cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining global medical education needs.

The graduates of medical education institutions should be, both in their numbers and in their acquired skills, appropriate to improving the health of the particular society they are intended to serve. Medical education should be tailored to deal with the diseases the physician is most apt to see--or at least apt to see in an academic medical center. Such logic does not prevail, however, in terms of either the numbers of physicians trained or the content of the medical curriculum. The Western model of a medical school curriculum has been adopted--but little adapted--for use by much of the Third World. Relevant subjects such as epidemiology, social sciences, and management are often either ineptly taught or omitted. A shift in attention from patient to community is recommended, accompanied by deliberate programs of education and health care to measure and improve the health of the community. Significant improvements in health in much of the world can be made only through community-based programs such as improved nutrition, education, sanitation, prevention of infectious diseases, and family planning. Two types of U.S. participation in international medical education are recommended: (1) specialty training of physicians from countries whose access to instrumentation and medical care support structures are similar to those in the United States, and (2) strengthening of institutions in developing countries in the areas of education, research, and practice appropriate to the particular needs of each of these countries.
Patterns of Coherent Climate Signals in the Indian Ocean during the 20th Century

[1] QBO, ENSO, and BDO fluctuations are identified in the Indian Ocean from a joint frequency domain analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) conducted over the 20th Century. Within the ENSO band (3- to 7-year period), local fractional variance (LFV) is maximum near 3.4-year period, revealing spatially coherent SST and SLP variability propagating eastward from the Horn of Africa and southwest Indian Ocean respectively, toward the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Within the QBO band (2.1- to 2.8- year period), LFV is maximum near 2.2-year period revealing spatially coherent SST and SLP variability propagating northward and eastward from Southwestern Ocean, toward the South China Sea. The 3.4-year period ENSO signal diminished in intensity in the 1920s and 1950s, whilst the 2.2-year period QBO signal diminished in the 1910s, 1940s, and 1950s, as observed for the global QBO and ENSO signals [White and Tourre, 2003].
Laser and led eye hazards: Safety standards

Guidelines for the safe use of lasers have evolved considerably since initially issued by defense research organizations in the 1960s. Today, very mature safety standards and regulations exist worldwide.
Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation.

Species occurring in unconnected, but similar habitats and under similar selection pressures often display strikingly comparable morphology, behaviour and life history. On island archipelagos where colonizations and extinctions are common, it is often difficult to separate whether similar traits are a result of in situ diversification or independent colonization without a phylogeny. Here, we use one of Hawaii's most ecologically diverse and explosive endemic species radiations, the Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar genus Hyposmocoma, to test whether in situ diversification resulted in convergence. Specifically, we examine whether similar species utilizing similar microhabitats independently developed largely congruent larval case phenotypes in lineages that are in comparable, but isolated environments. Larvae of these moths are found on all Hawaiian Islands and are characterized by an extraordinary array of ecomorphs and larval case morphology. We focus on the ‘purse cases’, a group that is largely specialized for living within rotting wood. Purse cases were considered a monophyletic group, because morphological, behavioural and ecological traits appeared to be shared among all members. We constructed a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from 38 Hyposmocoma species, including all 14 purse case species and 24 of non-purse case congeners. Divergence time estimation suggests that purse case lineages evolved independently within dead wood and developed nearly identical case morphology twice: once on the distant Northwest Hawaiian Islands between 15.5 and 9 Ma and once on the younger main Hawaiian Islands around 3.0 Ma. Multiple ecomorphs are usually found on each island, and the ancestral ecomorph of Hyposmocoma appears to have lived on tree bark. Unlike most endemic Hawaiian radiations that follow a clear stepwise progression of colonization, purse case Hyposmocoma do not follow a pattern of colonization from older to younger island. We postulate that the diversity of microhabitats and selection from parasitism/predation from endemic predators may have shaped case architecture in this extraordinary endemic radiation of Hawaiian insects.
The RIP1/RIP3 Necrosome Forms a Functional Amyloid Signaling Complex Required for Programmed Necrosis

RIP1 and RIP3 kinases are central players in TNF-induced programmed necrosis. Here, we report that the RIP homotypic interaction motifs (RHIMs) of RIP1 and RIP3 mediate the assembly of heterodimeric filamentous structures. The fibrils exhibit classical characteristics of β-amyloids, as shown by Thioflavin T (ThT) and Congo red (CR) binding, circular dichroism, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and solid-state NMR. Structured amyloid cores are mapped in RIP1 and RIP3 that are flanked by regions of mobility. The endogenous RIP1/RIP3 complex isolated from necrotic cells binds ThT, is ultrastable, and has a fibrillar core structure, whereas necrosis is partially inhibited by ThT, CR, and another amyloid dye, HBX. Mutations in the RHIMs of RIP1 and RIP3 that are defective in the interaction compromise cluster formation, kinase activation, and programmed necrosis in vivo. The current study provides insight into the structural changes that occur when RIP kinases are triggered to execute different signaling outcomes and expands the realm of amyloids to complex formation and signaling.
Involvement of esterases in diazinon resistance and biphasic effects of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon toxicity to Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract Resistance to insecticides remains a major problem for the successful control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), one of the most important pests of cattle in many countries including the United States. The organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon has been used to control pyrethroid-resistant populations of the horn fly. There are only a few reported cases of horn fly resistance to diazinon in the United States and Mexico. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used successfully as a synergist of pyrethroid insecticides to control horn flies. PBO-synergized diazinon products are also available for horn fly control in the United States, although PBO is known to inhibit the bio-activation of certain OP insecticides including diazinon. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies using a filter paper bioassay technique. These bioassays in both the susceptible and diazinon-resistant horn fly strains revealed a biphasic effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies. PBO inhibited diazinon toxicity when the PBO concentration used was high (5%), and no effect was observed when PBO concentration was intermediate (2%). However, at low concentrations (1% and lower), PBO significantly synergized diazinon toxicity. We demonstrated that enhanced esterase activity was associated with survivability of horn flies exposed to diazinon alone. PBO has been shown to inhibit esterase activity in other insect species. However, results of biochemical assays with esterases from this study suggest that PBO did not have significant effect on the overall esterase activity in the horn fly. The observed synergistic effect of PBO at lower concentrations on diazinon toxicity to horn flies could not be explained by reduced esterase activity due to PBO inhibition. It is likely that PBO synergized diazinon toxicity at lower concentrations by facilitating penetration of diazinon through the cuticle and/or inhibiting the oxidative detoxification of diazinon, and reduced diazinon toxicity at high PBO concentration by inhibiting the bio-activation of diazinon.
Differential Activation of Multiple Signalling Pathways Dictates eNOS Upregulation by FGF2 but not VEGF in Placental Artery Endothelial Cells

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), but not vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression, at least partially, via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2/1 (ERK2/1) in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial (oFPAE) cells. Herein we further investigated the temporal effects of FGF2 and VEGF on other signalling pathways including members (Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1/2 and p38MAPK) of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (PI3K/AKT1), and the tyrosine kinase c-SRC, and examined if either one or more of these pathways play a role in the differential regulation of eNOS by FGF2 and VEGF. We first confirmed that in oFPAE cells, FGF2, but not VEGF, increased eNOS protein. FGF2 stimulated eNOS protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which also depended on cell density. FGF2 provoked sustained (5min to 12h) whereas VEGF only stimulated transient (5min) ERK2/1 phosphorylation. FGF2 was 1.7-fold more potent in stimulating ERK2/1 phosphorylation than VEGF. FGF2 and VEGF only transiently activated JNK1/2 and AKT1 within 5min; however, FGF2 was a stronger stimulus than VEGF. FGF2 and VEGF did not significantly activate p38MAPK at 5min; however, VEGF stimulated p38MAPK phosphorylation at 60min. VEGF but not FGF2 significantly stimulated c-SRC phosphorylation. Inhibitors of MEK-ERK2/1 (PD98059), JNK1/2 (SP600125) and PI3K (wortmannin), but not p38MAPK (SB203580) and SRC (PP2), decreased the FGF2-increased eNOS protein expression. Thus, the FGF2-induced eNOS protein expression requires activation of multiple signalling pathways including ERK2/1, JNK1/2 and PI3K/AKT1. Differences in intensity and temporal patterns of activation of these pathways by FGF2 and VEGF may account for their differential effects on eNOS expression in OFPAE cells.
Improving the Efficiency of Protein Conformation Prediction With Energy Landscape Modification

Since the native conformation or the natural shape of a protein largely determines its function, a prediction of protein conformation can shorten the process of drug discovery. This prediction is an optimization search to locate a configuration associated with the global minimum energy for the molecule. Due to the complexity of the multidimensional energy landscape, the prediction process can be extensive, which leads to very long simulation run times. For example, a high-resolution structure prediction algorithm [1] refining 20,000 to 30,000 models of several 49 to 88 residue long molecules takes about 150 CPU days per molecule. This paper presents the method of modified energy landscape (MEL) that improves the efficiency of the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) method by 12.8% on average, and more than 30% in some cases for a representative sample of cases. Since the efficiency improvement allows the probabilistic search to cover more areas of the energy landscape, locating the global minimum is more likely. Also, in a practical protein prediction running coarse refinements on more decoys is more preferable than comprehensively refining few decoys because of the low accuracy of energy functions. Therefore, the MEL can significantly improve the protein prediction simulation even though it yields less average score improvement. The MEL is implemented in a refinement protocol in Rosetta [2].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Scaling and Estimation of Evaporation and Transpiration of Water across Soil Textures

A recent study showed all parameters in the Brooks-Corey equations of soil hydraulic properties are strongly correlated to the pore-size distribution index (λ). These λ values relate and can scale cumulative infiltration and water contents during redistribution across dissimilar textural classes under different rainfall and initial conditions. The objectives of this work were to explore if relationships exist between evaporation ( E ) and transpiration ( T ) and λ across different soil types and if these relationships can be used to scale E and T among these soils. The Root Zone Water Quality Model generated evaporation under four potential rates and transpiration under one potential rate with a goosegrass [ Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] in 11 soil textural classes under near-saturated initial conditions. Stage I cumulative evaporation or transpiration that occurs when the soil is sufficiently wet to meet the potential rates had a quadratic relationship with λ. However, both Stage II cumulative evaporation and transpiration were cubic functions of λ with time-dependent coefficients. It is shown that these relationships can be used to estimate both Stage I and II cumulative evaporation and transpiration across unknown soils, especially when data for one dominant reference soil type is known. The methods developed for estimating cumulative evaporation were applied and compared with experimental results of three initially saturated soils under constant evaporation with good results. These results for simple homogeneous soils should be useful in quantifying spatial variability of evaporation and transpiration in the field under similar conditions, and could form the basis for further research of more complex conditions.
Abstract 4103: Sphingosine kinase-1 mediates LPA-induced gastric cancer cell proliferation

The lysophospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) are important mediators of a variety of biological processes important for maintenance and progression of cancer. Autotaxin and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the enzymes responsible for synthesis of LPA and S1P, respectively, are elevated in many cancer types. We previously reported that LPA markedly enhanced SphK1 and S1P 3 receptor mRNA levels, transactivated EGFR, and caused migration in MKN-1 gastric cancer cells [Shida et al., Cancer Res. 68:6569, 2008]. We have now shown that LPA potently stimulates proliferation of MKN-1 cells and downregulation of SphK1 or treatment with the isozyme-specific SphK1 inhibitor, SK1-I, markedly reduced LPA-mediated proliferation. The signaling pathways responsible for LPA-induced SphK1 upregulation were also investigated. U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, completely abrogated LPA-induced elevation of SphK1 mRNA, while inhibitors of PI3K, protein kinase C, p38, JNK or NF-κB did not have an effect. Additionally, siRNA mediated downregulation of ERK2, but not AKT 1 or Akt2, blocked LPA-mediated SphK1 mRNA increase. These results were further confirmed by adenoviral expression of dominant negative MEK1, which inhibited LPA-induced SphK1 upregulation, while constitutively active MEK1 increased basal SphK1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, adenoviral expression of dominant negative or constitutively active AKT1 also did not change SphK1 mRNA levels. Our data implicate ERK2 as an important mediator of LPA signaling and upregulation of SphK1 and additionally, point to SphK1 and S1P production as potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. This work was supported by NCI grant R01CA61774 to SS and NIH grant 5K12HD055881 and Susan G. Komen for the Cure Research Foundation Career Catalyst Research Grant KG090510 to KT. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4103.
Receptor Modeling Applied to Patterns in Space (RMAPS). Part III-Apportionment of airborne particulate sulfur in western Washington state

Abstract Data obtained from 24 of the 31 sites of the Pacific Northwest Regional Visibility Experiment Using Natural Tracers (PREVENT) study were analyzed by the Receptor Model Applied to Patterns in Space (RMAPS) multivariate receptor model. Four spatial patterns were found and interpreted as showing the effect of the coal-fired power plant in Centralia, WA; transport from the northwest; the Se-attle-Tacoma urban area; and transport from the southeast. In Mt. Rainier National Park, up to one-third of the sulfate can be attributed to the Centralia power plant. In the North Cascades National Park, 65-82% of the sulfur is accounted for by transport from Canada. The model was applied separately to sites in the northern and southern sections of the study area. The southern sites were affected only by the Centralia, urban, and southeast transport sources; the northern sites were affected only by the northwest transport, urban, and southeast transport sources. This gave two independent estimates of the normaliz...
A Vertical Shear Proximal Scaphoid Fracture - an Unusual Pattern of Injury.

Scaphoid fractures are common, accounting for up to 80 % of carpal bone fractures. They have a propensity towards non-union, with up to 10 % of undisplaced and 90 % of displaced scaphoid fractures failing to unite with conservative management [1]. Moreover the scaphoids unusual anatomy makes diagnosis of fractures and fracture planes difficult. Its natural twist at the waist and overlap of other carpal bones means that four views, rather than the conventional two views, are required on radiographs to characterise fracture patterns [2]. We describe a case that highlights an unusual pattern of injury in the scaphoid and how initial radiographs can be misleading in the management of fractures of the proximal scaphoid.
Automated site-directed drug design using molecular lattices

Abstract Receptor-based drug design is predicated on the knowledge of the structure of a target receptor and the principles of molecule recognition. The objective is to produce a wide diversity of structures that are sterically and electrostatically complementary to a specified receptor site. Many drug—receptor interactions are controlled by a few key receptor groups. This observation leads to a design approach in which one focuses on chemical fragments that putatively interact with the key receptor groups. There then remains the difficult task of joining the fragments into molecular structures that match the spatial patterns of recognition forces in the receptor site. In this paper, we describe a new modeling program, BUILDER, that combines database searching techniques and structure generation algorithms within an interactive graphics modeling environment (MidasPlus). A novel tool for process communication (delegate) is introduced and examples of its use are given. To demonstrate the functionality of the package and its ability to produce novel structures, we examine the active site of HIV-1 protease.
Enstatite-diopside solvus and geothermometry

The enstatite-diopside solvus presents certain interesting thermodynamic and crystal-structural problems. The solvus may be considered as parts of two solvi one with the ortho-structure and the other with clino-structure. By assuming the standard free energy change for the two reactions (MgMgSi2O6)opx ⇋ (MgMgSi2O6)cpx and (CaMgSi2O6) opx ⇋ (CaMgSi2O6) cpx as 500 and 1 000 to 3 000 cal/mol respectively, it is possible to calculate the regular solution parameter W for orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. These W's essentially refer to mixing on M2 sites. The expression for the equilibrium constant by assuming ideal mixing for Fe-Mg, Fe-Ca and non-ideal mixing for Ca-Mg on binary M1 and ternary M2 sites is given by 1 $$K_a = \frac{{X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M1}}} X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \exp \left[ {\frac{{W_{{\text{cpx}}} }}{{RT}}\left\{ {X_{{\text{Ca - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \left( {X_{{\text{Ca - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} + X_{{\text{Fe - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} } \right)} \right\}} \right]}}{{X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M1}}} X_{{\text{Mg - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \exp \left[ {\frac{{W_{{\text{cpx}}} }}{{RT}}\left\{ {X_{{\text{Ca - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \left( {X_{{\text{Ca - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} + X_{{\text{Fe - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} } \right)} \right\}} \right]}}$$ where X's are site occupancies, R is 1.987 and T is temperature in oK. Temperature of pyroxene crystallization may be estimated by substituting for T in the above equation until the equation −RT In K a=500 is satisfied. The shortcomings of this method are the incomplete standard free energy data on the end member components and the absence of site occupancy data in pyroxenes at high temperatures. The assumed free energy data do, however, show the possible extent of inaccuracy in temperature estimates resulting from the neglect of Mg-Ca non ideality.
Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery in urology

Background: Since its introduction, the role of laparoscopic surgery has grown and it has now become the standard approach for many surgical procedures. The benefits of smaller incisions, improved pain and convalescence, and shorter hospital stays have greatly improved patient care and satisfaction. In an effort to further minimize the morbidity of surgery, laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) or single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has emerged. We review the collective experience with this novel technique and share our initial observations and early results.Methods: We performed a literature search to review the published experience with this new technique including the breadth of applications and perioperative outcomes associated with LESS in urology. We also analysed the experience with this emerging technique at our institution.Results: There are numerous variations with regards to nomenclature as well as types of access to the abdominal cavity as it pertains to LESS. Urologic procedures involvi...
Synthesizing single-case studies: a Monte Carlo examination of a three-level meta-analytic model.

Numerous ways to meta-analyze single-case data have been proposed in the literature; however, consensus has not been reached on the most appropriate method. One method that has been proposed involves multilevel modeling. For this study, we used Monte Carlo methods to examine the appropriateness of Van den Noortgate and Onghena’s (2008) raw-data multilevel modeling approach for the meta-analysis of single-case data. Specifically, we examined the fixed effects (e.g., the overall average treatment effect) and the variance components (e.g., the between-person within-study variance in the treatment effect) in a three-level multilevel model (repeated observations nested within individuals, nested within studies). More specifically, bias of the point estimates, confidence interval coverage rates, and interval widths were examined as a function of the number of primary studies per meta-analysis, the modal number of participants per primary study, the modal series length per primary study, the level of autocorrelation, and the variances of the error terms. The degree to which the findings of this study are supportive of using Van den Noortgate and Onghena’s (2008) raw-data multilevel modeling approach to meta-analyzing single-case data depends on the particular parameter of interest. Estimates of the average treatment effect tended to be unbiased and produced confidence intervals that tended to overcover, but did come close to the nominal level as Level-3 sample size increased. Conversely, estimates of the variance in the treatment effect tended to be biased, and the confidence intervals for those estimates were inaccurate.
A flume study of the movement of foraminifera tests

Abstract Assemblages of benthic foraminifera are used as indicators of paleo-environmental conditions, but if an assemblage represents post-mortem transport the reliability is limited. A repeatable method of determining such reliability was investigated by measuring the traction velocities of foraminifera in a flume with a moveable sediment substrate. Twenty-five specimens of each of twelve species were weighed and measured for various dimensions (intercepts). Volume, nominal diameter, operational sphericity, maximum projection sphericity and effective density were calculated. Each specimen was placed in a flume and the traction velocity was determined; the mean velocity was calculated for each species. Mean velocities varied from 5.1 to 18.7 cm/sec. The values for each species were compared and it was determined which were moved by velocities from the same statistical populations and which were not. If applied to assemblages, the tested specimens that were transported (sorted) would have similar velocities, but an assemblage composed of specimens representing different velocities would have remained in place, being unsorted. The method is repeatable and practical in that the specimens can be manipulated and observed easily. Only operational sphericity and weight have significant correlations with the traction velocity of foraminifera. However, with multiple regression techniques, the traction velocity for each species could be estimated with the following regression equation: X 1 = 18.4 − 11.4X 2 − 38.9X 3 where X1 is the mean traction velocity (cm/sec); X2 is the mean value of the maximum projection sphericity; X3 is the mean weight (mg) and 18.4 is the intercept of the regression plane. Thus, it may be possible to determine with flume runs if specimens in an assemblage have been transported or have remained in place. Also, estimates of traction velocities are possible without flume runs if sufficient data are obtained regarding the weight and dimensions of the specimens. The latter method may eliminate the need for flume runs.
Evaluation of respiration quality using smart phone

Breathing is one of the vital signs that are considered important from medical point of view. The quality of breathing is evaluated by considering several factors. In this paper we present the results of experiments that use a smart phone to evaluate some of the factors to determine the quality of breathing. The accelerometer in the smart phone is used to measure the breathing. We measure subjects with normal breathing, slow breathing, fast breathing and irregular breathing. Our results show that we can evaluate the rate of breathing using a smart phone with an accuracy ranging from 95% to 100%. We can also evaluate the regularity and the effort of breathing.
Pounds Off for Jesus: Oral Roberts University and the Fat Body, 1976 to 1978

This article examines the Pounds Off Program (POPS) at Oral Roberts University from 1976 to 1978. POPS was a mandatory weight-loss regime for fat students who were required to lose a certain amount of weight in order to maintain their status at the university. The program generated national controversy in 1977 when some fat students allied with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to sue the university for discrimination. The article argues that the POPS reflected many U.S. citizens’ views that there was a direct relationship between body weight and piety. The cooperation between the fat students and the ACLU also demonstrated the fluidity of U.S. society on the eve of the culture wars.
Measurement of Global Oceanic Winds from Seasat-SMMR and Its Companson with Seasat-SASS and ALT Deinved Winds

Wind speed has been retrieved using different channel combinations of Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. The sets of channel combinations were derived by applying a leaps and bounds procedure to a statistical data base of brightness temperature and geophysical parameters. Different best subsets of sizes two to five SMMR channels were obtained, based on R2, the coefficient of determination criterion. Wind speeds derived using the best two channel subsets (10.6 H and 18.0 V) were compared with Joint Air-Sea Interaction Experiment)(JASIN) in situ observations of winds and an RMS difference of 1.5 m/s was found. The retrieval accuracy of wind speed from different subsets of two to five channels agreed to within about 10 percent. Global maps of oceanic winds have been generated and compared with maps obtained from Seasat scatterometer and altimeter derived winds. The three sensors depictedthe general features of wind distribution in both the northern and southern hemispheres and co form with the prevailing ideas, but differed quantitatively over certain latitude belts requiring further research.
Preparation of 14C- and 18O-enriched allyl alcohol (propanol free)

Preparations of specifically labeled [1-14C]-, [3-14C]- and [1-18O]allyl alcohol are described. The syntheses were achieved, respectively, in 7, 11 and 9 steps, with overall yields of 33%, 10% and 38%. Commercially available K14CN, CH314COONa and H218O were used as the starting materials.
Adaptive estimation of daily demands with complex calendar effects for freight transportation

Abstract We address the problem of forecasting spatial activities on a daily basis that are subject to the types of multiple, complex calendar effects that arise in many applications. Our problem is motivated by applications where we generally need to produce thousands, and frequently tens of thousands, of models, as arises in the prediction of daily origin–destination freight flows. Exponential smoothing-based models are the simplest to implement, but standard methods can handle only simple seasonal patterns. We propose a class of exponential smoothing-based methods that handle multiple calendar effects. These methods are much easier to implement and apply than more sophisticated ARIMA-based methods. We show that our techniques actually outperform ARIMA-based methods in terms of forecast error, indicating that our simplicity does not involve any loss in accuracy.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF CIRCADIAN PATTERNS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND TRIGGERS OF ACUTE CARDIAC EVENTS

Despite encouraging and continuing declines in the mortality rates attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States over the past 25 years,lO, 11, 31, coronary atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations remain the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and other industrialized s~cieties.~ Approximately 1.25 million persons experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) annually in the United States and almost 500,000 CHD deaths occur each year with nearly half of these deaths attributed to AM1 a10ne.~ Based on recent estimates, approximately 7 million persons, or 3% of the United States population, have atherosclerotic heart disease, and slightly over one third of these persons are limited in their activities due to CHD. These prevalence estimates are likely to increase given the aging of the United States population. The consequences of this disease process exact an enormous economic toll and cause considerable personal suffering in middle-aged and elderly men and women. A number of modifiable risk factors including elevated serum lipids, cigarette smoking, increased levels of blood pressure, and physical inactivity, as well as several nonmodifiable risk markers (e.g., age, sex, family history of premature coronary disease), have been associated with an increased risk for CHD. These risk factors have been shown to be singly important and interactively multiplicative in association with the development of CHD. Despite the extensive literature compiled on the well-accepted primary and secondary risk factors for CHD through results obtained from landmark prospective epidemiologic investigations of the determinants of cardiovascular disease in the United States and abr~ad,~ and the establishment of a framework for the study of CHD and its natural history from a broad population-based perspective, relatively little is known about the short-term transient risk factors that may trigger the acute onset of clinically manifested CHD. This information is of crucial importance in more fully understanding the multifactorial causes and pathogenetic mechanisms
Relapsed and Refractory Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current and Emerging Treatments

Survival rates for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exceed 60 % when modern, intensified chemotherapeutic regimens and enhanced supportive care measures are employed. Despite well-recognized improvements in outcomes, primary refractory or relapsed pediatric AML yields significant morbidity and mortality, and improved understanding of this obstinate population along with refined treatment protocols are urgently needed. Although a significant number of patients with refractory or relapsed disease will achieve remission, long-term survival rates remain poor, and efforts to identify therapies which will improve OS are under continuous investigation. The current fundamental goal of such investigation is the achievement of as complete a remission as possible without dose-limiting toxicities, and the progression to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation thereafter. In this review the scope of the problem of relapsed and refractory AML as well as current and emerging chemotherapy options will be discussed.
A recursive algebra for nested relations

Abstract The nested relational model provides a better representational model for complex objects than the (flat) relational model by allowing relations to have relation-valued attributes. A recursive algebra for nested relations that allows relations to be accessed and modified at all levels without always having to flatten them is presented in this paper. The operators of the classical nested relational algebra are extended with recursive definitions so that they can be applied not only to relations but also to subrelations of a relation. Queries are much more efficient and succinct when expressed in this algebra than in languages that require restructuring in order to access subrelations of relations. A sketch of a proof showing the equivalence of the expressive powers of the recursive algebra and the nested relational algebra is given.
Computational Modeling of Hovering Rotor and Wake Aerodynamics

Steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier ‐Stokes computations are presented for a range of UH-60A model-rotor testcasesinhover. Thecomputationsaredesignedto assessgrid-related effectson thenumericalresultsandemploy 1)structuredoversetgridswithhighresolution ontherotorblades,2 )asystematicvariationofgridresolutioninthe rotor wake, and 3 ) a systematic variation of outer-boundary locations. Computed rotor performance values agree very well with experimental measurements and show little sensitivity to either grid resolution or outer-boundary locations. However, the computations uniformly overpredict the blade sectional thrust near the rotor tip. This overprediction of blade tip thrust is explained by an analysis of the circulation distribution in the computed rotor wake system.
Stressing out stem cells: linking stress and hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease

Stress has long been thought to be a major contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, although little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. A new study in humans and mice suggests that chronic stress promotes hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in bone marrow, leading to increased leukocyte production, circulation and recruitment to the vasculature (pages 754–758).
Decentralisation, Rural Livelihoods and Pasture-Land Management in Post-Socialist Mongolia

Mongolia's post-socialist transition since 1990 has included, among other changes, reforms toward democratic decentralisation. For natural resource governance, and pasture-land management in particular, decentralisation has been at best incomplete and at worst ‘empty’. It has created an institutional vacuum that herders and others have sought to fill with recourse to formal and informal, new and old arrangements. Herding households are also rapidly increasing against a background of economic hardship and vulnerability. The effects include an altered distribution of grazing pressure, with discernibly adverse impacts on the pastoral environment, and the acceleration of already rising inequality. Democratic decentralisation could help to restore environmental and social justice.
A divergent route to 9, 10-oxygenated tetrahydroprotoberberine and 8-oxoprotoberberine alkaloids: synthesis of (±)-isocorypalmine and oxypalmatine

A new route which is germane to the synthesis of 9,10-oxygenated tetrahydroprotoberberines and 8-oxoprotoberberines is described. The route features the use of a diester (14) generated from reaction of dimethylmalonate with an aryl halide in the presence of n-butyllithium. The amide 17 prepared in subsequent steps is a versatile precursor for the synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberine and 8-oxoprotoberberine scaffolds using standard high-yielding reactions. In this manner, (±)-isocorypalmine and oxypalmatine have been synthesized in 23% and 22 % yields respectively.
Inhibition of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide by acetanilide☆

Abstract Dietary administration of 0.03% of the carcinogen N -2-fluorenylacetamide was lethal for young male Fischer rats in 4–5 weeks. A dosage of 0.025% gave a slightly longer survival, but most rats died after 6 weeks. A level of 0.02% allowed survival of the animals and led to hepatoma and cirrhosis of the liver in virtually all animals at risk when the carcinogen was fed for 16 weeks and the rats continued on control diet for 10 more weeks. Simultaneous administration of 0.8% acetanilide in the diet permitted survival of rats on 0.03, 0.025, and 0.02% N -2-fluorenylacetamide. Acetanilide and the lowest carcinogen level completely prevented the expression of the carcinogenic effect in the 26-week tests, giving only mild fibrosis in the livers. With 0.025% of carcinogen and 0.8% acetanilide no hepatoma and a small incidence of hepatic hyperplasia were seen. With a lower level of 0.4% acetanilide most of the animals at risk had hyperplasia, but no hepatoma. Thus, a large molar excess of acetanilide inhibited the toxicity and prevented or delayed the carcinogenesis from N -2-fluorenylacetamide.
The clinical management of HIV-related dementia and other memory disorders in the residential drug treatment environment

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related dementia and other memory and attention disorders are described in terms of etiology, incidence, and symptoms. Assessment for cognitive impairment includes basic screening (examples are given), or a thorough neuropsychological evaluation. Implications for treatment within the residential drug treatment environment include: (a) providing accurate information to staff and residents; (b) identifying residents' anticipatory anxiety; (c) supportive counseling of residents; (d) coaching residents in the use of coping strategies; (e) creating environmental support; and (f) frequent reassessment of treatment goals, including the appropriateness of independent living. Helpful concrete suggestions are listed.
The ultraviolet absorption cross sections of CH3I temperature dependent gas and liquid phase measurements

Abstract The absorption cross section for methyl iodide (CH 3 I) have been measured in the gas phase from 160 to 335 nm and in the liquid phase from 330 to 400 nm over the temperature range 223–333 K. The liquid phase results were converted into effective gas phase cross sections using a wavelength shift procedure described and verified in earlier works. In the extremely strong discrete absorption system between 160 and about 210 nm the absorption cross sections decrease with decreasing temperature. In the continuous absorption region from about 210 to 270 nm the cross sections increase with decreasing temperature with the change being most pronounced near the peak at 258.5 nm. At wavelengths longer than about 270 nm the across sections once again decrease with decreasing temperature, with more pronounced changes occurring in the long wavelength tail of the absorption band. The use of these temperature dependent absorption cross sections should lead to improved accuracy of and confidence in atmospheric lifetime calculations for CH 3 I.
Ethnicity and foster care: census data as predictors of placement variables.

An epidemiological approach to foster care is presented, in which two separate data sets are used to analyze issues of ethnicity and child placement. A national probability sample and a large-city sample are drawn from the 1980 Office of Civil Rights ethnic survey and from the 1980 U.S. Census in order to test several hypotheses on ethnic differences predictive of time in care.
Geodynamic responses to a two-step model of the Messinian salinity crisis

There is a growing consensus that the sulfates and halite within the massive evaporite deposits on the shallow margin and deep floor of the Mediterranean sea formed in two steps. Both phases had geodynamic consequences. The current evidence indicates that during the first step when the first cycle "Lower Evaporites" were deposited primarily in marginal settings, the surface of the Mediterranean remained at or very close to the level of the external Atlantic. The geodynamic response resulted from the increasing weight of the brine layer as it concentrated from normal marine salinity to the threshold for sulfate precipitation and then to the threshold for halite precipitation. This weight alone significantly deepened the Mediterranean basins by isostatic loading. Flexure of the lithosphere caused a peripheral bulge to appear that may have been the agent to close off the further entry of Atlantic seawater. Step two began with the subsequent evaporative drawdown and the deposition of the second cycle "Upper Evaporites". As the basins dried out the loss of weight of the water led to regional isostatic uplift that permanently closed the prior inlets. Sediments removed from the margins by early subaqueous mass-wasting and later subaerial erosion and delivered to the basin floors further accentuated uplift of the margins and subsidence of the depocenters. The principal result has been to progressively tilt the Mediterranean substrate downwards from the margin towards the basin centers. This tilting was enhanced with the flooding of the desiccated sea at the climax of the salinity crisis. Consequently the salt layer rests today out of equilibrium on a surface that is more inclined after precipitation than before. The current mobility and flowage of the salt away from its margins and towards the basin centers is therefore not so much a response to the differential thickness and weight of overlying sediments, but to the combination of geodynamic processes that have produced the seaward tilting. Other giant salt deposits seem to have experienced a similar two-step evolution.
An indirect atomic-absorption method for the determination of selenium

Abstract Because of the difficulty in determining selenium directly, an indirect atomic-absorption method has been developed, based on two selective reactions that lead to the formation of the Pd(DanSe)2Cl2 complex and measurement of the palladium absorption. Reaction conditions, separation techniques, effect of foreign ions, instrumental conditions and sample analysis in the sub-ppm range are described. The method is more sensitive than existing atomic-absorption methods for selenium.
Production, purification and spectral properties of metal-dependent β-lactamases of Bacillus cereus

Abstract New methods for the production of consistently high levels of metal-dependent β-lactamases (β-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) from strains 569/H/9 and 5/B/6 of Bacillus cereus are described which have significant advantages over those reported previously. For example, these techniques do not require a fermentor with pH-stat capabilities. We also describe rapid very-high-yield purification schemes for the metal-dependent β-lactamases from these strains, employing high-performance ultrafiltration (HPUF) and mass ion exchange techniques. Furthermore, we have developed improved methods for the removal of the active site Zn(II) and reconstitution of the β-lactamase enzymatic activity with Co(II), which result in higher recovery of the original activity than previously reported. In order to characterize the purified β-lactamases II of B. cereus 569/H/9 and 5/B/6 we have examined the molecular weights, and steady state kinetic parameters of Zn(II) enzymes, and the electronic and EPR spectra of the Co(II)-reconstituted enzymes. EPR spectra of CO(II)-reconstituted β-lactamase from B. cereus 5/B/6 have not been previouslu reported.
The effect of environmental factors on bicycle commuters in Vermont: influences of a northern climate

Abstract Bicycle commuters in many areas of the world face challenges inherent in combining non-motorized transportation and car-centric roadways. Commuters in northern Vermont face the added challenge of a northern climate that makes cycling a largely seasonal activity. Cyclists continue to face transport limitations, especially when overcoming climatic conditions. This study focused on major concerns for cyclists in Vermont with the goal of identifying and understanding specific barriers that can be overcome through policy, behavioral, and infrastructural changes. We examined issues surrounding bicycle commuting in Vermont through in-depth content analysis of transcripts from focus groups and individual interviews. Precipitation, cold temperatures, inclement road conditions, limited daylight hours, and wind were identified as uncontrollable deterrents to bicycling year-round, which have put the metaphorical brakes on many potential cycling trips. The treatment of these issues was found to be unique to individual cyclists based on their perceptions of the effects of subtle differences in climatic conditions on personal comfort and safety.
Demonstration of high efficiency third harmonic conversion of high power Nd-glass laser radiation

Abstract We report on efficient conversion from 1.054 μm to 0.35 μm by third harmonic generation in two Type II KDP crystals. Energy conversion efficiencies of up to 80% have been measured under conditions applicable to large glass laser systems. A new tripling scheme used for these experiments requires a minimum of optical components and is insensitive to exact crystal alignment and laser beam divergence. A convenient scaling law allows tripling optimization for many different laser conditions.
Understanding Relationships Among the Dark Triad Personality Profile and Romantic Partners’ Conflict Communication

Consistent with calls from prior research, the aim of this study was to understand how reports of the Dark Triad (e.g., subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) related to conflict communication in romantic relationships. Results indicated that individuals reporting higher levels of the Dark Triad personality structure also reported more frequent disagreement that was also intense and hostile. Moreover, Dark Triad personality reports were directly related to the use of contempt, criticism, stonewalling, and defensiveness, messages collectively known as the Four Horsemen as they predict relational termination (e.g., Gottman, 1993; Gottman & Levenson, 1992). Machiavellianism and subclinical psychopathy were better predictors of conflict communication compared to subclinical narcissism. Findings reinforce that personality is important in understanding conflict communication. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
A stabilization procedure for the quadrilateral plate element with one-point quadrature

A stabilization procedure is developed for controlling the kinematic modes of the four-node, bilinear quadrilateral element when single-point quadrature is used. These kinematic modes manifest themselves by spatial oscillations or singularity of the total stiffness. In this stabilization procedure, additional generalized strains are defined which are activated by the kinematic modes; these generalized modes are furthermore not activated by rigid body motions regardless of the shape of the quadrilateral. By using a scaling law developed in an earlier paper, the stabilization parameters are defined so they do not adversely affect the element's performance. Several problems which are subject to kinematic modes are presented to illustrate the performance of this stabilization procedure for linear problems.