subset of patients with renal cell carcinoma and bone metastases. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Metabolites of Benzo[a]pyrene with γ-Cyclodextrin as a Mobile Phase Additive

Abstract The effects of γ-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive on the retention characteristics of fourteen metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene were investigated with reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It was possible to separate dihydrodiols, diones, and monohydroxyl-benzo[a]pyrenes as individual classes of metabolites. Also, with γ-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase, monohydroxyl-benzo[a]pyrene isomers that were very difficult to separate were readily separated. For example, 6-hydroxyl-benzo- [a]pyrene was separated from 12-hydroxyl-benzo[a]pyrene and 9-hydroxyl-benzo[a]pyrene was separated from 2-hydroxyl-benzo- [a]pyrene. The four tetrols were readily separated with shorter retention times using 4.0 mM of γ-cyclodextrin in a methanol-water (55:45) mobile phase. Overall, the results showed that γ-cyclodextrin was more effective in separating the metabolites than was β-cyclodextrin.
The Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met Antagonist, Divalinal-Angiotensin IV, Blocks the Acquisition of Methamphetamine Dependent Conditioned Place Preference in Rats

The use of methamphetamine (MA) is increasing in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. MA’s capacity to cause addiction significantly exceeds other psychostimulant drugs, and its use negatively impacts learning and memory. Recently, attempts have been made to interfere with the presumed mechanism(s) underlying the establishment of drug-induced memory consolidation. The majority of these studies have employed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors to disrupt MMP-induced extracellular matrix molecule dependent synaptic reconfiguration, or GABA receptor agonists. The present investigation utilized an angiotensin IV (AngIV) analogue, Divalinal-AngIV (divalinal), to disrupt acquisition of MA-induced dependence in rats as measured using the conditioned place preference paradigm. Results indicate that both acute and chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of divalinal prior to each daily subcutaneous injection of MA prevented acquisition. However, divalinal was unable to prevent MA-induced reinstatement after prior acquisition followed by extinction trials. These results indicate that prevention of MA dependence can be accomplished by blockade of the brain AT4 receptor subtype. On the other hand, once MA-induced memory consolidation is in place divalinal appears to be ineffective. Mechanistic studies indicated that divalinal is a potent inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system, and thus it appears that a functional HGF/c-Met system is required for the acquisition of MA-mediated conditioned place preference.
Photovoltaic Devices Based on Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are potentially an attractive material for PV applications due to their many unique structural and electrical properties. SWNTs can be directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and charge carriers collecting/transport layers. SWNTs can be modified into either p-type conductor through chemical doping (like thionyl chloride, or just exposure to air) or n-type conductor through polymer (like polyethylene imine) functionalization. The solar cells consist of either a semitransparent thin film of p-type nanotubes deposited on an n-type silicon wafer or a semitransparent thin film of n-type SWNT on p-type substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and silicon substrate to favor charge separation and extract electrons and holes. The high aspect ratios and large surface area of nanotubes can be beneficial to exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport thus improving the power conversion efficiency.
Hypothesis for synergistic toxicity of organophosphorus poisoning-induced cholinergic crisis and anaphylactoid reactions.

The neurotoxicity of organophosphorus (OP) compounds involves the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), causing accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses. However, cholinergic crisis may not be the sole mechanism of OP toxicity. Adverse drug reactions caused by synergistic toxicity between drugs with distinct pharmacological mechanisms are a common problem. Likewise, the multiple pharmacological activities of a single molecule might also contribute to either toxicity or efficacy. For example, certain OP compounds (e.g. soman) exhibit anti-AChE activity and also act as secretagogues by inducing mast cell degranulation with associated autacoid release and anaphylactoid reactions. Anaphylactoid shock can produce a lethal syndrome with symptoms of respiratory failure and circulatory collapse similar to the physiological sequelae observed for OP poisoning. Moreover, the major classes of drugs used as antidotes for OP intoxication can affect anaphylaxis. Acetylcholine can act as an agonist of autacoid release, and autacoids such as histamine can augment soman-induced bronchial spasm. In concert with the demonstrably critical role of cholinergic crisis in OP toxicity, the precepts of neuroimmunology indicate that secondary adverse reactions encompassing anaphylactoid reactions may complicate OP toxicity.
Quality of work life model

In most industralized countries, people who are employed spend nearly 100,000 hours of their lives in the work place. Nearly half of their adult waking time is spent in the world of work. Work is obviously at the very core of life. Our lives are inextricably and substantially organized around our work. Few things can contribute more to the quality of life than work itself.
Digital and cephalic vasomotor responses as a function of intensity of electric shock

To evaluate predictions from Sokolov’s position regarding the orienting and defensive reflexes, 42 Ss were given 50 shocks at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mA. The finding that vasomotor orienting responses increased in frequency as a function of shock intensity, while defensive responses did not, was taken as evidence contrary to Sokolov’s theory.
Erythrocyte insulin receptors remain intact through three days of storage

The status of the erythrocyte insulin receptor was investigated prior to and during storage at 4C in acid-citrate dextrose (ACD) solution. The receptors on cells that were obtained from both resting and exercised fasting subjects and stored for up to three days in ACD were unchanged as evaluated by both maximal specific hormone binding and the concentration of insulin required to one half maximally inhibit specific binding. These findings indicate, therefore, that the binding of insulin to its receptor on erythrocytes can be assayed in samples of stored blood and that this assay reflects the status of the receptor at the time of sampling.
Discourse Practices in Inclusive Elementary Mathematics Classrooms

In this exploratory study, teachers’ use of standards-based, discourse practices and their students’ mathematics learning in inclusive elementary mathematics classrooms were examined. Two beginning...
THE BECOMING PLACE: A STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL CHANGE IN A SMALL COLLEGE

One of the more astonishing characteristics of educational research is the relative lack of social organizational analyses of higher educational institutions. There is even a greater gap in the literature with regard to thechange process associated with a given university or college. The present study is an examination of one college's attempt to change from a traditional white female “finishing” college to a larger biracial and coeducational college committed to experimental and innovative educational programs. Two ideal types of educational social organizations are utilized as explicit aids for the specification of the educational change process observed for the “Becoming Place” during the time period 1969 to 1975. The major findings, which are based on several data sources, can be summarized as follows. (1) Even when a proposed educational change is characterized by ideals of maximum involvement in the decision making process for all members of a college community, resistance to the change can be very substantial. (2) Ironically, little or no involvement by the faculty, students, and alumni in the initial decision to innovate was a major factor for the resistance to educational social change. The research is concluded with a consideration of the findings in terms of possible implications for the future of small colleges.
Oxygen Precipitation Nonuniformity for Thermal History Around 723K During Cz Crystal Growth

We investigated phenomena of oxygen precipitation nonuni-formity along crystal growth axis due to different thermal histories during CZ crystal growth. The oxygen precipitation process employed in this paper was two-step thermal treatments consisting of the first annealing in nitrogen ambient at 1073K for 4 hrs and the second annealing in dry oxygen ambient at 1273K for 16 hrs. The amount of the oxygen precipitation at the shoulder of a silicon single crystal was higher than the one at the tail end. We found this nonuniform distribution profile was due to the thermal history around 723K during crystal growth. Such an nonuniformity could be improved remarkably by adding a preannealing in dry oxygen ambient at 723K for 2 hrs before the two-step thermal treatment.
QT prolongation and dispersion in myocardial ischemia and infarction.

The ability of QT interval dispersion to predict the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) after acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy is controversial. Continuous 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring for 48 hours or longer provides an opportunity to detect transient changes of QT dispersion and correlate such changes with the clinical outcome. In 543 consecutive patients enrolled in the TAMI-9 and GUSTO I studies, serial changes of the QT dispersion were analyzed in an attempt to predict the occurrence of VF with a system that monitored continuously the 12-lead ECG and stored it at least every 20 minutes. Measurements of QT dispersion were made at a median time of 2.37 hours after the onset of chest pain and at 24- and 48-hour intervals. A total of 43 patients experienced VF during the acute phase of myocardial infarction; of these patients, 33 (77%) had anterior infarcts. However, despite the higher preponderance of anterior myocardial infarcts in the VF group, patients with anterior infarcts did not have longer QT dispersion than those with other infarct locations. Similarly, no significant differences in the QT dispersion were observed at any time between the group with VF and that without. Women had increased QT dispersion in the initial and 24-hour ECG as compared with men (P = .005). However, this normalized at the 48-hour measurements. Despite this difference, there was no higher incidence of VF in female patients. In conclusion, the data suggest that QT dispersion alone is not sufficient to explain the occurrence of VF in the acute phase of myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy.
Neither height nor depth: discerning the cosmology of Romans

Although the term cosmos in Romans is largely used in a neutral fashion to refer to humanity, as has been demonstrated by Edward Adams, the cosmos is nevertheless the location of a conflict between God and anti-God powers, most prominently the powers of Sin and Death. This conflict comes into view in Paul's repeated use of the language drawn from the arenas of slavery, statecraft and the military (especially in Romans 5–8). In the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, Sin and Death are themselves defeated (5:12–21; 6:8–11), but they are not yet destroyed. The conflict continues in the present as comes to expression in Romans 8, where Paul claims that the whole of creation (both human and non-human) waits for deliverance. And the conflict continues especially in 8:31–9, with its strong assertions that no power is powerful enough to separate humanity from its rightful Lord, assertions that would be unnecessary apart from the conviction that there are indeed anti-God powers whose goal is to reclaim human lives. Paul's cosmology, then, is less concerned with the order and wonder of the cosmos than with its need of redemption, a redemption begun but not yet complete. Cosmology and soteriology are inextricably connected to one another.
SURFACE COMPOSITION OF PROMOTED IRON CATALYSTS

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) has been used to estimate the surface composition of promoted iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. An equation was developed from which the surface concentrations of iron and promoter are calculated from the Auger current. The equation validity as an estimation tool is verified by the agreement between the calculated iron surface mole fraction and the iron area fraction determined by the reliable technique of CO chemisorption. On doubly (K2O-Al2O3) promoted catalysts, the K2O mole fraction determined by AES agrees with the area fraction determined by CO2 chemisorption. On multiply (CaO-K2O-Al2O3) promoted catalysts CO2 chemisorption is not applicable. AES results show that most of the surface is covered with CaO and K2O. A surface model is proposed for the doubly promoted catalyst. The promoter is believed to be present in surface islands, approximately 2 nm in diameter and less than 1 nm in thickness, an area of pure iron between them. Within the island, the Al3+ is proposed to lie below the K2O, thus being screened from the surface.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the oval pigtoe mussel, Pleurobema pyriforme (Lea 1857)

We isolated nine microsatellite loci from Pleurobema pyriforme, a freshwater mussel species currently protected under the Endangered Species Act. Eight loci were polymorphic with 2–15 alleles and observed heterozygosities of 0.130–0.957. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations and all pairs of loci showed no significant genotypic disequilibrium. These are the first isolated microsatellite loci for this species and will serve in ongoing conservation efforts of P. pyriforme.
Evaluation of a falls prevention program for independent elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an older adult falls-prevention program and describe compliance with the program. METHODS: The No More Falls! program was evaluated by comparing outcomes of program participants and nonparticipants from the same health care system and by comparing outcomes in pre- and postintervention periods. RESULTS: Program participants were 20% less likely to fall than nonparticipants. Falls during the year after program participation decreased 53%, compared with a 21% decline among nonparticipants. Compliance was positively associated with program effectiveness. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the No More Falls! program was successful in reducing falls among older adults. Language: en
Uninary sulfated bile acids: A new simple urine test for cholestasis in infants and children

Abstract Background/Purpose: Measurement of urinary sulfated bile acid (USBA) has been reported as a simple urine test that reflects the degree of cholestasis. The authors report the diagnostic value of this new laboratory test in various cholestatic conditions affecting infants and children. Methods: A urine sample was collected from 4 surgical neonates with parenteral nutrition–induced cholestasis and 48 patients with biliary atresia (BA). USBA was measured by direct enzymatic assay. Results: In 3 patients receiving parenteral nutrition, USBA increased with caloric gains. For one surgical patient, a decrease in calories because of liver dysfunction resulted in a decrease of USBA, closely reflecting the fluctuations of caloric intake. In patients with BA, a significant positive correlation was noted between serum bile acid and USBA ( r = 0.85; P Conclusions: USBA is a simple and sensitive noninvasive test reflecting the degree of cholestasis in infants and children. USBA correlated highly with serum bile acid levels and may be helpful in diagnosis of cholestasis caused by cholangitis without blood sampling. J Pediatr Surg 37:1707-1708. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Disability Inclusion Initiatives in the Hospitality Industry: An Exploratory Study of Industry Leaders

The present study seeks to identify hospitality leaders in disability inclusion and the related business practices, benefits, and challenges when proactively recruiting people with disabilities. Through a meta-synthesis approach, eight different hospitality companies were identified, and their experiences with disability inclusion are discussed. The findings from this study can be used to inform hospitality employers and human resource professionals about best practices surrounding the initiation of a disability inclusion plan and set a foundation for future academic research.
The effect of prostaglandin E2 on histamine-stimulated calcium mobilization as a possible explanation for histamine tachyphylaxis in canine tracheal smooth muscle.

Isolated strips of canine tracheal smooth muscle rapidly lost their responsiveness to histamine when placed in a zero calcium Krebs buffer. Responsiveness to acetylcholine, however, was not rapidly lost, and following 120 min of incubation in zero calcium buffer with frequent washes, 10% of the contractile response still remained. The kinetics of each loss of response suggest that primarily a loosely bound source of calcium is mobilized by histamine and a more tightly bound source is mobilized by acetylcholine. Consistent with these data were the effects of the calcium antagonist verapamil. In normal calcium Krebs solution, dose-response curves to histamine were markedly reduced by verapamil while acetylcholine responses were relatively unaffected.
Innovation in climate policy models : Implementing lessons from the economics of R&D

Only recently have economists considered the effect of induced innovation in climate policy models. One reason is that, until recently, empirical evidence of the magnitude of such effects was unavailable. Drawing on my experiences with empirical studies on innovation and from modeling the climate change problem, in this paper, I present key lessons from the empirical literature on innovation and environmental policy, and discuss how much of the variation in results found in the modeling literature can be explained by differences in implementing (or failing to implement) these lessons into climate models. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research needs, focusing on a framework for improving the modeling of technology diffusion in climate change models.
Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a vertical array of MnO2 nanowires grown on silicon substrates as a cathode material for lithium rechargeable batteries

Abstract A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible process for fabricating on-chip microbatteries based on nanostructures has been developed by growing manganese dioxide nanowires on silicon dioxide (SiO 2 )/silicon (Si) substrate as a cathode material for lithium rechargeable batteries. High aspect-ratio anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template integrated on SiO 2 /Si substrates can be exploited for fabrication of a vertical array of nanowires having high surface area. The electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) nanowires are galvanostatically synthesized by direct current (dc) electrodeposition. The microstructure of these nanowire arrays is investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their electrochemical tests show that the discharge capacity of about 150 mAh g −1 is maintained during a few cycles at the high discharge/charge rate of 300 mA g −1 .
Activated carboxylates from the photooxygenation of oxazoles. Application to the synthesis of recifeiolide and other macrocyclic lactones.

Abstract The oxazole system may serve as a protecting group for the carboxyl function. The carboxylate is generated under the mild conditions of photooxygenation in high yield in the form of the reactive triamide. This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic lactones.
Gene and protein expression changes in human trabecular meshwork cells treated with transforming growth factor-beta.

Purpose To determine the genomic and proteomic expression changes in human trabecular meshwork cells when they are treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Methods Human trabecular meshwork cells from five donors were cultured for 3 days with 1 ng/mL of either TGF-beta1 or -beta2. Changes in gene expression determined with gene microarrays and alterations in protein expression detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were studied in these cells after the incubation. Results With both TGF-betas, there was a substantial upregulation of genes that were related to secreted proteins or extracellular matrix. This result was consistent with pathologic changes observed in disease and with experiments on perfused trabecular meshwork. Several of the gene changes suggest that other signaling pathways, such as ErbB and Wnt, were altered. Changes in enzyme expression in the prostaglandin pathway indicated that the prostaglandins may have a different cellular profile in the presence of glaucoma. Two genes, osteoblast-specific factor 2 and corneal-derived transcript 6, which are highly expressed in the cells under normal conditions, were substantially upregulated with the TGF-betas. Proteomic analysis indicated that there was increased proteolysis of vimentin with both treatments. Tropomyosin 1alpha was increased in both gene and protein expression, suggesting alterations of the cytoskeleton by the disease. The TGF-beta1 treatment caused more robust changes than those induced by TGF-beta2. Three genes-aldose reductase, thioredoxin reductase 1, and glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase-were identified that were downregulated in expression. These genes had decreases in protein expression with TGF-beta1 treatment but had little change in either gene or protein expression with TGF-beta2. Conclusions Human trabecular meshwork cells can be subjected to increased levels of TGF-beta for several years as a result of glaucoma. The results indicate that changes in extracellular matrix as well as alterations in cytoskeletal proteins occur in these cells as a result of increased TGF-beta. These results are consistent with changes observed in the trabecular meshwork in glaucoma and suggest that at least some of the histologic alterations observed in the meshwork in glaucoma may be the result of increased TGF-betas.
Using on-line and CD-ROM database archives as an adjunct to teaching survey research methods.

Many undergraduate courses in research methods include a section on surveys. A number of practical issues can interfere with the design and implementation of student survey research and often preclude the completion of well-designed survey studies. This paper examines the use of on-line and CD-ROM databases as an alternative to student-designed survey instruments. Problems faced by student survey researchers can often be addressed by the use of such databases, rather than by “live” surveys. Data from experimental research collected on line are also available and downloadable for analysis, providing even greater flexibility for analysis. Advantages and problems of using archival databases in the teaching of survey research are considered. A brief list of databases that may be suitable for student research is provided, and a list of URLs, including where and how to obtain archives, is given.
Proline Scanning Mutagenesis Reveals Non-Native Fold in the Molten Globule State of Equine β-Lactoglobulin†

The secondary structure in the molten globule state (an equilibrium analogue of a burst-phase folding intermediate) of equine β-lactoglobulin was investigated by changes in the circular dichroic spectrum induced by a series of site-directed proline substitutions. The results challenge the structural picture obtained from previous hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. A stable non-native α-helix was found to exist in the region corresponding to the eighth strand (H strand) in the native structure, where the backbone amide protons are the most strongly protected from exchange. Therefore, the backbone topology in the folding core is significantly different from that in the native structure. This indicates that the burst-phase folding intermediate of β-lactoglobulin is a trapped species because of misfolded backbone topology.
The preschool mover: A comparison between naturally‐occurring and program‐directed physical activity patterns

This study described children's physical activity patterns during structured and unstructured daily activity. In Experiment 1, eleven children (3‐5 years) wore heart rate monitors for 12 consecutive hours, including a 2‐ hour developmental movement program. Program heart rates were significantly higher than during home activity, where physical activity was predominantly sedentary. In Experiment 2, heart rate telemetry was used to monitor the daily activity of children in a movement program and in a private daycare. Physical activity during the movement program was significantly more intense than home activity for either group, or than daycare activity. No differences were found in home activity, or for peak heart rate, resting heart rate or age. Females in both groups were significantly more active than males during certain periods of the day. While children's naturally‐occurring activity is fairly sedentary, youngsters can maintain moderate or vigorous activity if given proper guidance.
Using fractal dimensions to characterize atomic force microscope images of epoxy resin fracture surfaces

Atomic force microscopy was used to obtain images of the fracture surface of a tri-ethylene-tetramine and 4,4 (methyl thylidene) epoxy resin. Images were obtained in the mirror, mist, and hackle regions of each sample. Fractal dimensions were calculated from the images using the box dimension and contour analysis method. The box dimension fractal dimension increment for all regions on the fracture surfaces were determined to average 0.26 ± 0.06 and the contour analysis fractal dimension increment were determined to average 0.46 ± 0.05. The box dimension technique is shown to provide the “true” fractal dimension of the surface. The fractal dimension measurements for all three regions indicated that the fracture surface was self-affine and possibly self-similar.
Some comments on Angstrom-type regression models for the estimation of the daily global solar irradiation

Presentation et discussion de la correlation de regression pour le calcul du rayonnement solaire global journalier etablie a partir des mesures de rayonnement de la duree d'insolation pendant la periode 1980-1982 a Corvallis, Oregon
Modeling the Diiron Centers of Non-Heme Iron Enzymes. Preparation of Sterically Hindered Diiron(II) Tetracarboxylate Complexes and Their Reactions with Dioxygen

A series of diiron(II) complexes, [Fe2(μ-L)(μ-O2CR)(O2CR)(N)2], where L is a dinucleating bis(carboxylate) ligand based on m-xylylenediamine bis(Kemp's triacid imide) and N is a pyridine- or imidaz...
Expression of the Complement Receptors CR1 and CR3 and the Type III Fcγ Receptor on Neutrophils from Newborn Infants and from Fetuses with Rh Disease

Expression of the Complement Receptors CR1 and CR3 and the Type III Fc γ Receptor on Neutrophils from Newborn Infants and from Fetuses with Rh Disease
A Monte Carlo/data hybrid: A general technique to measure detection efficiency

Abstract A hybrid Monte Carlo technique was used to measure the polarization of Λ hyperons in electronic high energy physics experiments. The method can be used to analyze a variety of problems, from Dalitz plots to particle lifetimes. The difference from standard Monte Carlo analyses is that the detection efficienct of the apparatus is determined only with respect to the important variable for the physical measurement. The technique is quite similar to the likelihood analysis for particle lifetimes in a bubble chamber.
On the use of RELAP5-3D as a subchannel analysis code

Abstract The capabilities of the RELAP5-3D code to perform subchannel analyses in sodium-cooled fuel assemblies were evaluated. The motivation was the desire to analyze fuel assemblies with traditional (solid pins) as well as non-traditional (e.g., annular pins with internal cooling, bottle-shape) geometries. Since no current subchannel codes can handle such fuel assembly designs, a new flexible RELAP5-based subchannel model was developed. It was shown that subchannel analysis of sodium-cooled fuel assemblies is indeed possible through the use of control variables in RELAP5. The subchannel model performance was then verified and validated in code-to-code and code-to-experiment analyses, respectively. First, the model was compared to the SUPERENERGY II code for solid fuel pins in a conventional hexagonal lattice. It was shown that the temperature predictions from the two codes agreed within 2% (
Pixel‐based airborne hyperspectral sensing technique for search‐and‐rescue of the missing RMAF NURI helicopter in Genting‐Sempah, Malaysia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and describe a pixel‐based airborne hyperspectral remote sensing system approach for searching for missing and lost RMAF aircraft, especially the NURI helicopter that crashed in Genting‐Sempah, Malaysia on Friday 13 July 2007, ten minutes after leaving the RMAF 10th Squadron based in Sg. Besi Camp, Selangor, Malaysia. It was reported found crashed with all six air force crew onboard killed, four days later on 17 July 2007 at 13.25 hours 5 km North‐west of Genting‐Sempah‐Karak‐Highway.Design/methodology/approach – The objective is achieved by exploring the use of a very high 1 m2 spatial resolution (pixel‐based) airborne hyperspectral imaging system near real‐time data processing within two hours after landing. The UPM‐Aeroscan's AISA is a state‐of‐the‐art aircraft mounted commercial hyperspectral sensor operated for SAR development application by Forest Geospatial Information and Survey Lab (FGISL)/Aeroscan Precision (M) Sdn Bhd. in Block C3, UPM‐MTDC Tech...
Computing Torsion Points on Curves

Let $X$ be a curve of genus $g \ge 2$ over a field $k$ of characteristic zero. Let $X\box0 A$ be an Albanese map associated to a point $P_0$ on $X$. The Manin--Mumford conjecture, first proved by Raynaud, asserts that the set $T$ of points in $X(\kbar)$ mapping to torsion points on $A$ is finite. Using a $p$-adic approach, we develop an algorithm to compute $T$, and implement it in the case where $k=\funnyQ$, $g=2$, and $P_0$ is a Weierstrass point. Improved bounds on $\#T$ are also proved: for instance, in the context of the previous sentence, if in addition $X$ has good reduction at a prime $p \ge 5$, then $\#T \le\ 2 p^3 + 2 p^2 + 2p + 8$.
Induction of deer antlers by transplanted periosteum. II: Regional competence for velvet transformation in ectopic skin

The fallow deer develops its first set of antlers at about 1 year of age, but by 6 months the pedicles can be felt protruding from the frontal bones. If the thickened periosteum covering these locations is transplanted beneath the skin elsewhere on the body, it differentiates into a subcutaneous bony nodule which induces the overlying skin to transform into velvet as a small ectopic antler is produced. A survey of different graft sites has shown that skin on the fore and hind legs, hip, forehead, and outer and inner ears can participate in antler induction by undergoing velvet transformation. Tail, back, and nose skins fail to do so.
Attachment theory in health care: the influence of relationship style on medical students' specialty choice.

Introduction Converging sources suggest that patient−provider relationships in primary care are generally of greater intensity and duration than those in non-primary care specialties. In this study, we hypothesised that Year 2 medical students whose close relationships were characterised by security and flexibility would be more likely than students who were less comfortable in close relationships to plan to pursue primary over non-primary care postgraduate training. Methods We determined the relationship styles and demographic characteristics of 144 Year 2 medical students. We also gathered information regarding their predicted choices of postgraduate training, which were clustered into primary or non-primary care categories. We compared student choices with respect to their interpersonal relationship styles based on attachment theory. Results Prevalences of attachment styles were similar to those found in the general population, with 56% of students rating themselves as having a secure relationship style. Students with a secure style were more likely to choose primary care (61%) over non-primary care compared to those whose styles were characterised by self-reliance, support-seeking or caution (41% chose primary care). Compared to those with a secure relationship style, students with a cautious style [OR = 5.9 (1.9, 18.7)] and students with a self-reliant style [OR = 2.4 (0.96, 5.9)] were more likely to choose non-primary over primary care, after controlling for gender. Conclusions Assessing relationship styles using attachment theory is a potentially useful way to understand and counsel medical students about specialty choice.
Teaching Antiracism in a Large Introductory Psychology Class: A Course Module and Its Evaluation

The effectiveness of an Introductory Psychology course module on racism was assessed using a short questionnaire immediately afterwards and then later at the end of the semester. Students of color ...
Optimal estimation of essentially and strictly bandlimited signals and their spectrum by generalized splines

Given a signal x which is of bounded energy and either time-limited-and-essentially band-limited or (strictly) bandlimited, we present techniques, based on a generalized spline framework, for optimal determination of the values of x(t) and of its spectrum X(ω) for any specified t and ω, from a finite set of samples of X.
Acute Mixed Lineage Leukemia With an inv(8)(p11q13) Resulting in Fusion of the Genes for MOZ and TIF2

Chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia have led to the discovery of many genes involved in normal hematopoiesis and in malignant transformation. We have identified the fusion partners in an inv(8)(p11q13) from a patient with acute mixed lineage leukemia. We show by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, Southern blotting, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that the genes for MOZ, monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein, and TIF2, transcriptional intermediary factor 2, are involved in the inv(8)(p11q13). We demonstrate that the inversion creates a fusion between the 5' end of MOZ mRNA and the 3' end of TIF2 mRNA maintaining the translational frame of the protein. The predicted fusion protein contains the zinc finger domains, the nuclear localization domains, the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain, and a portion of the acidic domain of MOZ, coupled to the CREB-binding protein (CBP) interaction domain and the activation domains of TIF2. The breakpoint is distinct from the breakpoint in the t(8;16)(p11;p13) translocation in acute monocytic leukemia with erythrophagocytosis that fuses MOZ with CBP. The reciprocal TIF2-MOZ fusion gene is not expressed, perhaps as a result of a deletion near the chromosome 8 centromere. The MOZ-TIF2 fusion is one of a new family of chromosomal rearrangements that associate HAT activity, transcriptional coactivation, and acute leukemia.